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shoot_v arrow_n dart_n and_o great_a stone_n and_o these_o be_v no_o other_o than_o those_o machine_n the_o greek_n call_v catapult_n and_o balist_n and_o this_o be_v long_o before_o the_o overthrow_n and_o defeat_v of_o the_o persian_a monarch_n grecian_n these_o machine_n not_o invent_v by_o the_o grecian_n make_v greece_n famous_a in_o the_o habitable_a world_n some_o think_v moses_n invent_v they_o and_o i_o think_v they_o may_v as_o well_o fancy_n he_o invent_v the_o move_a tower_n of_o all_o which_o hereafter_o whereof_o i_o speak_v but_o just_a now_o but_o the_o place_n allege_v for_o this_o which_o be_v the_o last_o verse_n of_o the_o twenty_o chapter_n of_o deuteronomy_n will_v not_o justify_v that_o for_o it_o be_v say_v there_o as_o the_o italian_a translation_n have_v it_o thou_o shall_v cut_v down_o those_o tree_n which_o bear_v no_o fruit_n and_o make_v bulwark_n bastioni_fw-la of_o they_o against_o those_o city_n thou_o be_v to_o besiege_v and_o though_o lipsius_n and_o tâ—rduzzi_n think_v that_o here_o be_v only_o mean_v stake_n and_o pallisadoe_n for_o rampart_n and_o sconce_n yet_o i_o may_v without_o heresy_n believe_v that_o the_o vineâ—_n and_o plutei_fw-la of_o which_o we_o read_v in_o latin_a history_n may_v be_v mean_v in_o the_o text_n and_o the_o ram_n also_o wherewith_o i_o suppose_v joshua_n may_v have_v batter_v the_o wall_n of_o those_o city_n which_o he_o have_v no_o authority_n from_o the_o almighty_a to_o beat_v down_o with_o the_o sound_n of_o ram_n horn_n as_o he_o do_v the_o strong_a wall_n of_o jericho_n the_o grecian_n be_v very_o exact_a in_o training_n and_o drill_v both_o their_o horse_n and_o foot_n and_o without_o question_n they_o teach_v their_o soldier_n very_o perfect_o to_o handle_v and_o manage_v all_o the_o arm_n they_o be_v appoint_v to_o carry_v whether_o those_o be_v javelin_n dart_n stone_n sling_n sword_n pike_n lance_n mace_n or_o bow_n and_o arrow_n and_o as_o careful_a they_o be_v to_o teach_v they_o those_o 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many_o light_n arm_v for_o which_o he_o be_v inexcusable_o to_o blame_v chap._n viii_o of_o the_o great_a macedonian_a phalanx_n of_o its_o number_n and_o how_o marshal_v with_o some_o observation_n on_o both_o aphalanx_n signify_v a_o number_n of_o man_n great_a or_o small_a train_v and_o instruct_v phalanx_n the_o signification_n of_o phalanx_n in_o military_a duty_n and_o order_v in_o rank_n and_o file_n by_o this_o definition_n any_o foot_n company_n or_o horse_n troop_n be_v a_o phalanx_n as_o well_o as_o a_o army_n and_o a_o whole_a army_n be_v a_o phalanx_n as_o well_o as_o a_o particular_a company_n or_o troop_n it_o be_v true_a in_o author_n the_o word_n phalanx_n be_v ordinary_o take_v for_o the_o great_a body_n of_o sixteen_o thousand_o three_o hundred_o eighty_o four_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n which_o former_o i_o have_v out_o of_o aelian_a describe_v to_o you_o of_o which_o i_o shall_v tell_v you_o thus_o much_o more_o that_o he_o say_v it_o have_v two_o horn_n for_o so_o the_o translator_n render_v the_o word_n kâ—ras_fw-mi and_o those_o be_v the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n horn_n which_o we_o either_o simple_o call_v the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n or_o the_o right_n and_o left_a wing_n but_o indeed_o i_o wonder_v why_o aelian_a divide_v the_o whole_a phalange_n of_o foot_n into_o two_o horn_n right_o and_o left_a and_o why_o so_o many_o of_o our_o commander_n in_o the_o modern_a war_n imitate_v he_o in_o divide_v a_o whole_a body_n into_o the_o right_n or_o left_a wing_n never_o consider_v that_o natural_o and_o real_o there_o be_v a_o body_n between_o two_o wing_n and_o the_o same_o error_n be_v commit_v in_o divide_v a_o whole_a batallion_n of_o arm_a man_n into_o two_o flank_n very_o ordinary_o do_v by_o some_o drill-master_n and_o here_o no_o doubt_n aelian_a forget_v himself_o for_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n be_v divide_v as_o i_o â—old_a you_o before_o into_o four_o lesser_a phalanges_fw-la or_o phalangarchy_n two_o whereof_o make_v the_o two_o wing_n which_o he_o call_v horn_n and_o the_o other_o two_o compose_v the_o body_n these_o four_o phalangarchy_n make_v three_o interval_n how_o great_a we_o know_v not_o out_o of_o phalangarchy_n phalangarchy_n which_o before_o the_o fight_n issue_v the_o light_n arm_v and_o if_o they_o prevail_v they_o pursue_v their_o victory_n be_v follow_v by_o the_o phalange_n but_o if_o they_o be_v beat_v as_o for_o most_o part_n they_o be_v they_o retire_v to_o the_o rear_n the_o same_o way_n they_o come_v and_o then_o the_o four_o phalangarchy_n close_v together_o to_o give_v or_o receive_v the_o charge_n according_a as_o they_o be_v order_v by_o their_o superior_n but_o now_o i_o be_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o whole_a macedonian_a army_n which_o be_v call_v foot_n the_o great_a macedonian_a phalanx_n of_o both_o horse_n and_o foot_n the_o great_a phalanx_n consist_v of_o heavy_a and_o light_a arm_a foot_n and_o horse_n not_o reckon_v their_o chariot_n and_o elephant_n their_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n be_v sixteen_o thousand_o three_o hundred_o eighty_o four_o the_o velite_n be_v eight_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o ninety_o two_o the_o horse_n four_o thousand_o ninety_o six_o add_v all_o these_o together_o you_o will_v find_v the_o macedonian_a great_a phalanx_n to_o consist_v of_o twenty_o eight_o thousand_o six_o hundred_o seventy_o two_o combatant_n a_o story_n go_v that_o either_o the_o great_a alexander_n or_o julius_n câ—sar_n or_o both_o shall_v have_v say_v that_o they_o desire_v no_o more_o than_o thirty_o thousand_o man_n to_o conquer_v the_o whole_a world_n certain_o if_o either_o of_o they_o or_o both_o say_v so_o they_o mean_v that_o that_o number_n shall_v still_o be_v keep_v complete_a and_o full_a for_o though_o they_o shall_v have_v be_v constant_o victorious_a and_o never_o have_v lose_v one_o man_n in_o battle_n or_o skirmish_n yet_o sickness_n and_o toil_n will_v have_v make_v all_o that_o number_n to_o have_v mouldered_a away_o before_o they_o can_v have_v march_v over_o the_o ten_o part_n of_o the_o then_o habitable_a world_n but_o i_o do_v not_o at_o all_o believe_v that_o either_o of_o they_o say_v so_o for_o true_a history_n if_o there_o be_v any_o truth_n in_o history_n assure_v we_o that_o both_o of_o they_o have_v army_n which_o far_o exceed_v that_o number_n at_o arbelâ—_n alexander_n have_v more_o than_o double_a the_o number_n of_o a_o macedonian_a army_n and_o yet_o hold_a aelian_o number_n do_v noâ—_n always_o hold_a at_o that_o same_o time_n when_o he_o fear_v to_o be_v surround_v i_o suppose_v he_o wish_v his_o force_n to_o be_v more_o numerous_a than_o they_o be_v neither_o do_v i_o believe_v that_o his_o father_n philip_n who_o be_v the_o framer_n of_o the_o phalanx_n do_v keep_v himself_o precise_o within_o that_o number_n for_o at_o cherâ—nea_n where_o he_o rout_v the_o confederated_a greek_n he_o exceed_v
the_o velite_n of_o the_o three_o and_o four_o batallion_n since_o they_o be_v all_o light_n arm_v and_o if_o it_o be_v say_v the_o slinger_n can_v cast_v their_o stone_n over_o the_o head_n of_o the_o two_o batallion_n of_o heavy_a arm_v i_o answer_v first_o their_o stone_n will_v do_v less_o hurt_v at_o that_o distance_n second_o the_o archer_n in_o the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n can_v have_v do_v as_o much_o three_o the_o keep_v their_o station_n and_o place_n in_o the_o five_o batallion_n hinder_v the_o triarii_n to_o advance_v now_o if_o these_o of_o vegetius_n his_o three_o and_o four_o batallion_n be_v oblige_v to_o go_v to_o the_o van_n and_o fight_v or_o skirmish_v there_o why_o do_v he_o not_o appoint_v the_o light_n arm_v of_o his_o five_o batallion_n to_o do_v so_o too_o since_o they_o be_v all_o liable_a to_o one_o duty_n but_o i_o hinder_v he_o to_o marshal_v his_o six_o batallion_n the_o six_o order_n or_o body_n say_v he_o consist_v of_o and_o now_o welcome_a triarii_n warrior_n furnish_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o triarii_fw-la triarii_fw-la arm_n and_o weapon_n who_o the_o ancient_n call_v triarii_n these_o say_v he_o use_v to_o sit_v than_o they_o kneel_v not_o behind_o all_o the_o other_o batallion_n that_o be_v whole_a and_o sound_a and_o in_o breath_n they_o may_v with_o more_o vigour_n attack_z the_o enemy_n for_o if_o any_o thing_n fall_v out_o otherwise_o than_o well_o with_o the_o batallion_n that_o stand_v before_o they_o all_o hope_n of_o recovery_n depend_v on_o they_o now_o if_o our_o author_n have_v speak_v well_o of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a legion_n i_o be_o sure_a he_o have_v speak_v enough_o of_o it_o he_o have_v be_v at_o much_o pain_n to_o make_v up_o that_o legion_n but_o that_o you_o may_v the_o better_o see_v the_o defect_n of_o it_o i_o shall_v be_v at_o the_o trouble_n to_o take_v it_o down_o in_o piece_n in_o the_o ensue_a chapter_n chap._n xii_o vegetius_n his_o legion_n review_v and_o examine_v whoever_o have_v read_v or_o shall_v be_v please_v to_o read_v vegetius_n his_o treatise_n de_fw-fr re_fw-mi militari_fw-la will_v believe_v with_o i_o that_o he_o intend_v nothing_o less_o than_o to_o write_v the_o military_a constitution_n and_o custom_n of_o levy_n arm_n exercise_v marshal_n embattel_v march_v or_o other_o law_n and_o point_n of_o the_o art_n of_o war_n use_v in_o his_o own_o day_n but_o in_o the_o contrary_a the_o roman_a way_n and_o method_n of_o war_n of_o the_o ancient_a time_n and_o this_o he_o profess_v all_o along_o not_o only_o in_o his_o prologue_n to_o his_o master_n the_o emperor_n valentinian_n but_o almost_o in_o every_o book_n of_o his_o treatise_n in_o the_o prologue_n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o say_v the_o emperor_n have_v command_v he_o to_o set_v down_o the_o antiqua_fw-la the_o ancient_a custom_n in_o the_o prologue_n to_o militia_n vegetius_n oblige_v himself_o to_o write_v of_o the_o old_a roman_a militia_n his_o three_o book_n he_o aver_v that_o the_o emperor_n have_v command_v he_o to_o abbreviate_v in_o one_o piece_n all_o the_o ancient_a military_a custom_n and_o constitution_n which_o be_v disperse_v and_o scatter_v in_o several_a book_n and_o author_n and_o in_o one_o word_n he_o entitle_v his_o epitome_n institution_n of_o military_a matter_n out_o of_o the_o commentary_n of_o cato_n celsus_n trajan_n adrian_n and_o frontinus_n now_o none_o of_o these_o write_v or_o can_v write_v of_o any_o military_a custom_n practise_v in_o vegetius_n his_o time_n as_o have_v live_v several_a age_n before_o he_o and_o he_o acknowledge_v himself_o that_o the_o art_n of_o war_n of_o his_o day_n be_v but_o a_o shadow_n and_o scarce_o that_o of_o the_o ancient_a one_o but_o by_o the_o way_n i_o must_v tell_v you_o that_o stevechius_n think_v adrian_n write_v no_o military_a constitution_n since_o at_o his_o desire_n aelian_a have_v compose_v that_o piece_n de_fw-fr instruendiâ—_n aciebus_fw-la whereof_o we_o have_v speak_v but_o his_o reason_n be_v exceed_o weak_a for_o adrian_n may_v very_o well_o have_v write_v the_o roman_a military_a art_n and_o yet_o have_v de-desired_n aelian_a to_o write_v the_o grecian_a one_o but_o to_o return_v vegetius_n in_o the_o twenty_o chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n have_v give_v we_o a_o account_n of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a time_n not_o that_o of_o his_o own_o time_n arm_n acknowledge_v that_o they_o be_v whole_o wear_v out_o and_o that_o in_o comparison_n of_o they_o the_o foot_n of_o his_o time_n be_v naked_a which_o have_v give_v so_o great_a a_o advantage_n to_o the_o barbarous_a nation_n of_o the_o goth_n huns_n and_o allans_n to_o the_o eight_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o give_v this_o title_n of_o those_o who_o be_v leader_n of_o the_o ancient_a century_n and_o file_n and_o the_o seven_o chapter_n of_o that_o book_n he_o begin_v with_o these_o word_n have_v expound_v say_v he_o the_o ancient_a order_n of_o a_o legion_n and_o in_o many_o other_o place_n he_o witness_v that_o it_o be_v the_o ancient_a roman_a militia_n that_o he_o be_v to_o open_v to_o we_o and_o no_o new_a one_o which_o have_v deviate_v from_o that_o old_a one_o this_o be_v premise_v by_o i_o to_o anticipate_v objection_n i_o make_v bold_a to_o charge_n vegetius_n with_o seven_o gross_a error_n in_o the_o description_n of_o his_o legion_n yet_o all_o seven_o legion_n seven_o error_n in_o the_o descrition_n of_o his_o legion_n will_v not_o amount_v to_o one_o mortal_a sin_n which_o they_o say_v be_v likewise_o seven_o nay_o nor_o to_o one_o capital_a crime_n but_o if_o he_o be_v guilty_a of_o all_o these_o or_o any_o of_o these_o than_o i_o say_v he_o be_v not_o so_o good_a as_o his_o word_n in_o the_o four_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n where_o he_o promise_v ordinationem_fw-la legionis_fw-la antiquae_fw-la secundum_fw-la norman_n militaris_fw-la juris_fw-la exponore_fw-la to_o expound_v to_o we_o the_o right_a order_n of_o a_o ancient_a legion_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o military_a law_n but_o i_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o justify_v my_o charge_n in_o this_o follow_a order_n first_o i_o question_v the_o number_n of_o his_o legionary_a foot_n which_o he_o make_v to_o be_v error_n first_o error_n six_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o and_o all_o heavy_a arm_v mark_v that_o i_o read_v once_o of_o six_o thousand_o and_o once_o more_o of_o six_o thousand_o and_o two_o hundred_o and_o in_o that_o number_n be_v comprehend_v the_o velite_n but_o never_o of_o six_o thousand_o and_o one_o hun-hundred_n the_o truth_n be_v romulus_n make_v his_o legion_n three_o thousand_o after_o he_o it_o be_v augment_v and_o diminish_v according_a to_o the_o king_n senate_n or_o people_n pleasure_n or_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o state_n to_o 4000_o to_o 4200_o to_o 5000_o to_o 5200_o and_o sometime_o but_o very_a seldom_o to_o 6000_o or_o 6200_o as_o regiment_n be_v now_o make_v strong_a and_o weak_a in_o our_o modern_a levy_n according_a to_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o prince_n or_o state_n who_o make_v they_o but_o for_o most_o part_n the_o ancient_a roman_a legion_n be_v 4000_o or_o 4200._o livy_n in_o his_o six_o book_n say_v four_o legion_n be_v levy_v against_o the_o gaul_n each_o of_o 4000_o foot_n in_o his_o seven_o book_n he_o say_v that_o in_o the_o consulship_n of_o young_a camillus_n four_o legion_n be_v raise_v each_o of_o 4200_o foot_n in_o his_o eight_o book_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o latin_n every_o legion_n consist_v of_o 5000_o foot_n in_o his_o nine_o book_n he_o make_v the_o legion_n to_o be_v 4000_o foot_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o samnite_n in_o his_o 21_o book_n he_o speak_v of_o six_o legion_n each_o of_o they_o 4000_o foot_n and_o not_o to_o spend_v more_o time_n in_o instance_n the_o same_o historian_n out_o of_o who_o and_o polybius_n i_o suppose_v vegetius_n borrow_v his_o great_a light_n of_o history_n say_v in_o his_o 22_o book_n that_o every_o roman_a legion_n be_v 5000_o foot_n in_o the_o time_n of_o their_o dangerous_a war_n with_o their_o redoubt_a enemy_n hannibal_n but_o after_o that_o be_v end_v they_o be_v reduce_v to_o 4000_o till_o the_o macedonian_a war_n except_o that_o some_o of_o they_o be_v make_v 6200_o by_o scipio_n unless_o then_o once_o in_o africa_n and_o once_o in_o greece_n we_o never_o find_v a_o legion_n 6000_o strong_a but_o never_o at_o all_o to_o be_v 6100_o as_o vegetius_n will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v constant_o he_o will_v have_v do_v himself_o much_o right_n and_o his_o reader_n a_o great_a favour_n to_o have_v tell_v who_o levy_v these_o legion_n of_o 6100._o if_o it_o be_v so_o in_o his_o own_o time_n or_o yet_o in_o the_o decadency_n of_o both_o the_o roman_a empire_n and_o militia_n that_o make_v nothing_o to_o his_o purpose_n it_o
polybius_n be_v what_o polybius_n be_v be_v a_o soldier_n in_o greece_n and_o as_o himself_o witness_v in_o his_o eleven_o book_n be_v a_o commander_n in_o the_o achaean_n army_n under_o philopamon_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o mantinaea_n against_o machanidas_n the_o tyrant_n of_o lacedaemâ—n_n who_o be_v there_o overthrow_v and_o kill_v he_o be_v long_o after_o that_o a_o great_a favourite_n yea_o a_o counsellor_n of_o that_o scipio_n who_o be_v sometime_o call_v africanus_n minor_n and_o sometime_o numantinus_n because_o he_o end_v the_o carthaginian_a and_o numantine_a war_n with_o the_o destruction_n of_o both_o city_n there_o be_v some_o reason_n why_o scipio_n shall_v be_v kind_a to_o polybius_n because_o his_o natural_a father_n lucius_n aemilius_n for_o this_o scipio_n be_v but_o the_o adopt_a grandchild_n of_o the_o great_a africanus_n be_v the_o author_n of_o carry_v many_o hundred_o achaean_o prisoner_n to_o rome_n for_o no_o reason_n but_o suspicion_n among_o who_o polybius_n be_v one_o who_o lie_v full_a seventeen_o year_n prisoner_n there_o where_o he_o have_v leisure_n enough_o to_o learn_v both_o the_o roman_a language_n and_o custom_n scipio_n be_v a_o very_a great_a captain_n a_o strict_a reformer_n of_o the_o old_a roman_a militia_n and_o a_o severe_a disciplinarian_a from_o who_o polybius_n can_v not_o but_o know_v all_o the_o mystery_n of_o the_o roman_a art_n of_o war_n be_v a_o person_n of_o so_o great_a ability_n as_o those_o parcel_n of_o his_o history_n yet_o extant_a speak_v he_o ta_o have_v be_v and_o true_o we_o have_v reason_n to_o be_v sorry_a that_o we_o be_v rob_v of_o those_o book_n of_o he_o of_o which_o all-devouring_a time_n have_v deprive_v we_o let_v we_o hear_v how_o he_o have_v a_o roman_a legion_n a_o legion_n in_o that_o scipio_n minor_n time_n consist_v of_o four_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o man_n as_o many_o time_n it_o do_v both_o before_o and_o after_o he_o whereof_o six_o hundred_o be_v triarii_n and_o make_v the_o three_o batallion_n oblige_v to_o kneel_v on_o their_o right_a knee_n till_o either_o the_o other_o two_o class_n retire_v to_o they_o or_o that_o the_o general_n command_v they_o to_o rise_v and_o advance_v these_o he_o say_v be_v never_o more_o than_o six_o hundred_o though_o the_o legion_n chance_v to_o be_v four_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o as_o many_o time_n it_o do_v and_o for_o this_o we_o must_v take_v his_o word_n before_o the_o triarii_n stand_v the_o principes_fw-la man_n in_o the_o flower_n of_o their_o age_n and_o before_o they_o the_o hastati_fw-la in_o the_o van_n they_o be_v the_o young_a and_o raw_a of_o all_o the_o heavy_a arm_v each_o of_o these_o two_o batallion_n consist_v of_o twelve_o hundred_o and_o all_o the_o three_o be_v alike_o arm_v except_o that_o the_o triarii_n instead_o of_o pila_fw-la carry_v short_a spear_n of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v speak_v sufficient_o already_o so_o you_o see_v all_o polybius_n legion_n the_o polybâ—â—â—_n legion_n his_o heavy_a arm_a amount_v to_o three_o thousand_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v twelve_o hundred_o be_v say_v he_o velites_n and_o these_o he_o say_v be_v levy_v of_o the_o poor_a and_o most_o inconsiderable_a sort_n of_o the_o people_n nor_o do_v i_o find_v that_o he_o divide_v these_o twelve_o hundred_o velite_n into_o three_o squadron_n one_o whereof_o shall_v stand_v behind_o every_o one_o of_o the_o class_n of_o the_o heavy_a arm_v of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o infantry_n and_o yet_o terduzzi_n and_o the_o sieur_n de_fw-fr preissack_n will_v father_n this_o upon_o polybius_n but_o indeed_o in_o my_o judgement_n he_o leave_v the_o light_a arm_a to_o be_v dispose_v of_o in_o the_o flank_n van_n or_o rear_n as_o the_o general_n conceive_v they_o may_v be_v most_o useful_a he_o appoint_v his_o legion_n to_o be_v divide_v into_o thirty_o maniple_n suppose_v still_o the_o heavy_a arm_a each_o maniple_n to_o consist_v of_o two_o centuriates_n to_o every_o century_n he_o allow_v a_o ensign_n and_o a_o centurion_n who_o he_o permit_v to_o choose_v his_o sub-centurion_n of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v the_o number_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o velite_n may_v alter_v according_a to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o legion_n but_o not_o the_o triarii_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v levy_v with_o every_o legion_n but_o say_v not_o that_o they_o make_v a_o part_n of_o every_o legion_n these_o three_o hundred_o horse_n he_o divide_v into_o ten_o turm_n or_o troop_n and_o officer_n they_o as_o i_o have_v show_v you_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o cavalry_n he_o leave_v they_o to_o be_v marshal_v where_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a thought_n they_o may_v do_v best_a service_n and_o now_o we_o have_v the_o polybian_a legion_n no_o word_n here_o for_o all_o this_o how_o deep_a that_o be_v how_o many_o in_o file_n either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n or_o what_o or_o how_o much_o ground_n be_v allow_v for_o distance_n between_o file_n or_o rank_n or_o yet_o how_o great_a the_o interval_n be_v between_o the_o several_a maniple_n of_o every_o one_o of_o the_o class_n or_o what_o between_o the_o class_n themselves_o or_o between_o the_o several_a troop_n of_o horse_n a_o great_a oversight_n for_o of_o all_o these_o we_o be_v force_v to_o hear_v other_o man_n conjecture_n and_o make_v use_n of_o our_o own_o as_o we_o shall_v offer_v to_o do_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o distance_n and_o interval_n of_o the_o several_a body_n and_o batallion_n of_o the_o foot_n and_o horse_n before_o we_o proceed_v to_o our_o conjecture_n it_o will_v be_v fit_a first_o to_o know_v what_o this_o word_n interval_n proper_o signify_v and_o how_o it_o be_v take_v in_o both_o ancient_n and_o modern_a fortification_n town_n castle_n and_o camp_n be_v defend_v not_o only_o with_o rampart_n of_o earth_n and_o wall_n of_o stone_n but_o also_o with_o great_a log_n or_o stake_n of_o timber_n which_o we_o call_v palliâ—adoes_n these_o the_o roman_n in_o their_o language_n call_v valli_n and_o i_o suppose_v thereafter_o the_o rampart_n itself_o get_v the_o vallum_n vallus_fw-la and_o vallum_n name_n of_o vallus_fw-la and_o vallum_n hence_o perhaps_o our_o wall_n these_o stake_n be_v and_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n long_o and_o short_a the_o first_o stand_v straight_o up_o from_o the_o ground_n the_o second_o have_v the_o one_o end_n of_o they_o fix_v in_o the_o rampart_n and_o the_o other_o lie_v on_o it_o to_o hinder_v a_o approach_n to_o it_o distinguish_v by_o the_o german_n by_o several_a name_n for_o they_o call_v the_o long_a stake_n palliâ—adoes_n and_o the_o short_a one_o stoccado_n both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o sharp-pointed_a at_o both_o end_n the_o ground_n earth_n or_o part_n of_o the_o rampart_n between_o two_o pallisadoe_n or_o stoccado_n be_v proper_o call_v a_o interval_n but_o it_o be_v borrow_a and_o appropriate_v to_o what_o interval_n what_o any_o distance_n between_o body_n great_a and_o small_a yea_o to_o the_o space_n that_o be_v between_o one_o time_n and_o another_o a_o interval_n of_o time_n be_v now_o language_n proper_a enough_o and_o physician_n borrow_v it_o and_o call_v a_o intermit_a ague_n febris_n intervallata_n a_o intervalled_a favour_n what_o distance_n or_o interval_n there_o be_v between_o roman_a rank_n and_o between_o tell_v deepness_n of_o the_o file_n not_o tell_v file_n between_o several_a body_n of_o either_o their_o horse_n or_o foot_n no_o ancient_a author_n have_v clear_v to_o we_o but_o leave_v we_o to_o grope_v in_o the_o dark_a nor_o can_v we_o well_o guess_v at_o they_o till_o we_o condescend_v how_o many_o in_o file_n both_o horse_n and_o foot_n be_v marshal_v i_o tell_v you_o before_o that_o vegetius_n in_o the_o twenty_o five_o chapter_n vegetius_n by_o vegetius_n of_o his_o second_o book_n seem_v to_o make_v the_o foot_n eleven_o deep_a because_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o he_o order_v a_o contubernium_fw-la of_o soldier_n to_o manage_v a_o carrobalist_n and_o that_o he_o say_v consist_v of_o eleven_o man_n but_o this_o do_v not_o prove_v that_o vegetius_n his_o file_n be_v precise_o eleven_o no_o more_o than_o what_o he_o say_v in_o the_o fifteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n that_o ten_o thousand_o man_n draw_v up_o in_o six_o rank_n will_v take_v up_o so_o much_o ground_n in_o front_n will_v prove_v that_o the_o roman_a foot_n be_v draw_v up_o six_o deep_a and_o so_o for_o vegetius_n we_o know_v not_o the_o deepness_n of_o either_o the_o roman_a foot_n or_o horse_n nor_o will_v we_o be_v one_o jot_n the_o wise_a for_o polybius_n for_o the_o discourse_n he_o have_v in_o his_o twelve_o book_n where_o he_o speak_v of_o horse_n polybius_n nor_o by_o polybius_n eight_o in_o file_n do_v not_o concern_v the_o roman_a militia_n for_o
he_o speak_v there_o of_o macedonian_a and_o persian_a warrior_n and_o be_v confute_v calisthenes_n his_o history_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o issus_n between_o alexander_n and_o daâ—ius_n as_o i_o note_v before_o achilles_n terduzzi_n imagine_v the_o roman_a foot_n to_o have_v be_v twelve_o in_o file_n but_o that_o be_v to_o make_v good_a his_o conjecture_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o ground_n a_o consular_a army_n take_v up_o whereof_o i_o may_v chance_v to_o speak_v hereafter_o but_o the_o common_a opinion_n carry_v i_o along_o with_o it_o that_o both_o the_o roman_a horse_n and_o foot_n ordinary_o be_v deep_a roman_a horse_n and_o foot_n teâ—_n deep_a marshal_v ten_o in_o file_n but_o upon_o emergency_n general_n may_v alter_v it_o though_o i_o confess_v the_o strong_a reason_n for_o it_o to_o i_o seem_v very_o weak_a which_o be_v that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o horse_n be_v call_v decurio_fw-la and_o he_o of_o the_o file_n of_o foot_n decâ—nus_n for_o this_o last_o be_v appropriate_v to_o other_o office_n and_o the_o first_o by_o aelian_n translator_n be_v give_v to_o the_o leader_n of_o a_o macedonian_a file_n which_o consist_v of_o sixteen_o but_o this_o supposition_n as_o probable_a we_o must_v make_v the_o basis_n or_o ground_n on_o which_o to_o build_v our_o most_o probable_a conjecture_n of_o the_o interval_n of_o several_a body_n and_o class_n in_o which_o both_o our_o author_n give_v we_o small_a assistance_n yet_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o all_o i_o can_v pick_v out_o of_o they_o or_o other_o on_o that_o subject_a when_o polybius_n in_o his_o twelve_o book_n tell_v we_o that_o for_o most_o part_n horseman_n be_v range_v eight_o depth_n meaning_n i_o think_v the_o persian_a horse_n he_o subjoin_v that_o there_o must_v be_v a_o interval_n between_o several_a troop_n but_o what_o that_o interval_n be_v he_o forget_v to_o tell_v we_o it_o be_v pity_n he_o who_o know_v thing_n so_o well_o shall_v needless_o have_v keep_v they_o up_o from_o we_o as_o secret_n the_o reason_n he_o give_v for_o a_o interval_n between_o two_o troop_n do_v not_o weigh_v much_o because_o say_v he_o they_o troop_n interval_n between_o troop_n must_v have_v ground_n for_o conversion_n that_o be_v to_o face_n to_o either_o right_a or_o left_a hand_n or_o by_o any_o of_o they_o to_o the_o rear_n if_o any_o of_o these_o be_v needful_a whole_a squadron_n of_o four_o six_o or_o eight_o troop_n join_v together_o may_v do_v it_o as_o easy_o and_o convenient_o as_o single_a troop_n which_o consist_v of_o three_o or_o four_o file_n at_o most_o but_o conversion_n on_o that_o same_o ground_n be_v seldom_o necessary_a never_o convenient_a but_o be_v leave_v to_o guess_v how_o many_o foot_n of_o interval_n troop_n ten_o deep_a conjecture_v conjecture_v require_v one_o from_o another_o i_o conjecture_v eight_o foot_n which_o i_o ground_n on_o that_o the_o same_o polybius_n say_v in_o that_o same_o twelve_o book_n which_o be_v that_o a_o stadium_n or_o furlong_n contain_v eight_o hundred_o horse_n draw_v up_o in_o battle_n then_o i_o say_v first_o a_o stadium_n be_v the_o eight_o part_n of_o a_o italian_a mile_n one_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o pace_n six_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o foot_n second_o eight_o hundred_o horse_n be_v at_o our_o author_n rate_n eight_o in_o file_n be_v one_o hundred_o in_o front_n three_o for_o every_o horseman_n to_o stand_v on_o horse_n back_o and_o room_n to_o handle_v his_o arm_n i_o allow_v with_o other_o four_o foot_n of_o ground_n and_o so_o for_o one_o hundred_o horse_n four_o hundred_o foot_n four_o according_a to_o polybius_n and_o i_o suppose_v the_o polybius_n out_o of_o polybius_n roman_a rule_n the_o eight_o hundred_o horse_n must_v be_v divide_v into_o several_a troop_n and_o in_o each_o of_o they_o but_o thirty_o rider_n so_o there_o will_v be_v twenty_o â—â—x_n complete_a troop_n and_o twenty_o horseman_n for_o the_o twenty_o seven_o troop_n five_o twenty_o seven_o troop_n require_v twenty_o six_o interval_n now_o allow_v with_o polybius_n a_o stadium_n for_o eight_o hundred_o horseman_n that_o be_v for_o one_o hundred_o in_o front_n and_o for_o these_o hundred_o allow_v with_o i_o four_o hundred_o foot_n for_o the_o horseman_n to_o stand_v on_o you_o will_v have_v of_o six_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o foot_n of_o ground_n for_o your_o twenty_o six_o interval_n two_o hundred_o and_o seventeen_o foot_n and_o that_o will_v be_v eight_o foot_n and_o near_o one_o half_a for_o every_o interval_n so_o my_o opinion_n be_v if_o i_o understand_v polybius_n right_a that_o the_o interval_n between_o two_o single_a troop_n be_v about_o eight_o foot_n but_o let_v we_o fancy_v the_o roman_a horse_n to_o have_v be_v ten_o in_o file_n and_o so_o every_o troop_n only_o three_o in_o front_n for_o so_o i_o probable_o think_v they_o be_v and_o let_v uâ—_n remember_v that_o in_o every_o consular_a army_n there_o be_v twenty_o roman_a troop_n and_o forty_o of_o the_o ally_n in_o all_o sixty_o fancy_n those_o sixty_o troop_n draw_v up_o in_o one_o field_n upon_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o army_n as_o several_a time_n all_o the_o cavalry_n be_v marshal_v on_o one_o wing_n they_o must_v have_v fifty_o nine_o interval_n next_o remember_v that_o sixty_o troop_n at_o thirty_o in_o a_o troop_n be_v compose_v of_o eighteen_o hundred_o interval_n too_o many_o interval_n rider_n these_o draw_v up_o ten_o in_o file_n make_v one_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o leadder_n allow_v to_o every_o one_o of_o these_o four_o foot_n that_o will_v amount_v to_o seven_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o foot_n then_o for_o fifty_o nine_o interval_n which_o according_a to_o polybius_n sixty_o troop_n must_v have_v you_o be_v to_o allow_v four_o hundred_o seventy_o two_o foot_n at_o eight_o foot_n for_o each_o interval_n i_o suppose_v still_o that_o which_o i_o can_v scarce_o believe_v of_o so_o many_o interval_n but_o add_v four_o hundred_o seventy_o two_o foot_n to_o seven_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o the_o aggregate_v will_v be_v eleven_o hundred_o ninety_o two_o foot_n how_o these_o sixty_o troop_n marshal_v so_o thin_a so_o few_o in_o front_n with_o so_o many_o interval_n can_v stand_v out_o the_o brisk_a and_o furious_a charge_n of_o a_o numerous_a and_o courageous_a enemy_n be_v beyond_o my_o fancy_n unless_o they_o have_v be_v interline_v with_o wellarmed_n foot_n as_o to_o the_o distance_n between_o body_n of_o foot_n polybius_n in_o the_o twelâ—th_o book_n polybius_n overâ—ight_n in_o polybius_n so_o often_o cite_v allow_v express_o six_o foot_n between_o file_n but_o he_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v in_o that_o place_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n confute_v the_o impertinent_a relation_n of_o calisthenes_n but_o he_o speak_v not_o there_o or_o elsewhere_o oâ—_n distance_n between_o roman_a file_n and_o yet_o here_o be_v a_o inadvertency_n in_o that_o great_a man_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v another_o immediate_o in_o vegetius_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n polybius_n allow_v six_o thousand_o foot_n of_o ground_n for_o the_o front_n or_o longitude_n of_o sixteen_o thousand_o man_n sixteen_o deep_a and_o so_o we_o have_v one_o thousand_o file_n between_o every_o one_o of_o the_o file_n he_o allowâ—_n six_o foot_n of_o distance_n so_o the_o distance_n do_v complete_o take_v up_o his_o six_o thousand_o foot_n and_o so_o no_o ground_n be_v allow_v to_o stand_v on_o to_o which_o if_o he_o have_v advert_v he_o will_v have_v allow_v one_o foot_n to_o each_o man_n whereon_o to_o stand_v and_o consequent_o seven_o thousand_o foot_n for_o one_o thousand_o file_n in_o front_n but_o i_o shall_v not_o question_v the_o six_o foot_n of_o distance_n between_o file_n be_v i_o have_v tell_v you_o in_o the_o grecian_a militia_n that_o much_o be_v necessary_a for_o their_o pike-man_n between_o rank_n on_o their_o march_n though_o not_o between_o file_n and_o that_o in_o stand_v in_o battle_n they_o use_v densatio_n three_o foot_n of_o distance_n and_o in_o fight_n constipate_v one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a vegetius_n be_v more_o inexcusable_a than_o polybius_n for_o he_o allow_v for_o the_o rank_n one_o foot_n vegetius_n two_o in_o vegetius_n of_o ground_n to_o stand_v on_o in_o these_o word_n singuli_fw-la bellatâ—res_fw-la stantes_fw-la singulos_fw-la obtinent_fw-la pedes_fw-la every_o combatant_n say_v he_o take_v up_o one_o foot_n of_o ground_n but_o that_o he_o allow_v none_o for_o they_o to_o stand_v on_o when_o he_o speak_v of_o file_n i_o prove_v thus_o in_o the_o fourteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n he_o allow_v three_o foot_n of_o distance_n between_o file_n and_o in_o the_o next_o place_n say_v that_o ten_o thousand_o man_n marshal_v file_n the_o first_o in_o distance_n of_o file_n six_o deep_a make_v a_o front_n of_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o and_o so_o it_o do_v with_o a_o fraction_n only_o of_o four_o hitherto_o he_o be_v very_o right_a but_o conclude_v very_o
ill_a that_o these_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o file_n take_v no_o more_o ground_n up_o in_o front_n but_o one_o thousand_o pace_n that_o be_v five_o thousand_o foot_n a_o thing_n pure_o impossible_a for_o three_o foot_n of_o distance_n be_v allow_v by_o himself_o between_o file_n and_o file_n and_o next_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o file_n require_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o distance_n multiply_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o by_o three_o the_o product_n be_v four_o thousand_o nine_o hundred_o ninety_o five_o these_o want_n but_o 5_o foot_n of_o vegetius_n his_o one_o thousand_o pace_n where_o shall_v then_o the_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o combatant_n stand_v certain_o they_o have_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o foot_n of_o ground_n to_o stand_v on_o add_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o to_o four_o thousand_o nine_o hundred_o ninety_o five_o the_o aggregate_v be_v six_o thousand_o six_o hundred_o sixty_o one_o foot_n a_o three_o more_o than_o vegetius_n allow_v to_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o file_n in_o imitation_n of_o he_o terduzzi_n commit_v the_o very_a same_o error_n in_o his_o five_o and_o six_o chapter_n in_o the_o next_o place_n vegetius_n allow_v six_o foot_n of_o distance_n between_o rank_n the_o second_o of_o rank_n rank_n because_o man_n must_v run_v when_o they_o throw_v their_o dart_n and_o javeline_n for_o so_o they_o cast_v they_o with_o great_a â—orce_n vehementius_fw-la say_v he_o i_o think_v he_o speak_v reason_n but_o not_o at_o all_o sense_n when_o he_o aver_v that_o six_o rank_n of_o man_n have_v one_o foot_n of_o ground_n allow_v for_o every_o rank_a to_o stand_v on_o and_o six_o foot_n between_o one_o rank_n and_o another_o take_v up_o forty_o two_o foot_n of_o ground_n from_o the_o van_n to_o the_o rear_n that_o be_v as_o i_o think_v from_o the_o toe_n of_o the_o leader_n to_o the_o heel_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o for_o by_o his_o own_o account_n and_o allowance_n six_o rank_n can_v take_v up_o no_o more_o from_o van_n to_o the_o rear_n than_o thirty_o six_o foot_n as_o thus_o six_o foot_n for_o the_o six_o rank_n to_o stand_v on_o and_o thirty_o foot_n for_o the_o five_o distance_n the_o error_n seem_v to_o have_v proceed_v from_o a_o fancy_n he_o have_v have_v that_o six_o rank_n must_v have_v six_o interval_n which_o be_v not_o only_o false_a but_o ridiculous_o childish_a in_o regard_n in_o six_o rank_n there_o be_v one_o distance_n between_o the_o first_o and_o second_o rank_n the_o second_o between_o the_o second_o rank_n and_o the_o three_o the_o three_o between_o the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n the_o four_o between_o the_o four_o and_o five_o rank_n and_o the_o five_o distance_n between_o the_o five_o and_o six_o rank_n and_o for_o his_o first_o error_n that_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o file_n take_v no_o more_o ground_n in_o front_n than_o five_o thousand_o foot_n it_o will_v be_v a_o folly_n to_o defend_v he_o by_o â—aying_v three_o foot_n be_v but_o allow_v both_o for_o file_n to_o stand_v on_o and_o distance_n between_o they_o for_o a_o distance_n as_o lieutenant-colonel_n eltâ—n_n distance_n definition_n of_o a_o distance_n in_o his_o complete_a body_n of_o the_o military_a art_n discribe_v it_o well_o be_v a_o place_n or_o interval_n of_o ground_n between_o every_o particular_a file_n and_o file_n and_o rank_a and_o rank_a and_o therefore_o no_o part_n of_o that_o ground_n on_o which_o the_o file_n oâ—_n rank_n stand_v when_o i_o look_v upon_o these_o place_n of_o vegetius_n and_o consider_v they_o i_o can_v not_o but_o approve_v of_o lipsâ—â—s_n for_o qualify_a he_o but_o on_o another_o account_n with_o the_o title_n of_o solutus_fw-la &_o negligens_fw-la the_o same_o lipsius_n in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o commentary_n quarrel_n with_o polybius_n for_o not_o inform_v we_o what_o distance_n the_o several_a maniple_n keep_v one_o from_o another_o nor_o what_o interval_n be_v keep_v between_o the_o three_o great_a class_n and_o if_o that_o piece_n of_o polybius_n be_v not_o lose_v with_o other_o of_o his_o work_n assure_o it_o be_v a_o inexcusable_a oversight_n i_o dare_v not_o accuse_v vegetius_n of_o this_o neglect_n though_o lipsius_n seem_v to_o do_v it_o for_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o what_o he_o speak_v of_o understand_v vegetius_n 〈…〉_o to_o be_v understand_v the_o distance_n between_o rank_n as_o i_o have_v understand_v he_o it_o be_v in_o the_o fourteen_o and_o fifteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n he_o may_v have_v mean_v interval_n between_o the_o great_a body_n for_o in_o these_o place_n he_o use_v the_o word_n ordâ—_n and_o acies_fw-la indifferent_o and_o though_o ordo_fw-la be_v sometime_o take_v for_o a_o rank_n sometime_o for_o a_o band_n or_o company_n yet_o acies_fw-la be_v ever_o take_v for_o a_o battle_n or_o batallion_n and_o to_o i_o it_o be_v clear_a enough_o that_o in_o the_o mentioned_a place_n he_o take_v ordo_fw-la for_o batallion_n and_o make_v six_o of_o they_o the_o first_o of_o principes_fw-la the_o second_o of_o hastati_fw-la the_o three_o forth_z and_z fifth_z of_o light_n arm_v the_o six_o of_o triarii_n now_o it_o be_v palpable_a these_o great_a body_n be_v not_o rank_n for_o every_o one_o of_o they_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o consist_v of_o ten_o rank_n but_o be_v all_o several_a batallion_n whereof_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o before_o he_o compose_v his_o legion_n but_o whether_o he_o mean_v rank_n or_o batallion_n the_o error_n i_o mention_v be_v still_o the_o same_o in_o make_v six_o several_a body_n be_v they_o rank_n file_n squadron_n or_o batallion_n to_o have_v six_o distance_n for_o they_o can_v possible_o have_v more_o than_o five_o but_o if_o in_o these_o place_n he_o allow_v but_o six_o foot_n of_o interval_n between_o these_o class_n and_o great_a body_n it_o speak_v he_o to_o have_v be_v almost_o out_o of_o his_o wit_n when_o he_o write_v it_o as_o the_o reader_n may_v collect_v from_o the_o ensue_a discourse_n but_o be_v neither_o polybius_n nor_o vegetius_n help_v we_o much_o in_o the_o matter_n of_o interval_n lipsius_n in_o his_o four_o book_n comfort_v we_o and_o tell_v we_o he_o will_v not_o suffer_v so_o profitable_a much_o lipsius_n undertake_v much_o a_o business_n as_o be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o interval_n to_o remain_v in_o darkness_n in_o finibus_fw-la noctis_fw-la be_v his_o word_n in_o the_o border_n of_o night_n and_o therefore_o promise_v out_o of_o the_o plentiful_a magazine_n of_o his_o own_o read_n to_o clear_v the_o whole_a matter_n to_o we_o but_o i_o be_o afraid_a he_o will_v not_o be_v a_o man_n of_o his_o word_n for_o the_o great_a undertaker_n be_v seldom_o the_o best_a performer_n however_o it_o be_v fit_a we_o hear_v he_o for_o he_o deserve_v it_o first_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o he_o conceive_v that_o the_o interval_n between_o the_o hastati_fw-la performâ—â—â—ttle_a but_o performâ—â—â—ttle_a and_o the_o principes_fw-la be_v fifty_o foot_n and_o between_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o the_o triarii_n one_o hundred_o next_o concern_v the_o interval_n between_o the_o maniple_n of_o any_o of_o the_o three_o class_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v via_fw-la directa_fw-la he_o say_v if_o the_o velite_n be_v to_o stand_v in_o they_o the_o interval_n may_v be_v of_o twenty_o or_o thirty_o foot_n if_o not_o ten_o foot_n be_v enough_o this_o be_v brief_o all_o he_o say_v on_o the_o matter_n but_o assure_o if_o this_o learned_a man_n can_v convenlent_o have_v leave_v the_o university_n of_o louvaine_n and_o follow_v the_o spanish_a army_n but_o one_o summer_n or_o as_o we_o call_v it_o one_o campagne_n he_o will_v have_v see_v under_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o famous_a duke_n of_o alva_n and_o parma_n the_o great_a captain_n of_o that_o age_n who_o live_v at_o the_o time_n that_o he_o be_v write_v his_o book_n how_o pitiful_o simple_a that_o school-speculation_n of_o his_o be_v i_o must_v confirm_v my_o opinion_n with_o reason_n for_o authority_n of_o writer_n i_o have_v no_o more_o than_o he_o and_o that_o be_v none_o at_o all_o each_o of_o the_o two_o class_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la consist_v of_o twelve_o hundred_o man_n which_o be_v marshal_v ten_o deep_a make_v one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o file_n vegetius_n allow_v three_o foot_n distance_n between_o file_n these_o make_v three_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o foot_n in_o front_n add_v one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o foot_n for_o the_o file_n to_o stand_v on_o the_o ground_n that_o either_o of_o these_o batallion_n stand_v on_o be_v four_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o foot_n in_o longitude_n but_o to_o shun_v debate_n i_o shall_v be_v content_a to_o allow_v but_o one_o foot_n for_o every_o file_n to_o stand_v on_o and_o two_o foot_n of_o interval_n between_o file_n and_o so_o the_o front_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la though_o they_o have_v be_v all_o marshal_v
make_v not_o their_o captain_n do_v their_o duty_n in_o so_o necessary_a a_o point_n of_o war._n i_o have_v see_v in_o germany_n and_o denmark_n regiment_n new_o raise_v and_o some_o also_o send_v out_o of_o sweden_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o long_a war_n before_o the_o peace_n of_o munster_n only_o exercise_v and_o drill_v three_o or_o four_o time_n and_o that_o be_v enough_o for_o they_o colonel_n supine_n carelessness_n of_o colonel_n for_o the_o whole_a time_n they_o be_v to_o serve_v for_o a_o man_n will_v have_v make_v himself_o ridiculous_a if_o he_o have_v speak_v of_o drill_v old_a soldier_n to_o keep_v they_o in_o mind_n of_o their_o posture_n and_o motion_n this_o will_v have_v be_v look_v on_o as_o a_o disparagement_n to_o they_o for_o it_o will_v have_v be_v presuppose_v that_o they_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o exercise_v as_o in_o truth_n most_o of_o they_o do_v it_o be_v a_o pity_n and_o sometime_o matter_n of_o sport_n to_o hear_v man_n glory_n that_o they_o be_v old_a soldier_n who_o either_o never_o have_v learned_a soldier_n old_a soldier_n or_o have_v forget_v what_o belong_v to_o their_o profession_n and_o so_o upon_o the_o matter_n prove_v themselves_o to_o be_v old_a fool_n nay_o i_o have_v see_v in_o these_o same_o war_n many_o new_a levy_a company_n troop_n and_o regiment_n never_o train_v or_o exercise_v at_o all_o nay_o not_o so_o much_o as_o one_o lesson_n give_v to_o a_o soldier_n for_o the_o handle_n his_o arms._n it_o be_v true_a most_o of_o those_o who_o be_v levy_v in_o my_o time_n have_v serve_v in_o those_o war_n which_o be_v before_o my_o time_n but_o all_o have_v not_o and_o therefore_o some_o be_v raw_a and_o unexperienced_a and_o the_o old_a soldier_n of_o they_o need_v exceed_o to_o have_v have_v their_o memory_n refresh_v this_o be_v the_o condition_n of_o five_o thousand_o foot_n and_o three_o troop_n of_o horse_n which_o the_o city_n of_o dantzick_n levy_v and_o entertain_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o late_a swedish_n war_n against_o poland_n from_o the_o year_n 1656_o till_o the_o year_n 1660._o i_o have_v not_o see_v brave_a man_n nor_o better_o equip_v in_o any_o militia_n than_o these_o be_v but_o in_o one_o whole_a summer_n that_o i_o be_v there_o i_o never_o see_v one_o company_n or_o one_o man_n of_o a_o company_n drill_v or_o exercise_v since_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n make_v their_o peace_n with_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n their_o officer_n have_v be_v negligent_a enough_o of_o this_o duty_n which_o may_v have_v be_v easy_o observe_v in_o most_o of_o their_o garrison_n wherein_o i_o have_v be_v but_o i_o suppose_v their_o late_a alarm_n have_v make_v they_o resume_v their_o ancient_a care_n and_o diligence_n these_o military_a exercise_n be_v so_o far_o wear_v out_o of_o use_n that_o i_o know_v count_n koningsmark_n in_o the_o year_n 1655_o when_o he_o raise_v some_o new_a regiment_n for_o his_o master_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n take_v some_o old_a officer_n to_o be_v 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discharge_v close_o by_o he_o and_o to_o hear_v the_o trumpet_n will_v by_o degree_n banish_v shieness_n from_o he_o and_o therefore_o frequent_a drilling-troop_n of_o horse_n teach_v both_o man_n and_o horse_n their_o duty_n troop_n shall_v in_o some_o point_n be_v exercise_v by_o sound_n of_o trumpet_n that_o horseman_n may_v know_v the_o several_a point_n of_o war_n by_o their_o several_a name_n as_o to_o the_o watch_n to_o saddle_n to_o horse_n to_o march_v to_o charge_n to_o retire_v the_o particular_a word_n of_o command_n for_o drilling_n a_o single_a horsemâ—â—_n that_o be_v to_o teach_v he_o the_o right_a and_o true_a use_n of_o his_o arm_n whether_o he_o be_v a_o curiaâ—â—â—â—r_n harquebusier_n or_o carbiner_n be_v too_o tedious_a to_o be_v set_v down_o here_o and_o indeed_o needless_a for_o they_o be_v vulgar_o know_v and_o so_o be_v those_o for_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o infantry_n whether_o for_o the_o pike_n or_o the_o musket_n to_o teach_v either_o horseman_n or_o 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place_n of_o the_o depth_n that_o every_o prince_n appoint_v for_o his_o foot_n before_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o great_a gustavus_n adolphus_n for_o any_o thing_n i_o can_v ever_o learn_v foot-company_n be_v marshal_v ten_o deep_a almost_o universal_o but_o he_o marshal_v deep_a ten_o deep_a all_o his_o infantry_n in_o six_o rank_n and_o after_o he_o have_v invade_v germany_n the_o emperor_n with_o most_o of_o the_o european_a king_n and_o prince_n keep_v their_o foot_n still_o at_o ten_o deep_a but_o before_o the_o end_n of_o that_o war_n which_o he_o begin_v all_o of_o they_o follow_v his_o way_n and_o make_v the_o file_n of_o their_o foot_n to_o consist_v of_o six_o man_n except_o the_o prince_n of_o deep_a six_o deep_a orange_n who_o still_o keep_v ten_o in_o file_n i_o shall_v except_v likewise_o the_o earl_n of_o strafford_n who_o in_o his_o instruction_n for_o the_o better_a discipline_n of_o his_o army_n order_v every_o deep_a eight_o deep_a captain_n of_o foot_n to_o draw_v 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be_v fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a and_o that_o they_o be_v equal_o stout_a and_o experience_a and_o equal_o good_a firemen_n the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a must_v give_v fire_n by_o rank_n as_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a must_v likewise_o do_v now_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a can_v make_v no_o more_o but_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o in_o rank_n for_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o multiply_v by_o ten_o produce_v fifteen_o hundred_o but_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a make_v two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o in_o rank_n for_o two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o multiply_v by_o six_o produce_v fifteen_o hundred_o so_o that_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a at_o every_o volley_n pour_v one_o hundred_o leaden_a bullet_n more_o in_o the_o enemy_n bosom_n than_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a and_o consequent_o when_o six_o rank_n of_o both_o party_n have_v fire_v the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a have_v receive_v six_o hundred_o ball_n more_o than_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a which_o without_o all_o doubt_n have_v make_v a_o great_a many_o man_n fall_v more_o of_o the_o one_o side_n than_o the_o other_o next_o one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o file_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a take_v just_a as_o much_o ground_n up_o in_o front_n as_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a and_o therefore_o the_o other_o hundred_o file_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a may_v fall_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a if_o they_o be_v not_o flank_v either_o with_o pike_n or_o with_o horseman_n it_o be_v the_o like_a case_n mutatis_fw-la mutandis_fw-la between_o fifteen_o hundred_o eight_o deep_a and_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a for_o fifteen_o hundred_o eight_o deep_a will_v make_v but_o a_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o eight_o in_o rank_n for_o a_o hundred_o eighty_o eight_o multiply_v by_o eight_o produce_v fifteen_o hundred_o and_o four_o now_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a make_v two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o rank_n and_o so_o shoot_v at_o every_o volley_n sixty_o two_o bullet_n more_o than_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o eight_o deep_a make_v the_o like_a trial_n of_o two_o batallion_n of_o pike_n each_o of_o they_o fifteen_o hundred_o have_v the_o same_o advantage_n pikeman_n also_o have_v strong_a equal_o arm_v for_o the_o defensive_a and_o their_o pike_n of_o equal_a length_n the_o hundred_o file_n wherewith_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a outwing_n the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a will_v likewise_o enter_v on_o their_o side_n and_o very_o soon_o ruin_v they_o if_o they_o be_v not_o flank_v by_o their_o friend_n and_o though_o they_o be_v yet_o these_o hundred_o file_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o pikeman_n six_o deep_a be_v otherwise_o idle_a may_v happy_o give_v their_o flank_n some_o work_n to_o do_v nor_o have_v the_o fifteen_o hundred_o pikeman_n ten_o deep_a any_o advantage_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a in_o the_o force_n of_o the_o impression_n for_o i_o have_v demonstrate_v in_o one_o of_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o grecian_a militia_n that_o six_o rank_n of_o pikeman_n may_v either_o give_v or_o receive_v the_o charge_n abundant_o and_o therefore_o where_o pikeman_n be_v ten_o deep_a at_o their_o charge_n the_o last_o four_o rank_n shall_v keep_v their_o pike_n port_a because_o the_o present_v the_o point_n of_o they_o be_v altogether_o useless_a neither_o be_v it_o the_o apprehension_n of_o the_o weakness_n of_o his_o body_n of_o musqueteer_n draw_v up_o six_o deep_a that_o make_v the_o king_n of_o sweden_n make_v use_n of_o his_o feather_n to_o defend_v his_o musqueteer_n against_o the_o polonian_a horse_n for_o these_o feather_n may_v serve_v a_o body_n of_o firemen_n draw_v up_o ten_o deep_a as_o well_o as_o a_o body_n of_o firemen_n draw_v up_o six_o deep_a neither_o indeed_o be_v it_o the_o deepness_n of_o a_o body_n of_o musqueteer_n that_o can_v resist_v a_o resolute_a charge_n of_o horse_n it_o must_v be_v pike_n halberd_n or_o these_o feather_n or_o something_o like_o they_o nor_o do_v i_o think_v after_o the_o invention_n of_o gunpowder_n that_o ten_o deep_a be_v think_v fit_a for_o foot_n in_o imitation_n of_o the_o roman_n as_o some_o fancy_n for_o i_o have_v show_v in_o another_o deep_a reason_n for_o ten_o deep_a place_n that_o vegetius_n who_o be_v look_v on_o by_o many_o as_o the_o oracle_n of_o the_o old_a roman_a militia_n do_v make_v the_o roman_a file_n to_o consist_v of_o eleven_o man_n but_o i_o think_v it_o be_v out_o of_o this_o consideration_n that_o after_o the_o first_o rank_n have_v fire_v their_o gun_n they_o can_v not_o be_v ready_a to_o fire_n again_o till_o the_o other_o nine_o rank_n have_v all_o fire_v and_o withal_o a_o musket_n rest_n be_v take_v to_o help_v with_o so_o much_o wariness_n do_v our_o ancestor_n walk_v when_o first_o they_o make_v use_v of_o the_o new_a find_v engine_n of_o fire_n we_o read_v of_o a_o count_n of_o vaâ—dâ—mont_n who_o within_o thirty_o year_n after_o the_o invention_n of_o gunpowder_n make_v use_v of_o two_o culverines_n in_o his_o war_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o bar_n and_o by_o their_o help_n defeat_v his_o enemy_n but_o at_o every_o time_n the_o piece_n be_v discharge_v the_o count_n himself_o fall_v to_o the_o ground_n for_o fear_n but_o as_o great_a câ—sar_n say_v usus_fw-la est_fw-la rerum_fw-la magister_fw-la use_v and_o custom_n overmaster_v thing_n and_o therefore_o the_o cannon_n be_v not_o now_o so_o dreadful_a as_o it_o be_v nor_o be_v the_o musket_n so_o unmanageable_a as_o it_o be_v think_v daily_a experience_n let_v we_o see_v that_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o six_o can_v fire_v make_v deep_a for_o fine_a deep_a ready_a and_o stay_v for_o the_o word_n of_o command_n before_o the_o other_o five_o