sleeuing them vpon one side which you will may be vsed without danger as well when the enemy is neare as when the fight is in as much as they disturbe not the battaile but advance fresh aides against the enemy on the flanks of it 6 By inserting the second file There are two manner of doublings of the depth or of files one in number the other in place In number when one file is inserted into another the Leader or first man of the second file standing behind the Leader of the first the second behind the second the third behind the third and so forth of the rest Or when the euen files countermarch and their Leaders place themselues behind the Bringers-vp of the odde their files following them or which commeth all to one the files being whole they diuide themselues into two parts in the front and halfe countermarch and place themselues in the Reare of the other file to file albeit the two last are Doublings both in number and place and not in place alone The true Doubling of the place alone is not Aelian The Insertion whereof I spake remedieth this defect also There it is said that when 16 men that is a file are so extended that they possesse as much length as 32 should doe that is as 2 files it is doubling of place which is nothing else but changing of the Souldiers order into open order For in their order they haue 48 foote in depth in their open order 96 foote in depth In this Doubling of depth we must take heed that we make not the front of our Armie to narrow lest we giue oportunitie to the enemy to incircle and incompasse it Polybius noteth this a great faulâ— in Marcus Atilius Regulus at such time as he fought with the Carthaginians and was taken prisoner His words haue this effect k The Romans seing the enemy order his battaile marched out against him fuâ—l of courage Being notwithstanding somewhat appalled at and foreseing the Elephants violence in comming on they set their Darters before and placed many maniples of Armed behind one after an other and diuided the Horse halfe into one wing halfe into the other Then making the whole battaile shorter but deeper then they were wont they prouided well against the Elephants but not against the Horse that farre exceeded theirs in number Being now come to hands the Roman horse ouerpressed with multitude of the Carthaginians quickly fled from either wing But the foote of the left wing partly auoyding the Elephants partly contemning the Mercenaries fell on and charged the right wing of the Carthaginians and putting it to flight followed hard and gaue chase euen to the trench But of those that were placed against the Elephants the first sinking vnder the violence of the beasts perished being ouerturned and troden to death by heapes The body of the battaile remained a while vnbroken by reason of the depth of them that were after placed But when the Reare of all incompassed by the horse was forced to turne about and fight with them and the other that had by force made way thorough the middest of the Elephants and were now behind their backs came vp to the fresh Phalange of the Carthaginians standing in good order they were by them slaine Thus fortune being contrary on all sides the Romans for the most part were troden to death by the excessiue might of the beasts and the rest died with the darts of the horsemen in the place where they fought The error of Attilius Regulus was in ordering his battaile too deepe by meanes whereof it was easily incompassed and distressed by the Carthaginian horse Appian likewise blameth Antiochus for ordering his Phalange 32 men in depth where the Macedonian Phalange ought to but 16 deepe shewing that by that ouersight it was incompassed by the Romans and ouerthrowne I haue touched the historie in my notes before Many other examples might be alledged but these two are sufficient for our purpose The words of Command in doubling of the length by number Middle men double your Rankes to the right or left hand By this Command the middle men with their halfe files march vp to the front in the spaces betwixt the files and stand euen with the File-leaders and the rest euen with the rest of the Ranks Doubling of the length in place Stand in your open order One halfe openeth their files to the right hand the other to the left and stand six foote one from another Doubling of the depth in number Double your files to the right or left hand The euen files fall into the spaces of the odde files Double your files by countermarch to the right or left hand The euen files countermarch and fall behind the reare of the odde and place themsâ—lues lineally after them obseruing their first distances Diuide your files and double them by countermarch to the right or left hand Halfe the files diuide themselues from the other halfe and countermarch out behind the Reare then turne their faces towards the place behind the Reare of the standing files which remoued not then march on and place themselues orderly behind them file to file then turne their faces as at first Doubling the depth in place Ranks open behind to your open order The broad-fronted Phalange the deep Phalange or Herse and the vneuen-fronted Phalange CHAP. XXX PLagiophalanx or the broad-fronted Phalange is that which hath the length much exceeding the depth Orthiophalanx or the deep Phalange commonly called the Herse is that which procedeth by wing hauing the depth much exceeding the length In generall speach euery thing is called Paramekes which hath length more then the depth and that which hath the depth more then the length Orthion and so likewise a Phalange The Phalange Loxe or vneuen fronted is that which putteth forth one of the wings which is thought fittest toward the enemy and with it beginning the fight holdeth off the other in a convenient distance till oportunitie bee to advance Of Parembole Protaxis Epitaxis Prostaxis Eutaxis Hypotaxis CHAP. XXXI PArembole or insertion is when placing souldiers before we take off the hindmost and ranke them within the distances of the first Protaxis or fore-fronting is when we place the light-armed before the front of the armed and make them fore-standers as the File-leaders are When we place the light-armed behind it is called Epitaxis as it were an after-placing Prostaxis or adioyning is when to both flanks of the battaile or to one flanke some part of the hindmost is added the front of them that are added lying euen with the front of the battaile such addition is called Prostaxis Entaxis or Insition is when it seemeth good to set the light-armed within the spaces of the files of the Phalange man to man Hypotaxis or Double-winging is when you bestow the light-armed vnder the wings of the Phalange placing them in an embowed forme so that the whole figure resembleth a
three-fold gate or doore How the motions of wheeling double and treble wheeling of the battaile are to be made CHAP. XXXII IT followeth to shew how a battaile may be turned or wheeled and how after reduced to the first posture or Station Cap. 30. Plagiophalanx or the Brode-Fronted Phalange Orthiophalanx or the Herse Protaxis or forefronting The Front Lâ—â—halanx or the vneven fronted Phalange Cap. 31. Hypotaxis or double-winging Entaxis or insertion Protaxis or forefronting Cap. 32. The manner of wheeling The first posture Closing of files Closing of rankes forward The Front But in case we desire to wheele to the left hand we command the left-hand-file to stand still and all the rest to turne their faces to the left hand and mooue forward close vp to the left hand file Then to turne their faces as they were Then to gather vp the hinder rankes Then to wheele the battaile to the left hand and stand and so is it done that was commanded But if restitution to the first posture be needfull we must doe as we did in returning from the right For euery man must turne about his face to the Pike Then the whole battaile wheeling about the left-hand-corner-file-Leader must returne to the place it had Then all the file-Leaders stand firme and turne about their faces and the rest open their rankes in mouing forward and make Alte Then the left hand file is to stand firme for it hath the place it first had and the rest turning their faces to the right hand to open their files and moue forward till they haue recouered their first distances then to turne their faces as at first and so shall euery man be in his first posture Now if we would wheele the battaile about to the pike we are to make 2 wheelings to the same side so will it come to passe that the file-Leaders shall in the change haue their faces turned to the Reare where before they had them looking out from the front But in restoring to the first posture we command it to wheele about to the right hand That is we giue it two wheelings more the same way So the file-Leaders will haue their faces set as at first Then we command the file-Leaders to stand firme and the rest to open their rankes behind then to turne their faces about Then the right hand file to stand still for it hath the right place and the rest turning their faces to the right hand to march on till the former distances are regained then to make Alte. So is the battaile reduced to the first Station If you would haue the battaile turne about to the Target you are to giue contrarie directions That is in stead of commanding a double wheeling to the Pike to command a double wheeling to the Target Then by making two turnes the contrary way to vse the like changes we spake of before There is likewise a treble wheeling of the battaile when it turneth thrice to the same hand namely to the Pike or Target The double wheeling to the Pike transferreth the Souldiers face from the front to the backe of the battaile The treble wheeling to the Pike bringeth his face to the left flanke The treble wheeling to the Target contrariwise to the right flank Notes BEfore in the 26 Chapter Aelian discoursed of wheeling and the kindes thereof The manner how it is to be done is reserued for this place I neede not therefore remember any thing else besides the words of command The words of command in Epistrophe The vttermost file on the right or left hand stand firme The rest turne faces to the side purposed and march vp to the file standing firme Faces as you were Close your rankes forward Wheele the body to the hand appointed and when you haue your ground stand Returning to the first Posture or Anastrophe Faces to the right or left hand Wheele backe the body to the ground it first had File-Leaders stand firme the other rankes open to their first place Faces about to which hand you will The corner file to which the turning was stand firme the rest open to their first ground Faces as you were and order your Pikes Perispasmos or wheeling about In wheeling about the same wordes to close the files and rankes are to bee vsed which were vsed in Epistrophe there remaineth no more then to say Wheele about your body to the right or left hand Anastrophe or returning to the first Posture Returne to your first Posture The same forme is vsed that was held in the former returning vnto the first posture for opening rankes and files Ecperispasmos or treble wheeling In this motion the same course is held that was in the wheeling But only that you command a treble wheeling And the returning to the first Posture or Anastrophe is all one but for the same difference Of closing the battaile to the right or left hand or to the middest CHAP. XXXIII Cap â—â— Of Changes The front after closing Closing to the right hand in action Closing to the left hand Closing to the middell Closing to the right hand The Front before closing The Front of the 〈◊〉 before closing If the Phalange be to be closed in the middest the Diphalange on the right hand must turne their faces toward the Target and the Diphalange on the left hand their faces toward the Pike Then moue forward toward the middest of the Phalange Then after their true distance gained to set their faces as they were and to gather vp the Rankes behind When we would reduce the Phalange to the first posture wee command to turne faces about then to open the Rankes and all to moue on but the first Ranke then to turne their faces againe and the right Diphalange turning to the Pike and the left Diphalange to the Target to follow their Leaders till they haue recouered their first distances Then to set their faces as they were This rule is to be obserued in all turnings about of faces when they are made out of closings that the Pikes be aduanced least they hinder the Souldier in making his turning The light-armed are to be taught and exercised after the same manner Notes IN the 11 Chapter the distances that ought to bee betwixt souldier and souldier are particularly treated of This Chapter sheweth how they are to be gained that is how we are to proceede out of one distance into another And because the open order is it that is commonly begunne withall it is here taught how from thence to passe to the rest and to returne to it againe The end of closings is spoken of before In regard of place they are said to be of two kindes One to the wing right or left the other to the middest of the Phalange I cannot expresse the manner better then by setting downe the wordes of command or direction which are these in Closing to the right wing The right-wing-corner-right-wing-corner-file stand firme The rest turne faces to the Pike and moue according to
and serueth for the pikes onely for the Musquettiers cannot be so close in files because they must haue their Armes at liberty that is when euery one is distant from file to file a foote and a halfe and 3 foote from Ranke to Ranke And this last distance is thus commanded Close your selues throughly But it is not to be taught the Souldiers for that when necessitie shall require it they will close themselues but too much of their owne accord without command To begin therefore to doe the exercises the Company is set in the first distance to wit of 6 foote in file and ranke and thus is said These are the generall words of Command which are often to be vsed Stand right in your files Stand right in your rankes Silence To the right hand As you were To the left hand As you were To the right hand about To the left hand as you were To the left hand about To the right hand as you were You must note that when they are commanded to be as they were they must returne thither from whence they parted and if they turned to the right hand they must returne to the left and so in countermarch The headpiece The forepart The headpiece close The backe the right gantlet The left vambrace The left cuishe The brest The backe the gard the left â—â—â—â—let The Armour of the Pikman The Gorget The Brest The Tales The Hedpiece The Back The Pike To the right double your rankes Rankes as you were To the left hand double your rankes Rankes as you were To the right hand double your files Files as you were To the left hand double your files Files as you were With halfe files to the right hand double your Rankes Halfe files as you were With halfe files to the left hand double your Rankes Halfe files as you were Files to the right hand countermarch Files to the left hand countermarch To the right hand or left at discretion as you were Rankes to the right hand countermarch Rankes to the left hand countermarch To the right or left hand as you were Close your Files to 3 foote distance Close your Rankes to 3 foote distance Vnderstand that in Closing from the outsides to the middle the Soldier is â—stand in his distance of 3 foote in file and not closer To the right hand wheele To the left hand wheele Open your Rankes backwards in your double distance to wit at 12 foote and this for a single Company Rankes as you were sc. at the first In opening Rankes or Files you must keepe them closed vntill the second Ranke or File beginning from the outsides haue taken their distances and so shall the rest remaine close vntill euery Ranke or File haue taken their distanceâ— in order Open your files to wit to the first distance of 6 foote If you will command to close files to the right hand or left hand the outmost file standeth still and the rest close to that file For the Pike with a firme stand Advance your Pikes Order your Pikes Slope your Pikes Charge your Pikes Order your Pikes Traile your Pikes Cheeeke your Pikes More for the Pikes first with a firme stand and then marching Charge your Pikes Slope your Pikes To the right hand charge your Pikes Slope your Pikes To the left hand charge your Pikes Slope your Pikes Charge your Pikes to the Reare Slope your Pikes Order your Pikes This must be obserued charging your Pikes with a firme stand to set the right foote behind and charging the Pikes marching to set the left foote before For the Musquet THe Postures in his Excellencies Booke are to be obserued but in exercisinâ— you must onely vse these three termes of direction Make ready Present Giue fire Your Musquettiers must obserue in all their motions to turne to the right hand and that they carry the mouth of their peeces high aswell when they are shouldred as in pruning and also when they hold their pannes garded and come vp to giue fire In advancing towards an Enemy when they doe not skirmish loose and disbanded they must giue fire by Rankes after this manner Two Rankes must alwaies make ready together and aduance ten paces forward before the body at which distance a Sergeant or when the body is great some other officer must stand to whom the Musquettiers are to come vp before they present and giue fire first the firstranke And whilest the first giues fire the second Ranke keepe their Musquets close to their Rests and their pannes garded and assoone as the first are fallen away the second presently present and giue fire and fall after them Now assoone as the first two Rankes doe moue from their places in the front The two Rankes next them must vnshoulder their Musquets and make ready so as they may aduance forward ten paces as before assoone as euer the two first rankes are fallen away and are to doe in all points as the former And all the other Rankes through the whole diuision must doe the same by twoes one after another A manner there is to giue fire retyring from an Enemy which is performed after this sorâ—t As the Troope marcheth the hindermost ranke of all keeping still with the Troope is to make ready and being ready the souldiers in that ranke turne altogether to the right hand and giue fire marching presently away a good round pace to the front and there place themselues in ranke together iust before the front As soone as the first ranke turne to giue fire the ranke next makes ready and doth as the former and so the rest We giue fire by the flanks thus The vppermost file next the Enemy must be commanded to make ready keeping still along with the body till such time as they be ready and then they turne to the right or left hand according to the sight of their enemies either vpon the right or left flanke and giue fire altogether When they haue discharged they stirre not but keepe their ground and charge their Peeces againe in the same place they stand Now as soone as the foresaid file doth turne to giue fire the vttermost next it makes ready alwaies keeping along with the Troope till the Bringer-vp be past a little beyond the Leader of that file that gaue fire last and then the whole file must turne and giue fire and doe in all points as the first did and so the rest one after the other A Sergeant or if the Troope be great some other better qualified Officer must stand at the head of the first file and assoone as the second file hath giuen fire and hath charged he is to lead forward the first file vp to the second file and so to the rest one after another till he hath gathered vp againe the whole wing and then he is to ioyne them againe in equall front with the pikes Last of all the Troope or whole wing of Musquettiers makes ready altogether and
the first ranke without advancing giues fire in the place they stand in and speedily as may be yet orderly falls away all the rankes doing the same successiuely one after another Thus much of the armes and exercise of the foote The horse ensue The order and discipline holden in Horse-troopes or in the Cavalry THE Caualry hath for his Cheife the Generall the Lieutenant Generall and the Comissary generall To the Cavalry there is a Quarter-master generall and a Prouost generall belonging the Iustice resorteth to the Councell generall of warre of the Army The Cavalry is of two sorts Har quebusiers and Curassiers The first haue for defensiue armes the Curace pistoll proofe and a light head-peece For offensiue the Carbine of 3 foote 3 inches length and the bore of 20 bullets in the pound and Pistolls like vnto the Curassiers The Curassiers haue for defensiue Armes a compleat armour the Curace pistoll proofe For offen siue two pistolls hauing the barrell of 26 inches in length and the bore of 36 bullets in the pound See the figure of Armes For the order in Regiments the 40 Companies entertained by the States doe make eleuen Regiments The Regiment of the Generall hath alwaies the Vantgard the others alternatiuely and by turnes and he that hath it this day the next day after hath the Reare the rest following in the same sort Those which command the Regiments are called Coronells The Regiments are compounded of 3 or 4 Companies of 3 at the least and the Coronells Company marcheth alwaies on the left wing of the Regiment The Captaines receiue orders from their Coronells as these from the Commissary Generall All the Companies are diuided in 3 equall parts which are called Squadrons and distributed to the three chiefe officers Captaine Cornett and Lieutenant hauing each of them adioyned an old Souldier which they doe know to bee of more desert called a Corporall Marching in the field euery Officer marcheth at the head of his Squadron the Lieutenant excepted which marcheth behind with the Quartermaster and the third Corporall at the head of the Lieutenants Squadron The Companies are diuided by files and rankes the file 5 deepe and no more how strong soeuer the Company be They obserue that in marching in battaile they must be close together and to doe the Motions there must be 6 foote distance from one Horseman to another The Companies being in battaile there must be 25 paces distance left between euery Company and 50 betwixt euery Regiment at the least The exercise of Armes for the Cavalry To open the Squadron you must first open the rankes and after the files To close the Squadron you must first close the files and after the rankes There be two sorts of distances betwixt the files the one close and the other open In the Close there must be no distance or intervalls betwixt the files to the open there must be 6 foote betwixt euery file Likewise there must be two sorts of distances betwixt the rankes the Close which must be without intervall or streete and the Open which must be six foote distance In a march it must be vnderstood that the rankes must neuer be more opened then the open distance of 6 foote And to the end that the Troope may march in good order and obserue well their distance betwixt the rankes without that the last may be forced to runne or goe to fast there must be heed taken that so soone as the first rankes begin to march all the Troope and the Reare also at one time march The words of Command are Open your Rankes Open your files Stand right in your rankes Stand right in your files To the right hand As you were So the left hand As you were To the right hand about To the left hand as you were To the left hand about To the right hand as you were Files to the right hand countermarch Files to the left hand countermarch To the right or left hand as you were Rankes to the right hand countermarch Rankes to the left hand countermarch Close your files Close your rankes To the right hand wheele To the left hand wheele Faults escaped in the Booke PAg. 2. in the margent beneath for Spartionem read Spartianus Pag. 9 lin 20. for was were lin 31. for Bircanna Bircenna and in the marg lin 40. for Dipnoseph Dipnosoph pag. 10. lin 26. in marg for Adrian Arrian p. 14. l. 11. in marg for Dipnoseph Dipnosoph p. 15 l. 18. for Marsilians Massilians p 17. l. 47. for pluimes Plumes p. 18. l 49 for conceited by conceitedly p. 20. l. 45. for Thureo Thureoi lin 48. dele full p. 22. l. for Those These l. 11. for Ochanes Ochane l. 32. dele Then p. 23. l. 12. for Divarates Divarates p. 27. l. for immitation imitation p. 2â— l. 11. for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 l. 17. dele That p. 29. l. 4. for quiety quietly l. 25. slinges slingers p. 30. l. 35. in marg Analast Analact p. 31. l. 13. put in it p. 32. l 29. 33. for bellys bellies p. 33. l. 35. 38. 41. for Sotridas Soteridas p 34 l. 3. for forceble forcible l 19. Popana Popana 29. vnfailable vnfailible l. 42 dele once for all p. 35. l. 42. reduct reduce p 36. l. 40. in marg de bett de bell p. 39. l. 17. strok strooke p. 44. l. 12. in marg Enometis Enomâ—tis 24. Enomotarches Enomotarches 31. 33. Prucestes Peucestes lin 47. after Patricius a full point p. 49. l. 27. Bathera Batheia 40 liptismos leptismos p. 50 l. 14. after supported a full point 34. easily easily p. 53 l. 6. Prataxis Protaxis pag. 55. l. 35. for hauing giuing pag. 56. l. 18. sure safe lin 32 37. Ansetaus Ansetaus 41. Then They. 46. a full point after through p. 57. l. 31. betwixt the and examples put former p. 58. l. 2. Pharnabarus Pharnabazus l. 18. after Mâ—nomachy a full point 37. the â—hem 48. after number a full point p 59. l. 6. speedely speedily 36. motion motions 39. 40. your you 41. after forme a full point p 60 l. 16. fiâ—th fifth 18. after may be set the figure 2. 28. after sort dele as and for 2 read 4. p. 61. l. 18. never neither p. 62. l. 23. after Lydians a full point p. 63. l. 15. for 500 5000. lin 22. for 800 8000. p 66. l. 26. for 500 400. lin 25. read when it is greatest in Xenophon hath no more then 100. pag. 68. l. 35. besides to preterâ—it p. 70. l. 40. fight read marching p. 72. l. 1. after Sunne set read and. l. 37. for of p. 75. l. 19. 27. Lochagie Lochagi l. 32. Pempedarches Pempadarchs p. 78. l. 2. 4. of on p. 79. l. 11. for fourth third p. 80. l. 29. insert after an Army that c. â—oreth disorderly lin 47 after 21. insert foote pag. 82. lin Target Targets lin 30. for 6130. read 6144. pag 84. l. 14. Philopomen Philopoemen p. 87. l. 36. Quintus Quintius
said are the files of the Phalange But if the conueniency be obserued it will not seeme impertinent For all the Leaders being in front therefore are they called Leaders because they precede and the rest follow it makes both a gallant shew and that rancke being as it were the edge of our battaile not only serues to hew a sunder and rent a pieces the forces of our enemie But also standeth as an assured bulwarke of defence before the rest of the Armie that followeth And it is well noted by Leo that the multitude of Commanders in orderly diuisions both signifies that there are many worthy and valiant men in the armie And is a meanes to keep the Souldiers in greater obedience and to giue vndoubted effect to all directions Of what qualitie and disposition those Leaders ought to be you may see in the fourth Chapter of Leos Tactickes Onely I will adde that as they are higher in dignity so ought they in vertue and valour exceede those that are vnder their command 1 A Dilochy Consists of two files for so signifies the word Dilochia and the Leader is called a Dilochite 2 A Tetrarchy Of foure files and the Leader is called a Tetrach one that hath the command of foure files And here I must once more admonish that in the words of diuers signification we must not weigh what is the proper signification but how they are vsed in this Art and booke For the word Tetrarch signifieth sometimes a King as Hesychius hath and Deiotarus in Tully is called a Tetrarch and Herode in the Gospell who both are commonly knowne for Kings Thessaly likewise was diuided into 4. Principalities Thessaliotis Pthiotis Pelasgiotis and Astiotis whereof euery one was named a Tetrarchy Onely the difference is that a Tetrarch being a King or a Gouernour signifies him that hath the gouernment of the fourth part of the land for a Tetrarchy is the gouernment of the fourth part But a Tetrarchy in Aelian signifies a body military consisting of foure parts 4. files and the Tetrarch commands not ouer one alone but ouer all the 4. parts 3 A Taxis As the word Tetrarchy is diuersly taken so is Taxis likewise For sometimes it imports Order in a generall signification as I noted before Sometimes the order of a battaile sometimes a company of any kinde of Souldiers foote or horse as Taxis Peltastarum Taxis Equitum Sometimes a single Phalange as in Arrian mention is made of Taxis Ooeni Taxis Perdiccae and Taxis Meleagri c. who were Phalangarches as the story sheweth i Sometimes for all the armed as Taxis Phalangitarum Sometimes a rancke of men standing embattailed as in Thucidides who discribing the battell of the Lacedemonians saith the front which he calleth the first rancke teen proteen Taxin consisted of 448. But in a more speciall signification it is taken for a band of Souldiers And in that signification the number varieth In Xenophon it comprehendeth a hundred men What the number of the Athenian Taxis was I finde not deliuered by any Writer That they had Taxiarchs Polyenus sheweth plainely And if a man with leaue might gesse I would imagine their Taxis consisted of 250 men For I finde in the same place of Polyenus that they had Chiliarchies Pentecosiarchies Taxies and Lochagies I haue before shewed that Lochos in Xenophon is made sometimes of aboue 100. men Out of which may be inferred with probability that Taxis being the next degree aboue the Lochagie hath the double number or more The rather because a Chiliarchy hauing in it a 1000. the Penticosiarchy must haue 500. and by likelihood the Taxis 250. as being the next office vnder the Pentecosiarchy But whatsoeuer the Taxis of the Athenians or of other people was Aelian maketh his Taxis vp with 128 men and 8. files which is a double number to the Tetrarchy With whom Suidas agreeth giuing 2. Tetrarchies to a Taxis and saith it consists of 128 men The Commander of the Taxis is called a Taxiarch as the Commander of the Tetrarchy is a Tetrarch Here I am to note by the way that the Interpreter of Xenophon translateth Taxiarcha the Commander of a Cohort wher 's Taxis in the straighter signification cannot be taken for a Cohort because a Cohort differeth much in number hauing in it at the least 500. and odde men where the Taxis when it is greatest hath no more then 128. And Polybius saith plainely that spira is the Greeke word that fully expresseth the Romane Cohort 4 A Syntagma The word commeth of Syntasso or Syntatto to place together and a Syntagma is a body compounded of many parts artificially put together But it may be taken for anybody in the armie Diodorus reports of Dionysius the elder That after he had diuided his whole Armie which had in it 30000 into three parts he imployed two against the Carthaginian Campe in diuers manner himselfe tooke the Syntagma or third part which consisted of mercenary Souldiers and led against that quarter of the campe which had the Engins Aelian also vseth the word diuerslie For he calles the whole armie by the name of Syntagmata in the plurall number and sometimes Syntagma in the singular And further giues the same name to a file Suidas likewise discribing the length of a Phalange saith it is the first rancke Syntagma of file Leaders which stretcheth forth in a right line from winge to winge Whereby appeareth that which the Logitians affirme which I touched before that there are more things then names of things And that fit names cannot be giuen to all The names that haue beene giuen by antiquity to expresse the seuerall bodies of the Phalange are to be reteined by vs as proper enough to signifie the thing they meant Neither are we to vary from them vnlesse we our selues can inuent better The Syntagma that Aelian here mentioneth is framed of two Taxies that is of 16. files of 256 men The Commander of it is named a Syntagmatarch And where he addeth it is called of some a Xenagy we are to vnderstand that Xenagos was he amongst the Grecians that had the command of a band of strangers as he that leuied strangers was called Xenologos and the band it selfe was called a Xenagy Why the Syntagma should haue the appellation of Xenagy I cannot diuine vnlesse the reason were because it was about the number wherof strangers made their companies that serued amongst the Graecians And I thinke and shall till better information that the body of the light armed called a Xenagy mentioned hereafter had that name likewise for the same reason Now of all the bodies in this Chapter mentioned there is none that commeth so neere the companies vsed at this day as doth the Syntagma for excepting that our numbers differre and are in diuers places more or lesse the offices of each are alike You haue in
bringers-vp The words of Command may be these For the Macedonian Countermarch by file File-leaders turne your faces about to the right or left hand The rest of euery File passe thorow in order one after another and place your selues at your distances after your Leaders turning your faces about and so stand For the Lacedemonian Countermarch by file The first manner Bringers-vp turne your faces about to the right or left hand The rest turne your faces about and beginning at them that are next to the Bringers-vp countermarch and place your selues in your distances before the Bringers-vp and one before an other till the File-leaders be first The second manner File-leaders countermarch to the right or left hand and let euery mans file follow him and keepe true distance For the Choraean countermarch by file File-leaders countermarch to the place of the Bringers-vp and stand and let your files follow you keeping their distance For the Macedonian countermarch by ranke The right or left hand corner file turne your faces to the right or left hand The rest of each ranke passe thorough to the right or left hand and place your selues orderly behind your side-men keeping your distance Cap 29 Dobling of Rankes The front before Dobling of rankes Dobling of rankes in action The front after Dobling of Rankes For the Lacedemonian countermarch by ranke The first manner The corner file where the enemy appeareth turne your faces to the right or left hand The rest of ech rankes turne your faces and passe thorough to the right or left hand and place your selues before your side-men orderly keeping your distances The second manner The right or left wing where the enemy appeareth not countermarch to the contrary wing and all in the Ranks follow euery man his side-man keeping your distance For the Choraean countermarch by ranke The vttermost corner file of the right or left wing countermarch into the place of the left or right winge and stand And the rest follow ranke-wise keeping their distance Of doubling and the kindes thereof CHAP. XXIX 1 THere are two kinds of doubling one of Rankes the other of Depth or files and 2 either of these double the number or the place 3 The length is doubled in number when of a front of 124 files we make a front keeping the same ground of 248 files by inserting in the spaces betwixt file and file some of the followers that stood in the depth This is done to the end to thicken the length of the battaile If we lift to recall them to their first posture we are to command those that were inserted to countermarch to the place they had before 4 There are that mislike these doublings especially the enemy being at hand and would haue a shew of doubling made without indeed doubling the Phalange already ordered by stretching out the light-armed and the Horse on both sides of the wings of the Battaile 5 The vse of doubling the length is when either we would ouer-wing the enemy or else our selues feare to be ouer-winged The Depth is doubled 6 by inserting the second file into the first so that the Leader of the second file be placed next behind the Leader of the first file and the second man of the second file be the fourth man of the first file and the third man of the second file be the sixt in the first file and so forth the rest till the whole second file be ingrossed into the first and likewise the fourth file into the third and all the euen files into the odde Doubâ—ing of the Depth by Countermarch is made either when the next side-files in seuerall as in the former example the second and the fourth and the rest of the euen files countermarch to the Reare and place themselues behind the Bringers-vp of the odde files or else the files remayning in their first place and number halfe of them diuiding themselues from the other halfe countermarch likewise to the Reare and conveying themselues behind the other there order themselues and so double the depth of the Phalange If we would returne them to the first posture we must recall those that were conveyed to stand behind to the place they had before the Countermarch Notes THE former three Motions alter not the forme of the Phalange For whether you turned faces wheeled or countermarched the Phalange the depth and length remained one The motion to be expressed in this Chapter induceth an other shape to the Phalange and maketh it seeme a different body from that it was before being by Doubling extended either in length or in depth For Doubling the number of men or the place of the Phalange in front maketh the length twise as much and doubling the same in flanke maketh the depth double to that it was before For Doubling is nothing else then making a military body twise as long or twise as deepe as it was before 1 There are two kindes of doubling The Doublings are either of length or depth Or which is all one as Suidas saith of ranks or files For ranks stretch out in length files in depth And these againe are diuided into two other kinds the body being 2 Doubled in number or place That which is here called number is called elsewhere persons or by Suidas men It is called persons in the Insertion which is made to Aelian I know not by whom in the precedent Chapter of Countermarches Which because it lay thrust in betwixt the description of Countermarches and nothing perteined to that argument I neuer made doubt was crept into the text And I am rather confirmed in my opinion because I saw it noteâ— with an Asteriske in that Aelian being of Robortellus Edition which the learned Isaack Casaubon had quoted and purposed to set forth if vntimely dâ—ath had not prâ—vented him I will here set downe the words because they differ not much from Aelian and may giue some light to the manner of Doubling It is to be vnderstood so are the words â—hat a Phalange is doubled in persons or place when we therefore take halfe the souldiers from the Depth and making files of them place them euen with the rest in length of the front so that of 124 files we make 248 this is Doubling of persons In like sort we double the place with 124 files not increasing the number but onely commanding some to turne to the Pike some to the Target till the Phalange be stretched out to a convenient length as from 5 furlongs to 10. In the same manner is the depth doubled For either one file is inserted into an other man for man so that the second File-leader becomes the follower of the first and the second man in the second file the follower of the second in the first file and so the rest Or else 16 men are so extended that they hold as much ground in length as 32 vsuallydoe So farre the insertion It followeth in Aelian 3 The length is doubled in
you are farre superior so in vertues worthy of your birth and yeares and in all hopefull expectations are you nothing inferior to Adrian It may please your Highnesse to regard him with a gratious eye and to esteeme the Presentor of him your faithfull bedesman that will not cease to pray to the mighty God of hosts to giue you conquest ouer all your enemies From my Garrison at Woudrichem in Holland the 20 of September 1616. Your Highnesse most humbly deuoted IO BINGHAM THE TACTICKS OF AELIAN or art of embattailing an army after the Grecian manner THE Grecian arte of embattailing an army most mightie Augustus Cesar Adrian the antiquitie whereof reacheth back to the age wherein Homer lyved hath beene committed to wryting by many whose skill in the Mathematicks was not reputed equal with myne whereby I was induced to thinke it possible for me soe to deliver the groundes therof that posteritie should rather regard and esteeme my labors then theirs that before me haue handled the same argument But weighing againe myn own ignorance for I must confesse a truth in that skill practise of armes which is now in esteeme among the Romaines I was by feare with-held from reviving a science half dead as it were and since the invention of that other by your auncestors altogeather out of request and vnregarded NotwithstandiÌ„ng comming afterward to Formie to doe my dutie to the 1 Emperour Nerva your maiesties father It was my fortune to spend sometime with 2 Frontine a man of Consular digniÌ„tie and of great reputacion by reason of his experience in militarie affaires and after conference with him perceiving he imparted no lesse studie to the Grecian then to the Romaine discipline of armes I began not to despise that of the Grecians conceiving that Frontine would not so much affect it if hee thought it inferiour to the Romaine Having therefore in times past framed a project of this worke but yet not daring then to publish it in regard of 3 your majesties incomparable valour and experience which make you famous aboue all Generalâ—s without exception that euer were I haue of late taken it againe in hand finished it being if I deceaue not my self a worke both worthy to be accompted of of sufficiencie especially with such as are studious of the arte to obscure the credit of the auncient Tacticks For in respect of the perspicuitie I dare bouldlie affirme the reader shall more advantage himselfe by this little volume then by al their writings such is the order and methode I haue followed Howbeit I durst scarcely offer it to your majestie who haue beene Generall of so greate warres least happily it proue too too slender a present altogether vnworthy of your sacred viewe And yet if your majestie shall bee pleased to thinke of it as of a Greekish Theorie or a various discourse it may bee it will giue you some little delight the rather because you may therin behold 4 Alexander the Macedons manner of marshalling his fields And for that I am not ignorant of your majesties more weightie affaires I haue reparted it into chapters to the end you may without reading the booke in few wordes take the somme of that which is to bee delivered and without losse of time find the places you are desirous to peruse Notes THe Tacticks As Taxis in a general sence signifieth order so Tacticos is as much as perteyning to order but specially taken it signifieth parteyning to order of a battaile or to the embattailing of an army Here of the arte of embattailing an army is called Tacticè and hee that is skillful and experienced in that arte Tacticos Vegetius nameth him magistrum armorum and the books written of the arte Tactica And that this is the true signification of the word may appeare by Xenophons Cyropaedia where the arte Tactick is distinguished from the arte Imperatory or arte of a Generall Hee induceth Cyrus in a discourse with his father speaking thus In the end you asked mee what my master taught mee when hee professed to teach the art Imperatory And when I answered the Tacticks you smiled and asked particulerly what the Tacticks availed without provision of thinges necessary to liue by what without preservacion of health what without knowledge of arts invented for the vse of warre what without obedience so that you plainely shewed that the Tacticks are but a small portion of the arte Imperatory or of commanding an army Thus Xenophon making a difference between the arte Imperatory the arte Tactick And in other place hee speaketh yet more particulerly Cyrus sayd hee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it not the duty of a Tactick to enlarge onely or to stretch out in 〈◊〉 the front of his Phalange or to drawe it out in depth or to reduce it from a winge to a Phalange or to countermarche readily the enemy shewing himselfe on the right or left hand or in the rear but to diuide it when need is to place euery part for most advantage to leade it on speedily when occasion is of prevention Yet sometimes in a gener all signification books entreating of the whole arte of warr are called Tacticks as the Constitutions military of the Emperour Leo are entituled Tactica Leonis perhaps of the best parte because the arte of embattailing an army hath alwayes been esteemed the chiefest point of skill in a Generall Howbeit Aelian in his title of this booke taketh Tacticè in the streighter signification as appeareth by the definitions he alleageth out of Aenaeas and Polibius of whome the first defineth the art Tactick to bee a science of warlick motion with whome also Leo agreeth the other to bee a skill whereby a man taking a multitude serviceable ordereth it into files and bodies and instructeth it sufficiently in all thinges apperteining to warre Which two definitions comprehend in fewe words the argument of the whole booke For first Aelian intreatcth of levieng of arming men then of filing next of joyning files and making bodies after of ordering the whole Phalange or battaile further of motions requisit to affront the enemy whersoever he giveth on whether in front flank or reare lastly of marching and of the sondry formes of battailes carieng with them advantage of charging or repulsing the enemy in your marche He that will further vnder stand the boundes of this arte let him reade in the 21. chapter of Leo the 58. section 1 The Emperour Nerva your maiesties Father The Emperour Nerva here mentioned was not Nerva Cocceius whoe succeeded Domitian but Vlpius Traianus who was also called Nerva because he was adopted by Nerva Cocceius succeeded in the Empire And where Aelian termeth him Adrians father indeed Adrian pretended he was Traians sonne by adoption But Dio plainely denieth it Spartian saith some reported hee was adopted by the faction of Plotina Traians wife by substituting one to speake with a faint voice as if it had beene Traian vpon
artes which are called Habits arise out of a number of actions precaeding so can noe man atteyne to a perfect knowledge of armes till hee haue with care and diligence employed his study and labour therein and vpon the foundation of practise raised the frame of sound and perfect skill Noe man is naturally borne a souldier One may more incline to warre then another but the skill commeth not without industry and paines Plutarch saith that it is neither Eurotas nor the place betwixt Babyx and Gnacion that bringeth foorth valiant and warlicke men but they are to bee fownd in all places where youth is bred vp in shame of vice and boldnesse to vndergoe perill for vertues sake Eurotas was a river neere Lacedaemon Babyx and Gnacion two rivers with in the same City The Lacedaemonians were accounted the most valiant people of Greece And Plutarch speaketh this of the victory which the Thebans had against the Lacedaemonians The Thebans which till that day had noe reputation of valour but afterward by exercise vse of armes vnder Epaminondas and Pelopidas became the bravest souldiers of Greece Not vnlike was the saieng of Pyrrhus to his muster-master choose you said hee good bodies and I will make them good souldiers The strength of the body is requisite in a souldier to vndergoe the labours of warre but exercise it is that giveth the perfect skill and the desire to handle weapons Therefore as Demosthenes being demaunded what was the first and principall thing in the arte Oratory answered Action what the second Action what the third Action So may wee truely say that in the art military exercise is not onely the first second third principall thing to make a souldier but also all in all Aelian speaketh not of exercise but in Generall what particuler exercise is fitt for a souldier hee that desireth to knowe let him reade Xenoph. Cyrop lib. 2. 42. B. C. lib. 3. 77. C. D. Veget. lib. 1. ad caput 9. ad caput 19. lib. 2. caput 23. 24. Iust. Lips comment ad Polyb. lib. 5. dialog 14. Leo. caput 7. Patric Parallel parte 2. 139. Now for the victories that haue beene obteyned by a small number of men well exercised against a multitude vnskillfull and vntrained I need say nothing Histories are plentifull witnesses therein I will onely recite one example wherein the difference may bee seene not between skillfull and vnskillfull but between skillfull and skillfull both enured to labour and both brought vp vnder the same practise and discipline of Armes At what time after the death of Alexander the great his chiefest Commaunders fell at oddes emongest themselues and sought every man to establish himself in the possession of his Conquests it chaunced that Antigonus and Eumenes came together in two sundry battailes In the first Antigonus had in his army aboue 28000. foote 8500. horse 65. Elephants Eumenes lesse foote 17000. in all but emongest them 3000. Argyraspides whoe had served in all Alexanders battailes were invincible strok a great feare into the enemies harts about the number of horse his enemy had So. Elephants When the foote came to ioyne saith Diodorus Siculus the fight continewed a good while at last many falling on either side Eumenes his foote had the better by reason of the valour of the Macedonian Argyraspides They albeit they were stroken in years yet in regard of the manifold perills they had been in excelled in courage skill of fight in so much that no man was able to withstand them And therefore being but 3000. in number they were notwithstanding sett against the enemy as the strength of the whole army In the other battaile he speaketh of their age At that time saith he the yongest of the Argyraspides were noe lesse then 60. years olde or thereabout the most of the rest about 70. some were elder al of thē vnmatcheable in skill readinesse of fight strength of body such was theire dexterity and courage gathered in continuance of dangers which they had passed Afterward rehearsing the battaile he saith The Argyraspides serring themselues close and with liuely force falling vpon the enemy killed some and put other some to flight And fought against the whole Phalange of the enemy with irresistible fury not loosing one of theire owne men yet through skill manhood slayeng of the enemy aboue 5000. routed theire whole foote which in number were many times more then themselues Thus writeth Diodorus Siculus of the olde practised Macedonians who yet fought not against straungers or rawe souldiers or such as were newly brought into the field but against men of their owne nation that had long handled armes wonne many victories been instituted and trained in the same discipline and course military that they themselues had been before Such difference long practise and experience wrought in the one against the other What a file or Decury is and of how many men it consisteth CHAP. IIII. TO order into files is r to make files A file is a number of men beginning at one Leader and contineuing in order of followers to the last man The number of a file is diversly given 2 for some allow it eight some twelue and some sixteen men Wee for this time will retaine the number of sixteen both because that number is proportionable to the indifferent length of a Phalange and also if vse require at any time to double the depth thereof and to giue it thirty two men or to lessen and contract it and make it but eight neither of both shall hinder the service of the light-armed behinde 3 for whether they vse Darts or slings or Arrowes they may easelie with their flieng weapons overreache the depth of the Phalange Notes NExt after arming and choyce of souldiers it followeth to put them in order for service that is first to file them then to band them which is ioyning of files and lastly to embattaile them which is to make a Phalange Of these in the following chapters 1 To make files The Tacticks haue not expressed the precepts of this arte all in the same wordes A file is heere called Lochos the signification whereof is divers Sometimes it is taken for an Ambushe and Lochan signifieth to lye in Ambush it signifieth beside a number of men that are of one body as it were and vnder one commaunder who is called Lochagos and Lochizo is to sett in files The number of this body hath beene diversly taken The Thebans Lochos Hieros first instituted by Gorgidas or as other say by Epaminondas consisted of three hundred men The Lochos of the Lacedaemonians of fiue hundred and twelue Xenophon in his returne out of Persia telleth that the number of the Lochoi of the Graecians which hee ledde was almost a hundred armed men And when they chose extraordinarie men to preserue the Plaesium a hollow forme of square
battaile where in the Graecians marched from breaking they appointed six Lochoi of a hundred a piece for that purpose and Commaunders to leade them And after hee reckoneth seventy men to a Lochos And in the first booke of Cyrus his expedition hee telleth of two Lochoi of the armed of the Regiment of Menon that were slaine by the inhabitants of Cilicia and counted them a hundred men Cyrus in the same Xenophon commaundeth his Lochos to bee made of twenty foure men But the Lochos that Aelian heere speaketh of is a lesse number namely sixteene which was the file of the Macedonians as appeareth by Arrian and Polybius Albeit Arrian calleth it not Lochos but Decas and Polybius the depth of the battaile This number of sixteene was vsed by the Graecians also before King Phillips time as appeareth by Xenophon in his historie of the Graecians And likewise by Thucydides who reporteth that the Siracusans were so ordered against the Athenians Leo saith it was the manner of the auncient warriers to make a file of sixteen calleth it a Tetragonall number 2 Some allow it eight some twelue The Lacedaemonians made the depth of theire battaile sometimes eight men for a file is it that measureth the depth of the battaile and so fought with theire enemies Thucydides witnesseth as much the Lacedaemonians saith hee were not alwaies ordered in depth alike but as theire Lochagoi they were commaunders of fiue hundred and twelue a piece thought good commonly notwithstanding the depth was of eight a piece Xenophon also writeth that Dercyllidas the Lacedaemonian being to fight with Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus ordered his Phalange into eight The same proportion was helde by Mnasippus the Lacedaemonian against the Corcyraeans and by Clearchus the Lacedemonian against his enemies Xenophon saith that Thrasybulus the Athenian salieng out of Pyraeum against Pausanias the Lacedemonian King ranged his men into eight His wordes are When Thrasybulus and the other armed sawe these things they quickly gaue aide to theire owne people and put theire armed in order eight deepe Pausanias being hardly layed vnto and retiring foure or fiue furlongs commaunded the Lacedemonians and theire Allies to resort vnto him and there casting his men into a deepe Phalange ledde against the Athenians Out of which words wee may note that the Lacedaemonians observed not alwaies that order of eight deepe but varied according to place or other circumstance Yet ordinarily they gaue but eight to a file or to the depth of theire Phalange as Thucydides witnesseth before The same Thrasybulus with his complices entring the base Citty of Athens called Pyraeum to free his countrie from bondage of the thirty tyrants having but a fewe with him possessed the court which led to the temple of Diana called Munychia and being assaulted by the garrison of rhe Lacedaemonians ordered his armed men into ten deepe and the light armed behinde them The tyrants and theire followers stood in battaile fifty deepe At the battaile of Leuctra the Lacedaemonian armed were twelue in depth the Thebans fifty Alexander the great leading his armie against Clitus and Glaucias the way being so narrow that no more then foure might marche in front made the depth of his armie a hundred and twenty And the souldiers that Xenophon brought backe out of Persia when they purposed to sacke Byzantium put themselues without commaunde in order of fifty deepe In the text is fifty deepe but the margent hath eight which I take to bee the truer reading because Xenophon saith the place was faire to sett a battaile being voide of building and having an even plaine And it was not the manner of the Graecians to make a Phalange fifty deepe vnlesse there were extraordinarie occasion In the battaile of Delos betwixt the Athenians and Thebans the Thebans were fiue and twenty in depth the Athenians but eight The same Athenian were eight in depth against the Syracusans So that the depth of eight was much vsed among the Graecians How-be-it I find not that they called a file of eight by the name of Lochos Cyrus the elder made his files of twelue men and the leader thereof hee called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the file it selfe decas which in signification albeit it importe ten yet wee must retaine the word as it is vsed and not fly to the originall of the Etimologie as I noted before vpon other occasion But Aelian maketh his file of sixten His reason followeth 3 For whether they vse darts c. The file being sixten in number the souldiers therein every one having after-distance from other three foote take vp in the whole depth fourty eight foote and being doubled to thirty two men they take vp ninety six foote which amounteth to thirty two yards That bowes and slings easilie out reache this distance appeareth by Vegetius before by mee alleaged who saith they stroke their marke six hundred foote of which in our account by scores is ten score Of the darte a man may rather doubt which notwithstanding with an exercised arme is sent much further then thirty two yards Lipsius writeth that a dart was vsually cast foure hundred foote which amounteth to a hundred thirty three yardes or as wee in shoting measure it six score and odde The reason why Aelian placed the light armed behind wee shall see beere after in fitt place The order and parts of a file or Decury CHAP. V. ' THE best man of every file is the first in place and hee that leadeth the file who is also called the file-leader the Commaunder the fore-stander The last man of the file is called the Reare-Commaunder or bringer-vp The whole file it self is termed 2 a verse and 3 a Decany and of some 4 an Enomoty Yet there are that hold Enomotia for the fowerth parte of a file and the Commaunder of an Enomoty they call Enomotarcha and two Enomoties they take for a Dimery name the Commaunder thereof Dimerites so that the half file is said to bee a Dimery 5 and the Commaunder Dimerites This man is the last of the file Hee that standeth next behinde the file-leader is named a follower and the next after him a Leader and the next after him againe a follower So that the whole file consisteth of Leaders followers placed successiuely one after another 6 It behoueth the file-leader to bee more sufficient then the rest of the file and next him the Leader of the half-file or bringer-vp They define a file to bee a Rowe of followers placed according to theire worth successiuely after a file-leader Notes 1 THE best man of every file Why the file-leader ought to bee the best man of the file many reasons may bee given first because hee commaundeth the rest And as in all other things hee that is to rule and governe another ought to haue more knowledge then hee that is commaunded and
omnymi to sweare not of omos a shoulder as Robortellus and Patricius immagine of whom the first translateth it in latine Intergutio the other in Italian Spalaggione as it were a backing Vpon this conceite I thinke because in a file the whole number standeth one at the backe of another Suidas saith Enomotia is a body militarie amongst the Lacedemonians of 32 men and is soe called because they take theire othe together not to forsake the place assigned them in battaile With whom agreeth the great Etymologicon and Hesychius likewise who termeth it a body militarie that taketh an othe and sweareth by the sacrifice which is offered at such time as they goe into the field And surely you shall not finde the word Enomotia applied to other souldiers then the Lacedemonians or else to them that the Lacedemonians commanded vntill it was afterward taken vp by the Macedonians And Iulius Pollux expresly noteth that Moira and Enomotia are proper appellations of the Lacedemonians given to certaine of theire militarie bodies Albeit both the text bee corrupted in Pollux having Eunomotia for Enomotia the interpreter hath worse trāslated it rēdring Enomotia militarie discipline Moira a duty As the Lochos is great or little so is the Enomotia The Lacedemonian Enomotia was 32. men the Lochos being 512. but the file of Aelian being 16. and the Enomotie noe more then the fourth part of a file the Enomotie must conteine noe more then foure men One of euery of these foure must bee a commander who is called Enomotarcha or the commander of that Enomotie So that in the whole file consisting of 16. there ought to bee foure Enomotarchas Where they should stand in the file is a question Patricius maketh the file-leader the first Enomotarcha the fift man the second the ninth man the third the 13 man the fourth excluding the bringer vp whom notwithstanding hee acknowledgeth to bee the second man of the file and in dignitie next to the file-leader I am of another opinion and yet allowe the places of the first fift and ninth but thinke the bringer-vp ought to bee the last Enomotarcha Arrian confirmeth my opinion who writeth thus Alexander returning to Babilon found Prucestes newly come out of Persia bringing with him 20000. Persians Then commending the Persians for theire obedience in all things to Prucestes and Prucestes for his care and diligence in ordering them hee reparted them into bands according to the Macedonian manner Over every file hee appointed a Macedonian file-leader to command and next a Macedonian dimaerite and a Decastater so called of the paye hee had which was lesse then Dimaerites and more then the common souldiers then twelue Persians and last of all the file a Macedonian who also was a Decastater So that in the whole file there were foure Macedonians three whose pay was more then the common souldiers and a file-leader the fourth and more over 12. Persians So Arrian Out of which wordes wee may learne first the number of the Macedonian file which consisted of 12. Persians and 4. Macedonians in all 16. the number that Aelian requireth in his file Next that the Enomotarchs or commanders of the foure parts of the file were likewise 4. Lastly that the bringer-vp was one of the foure by expresse words of Arrian which is contrarie to the opinion of Patricius and whereas Arrian termeth the third Enomotarch Decastateros of the pay hee received it is to bee vnderstood that Stater was a piece of coine of the weight of foure dragmes of Athens whereof the Enomotarch had ten by the moneth The dragme was of value seven pence sterling and the Stater conteyning foure dragmes two shillings and foure pence sterling and ten of them were valued at twenty three shillings and foure pence Which was the pay of the second Enomotarch and of the bringer-vp as Arrian affirmeth 5 And the Commaunder Dimaerites About the Dimerite Arrian and Aelian differ Suidas leaveth the matter vncertaine saieng the Dimerite is commander of the half-file but pointeth not out which is hee Arrian distinguisheth the Dimerite from the bringer-vp and giveth a greater pay to the Dimerite then to the bringer-vp The bringer-vp he saith was noe more then Decastateros where as the Dimerite had a greater pay But Aelian twice in this chapter affirmeth that the bringer-vp was the Dimerite and addeth hee ought to bee the second man of worth in the file And that the place of the reare is not much inferior to the front Cyrus teacheth his bringers-vp in Xenophon in these words You haue a place saith he no lesse honorable then they that stand in front For being in the reare and seeing encouraging them that behaue themselues valiantly you make them more valiant and the remisse and backward you incite spurre on likewise to doe as well as the rest Leo appointeth two Officers to a file the file-leader and the bringer-vp so maketh the bringer-vp the second person of the file The reare being then the second place of the file I conceiue no reason why as the file-leader commandeth the one half of the file so the bringer-vp should not bee the Dimerite and command the other and I rather assent to Aelian that of purpose describeth the particulers of this arte as hee findeth them set downe in the auncient Tacticks then to Arrian that writing the historie of the deeds of Alexander stumbleth by chance vpon these things not greatly incident to his narration Yet may there bee a resonable construction of both their meanings if wee consider the severall respects of the offices of these Enomotarchs For the middlemost Enomotarch may bee termed the Dimerite in regard he standeth in the head of the second half-file and in doubling the front and some other motions leadeth it the bringer-vp because he absolutly governeth it and seeth that directions given by higher officers bee executed 6 It behoveth that the file-leader bee more sufficient The file-leader and bringers-vp ought to bee the most sufficient because they haue the whole governement of the file the one in the front the other in the reare Therest are vnder them and to bee called by the names of leaders and followers But yet is there a further disposition of the file which as I finde it in Leo I will sett downe His words sound thus over the other sixteen you are to appoint a file-leader as hee is termed resolute and fitt for service and eight of these sixteen that shall bee found fittest you shall place in the front and reare of the file foure in the front namely in the first second third and fourth place other foure in the reare in the sixteenth fifteenth foureteenth and thirteenth place that the front and reare may be strengthened with foure men a piece The weaker are to bee placed in the midst of the file This counsell or rather precept of Leo hath this reason The front and the reare are the principall
fiâ—nge the division of the Phalange into winges the place of the armed foote of the light-armed and of the Horse CHAP. VII 1 THE whole bodie of the multitude of files is termed a Phalange whose 2 length is the first ranke of file-leaders and is named the front the face the edge of the battaile the ranke the mouth the Commaunders the fore-standers the head of the files As much of the Phalange as stretcheth backward from the front to the reare 3 is named the depth The bearing straight foorth of side-men in length whether they bee Leaders or followers is ranking And the standing of Leaders and followers directlie in a line in depth is filing A Phalange is divided into two whole partes beginning at the middle section of the front and houlding on cleane through to the vttermost parte of the depth whereof the one half is called the 4 right wing and head the other half the left winge and taile 5 The two fold section it self that divideth the length hath the name of the Navell and the Mouth 6 The Light-armed are placed after the Phalange of the Armed and behind them the Horse Yet if occasion require both light-armed and Horse are otherwise disposed as after in this discourse will appeare Notes THE whole body of multitude of files is termed a Phalange Ioyning of files makes ranks and a sufficient number of files and ranks together make a body which is called a Phalange For that name is given to any entire body of an indifferent greatnesse compacted and vnited for fight Hesychius deriveth the originall of the word Apo tou pelas allelois inai from the standing of the souldiers in battaile neere one to another Suidas in the same sence albeit hee differ a litle in words saith the Phalanges are so called apo tou pelasai anchi of approching one neere to an other The great Etymologicon goeth yet a little further and saith that Phalanges are as it were Palanges para to pelas kai eggys einai as it were Pelangys These are the coniectures about the originall of the name Which of them is truest is not greatly to the purpose It is enough to vnderstand in what sence the word Phalange is commonly taken amongst Tactick writers who as I said in a generall signification call any great body of armed gathered together and vnited for fight a Phalange Soe Caesar nameth the battaile of the Heluetians into which they cast themselues when they fought against him and likewise the battaile of Ariovistus a Phalange So speaketh Xenophon of the Plaesium or square holow battaile into which the Graecians that went with Cyrus the younger into Persia fashioned themselues at their returne out of Persia. And the same Xenophon saith the horse of the Graecians when they were to encounter the Persians ordered themselues foure in depth in forme of a Phalange And Arrian that the Persians at the River Granicus were ordered in a long Phalange and Xenophon againe discoursing how Iphicrates exercised his nauie when hee expected to fight with the Lacedaemonians saith hee sometimes lead in a wing that is in a large depth sometimes in forme of a Phalange in a broad front The first inventer of the Phalange is thought to bee Pan the generall of Bacchus his armie Polyaenus saith Pan was the commaunder of Bacchus his armie This man was the first that invented the order of a battaile called it a Phalange and parted it into the Right and left wing For which cause Poets faine that Pan carieth two hornes vpon his head Besides hee was the first that by slight and cunning cast a feare vpon his enemies For when Bacchus incamping in a hollow forest was advertised by his spies that an infinite number of enemies were lodged one the further side hee began to be afraide But not Pan who commanded the same night the armie of Bacchus to giue as great a shoute as they could The Rocks and hollownesse of the forest rendered it againe double to the enemy made shewe of a greater armie then Bacchus had Where with the enemy falling into a feare fled foorth with In honour of this strategeme wee faine that Eccho is Pans loue the causlesse night-feares which fall vpon Armyes were attributed to Pan. So farre Polyenus about the inventer of the Phalange The number of the Phalange is not alwayes one It may consiste of ten thousand twenty fiue thousand or as many as you list Antigonus the King of Macedony had his Phalange of ten thousand Ptolomaeus King of Aegipt of twenty fiue thousand The ten thousand Graecians that went with Cyrus into Persia are called a Phalange What number the Helvetians and Ariovistus had in theire Phalange is not preciselie set downe by Caesar. Yet it seemeth by Caesar that the most parte of the fighting multitude of the Helvetians cast themselues into a Phalange and those of Ariovistus likewise But Aelians Phalange is restreyned to a certeine number as the next following Chapter will teache 2 The length whereof The length of the Phalange is to bee accounted by the ranke not by the file The file is but sixteen men deep The ranke from the pointe of one wing to the pointe of the other conteyneth a thousand and twenty foure men in Aelians Phalange So that the files being short in comparison of the ranks it is reason that the length of the Phalange bee measured according to the ranke not to the file Suidas agreeth with Aelian sayeng that the length of the Phalange is the first Syntagma the first ranke of file-leaders which is ordered in a right line stretching from one wing to another and is called the face and the mouth and the front the edge and the first-filing and the first standers of the battaile The next rowe lyeng Parallel to this is called the second ranke and the third the third ranke and soe the rest The length is termed in Greeke Mecos to which is opposed the depth which is named Bathos Neither is there in true account any other dimensions in a Phalange besides the length and the depth which are in this chapter mentioned by Aelian Other names are given in Greeke writers sometimes but they signifie either the one or the other 3 Is named the depth As the length runneth along by front from one wing to another so the depth beareth backward from the front to the reare The depth is properly called Bathos as I said And Bathera Phalanx is a deepe Phalange And Arrian saith Alexander ordered his Phalange es Bathos in depth And Polybius that the Romans made theire battaile much shorter then before but much deeper Bathyteran And as it is called Bathos for the most part so is it by Leo called also Pachos For the depth of a file is by him termed depth or Thicknes Bathos etoi Pachos in two severall chapters of his Tacticks not in respect of the file it selfe which is no
side And as the middle section divideth the Phalange in two parts which are called wings so this section spoken of by Suidas being in the middest of the wing divided the wing into two parts To call a Phalangarchie which is a body consisting of foure thowsand and ninty six men a section is I confesse an vnproper speach but tolerable notwithstanding considering that the whole fourefolde Phalange is composed of the foure Phalangarchies and that the section of the right-wing beginneth at the left hand file or inward point of the right hand Phalangarchie and endeth at the right hand file of the second Phalangarchie And wee are not to expect the same exactnesse of speach from souldiers that is common to men skillfull in the liberall sciences Souldiers that professe action haue theire end if they bee vnderstood of those they commande Artiâ—tes are contemned that clothe not the precepts of theire arts with elegant fitt and exact termes Seeing then the beginning of the section of the wing is at the flanke of the first Phalangarchie on either side of the Phalange wee may after a sort terme the Phalangarchie a section of the wing because it boundeth the section At least by this place of Suidas wee may gather that there was an intervall in either wing which in reason ought to bee in the middest of the wing and to lye betwixt the two Phalangarchies For so many there are in one wing Polybius telleth of Philopaemen that fighting against Machanidas the Tyrant of Lacedaemon after hee had placed the light-armed the Lanciers and Illyrians ioyntly in one front hee added in the same right line the Phalange distinguished into bodies according to Merarchies and divided by severall distances I translate Speiredon distinguished into bodyes because Speira signifieth a militarie body amongst the Graecians and is by the Graecians that wrote the Roman historie vsed sometime for a Legion and sometime for a Cohort And it seemeth that Spiredon is heere by Polybius put in the same sence that Eis Speiran is by Plutarch who mentioning the reformation touching affaires militarie whâ—h the same Philopaemen brought in amongst the Achaians writeth thus theire manner and forme of embattailing was not vsually parcelled out Eis Speiran that is as I interprete it in severall bodies but vsing a Phalange which had neither protension of pikes nor closing of targets in front as the Macedonian manner is they were easily foiled and broken by the enemy The meaning of Plutarch is as I conceiue that the Achaians in former times vsed to order theire Phalange in a continued length without intervalls which Philopoemen reformed and taught them to make divisions by intervalls And the practise of Philopoemen is the best interpreter of his owne counsell to the Achaians This practise Polybius setteth downe to bee the division of his Phalange Kata tele speiredon en diastemasi into bodies distinguished by intervalls according to Merarchies Polybius also to shewe what bodies they were vseth the word Tele which I translate Merarchies having my warant out of Aelian who saith a Merarchie consisteth of two Chiliarchies and conteineth two thowsand and fourty eight men and a hundred and twenty foure files and addeth that it is of some called a Telos and the leader a Telarch A man may doubt seeing Philopaemen made an intervall betwixt every Merarchie whether hee made seven divisions or no For in Aelians Phalange there are eight Merarchies betwixt every of which if a distance were there must needs arise seven intervalls To cleare this doubt wee must vnderstand that the Phalanges of the Graecians were not alwaies of the same number as I noted before Aelians and the Macedonian Phalange consisted of sixteen thowsand and odde Antigonus had but ten thowsand Demetrius eleuen thowsand Other had more the Lacedâ—monians lesse and likewise the Graecians for the most part And it seemeth the Phalange of Philopaemen was no more then eight thowsand and odde in which number there are but foure Merarchies As Aelians Phalange comprehending sixteen thowsand and odde wherein are foure Phalangarchies hath likewise three divisions by Phalangarchies And yet in this Phalange of Philopaemen if you account the file to haue but eight men as the most Graecians vsed in theire files to haue these foure Merarchies will possesse as much ground in front as the Phalangarchies of Aelians Phalange doe the file being sixteen Neither is it new to figure out the bodies greater or lesse according to the number of the Phalange Leo commandeth his Generall when the number will not reach to sixteen thowsand the number of the ould Phalange to hould notwithstanding sixteen men in a file and to divide his Phalange into foure equall parts by intervalls excepting some few which hee would haue reserved for other vses To conclude Aelian him self seemeth to acknowledge more sections then one when in the tenth Chapter of this booke hee speaketh of the middle section mese apotome For this word middle being a relatiue can not bee vnderstood with out two other at least which are placed on either side And all the figures that I haue seene of a fourefold Phalange allowe three sections and no more that is to saie one in the middest and the other two in the wings What the distance and dimension of these sections ought to bee I finde not set downe But if I might haue leaue to coniecture I would thinke they ought to bee large enough for a troupe of horse framed wedge-wise after the Macedonian manner to passe through the last ranke whereof being fifteen as appeareth in the twenty chapter of this booke and the horse placed in the reare of the light-armed it is needfull if vpon any occasion they were to bee drawen through to serue in the front the distance of the section should bee sufficient to giue them passage with out disorder And I am the rather confirmed in this opinion because I see the intervalls betwixt the Roman maniples so proportioned that the Principes might passe through those of the Hastati and the Triarij through those of the Principes But I proportioned out the intervalls to the horse not to the light-armed for that the light-armed â—ay bee divided into severall bodies without inconvenience but any breaking of the horse-wedge breedeth a confusion in the whole troupe Yet where a troupe of horse may finde way there may a Centurie or Colours of light-armed finde also way 6 The light-armed are placed after The light-armed were diversly placed sometimes before the front of the Phalange which kind of placing is afterward called Prataxis sometimes on the wings and it is called Hypotaxis sometimes betwixt the files of the armed fronting in a right line with them and it was called Entaxis sometimes in the reare after the Phalange which was called Epitaxis All these are spoken of by Aelian heereafter in this booke There is another kinde of placing the light-armed when they are throwne into the midst of the battaile being
Souldier which fought vnder the Ensigne had excepting the Target both to assure himselfe from the flying weapons of the light armed and from the pike and sword of the armed in case the battaile were entred and pierced as farre as the Ensigne For it was no reason he should carry a Target lest both his hands should be bound the right with the Ensigne the left with the Target and so he haue no vse of either against the enemy And in the left hand I would giue him a speare or â—auelin not a pike which cannot be weilded with one hand for his owne defence and to offend the enemy Which weapon I haue read Ensignes of ancient time did beare What the Ensignes place was whether in front or in the middest of the Battatle I see it controverted Patricius absolutely affirmeth that the Ensignes were placed in the middest of the front and had 8 files on the right and 8 on the left to the end they might be seene and followed by all That Ensignes were first invented to be a marke of seuerall bodies military in an Army I haue before shewed But it followeth not thereof that they were placed in the front in time of fight For being in the middle they no lesse gaue notice what the body was than in the front The reason of following is of lesse force Inasmuch as the Souldier well knoweth whom to follow though he had no Ensigne at all the Commander alwaies with his motion giuing him direction when to advance forward when to turne his face to the right or left hand when to countermarch when to double and when to vse all other motions military And the Commanders were therefore called Leaders because they went on before and the Souldiers followed after So that the Ensigne in regard of following neede not to be set in the front Yet in exercising the troupes and in marches I finde that the Ensigne was in the front together with the Captaine Crier Trumpeter and Guide But I take the reason to be because being in the middest and hauing neither file nor ranke with the rest they might happily bring a confusion and be a hinderance to the changes and diuers figures of the Battaile When the time of fight was the Ensigne retired to his place that is to the middest For so Leo interpreteth himselfe in his precept of closing files which must be done saith he not onely by File-leaders in front Commanders of fiue and Bringers-vp in the Reare but in the middest also where the Ensigne standeth And I rather agree to Leo herein because I see it was the manner of the Romans also to place their Ensignes in the middest of their Maniples From whence came the appellations of Antesignani Souldiers that stood before the Ensignes and Postsignani that stood behinde Besides the Ensigne being in the front the Ensigne bearer may soone get a clap who falling the Ensigne goeth to ground and is in danger of loosing which was the greatest disgrace among the Romans that might befall Lastly Aelian himselfe in plaine words placeth the Cornet of horse farre from the front For speaking of the ordinarie Horse-troupe he saith it is to consist of 64 horse the first ranke of 15 horse the 2 of 13 the 3 of 11 the 4 of 9 descending still and diminishing 2 horse in euery ranke till you come to one He addeth he shall carry the Cornet that standeth in the second ranke next the ranke-Commander on the left hand which ranke is the second ranke himselfe declareth making the ranke of 15 the first the 2 the 13 which is the 7th from the front and next the reare but one If the Cornet haue no place in front why should the Ensigne considering both serue to one vse and the reasons of seeing and following are equall to both And albeit Suidas place the Ensigne the Crier the Trompet and Sargeant before the Battaile the Lieutenant in the reare he is notwithstanding to be vnderstood of the times of marching or of exercise which I noted before For what should that Rable of vnarmed being 4. in euery Syntagma and in the whole Phalange 256. doe in the front in the time of fight but onely pester the chosen of the Armie who therefore haue the front that they may make speedier way into the enemies battell 7 A Reare-commander Was the same that a Leutenant is with vs. He commandeth the Souldiers in the Reare no lesse then the Syntagmatarch in the front and had his place in the Reare What the duty of a Reare-commander was I haue shewed out of Cyrus words in Xenophon And Aelian afterwards setteth it downe most plainly He was armed as the rest of the armed of the Syntagma namely with Pike and Target and with such other armes as I haue described in my notes vpon the second Chapter 8 A Trumpet The invention of the Trumpet is attributed to Tirrhenus Hercules sonne But the different vse of these officers is worth the noting out of Suidas The Crier saith he serueth to deliuer directions by voice the Ensigne by signall when noise taketh away the hearing of the voice the Trumpet by sound when thorough thicknes of dust a signall cannot be discerned The Sargeant to bring such things and dispatch such messages as his Syntagmatarch commands So that these officers were held all necessary for a Company the one supplying the defect of the other and seruing for vse when the other failed The Trumpet then was to be vsed according to Suidas when neither the Crier nor Ensigne could doe seruice With the Trumpet was the signall giuen for the Campe to remoue for the Campe to lodge By the Trumpet the Souldiers were taught their time to fight their time to retreate The Trumpet set and discharged the watch From the Trumpet came the measure of the Marche and the quicknes and slownes of Pace In briefe the Trumpet did all the offices that the Dromme doth with vs at this day Whether the Trumpet or Dromme are of most vse in the field I may not now dispute Onely I will say that the Graecians and Romans the most expert and iudicious Souldiers that euer were held themselues to the Trumpet and neuer vsed the Dromme The Dromme was first invented by Bacchus who as Polyenus reporteth fighting against the Indians in stead of Trumpets gaue the signall of Battaile with Cymballs and Drommes From him it came to the Indians who vsed it altogether as Curtius noteth in the battell betwixt King Alexander the Great and Porus. The Dromme of Parthians is described by Plutarch in the life of Crassus and by Appian And Leo saith the Saracens who invaded Christendome and infected the Turkes with their superstition ordered their fights by the Dromme From this Easterne Asiaticall people it was brought into Europe and now the generall custome is among stall Europaean Nations that the foote haue Drommes in the field the horse Trumpets And
which regard I preferre the Target of Aelian before that of Leo Aelians reaching vp to the height of the necke from the middle of the thigh Leos carying a handfull more in bredth which in the circumference groweth to a good proportion of weight and greatnesse 4 No shorter than 8 Cubits That is 12 foote Short pikes against long haue a great disadvantage With the long pike a man is able to strike and kill his enemy before himselfe can be touched or come in danger of a shorter the pike keeping the enemy out so farre as the length is The experience of the battaile of Sorano sheweth it where Vitellozzo Vitelli discomfited the Almaines onely with the advantage of pikes an arme longer than theirs Against long pikes this policie was vsed by Cleonymus the Lacedemonian King as Polienus tells Cleonymus besieging Aedessa and hauing ouerthrowne the wall of the City the pikemen of the City sailed out whose pikes were each 16 cubits in length Cleonymus closed his Phalange in depth and commanded the file-leaders to lay away their pikes and when the pikemen of the enemy came to charge to seaze vpon their pikes with both hands and hold them fast and the followers to passe thorough by the file-leaders sides and maintaine the fight The file-leaders laid hold on the pikes and the enemy stroue to recouer them out of their hands In the meane time the followers passing thorough the ranke of file leaders to the front slew the enemies pikemen and got the victorie This was Cleonymus deuice against long pikes which notwithstanding derogates nothing from the length of pikes more than from shortnes For the same policie might haue prevailed as well against short pikes as long each assoone as the enemies haue seized vpon them growing to be of no vse But that the longer pike is to be preferred before the shorter I haue shewed before by reason and the reformation of armes made by Iphicrates amongst the Athenians and by Philopomen amongst the Achaians will be warrant enough so to hold In the length notwithstanding ought to be a reasonable consideration that it exceede not the measure of his strength that shall beare the pike The worth that the File-leaders and next followers should be of CHAP. XIII THE File-leaders as the Commanders of files of the Phalange are to be the choice and flower of the Army and to excell the rest as well in stature as in experience and martiall skâ—ll For this Ranke knitteth and bindeth in the Phalange and of all other yeeldeth greatest vse For as a sword taking to the edge as a weight and sway the swelling yron towards the backe exhibiteth thereby more violence in piercing so in a Phalange the Ranke of File-leaders is the edge it selfe and the multitude of after-commers is the swelling and sway and increase of weight Consideration must be had likewise of those that follow in the second Ranke For their Pikes reach ioyntly ouer the front and being next in place they are alwaies ready for vse And the File-leader falling or being wounded the next follower stepping to the front in his place holdeth together and preserueth the tenor of that Ranke vnbroken Furthermore we are to order the third and the rest of the Rankes according to reason and as the valour of our souldiers shall require THis Chapter sheweth how the Souldiers are to be ordered in euery File whereof because I haue before spoken sufficiently in my Notes to the fifth Chapter and the words of this Chapter carry no difficultie or obscuritie with them I will forbeare to treat any further Of the strength of the Macedonian Phalange and length of the Souldiers Pikes CHAP. XIIII THE 1 Macedonian Phalange hath of enemies beene thought vnresistible by reason of 2 the manner of embattailing For the Souldier with his Armes standeth in close order or shutting when he is ready for fight 3 occupying two Cubits of ground And the length of his Pike is sixteene Cubits according to the first institution but in truth it ought to be foureteene Cubits whereof the 4 space betwixt the hands in charging taketh vp two Cubits the other twelue lye out from the front of the Battaile Those in the second Ranke that stand next to the Leaders loosing foure Cubits in the Phalange haue their Pikes reaching ouer the first Ranke ten Cubits Those of the third Ranke eight Cubits of the fourth Ranke six cubits of the fift 4 cubits of the sixt 2 Cubits 5 The Pikes of the other behind cannot attaine to the first Ranke And seeing fiue or six pikes are charged ouer the first Ranke they present a fearefull sight to the enemy and double the strength of the souldier standing fortified as it were with fiue or six Pikes and seconded with a maine force at his backe as the figure sheweth Moreouer they that are placed after the sixt Ranke albeit they push not with their pikes yet thrusting on with the weight of their bodies r'enforce the strength and power of the Phalange and leaue no hope for the File-leaders to flie or shift away Some would haue the hinder pikes longer then the formost that they of the third and fourth Rankes might beare out the heads of their pikes equally with the first 6 The Superordinary Lieutenant of euery Syntagma must be a man of vnderstanding ouerseeing the souldiers of his command that they file and ranke and if for feare or other occasion any forsake their ground he is to compell them againe to their places and in Closing to put them when neede requireth as neare vp together as they should stand For it is a great strength and assurance to the Phalange to haue some principall Commander not onely in front but also in the Reare of the Battaile for the causes before mentioned Notes THE strength of the Macedonian Phalange which consisted principally in the protension and charging of pikes and knitting together of Targets is here set downe The whole Chapter seemeth to haue beene taken out of Polybius who handleth the same argument and almost with the same words but that Aelian and he differ about the number of Cubits which the Pikes take vp reaching ouer the front of the Phalange 1 The Macedonian Phalange hath beene thought to be vnresistible The strength of the Macedonian Phalange appeareth no way better than by the conquests it hath made King Philip was the inventer of it and by that invention raised the kingdome of Macedonia from the poorest to the powerfullest and greatest kingdome of Europe and that I may vse the words of Diodorus Siculus finding the Crowne at his comming to it in bondage to the Illyrians made it afterward Lady of many great Nations and Cities and purchased to himselfe to be declared Generall of Greece And first ouerthrowing the Illyrians Pâ—onians Thracians and Scythians afterward let vpon the kingdome oâ— Persia to breake it after he had enfranchised the 〈◊〉 Cities of Asia And albeit death intercepted him yet he left such
antiquitie were repulsed by it at a siege forced to retire in a battell durst not come neare it after they had gained the field of the rest of the Army And the Consull Aemilius a man that had seene much seruice and fought many a battaile and was one of the best Generalls of that time confessed he neuer saw so fearefull a sight as when he beheld the Phalange advancing into the field the bodies ioyned the Targets serred and locked together darting out fire like lightning the front rough with couched and charged pikes and armed with yron and threatning present death to him that durst approach 3 Occupying two Cubits of ground We may not take it as though the souldier betwixt file and file had two Cubits or three foote of ground For we learned before that in locking vp the Phalange the distance betweene man and man in front was but a Cubit But it is to be vnderstood betweene ranke and ranke For Polybius saith that the souldier ought to haue roome for the vse of his weapon which cannot be without granting him three foote behinde the pike being some-times to be pushed forward some-times to be drawne backe sometimes otherwise handled as occasion of fight shall require The length of the Pike is 16 Cubits a Sixteene Cubits which is twenty foure foote is a great length for a Pike and it verifieth the words of Livy that the Macedonian Pike is vnwealdy by reason of the length and weight yet doe wee read of pikes of that length The Aeâ—essans had such The Chalybes pikes were about 15 cubits long But 16 was the length at the first the Maccdonians brought it to 14 which they tooke to be a sufficient length against the enemie and easier for the Pike-man to beare and handle 4 The space in charging betwixt the handes taking vp two cubiâ—s Herein is a difference betweene Aelian and Polybius Aelian would haue no more then 2 cubits lost in charging Polybius saith 4. are lost and with Polybius agreeth Leo. But the cause of the difference arisetâ— out of the forme of the pike and of the manner of holding it in the charge If it be held at the butt end with the right hand and supported toward the armed end with the left as the manner in charging is it cannot loose aboue two cubits and Aeâ—an is in the right But if in holding it you set the right hand 2 cubits from the butt and then must 4 cubits of necessitie be lost Whereof 2 rest behinde the right hand the other two are taken vp by the space betwixt both hands Our manner of charging is at this day to take the butt end in the right hand and in so doing we loose but two cubits But it seemeth our pikes are not made in that forme they were in Polybius time In Polybius age they had weiâ—hts at the but end to make the sharpe end the lighter as the heauie pummell lightereth the sword in handling This weight was called secoma as it were a counter-weight to the heauinesse and length of the pike Neither do I read any thing elsewhere then in Polybius concerning the counter-weight of a pike To the handle of an Oare I finde in Atheneus that lead was added to make the part standing out from the shippe more light But yet Polybius and Aelians opinions may well agree and in pikes that haue counterweights at their ends the hold for charging being taken two cubits from the butt end there may be lost foure cubits where the other sort being held at the butt end it selfe loose but 2 cubits 5 The pikes of the other behinde cannot reach to the first ranke How shall they beare their pikes then Polybius sheweth what the manner was Those rankes saith he that stand behinde the fifth can helpe nothing to the fight in front And therefore they charge not their pikes low but beare them towards their forestanders shoulders the points somewhat erected to secure the battaile from aboue intercepting by their thicke lying the missiue weapons which flying ouer the front would otherwise fall vpon their heads that are placed toward the reare Polybius saith the manner was neither to charge nor order their pikes but to beare them forwards stoping towards the shoulders of their companions before Yet by bearin them so what security they could â—ue from the missiue weapons that came aloft I cannot yet conceiue An arrow dart or stone vnlesse it hit iust on the middest of the pikes would do as much and sometimes more harme by glancing then if it had not touched them at all Some would haue the hinder pikes longer The opinion of them whom Aelian here speakâ—th of hath little reason to ground vpon For either the pike of thâ—m that come in the fiue rancks behinde especially the two last must exceede in length or else the fileleaderâ— pikes in shortnesse both which are â—like vnprofitâ—ble If they bee too long they cannot be weilded if these too short the enemie shall reach the file-leaders and not the file-leaders the enemie The measure of the longest pike was 16 cubits which yet for aptnesse and vse was by the Macedonians reduced to 14. Say then the sixteenth ranke carrieth pikes of 16 cubits two of the cubits according to Aelian are taken away in handling other ten by reason of the distance of the fiue former rankes Foure cubits alone remaine and reach ouer the front If the file Leader in the front shorten his pike to foure cubits to make an euen extention he shall not come neere the enemie by ten cubits who in pushing will reach home to him For what length soeuer is taken from the file-leader in front the same is giuen to the enemie that pusheth with him And hee shall bee able to wound the file-leader and not the file-leader him especially the pikes differing in so great a proportion 6 The superordinarie Lieutenant of euery Syntagma I haue before noted the dutie of a Lieutenant of the Syntagma and it is here well expressed by Aelian He that desireth to see more touching the same let him resort to Xenophons Cyropaedia lib. 3. 28. and lib. 7. 178. B. and to Leo cap. 14. § 79. The place of the light-armed and the number of euery file CHAP. XV. THus much of ordering and marshalling the armed-foote I will adde a word or two of the light-armed or naked 1 The Generall is to place the light-armed so that they be readie for all attempts of the enemy sometime in front sometime in flanke sometime in the Reare according to occasion or necessity For our purpose let them be thus ordered We will frame also of them 1024 files as many as the Phalange of the armed conteined So that the first file of the light-armed be placed directly behinde the first file of the armed and the second file behinde the second and so the rest 2 Yet shall they not be sixteene to the file but halfe so many namely eight
or Trumpet or Sergeant of the Centurie resort for direction Adde that the light were often drawne to the winges to the front or other places of seruice which could not be done without Leaders For to put a Systrematarch or an Epixenagie to lead a Century were to leaue the rest of the Centuries vnder them without a Commander Besides the Macedonians were very particular in their commands and left no body without a heads which is the cause of the multitude of Commanders in the Phalange But they are not here mentioned No more are the Commanders of the horse in the diuision of the bodies of the horse and yet I thinke no man will doubt but the horsemâ—n had Commanders 〈◊〉 I finde in the Graecian historie Captaines of the light-armed often named 〈◊〉 is said to be Commander of the Targetires in a fight the Graecians had against the Persians Stratocles commanded the Cretan Archers in the returne of the Graecians out of Persia. Eurybates Captaine of the Cretan Archers in Alexanders army was slaine by the Thebans at the â—ege of Thebes When Antiochâ—s the Captaine of the Archers was dead Ombâ—io was chosen in his place Mention is made also in Arrian of Clearchus the Captaine of the Archers And when Aelian calleth the 4 Systremmatarchs and the 4 Epixenages superordinary Ectactous he might haue said as much of all the other Commanders And he saith expresly of the offecers of the Centurie that they were superordinary Ectactoi 4 A Psylagi The word is a body of light-armed Which word if it were taken as it naturally signifieth is common to and comprehendeth all the bodies of the light-armed whereof Aelian speaketh in this Chapter But here it is restrained to a body of light-armed which compriseth 256 men and 32 files and so it is to be taken A Xenagie That is a command of strangers Aelian before saith that a Syntagma was by some called a Xenagie I haue giuen my opinion there of the originall of the word which I neede not to repeat here This onely I will note that of all the bodies of the light-armed no one hath a common name with the body of the armed but onely the Xenagie And Aelian giueth also that body of the armed an other name calling it a Syntagma The Xenagie hath in it 512 men and 64 files A Systremma It signifieth a conglobation or trouping together Proper names are wanting for these bodies and therefore such taken as might at any hand signifie the thing meant In continuance of time vse hath gained a passage and made them to be accepted as proper enough The Systremma conteineth 1024 men and 128 files There is nothing to be found in Aelian of the Chiliarchie of the light-armed Yet doth Arrian mention 2 Chiliarchies of Archers in the Army of Alexander An Epixenagie A command aboue a Xenagie As afterward in the command of the horse there is an Ephipparchie aboue a Hipparchie The word is improper and hard enough but when it is receiued by vse what should we seeke for more It conteineth 2048 men and 256 files A Stiphos It is deriued from steibo to thicken and in penury of an other name this body of the light-armed is called Stiphos because they are thickned and thronged together There is in it 4096 men and 256 files An Epitagma Is the last body amongst the light-armed The signification of Epitasso is to place behinde From thence commeth Epitaxis placing the light-armed in the Reare which word is after vsed by Aelian Epitagma is deriued from the same fountaine and it is called Epitagma not of placing behinde for sometimes they were placed before sometimes in the flanke but it was the best name they could giue to the whole light-armed And yet it may be that because all the light-armed in auncient time were placed behinde the whole masse was called Epitagma as being placed after the armed in the reâ—re The Epitagma hath in it 1892 men and 1024 files for so many light-armed attend the Phalange Eight superordinarie men Why these eight men should be superordinarie more than the rest of the Commanders I conceiue not yet If Aelians meaning be that these alone shall command the light-armed historie and practise of auncient times convince the contrary Besides where he nameth foure Epixenagies it agreeth with the number that are in the Epitagma of light But where hee addeth foure Sistremmatarchs more to make vp the number of the eight Superordinarie it is hard to knowe which foure hee meaneth considering there are eight Sistremmas in the Epitagma Now because the fiâ—es of the light-armed are in embattailing to be marshalled to the files of the 〈◊〉 I thought good to set downe how the bodies of both agree by comparing them together iâ— files not in number of men For in number of men they cannot well agree because the file of 〈◊〉 armed hath more then the file of the light-armed And the number of the armed in grosse is 16384 of the light-armed but 8192. And I will first begin with the Systasis because it is the least body of the light The bodies of the armed The bodies of the light-armed A Tetrarchie A Systasis 4 files A Taxis A Pentecontarchie 8 files A Syntagma A Hecatontarchie 16 files A Pentecosiarchie A Psilagie 32 files A Chiliarchie A Xenagie 64 files A Merarchie Asystremma 128 files A Phalangarchie An Epixenagie 256 files A Diphalangarchie A Stiphos 512 files A Tetraphalangarchie An Epitagma 1024 files The vse of light-armed foote CHAP. XVII DArters Archers and all other that vse flying weapons are good 1 to begin the fight 2 to prouok the enemie to breake and shatter armour 3 to wound annoy and beate downe a farre of 4 to disaray the enemy 5 to repulse their horse 6 to beat in their light-armed 7 to discouer suspected places and to lay Ambushes Lastly these first vndertaking the Skirmish and continuing it with the rest and seconding them and seruing 8 for speedie and farre-of-attempts worke many and great effects in fight Notes THe arming place filing bodies and command of the light-armed are hitherto handled Now followeth the vse and seruice they performe in the field And first wee are to thinke of the bodie of an armie as of the body of a man that is compact of seuerall parts Of which some parts are of more vse then other some being able to performe their function without 〈◊〉 helpe of the other some except the other help can doe nothing to purpose of themselues The parts of an armie are like The armed are the strength of the field and are the refuge for the rest in extremitie The light ioyned with the armed worke great effects those which Aelian speaketh of in this Chapter and many more without them they cannot so much as maintaine a place in the field And as Xenophon saith Let them be neuer so many in â—umber yet dare they not stand or abide a fewe armed In
Two Hipparchies 6 an Ephipparchy of 1024 horse Two Ephipparchies 7 a Telos of 2048 horse Two Telos make 8 an Epitagma of 4096 horse Notes HItherto of squares and Rhombes vsuall horse battailes amongst the Graecians Now followeth the horse battaile of the Macedonians of which P Aelian hath thus afterward This forme of horse battaile is called a wedge by Tacticks and it was invented by Philip King of Macedonia who placed his best men before that by them the weaker might be held in and inabled to the charge As in a speare or sword the point whereof by reason of sharpnes quickly piercing maketh way for and letteth in the middle blunt yron I haue spoken somewhat of the wedge in the two last Chapters Aelian in this Chapter sheweth the number and manner of framing it and how many troupes ought to attend the Phalange and vnder what offices and degrees 1 Let the first troupe be of 64 men The number of the wedge ought to be 64 horse You make it beginning as the Rhombe that ranked but filed not with a ranke of 15 horse Then must you proceed toward the front with an other ranke of 13 the middle man filing with the middle man of the first ranke and the rest with the rest And so you are to continue abating still two in euery following ranke till at last you come to one who is the Commander of the Troupe and standeth in the point of the front 2 He shall carry the Cornet The place of the Cornet is not right set downe in the figure He there standeth on the right hand of the middle man of the second ranke where as he should stand on the left And you must not account the second ranke to be the ranke next to the Commander in the front but as Aelian doth that was secondly placed after the first consisting of 15 which was in the Reare So that the Cornet is to stand in the next ranke to the Reare But here is nothing said concerning the distances that ought to be betwixt horse and horse Of the distances betweene foote and foote he hath spoken in the 11 Chap But of the distances betwixt horse I finde nothing but generall words That which wanteth in Aelian I will supply out of other Authors We must vnderstand then that two kinde of distances were obserued amongst horsemen one for marching an other for fight In marching there ought to be 6 foote betwixt horse and horse Aelian hath before giuen this distance to the foote And that horse held it likewise appeareth by Polybius Who reprehending Calisthenes for carelesnesse in describing the battaile betwixt Alexander and Darius at Issos specially taxeth this That he placed thirty thousand horse and thirty thousand mercenaries in foureteene furlongs of length whereas the place was not capeable of halfe the horse His words haue this sense The order of horse when they are prepared for fight is for the most part 8 in depth And there is a distance to be left in front betwixt euery troupe to giue liberty to wheele and double-wheele So that one furlong will conteine 800 horse and 10 furlongs 8000 4 furlongs 3200 And eleuen thousand and two hundred Horse will fill the space of 14 furlongs in length The words seeme at first somewhat obscure being well weighed they will be cleare enough Polybius saith that these 800 horse were ordered 8 in depth and that they tooke vp a furlong of ground in length There must be therefore of them a hundred files For a hundred files of 8 horse a peece will arise to 800 horse Compare then these 100 files the length of the battaile to the length of a furlong And seing a furlong conteineth 400 Cubits or six hundred foote euery file shall haue 4 cubits or 6 foote space betwixt them And so the distance betwixt file and file in a march will be 4 Cubits or 6 foote The other distance of three foote appeareth in Leo whose words stand thus Put the case that the battaile is of 600 horse in length and 500 in depth seing that euery horse in length of the battaile possesseth three foote in breadth the number of feete will amount to 1800 And seing againe that euery horse in depth possesseth 8 foote there will arise hereof 4000 feete so that in the foure-sided figure out of the length of 1800 and the depth of 4000 feete arise 720 Myriades of square feete And the Perimeter alone of the outward foure sides conteineth 11600 feete And because 6 feete make a fathome and a 100 fathoms make a furlong and 7 furlongs and a halfe make a mile the whole Perimeter of 11600 feete will come to two mile and a halfe and neare a 10th part In this distance therefore according to the closest order or shutting the thirty thousand horse are conteined But if they stand not so close you must alter your account according to the thinnesse and out of the greatnesse of place coniecture of the multitude of the people So Leo. Which place albeit it seeme to require a large interpretation because many things worth the noting offer themselues in it yet for this time I will onely insist vpon that which I first propounded that is the distance of three foote betwixt horse and horse when they goe to charge for that is the meaning of Leo when he speaketh of the closest order which distance is expresly here set downe And the matter will yet seeme more cleare if we adde the words of Leo in the Paragraph next but one to this which are these The oldest Tacticks in ordering of foote Battailes giue euery man at the first distance foure Cubits when the battaile is closed two Cubits when serred and shut one Cubit Out of which proportion a Scout may exactly discouer by the quantitie of the place the number not onely of horse but of foote also These oldest Tacticks that Leo mentioneth agree with Aelian as wee haue seene But where the foote haue three distances the horse are to haue but two The open order of six foote they ought to haue and likewise that of three foote nearerer they cannot come together because of the bredth of their horse and because they are to haue roome sufficient for the weilding of their weapons All the Troupes are to be in number 64 A Troupe consists of 64 men and to the Phalange belong 64 Troupes as the Phalange conteineth 64 Ensignes or Syntagma's of armed foote To which Ensignes the 64 Troupes of horse are proportioned Their place is according to Aelian after the light-armed not one troupe after or behind an other but one beside an other in one front and that front in a right line which stretcheth out as long as the Phalange of armed it selfe Now the files of the armed being 1024 in number and the number of the horse in the last ranke which conteineth the length of the Horse-battaile and should answer the number of files but 960 we must seeke out a proportion to
particularly to the first aspect So that this is vsed after the making of an Anastrophe For alwaies in motions it is requisite that the Souldiers faces moue forward To moue backeward hath many inconueniences of stumblings vpon vneuen ground or stones or pittes or stubbes or such like Which is the cause that in Anastrophe after a Wheeling Aelian willeth that the Souldiers turne their faces the contrarie way first then moue on till they haue recouered their first ground then open rankes and files and lastly to restore to the first aspect And as it differeth from Anastrophe so differeth it likewise from Metabole Metabole only turned faces about this setteth the Souldier in his former posture not onely for his face but for his armes also which are ordered as at first The wordes wherein this motion is expressed by Aelian are Ep orthon apodounai and Eis orthon apocaâ—astesai which is interpreted by Gaza in arrectum reddere to restore vp right by Arcerius rectum reddere to restore right and so the words sound Aelian interpreteth it to set againe the Souldiers sight in the same aspect in which it stood at first as if being placed with his face against the enemy he be commanded to turne his face to the Pike and then againe to restore his face to his first posture he must returne and set his face against the enemy Aelian therefore referreth it to the sight he first had which if it bee the right meaning how can it be vpright or right more in that then in any other posture For the Souldier not onely in front but in flanke and in the reare carrieth himselfe vpright or right I doubt not but that it may be applied to the vpright standing of men as appeareth by sundry places of Pausanias Who reherseth that Mineruas Image set in the Temple Parthenion standeth vpright orthon esti and in an other place that in Corinth in the Temple Pantheon there were two Images of Mercurie standing vpright Ortha and that in the Temple of Fortune the image of Fortune was carued of Parian stone and stood vpright Orthon and that in Neptunes Temple situate in the Corinthian Isthmus the images of Amphitrite and Neptune stand in a Chariot and the boy Palemon vpright vpon a Dolphin Orthos In all which places Orthos designeth the site of men But here as I take it cannot be so applied Because in euery motion not onely in this the men stand vpright How then can they be restored to their standing vpright when they doe it already I take the originall of the appellation to come from another cause and that is from the ordering of the Pike For when the battaile is first set in the field euery Souldier standes with his Pike ordered that is vpright For to order a pike is to set the butt end on the ground before the Souldier somewhat wide of his right foote and to hold it vpright with the right hand borne euen with the shoulder But when you beginne or continue any motion the manner is to aduance or to shoulder the Pike and so to proceede But being commanded to returne to the first posture it must bee ordered againe So that the first posture of an armed man is to stand with his pike vpright And after many motions and windings he at last returneth to the same posture which I take the command of Ep'orthon apodounai to signifie Now that I may not seeme to relie vpon a probable coniecture alone I will bring witnesse for the confirmation of my opinion It is reported by Diodorus Siculus that Agesilaus the Lacedemonian King with an armie of eighteen thousand foote and fifteen hundred horse inuaded Boeotia The Athenians before hearing of Agesilaus comming had sent fiue thousand foote and 200 horse to aide the Thebans who gathering their armie together seized vpon a long narrow hill distant 20 furlongs from the City And making the hard accesse to the place a kinde of fortification against the enemie they there waited his comming fearing to hazard vpon euen ground in regard of the renowne and glory of Agesilaus Agesilaus hauing imbattailed his troupes led them against the Boeotians and approching neere sent his light armed to sound their disposition to fight which being easily repulsed by the Thebans by the aduantage of the higher ground hee aduanced the rest of his forces being imbattailed in such manner as might giue greatest terror Chabrias the Athenian willed his Souldiers to awaite the enemy contemptuously both keeping their first array and their Targets at their knees and continuing their Pikes vpright ordered who when they iointly as vpon a word giuen did as they were commanded Agesilaus both wondering at the good order and at the assured fashion of the enemy thought it not fit to striue with vnequall ground and by forcing them to fight to compell them to be valiant whether they would or no. Hitherto Diodor Sicul. of the Strategem of Chabrias against Agesilaus which consisted in the contempt of Agesilaus and all his forces First in not stirring one foote to meete the enemy then in keeping the array they held before further in sincking their Targets to their knees Lastly in continuing the former order of their Pikes that is not making readyto charge but remaining with their Pikes ordered as they were at first Agesilaus aduancing his armie thought to strike a feare into his enemie Chabrias trusting to the strength of the place scorned the Brouado of Agesilaus conceiuing he would not be so hardy to aduenture the fight vpon so great an inequallity of ground He therfore willeth the Cap 28 The Macedoman Countermache by file The reare The front of the first standing The Countermarche in action The file leaders with their faces about standing firme The bringers vp dismarching The front after Countermarche The ground taken before the front of the Phalange Cap 29 The Lacedemonian Countermarche The Countermarche in action The file-leaders aduancing in Countermarche The bringers vp standing firme w th their faces turned about The front after Countermarche The ground taken beyond the reareof the Phalange Cap 20 The Chorean Countermarche The Front in the first standing The Bringers vp moving The fileleaders dismarching The front after Countermarche Cap. 20. Countermarche by Ranke The Countermarche in action diers not to alter their posture but to continue as they were The words concerning the Pike are En ortho tò dorati menein That is to continue their pikes vpright En ortho Now whether the same be the posture that the Tacticks describe when they speake or restoring Ep ' ortho vpright I referre to the iudgement of the Reader a Poliaenus remembring this Stratagem vseth somewhat different words and yet consenteth in meaning Chabrias saith he commanded his Souldiers not to runne out against the enemy but quietly to stand still holding their pikes before vpright and their Targets before their knees which they were wont to doe when they would a little ease
the Macedonians were the inventers of it Which of the Macedonians he telleth not but excludeth Philip and Alexander who both vsed the Lacedemonian Countermarch And before their times I haue not read of any warlike Kings of Macedonia The manner of it is this First all the File-leaders turne their faces about either to the right or left hand then the next ranke passeth thorough by them on the same hand and being come to their distances place themselues directly behind their File-leaders and then turne about their faces the same way And so the third ranke after them and the fourth and all the rest till the Bringers-vp be last and haue taken the reare of the battaile againe and turned about their faces The figure expresseth not well the action For in it the Bringers-vp begin first to countermarch which according to Aelian should moue last Yet may this Countermarch be done as the figure is But I take Aelians way to be easier and readier And it may be also that the Countermarch expressed in the figure is lost in the text For one of the Lacedemonian Countermarches which proceedeth the contrary way beginneth the motion with the File-leaders as this doth with the Bringers-vp as wee shall straight see 2 The Lacedemonian countermarch In this Countermarch the proceeding is contrary to that of the former that tooke the ground before the Phalange this takes the ground after In that the mouing was from the Reare to the front in this from the front to the reare This is the invention of the Lacedemonians Aelian describeth it to be done in two manners One when the Bringers-vp first turne about their faces and the next ranke likewise turning faces beginneth the Countermarch and euery man thereof placeth himselfe directly before his Bringer-vp and the third doe the like and so the rest till the ranke of the File-leaders come to be first The other when the File-leaders begin the Countermarch and euery one in their files follow them orderly The figure expresseth this last Aelian preferreth the Lacedemonian Countermarch before the Macedonian because in it the souldiers seeme to fall on and goe to the charge where in the Macedonian they seeme to flie There are notwithstanding times when it is better to vse the Macedonian As in case you meane to march on and not to fight with the enemy except you be compelled Or else you seeke to gaine some ground of aduantage For the Macedonian continueth still the march and stayeth not the Lacedemonian returneth vpon the enemy and so looseth ground in marching Agesilaus after victorie gotten against the Argives against whom he stood in the right winge hearing that the Thebans had beaten the Orchomenians in the left winge vsed the Lacedemonian Countermarch against them The words of Xenophon sound thus Here the strangers were about to crowne Agesilaus thinking he had got the victory when newes was brought that the Thebans after they had broken the Orchomenians had forced a passage as farre as the baggage Then Agesilaus countermarching his Phalange led against them The Thebans perceiuing their Confederates were fied vp to the mount Helicon closed their troupes together as neare as they could seeking to open a way by force and to get vp vnto them Agesilaus albeit he might by giuing way to the formost haue followed them at heeles and charged the reare yet did he it not but met the Thebans front to front Thus encountring and clashing their Targets together they fought thrust on killed and were killed In fine some of the Thebans broke thorough to Helicon other some as they sought to escape were left dead on the place Agesilaus here followed the chase vpon the Argives toward the mount Helicon The Thebans vpon the Orchomenians the contrary way towards the enemies Campe. The Thebans seing their confederates fled to the mount Helicon returned toward them Agesilaus countermarched to meete them met them and fought with them For the Countermarch he vsed I make account it was the Lacedemonian himselfe being a Lacedemonian And he vsed it to meet the Thebans brauely in front The same Agesilaus after he had by night incamped in a peece of ground behind Mantinaea incompassed about with mountaines perceiuing the next morning that the Mantinaeans gathered together vpon the toppes that lay right ouer the head of his Rearegard determined to lead his Armie out of the place with all speed Now if himselfe should lead he feared the enemy would giue vpon his Reare Therefore standing still and turning his armes against the enemy he commanded the last of the Phalange to march backe againe from the Reare and come vp to him and so at once he brought his Armie out of the streights and made it by little and little stronger When the Phalange was thus doubled he proceeded in that order into the Champeigne there againe reduced the depth of the armed foote to 9 or 10 men in euery file This place of Xenophon if it be not corrupted is very obscure And I cannot tell whether to take it for doubling of the front or the Macedonian countermarch The words make for a doubling For Xenophon saith plainely the Phalange was doubled Besides he addeth it was made by little and little stronger which could not be done with a Countermarch And that a deepe Phalange or Hearse such as this by the euenings march and the straights it entred seemeth to be is made stronger by doubling the front there is no question On the other side the streights thorough which it was to passe perswade me it should be a Macedonian Countermarch For in doubling the front the length still increaseth the manner is not to inlarge but to extenuate the front when an Armie is to be conveighed thorough a narrow place And Xenophon saith expresly that Agesilaus led it thorough the streights into the Champeigne in that order to which it was reduced last that in the Champion the depth of the Armed was lessened and brought to 9 or 10 for there Agesilaus imbattailed his Phalange to receiue the enemy if he would charge And in a march through straight waies the front is commonly narrowed and proportioned to the way but in open ground the Phalange is againe brought to the iust length So that it seemeth the depth was much before it come into the plaine because in the plaine it was brought to 9 or 10 men and therefore no doubling Lastly Agesilaus and the front I doubt not of the Phalange with him turned face to the enemy before the Reare came vp to him which is done in no other motion than the Macedonian countermarch In which all the File-leaders first turne about their faces toward the enemy and then the whole battaile marcheth against the File-leaders and placing themselues orderly behind them turne their faces the same way that they haue done before Now where it is in Xenophon that Agesilaus hauing gained the Champeigne extended his Armie to 9 or 10 Targeteres I suspect a
hapned a like to both they found a safe retreat within the battailes of foote But when the Armies were come within 500 paces one of an other Scipio giuing a signall of Retreat and opening his battaile receiued all the horse and light-armed into the middest and diuiding them into two parts placed them as seconds behind the wings Now when time was come to begin the fight he commanded the Spaniards who had the middle ward to march on leasurely and sent a messenger from the right winge for hee commanded there to Syllanus and Martius willing them to stretch out the left winge as they saw him stretch out the right and to charge the enemy with the light-armed and horse before the middle wards might be able to come vp and ioyne The winges being thus stretched out they led with all possible speed three Cohorts of foote and three troupes of horse a peece against the enemy besides the light-armed and those that were receiued into the Reare who followed a thwart There was a great empty space in the middest because the Ensignes of the Spaniards came slowly on And now the wings were in fight when the old souldiers Carthaginians and Africans the strength of the Armie were not yet come to vse their darts neither durst they runne into the wings to helpe them that fought for feare of opening the middest of the battaile to the enemy who was comming on against them The winges were pressed with a double medley The Horse light-armed Velites wheeling about their Troupes charge their flanks The Cohorts pushed on in front to the end to breake of the wings from the body of the battaile And the conflict was vnequall both in all other respects and especially because a rable as it were of drudges and vntrained Spaniards were opposed against the Roman and Latin souldiers The day being now farre spent the Armie of Asdruball oppressed with the mornings tumult and compelled to take the field before they had strengthned their bodies with meat began to faint and faile in strength which was the reason that Scipio lingered out the day made the fight somewhat late For it was past the seuenth houre before the winges of foote attached one an other and yet the fight came later to the middle wards So that the scorching heat of the south-sunne and the labour of standing armed and hunger and thirst first afflicted their bodies before they came to hands with the enemy Therefore they stood leaning vpon their Targets and being weary both in body and minde they gaue backe at last keeping notwithstanding their array no otherwise than as if the battaile being yet entire had retreated at the commandement of the Generall But when the victors perceiuing them to shrinke so much the more eagerly pressed on the brunt could hardly be indured any longer And although Asdrubal restrained and stopped them that gaue ground crying that hills and a safe place of retreat was at their backs if they could be but intreated to retire easily yet feare ouercomming shame and the enemy killing them that were next to hand they forthwith turned their backs and vniuersally powred out themselues into flight This stratagem of Scipio resteth principally in shifting his best men the Romans into the winges the Spaniards his worst into the middest and in keeping the Spaniards aloofe from ioyning and in hasting to try the day with the Romans against the weakest of the enemy Asdrubals way to meete with this stratagem had beene to countermarch by ranke halfe his Carthaginians and Africans into one winge and halfe into the other And by that meanes his Spaniards should haue had the middest against the Roman-Spaniards and his old souldiers Carthaginians and Africans beene opposed in the wings against the Romans and Latins and the advantage eluded that Scipio sought As the Countermarches by file were of three kindes so are the Countermarches by ranke namely the Macedonian the Lacedemonian and the Choraean The Macedonian beginneth to moue at the corner of the wing which is nearest to the enemy the enemy appearing to either flanke And therefore incâ—rreth the same imputation that was laid vpon the Macedonian countermarch by file as seeming to runne away because it dismarcheth from the enemy Yet is there vse of it as well as of that by file For by this countermarch you may set the strongest part of your Armie against the enemy and apply the weakest to some Riuer Lake hill or such like so that the enemy can not come to incompasse it It taketh the ground that lyeth on the side of the contrary wing The Lacedemonian taketh the ground that lieth on the side of that wing which is toward the enemy and bringeth the best men to be formost against the enemy And therefore beginneth the moving on the contrary side The vse of it is when your forces are such as are able to incounter the enemy and you desire to bring your best men to fight The Choraean keepeth the same ground the battaile had at first bringeth one wing to possesse the place of the other Or else the Sections to possesse the place of the wings as might haue beene done in the last example cited concerning Scipio and Asdrubal The manner of countermarch by ranke is contrary to the countermarch by file In countermarch by file the motion was in the depth of the battaile and either the front remoued toward the reare or the reare toward the front and tooke one an others place In this the motion is in length of the battaile flanke-wise the wing either marching into the middest or else cleane thorow to the other wing In doing it the souldiers that stand vttermost in the flanke of the wing must moue first to the contrary wing and the rest of euery ranke seuerally follow them in order The figure will shew the manner of the motion Patritius vtterly mistaketh the countermarch by ranke and groundeth himselfe vpon a wrong principle namely that in all Countermarches the File-leaders must march toward the reare and the Bringers-vp towards the front And therefore in changing the winges into Sections he makes the winges to fall of behind in the reare the File-leaders wheeling about and there to ioyne themselues as neare as the middle Section will giue leaue and the Sections falling backe likewise to ioyne themselues to the flanks of them that were the wings Whereas the nature of this Euolution is clearely to leaue the File-leaders in front and Bringers-vp in reare as they were at first And albeit the File-leaders then change their places yet change they their place with none but with File leaders and the change is but a change of hands the right hand for the left or the left hand for the right For whereas the File-leaders of the right wing had before the right hand now in countermarch by ranke being transposed to the left wing they haue the left hand of all the rest of the File-leaders as likewise the Bringers-vp of the other
number When the front hath twise as many files as it had before this is Doubling in number or in men or in persons For the persons or men make the number in the files And the files carrying an euen depth of men and being doubled double the number of the front or length Aelian speaketh but of one kinde of doubling namely of number and that must be done in open order as I said before For the files of 16 standing in open order if you command the Middlemen as we terme them at this day they were called in the Macedoman files the third Enomotarchs to double their ranks These middle men with the hinder halfe file march vp to the front so doubling the front in number leaue yet the same measure of length The figure sheweth how it is done Yet are there two other waies when the Phalange standeth in close order both which double the number and place One is when the Middlemen diuide themselues and one halfe with their followers turning their faces march out of the right flanke The other of the left flanke of the Phalange And then turning their faces againe sleeue vp and ioyne themselues in an euen line with the File leaders in front The other when all the Middle turne their faces one way and march out with their followers beyond one flanke right or left and turning faces againe sleeue vp to the front and stand euen with the File-leaders One of these is done when we desire to enlarge both the wings of the Phalange the other when but one wing Of these two last waies I haue set downe no figure because I finde them not expressed in Aelian Cleandridas the Lacedemonian vsed yet an other kinde not spoken of by Aelian Polienus telleth the story thus Cleandridas making warre vpon the Thurians hauing halfe as many men againe as they conceiuing if they had intelligence hereof they would hardly bee brought to fight imbattailing his Phalange stretched it out in depth The Lucans therefore contemning the small number drew out their forces in length with intent to ouer-front the enemy which Cleandridas perceiuing commanded the followers to march vp and ranke with their Leaders and by that meanes increased the length of his Phalange and ouer-fronted the enemy who being incompassed and assailed with missiue weapons on all hands perished intirely excepting a few that saued themselues by shamefull flight The words seeme obscure to a man not acquainted with the Tacticks There are two kinde of soldiers saith Aelian in a file Leaders and followers All the Leaders are the odde of the file as the first the 3. the 5 the 7 and so forth the followers are the euen as the 2 4 6 8. Those that are in the same ranke are called side-men Now saith Polien Cleandridas willed the followers to step forward and to ranke and become side-men with their Leaders that is he willed the euen files to double their ranks with the odde and so extenuated the depth but increased the length of his Phalange by which art he ouerfronted inclosed the enemy on all sides This way then to double ranks or the length of the battaile is to insert the euen ranks man by man into the odde All the Doublings that haue beene rehearsed were Doublings either in number alone or else both in number and place For doubling of place alone nothing is said in Aelian The Insertion I recited supplyeth this defect saying the place is doubled with 124 files onely by commanding halfe to turne to the Pike halfe to the Target till the Phalange be stretched to a convenient length as from 5 furlongs to ten which is as much to say in few words as to open the Phalange Or to bring it from order to open order For so the front possesseth double ground to that it had before 4 The vse of Doubling the length is Two causes are assigned for the doubling of the length One to ouerwing the enemy the other to auoide ouerwinging our selues Cleandridas in the example aboue performed both For he both disappointed the Lucans that sought to incompasse him and besides incompassed and inclosed them The narrower the front is it is the more in danger of ouer-fronting being drawne out in length it is freer from enclosing because a greater compasse must be fetched before it can be inclosed Yet are we to take heed that in doubling of the front we giue it not so much length that it faile in depth The want of length or depth is alike dangerous and giueth advantage to the enemy I haue touched before and quoted Leo glancing onely at his words Now I will set them downe as they lye When the thicknes or depth of the Phalange saith he is gathered vp and made more thinne it behoueth not so to lengthen it that it become altogether weake and without depth For it will so come to passe that the enemy shall easily cut it in peeces and make a passage thorough it and not onely seeke to incompasse it before but passing thorough the middest bee found behinde and there indamage it And this it behooueth a Generall not onely to take heede hee suffer not himselfe but also indeuour to put vpon his enemy Hitherto are the words of Leo shewing the disadvantage of a battaile too much thinned by doubling the length But Leo elsewhere aâ—deth an other cause of doubling namely to make shew a faire sight of the Armie For the more ground it taketh in front the more will the number appeare and the bravery of euery man in particular discouered Further Antigonus vsed also this doubling for a policâ—e to beguile his enemy Polien reporteth the fact thus Antigonus incamped against Eumenes with an armie inferior in number And when messengers were sent often from one to an other Antigonus at the receit of a messenger of the enemy commanded one of his souldiers to come running in as it were out of breath and all to be-sullied with dust and to bring newes that his Confederates were come Antigonus hearing the newes leaped for ioy and sent away the messenger The next day he led his Armie out of his trench doubling the length of his front When the enemy heard of their messenger the newes that was brought to Antigonus concerning his Confederates and saw the length of his battaile doubled they imagined that the depth was answerable to the front And therefore they dislodged being afraid to ioyne with him 5 There are that mislike Countermarches and Aelians doublings of number are dangerous the enemy being ready to charge Because the files of the Battaile must be kept in open Order â—ill the motions be ended which posture is not fit to receiue the charge of the enemy as we saw out of the eleuenth Chapter The other two doublings are done in close order whereof I made mention a little before The one diuiding the middle men in halfe anâ— sleeuing them vp by the battaile on both sides The other
the distance required to the right hand Faces as you were Close your hinder ranks forward and order your Pikes Restoring to the first posture File-Leaders stand firme The other Rankes turne faces about and open behinde to the first distance Faces as you were The right-wing-corner-file stand firme the rest turne faces to the Target and proceede to your first distance Faces as you were and order your Pikes Closing to the left wing It differeth not from the other but that the mouing is to the contrarie hand Closing to the middest of the Battaile The right-wing turne faces to the Target the left to the Pike Each moue vp to the middest of the Phalange and stand at the distance named Faces as you were Close the hinder rankes forward and order your Pikes Restoring to the first Posture The first ranke stand firme The rest turne faces about and open the rankes to the first distance Faces as you were The files next the middle section stand fast and the right wing turne faces to the Target the left to the Pike and moue on till the first distance recouered Faces as you were and order the Pikes We may not forget Aelians generall rule for turning of faces out of Closings that the Pikes be alwaies aduanced For when you come vp to the closenesse required the Pike vpon the shoulder will hardly admit turning of the face The like falleth out when you would open from the Closing The vse and aduantage of these exercises of armes CHAP. XXXIV THese precepts of turning about of faces of wheeling and double wheeling of the Battaile and of reducing it to the first posture are of great vse in suddaine approches of the enemy whether hee shew himselfe on the right or left hand or in front or in the reare of our march The like may bee said of Countermarches Of which the Macedonians are held to bee the inuentors of the Macedonian the Lacedemonians of the Lacedemonian and for this cause either to haue name accordingly The Histories witnesse that Philip who much enlarged the Macedonian kingdome and ouercame the Graecians in battaile at Cheronea and made himselfe Generall of Greece and likewise his sonne Alexander that in short time conquered all Asia made small account of the Macedonian countermarch vnlesse necessitie forced it and that they both by the vse of the Lacedemonian became victorious ouer their enemies For the Macedonian countermarch the enemy falling vpon the reare is cause of great confusion in as much as the hindermost dismarching toward the front and making a shew of running away it more encourageth and emboldneth the enemy to follow For feare and pursuit of the enemy ordinarily accompanieth that kinde of countermarch But the Lacedemonian is of contrarie effect For when the enemy sheweth himselfe in the reare the Leaders with their followers brauely aduancing and opposing themselues it striketh no small feare and terror into their mindes Cap. 30 The File-leaders A Deduction to the left hand A right induction The Front A Deduction to the right hand Cap. 36. The Coelembolos or hollow fronted wedge The Front The right Induction Cap. 36. The Coelembolos The left wing The right wing The front The Phalange set against the left wing of the Coelembolos The Phalange set against the right wing of the Coelmebolos The forbearing Phalange Of the signes of direction that are to be giuen to the armie and their souerall kindes CHAP. XXXV WEe are to acquaint our forces both foote and horse partly with the voice and partly with visible signes that whatsoeuer is fitting be executed and done as occasion shall require Some things also are to be denounced by the Trumpet for so all directions will be fully accomplished and sort to a desired effect The signes therefore which are deliuered by voice are most euident and cleere if they haue no impediment But the most certaine and least tumultuous are such as are presented to the eye if they bee not obscured The voice sometime can hardly be heard by reason of the clashing of armour or trampling and neighing of Horses or tumult of cariage or noyse and confused sounds of the multitude The visible signes also become many waies incertain by thicknes of aire and dust or raine or snow or sun-shine or else thorow ground that is vneuen or full of trees or of turnings And sometimes it will not be easie to find out signes for all vses occasions eftsoones presenting new matter to the which a man is not accustomed Yet can it not fall out that either by voice or by signal we should not giue certaine and sure direction Of marching and of diuers kindes of Battailes fit for a March And first of the right-induction of the Coelembolos and the Triphalange to be opposed against it CHAP. XXXVI BEing now to speake of marching I will first giue to vnderstand that some kind of march is a Right-induction other some a Deduction on the right or left hand And that in a single or double or treble or quadruple-sided-battaile In a single when one enemy is feared In a double when two In a treble when three In a quadruple when the enemy purposeth to giue on on all sides Therefore the march is vndertaken sometimes in a single Phalange sometimes in a twofold Phalange or else in a threefold Phalange or in a fourefold Phalange A right-induction is when one body of the same kinde followeth another as if a Xenagy lead and the rest follow Xenage-wise Or a Tetrarchy lead and the rest follow according to that forme It is so called when the march stretcheth it selfe out into a wing hauing the Depth much exceeding the length Against it is opposed the Coelembolos which is framed when the Antistomos Diphalange disioyneth the Leading-wings closing the Reare in manner of the letter V as the figure after placed doth teach In which the front is disseuered the reare ioyned and knit together For the Right-induction pointing at the middest of the enemies battaile the Coelembolos quickly opening before serueth both to frustrate the charge of the front and to claspe in and circumuent the flankes of the right-induction Furthermore a Triphalange is to be set against the Coelembolos one Phalange fighting against one winge of the Coelembolos The second against the other and the middle and third forbearing and expecting a time fit to charge Of Paragoge or Deduction CHAP. XXXVII PAragoge or Deduction is when the Phalange proceedeth in a wing not by file but by ranke hauing the Commanders or file-Leaders either on the right hand which is called a right-hand-Deduction or on the left hand which is called a left-hand Deduction For the Phalange marcheth in a double treble or quadruple-side accor̄ding to the place and part it is suspected the enemy will giue on And both the Paragogies beginning the fight in flanke doe make the length double to the depth This forme of fight was deuised to teach a Souldier to receiue heedfully the charge of
thus To your Pike turne your face that is we ought to set the particular before and then inferre the generall Like reason is if you say turne about your face or countermarch For these are also generall words And therefore wee should do well to set the particular before As to the Pike turne your face about or to the Target turne your face about Likewise the Lacedemonian countermarch not the Countermarch Lacedemonian For if you place the word Countermarch first some of the Souldiers will happily fall to one kind other to another kinde of Countermarch For which cause words of double sense are to be auoided and the speciall to be set before the generall Of silence to be vsed by Souldiers CHAP. LIII BVt aboue all things silence is to bee commanded and that beed be giuen to directions As Homere specially signifieth in his discriptions of the Graecian and Troian fights The skilfull Cheef-taines pressed on guiding with carefull eie Their Armed troupes who followed their Leaders silently You surely would haue deem'd each one of all that mighty thronge Had been bereft of speach so bride led he his heedfull tongue Fearing the dread Commanders checke and awfull hest's among Thus march't the Greekes in silence breathing flames of high desire And feruent zeale to backe their friends on foes to wreake their ire As for the disorder of the Barbarians he resembleth it to birdes saying As sholes of fowle geese cranes and swannes with necks far stretched out Which in the slimy fennes Caïsters winding streames about Sheare here and there the liquid skie sporting on wanton wing Then fall to ground with clanging noise the fennes all ouer ring None otherwise the Troians fill the field with heaped sounds Of broken and confused cries each where tumult abounds And againe The Captaines marshall out their Troupes ranged in goodly guise And foâ—rth the Troians pace like birds which lade the aire with cries Not so the Greekes whose silence breathed flames of high desire Fernent in zeale to back their friends on foes to wreake their ire The words of Command CHAP. LIIII Thus then are we to command TO your Armes Stand by your Armes Cariage away from the battaile Marke your directions Seperate your selues Aduance your Pikes File and ranke your selues Looke to your Leader Reare Commander order your file Keepe your first distances Faces to the Pike moue a little further stand so as you were Faces to the Target moue a little further stand so Faces about to the Pike moue a little further stand so Double your Depth To your first posture Double your Length To your first posture The Lacedemonian countermarch To your first posture The Macedonian countermarch To your first posture The Choraan countermarch To your first posture Battaile wheele to the Pike To your first posture Battaile wheele about to the Pike To your first posture These precepts of the Art Tacticke most inuincible Caesar I haue laide out to your Matie which will be a meanes of safety to such as shall vse them and of â—he ouerthrow of their enemies THE EXERCISE OF THE ENGLISH IN the seruice of the high and mighty Lords the LORDS the ESTATES of the vnited PROVINCES in the Low COVNTRIES THE Soldiers are diuided into two kindes Foote and Horse The Foote againe are of two kindes Pikemen and Musketiers Pikemen are armed with a head-peece a Curace and Tases defensiue and with a Pike of fifteene foote long and a Rapier offen siue The Armour is all yron the Pike of Ashen wood for the Steale and at the vpper end an yron head of about a handfull long with cheekes about the length of two foote and at the butt-end a round strong socket of yron ending in a pike that is blunt yet sharpe enough to fixe to the ground The forme thereof is expressed in the grauen figure The Musketier hath a head-peece for defence a Musket the barrell of the length of 4 foote the bore of 12 bullets to the pound a Bandelier to which are fastned a convenient number of charges for powder sometimes as many as 15 or 16 a lether bagge for bullets with a pruning yron a Rest for the Musket with an yron forke on the vpper end to support it in discharging and a pike on the nether end to sticke into the ground lastly a Rapier The figure of this armour also is here inserted These soldiors both Pike-men and Musketiers are diuided into Companies and euery Company consisteth halfe of Pikes halfe Musketiers The Companies are some more in number some lesse Some reach to 300 men some 200 some 100 some 90 some 80 some 70. Euery Company hath these officers of the field A Captaine a Lieutenant an Ensigne 2 Serieants 3 Corporalls two Drommes and for other vses a Clerke a Surgion and a Prouost Companies are compacted into Regiments and the Regiments commanded by Coronells Regiments conteine not alwaies a like number of Companies some hauing 10 some 11 12 13 14 15 some 30 Companies and aboue In euery Regiment are a Coronell a Lieutenant Coronell a Serieant Maior all officers of the field a Quarter-master and a Prouost-martiall for other imployments It shall not be greatly to the purpose to mention higher officers then Coronells my principall intent being no other then to set downe the armes and exercise of our Nation in the said vnited Provinces Their armes are spoken of Their exercise followes FIrst both Pikes and Muskets are ordered into files of 10 deepe The Musketiers are sometime placed before sometime in flanke sometimes in the reare of the pikes To exercise the motions there are two distances to be obserued The first is when euery one is distant from his fellow 6 foote square that is in file and ranke 6. The second is when euery Souldier is 3 foote distant one from the other aswell in file as in Ranke And because the measure of such distances cannot be taken so iustly by the eye the distance of 6 foot betwixt the files is measured when the Souldiers stretching out their armes doe touch one an others hands and betwixt the Rankes when the ends of their pikes come well nigh to the heeles of them that march before And the measure of 3 foote betwixt the files is when their elbowes touch one another betwixt the rankes when they come to touch the ends of one anothers Rapiers For to march in the field the distance of 3 foote from file to file is kept and of 6 foote from Ranke to Ranke To order themselues in Battaile as also to goe towards the enemy the distance of 3 foote in file and ranke is obserued and likewise to conversion or wheeling The Musquettiers also going for to shoote by Rankes keep the same distance of 3 foot but going to skirmish they goe a la Disbandade which is out of order There is yet another sort of distance which is not vsed but for to receiue the enemy with a firme stand
Pag. 93. Whether there were Captaines of the Centuries of the Light-armed Pag. ibid. The bodies of the Armed and light-armed compared Pag. ibid. CHAP. XVII The vse of light armed Pag. 95. Light-armed ioyned with the Armed Pag. ibid. The light-armed good To prouoke the enemy Pag. 96. To wound a farre of Pag. ibid. To disarray Pag. 97. To repulse horse Pag. 98. To beate in the enemies light-armed Pag. ibid. To discouer suspected places Pag. ibid. For farre and speedy attempts Pag. 99. CHAP. XVIII The forme of Horse-battailes Pag. ibid. The seruice of Horse Pag. 100. The Thessalian horsemen Pag. 101. The fable of Centaures Pag. ibid. The Rhombe Pag. 102. Whether the Rhombe or Square be better in Horse Pag. ibid. The Wedge Pag. 104. Whether the Rhombe or Wedge be better Pag. ibid. Diuers kindes of Squares Pag. 105. The Square in figure Pag. ibid. The depth in the Square Pag. 106. The Square in number Pag. 107. CHAP. XIX Diuers formes of Rhombes Pag. ibid. A Rhombe filing and ranking Pag. 108. A Rhombe neither filing nor ranking Pag. 109. A Rhombe filing not ranking Pag. 110. A Rhombe ranking not filing Pag. ibid. CHAP. XX. The Horse-troupe of the Macedonians Pag. 111. The number and manner of framing it Pag. ibid. The place of the Cornett Pag. ibid. The distance betwixt horse and horse Pag. 112. The distance betwixt Troupe and Troupe Pag. 113. CHAP. XXV Turning of Soldiors faces Pag. 117. The end of this motion Pag. 118. Two turnings or Metabole Pag. 119. Turning to the Pike or Target Pag. ibid. Turning to the enemy or from the enemy Pag. ibid. The words of direction in this motion Pag. 120. CHAP. XXVI Wheeling the battaile Pag. 120. How it is done Pag. 121. A Treble wheeling Pag. ibid. The end of this motion Pag. ibid. Examples of double wheeling Pag. 122. CHAP. XXVII To restore to the first posture Pag. 123. What 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifieth Pag. ibid. CHAP. XXVIII Countermarches Pag. 125. The Macedonian Countermarch by file Pag. 127. The Lacedemonian Pag. ibid. The Choraean Pag. 129. Countermarches by ranke Pag. 132. The words of direction Pag. ibid. CHAP. XXIX Doubling Pag. 133. The length doubled in number Pag. 134. The vse of it Pag. 135. The danger of it the enemy being nigh Pag. 136. The Depth doubled Pag. ibid. The words of command in this motion Pag. 137. FINIS a Veget. prolog lib. 3. b Xenoph. cyropâ—d lib. 29. B. c Xenophon cyrop lib 8 c. 227. d Plâ—t in Philopaement â— infra cap. 3. f Leo. cap. 1. g Dio â—pat tionem in vitâ—Adriani a Veget lib. 2. 〈◊〉 â— b Tacit. in vita Agâ—colae c Dio in vita Neâ—vae d Spartian in vita Adriani a Vegetius lib. â— cap â— b Polyb. lib. 10. pag 615. â— c Plutarch in Pyrrho a Cicero epist. 〈◊〉 lib. 9 〈◊〉 1â— b Epistel ad Qfâ—at lib. 1. epi. 1. c Tuscul. questi lib. 2. 146. d Livv decad 4. lib. 5 87. â— e Plut. in Pyrrho f Plutarch in Pyrrho g Plutarch in Pyrrho h Iust lib 18 655. A. i Lib. 25 667. D k Plut. in Pyrrho l Iustin. lib. 2â— 668. C. Athenaeus Dipnoseph lib. 3. 73. B. m Plutarch in Philopaement n Ibid. a Emilius Probus â—n vita Iphicratis Xenoph. histor graec lib. 6. 587. B. c Diod sicul lib. 15 479. Polyaen lib â— in Iphicrate Iustin. lib 6. 631. B. c. b Adrian lib 2. 42 c. c Tuscul. question lib. 2. 146. d Plin. natural hist. lib 7 cap â—0 pag 115 e Cicero de natura deor lib 2 â—7 a Plutarch in Agesilao b Plin. natural histor lib. 7. â—56 c 〈◊〉 Paral â— Pag. 57. a Plut. in 〈◊〉 b Plutarch in Agesilao c Drachma hath iâ— it 6 oboles that is about 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sterling Iul Poll. x. lib. â— cap. â— 43â— c Vegetius lib. â— cap. 20. A cataphract is the iust and full armour of the fonte Heereafter wee shall see what that armour is d Stewechius in Vegetâ—um pag. 5â— e Notitia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c Occident in fine â— Samuel cap. 17 vers â— a Homer Iliad 6 b Pausan. in laconâ—cis 16â— c Athen dâ—pnoseph lib 14. 627 A d Pausan. 〈◊〉 e Livy lib 1 27 C f Xeno in Re◠〈◊〉 685 E g Homer â— Iliad h 〈◊〉 Prob. in Iphicrate i Xenoph. Cyâ—o lib 6 169. 3 k Plutarch in Alexandro l Patrie Paral. m Plutarch in Demeâ—io n Iust. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â— dial 6 ad Poly o Plin. naâ—al lib. 8. caq. 48. a Cesar de bell ciuiâ— lib. 3 b Xenoph. de ex ped Cyr. l. 4. 3â—8 B These winges came down from theire showlders toward theire elâ— bowes c Cesar de belle ciuil lib. â— d Xenop de exp Cyri. l. 4 340 A e 1 Sam. c. 17. v. 38 f cap. 9. v 2 g Xenoph hist. brec li. 6 596 D h Cicerâ— Tuscul quest lib 2 a 〈◊〉 cap. 12 b Aemil prob in Iphicra Diod. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 15 480 c Xenoph. hist. 〈◊〉 l 〈◊〉 52â— D d 〈◊〉 in PhiloPolyâ— l. 6 in Phi loâ—m § â— Pauâ—an in A◠〈◊〉 e Polyb li 2. 118 C 120 c lib â— 26â— E lib. ◠〈◊〉 â— c. f Suidas in macâ— a Xenoph. Cyr. lib 6 Copides were swordes a litle bending at the pointes like fiâ—hes Curt. l. â—â— 375 b Polyb lib 17 pag 763 C c Plutarch in Lu cuâ—o d Plut in Alex. e Xenoph. Cyrop lib 1 8 C f Xenoph Cyrop lib â— 1â—9 B g Xenop Cyrop lib 7 172 B h Curtius lib â— Silver-targetiers i Plutarch in Caesare k Plinius histornat lib 7 cap 28 Polyb lib â— 4 〈◊〉 B C a Herod li. 1. 34 b Polyen li. 7 in psammench § 1. c Plu in Philop. Polyâ— li. 11. â—29 â— d Plutarch in 〈◊〉 a Plutarch in Pelonida Polyen l. 3 in Iphier § 22 Leo ca. 20 §. 19â— b Thucyd. lib. 4. 3. 5. B. C. c Arrian li. â— 3â— â— d Arrian li. 1. 1â— E. e Plutarch in Pyrrâ—o f Polyb li. 4 â— 3â—â— g Appion in Syriac 107. D. * Aâ—milius Probus in vita Iphicrat a Xenoph Cyr. lib 7 1-â—â— b 〈◊〉 in Pho cicis 648 c Pausan in Pho cic 660 Gyaâ—othorax d Polyen li 4 in Philipp § 10 e Ad Ephes. cap 6 v 14 f Diod Sicul. lib 17 619 615 g Leo cap 6 § 25 35 37 h Plut. in Timol. i Veget. â— 1 ca. 20 k Xenoph. Cyr. 167 C l Veget. li. 1 cap 20 m Diod Sicul. lib 18 n Livy lib 9. 243 C o Livy lib 1. 27 C p cap. 12 a Polyen li. 6 in Philopoe §. â— Pâ—ut in Philopoe b Pausan. in Ar. cad 4â—4 c Pausan. in Corinthiacis 1â—1 Pliâ—nat hiâ— l. â— cap. 56 d cap. 12 e Polyb. l 2 〈◊〉 B lib. 4 331 â— 332 C f Pluâ— in Aemiliâ— g Polyb. l. 2. 150 B 332 D lib. 4 h Xenop de rep Laced 68 â— i Pausan in Boeoticiâ— 56â—