repair to their private rest whether in Leaguer or Garison The Watch being then set and the Tapto being returned to the Corps due Guard there is a Warning-piece discharged after which no person ought to be out of their Quarters or from their Posts without the Word be given them by which means the Garrison or Leaguer will be in quiet So that all private Watches and Sentinels may more distinctly perform their Duty to the safety of the Garrison or Leaguer A Revally is beaten in the Morning by break of day I suppose it comes from the French word Reveiller to awake from Sleep at which time the Sub-Officers usually take off their out Sentinels These two last spoken of as I suppose cannot be said to be Points of War but only private Directions for a Garison or Leaguer the one to give notice at what time the Garison or Leaguer ought to be at rest and quiet the other to shew the hour that the Gates shall be set open for all Commerce Now as you may learn for what end these six several Beats of the Drum are made use of observe Barriffe Barriffe in his Military Discipline p. 5. First By a Call you must understand to hear present Proclamation or else to repair to your Ensign Secondly By a Troop understand to shoulder your Musket to advance your Pike to close your Ranks and Files to order and troop along with or follow your Officer to the place of Randezvouze or elsewhere Thirdly By a March you are to understand to take your Open Order in Rank to shoulder both Musket and Pike and to direct your March either quicker or flower according to the Beat of the Drum Fourthly By a Preparative you are to understand to close to your due distance for Skirmish both in Rank and File which distance you shall understand hereafter and then to make ready that so you may execute upon the first Command Fifthly By the Battel or Charge understand the continuation or pressing forward in order of Battel without laging behind rather boldly stepping forward in the place of him that falls dead or wounded before thee Sixthly By a Retreat understand an orderly retiring backward either for Relief advantage of the Ground or for some politic end as to draw the Enemy into some Ambushment or such-like So that for the Drum it is the Voice of the Commander the Spur of the Valiant and the Heart of the Coward So far Barriffe As for the Antiquity of the Drum is is said that Bacchus was the first Inventor of it and so from Age to Age it hath been thought a fit Instrument for the Service of the Foot as you may read at large in these several Authors mentioned in the Margin Polyd. lib. 1. in Bac. §. 1. Curtius lib. 8. 372. Plutarch in Crasso App. in Parthicis 143. And not only the Drum was thought a fit Instrument alone for the Foot but they were allowed some other pleasing Instrument to delight and transport the Spirits of the Soldiers as the Flute Harp and Pipe * Plutar. in Lycurgo Plutarch much commending the Lacedemonian manner of joyning with their Enemy saith When the King hath offered the Goat that was the Lacedemonian Sacrifice when they were to give Battel he streight Commands all the Army to Crown their Heads and the Flutes to sound the Measure of ‖ For this Measure see Jul. Pollux l. 4. c. 10. §. 2. Castor and himself withall beginneth the †Paean is a Hymn proper to Apollo Jul. 1. Pollux l. 1. c. 1. §. 33. fifth Paean the Song they used when they went to Charge at the first advancing against the Enemy So that it is a brave and no less fearful thing saith he to behold them pacing according to the measure of the Flute neither disturbing their Order nor shewing any astonishment of Mind but mildly and joyfully approaching the danger of Conflict dividing out their March to the sound of the Flute for it is not likely that Men so demeaning themselves can be transported with Fear or Choller nay rather they must needs have a setled Mind full of Hope and Assurance as if God were on their side Thus Plutarch Thucyd. l. 5. 393 A. The Lacedemonians likewise used Flutes and made them their Instruments to measure out as it were the steps of War for they used an easie and slow pace framed to the cadence of the sound Athenaeus Deipnosoph l. 12. 517 A. Athenaeus rehearseth out of Herodotus that the Lydians used the like Instruments to Dance as it were the Measures of War by And he addeth that the Cretians made choice of the Harp for their Instruments of War as though it had been peculiar to that Nation Pausan in Lacon 193. Pausanias testifieth the like of the Lacedemonians that they brought in Flutes and Measures into the War and we are not ignorant that in our late unhappy Wars both in Ireland and Scotland how much the Northern Pipe was used being a very shrill and loud Pipe and much surpassing the Flute for its shrilness in pacing out the Measures of War with delight to the Soldiers for I have heard some judicious Commanders affirm That they did believe the Pipes did much transport the Valour of the Soldiers So that they had a sufficient Pay allowed them even equal with the Drum CHAP. XI NOW that our Soldiers have attained some small knowledge in the use of their Arms and rightly understand the Beats of the Drum it will be expedient in the next place to shew them the several Distances which are these four viz. Close Order which is both in Rank and File 1 Foot ½ Order 3 Foot Open Order 6 Foot Double Distance 12 Foot There is several Distances to be performed in First March Secondly Motion Thirdly Skirmish The distance of March between File and File is 3 Foot and between Rank and Rank 12 Foot The distance of Motion between File and Rank is 6 Foot The distance for intire Doublings and Skirmishes between Rank and File is 3 Foot The distance for prevention of Cannon Shots is between File and File 12 or 24 Foot which is the Double-Double Distance For to deliver unto you the opinions of several ancient Commanders concerning Distance will be needless it being sufficiently made plain by several eminent Authors but to proceed with all brevity possible to the words of Command which are as followeth The Company being upon the Ground at their Open Order you may Command Ranks Close forward Files Close inward to Order Ranks Close forward Files Close inward to Close Order Ranks Open backwards Files Open to the Right to Order Ranks Open backward Files Open to the Left to Open Order Ranks Open backward Files Open outward to Double Distance Ranks Close forward Files Close inward to Open Order Note That Close Order is useful for the Pikes to be at upon the Charge to the Horse or for any manner of Wheeling or when the Commander is
to deliver somewhat of Concernment to the Soldier But if any one have a desire to be farther satisfied concerning Distance let them read Barriffe Ward Ven and Elton who have sufficiently treated of this Subject at large it being my design only to model an Exercise with as much abreviation as possible being it is only intended a Pocket-Book for the benefit of the young Soldier CHAP. XII BEfore I come to shew the variety of Facings in the Action I think it will not be amiss to define unto you what is meant by Facing Facing is a particular turning of the Aspect from one part to another whereby the Front proper becomes the Front accidental and a Front accidental may be reduced to his proper Front The words of Command take as followeth Command Face to the Right Left Reer Front Center or midst As you were Command Face to the Front and Reer Right and left outward Right and left inward Midst of Files Midst of Ranks As you were Command To the Right Right Right Right Right about Left about As you were Command To the Left Left Left Left Left about Right about As you were Command Half Files Face to the Right Left Right and left outward Right about Left about Right and left inward As you were There is also a Facing which causeth the Body to Face to the Front Reer and both Flanks which some call Facing square of which I will prick some few Figures of Facings which will be sufficient to demonstrate all the rest to an ingenious fancy Command Face square and March The Direction is Two first Ranks stand the two last Ranks Face about the rest of the Body Face to right and left then March all Proper Front Front accidental Front of the Reer When your Soldiers begin any Motion let them Advance their Pikes and Shoulder their Muskets Now to reduce this Figure to its first Order Command Face all about to the Right March and Close your Divisions To your Leader who stands at the proper Front To Face Square another way and March upon it Command Face Square and March The Direction is Muskettiers Face to both Flanks half Files of Pikes Face to the Right about March all Now you must understand when the Command is Half Files it is always to be understood the Reer half Files otherwise the word Front half Files is commanded Proper Front Front of the Reer To reduce this Figure to its former Order Command Face all to the Right about March and Close your Divisions To your Leader and they are reduced Take another Figure of Battel produced by Facing Command The two first Ranks stand the rest Face outward and move clear of the standing part The two last Ranks move outward sideways two Paces To your Leader They may give Fire to the Front or to the Reer or to both Flanks or to all four at once falling in the Reer of their own Divisions this according as the Captain pleaseth to Command Command Front Division advance forward three paces the two next Divisions move outwards one pace Pikes in each Division face about and move two paces to your Leader Divisions of Muskettiers in the Reer advance forward and range even in Front and Reer with the middle Divisions of Pikes the first Rank of Pikes in the front Division move three foot clear of the standing part They may give Fire in the Front or in the Reer or to both Flanks or to all four at once Command The first and last Rank of the first Division of Pikes Face about and move down clear of the Reer and close Ranks forward to Order Outmost Divisions of Muskettiers face about move down and slank your own Divisions of Pikes The first Division of Pikes move forward and range even a Breast with your own Division of Muskettiers The front Division of Muskettiers close into the midst to Order As for firing upon any of these Figures the Captain may use his own discretion either to Front Reer or both Flanks or to all at once Command The outmost Divisions face outward and move two paces Face to your Leader Move up until you range even a Breast with the second Divisions next the Front Reer Division move streight forward two paces Command Front Division advance forward three paces The outmost Division upon the Flanks move up and range even with the Front DIRECTION For the first Firing upon this Figure let them all face to the Reer and the middle Division of Muskettiers move forwards and flank the Reer Division of Pikes After let all the Muskettiers advance forwards three Foot clear of their own Divisions of Pikes and give Fire falling in the Reer of themselves and after facing about move into their places again The second Firing may be to both Flanks or to all four as the Commander pleaseth falling in the Reer of themselves The third Firing Let the Muskettiers upon the Flanks move down even with the Reer and give Fire and fall in the Reer of themselves and after move up into their places again and face to their Leader The fourth Firing Let them Fire on the Ground they stand and fall in the Reer of themselves and the Pikes in the Reer may Charge on and after facing to their Leader You may proceed to the next Command which will be as followeth Command The outmost Divisions face inward and march three paces The next two Divisions face outward and move two paces To your Leader Reer Division move outward until you stand streight with the front Divisions You must note That the Front and Reer Divisions of Muskettiers by Firing have interchang'd Ground which causes this Reducement Front Divisions face about Front and Reer Divisions march and interchange Ground To your Leader The outmost Divisions face inward and close your Divisions To your Leader Even your Ranks and streighten your Files and close to Order They are reduced CHAP. XIII NOW our Soldiers being somewhat expert in the true use and handling of their Arms and likewise in the several Beats of the Drum together with the Distances Facings and other Dignities of Place thereunto belonging it will be convenient to draw them into the Field but it will be convenient to shew 1. How to march a Company to the Field 2. How to draw them up into a Body Lastly To instruct them in the several Doublings Counter-marches and Wheelings All which shall be performed by six days Exercise every days Exercise being digested into several Figures and Forms of Battel with their several ways of Firing Doubling Counter-marches and Wheeling upon every Form and Figure of Battel Of Marching a Company in Divisions The Order and Places of the Officers and Drums IN Marching the Officers are to observe the Ranks to be at 12 Foot distance and that the Files be closed to Open Order The Soldiers must always begin to march with their right Foot first which is observed to conduce most to the keeping of due Order in Ranks The Captain is
to march with his Pike shoulder'd A Lieutenant to march with a Partizan And an Ensign to march with his Pike comported which is the distinction between the Captain and other Officers The Serjeants have no place assign'd them in marching but are to be moving up and down to observe that the Ranks and Files be at their due Distance The Drums are to fall in behind the two first Ranks of each Division of Muskettiers and to Beat between the second and third Rank When drawn up into a Body they are to place themselves in the first Rank even with the Front between the interval of Muskets and Pikes The Ensign is to place himself six Foot before the Body of Pikes both upon a March and when drawn up into a Body So long as the Drum beats a March they are to be drawn up with their Arms shoulder'd the Colours flying but if the Drum beat a Troop the Pikes are to be advanced the Colours furled It is very necessary that every Soldier be acquainted throughout with all the parts of a Body of Men drawn up with their several Extents and Bounds and with the true understanding of the same Where first note although you have been shewed the description both of File and Rank with their Number Place and Dignity belonging to each yet there is more Parts belonging to a Body of Men drawn up than only Ranks and Files As first a Front a Reer a Right Flank and a Left Flank There is also Front Half-Files and Reer Half-Files Right Half-Ranks and Left Half-Ranks There is the length and depth of the Battel every one of which have their particular Extents and Bounds according to their number of Men. All which is plainly set forth in the following Figure Vide Cap. Of Facing The Front of which Figure is first of all to be taken notice of There are in all Exercises a Proper Front and an Accidental Front which is when all the Company faces to the left or the like FRONT REER The Right Flank The Left Flank A File Dignity in File Front half Files Reer half Files A Rank Dignity in Rank File-Leaders Bringers up Left half Ranks of Muskets Right half Ranks of Muskets CHAP. XIV The first Days Exercise HAving brought your Company into a place convenient where you intend to Exercise them you may cause the File-Leaders Corporals or Serjeants to instruct them in the Postures and true handling of their Arms which being performed upon the Summons of the Drum each File-Leader with his File is to march into his place The Captain or other Commander being at the Head of his Company Commands them to even their Ranks and streighten their Files and to stand to their Open Order both in Rank and File If your Ensign be not already in the Field Command a Serjeant with a Drum and either two or more Files of Pikes with two Files of Shot if necessary that the Colours be far off to guard the Ensign to the place of Rendezvouz This being performed and every Man in his place the Captain or other Commander after silence begins first to instruct the Soldiers in their several Distances betwixt Rank and File with the ways to open and close to them next in the Facings then in the Doublings which shall be these following The Ranks that double are to observe their Right-hand Man to move at the same time with him They begin their Motion with the Foot next the Hand named which Motion is to be performed at three Steps in doubling the even Ranks double the odd Files doubling is performed in the same manner and is the same thing with Reduction of doubled Ranks The Reduction of doubled Files is the same thing with doubling Ranks To double half Files upon a March let your Reer half Files move into the Front with a quicker Motion the Front half Files continuing theirs For Reduction let the Reer half Files stand without Facing 'till the Front half Files have passed them and then fall after their proper Leaders Note That the Letter C. stands for Command the Letter R. for Reducement Note That no Leader is tied to observe all these Doublings in his Exercise at once but to use as many of them as he shall think fit The words of Command for all entire Doublings to the Front C. Ranks to the Right double March R. Files to the Left double March C. Ranks to the Left double March R. Files to the Right double March C. Ranks to the right and left double outward R. Files to the right and left double inward C. Ranks to the right and left double inward R. Files to the right and left double outward C. Ranks as you were C. Half-Files double your Front to the right R. Files double your Depth to the left C. Half-Files double your Front to the left R. Files double your Depth to the right C. Half-Files double your Front to the right and left outward March R. Files double your Depth to the right and left inward March C. Half-Files double your Front to the right and left inward March R. Files double your Depth to the right and left outward March C. Bringers up double your Front to the right March R. Files double your Depth to the left every Man falling behind his Bringer up C. Bringers up double your Front to the left R. Files double your Depth to the right every Man falling behind his Bringer up March C. Bringers up double your Front to the right and left outward March R. Files double your Depth to the right and left inward every Man falling behind his Bringer up March C. Bringers up double your Front to the right and left inward March R. Files double your Depth to the right and left outward every Man falling behind his Bringer up March C. Double your Ranks to the right entire R. Right half Ranks double your left Flank C. Double your Ranks to the left entire March R. Left half Ranks double your right Flank C. Double your Ranks inward entire R. The inmost Files double your Flanks to the right and left outward and after close C. Double your Ranks to the right entire every Man placing himself on the outside of his right hand Man March R. Right half Ranks double your left Flank every Man placing himself on the inside of his left hand Man March C. Double your Ranks to the left entire every Man placing himself on the outside of his left hand Man March R. Left half Ranks double your right Flank every Man placing himself on the inside of his right hand Man March C. Half Files double your Front to the right entire March R. Right half Ranks double entire the depth of your left Flank March C. Half Files double your Front to the left entire March R. Left half Ranks double entire the depth of your right Flank March C. Half Files double your Front inward entire March R. The inmost Files double entire the depth of the outmost Files
and after close March Note Every even Rank from the Front face outward and double the odd March Next follows to shew some Divisional Doublings by the same C. Double your Ranks to the right and left by Division March R. The outmost Files upon each Flank that moved face inward and strengthen the Body March C. Double your Ranks to the right and left by Division every Man placing himself on the outside of his right and left hand Man March R. The outmost Files upon each Flank that moved double the inmost Files to the right and left inward every Man placing himself on the inside of his right and left hand Men. March C. Half Files double your Front by Division March Half Files face outwards and march clear of the Body face to your Leader move up and double the Front R. The outmost Files upon each Flank that moved double entire the depth of the inmost Files March Entire Doublings to the Front by Wheelings C. Wheel off your Reer half Files and double your Front to the right entire March Half Files face about and wheel to the left R. Wheel off your Right half Ranks and double your left Flank entire to the left C. Wheel off your Reer half Files and double your Front to the left entire Face outward and Left half Ranks wheel about to the left R. Wheel off your Left half Ranks and double your right Flank to the right entire C. Wheel your Reer half Files inward into the midst and double your Front inward entire March R. The inmost Files that doubled wheel about to the right and left outward and double entire the depth of the outmost Files after face to your Leader and close Files to the midst to order Divisional Doubling to the Front by Wheeling C. Wheel off your Reer half Files and double your Front by Division March R. The outmost Files upon each Flank that doubled wheel about to the right and left inward and double entire the depth of the inmost Files face to your Leader March CHAP. XV. Of Conversion and Inversion with some few words of Command and Reducements THE difference betwixt Inversion and Conversion is this Inversion doth always produce File or Files and Conversion Rank or Ranks Inversion consists of Files filing or of Ranks filing Conversion of Ranks ranking to the right or to the left or by increase of Files ranking by even or uneven parts Note That what is commanded to the Right the same may be performed to the Left The words of Command for Inversion are as followeth C. Files file to the right R. Files file six to the left C. Files file to the right and left by Division R. Files file six to the right and left C. Files file to the right entire advancing R. File six to the right towards the Front C. Files file inward into the right Flank The right hand File stands the rest move away placing themselves in a direct File before the Front R. Front half Files file three to the left Reer half Files face about and file three to the right face to your Leader and close your Divisions C. Files file to the right by Division R. Front half Files file three to the right and Reer half Files face about and file three to the left face to your Leader and close your Divisions C. Files file inward into the right and left Flank by Division R. Half Files face about to the right Front and Reer half Files file three to the right and left inwards face to your Leader and close your Divisions For filing inward the half Files are to face about and so the left hand File of the Reer and right of the Front are to move away 'till they become one File Filing by Division is the same only the right hand File stands the rest move away Filing inward into the right Flank by Division half Files are to face about then the File-Leaders and Bringers up of the right and left are to lead and so successively fall into the Reer of each other Of Ranks filing Ranks filing is sooner performed and reduced than Files filing and will be more ready to make resistance against any opposition in the Front C. Ranks file to the right or to the left placing your selves behind your right hand Men. Direction If they be upon a stand they may open to their distance each Ranke and so place themselves behind their right hand Men. If upon a March as to pass some narrow Defile the readiest way to perform it and draw up in order again as soon as past is to make the Ranks file if to the right the right hand Man files first and the rest of his Rank follow him 'till the Defile be past For larger Defiles the Commander draws off as he judges the way will easily receive R. Files rank as you were C. Ranks file to the right and left by Division Tacticks of Aelian c. 30. p. 6. Direction It is the same with the last differing only in this the half Ranks to the left fall behind their left hand Men to the left the half Ranks to the right behind their several right hand Men. R. Files rank to the right and left inward as you were The words of Command for Conversion are as followeth C. Files rank three to the right Direction In this Motion the File-Leader is first to move to the Hand commanded and the half File-Leader is to advance the same way R. Ranks file as you were C. Files rank six to the left March Direction In this Motion close Ranks forward to order and open Files to double Distance then let every Man in his File move up to the left of his File-Leader so every File will become one Rank This if the Company be small will make it seem more large Battalion like C. Ranks rank outward into the Front Direction The first Rank stand the rest face outward placing your selves successively into the Front after face to your Leader R. Ranks rank twelve to the right and left inward as you were C. Ranks rank inward into the Front The twelve middlemost men stand which is the first Rank the rest move successively after the first Rank Direction The first Rank is to move away to the right and left the next Rank moving up into his ground doing the like and so all the rest until the last Rank be come up entire into the Front R. Ranks rank six to the right and left outward Direction The first six upon the right and the first six upon the left stand the rest move outward falling in the Reer of the first Rank ranking six to the right and left and after closing their Divisions C. Files rank to the right into the Front Direction Open to the left to your double Distance and Ranks close forward to close Order and move up to the right into the Front R. Ranks file six to the left Direction To perform which the first six upon the left
as before Command Muskettiers march 'till clear of the Body of Pikes Front half Files face to the right and left inward and close your Divisions to your Leader Reer half Files open to the right and left Front half Files of Pikes face to the right and left outward march and flank your Wings of Shot to your Leader Fig. 10. For to Fire upon this Figure Command the first Rank of Muskettiers both in Front and Flanks to Present altogether and give Fire falling off to the right and left placing themselves in the Reer of their own Divisions Command Half Ranks of the Reer Division of Pikes wheel to the right and left outward march up and flank your Front of Muskettiers Fig. 11. You may Fire upon this Figure to Front and both Flanks or to Reer and both Flanks by commanding the Front Division both of Muskettiers and Pikes to face to the right about march down and even the Reer But to reduce this Figure as now it stands Command the two Divisions of Pikes in the Front to face to the right about then wheel your Front into the midst and march down and take your places to your Leader Front half Files of Muskettiers face to the right and left outwards and march 'till you file even with your Reer half Files of Muskettiers then stand to your Leader Front half Files of Pikes face to the right and left inward and close your Divisions then move all up and even the Front of Muskettiers So they are reduced as at first Command Muskettiers march all until your half Files range even with the Front of Pikes Front half Files march forward three paces then stand Reer half Files of Muskettiers face to the right and left outward and march clear of the Front half Files Reer half Files of Pikes open to the right and left outward and march clear of the Front Division of Pikes to your Leader Fig. 12. For the first Firing let all the Divisions of Muskettiers fire by Ranks as they stand falling to the right and left outward into the Reer of their own Divisions And for the second Firing cause the four Divisions of Muskettiers in the Front and Flanks to make ready then let the first Rank of each Division Present and give Fire wheeling off to the right and left as you were each Division flanking their own half Files of Pikes then Reer half Files of Pikes face to the right and left inward and march into your places after close Files inward to order and Ranks close forward to order and they will be reduced as at first So much shall suffice for the third days Exercise and now we 'll lodge our Colours until the bellowing Drum give a forth Summons into the Field CHAP. XXVI The fourth Days Exercise HAving the fourth time brought your Soldiers into the Field compleatly Armed according to Bellona's Summons and every Man in his place of Dignity the Captain may proceed in commanding the File-Leaders which is the first place of worth to Exercise every one their File which being performed and every File-Leader having brought up his File into its proper place the Officers being all there present the Captain considers after he hath shewed them their Distances and Facings which way farther to delight them being the last Exercise he shewed them was a Doubling which produced every Man a File-Leader by Dignity so in this he may go farther in shewing how by a Doubling every Man becomes a File-Leader by succession The words of Command are as followeth C. Ranks to the left double C. Files to the left double C. Half Files double your Front to the left C. Files double your Depth to the left C. Bringers up double your Front to the right C. Double your Files to the left entire advancing C. Bringers up double your Front to the left C. Double your Files to the right entire advancing C. Ranks to the right double C. Files to the right double For Reducement C. Files rank to the left into the Front C. Ranks File fix to the left and they are reduced The Commander if he please and have time may proceed farther in variety of Doublings either entire or divisional but for this days Exercise it will be convenient that the Soldiers be shewed some variety of Doublings by Countermarches which altho' they are something difficult yet they will afford much delight unto the Soldiers CHAP. XXVII Several Doublings by Countermarches with their Reducements C. BRingers up double your Front to the left C. Double your Files to the left entire advancing every Man placing himself before his Leader C. Front half Files double your Reer to the right and left outward following your Leaders C. Double your Files outward entire advancing every Man placing himself before his Leader C. Bringers up double your Front to the right and left inward C. Double your Files inward entire advancing every Man placing himself before his Leader C. Front half Files double your Reer to the right and left inwards following your Leaders C. Files double your Depth to the right and left outward following your Bringers up C. Double your Files to the right by Division every Man placing himself before his Leader and his Bringer up Direction Half Files of the even Files from the right face about even Files advance forward and double the odd to your Leader C. The three first and the three last double the six middlemost Ranks to the right and left inward following your Leaders and your Bringers up Direction The three first and the three last Ranks are they that double and the File-Leaders and Bringers up begin the Motion the rest following according to Command always conforming to the same Posture of those they are to double and then face to their Leader C. Double your Files to the left by Division every Man placing himself before his Leader and his Bringer up Direction The six middle Ranks double your Front and Reer to the right and left outward following the half File-Leaders and the Bringers up of the Front half Files The three last Ranks of the Front and Reer half Files face about the middle Ranks are to begin this Motion turning off to the right and left every Rank following them until they have doubled the Front and Reer then face all to the Front and close their Divisions forward to open Order C. Double your Files inward by Division every Man placing himself before his Leader and his Bringer up Direction Half Files of the outmost Files face about and move forward placing your selves before your Leaders and your Bringers up face to your Leader C. The three first and the three last Ranks double the six middlemost Ranks to the right and left outward following your Leaders and your Bringers up Direction The three first and the three last Ranks march away to the right and left and double the six middlemost Ranks to your Leader C. Front half Files double your Reer to the right following your Leaders
the Commander but much delight him to see that they are not unmindful of his Commands and likewise will cause him to study some new Commands farther to delight them with so after he hath seen them perform all or most of his former Commands such as he shall think fit he may proceed to these or the like Doublings as 1. To make them all File-Leaders by Succession 2. By Dignity with such words of Command as they have not yet had in any of their former Exercises Command Note That these Commands make every Man File-Leader by Succession Ranks to the left double Files to the left double 2 d Man Half Files double your Front to the right Files to the right double 3 d Man File-Leaders stand the rest pass through to the right and place your selves before your Leaders 4 th Man Ranks to the left double 5 th Man Files double your Depth to the left Ranks Files to the right double 6 th Man File-Leaders stand the rest pass through and place your selves before your Leaders 1 st Man Command These Commands make every Man File-Leader by Dignity Bringers up double your Front to the right Files double your Depth to the right 2 d Man File-Leaders and Half File-Leaders stand the rest pass through to the left and place your selves before your Leaders 3 d Man Front and Reer half Files interchange ground 4 th Man Ranks to the right double 5 th Man Files to the right double 5 th Man File-Leaders stand the rest pass through to the left and place your selves before your Leaders 6 th Man Ranks to the left double 1 st Man Files to the left double 1 st Man Half Files double your Front to the right Bringers up face about to the right and march forth into your places After you have ended these Doublings you may proceed farther with these or the like sort for the ingenious Commander may find out variety still to delight the Soldier but for this days Exercise we will proceed with these ensuing Commands Command Reer half Files double your Front by Division The six outmost Files upon each Flank double entire advancing the twelve middle Files Front half Files double your Reer inward entire The twelve inmost Files double the depth of the six outmost Files and after close Front half Files double your Reer to the right entire Left half Ranks double your right Flank entire advancing Half Files double your Front to the right Double your Files to the right entire advancing Half Files double your Front inward entire The six outmost Files upon each Flank double entire the depth of the twelve middle Files to your Leader CHAP. XXXII Entire Doublings to the right Flank C. FIles to the right double R. Ranks to the left double C. Files to the right and left double outward R. Ranks to the right and left double inward C. Double your Files to the right advancing Direction Every even File from the right move forwards and by three steps double the odd R. Ranks to the right double C. Double your Files outward advancing Direction Even Files from the Flanks move forward and double the odd R. Ranks to the right and left double outward C. Double your Files to the right and left inward advancing Direction Even Files from the midst move forward and by three steps double the odd R. Ranks to the right and left double inward C. Left half Ranks double your right Flank to the right R. Double your Ranks to the left entire C. Left half Ranks double your right Flank to the right and left outward R. Front and Reer half Files double your Ranks entire to the left Flank Direction Even Ranks from the midst march forth and double Ranks entire towards the left Flank to your Leader C. Left half Ranks double your right Flank to the right and left inward R. Front and Reer half Files double your Ranks entire to the left Flank Direction Half Files face about even Ranks from the Front and Reer march forth and double your Ranks entire to the left Flank face to your Leader C. Left half Ranks double your right Flank to the right by Countermarch Direction Right half Ranks face to the right Left half Ranks turn off to the left march and double your right Flank to your Leader R. Double your Ranks to the left entire every Man placing himself on the outside of his left hand Man C. Left half Ranks double your right Flank to the right and left outward by Countermarch Direction Right half Ranks face to the right Left half Ranks face to the left and turn off to the right and left outward march and double your right Flank to your Leader R. Front and Reer half Files double your Ranks entire to the left Flank every Man placing himself on the outside of his right and left hand Man Direction Front half Files face about and every even Rank from the midst march and double the odd placing your selves according to Command and every even Rank of the Reer half Files march forth to the left Flank and double the odd according to Command to your Leader C. Left half Ranks double your right Flank to the right and left inward by Countermarch Direction Face all to the right and left outward Left half Ranks turn off to the right and left inwards march and double the right Flank to your Leader R. Front and Reer half Files double your Ranks entire to the left Flank every Man placing himself on the outside of his right and left hand Man Direction Half Files face about then even Ranks both from the Front and Reer march forth to the left Flank and double the odd according to Command to your Leader C. Double your Files to the right entire advancing R. Half Files double your Front to the right C. Files double your Depth to the right entire R. Half Files double your Front to the left C. Double your Files inward entire to the right Direction Half Files of every even File from the left face about even Files from the left march until you are clear of the standing part after face all to the right and then even Files from the right march and double entire the odd face to your Leader R. The three first and the three last Ranks double the six middlemost Ranks to the right Direction The three first Ranks face about and move down to the midst by their own left hands and the three last Ranks move forward to the midst to their own right hands to your Leader C. Double your Files to the right entire advancing every Man placing himself before his Leader R. Front half Files by Countermarch double your Reer to the right to your Leader C. Files double your Depth to the right every Man falling behind his Bringer up R. Bringers up double your Front to the left C. Left half Ranks double your right Flank entire advancing R. Front half Files double your Reer to the right
an Inch against your right Breast Charge with Bullet Ram home your Powder and Ball. Withdraw your Scourer Shorten your Scourer to a handful Return your Scourer Bring forward And Poise your Musket Palm Or Rest your Musket Fit your Hammer or Steel Free Bend your Cock Present your Musket Give Fire Palm or Rest your Musket Clear Shut your Pan. Poyse Shoulder your Musket Handle your Match Blow your Coal Cock Try your Match Guard your Pan with your 2 foremost Fingers Blow the Ashes from your Coal or advance your right Foot Blow and open your Pan. Advance your left Foot and to the front Present Vnlock Return your Match The Musket being shoulder'd you are ready for a March or in a fit Posture for any Motion That which is called the Saluting Posture is to be performed from the Resting or Palming of the Musket when a Soldier hath occasion to Salute his Friend or in honouring any other person deserving And for the Sentinel Posture the Musket is to be in the palm of the left hand at his resting Posture but his Musket to be charged with Powder and Bullet in his Mouth his Cock freed and secur'd with his Thumb so to be ready to execute his Charge This Posture rightly performed is in my opinion one of the most becoming Postures that belongs to the Musket and will as soon discover a good Soldier Capt. Ven. There is a word of Command sometimes used Reverse your Musket which is the marching Funeral Posture The way to perform it is to put the But end of the Musket upwards under your left Arm holding it in your left Hand about the Lock of the Musket CHAP. VII THere is also a conformity of Posture betwixt the Musket and those of the Pike the words of Command to be given may in many things be received by both Arms as the Musket and Pike lying on the ground these words of Command may properly be implied to both As for Example Stand to Handle Order your Arms. That is the But end of the Musket standing on the ground at the outside of the right Foot is conformable to the Pike ordered and in my opinion the properest Command for this Posture of the Musket is Order your Musket being it is so conformable to their Pike ordered for the most apt and easiest expressions are certainly most fittest to be conduced into words of Command And I cannot conceive but the word Order may as aptly be received by the Muskettier as by the Pikeman tho' Lieutenant-Collonel Barriffe and others be of a contrary opinion But to proceed farther in the rest of the Postures viz. Elton p. 6. cap. 7. The Musket poised to the Pike advanced The Musket shoulder'd to the Pike shoulder'd The Musket porting to the Pike porting The Musket reverst as in the Funeral Posture to the Pike trailing The Musket palmed to the Pike cheeked which is the proper Sentinel Posture for both The Musket presented to the Pike charged As for the Motion of Posture which conduceth to lading priming of the Musket and the Pike they are all included in that general word of Command properly belonging to the Muskettiers which is to make ready CHAP. VIII THe place of Dignity which every Soldier hath and ought to have both in Rank and File shall be declared The noble Soldier being inquisitive after Honour is much desirous to understand his place of Worth and Dignity which he ever conceives to be as due to him as his life which was the reason that caused both the Grecian and Roman Generals to be so exact and curious in bestowing Rewards upon all valiant Soldiers who were deserving of the same and according to every Man's Worth and Dignity gave him precedence of Place and Command over the others that they might lead and direct them as occasion should require as you may read at large in several Authors who treat of those Wars Xenoph. Cyrop l. 3. c. 85. and l. 8. 203. Ae. Vegat l. 3. c. 18. which Custom from that time hath ever since been observed and still is practised by all Nations Therefore it is sit that the young Soldier should understand his place of Dignity which if he would but esteem it of that Credit which all former Ages have done certainly they would take more care to put in practice all such Duties which is thereby requir'd it is strange to think there should be so much ignorance as there is in our Annual Exercises but finding many very ignorant of the difference between a File and a Rank and what Dignity belongs thereto induces me to shew what is requir'd to the making up of a File and likewise of a Rank with the Dignity of each Man as he stands both in File and Rank A File First Know that a File is a number of Men beginning at one Leader and continuing in order of followers to the last Man or from the first which is termed Protostatai a File-Leader to the last which is termed Epistatai or Bringer up For the number of a File our present Discipline only allows six and no more so that there needs no farther dispute concerning the number of a File A Rank Secondly A Rank is a Row of Men composed of Files more or less joyned together as when one File is laid flankwise to one another standing shoulder to shoulder from the right hand to the left A File of it self worketh little effect against an Enemy for what can a Man alone in front do Xenoph. Cyrop l. 6. 167. Cyrus in Xenophon wisheth That whereas the Egyptians stood 100 in depth they had been in depth 1000 for saith he we should have the fewer Hands to fight against The Rank bringeth the multitude of Hands to fight which without doubt the more Hands that are with convenience brought to fight the more is the advantage to him that bringeth them V. Vrbinus saith That the File-Leaders make the front which they call The first Rank And farther saith They that run in an even Line betwixt the two Wings the Right and the Left are said to be Parastatae or Sidemen Capt. B. in his Notes upon Aelian's Tacticks c. 47. Likewise the last Rank is called Oura or The Reer and the Commander Ouragos the Bringer up So that in all preparations for Exercise Files must first be made up which being drawn forth and joyned together Ranks are made It is ever the practice of all judicious Commanders first to draw their Soldiers forth into Files which being added together Ranks are made By this time the Soldier will expect to know his place of Dignity wherefore because that Files are first to be drawn forth I will begin first with the precedence of Files Therefore conceive their Dignities according to the Figures or Numbers hereafter plac'd first of File then of Rank and lastly of both joyned together Front Half-File 1 1 A File-Leader 2 5 Middlemen 3 4 A Bringer up to the Front Half-File Reer
Divisions after they that were the inmost Divisions may fire and fall off into their places the Pikes at the same time moving up into their places still preserving the Figure Command Inmost Divisions of Muskettiers move forward until you be two Foot clear of the standing part then let them face all inward and move three paces after face them to their Leader which will produce this following Figure For the first Firing let them fire to the Front by Ranks falling off to the right and left placing themselves in the Reer of their own Divisions For the second Firing let them give fire falling off to the right and left and march and interchange ground with them in the Reer they at the same time moving up into their Leaders ground and so firing falling off as before into their places The same may be done to the Reer or to both Front and Reer still preserving the Figure and falling into the Reer of themselves For the third Firing let it be to both Flanks by facing the whole Body to the right and left outward then let every Division give fire and fall in the Reer of themselves after face all to your Leader Command Front and Reer Divisions of Muskettiers face to the left and move two paces and double to the right Fileways The two middle Divisions of Pikes face outward and move two paces to your Leader The Reer Division of the Front Divisions of Muskettiers face to the right about Front and Reer Divisions of Muskettiers move streight forwards until you range even a Breast with the Front and Reer Division of Pikes face to your Leader and they will stand as in the following Figure Upon this Figure having faced both Pikes and Muskets to Front and Reer let the first Divisions give fire and fall in the Reer of themselves and stand let the rest move forward until they be clear of the Front Divisions of Muskettiers then let them fire and fall in the Reer of themselves and after face about and move down into their places again Then let the Pikes open outward and Charge all to Front and Reer after retreat back again into their places Command Note Vpon this Command the Body must be faced to Front and Reer before you give the word of Command Front and Reer Divisions of Muskettiers face to the right and move three paces Middle Divisions of Muskettiers advance right forwards and double your Front and Reer to the left Rank-ways after face all to the right and left and march three paces or to such convenient distance that if the Commander pleases he may cause his Colours to be displayed Observe the foregoing Figure As for firing upon the aforesaid Figure it will be the same as in pag. 223. so that if you look back to that Figure there you will be instructed in the several ways of Firing which to repeat again here were needless therefore we will proceed to reduce them into their proper Square as at first Reducement Pikes to the right and left inward march and close your Divisions to your Leader Front Divisions of Muskettiers face to the right about Front and Reer Divisions of Muskettiers march to the Angles of your Pikes after face in opposition and close your Divisions to your Leader Note That if you wheel them before they close it will be the better then let them march and even their Pikes Outmost Divisions of Muskettiers face to the right and left inwards and close your Divisions after let your Muskettiers wheel their Front and Reer by Division into the midst and march and even their Front of Pikes then let them close Files inward to order and Ranks close forward to order and they will be reduced as at first Command Files open outward to open Order Ranks open backward to your open Order Then let every two Files close outward to order and Ranks close to Front and Reer to order after let every Division wheel to the right and they will stand in twelve Divisions Command The two inmost Divisions of Muskettiers in the Reer face to the right about Inmost Divisions of Muskettiers in Front and Reer move forward clear of the standing part then stand Pikes face to the right and left outward Muskettiers upon the Flanks face to the right and left inward the rest face about to the right march all two peaces to your Leader For the first Firing command Front Divisions of Muskettiers to give fire and fall in the Reer of your selves after fall off to the right and left and march down into the Reer they at the same time moving up into their ground firing and falling off in like manner as before then let the Flank Divisions of Muskettiers observe the same order in relieving each other after let the Pikes charge on and retreat again into their places Note The Pikes are to Charge to Front and Reer and after to Retreat into their places For the second Firing let them face to Front and Reer when faced let the first Divisions give fire and fall in the Reer of themselves then immediately let the outmost Divisions move up even a Breast with the Front and Reer Divisions then let them give Fire and fall off in the Reer of themselves into their places A Firing to both Flanks at one and the same time For the third Firing let them face to both Flanks then let the outmost Divisions of Muskettiers give fire and fall off to the right and left placing themselves in the Reer of the Pikes the Pikes at the same time moving outwards maintaining the ground the Muskettiers first fired on by charging with their Pikes over hand then let the Front and Reer Divisions that stand faced to the Flanks give fire and fall off in the Reer of their own Divisions still preserving their ground having fired all over command the Pikes and Muskettiers to interchange ground and face all to their Leader Command The four last Divisions next to the Reer both of Pikes and Muskettiers face about move down and range even a Breast with the Reer Reer Divisions of Muskettiers that are faced to the Front move forward and place your selves three Foot short of the next Divisions that stand before you to your Leader Note The Pikes should be closed more to the right and left inward and not so great an interval as is in the Figure For to fire upon this Figure let the Front Divisions give fire and fall in the Reer of themselves then let them fall off to the right and left placing themselves in the Reer the middle Divisions at the same time moving up possessing themselves of the ground the Divisions last fired on and then let them give fire and fall in the Reer of themselves after let the outmost Divisions in the Front move up give fire and fall off to the right and left placing themselves in the Reer of the Reer Divisions they at the same time moving up into their ground and
THE COMPLEAT SOLDIER OR EXPERT Artillery-Man CONTAINING The several Postures and Exercises of the Pike and Musquet the various Beats of the Drum and what else is necessary for a young Soldier to understand ALSO Divers ways of Exercising a Company very useful for all Officers and others that delight in Military Affairs Quanta est armorum gloria LONDON Printed by A. G. and J. P. for Thomas Sawbridge at the Three Flowers-de-Lys in Little-Britain 1681. To the Honourable Sir Joseph Sheldon KNIGHT Alderman of the Honourable City of LONDON THE very Title of this BOOK is a kind of Dedication and you may justly challenge it by bearing so eminent an Office in the Artillery Letters and Arms are the two things that govern the whole World both seem to have been monopolized by your generous Family the former by a Learned Archbishop the latter by your self And though that great good Man has left this World a grave and learned Prelate still survives a collateral Ornament to the name of Sheldon The Book I here humbly lay down at your Feet was compiled by a Cheshire Gentleman in Commission for that County his Modesty will not permit him to put his name to it Modesty that inherent Virtue in all truly noble and generous Souls His Labour has been great for smaller Tracts require more judgment and industry than greater Volumes as translating is more difficult than writing He has made use of several Authors of the best note upon this Subject among the Ancients as Plutarch Vegetius Xenophon Homer Justin Tully Aelian's Tacticks c. the Moderns he has digested in so compendious a method that this small Book will be certainly most extreamly pleasing the bulk of other Books of this nature being so large that they require much Time to peruse and Money to purchase of which two things many persons desirous of Experience in Military Affairs can spare neither Useful I presume this small Tract will be especially in such dangerous Times wherein no Posture is more convenient than that of Defence Especially considering that many Trades and Occupations excepting those of Handicrafts are sedentary and in expectation those intervals of time may be herein spent by the Youth of this populous City by the help of this they may be their own Tutors and every private Shop seem an Academy for Arms. To you therefore Honourable Sir I Dedicate this Piece humbly desiring you to honour it with your Acceptance and that you may long live the Glory of this great City for your Loyalty Conduct and Experience both in Arms and Peace is the Hearty wish of Your most humble Servant E. RAWLINS THE CONTENTS Chap. 1. THE Introduction Pag. 1 Chap. 2. The Definition of Posture 6 Chap. 3. Of the Posture of the Pike 7 Chap. 4. The Postures of the Pike in a shorter manner fit for the Service of the Field 18 Chap. 5. The Postures of the Musquet the Caliver with the Match and Rest and without Pag. 15 Chap. 6. More Postures of the Musquet with or without the Match or Rest 20 Chap. 7. The Conformity of the Postures betwixt the Musquet and Pike 25 Chap. 8. The place of Dignity of a Soldier both in Rank and File 27 Chap. 9. Reasons for precedency of Dignity in Ranks and Files 33 Chap. 10. Several Beats and Points of War belonging to the Drum Pag. 37 Chap. 11. Of several Distances 43 Chap. 12. What is meant by Facing with the words of Command belonging thereunto as likewise several Postures and Figures 46 Chap. 13. Of marching a Company in Divisions the Order and Places of the Officers and Drums 58 Chap. 14. The first days Exercise of a Company 63 Chap. 15. Of Conversion and Inversion with some words of Command and Reducements Pag. 71 Chap. 16. Of Countermarches with their several kinds 81 Chap. 17. Of Wheelings and their several uses 89 Chap. 18. The second days Exercise 96 Chap. 19. Several Firings to be performed with any number of Men upon all occasions either to the Front Reer or both Flanks 97 Chap. 20. The third days Exercise 106 Chap. 21. A Doubling to make every Man a File-Leader by Dignity Pag. 107 Chap. 22. Eighteen several Doublings with their Reducements 110 Chap. 23. Twelve several Countermarches with their Reducements 112 Chap. 24. Twelve several Wheelings with their Reducements 114 Chap. 25. Several Firings with Figures of Battel for 72 Men. 117 Chap. 26. The fourth days Exercise shewing by a Doubling how every Man becomes a File-Leader by Succession Pag. 133 Chap. 27. Several Doublings by Countermarches with Reducements 135 Chap. 28. Several Figures of Battel with Firings upon the same for 72 Men. 141 Chap. 29. The fifth days Exercise shewing the several Distances c. 165 Chap. 30. Several Figures of Battel with Firings upon the same 170 Chap. 31. The sixth days Exercise 194 Chap. 32. Entire Doublings to the Right Flank 198 Chap. 33. Divisional Doublings to the Right Flank Pag. 204 Chap. 34. Entire Doublings to the Right Flank by Wheelings 206 Chap. 35. Divisional Doublings to the Right Flank by Wheelings 208 Chap. 36. Figures of Battel with Firings upon the same 210 Books printed for Thomas Sawbridge at the Three Flowers-de-Lys in Little-Britain THE Art of Dyalling performed Geometrically by Scale and Compasses Arithmetically by the Canons of Sines and Tangents Instrumentally by a Trigonal Instrument accommodated with Lines for that purpose c. by William Leybourn In 4o. Multum in Parvo or the Pen's Gallantry a Copy-Book containing 24 Sentences in Prose in Alphabetical order and as many in Verse each Distich comprehending the 24 Letters and as many Examples of Alphabets written in all the curious Hands now practised in England and our Neighbour Nations c. by Edward Cocker In 4o. Hodder's Arithmetick or the Necessary Art made most easie being explained in a way familiar to the Capacity of any that desire to learn in a little time By James Hodder In 8o. Campanalogia or the Art of Ringing improved with plain and easie Rules to guide the Practitioner in the Ringing all kinds of Changes c. In 8o. The Astrological Judgment and Practice of Physic deduced from the Position of the Heavens at the Decumbiture of the sick Person wherein the Fundamental Grounds thereof are most clearly displayed and laid open shewing by an Universal Method not only the Cause but the Cure and End of all manner of Diseases incident to Humane Bodies Also divers notable Experiments of great use to all the industrious Students in Physic and Astrology c. by Richard Saunders In 8o. The Carpenters Rule made easie or the Art of Measuring Superficies and Solids as Timber Stone Boards Glass and the like Also an Addition or second way being the Ground-work of measuring Timber Stone c. by John Darling In 12o. THE COMPLEAT SOLDIER OR EXPERT Artillery-Man CHAP. I. By way of Introduction THE first Rudiments of Education wherewithall a young Soldier ought to be conversant in is first