bringers-up_a the_o word_n of_o command_n may_v be_v these_o for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n fileleader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o every_o file_n pass_v through_o in_o order_n one_o after_o another_o and_o place_n yourselves_o at_o your_o distance_n after_o your_o leader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o so_o stand_v for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n the_o first_o manner_n bringers-up_a turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o beginning_n at_o they_o that_o be_v next_o to_o the_o bringers-up_a countermarch_n and_o place_n yourselves_o in_o your_o distance_n before_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o one_o before_o a_o other_o till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o second_o manner_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o let_v every_o man_n file_n follow_v he_o and_o keep_v true_a distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o file_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o stand_v and_o let_v your_o file_n follow_v you_o keep_v their_o distance_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o right_a or_o left_a hand_n corner_n file_n turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o orderly_o behind_o your_o sideman_n keep_v your_o distance_n cap_n 29_o dobling_n of_o rank_n the_o front_n before_o dobling_n of_o rank_n dobling_n of_o rank_n in_o action_n the_o front_n after_o dobling_n of_o rank_n for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o first_o manner_n the_o corner_n file_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n turn_v your_o face_n and_o pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o before_o your_o sideman_n orderly_o keep_v your_o distance_n the_o second_o manner_n the_o right_a or_o left_a wing_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v not_o countermarch_n to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o all_o in_o the_o rank_n follow_v every_o man_n his_o side-man_n keep_v your_o distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o uttermost_a corner_n file_v of_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v wing_n countermarch_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o left_a or_o right_a wing_n and_o stand_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v ranke-wise_a keep_v their_o distance_n of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n xxix_o 1_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v one_o of_o rank_n the_o other_o of_o depth_n or_o file_n and_o 2_o either_o of_o these_o double_a the_o number_n or_o the_o place_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o number_n when_o of_o a_o front_n of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v a_o front_n keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o 248_o file_n by_o insert_v in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n some_o of_o the_o follower_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o depth_n this_o be_v do_v to_o the_o end_n to_o thicken_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n if_o we_o lift_v to_o recall_v they_o to_o their_o first_o posture_n we_o be_v to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v insert_v to_o countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o 4_o there_o be_v that_o mislike_v these_o doubling_n especial_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n and_o will_v have_v a_o show_n of_o double_v make_v without_o indeed_o double_v the_o phalange_n already_o order_v by_o stretch_v out_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o horse_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o battle_n 5_o the_o use_n of_o double_v the_o length_n be_v when_o either_o we_o will_v over-wing_n the_o enemy_n or_o else_o ourselves_o fear_v to_o be_v over-winged_n the_o depth_n be_v double_v 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n into_o the_o first_o so_o that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v place_v next_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o four_o man_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o three_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o six_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o forth_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o whole_a second_o file_n be_v ingross_v into_o the_o first_o and_o likewise_o the_o four_o file_n into_o the_o three_o and_o all_o the_o even_a file_n into_o the_o odd_a doubâ—ing_v of_o the_o depth_n by_o countermarch_v be_v make_v either_o when_o the_o next_o side-file_n in_o several_a as_o in_o the_o former_a example_n the_o second_o and_o the_o four_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o place_n themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a file_n or_o else_o the_o file_n remain_v in_o their_o first_o place_n and_o number_n half_a of_o they_o divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a countermarch_n likewise_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o convey_v themselves_o behind_o the_o other_o there_o order_n themselves_o and_o so_o double_a the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n if_o we_o will_v return_v they_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o must_v recall_v those_o that_o be_v convey_v to_o stand_v behind_o to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o the_o countermarch_v note_n the_o former_a three_o motion_n alter_v not_o the_o form_n of_o the_o phalange_n for_o whether_o you_o turn_v face_n wheel_a or_o countermarch_v the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n and_o length_n remain_v one_o the_o motion_n to_o be_v express_v in_o this_o chapter_n induce_v a_o other_o shape_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o make_v it_o seem_v a_o different_a body_n from_o that_o it_o be_v before_o be_v by_o double_v extend_v either_o in_o length_n or_o in_o depth_n for_o double_v the_o number_n of_o man_n or_o the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n in_o front_n make_v the_o length_n twice_o as_o much_o and_o double_v the_o same_o in_o flank_n make_v the_o depth_n double_a to_o that_o it_o be_v before_o for_o double_v be_v nothing_o else_o then_o make_v a_o military_a body_n twice_o as_o long_o or_o twice_o as_o deep_o as_o it_o be_v before_o 1_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v the_o doubling_n be_v either_o of_o length_n or_o depth_n or_o which_o be_v all_o one_o as_o dipâ—asiasai_n suidas_n say_v of_o rank_n or_o file_n for_o rank_n stretch_v out_o in_o length_n file_n in_o depth_n and_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o other_o kind_n the_o body_n be_v 2_o double_v in_o number_n or_o place_n that_o which_o be_v here_o call_v number_n be_v call_v elsewhere_o person_n or_o dipâ—asiasai_n by_o suidas_n man_n it_o be_v call_v person_n in_o the_o insertion_n which_o be_v make_v to_o aelian_a i_o know_v not_o by_o who_o in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n of_o countermarche_n which_o because_o it_o lay_v thrust_v in_o betwixt_o the_o description_n of_o countermarche_n and_o nothing_o pertein_v to_o that_o argument_n i_o never_o make_v doubt_n be_v creep_v into_o the_o text_n and_o i_o be_o rather_o confirm_v in_o my_o opinion_n because_o i_o see_v it_o noteâ—_n with_o a_o asterisk_n in_o that_o aelian_a be_v of_o robortellus_n edition_n which_o the_o learned_a isaac_n casaubon_n have_v quote_v and_o purpose_v to_o set_v forth_o if_o untimely_a dâ—ath_n have_v not_o prevent_v he_o i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o the_o word_n because_o they_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o aelian_n and_o may_v give_v some_o light_n to_o the_o manner_n of_o double_v it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v so_o be_v the_o word_n â—hat_n a_o phalange_n be_v double_v in_o person_n or_o place_n when_o we_o therefore_o take_v half_a the_o soldier_n from_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v file_n of_o they_o place_v they_o even_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o length_n of_o the_o front_n so_o that_o of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v 248_o this_o be_v double_v of_o person_n in_o like_a sort_n we_o double_v the_o place_n with_o 124_o file_n not_o increase_v the_o number_n but_o only_o command_v some_o to_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n some_o to_o the_o target_n till_o the_o phalange_n be_v stretch_v out_o to_o a_o convenient_a length_n as_o from_o 5_o furlong_n to_o 10._o in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v the_o depth_n double_v for_o either_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o a_o other_o man_n for_o man_n so_o that_o the_o second_o file-leader_n become_v the_o follower_n of_o the_o first_o and_o the_o second_o man_n in_o the_o second_o file_n the_o follower_n of_o the_o second_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o the_o rest_n or_o else_o 16_o man_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o hold_v as_o much_o ground_n in_o length_n as_o 32_o usuallydoe_n so_o far_o the_o insertion_n it_o follow_v in_o aelian_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o
threefold_a gate_n or_o door_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxxii_o it_o follow_v to_o show_v how_o a_o battle_n may_v be_v turn_v or_o wheel_v and_o how_o after_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o station_n cap._n 30._o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o brode-fronted_n phalange_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o hearse_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_v the_o front_n lâ—â—halanx_n or_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n cap._n 31._o hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a entaxis_fw-la or_o insertion_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_a cap._n 32._o the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v the_o first_o posture_n close_v of_o file_n close_v of_o rank_n forward_o the_o front_n but_o in_o case_n we_o desire_v to_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n we_o command_v the_o left-hand-file_n to_o stand_v still_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o move_v forward_o close_o up_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v then_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o hinder_a rank_n then_o to_o wheel_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o stand_v and_o so_o be_v it_o do_v that_o be_v command_v but_o if_o restitution_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v needful_a we_o must_v do_v as_o we_o do_v in_o return_v from_o the_o right_n for_o every_o man_n must_v turn_v about_o his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n then_o the_o whole_a battle_n wheel_v about_o the_o left-hand-corner-file-leader_n must_v return_v to_o the_o place_n it_o have_v then_o all_o the_o fileleader_n stand_v firm_a and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n open_v their_o rank_n in_o move_v forward_o and_o make_v alte_fw-la then_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n be_v to_o stand_v firm_a for_o it_o have_v the_o place_n it_o first_o have_v and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o open_v their_o file_n and_o move_v forward_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o and_o so_o shall_v every_o man_n be_v in_o his_o first_o posture_n now_o if_o we_o will_v wheel_v the_o battle_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n we_o be_v to_o make_v 2_o wheeling_n to_o the_o same_o side_n so_o will_v it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o fileleader_n shall_v in_o the_o change_n have_v their_o face_n turn_v to_o the_o rear_n where_o before_o they_o have_v they_o look_v out_o from_o the_o front_n but_o in_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v it_o to_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n that_o be_v we_o give_v it_o two_o wheeling_n more_o the_o same_o way_n so_o the_o fileleader_n will_v have_v their_o face_n set_v as_o at_o first_o then_o we_o command_v the_o fileleader_n to_o stand_v firm_a and_o the_o rest_n to_o open_v their_o rank_n behind_o then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n about_o then_o the_o right_a hand_n file_v to_o stand_v still_o for_o it_o have_v the_o right_a place_n and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o march_v on_o till_o the_o former_a distance_n be_v regain_v then_o to_o make_v alte._n so_o be_v the_o battle_n reduce_v to_o the_o first_o station_n if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o battle_n turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n you_o be_v to_o give_v contrary_a direction_n that_o be_v in_o stead_n of_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n to_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n then_o by_o make_v two_o turn_n the_o contrary_a way_n to_o use_v the_o like_a change_n we_o speak_v of_o before_o there_o be_v likewise_o a_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n when_o it_o turn_v thrice_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n namely_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n the_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n transfer_v the_o soldier_n face_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o back_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n bring_v his_o face_n to_o the_o left_a flank_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n contrariwise_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n before_o in_o the_o 26_o chapter_n aelian_n discourse_v of_o wheel_a and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v be_v reserve_v for_o this_o place_n i_o need_v not_o therefore_o remember_v any_o thing_n else_o beside_o the_o word_n of_o command_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o epistrophe_n the_o uttermost_a file_n on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o side_n purpose_v and_o march_v up_o to_o the_o file_n stand_v firm_a face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o rank_n forward_o wheel_v the_o body_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o when_o you_o have_v your_o ground_n stand_v return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n wheel_n back_o the_o body_n to_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n open_a to_o their_o first_o place_n face_n about_o to_o which_o hand_n you_o will_v the_o corner_n file_n to_o which_o the_o turn_n be_v stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n open_a to_o their_o first_o ground_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o wheel_v about_o the_o same_o word_n to_o close_v the_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v use_v which_o be_v use_v in_o epistrophe_n there_o remain_v no_o more_o then_o to_o say_v wheel_n about_o your_o body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n return_v to_o your_o first_o posture_n the_o same_o form_n be_v use_v that_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o former_a return_v unto_o the_o first_o posture_n for_o open_v rank_n and_o file_n ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a in_o this_o motion_n the_o same_o course_n be_v hold_v that_o be_v in_o the_o wheel_a but_o only_o that_o you_o command_v a_o treble_a wheel_a and_o the_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n be_v all_o one_o but_o for_o the_o same_o difference_n of_o close_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n xxxiii_o cap_n â—â—_o of_o change_v the_o front_n after_o close_v close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n in_o action_n close_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o middle_a close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n before_o close_v the_o front_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d before_o close_v if_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v close_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n must_v turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o target_n and_o the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n their_o face_n towards_o the_o pike_n then_o move_v forward_o towards_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n then_o after_o their_o true_a distance_n gain_v to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v and_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o rank_n behind_o when_o we_o will_v reduce_v the_o phalange_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v to_o turn_v face_n about_o then_o to_o open_v the_o rank_n and_o all_o to_o move_v on_o but_o the_o first_o rank_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n again_o and_o the_o right_a diphalange_n turn_v to_o the_o pike_n and_o the_o left_a diphalange_n to_o the_o target_n to_o follow_v their_o leader_n till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v this_o rule_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o all_o turn_n about_o of_o face_n when_o they_o be_v make_v out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v advance_v lest_o they_o hinder_v the_o soldier_n in_o make_v his_o turn_n the_o lightarmed_n be_v to_o be_v teach_v and_o exercise_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n note_n in_o the_o 11_o chapter_n the_o distance_n that_o aught_o to_o be_v betwixt_o soldier_n and_o soldier_n be_v particular_o treat_v of_o this_o chapter_n show_v how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v gain_v that_o be_v how_o we_o be_v to_o proceed_v out_o of_o one_o distance_n into_o another_o and_o because_o the_o open_a order_n be_v it_o that_o be_v common_o begin_v withal_o it_o be_v here_o teach_v how_o from_o thence_o to_o pass_v to_o the_o rest_n and_o to_o return_v to_o it_o again_o the_o end_n of_o closing_n be_v speak_v of_o before_o in_o regard_n of_o place_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n one_o to_o the_o wing_n right_a or_o left_a the_o other_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n i_o can_v express_v the_o manner_n better_o then_o by_o set_v down_o the_o word_n of_o command_n or_o direction_n which_o be_v these_o in_o close_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v according_a to_o
and_o serve_v for_o the_o pike_n only_a for_o the_o musquettier_n can_v be_v so_o close_o in_o file_n because_o they_o must_v have_v their_o arm_n at_o liberty_n &_o that_o be_v when_o every_o one_o be_v distant_a from_o file_n to_o file_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o 3_o foot_n from_o rank_n to_o rank_n and_o this_o last_o distance_n be_v thus_o command_v close_o yourselves_o thorough_o but_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v teach_v the_o soldier_n for_o that_o when_o necessity_n shall_v require_v it_o they_o will_v close_v themselves_o but_o too_o much_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n without_o command_n to_o begin_v therefore_o to_o do_v the_o exercise_n the_o company_n be_v set_v in_o the_o first_o distance_n to_o wit_n of_o 6_o foot_n in_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o thus_o be_v say_v these_o be_v the_o general_a word_n of_o command_n which_o be_v often_o to_o be_v use_v stand_v right_a in_o your_o file_n stand_v right_a in_o your_o rank_n silence_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o 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have_v in_o it_o 1892_o man_n and_o 1024_o file_n for_o so_o many_o lightarmed_n attend_v the_o phalange_n eight_o superordinarie_a man_n why_o these_o eight_o man_n shall_v be_v superordinarie_a more_o than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o commander_n i_o conceive_v not_o yet_o if_o aelians_n meaning_n be_v that_o these_o alone_o shall_v command_v the_o lightarmed_n history_n and_o practice_n of_o ancient_a time_n convince_v the_o contrary_n beside_o where_o he_o name_v four_o epixenagy_n it_o agree_v with_o the_o number_n that_o be_v in_o the_o epitagma_n of_o light_n but_o where_o he_o add_v four_o sistremmatarchs_n more_o to_o make_v up_o the_o number_n of_o the_o eight_o superordinarie_a it_o be_v hard_o to_o know_v which_o four_a he_o mean_v consider_v there_o be_v eight_o sistremma_n in_o the_o epitagma_n now_o because_o the_o fiâ—es_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v in_o embattail_v to_o be_v marshal_v to_o the_o file_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d i_o think_v good_a to_o set_v down_o how_o the_o body_n of_o both_o agree_v by_o compare_v they_o together_o iâ—_n file_v not_o in_o number_n of_o man_n for_o in_o number_n of_o man_n they_o can_v well_o agree_v because_o the_o file_n of_o 〈◊〉_d arm_v have_v more_o than_o the_o file_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o number_n of_o the_o arm_a in_o gross_a be_v 16384_o of_o the_o lightarmed_n but_o 8192._o and_o i_o will_v first_o begin_v with_o the_o systasis_n because_o it_o be_v the_o least_o body_n of_o the_o light_n the_o body_n of_o the_o arm_a the_o body_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n a_o tetrarchie_n a_o systasis_n 4_o file_n a_o taxis_fw-la a_o pentecontarchie_n 8_o file_n a_o syntagma_n a_o hecatontarchie_n 16_o file_n a_o pentecosiarchie_n a_o psilagie_a 32_o file_n a_o chiliarchie_n a_o xenagie_n 64_o file_n a_o merarchie_n asystremma_fw-la 128_o file_n a_o phalangarchie_n an_o epixenagie_n 256_o file_n a_o diphalangarchie_n a_o stiphos_fw-mi 512_o file_n a_o tetraphalangarchie_n a_o epitagma_n 1024_o file_n the_o use_n of_o lightarmed_n foot_n chap._n xvii_o darter_n archer_n and_o all_o other_o that_o use_v fly_v weapon_n be_v good_a 1_o to_o begin_v the_o fight_n 2_o to_o provok_v the_o enemy_n to_o break_v and_o shatter_v armour_n 3_o to_o wound_n annoy_n and_o beat_v down_o a_o far_o of_o 4_o to_z disarray_v the_o enemy_n 5_o to_o repulse_n their_o horse_n 6_o to_o beat_v in_o their_o lightarmed_n 7_o to_o discover_v suspect_v place_n and_o to_o lay_v ambush_n last_o these_o first_o undertake_v the_o skirmish_n and_o continue_v it_o with_o the_o rest_n and_o second_v they_o and_o serve_v 8_o for_o speedy_a and_o farre-of-attempt_n work_v many_o and_o great_a effect_n in_o fight_n note_n the_o arm_a place_n file_v body_n and_o command_v of_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v hitherto_o handle_v now_o follow_v the_o use_n and_o service_n they_o perform_v in_o the_o field_n and_o first_o we_o be_v to_o think_v of_o the_o body_n of_o a_o army_n as_o of_o the_o body_n of_o a_o man_n that_o be_v compact_v of_o several_a part_n of_o which_o some_o part_n be_v of_o more_o use_n than_o other_o some_o be_v able_a to_o perform_v their_o function_n without_o 〈◊〉_d help_n of_o the_o other_o some_o except_o the_o other_o help_n can_v do_v nothing_o to_o purpose_n of_o themselves_o the_o part_n of_o a_o army_n be_v like_a the_o arm_a be_v the_o strength_n of_o the_o field_n and_o be_v the_o refuge_n for_o the_o rest_n in_o extremity_n the_o light_n join_v with_o the_o arm_a work_v great_a effect_n those_o which_o aelian_n speak_v of_o in_o this_o chapter_n and_o many_o more_o without_o they_o they_o can_v so_o much_o as_o maintain_v a_o place_n in_o the_o field_n c._n and_o as_o xenophon_n say_v let_v they_o be_v never_o so_o many_o in_o â—umber_n yet_o dare_v they_o not_o stand_v or_o abide_v a_o few_o arm_v in_o
length_n it_o be_v profitable_a in_o many_o respect_n for_o seem_v to_o carry_v but_o few_o in_o so_o small_a a_o breadth_n it_o deceive_v the_o enemy_n and_o it_o easy_o break_v his_o force_n with_o the_o thickness_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o embattail_v and_o may_v without_o perceive_v be_v lead_v through_o straight_o and_o narrow_a passage_n the_o foot-battaile_n to_o encounter_v it_o be_v call_v the_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battaile_n for_o be_v but_o slender_a in_o depth_n it_o bear_v forth_o and_o extend_v itself_o in_o length_n so_o that_o albeit_o it_o be_v break_v in_o the_o midst_n with_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o horse_n yet_o be_v nothing_o break_v but_o a_o little_a of_o the_o depth_n and_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o horse_n be_v carry_v not_o upon_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o foot_n but_o straight_o and_o immediate_o into_o the_o open_a field_n and_o for_o that_o cause_n be_v the_o length_n thereof_o much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n of_o another_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n for_o horseman_n and_o of_o the_o foote-battaile_n epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xlvi_o another_o sort_n of_o rhomboide_n there_o be_v whereof_o i_o need_v say_v no_o more_o but_o that_o it_o file_v and_o rank_v not_o for_o i_o have_v before_o show_v the_o use_n and_o that_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a be_v the_o inventor_n and_o that_o jason_n medea_n husband_n most_o put_v it_o in_o practice_n the_o use_n thereof_o be_v great_a be_v direct_v and_o lead_v in_o the_o four_o corner_n by_o the_o captain_n the_o lieutenant_n and_o the_o two_o flanke-commander_n it_o be_v common_o fashion_v of_o archer_n on_o horseback_n as_o the_o armenian_a and_o persian_a manner_n be_v against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o foote-battaile_n call_v battle_n epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n because_o the_o circumduction_n of_o the_o front_n be_v like_o a_o embow_n the_o end_n of_o this_o form_n be_v to_o deceive_v and_o overreach_v the_o archer_n on_o horseback_n either_o by_o wrap_v they_o in_o the_o void_a space_n of_o the_o front_n as_o they_o charge_v and_o give_v on_o upon_o the_o spur_n or_o else_o disorder_v they_o first_o with_o their_o wing_n and_o break_v their_o fury_n by_o overthrow_v they_o final_o with_o their_o rank_n about_o the_o middle_a ensign_n this_o kind_n of_o battle_n be_v devise_v to_o entrap_v and_o beguile_v for_o open_v the_o middle_a hollowness_n it_o make_v show_v but_o of_o a_o few_o that_o march_v in_o the_o wing_n have_v notwithstanding_o thrice_o as_o many_o follow_a and_o second_v in_o the_o rear_n so_o that_o if_o the_o wing_n be_v of_o power_n sufficient_a for_o the_o encounter_n there_o need_v no_o more_o if_o not_o retire_v easy_o on_o either_o fide_fw-la they_o be_v to_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o bulk_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n call_v cyrte_n which_o be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la chap._n xlvii_o the_o battle_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la be_v call_v convexebattaile_n cyrte_n of_o the_o circumferent_a form_n this_o also_o make_v semblance_n of_o small_a force_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o convexitie_n of_o the_o figure_n for_o all_o round_a thing_n appear_v little_a in_o compass_n and_o yet_o stretch_v out_o in_o length_n and_o single_v they_o prove_v twice_o as_o much_o as_o they_o appear_v to_o be_v as_o be_v evident_a in_o pillar_n which_o be_v round_o and_o therefore_o in_o sight_n show_v the_o one_o half_a and_o conceal_v the_o other_o the_o great_a piece_n of_o skill_n in_o embattail_v be_v to_o make_v a_o show_n of_o few_o man_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o indeed_o to_o bring_v twice_o as_o many_o to_o fight_v of_o the_o tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n and_o of_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xlviii_o the_o fouresquare_a tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n be_v square_a in_o figure_n but_o not_o in_o number_n of_o man_n for_o in_o square_n the_o number_n be_v not_o always_o the_o same_o and_o the_o general_n for_o his_o advantage_n may_v double_v the_o length_n to_o the_o depth_n the_o persian_n sicilian_n and_o most_o of_o the_o grecian_n do_v affect_v this_o form_n and_o take_v it_o to_o be_v easy_a in_o frame_v and_o better_a in_o use_n against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o phalange_n call_v wedge_n embolos_fw-la or_o wedge_n of_o foot_n all_o the_o side_n consist_v of_o arm_a man_n this_o kind_n be_v borrow_v of_o the_o horseman_n wedge_n and_o yet_o in_o the_o horse-wedge_n one_o suffice_v to_o lead_v in_o front_n where_o the_o footewedge_n must_v have_v three_o one_o be_v unable_a to_o bear_v the_o sway_n of_o the_o encounter_n so_o epaminondas_n the_o theban_a fight_v with_o the_o lacedaemonian_n at_o mantinaea_n overthrow_v a_o mighty_a power_n of_o they_o by_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o wedge_n it_o be_v fashion_v if_o the_o antistomus_n diphalangy_n in_o march_v join_v the_o front_n of_o the_o wing_n together_o hold_v they_o open_a behind_o like_a unto_o the_o letter_n a._n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n call_v ploesium_fw-la and_o of_o the_o wind_a or_o saw-fronted_n foot-battaile_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xlix_o the_o battle_n ploesium_fw-la have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n and_o it_o be_v call_v ploesium_fw-la when_o arm_a foot_n be_v place_v on_o all_o side_n the_o archer_n and_o slinger_n be_v throw_v into_o the_o midst_n against_o this_o kind_n of_o battle_n be_v set_v the_o winding-fronted-battaile_n to_o the_o end_n that_o with_o the_o unequal_a figure_n they_o may_v cap._n 47._o the_o cyrte_n or_o convex_a half_a moon_n the_o front_n the_o epicampios_fw-la the_o front_n cap._n 48._o the_o foot_n wedge_n the_o front_n the_o horsbattaile_n square_a in_o figure_n not_o in_o horse_n the_o front_n cap._n 49._o the_o peplegmene_n the_o front_n the_o plesium_n cap._n 50._o the_o adverse_a battle_n the_o overfrontnig_a battle_n cap._n 50._o the_o adverse_a battle_n the_o overw_a battle_n train_n out_o those_o of_o the_o ploesium_fw-la to_o cope_v with_o the_o foremost_a of_o the_o winding-fronted-battaile_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n dissolve_v and_o disorder_v the_o thickness_n oâ—_n the_o same_o and_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o winding-battaile_n be_v to_o observe_v and_o mark_v the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o ploesium_fw-la that_o if_o they_o still_o maintain_v their_o closeness_n and_o fight_v ser_v they_o also_o encounter_v they_o in_o the_o like_a form_n if_o the_o ploesium_fw-la fileleader_n sever_v themselves_o and_o spring_v out_o from_o their_o main_a force_n than_o they_o likewise_o be_v ready_a to_o meet_v they_o man_n to_o man_n of_o hyperphalangesis_n and_o hyperkerasis_n and_o of_o attenuation_n chap._n l._n hyperphalangesis_n or_o over-fronting_a be_v when_o both_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n overreach_v the_o enemy_n front_n hyperkerasis_n or_o overw_v be_v when_o with_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n we_o overreach_v the_o front_n of_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o he_o that_o overfront_v overwinge_v but_o he_o that_o overwinge_v overfront_v not_o for_o they_o that_o match_n not_o the_o enemy_n in_o multitude_n may_v yet_o overw_v they_o attenuation_n or_o lessen_v be_v when_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v gather_v up_o and_o instead_o of_o 16_o man_n a_o small_a number_n be_v set_v of_o convey_v the_o carriage_n of_o the_o army_n chap._n li._n the_o lead_n of_o the_o carriage_n if_o any_o thing_n else_o be_v of_o great_a importance_n and_o require_v a_o special_a commander_n it_o may_v be_v convey_v in_o five_o manner_n either_o before_o the_o army_n or_o behind_o or_o on_o the_o one_o flank_n or_o the_o other_o or_o in_o the_o midst_n before_o the_o army_n when_o you_o fear_v to_o be_v charge_v behind_o behind_o the_o army_n when_o you_o will_v lead_v towards_o the_o enemy_n when_o you_o fear_v to_o be_v charge_v in_o flank_n on_o the_o contrary_a side_n in_o the_o midst_n when_o a_o hollow-battaile_n be_v needful_a and_o fit_a of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n and_o certain_a observation_n about_o they_o chap._n lii_o last_o of_o all_o we_o will_v brief_o repeat_v the_o word_n of_o direction_n if_o we_o admonish_v first_o that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v short_a then_o that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v without_o double-signification_n for_o the_o soldier_n that_o in_o haste_n receive_v direction_n have_v need_n to_o take_v heed_n of_o doubtful_a word_n lest_o one_o do_v one_o thing_n and_o another_o the_o contrary_a as_o for_o the_o purpose_n if_o i_o say_v turn_v your_o face_n some_o it_o may_v be_v that_o hear_v i_o will_v turn_v to_o the_o right_n some_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o so_o no_o small_a confusion_n follow_v see_v therefore_o these_o word_n turn_v your_o face_n import_v a_o general_a signification_n and_o comprehend_v turn_v to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n we_o ought_v in_o stead_n of_o say_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n to_o pronounce_v it_o
of_o the_o horse_n in_o general_n chap._n 20_o the_o diligence_n to_o be_v use_v in_o choice_n and_o exercise_n of_o the_o best_a form_n of_o battle_n chap._n 21_o of_o chariotts_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o the_o commander_n chap._n 22._o of_o the_o elephant_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o their_o ruler_n chap_n 23._o the_o name_n of_o the_o military_a motion_n express_v in_o this_o book_n chap._n 24._o of_o turn_v and_o double_a turn_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n as_o they_o stand_v embattle_v chap._n 25._o of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o a_o battle_n and_o of_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n 26._o of_o file_v rank_v and_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n 27._o of_o counter_a march_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v chap._n 28._o of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n 29._o of_o the_o broadfronted_a phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n chap._n 30._o of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n 31._o the_o manner_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o a_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n 32._o of_o close_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n &_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n 33._o the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n 34._o of_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o several_a kind_n chap._n 35._o of_o march_v of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n of_o the_o right_a induction_n of_o the_o coelembole_n and_o of_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o coelembole_n chap._n 36._o of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n 37._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v amphistomus_fw-la chap._n 38._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v antistomus_n chap._n 39_o of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v antistomus_n chap._n 40._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v peristomus_fw-la chap._n 41._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v himoiostomus_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la chap._n 42._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v heterostomus_fw-la chap._n 43._o again_o of_o the_o horsebattaile_n call_v the_o rhombe_n and_o the_o foot_n halfmoon_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 44._o of_o the_o horse_n battle_n heteromeres_n and_o the_o broad_a front_a foot_n battle_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n 45._o of_o another_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n for_o horseman_n and_o of_o the_o epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 46._o of_o the_o foot_n battle_n call_v cyrte_n which_o be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la chap._n 47._o of_o the_o horse_n battle_n which_o be_v square_a in_o ground_n and_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n 48._o of_o the_o foot_n battle_n call_v plaesium_n and_o the_o sawefronted_a foot_n battle_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 49._o of_o overfront_v the_o enemy_n battle_n and_o overw_v it_o and_o of_o attenuation_n chap._n 50._o of_o the_o lead_n of_o the_o carriage_n of_o the_o army_n chap._n 51._o of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n &_o of_o certain_a rule_n to_o be_v observe_v therein_o chap._n 52_o of_o silence_n to_o be_v use_v by_o soldier_n chap._n 53._o the_o manner_n of_o pronounce_v the_o word_n of_o command_v chap._n 54._o the_o author_n that_o have_v write_v tactic_n of_o this_o book_n and_o of_o the_o profitt_a of_o the_o arte._n chap._n i._n homer_n the_o poet_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o first_o at_o least_o we_o read_v of_o that_o have_v the_o skill_n of_o imbattail_v a_o army_n and_o that_o admire_a man_n endue_v with_o that_o knowledge_n as_o appear_v by_o mnestheus_n of_o who_o he_o write_v he_o like_o no_o live_a wight_n be_v find_v nor_o any_o age_n do_v yield_v to_o martial_a troop_n of_o horse_n or_o band_n of_o foot_n in_o bloody_a field_n concern_v homer_n discipline_n military_a the_o work_n of_o stratocles_n &_o of_o 1_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignity_n in_o our_o time_n be_v to_o be_v read_v 2_o aeneas_n perfect_v the_o theory_n thereof_o at_o large_a publish_v many_o volume_n of_o warfare_n which_o be_v abridge_v by_o 3_o cyneas_n the_o thessalian_a likewise_o 4_o pyrrhus_n the_o epirot_n write_v tactic_n and_o his_o son_n 5_o alexander_n and_o clearchus_n and_o pausanias_n and_o 6_o euangelus_n &_o 7_o polybius_n the_o megapolitan_a a_o man_n of_o great_a learning_n scipio_n companion_n &_o eupolemus_n and_o 8_o iphicrates_n 9_o possidonius_fw-la also_o the_o stoic_a set_v forth_o the_o art_n of_o war_n &_o many_o other_o some_o in_o introduction_n as_o brion_n some_o in_o large_a tactick_a volume_n all_o which_o i_o have_v see_v and_o read_v and_o yet_o think_v it_o not_o much_o to_o purpose_n to_o mention_v perticulerlie_o be_v not_o ignorant_a that_o it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n of_o those_o writer_n 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introduction_n be_v therein_o exercise_v both_o to_o the_o same_o word_n &_o also_o to_o the_o usage_n of_o thing_n express_v in_o they_o may_v grow_v as_o it_o be_v acquaint_v and_o imagine_v himself_o no_o strange_a when_o he_o come_v to_o read_v their_o work_n by_o which_o way_n by_o i_o prescribe_v i_o make_v no_o doubt_n they_o will_v easy_o be_v understand_v now_o that_o this_o art_n of_o all_o other_o be_v of_o most_o use_n may_v appear_v by_o plato_n in_o his_o book_n of_o law_n where_o he_o say_v that_o the_o cretan_a law_n giver_n so_o contrive_v his_o law_n as_o if_o man_n be_v always_o praepare_v to_o fight_v for_o all_o city_n have_v by_o nature_n unproclaim_v war_n one_o against_o another_o which_o be_v so_o what_o discipline_n be_v more_o to_o be_v esteem_v or_o more_o avaylable_a to_o man_n life_n than_o this_o of_o war_n note_n it_o seem_v by_o this_o chapter_n that_o the_o author_n that_o have_v of_o ancient_a time_n write_v tactic_n have_v be_v many_o and_o those_o not_o of_o such_o kind_n of_o man_n as_o have_v give_v themselves_o to_o study_v and_o contemplation_n alone_o but_o of_o such_o as_o beside_o their_o knowledge_n in_o good_a letter_n have_v be_v actor_n in_o war_n themselves_o &_o which_o be_v more_o principal_a actor_n some_o of_o they_o general_n other_o the_o next_o degree_n to_o general_n howbeit_o there_o be_v none_o here_o mention_v by_o aelian_n who_o work_n be_v extant_a where_o by_o may_v be_v esteem_v the_o inestimable_a loss_n these_o late_a age_n have_v suffer_v in_o be_v deprive_v of_o such_o excellent_a monument_n i_o hope_v i_o may_v so_o term_v they_o without_o offence_n though_o i_o have_v not_o see_v they_o for_o what_o but_o excellent_a can_v proceed_v from_o man_n of_o such_o excellency_n in_o their_o profession_n such_o as_o the_o most_o part_n of_o those_o be_v yet_o for_o some_o of_o they_o i_o can_v say_v nothing_o as_o find_v little_a remembrance_n of_o they_o in_o ancient_a writer_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v eupolemus_n stratocles_n hermias_n clear_a chus_fw-la pausanias_n albeit_o such_o name_n may_v often_o be_v find_v the_o rest_n be_v special_o mention_v and_o much_o commend_v of_o who_o i_o will_v set_v down_o what_o i_o find_v 1_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignity_n i_o have_v before_o note_v some_o what_o of_o frontine_n we_o have_v of_o he_o as_o it_o be_v think_v other_o work_n beside_o his_o stratagem_n but_o this_o book_n of_o tactic_n whereof_o aelian_n speak_v we_o have_v not_o i_o will_v only_o add_v the_o relation_n of_o â—_o vegetius_n towch_v frontine_n who_o write_v thus_o cato_n the_o elder_a albeit_o he_o have_v be_v both_o invincible_a in_o arm_n and_o often_o general_n of_o great_a army_n believe_v yet_o he_o shall_v more_o profit_v his_o country_n if_o he_o lay_v down_o in_o write_v the_o
to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n which_o the_o other_o do_v not_o and_o what_o fight_v they_o with_o all_o not_o with_o lance_n for_o than_o shall_v they_o be_v lancier_n of_o who_o we_o have_v speak_v but_o they_o fight_v with_o battleax_n sword_n and_o such_o other_o short_a weapon_n suidas_n affirm_v it_o allege_v by_o 7._o arcerius_fw-la these_o say_v he_o at_o first_o cast_v light_n dart_v a_o far_o of_o and_o afterward_o approach_v join_v with_o the_o enemy_n fight_v with_o battell-ax_n or_o sword_n which_o kind_n they_o call_v light-horseman_n 20_o the_o horseman_n that_o use_n bow_v i_o need_v not_o allege_v any_o thing_n to_o show_v that_o the_o scythian_n be_v good_a archer_n it_o be_v know_v to_o any_o man_n that_o be_v not_o ignorant_a of_o history_n i_o will_v only_o note_v that_o in_o fly_v from_o the_o enemy_n thâ—y_o harm_v as_o much_o as_o in_o fall_v on_o for_o as_o they_o flee_v they_o turn_v half_a their_o body_n backward_o and_o shot_n at_o he_o that_o follow_v and_o expect_v no_o such_o thing_n of_o which_o fashion_n of_o fight_n plutarch_n give_v this_o judgement_n c._n the_o parthian_n say_v he_o in_o their_o flight_n shoot_v backward_o &_o do_v it_o best_o of_o all_o other_o except_o the_o scythian_n the_o invention_n be_v witty_a both_o to_o save_v themselves_o by_o that_o defence_n and_o also_o to_o take_v away_o the_o shame_n of_o flight_n that_o which_o plutarch_n attributcth_v to_o the_o scythian_n and_o parthian_n d._n xenophon_n say_v the_o persian_n use_v also_o both_o for_o manner_n of_o fight_n and_o flight_n the_o frame_n of_o a_o phalange_n and_o definition_n of_o the_o art_n tactick_a chap._n iii_o but_o see_v every_o phalange_n contain_v a_o unite_n of_o body_n office_n of_o command_n order_n in_o place_n a_o convenient_a number_n of_o man_n and_o word_n of_o direction_n aswell_o for_o daily_a exercise_n or_o train_n as_o for_o true_a fight_n it_o seem_v necessary_a to_o deduce_v every_o of_o these_o thing_n into_o 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instâ—teth_v it_o sufficient_o in_o all_o thing_n pertain_v to_o war_n note_n 1_o the_o first_o labour_n after_o provision_n of_o armour_n follow_v choice_n of_o man_n what_o man_n and_o out_o of_o what_o climate_n and_o of_o what_o profession_n and_o of_o what_o age_n and_o of_o what_o constitution_n of_o body_n and_o of_o what_o education_n be_v to_o be_v choose_v because_o aelian_n refer_v to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o general_n not_o set_v down_o any_o particular_a i_o will_v likewise_o pass_v over_o note_v only_o some_o place_n where_o he_o that_o be_v dispose_v to_o seek_v may_v find_v the_o circumstance_n of_o choice_n of_o soldier_n xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 1._o 32._o a._n b._n polyb._n lib._n 6._o 406._o c._n et_fw-la li_n ad_fw-la polyb._n lib._n 1._o dialogo_fw-la 2._o 3._o 4._o 5._o veget._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o 3._o 4._o 5._o 6._o 7._o et_fw-la stewechius_fw-la ad_fw-la haec_fw-la omne_fw-la cap._n 31._o 2_o a_o reasonable_a levy_v and_o fit_v the_o service_n levyes_n be_v to_o be_v make_v according_a 4._o to_o the_o war_n which_o be_v undertake_v the_o enemy_n be_v not_o always_o of_o one_o strength_n sometime_o the_o force_n against_o which_o we_o be_v to_o lead_v our_o army_n be_v more_o sometime_o less_o the_o roman_n if_o the_o number_n of_o enemy_n be_v not_o very_o great_a use_v but_o c._n a_o consular_a army_n which_o consist_v of_o two_o legion_n of_o roman_n and_o of_o as_o many_o foot_n of_o their_o ally_n when_o great_a only_o join_v two_o consular_a army_n together_o and_o for_o ally_n their_o foot_n as_o i_o say_v be_v equal_a with_o the_o roman_a foot_n their_o horse_n be_v treble_a as_o many_o and_o the_o roman_n have_v three_o hundred_o horse_n to_o a_o legion_n the_o ally_n have_v nine_o hundred_o yet_o in_o case_n of_o great_a c._n necessity_n we_o read_v that_o the_o number_n of_o the_o legion_n be_v increase_v in_o a_o consular_a army_n polybius_n report_v that_o a_o little_a before_o the_o battle_n of_o cannae_n the_o consul_n lucius_n aemilius_n and_o c._n terentius_n have_v allow_v in_o their_o army_n which_o they_o lead_v against_o hannibal_n eight_o legion_n which_o never_o be_v do_v before_o 571._o alexander_n the_o great_a be_v to_o invade_v the_o kingdom_n of_o persia_n which_o for_o wealth_n multitude_n of_o man_n and_o largeness_n of_o territorie_n be_v esteem_v the_o rich_a mighty_a and_o great_a empire_n at_o that_o time_n in_o the_o world_n have_v not_o in_o his_o army_n above_o one_o and_o thirty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o five_o thousand_o and_o odd_a horse_n â—_o army_n compose_v of_o multitude_n be_v neither_o fit_a to_o be_v guide_v and_o command_v nor_o yet_o to_o be_v provide_v for_o and_o he_o that_o trust_v to_o multitude_n esteem_v not_o great_o the_o valour_n of_o his_o soldier_n â—_o xerxes_n say_v he_o be_v not_o foil_v by_o the_o grecian_n through_o default_n of_o number_n but_o because_o he_o want_v man_n as_o it_o be_v folly_n to_o levy_v more_o man_n then_o be_v needful_a so_o be_v it_o rashness_n or_o agesilao_n rather_o madness_n to_o put_v a_o few_o soldier_n to_o hazard_v against_o force_n that_o exceed_v in_o number_n and_o valour_n brief_o all_o levy_n be_v to_o be_v temper_v with_o consideration_n of_o person_n time_n place_n and_o other_o circumstance_n 3_o for_o to_o dispose_v and_o enable_v a_o army_n here_n be_v set_v down_o in_o a_o word_n as_o it_o be_v the_o principal_a head_n of_o the_o art_n of_o war_n march_v in_o camp_a and_o embattail_v to_o which_o head_n all_o other_o may_v very_o well_o be_v refer_v and_o of_o these_o three_o aelian_n handle_v in_o this_o treatise_n but_o two_o namely_o embattail_v and_o march_v of_o embattail_v so_o much_o as_o pertain_v to_o form_v of_o a_o common_a macedonian_a phalange_n of_o march_v no_o more_o then_o belong_v to_o embattail_v in_o a_o march_n that_o be_v to_o order_v of_o your_o man_n in_o that_o figure_n which_o shall_v yield_v most_o advantage_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o meet_v you_o except_v that_o he_o short_o touch_v the_o marshal_n of_o baggage_n in_o your_o march_v the_o other_o consideration_n of_o march_v as_o lay_v or_o avoid_v ambush_n send_v out_o to_o discover_v when_o to_o march_v by_o night_n when_o by_o day_n how_o to_o deceive_v and_o avoid_v the_o enemy_n lie_a near_o remedy_n against_o horse_n against_o shot_n against_o multitude_n passage_n of_o mountain_n of_o wood_n of_o river_n of_o plain_n of_o dry_a and_o sandy_a place_n these_o i_o say_v and_o such_o like_a he_o touch_v not_o in_o a_o word_n and_o for_o the_o skill_n of_o encamp_v which_o comprehend_v the_o seat_v of_o your_o camp_n and_o provision_n of_o all_o thing_n belong_v thereto_o as_o also_o the_o siege_n and_o defence_n of_o city_n and_o fortress_n he_o likewise_o pass_v it_o over_o with_o silence_n as_o a_o thing_n not_o incident_a to_o his_o purpose_a discourse_n 4_o a_o handful_n of_o man_n well_o discipline_v and_o exercise_v what_o exercise_n do_v for_o the_o make_n of_o good_a soldier_n experience_n of_o former_a time_n will_v teach_v it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n of_o all_o famous_a general_n to_o bring_v their_o soldier_n to_o perfection_n by_o exercise_n â—3_n vegetius_n say_v very_o well_o it_o be_v not_o length_n of_o life_n or_o number_n of_o year_n that_o teach_v the_o art_n of_o war_n but_o continual_a discipline_n &_o meditation_n of_o arm_n let_v a_o soldier_n serve_v never_o so_o many_o year_n so_o long_o as_o he_o be_v unexercised_a he_o shall_v be_v still_o a_o raw_a soldier_n the_o knowledge_n and_o science_n of_o arm_n make_v a_o soldier_n which_o be_v not_o gain_v but_o by_o action_n as_o long_o as_o a_o soldier_n handle_v not_o his_o weapon_n he_o be_v no_o actor_n but_o a_o looker_n on_o for_o as_o all_o ability_n in_o
more_o than_o a_o long_a line_n as_o it_o be_v and_o carry_v neither_o thickness_n nor_o breadth_n but_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n whereof_o be_v measure_v by_o the_o file_n and_o in_o the_o four_o the_o twelve_o and_o fourtenth_fw-mi chapter_n he_o term_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n itself_o thickness_n pachos_n alone_a with_o out_o add_v bathos_n show_v thereby_o that_o pachos_n also_o signify_v the_o dimension_n of_o the_o phalange_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n but_o where_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o plato_n breadth_n aught_o to_o be_v read_v in_o those_o place_n in_o stead_n of_o pachos_n thickness_n they_o persuade_v i_o not_o to_o be_v of_o their_o mind_n 50._o for_o aelian_n himself_o give_v a_o attenuation_n or_o thin_a which_o he_o call_v liptysmos_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o that_o can_v be_v understand_v unless_o there_o be_v in_o it_o a_o kind_n of_o thickness_n before_o and_o to_o make_v it_o more_o plain_a he_o say_v 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curtius_n say_v that_o the_o chiliarchy_n be_v first_o institute_v at_o babylon_n by_o alexander_n as_o a_o reward_n for_o service_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v otherwise_o for_o as_o i_o find_v this_o in_o no_o other_o author_n so_o find_v i_o that_o chiliarchy_n be_v long_o before_o alexander_n time_n 43._o xenophon_n report_v that_o cyrus_n to_o give_v encouragement_n to_o his_o soldier_n to_o be_v valiant_a promise_v to_o the_o taxiarch_n to_o make_v they_o chiliarch_n to_o the_o lochagi_n to_o make_v they_o taxiarch_n to_o the_o decharch_n to_o make_v they_o lochagi_n to_o the_o pempadarch_n to_o make_v they_o decarch_n b._n and_o that_o cyrus_n make_v chrysanthas_n a_o chiliarch_n of_o horse_n in_o regard_n of_o his_o worth_n and_o forwardness_n in_o service_n and_o afterward_o he_o call_v d._n phranuchus_n and_o asiadatas_n chiliarch_n of_o
horse_n and_o aâ—tabasus_n and_o artagersas_n chiliarch_n of_o foot_n 10._o polyenus_n witness_v that_o in_o iphicrates_n his_o time_n the_o athenian_n have_v chiliarch_n and_o pentecosiarch_n so_o that_o the_o institution_n of_o chiliarch_n can_v not_o be_v refer_v to_o alexander_n be_v at_o babylon_n consider_v it_o be_v â—n_o use_v before_o and_o c._n arrian_n report_v the_o same_o story_n say_v not_o that_o alexander_n first_o bring_v up_o chiliarchy_n there_o but_o that_o he_o ordain_v two_o lochi_n in_o every_o horse_n troop_n where_o to_o that_o day_n there_o have_v be_v none_o and_o two_o lochagi_n to_o command_v they_o indeed_o 653._o diodorus_n siculus_n write_v thus_o concern_v a_o chiliarch_n antipater_n say_v he_o lie_v upon_o his_o deathbed_n declare_v polyperchon_n protector_n of_o the_o king_n be_v the_o elder_a of_o those_o that_o have_v serve_v alexander_n in_o his_o war_n and_o much_o honour_v of_o the_o macedonian_n and_o his_o own_o son_n cassander_n the_o chiliarch_n and_o second_o man_n in_o authority_n the_o place_n and_o institution_n of_o the_o chiliarch_n first_o grow_v to_o name_n and_o honour_n under_o the_o persian_a king_n so_o write_v diodorus_n of_o this_o chiliarchy_n which_o antipater_n bestow_v upon_o his_o son_n cassander_n which_o notwithstanding_o seem_v much_o to_o differ_v from_o the_o common_a chiliarchy_n of_o the_o phalange_n whereof_o curtius_n speak_v for_o diodorus_n say_v he_o be_v next_o to_o polyperchon_n in_o authority_n where_o in_o the_o phalange_n there_o be_v many_o commander_n namely_o the_o merarch_n the_o phalangarch_n etc._n etc._n above_o the_o chiliarch_n add_v that_o he_o say_v the_o institution_n of_o this_o chiliarch_n come_v from_o the_o persian_a king_n when_o the_o chiliarch_n of_o the_o phalange_n have_v their_o beginning_n from_o the_o grecian_n and_o be_v ordinary_a in_o phalanges_fw-la as_o i_o have_v show_v last_o where_o diodorus_n report_v that_o it_o have_v the_o increase_n and_o advancement_n of_o honour_n from_o the_o persian_a king_n he_o show_v plain_o it_o be_v not_o alexander_n invention_n and_o the_o same_o diodorus_n speak_v of_o the_o death_n of_o ochus_n king_n of_o persia_n tell_v that_o he_o be_v poison_v by_o bagoas_n his_o chiliarch_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o philip_n alexander_n father_n this_o chiliarch_n than_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o same_o that_o the_o general_n of_o a_o army_n be_v with_o us._n and_o i_o can_v hardly_o be_v persuade_v that_o antipater_n wouldbequeath_v a_o less_o place_n to_o his_o son_n cassander_n 14_o a_o merarchy_n the_o command_n of_o a_o part_n or_o half_a for_o a_o phalangarchy_n consist_v of_o two_o merarchy_n so_o that_o a_o merarchy_n be_v half_a the_o phalangarchy_n and_o contain_v 2048_o man_n this_o part_n be_v also_o call_v telos_n of_o which_o i_o have_v speak_v in_o my_o note_n to_o the_o seven_o chapter_n and_o yet_o the_o word_n telos_n be_v not_o alone_o use_v in_o body_n of_o foot_n for_o 33._o thucydides_n speak_v of_o the_o fight_n by_o sea_n betwixt_o the_o corcyrean_n and_o corinthian_n tell_v that_o the_o corcyrean_n give_v the_o right_a wing_n to_o ten_o athenian_a ship_n and_o have_v of_o their_o own_o a_o 100_o and_o 10_o ship_n divide_v they_o into_o three_o tele_n every_o of_o which_o be_v command_v by_o one_o of_o their_o general_n so_o that_o telos_n there_o signify_v not_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o ship_n but_o a_o part_n of_o their_o fleet_n divide_v into_o 3_o &_o the_o commander_n of_o the_o corcyrean_n be_v call_v strategoi_n 15_o a_o phalangarchie_n the_o command_n of_o a_o single_a phalange_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v the_o a._n phalanges_fw-la in_o alexander_n army_n as_o i_o take_v it_o which_o be_v lead_v by_o caenos_n by_o perdiccas_n by_o craterus_n by_o amyntas_n by_o ptolemy_n by_o meleager_n and_o other_o as_o arrian_n have_v before_o philip_n and_o alexander_n gather_v those_o force_n together_o wherewith_o persia_n be_v subdue_v the_o army_n be_v of_o small_a number_n among_o the_o grecian_n neither_o be_v it_o in_o many_o city_n may_v to_o raise_v 4096_o man_n which_o go_v to_o the_o phalangarchy_n of_o aelian_n if_o any_o do_v they_o may_v well_o call_v it_o a_o army_n strategia_n and_o the_o commander_n strategos_n and_o the_o name_n of_o strategos_n or_o general_n be_v usual_o give_v to_o he_o that_o command_v in_o chief_a over_o a_o army_n though_o small_a send_v out_o by_o any_o city_n to_o war_n so_o then_o as_o the_o general_n be_v call_v strategos_n a_o phalangarchy_n may_v also_o be_v call_v strategia_fw-la i_o have_v before_o note_v that_o the_o section_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v limit_v and_o lay_v out_o by_o the_o phalangarchy_n and_o where_o there_o be_v 3_o section_n in_o a_o phalange_n the_o middle_a section_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o 4_o phalangarchy_n 2_o phalangarchy_n lie_v on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o 2_o on_o the_o other_o the_o 2_o other_o section_n be_v one_o betwixt_o the_o 2_o phalangarchy_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o other_o betwixt_o the_o two_o phalangarchy_n of_o the_o left_a wing_n for_o betwixt_o every_o phalangarchie_n be_v a_o space_n or_o section_n 16_o a_o diphalangarchie_n the_o command_n of_o two_o phalangarchy_n this_o be_v one_o of_o the_o wing_n aelian_n give_v it_o no_o commander_n ordinary_a neither_o do_v i_o remember_v that_o i_o have_v read_v diphalangarch_n of_o diphalangarchia_n as_o phalangarch_n of_o phalangarchia_n tetrarch_n of_o tetrarchia_fw-la yet_o be_v there_o one_o always_o that_o command_v the_o wing_n appoint_v to_o that_o place_n extraordinary_o so_o 155._o philip_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o cheronaea_n where_o he_o overthrow_v the_o power_n of_o the_o athenian_n and_o theban_n and_o their_o ally_n take_v the_o one_o wing_n to_o himself_o and_o give_v the_o command_n of_o the_o other_o to_o alexander_n his_o son_n be_v then_o but_o young_a and_o d._n alexander_n at_o granicus_n command_v himself_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o appoint_v parmenio_n to_o the_o left_a so_o in_o the_o battle_n against_o darius_n at_o e._n issos_n in_o cilicia_n and_o at_o b._n gaugamela_n in_o syria_n 17_o meros_n meros_n be_v a_o part_n by_o division_n come_v of_o the_o verb_n meiro_n to_o divide_v and_o as_o before_o amerarchie_n be_v half_o a_o phalangarchie_n so_o here_o meros_n be_v half_n the_o fourfold_a phalange_n each_o than_o signify_v half_a but_o to_o distinguish_v they_o the_o one_o be_v call_v a_o merarchie_n that_o be_v a_o command_v of_o half_a the_o other_o meros_n that_o be_v half_a a_o distinction_n sufficient_a to_o know_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o two_o of_o these_o meros_n make_v the_o phalange_n contain_v 16384_o man_n and_o these_o be_v the_o body_n military_a which_o aelian_n in_o this_o chapter_n describe_v and_o which_o be_v in_o use_n among_o the_o macedonian_n the_o other_o grecian_n use_v other_o body_n in_o their_o army_n the_o a._n lacedaemonian_n divide_v their_o whole_a city_n into_o fix_v body_n horse_n and_o foot_n every_o one_o of_o which_o be_v call_v mora_n or_o moira_n their_o general_n be_v one_o of_o their_o king_n for_o they_o have_v always_o two_o every_o moira_n have_v a_o polemarch_n not_o much_o differ_v from_o our_o colonel_n four_o lochagie_n eight_o pentecostere_n and_o sixteen_o enemotarchs_n what_o the_o number_n of_o the_o moira_n be_v be_v uncertain_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o secrecy_n the_o lacedaemonian_n use_v in_o their_o government_n as_o c._n thucydides_n say_v plutarch_n pelopida_n report_v that_o ephorus_n the_o historian_n give_v 500_o man_n to_o the_o moira_n calisthenes_n 700._o polybius_n and_o other_o 900._o 473._o diodorus_n siculus_n agree_v with_o ephorus_n and_o allow_v but_o 500_o to_o the_o moira_n and_o c._n xenophon_n number_v the_o moira_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n which_o iphicrates_n defeat_v hard_o by_o corinth_n to_o have_v be_v about_o 600_o man_n 392._o see_v the_o scholiaste_n of_o thucydides_n for_o the_o exact_a number_n of_o these_o body_n the_o 10._o athenian_n have_v their_o chiliarch_n pentecosiarch_n taxiarch_n and_o lochagie_n as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o and_o with_o they_o be_v the_o lochagi_n last_o where_o with_o the_o lacedaemonian_n they_o be_v next_o the_o polemarch_n but_o the_o number_n of_o the_o lochos_n be_v not_o alike_o as_o i_o have_v likewise_o show_v before_o cyrus_n in_o a._n xenophon_n have_v these_o order_n military_a myriarch_n commander_n of_o ten_o thousand_o chiliarch_n of_o a_o thousand_o taxiarch_n of_o a_o hundred_o lochagi_n of_o twenty_o four_o decadarch_n call_v sometime_o dodecadarch_n of_o 12_o pempedarch_n of_o six_o which_o be_v also_o call_v hexadarch_n stratâ—s_fw-la vrbicius_n differ_v not_o much_o from_o aelian_n save_v only_o in_o the_o number_n of_o the_o file_n and_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o file_n for_o where_o aelian_n have_v sixteen_o to_o a_o file_n vrbicius_n have_v but_o ten_o and_o vrbicius_n allow_v but_o two_o commander_n
make_v the_o length_n of_o both_o equal_a one_o to_o another_o the_o difference_n then_o betwixt_o they_o in_o length_n be_v 64_o man_n which_o in_o order_n take_v up_o 192_o foot_n and_o where_o there_o go_v four_o phalangarchy_n to_o a_o fourfold_a phalange_n and_o 16_o troop_n of_o horse_n be_v place_v behind_o every_o phalangarchie_n we_o must_v divide_v these_o 192_o foot_n into_o four_o part_n every_o of_o which_o part_n will_v amount_v to_o 48_o foot_n and_o give_v to_o each_o troop_n three_o foot_n distance_n one_o betwixt_o a_o other_o for_o distance_n betwixt_o one_o troop_n and_o a_o other_o polybius_n hold_v necessary_a and_o so_o shall_v the_o 16_o troop_n of_o horse_n take_v up_o as_o much_o ground_n in_o length_n as_o a_o phalangarchie_n the_o one_o contain_v 256_o file_n in_o length_n which_o occupy_v 768_o foot_n of_o ground_n and_o the_o other_o 240_o man_n in_o the_o last_o rank_n which_o occupy_v 720_o foot_n to_o which_o add_v 48_o foot_n of_o distance_n there_o arise_v the_o even_a number_n of_o 768._o and_o so_o shall_v the_o 64_o troop_n of_o horse_n be_v even_o in_o length_n with_o the_o fourfold_a phalange_n the_o name_n of_o the_o office_n and_o command_v of_o the_o horse_n follow_v wherein_o as_o i_o before_o note_v in_o the_o foot_n we_o must_v not_o press_v too_o near_o the_o property_n of_o word_n but_o take_v they_o as_o they_o have_v be_v use_v among_o soldier_n 3_o two_o troop_n be_v call_v a_o epilarchie_n one_o troop_n be_v call_v isle_n and_o the_o commander_n a_o 18._o ilarch_n for_o so_o he_o be_v term_v before_o in_o aelian_n two_o troop_n a_o epilarchie_n and_o the_o commander_n a_o epilarch_n as_o it_o be_v a_o commander_n over_o two_o isle_n troop_n he_o have_v 128_o horse_n under_o his_o command_n 4_o a_o tarentinarchie_n of_o tarentines_n mention_n be_v make_v in_o the_o second_o chapter_n the_o name_n of_o a_o tarentinarchie_n be_v not_o give_v to_o this_o troop_n because_o it_o consist_v of_o tarentines_n but_o because_o of_o likelihood_n the_o tarentine_n horseman_n have_v so_o many_o in_o a_o troop_n let_v it_o be_v as_o it_o will_v it_o signify_v here_o a_o troop_n of_o 256_o horse_n 5_o a_o hipparchie_n proper_o signify_v the_o command_n of_o horse_n and_o xenophon_n use_v the_o word_n hipparch_v for_o the_o general_n of_o horse_n but_o aelian_a and_o the_o tactic_n use_v it_o for_o the_o command_n of_o 512_o horse_n 6_o a_o ephipparchie_n as_o it_o be_v a_o command_n over_o two_o hipparchy_n or_o over_o 1024_o horse_n 7_o a_o telos_n the_o name_n of_o telos_n be_v give_v both_o to_o a_o body_n of_o horse_n and_o to_o a_o body_n of_o foot_n a_o merarchie_n be_v call_v by_o some_o telos_n say_v aelian_n before_o and_o contain_v 2048_o arm_v the_o telos_n of_o horse_n contain_v 2048_o horse_n so_o the_o body_n be_v equal_a in_o number_n the_o word_n sometime_o signify_v a_o command_n or_o dignity_n from_o which_o signification_n this_o body_n as_o seem_v have_v the_o name_n 8_o epitagma_n the_o whole_a body_n of_o lightarmed_n be_v call_v a_o epitagma_n which_o name_n be_v give_v likewise_o to_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o horse_n comprise_v 4096_o horse_n it_o may_v be_v they_o be_v both_o so_o call_v because_o they_o be_v place_v behind_o the_o arm_a as_o i_o note_v before_o for_o that_o place_n aelian_n assign_v unto_o they_o the_o diligence_n to_o be_v use_v in_o choice_n and_o exercise_v of_o the_o best_a form_n of_o battle_n chap._n xxi_o the_o invention_n and_o conceit_n of_o those_o that_o live_v in_o old_a time_n about_o troop_n of_o horse_n be_v declare_v in_o what_o form_n every_o one_o be_v cast_v and_o for_o what_o cause_n some_o use_v one_o form_n some_o another_o now_o it_o behove_v as_o in_o thing_n that_o carry_v with_o they_o great_a difference_n not_o careless_o and_o negligent_o to_o rely_v upon_o the_o bare_a precept_n but_o rather_o by_o daily_a exercise_n to_o make_v try_v all_o of_o every_o kind_n of_o figure_n and_o so_o attain_v to_o the_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o that_o which_o be_v ready_a and_o of_o most_o advantage_n to_o admit_v and_o receive_v it_o in_o true_a fight_n for_o it_o be_v great_a simplicity_n consider_v in_o matter_n of_o less_o importance_n man_n by_o curious_a inquiry_n reach_v to_o the_o exact_a find_v out_o of_o many_o thing_n herein_o not_o to_o ground_n upon_o perfect_a and_o sure_a experience_n before_o we_o come_v to_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n troop_n may_v be_v enlarge_v or_o lessen_v as_o it_o shall_v seem_v convenient_a to_o he_o that_o have_v the_o command_n of_o chariot_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o the_o commander_n chap._n xxii_o as_o for_o order_v chariot_n and_o elephant_n albeit_o they_o be_v wear_v out_o of_o use_n yet_o to_o make_v up_o the_o measure_n of_o this_o discourse_n i_o will_v remember_v their_o name_n as_o they_o be_v set_v down_o in_o ancient_a writer_n in_o the_o art_n of_o order_v chariot_n for_o the_o field_n they_o call_v two_o chariot_n a_o 1_o zygarchy_n two_o zygarchy_n a_o 2_o zyzygi_n two_o zyzygy_n a_o 3_o epyzyzygi_n two_o epizyzygy_n a_o 4_o hartamarchy_n two_o hartamarchy_n a_o 5_o wing_n two_o wing_n a_o 6_o phalange_n a_o man_n may_v use_v many_o and_o sundry_a phalanges_fw-la of_o chariot_n and_o yet_o retain_v the_o same_o name_n in_o every_o phalange_n some_o have_v frame_v simple_a chariot_n to_o serve_v withal_o other_o some_o have_v arm_v they_o with_o scythe_n prominent_a and_o stand_v out_o on_o each_o side_n note_n there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o chariot_n use_v of_o ancient_a time_n the_o one_o a_o simple_a chariot_n the_o other_o a_o chariot_n arm_v with_o scythe_n the_o first_o kind_n be_v use_v by_o the_o hero_n as_o they_o term_v they_o that_o be_v the_o renown_a soldier_n of_o old_a such_o as_o be_v achilles_n hector_n cycnus_n aeneas_n turnus_n as_o appear_v by_o homer_n virgil_n ovid_n and_o other_o poet_n the_o last_o be_v bring_v in_o by_o the_o general_n of_o late_a time_n especial_o by_o those_o that_o reign_v in_o asia_n and_o in_o africa_n for_o the_o b._n european_n have_v count_v they_o fruitless_a and_o vain_a mockery_n and_o among_o they_o you_o shall_v hardly_o find_v any_o mention_n of_o chariot_n aelian_n touch_v they_o only_o because_o both_o they_o and_o elephant_n be_v in_o his_o time_n grow_v out_o of_o use_n wherefore_o i_o mean_v likewise_o to_o pass_v they_o over_o slight_o only_o direct_v the_o reader_n that_o be_v desirous_a to_o understand_v their_o manner_n of_o fight_n to_o place_n of_o history_n where_o they_o be_v mention_v and_o first_o see_v for_o their_o form_n xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 6._o 152._o d._n e._n &_o 156._o b._n c._n de_fw-fr exp_v cyr._n lib._n 1._o 264_o a._n b._n liu._n decad_a 4._o lib._n 7._o 142._o a._n diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 596._o quin._n curt._n lib._n 4._o 119_o &_o lib._n 8._o 371._o their_o violence_n diod._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 593._o their_o place_n in_o the_o battle_n xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 6._o 168._o c._n d._n liu._n decad_a 4._o lib._n 7._o 142._o a._n diod._n sicul._n lib._n 14._o 408._o remedy_n against_o they_o diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 592._o 593._o xenoph._n de_fw-fr exp_v cyr._n lib._n 1._o 265._o liu._n decad_a 4._o 142._o quint._n curt._n lib._n 4._o 141._o plutarch_n in_o sylla_n i_o come_v to_o the_o name_n of_o the_o command_v of_o chariot_n 1_o a_o zygarchie_n the_o command_n of_o two_o chariot_n as_o it_o be_v a_o yoke_n of_o chariot_n 2_o a_o syzygy_n the_o command_n over_o two_o yoke_n as_o it_o be_v of_o chariot_n join_v together_o that_o be_v over_o 4_o chariot_n 3_o a_o episyzygy_n the_o command_n over_o four_o yoke_n of_o chariot_n that_o be_v over_o eight_o chariot_n 4_o a_o harmatarchie_n proper_o the_o command_n of_o chariot_n but_o use_v by_o aelian_n for_o the_o command_n of_o 16_o chariot_n 5_o a_o wing_n as_o foot_n so_o chariot_n and_o elephant_n have_v their_o wing_n of_o battle_n to_o the_o wing_n go_v 32_o chariot_n yet_o find_v i_o this_o order_n of_o imbattail_v chariot_n no_o where_o but_o in_o aelian_n he_o that_o will_v let_v he_o read_v the_o place_n that_o i_o have_v note_v before_o for_o the_o order_n of_o chariot_n notwithstanding_o i_o can_v not_o doubt_v that_o the_o name_n give_v here_o by_o aelian_n be_v take_v out_o of_o ancient_a writer_n 6_o a_o phalange_n it_o consist_v of_o 64_o chariot_n and_o we_o here_o see_v that_o chariot_n also_o have_v their_o phalanges_fw-la as_o well_o as_o foot_n and_o horse_n of_o elephant_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o their_o commander_n chap._n xxiii_o touch_v elephant_n he_o that_o be_v commander_n of_o one_o elephant_n be_v call_v 1_o zoarcha_n of_o two_o 2_o therarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o therarchy_n of_o four_o 3_o epitherarcha_n and_o the_o
defence_n of_o their_o country_n and_o only_o two_o narrow_a way_n betwixt_o he_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o hollow_a plinthium_fw-la or_o square_a and_o lead_v it_o against_o the_o left_a hand_n passage_n whither_o all_o the_o theban_n flock_v for_o defence_n but_o he_o turn_v about_o face_n from_o the_o rear_n haste_v away_o and_o gain_v the_o other_o passage_n where_o no_o man_n be_v present_a to_o resist_v and_o enter_v spoil_v the_o country_n and_o return_v without_o impeachment_n 4_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n before_o be_v rehearse_v two_o kind_n of_o turn_n of_o face_n about_o one_o to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n here_o be_v add_v two_o more_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o other_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v all_o one_o indeed_o and_o differ_v only_o in_o name_n what_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o these_o turn_n shall_v be_v i_o be_o in_o doubt_n aelian_n expound_v they_o one_o way_n suidas_n a_o other_o aelian_n esteem_v they_o by_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v hand_n suidas_n albeit_o he_o have_v that_o signification_n also_o esteem_v they_o by_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v therefore_o suidas_n define_v the_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n to_o be_v a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o rear_n that_o against_o the_o enemy_n a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o front_n aelian_n will_v have_v the_o first_o to_o contain_v two_o turn_n towards_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o second_o two_o turn_n towards_o the_o left_a i_o for_o my_o part_n assent_v rather_o to_o aelian_n for_o touch_v the_o turn_n of_o suidas_n i_o can_v yet_o understand_v why_o turn_v towards_o the_o rear_n shall_v be_v a_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n or_o towards_o the_o front_n a_o turn_n to_o the_o enemy_n consider_v that_o whether_o soever_o you_o turn_v face_n the_o enemy_n be_v imagine_v to_o be_v there_o face_n and_o weapon_n be_v to_o be_v oppose_v always_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v the_o only_a end_n of_o turn_v aelians_n opinion_n seem_v to_o have_v more_o probability_n in_o it_o at_o least_o if_o i_o conceive_v the_o right_a reason_n for_o i_o take_v it_o thus_o that_o see_v the_o grecian_n as_o the_o roman_n likewise_o be_v targeteer_n and_o carry_v their_o target_n on_o their_o left_a side_n and_o in_o fight_n advance_v that_o side_n always_o near_o the_o enemy_n which_o they_o seek_v to_o cover_v with_o their_o target_n that_o therefore_o the_o turn_n about_o to_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v turn_v to_o the_o target_n as_o contrary_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a side_n on_o which_o side_n the_o pike_n be_v carry_v and_o which_o be_v naked_a of_o such_o defensive_a arm_n be_v call_v apeâ—un_fw-la the_o open_a side_n and_o therefore_o further_o remove_v from_o the_o enemy_n may_v for_o the_o same_o cause_n be_v term_v turn_v from_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o i_o take_v turn_v about_o to_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n to_o be_v all_o one_o as_o also_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o pike_n howsoever_o the_o name_n differ_v this_o be_v my_o conjecture_n which_o i_o shall_v imagine_v to_o be_v true_a till_o i_o find_v some_o man_n that_o will_v be_v please_v to_o give_v i_o a_o more_o probable_a reason_n i_o only_o add_v now_o the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o this_o motion_n as_o you_o be_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o figure_n show_v the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble-wheeling_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvi_o 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n be_v so_o close_v that_o no_o man_n can_v turn_v or_o twice_o turn_v his_o face_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o nearness_n of_o man_n to_o man_n it_o whole_o and_o joint_o wheel_v as_o a_o ship_n or_o some_o other_o body_n carry_v about_o the_o order_n thereof_o remain_v undissolue_v when_o the_o wheel_a be_v to_o the_o pike_n we_o warn_v the_o right-corner-file-leader_n to_o stand_v still_o as_o it_o be_v the_o hook_n of_o a_o door_n hinge_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o battle_n proceed_v forward_o to_o turn_v about_o the_o same_o file-leader_n like_o the_o door_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v wheel_v to_o the_o target_n it_o may_v be_v thus_o define_v epistrophe_n be_v when_o shut_v the_o battle_n by_o gather_v close_o the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n we_o turn_v it_o whole_o as_o the_o body_n of_o a_o man_n towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n it_o be_v carry_v about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n as_o about_o a_o centre_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o front_n transfer_v the_o countenance_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n every_o one_o remain_v in_o file_n and_o rank_n as_o before_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v i_o will_v show_v hereafter_o anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v the_o restore_n of_o the_o wheel_a to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o battle_n first_o stand_v close_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o wheel_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o two_o wheeling_n so_o that_o thereby_o the_o front_n come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rear_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o three_o wheeling_n so_o as_o when_o it_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o front_n come_v about_o to_o the_o left_a flank_n when_o to_o the_o target_n it_o come_v about_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n this_o chapter_n have_v a_o diverse_a kind_n of_o turn_v from_o the_o other_o mention_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n which_o for_o distinction_n sake_n be_v call_v epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v the_o other_o turn_v no_o more_o than_o the_o soldier_n face_n every_o man_n yet_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n be_v have_v before_o this_o wheel_v the_o whole_a body_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o as_o there_o be_v in_o the_o turn_n of_o face_n a_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v clesis_n and_o a_o other_o turn_v about_o call_v metabole_n so_o be_v there_o in_o this_o a_o general_a wheel_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v epistrophe_n and_o a_o other_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o rear_v call_v perispasmos_n but_o let_v we_o hear_v the_o description_n 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n shortly_n epistrophe_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o first_o turn_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o do_v whereof_o first_o the_o file_n must_v be_v close_v to_o the_o hand_n you_o mean_v to_o wheel_n than_o the_o rank_n then_o the_o corner_n file-leader_n on_o the_o same_o hand_n be_v to_o stand_v still_o than_o all_o the_o rest_n keep_v their_o file_n and_o rank_n close_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o same_o hand_n joint_o about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n circlewise_a who_o be_v to_o move_v by_o little_a and_o little_a till_o he_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n to_o that_o side_n which_o be_v intend_v and_o when_o the_o first_o rank_n be_v even_o with_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n wheel_v enough_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n they_o be_v to_o stand_v still_o the_o word_n of_o the_o definition_n of_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v plain_a enough_o in_o aelian_a i_o need_v use_v no_o exposition_n now_o because_o in_o exercise_n we_o rely_v not_o upon_o one_o form_n of_o motion_n alone_o but_o acquaint_v our_o soldier_n with_o all_o the_o kind_n it_o be_v necessary_a to_o bring_v the_o body_n again_o to_o the_o first_o place_n to_o the_o end_n we_o may_v proceed_v in_o the_o rest_n this_o reduce_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v call_v anastrophe_n by_o which_o the_o battle_n return_v but_o by_o a_o contrary_a hand_n to_o that_o to_o which_o the_o epistrophe_n be_v make_v and_o but_o for_o change_v the_o hand_n the_o wheel_a back_n again_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o wheel_a forward_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o how_o it_o be_v do_v to_o bring_v the_o battle_n to_o have_v the_o front_n where_o the_o rear_n be_v you_o must_v use_v a_o double_a wheel_a and_o that_o be_v call_v perispasmos_n which_o come_v of_o two_o epistrophe_n and_o be_v make_v either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n only_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o if_o the_o perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o anastrophe_n or_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n must_v be_v to_o the_o left_a contrary_a it_o be_v if_o the_o perispasmos_n be_v to_o