which it agrees in Number Case and Gender as Amicus certus magni nominâ—s cum ingenti Satellitio bue venit Homo armatus Rara avis Ager colendus Meus berus III. The Relative rehearseth another word going before called the Antecedent with which it agrees in Gender Number and Preson and is always placed first in the sentence such are which whom what whose who and that put for which This Relative must be 1. The Nominative Case to the Verb when there cometh no other between it and the Verb as vir sapit qui tacer Qui nocent docent 2. Such Case as the Noun Verb. Participle or Adverb which after or the Preposition next before it do govern when the Nominative Case comes between it and the Verb as Hîc est quem tu quoeris Ancilla est quam accersisti En marcum cui studeo cujus causâ boec scribo Hi sant libri quibus utor Quod statui saciam Illam quem tu colis amo prae quo ceteri sordent N. B. The Substantive is often understood and then the Adjective supplies its place and may be the Nominative Case to the Verb or Substantive to another Adjective or governed of another word in the sentence and if Things be joined with it or understood it shall be put in the Neuter Gender and may govern a Genitive case as Omnes mortales sunt miseri Semperavar us eget Minimum hinc acceler lucri P auca inveniuntur his similia Quantum babes nummorum tantum fidei To find the Nominative Case to the Verb. Substantive to the Adjective or Antecedent to the Relative you must ask the Question Who or What and the word that answereth shall be the Nominative Case Substantive or Antecedent The Adjective in English stands before the Substantive The Substantive follows the Adjective All casual words are governed of the word that goes next before them in plain sense according to the sign by which the Case is known or of some Preposition Except they have which who whom what whose and that for which joined with them for then they are governed of the word following To confirm this general Rule take these following Any Substantive is governed of another of the same Case going next before by Apposition if both belong to one thing as Tullius Orator Naso P oeta Domirus Deus Creator Mundi novi Simonem virum egregium patrem tuum Lydiae fratrem The Nominative Case is governed of the Verb when 1. It is an Adjective which agrees with the Nominative Case before the Verb in Number Case and Gender as Loquor frequens Taceo multus Scribo rarissimus 2. It follows 1. Verbs Substantives Sum forem fio existo as Fama est malum Deus est summum Bonum 2. Certain Passives especially of calling as Dicor vocor Salutor appellor babeor existimor videor nuncupor c. as Croesus vocatur dives Alexander appellatur magnus 2. The Genitive Case is known by the token of after a Noun expressed or understood and is governed of 1. A Substantive betokening another thing going next before as Facundia Ciceronis Amator studiorum Dogma Platonis Amor nummi Laudis cupido 2. Adjectives 1. Signifying desire knowledg remembrance ignorance forgettirg care fear and such like passions of the mind as Cupidus auri P eritus belli Ignarus omnium Dubius mentis Memor praeteriti Immemor sui Metuens tui 2. Ending in ax and derived of Verbs as Aulax animi Protositi tenax Pecuniarum petax 3. Having after them the English of or among whether Partitives Interrogatives Nouns of Number Comparatives or Superlatives as Aliquis nostrûm Quis fratrum Quatnor judicum Sapientûm octavus Manuum sortior Hominum nequissmus Romanorum ultimus 4. Made of Participles as Alieni appetens sui profusus Cupientissimus tui Inexpertus belli Indoctus piloe 3. Verbs 1. Betokening to Esteem or regard as Fit parvi virtus permagni nummus babetur P lurimi fit pecunia 2. Of warning accusing condemning acquitting and the like which three last often change it into an Ablative as Furti se accusat vel furto Monuit me errati Infamiâ notatur poenâ liberatur 3. Satago misereor miseresco as Rerum suarum satagit miscrere mei Deus The two last have sometimes also a Dative 4. Reminiscor obliviscor Recordor memini which govern also an Accasative Case as Reminiscor historiae Oblivisco carminis Recordor pueritiam Obliviscor lectionem Meminitui de te 5. Sum when it signifieth Possession or belonging to a thing as a Property or Duty as bac Domus est patris Regis est benefacere Timidi est optare neccm Except that meus tuus suus noster vester bumanum belluinum and such like are used in the Nominative Case as Hic codex est meus nostrum est pati Humanum est irasci 6. Impersonals Interest and refert as omnium interest P arvi refert except meâ tuâ suâ nosirâ vesirâ cujâ as meâ interest tua refert c. in the Ablative Cafe 4. Adverbs of Quantity Time and Place with Instar as multum lucri Tunc temporis Vbique locorum Instar omnium 3. The Dative Case is known by the token To before a Noun and is governed of 1. Adjectives 1. Signifying profit or disprofit likeness or unlikeness pleasure submitting or belonging to any thing and Adverbs derived of them as Vtilis bello Paci gravis Idoneus patriae Aequalis Hectori Mihi proprium utiliter tibi vivis 2. In bilis and dus derived of Verbs and signifying pasfively as Flebilis flendus omnibus Formidabilis formidandus bosti 2. Verbs 1. Having after them expressed or understood the tokens to or for the use of any one as Tibi babeo Mihi seritur 2. Betokening Profit or Disprofit Anger and Threatening Obedience and Resistance Comparison and Trust Commanding and Shewing Promising and Paying Giving and Restoring as Bonis nocet Malis prodest Irascor tibi Minatur fratri Sibi servit Deo repugnat Hero solvit cui promiserat Mihi librum reddidit cui mutuo dedi 3. Sum with all its Compounds except Possum as also Suppetit as Hoc tibi prodest aliis obest Sum tibi praesidio cui suppetit pecunia Haec res est mibi voluptati 4. Compounded with Proe ad con sub super inter ob ante in post Satis bene male as Vrbi praesidet cui beneficit Convixit nobis quibus obstrepit Pecuniae famam post-posuit Ingruit sociis quib us maledixerat Adbaeret nemini Votis tuis satisfaciam Bello pacem antefero 5. Certain Impersonals viz. Accidit certum est libet licet pater liquet constat placet expedit prodest c. as Tibi licet Mihi dolet Patri accidit Vobis benefit 6. Passives of the Doer which have oftener an Ablative with the Preposition à or ab as Mihi à me laudatur Tibi à te fama petituar 4. The Accusative Case followeth
the Verb and answereth to the Question Whom or What made by the Verb and is governed of 1. Adjectives 1. Signifying high long broad or thick which have sometimes also an Ablative seldom a Genitive as Turris alta centum pedes Area lata tres ulnas Liber crassus tres â—ollices vel tribus polli ibus 2. Exosus Perosus signifying actively for they have a Dative when they signify Passively as Exosus saevitiam Perosus Deo Exosus bonis Pertaesus hath an Accusative or a Genitive as Pertaesus vitam or vitae 2. Verbs 1. Transitives whether Active Common or Deponent as Avarus nihil largitur Nummos miratur quaerit opes quas prodigat haeres 2. Neuters of the same signification as Gaudeo gaudiu Vivo vitam which have often an Ablative as Ito rectâ viâ 3. Actives of Naming Teaching and Araying which may have two Accusative Cases as Voco te Petrum Doces me literas Posce Deum veniam Induit se calceos quos exuerat 4. Impersonals Delectat Decet Juvat oportet as Tedelectat Nos juvat Me oportet Illum decet 5. The Vocative Case is always governed of some Interjection 6. The Ablative Case is 1. Sometimes put alone by it self or Absolute when the word hath before it Whilst when if tho after that where with a Participle being or some other expressed or understood as Rege veniente me Duce Hoc audito Vrbe deditâ p 355. 2. Commonly joined with some Particle or Preposition of which 't is governed as also of 1. Verbs 1. Of any sort when it signifies an Instrument wherewith Cause Why or manner How a thing is done as Ferit eum gladio Taceo metu Dolis me ludit 2. Of Plenty Scarceness Filling Emptying Loading or unloading c. as Affluis opibus Cares virtute Expleo te fabulis Oneras me nugis Pondere se levat And the three former may also have a Genitive Impletur vini Indigeo patris 3. Of Price namely of buying selling prising valuing c. which a thing is worth costs or valued at as Emit aureo vendidit asse Denario constitit Exc. Tanti quanti pluris minoris quantivis quantiliber quanticunque tantivis tantidem Genitives when put alone without Substantives 4. Of Comparing or Exceeding as Gradibus multis bunc robore praestat Dignitate me praeis 5. Certain Neuters and Deponents as Prosequor afficio c. Prosequor te honore Afficis me dolore Vescor pane quo delector Vestra fruor amicitiâ quâ loetor Gaudeo sociis quibus utor 2. Adjectives 1. Comparatives and their Adverbs having than by or in after them as Frigidior glacie Pede altior Melle dulcior Tanto Doctior 2. Signifying fulness emptiness Plenty or wanting c. which govern a Genitive Case also as Spe or spei plenus Dives opium or opibus Vacuus irâ or iroe Copiis abundans expers fraudis corpus inane animoe or animâ 3. Buying and Selling as Asse carus Vilis aureo Gemmis venale 4. Signifying some Property or Passion of Body or Mind as sauciue fronte or frontem Aeger pedibus Crine niger 5. Dignus indignus praeditus capto contentus extorris fretus Natus Prognatas Satus cretâ—â— creatus ortus editus opus usas for need as Dignus bonore Captus oculis Virtute praeditus Paucis contentus Extorris patriâ Diis fretâ—â— Ancillânatus Mari ortus Terrâ editus Opus est mibi numais 8. Gerunds Supines and Participles govern such cases as the Verbs which they come of and are Construed as followeth 1. The Gerund in di do is put after 1. Substantives and Adjectives which govern a Genitive Case as Studium videndi Romam Spes vincendi bostes Ratio scribendi literas 2. Prepositions serving to the Abl. case a ab de e ex cum in pro or alone when it signifies the cause or manner of doing as Ab amando De edendo in apparando Coesar dando sublevando ignoscendo gloriam adeptus est 3. Prepositions serving to the Accusative case ad ob propter inter aat as ad consulenau tibi Ob redimendum 〈◊〉 or Absolately with the Verb est as vigilanlum est Abcunaam est dum 2. Of the Supines The 1. First in um follows Verbs and Participles of motion as Eo cubitum Spectatum admissi ludos Veni auditum Poetas 2. Latter in u follows certain Adjectives as Facile factu Turpe dictu Indignum relatu 9. Names of 1. Common places as ad Vrbem in foro 2. Great Places as 1. Parts of the World 2. Kingdoms 3. Countreys 4. Provinces 5. Iselands as ex Angliâ veni per Galliam in Italiam are governed of a Preposition 3. Lesser Places as Cities Towns Streets Villages c. are used without a Preposition thus In a Place At a Place 1. If the Noun be of the first or second Declension and the Singular Number it shall be the Genitive Case as Natus Londini Vixit Oxonia Studuit Lutetia So bumi domi militiae belli as Domi bellique clarus 2. If it be the Plural Number or the third Declension it must be the Dative or Ablative Case as Athenis docuit Cartbagine obijt To a place always in the Accusative as Eo Romam Neapol m profectus est So rus domum as Ite domum From By A place always in the Ablative as Cantuariâ Londino Eboracum itur So rure domo as abiit domo 10. Nouns of Time if they answer to the Question 1. When are put in the Ablative Case as nocte vigilas Luce Dormis 2. How long commonly in the Accusative yet sometimes in the Ablative as Decennium vixit vel decennio Noctes atque dies studuit Biennium vel biennio languit II. The Question and Answer must be of the same Case and Tense as Quid agis Lego virgilium Cujus est bic puer Xantbi Quem ad caenam vocasti Petrum Except the word which answers be put in annother Case by some other Rule as Quanti constitit deuario Cujus est bic Codex Meus cujum pecus Melibai furtine accusas an bomicidij ' utroque Some words govern two cases 1. An Ecce 1. Of shewing a Nominative as En Priamus 2. Of upbraiding an Accusative as En habitum 2. Sum do dono babeo duco verto accipio puto and such like admit two Datives besides an Accusative as Do tibi vestem pignori vertit boc mibi vitio Hoc sibi laudi ducit 3. Poenitet toedet miseret miserescit pudet piget an Accusative of the person and Genitive of the thing as Senectutis eum non poenituit Toedet me vita Illum pudet negligentiae Nati te misereat oro Fratrem tui piget These Particles Et que quoque ac atque nec neque tanquam item itidem cum tum ni nisi quasi sed an aut ve vel seu sive quam praeterquam c. couple like Cases and Moods as Rex Regina beati
Nec tacet nec sapit Except a former rule requires another Case as Studui Romoe Athenis Liber meus statris quem emi centussi pluris Of Signs of Words CASES are known by Signs Their Signs are of the 1. Nominative a an the before the Verb and many times no Particle at all after the Verb 2. Accusative 3. Genitive Of after 1. ANoun except 1. dignus in dignus opus usus for need which govern an Ablative 2. Of before mine thine his ours yours theirs c. where ' tls made by meuâ— tuus suus c. 2. These Verbs admonish accuse condemn acquit or am which four last often put it in an Ablative and Passives in a Dative N. B. Of after a Verb or Participle is made by a Preposition 4 Dat. 1. To before a Noun Except it follows 1. Words of motion and readiness 2. Verbs of exhorting provoking inclining calling belonging as atinet pertinet spectat loquor Where t is made by ad 2 For 1. Before a person for the use of 2. After good fit profitable lawful ready c. Abl. 5. Ablative With. Except it notes together with cumâ— or comes after Verbs of Comparing Contending Meeting and being Angry where 't is made by the Dative By 1. Before the Instrument wherewith manner how and words of Time 2. Before Name Birth Country or a Noun of measure or space 3. After Comparatives and Superlatives For after Words of Buying and Selling and before the word of Price otherwise 't is a Dative At or on before Time age game So at Table at Night at first fight at first coming Also on after nitor vescor From is usually expressed by a Preposition a ab abs Of 1. Denoting a part after an Adjective or Verb signifying Passively 2. After sick weary born descended worthy unworthy and opus usus put for need 3. After Verbs of filling emptying easing depriving ridding spoiling unburdening Than after a Comparative otherwise quam which makes the two Nouns compared agree in Case These Signs and many more as against afore before after between upon over c. oftentimes belong to the foregoing word of which the Case is governed without their Latin as to admit of to wish for to wonder at c. The English Infinitive Mood To with a Verb is Latined after 1. Another Verb of the Infinitive Mood as Cupio discere 2. A Noun that governs a Genitive Case by the Gerund in di 3. Verbs of provoking inviting applying acting calling c. Also the Person matter or Instrument and some Adjectives as ready flow c. by a Gerund in dum 4. A Verb of motion by the first Supine Gerund in dum or Participle in rns 5. Sum by a Participle in rus to dus to be 6. Certain Adjectives facilis dignus indignus turpis foedus c. by the latter Supine to be The Participle in ing 1 Becomes a Substantive when it 1. Admits of a Plural number by adding s. 2. Hath a an or the before it and of after it 3. Immediately follows an Adjective agreeing with it 2. Is rendred after 1. Verbs of motion by the first Supine in um 2. A Noun governing a Genitive Case by the Gerund in di 3. Of from by within by the Gerund in do 4. To because of between before by the Gerund in dum 5. Am art are was were c. by its own Verb. 6. Of for that For for because by quod 7. Of or From for lest that by ne 8. A Verb importing to cease leave or give over by an Infinitive Mood or a Substantive with a Preposition a or an 3. Having is rendred by the 1. Participle preter of a Deponent as having spoken gotten 2. Preterpluperfect Tense of the Subjunctive Mood with cum 3. Ablative Case Absolute with a Participle of the Preter Tense in tus sus or xus as having heard this Hoc audito N B. That between two Verbs is put away and the latter made the Infinitive Mood with an Accusative Case before it instead of a Nominative in English Again sometimes the English Infinitive is Latined by quod or ut and a Subjunctive Mood The Prosodia or Rules to know the quantities of Syllables in the Latine Tongue OF the 22 Letters in Latin there are two general sorts I. Vowels five a e i o u II. Consonants all the rest which are twofold 1. Mutes b c d f g p q t j and v Consonants 2. Semi-vowels 1. Liquids four l m n r. 2. Double Consonants two x z. N. B. S is a Letter of a peculiar validity and not reducible to any of the foregoing sorts and y k and z are Greek Letters never used in Latine words H is no Letter but only a note of Breathing A Letter or Element is the most simple or least part of which a word is compounded Of Letters are made Syllables A Syllable is a perfect and articulate sound consisting of one Letter or more The Quantity of Syllables is twofold 1. Long marked thus Ä Än Äs pÄn c. 2. Short marked thus as lÄ•â•ŒgÄ•â•Œre Of Syllables are made feet A foot is the joining together of two Syllables or more according to their quantity and the use of Poets Of Feet two sorts are most usual 1. A Dactyl consisting of three Syllables the first long and the two following short as dÄ«cÄ•rÄ• tÄ“ndÄ•rÄ•t porrÄgÄt 2. A Spondee consisting of two Syllables both long as vÄ«râ•ŒtÅ«s cÄuâ•ŒtÄ“ fÅrâ•ŒnÄx A Verse is the Collection of a certain number of Feet according to proper Ruler Of Latin Verses the two most usual sorts are these 1. A long or Heroick Verse consisting of six feet the four first Dactylls or Spondees the fifth usually a Dactyl the sixth always a Spondee 2. A short or Elegiac Verse consisting first of two feet either Dactyls or Spondees and then a long syllable next two Dactyls and a long Syllable The last Syllable of a Verse is always common To know what Syllables are long and what short take these directions 1. Observe the Vowel which gives the sound to the syllable which 1. If it comes before 2 Consonants or x or z in the same word or one Consonant ending the former word and another beginning the next following 't is long by Position Except that a short Vowel set before one of the Mutes l or r immediately following is held common 2. If it comes before another Vowel 't is always short Except 1. When e in Genitive and Dative case singular of the 5th Declension comes between 2 Vowels as faciÄ“i 2. In these Genit Cases illius ipsius istiu uniu nullius ullius neutrius solius totius i. is common in alterius i is always short in alius always long 3. Fi in fio is always long except in fierem fieres fieret c. fieri 4. A Vowel before another in Greek words is most commonly long as Rhodopēïus OrpbÄ“us II. Every Dipthong in Latin is long as aÅ«t baÅ«d
an Adjective or Adv. nimis nimium 3. Sometimes by the Comparative degree with quam qui or ut Towards 1. For to noting favor reverence duty c. in ad erga versus 2. Importing prospect or motion towards a place ad in versus 3 Denoting nearness in 1. Time sub 2. Place or situation without motion a Very 1. Before a Substantive for 1. Meer true pure merm verus purus putus 2. Even vel etiam 3. Himself it self or themselves or with or for the word same ipse 2. Before an Adjective or Adverb multum valde admodum apprimé Under 1. Referring to 1. Place viz. below or beneath sub 2. Government or time of Government sub abl 3. Dignity honor or order or degree infra 4. Colour shew or pretence per Acc. sub Abl. 5. Number nothing short of not so many as fewer than infra minor minus 2. For lower an Adjective inferior What 1. For 1. That which quod and after contrary to contra with ac atque or quam 2. To what pass end or purpose quorsum 3. Partly qua 4. How quam 2. Before a Substantive on which it depends qui quis qualis 3. A question or without a Substantive quid When 1. At what time or at the time that quum ubi quando 2. While or whilst that in inter cum 3. After that or assoon as ubi tum ut postquam 4. In a question Quando Whence 1. Any thing cometh or proceedeth ex quo 2. Or from what place unde Where 1. In what or which place ubi 2. Any thing began unde 3. By what or which place or way quà 4. Compounded with at by from of on in to upon with c. is the same with by which from which or what c. quis qui. Any where usquam uspiam no where nusquam nuspiam Somewhere alicubi Whether 1. In the former clause answer'd by or in the later seu sive 2. Which of the two uter 3. To what or which place quò 4. Whether or no of asking or doubting nè utrum num ansi Which 1. A Relative qui. 2. A Question quis 3. For whether of the number uter While 1. Alone or after great or little parumper paulister aliquantisper diu 2. Before go or fince dudum For 1. In the mean time or space that dudum 2. So long as dum quoad 3. Until so long till donec dum tantisper dum Who 1. In a Question Quis 2. A Relative qui. 3. An Indefinite quis qui. What soever Quod cunque When Quando Where Vbi With Before 1. The Cause Instrument or manner answering to the Question Why Wherewith How sign of the Abl. Case 2. Words that end in est by 1. A Positive degree with nimium 2. A Comparative with aequo or quam decet 3. A person with reference to a place where one is or to some power with him apud and sometimes ad penes 2. After 1. Verbs of comparing contending meeting and being angry Sign of the Dat Case 2. Verbs of beginning put for at of from à ab 3. Noting Company or together with cum where note that in me╌cum tecum secum nobiscum vobis╌cum quicum quibus╌cum the Preposition is set after its Case Within before 1. A word of Place intra but if the place be not expressed in tus 2. A word of time cis in citra Without 1. Not within foris extrà 2. Not with sine citra extra also somtimes by 1. A Verb signifying to be vold vaco careo 2. A Word compounded with ex in for non 3. A word of contrary signification to that which follows without 4. Negative Particles coming together with Nouns Participles or Adverbs 3. For unless or except nisi Worth noting 1. Dignity or Authority dignitas authoritas 2. Price or value by a Verb of esteeming and a Gen. case Worth ones labour worth ones pains care or while operae pretium curae pretium Yet 1. Answering to although at certe tamen attamen veruntamen 2. Joined with but. 3 For notwithstanding or for all that 4. Noting Correction quanquam etsi tametsi 5. For thither to this time in 1. Affirmative Speeches adbuc 2. Negative ones with not nothing scarcely or hardly nondum necdum nihil╌dum neque╌dum vix╌dum haud╌du 6. For still or at this time adbuc etiam num etiam nunc 7. With or for more i e. further adbuc etiam You and yours directed to 1. One person tu tuus 2. More than one vos vester N B Sometimes Your is elegantly made by tibi for tuus and My by mihi for meus When a Passive English comes before a Verb 1. Neuter for the Present Tense Passive make the Preterperfect Tense active and for the Preterimperf Passive the Preterpluperf Tense active 2. Deponent change the English Passive by another English active and so make it If the Sign of the Case be far from it or from the Verb that governs it reduce the words to their natural order and so make them into Latin If an English seems hard change it into some other of the like sense FINIS
Queror Complain Redipiscor Recover or get again Reminiscor Remember Ringor Grin fret or chafe Sequor Follow Tuor Behold Vescor Eat or feed on Vlciscor Be revenged Vtor use IV. Conjugationis Quartae Assentior Accord consent or agree to Crinior Have a bush of hair Experior Try Largior Give liberally Mentior Ly Metior Measure set out esteem judg consider Molior Move endeavor attempt labour build Operior Look or stay for Ordior Begin Orior Arise Partior Divide Potior Obtain or enjoy Sortior Cast lots  I Thou He We Ye They Praes Aio ais ait   aiunt Imperf Aie bam bas bat bamus batis bant Praes Inquam is it imus  iunt Imperf   inquiebat   inquiebant Perf. inquisti      Fut.  inquies inquiet    Imperat.  inque ito     Aus-im Faxâ•Œo  is it   sint   Salvâ•Œe eto Avâ•Œe    et etoie Salveâ•Œbo  bis bit Infin salvere  Quaeso    Quaesumus   Apage apagite Cedo Explicit Infit ovac ovans Pres or a for Imperat. sci fi are not used An Adverb sheweth the Circumstances of signification in other words as How When Where Whither Whence How long How oft How much After what manner Whether or no Why and other like circumstances and ends commonly in o e um or ter in Latine In English for the most part in ly Others are best known by use and so are Conjunctions which differ in use not from Adverbs only they are joined to a Subjunctive Mood An Interjection is a word of Passion as â—eu alas voWo Of a Preposition out of Westminster Introduction A Preposition is either set before Cases to govern them or those and other words to compound them they govern 1. An Acc. Case these thirty 1. Ad to at about towards into according to even to as to before by near to in until against on upon for amongst besides with after 2. Adversus sum against to towards over against before according to 3. Ante before to 4. Apud at among before by or near to within under 5. Circa about round about about the time of by near to concerning in against 6. Circiter about almost nigh to 7. Circum about to 8. Cis citra on this side within short of afore Also Citra without besides 9. Contra against over against to the face of 10. Erga towards against 11. Extra without forth out of besides 12. Infra beneath under 13. Inter between amongst in into at of 14. Intra within in short of as far as amongst 15. Juxta nigh to next after together with or by as well as 16. Ob for against before 17. Penes in in my power possession 18. Per by through over about for because of in at in the time of for the sake of as to among between afore under with 19. Pone behind after 20. Post after since from behind 21. Proeter besides above by beyond without against before near to 22. Prope nigh hard by 23. Propier for because of near to nigh 24. Secundum according to nigh to next to next after about concerning for in 25. Secus near to by 26. Supra above over beyond besides upon morethan 27. Trans beyond over on the other side 28. Versus towards by 29. Vltra beyond above more besides 30. Vsque up to well nigh until besides II An Ablative Case these Ten. 1. A ab abs by after at from of out of for against on over through with 2. Absque without but for 3. Coram before in presence of 4. Cum with amongst by in at 5. De of concerning from for on upon as to by in at after 6. E ex of out of from amongst for according to by on above after in with 7. Palam in sight of before 8. Proe before for because of in comparison of in 9. Pro for instead of in defence of as as it were at in upon according to as to 10. Tenus to up to down to nigh to as to only in as far as within compass of Tenus serves also a Gen. Case Plural III. Both an Accusative and Ablative these six 1. Clam unknown to 2. Procul far of far from without 3. Subter under in 4. In 1. Acc. Into to afore until towards upon against about at near to 2. Abl. In by concerning with at 3. Acc. and sometimes an Abl. after for on upon among 5. Sub. 1. Acc. 1. With a Noun of time about a little afore towards 2. With a Noun of Action after or upon 3. After a Verb of motion to unto under 2. A bl Under in at by hard by forthwith or upon in the time of 6 Super. 1. Acc. Beyond above over and above besides amidst at set over or belonging to in Office 2. Abl. Concerning for about or at Acc. or Abl. upon These are used in Composition only 3 am an about con together Di dis se apart Re again or against un ve without Some in Composition change 2 lose 3 or take a Letter for the better sound p. 222 Aos before f is made au as aufero In before b p change n into im con Ad Ob Sub In before c f g l n p r s t. Change their last letter into the Consonant of the word following as Accurro Opprimo Suggero Illudo Corrigo Pellucco Intelligo Effero c f g p. c f g m p. l m r. l sometimes Con Per Inter Ex before f. Ad sometimes before a Consonant lose a Letter as Aperio Omitto Trajicio Divello Ob Traens Dis c. Con always before a Vowel as coemo Construction or Syntax hath two general Parts Agreement and Government IN Latin Speech there are 3 Agreements or Concords between the I. Nominative Case and the Verb. II. Substantive and the Adjective III. Antecedent and the Relative I. The Nominative Case hath a an or the and sometimes no sign before it but most commonly cometh before the Verb with which it agrees in Number and Person as P raceptor legit vos negligitis Frater studet P ater dormit Yet between the Nom case and the Verb may stand 1. A Genitive Case or a Gerund in di as Facundia Ciceronis celebratur Studium discendi me tenet 2. An Adjective or Participle also Conjunctive or Relative Clauses as vir doctus studiis addictus si gloriam appctat sceleratos oderit merito amatur Sometimes the Nominative Case is set after the Verb if 1. A question be asked as Amas tu Venitne Rex 2. The Verb be of the Imperative Mood as Amito ille Legat petrus Taceant coeteri 3. The Signs It or There nor or neither come before the English of the Verb as Est liber mcus venit quidam II. A Noun Adjective cannot stand by it self but must have a Substantive expressed or understood with
impÄr dispÄr 2. Greek words in Î·Ï or er long as aÄ“r charactÄ“r aethÄ“r sotÄ“r Except pater and matÄ•r in which er is short is 1. Datives and Ablatives plural of the first and second Declension as musÄ«s dominÄ«s templÄ«s and quÄ«s for quibus 2. Nouns increasing long in the Genitive case as SamnÄ«s SamnÄ«tis Salamis Ä«nÄ«s 3. Monosyllables as vÄ«s lÄ«s Except Äs quÄs and bÄs 4. Second persons singular in is whose second persons plural end in Ä«tis as audÄ«s velÄ«s dederÄ«s audÄ«tis velÄ«tis dederÄ«tis us 1. Nouns increasing long as tellÅ«s Å«ris virtÅ«s Å«tis 2. The Genit sing Nominat Accusat and Vocat plural of the 4th Declension in us as bujus manûs hae manus has manus ô manus 3. All Monosyllables as pÅ«s thÅ«s rÅ«s mÅ«s sÅ«s crÅ«s c. 4. Greek Nouns ending with the Dipthong ους as PanthÅ« SapphÅ« CliÅ« In scanning Verses certain Figures are used viz. 1. A Vowel ends the former word and another begins the following the former is struck off by Synalaepha 2. M ends the former and the following begins with a Vowel or Dipthong the last syllable of the former word is cut off by Ecthiipsis 3. Sometimes 1. Two syllables are drawn into one by Synaeresis as aureÅ« alvÄ“o 2. One syllable is divided into two by Diaeresis as voluïsse for volvisse suëtus for suetus 4. A short syllable in the end of a word if it begins a foot may be made long by Caesura of which are 4 sorts viz. when a short syllable is produced after 1. The first foot by Triemimeris as pectoribus inhians 2. The first two feet by Penthemimeris as Omnia vincit amor nos cedamus amori 3. The three first feet called Hepthemimeris as Ostentans artem pariter arcumque sonantem 4. The four first feet termed Eneemimeris as Ille latus niveum molli fuliÅ«s biacintho Mr. Walkers Particles in Tables accommodated to the Capacities and Memories of young Lads A an 1. Signs of Noun Substantives common 2. Put for 1. One unus 2. Each or every in with singulus and sometimes without it 3. Before 1. A Participle in ing 1. After a Verb of moving made by the first Supine a Participle in rus or Gerund in dum 2. Denoting present Action made by a Verb. 2. Words of Time 1. After once twice thrice c. Sign of the Ablative Case with in or wâ—â—â—out it 2. Having a Participle in ing after them by a Vâ—â—b Above 1. In Order height place generally super supra also 2. More than longer than plus amplius majus diutius 3. Excelling beyond ante prae praeter ultra supra 4. Higher in place or dignity prior superior 5. After 1. Over ad extra super 2. From superne desuper About 1. Concerning de super Abl. circa Accusat 2. Near upon more or less over or under quasi ad instar plus minus praeter propter 3. Before 1. Time sub circa circiter 2. Place and Persons circa circum 4. Or ready a Participle in rus 5. Belongs to the foregoing word and is omitted About to be futurum ut Abroad 1. Out of doors foris 2. Moving out of doors forás 3. A fâ—r off or at a distance peregré 4. In the open Air sub dio 5. In open sight in publico in aperto in propatulo 6. All abroad passim laté 7. Far abroad longé latéque 8. Asunder apart di dis in Composition According 1. To ad de ex secundum pro. 2. As prout sicut proinde ut Accordingly juxtá pariter perinde After 1. Before 1. A Nominat case postquam posteaquam ubicum or ur 2. An oblique case a ab ex or post 2. After 1. A Noun of time post the Adverb and quam if a Verb follow it 2. A Verb belongs to it and is omitted 3. Signifying 1. According to de ad and in Acc. also a sign of the Abl case of the manner 2. Nearness or degree order or succession juxta proxime secundum sub 3. Afterwards postea exinde Again 1. Once more iterum denuo rursus ab integro 2. On the other hand e contra invicem vicissim 3. Hereafter post posthac or postea 4. Even etiam vel 5. After Verbs or back again retro or re in Composition Again and again iterum atque iterum etiam atque etiam To and again ultro citroque As big again dxplo major c. Against 1. Before 1. A Noun of time in Accusat 2. A Verb with its Nom. case dum 2. After 1. A Verb of motion ad or in Acc. 2. Mind thought will law custom right just good c. praoeter 3. Signifying 1. Damage or opposition also cross or contrary adversus adversum in contra 2. Defence or Preservation a ad adversus contra Over against é regicne ex adverso To be against adversor repugno All 1. Whole totus integer universus 2. Every one singulus quisque 3 Only solus unus 4. As much as so much as how much soever whatsoever quantumcunque quod quicquid quantum or quam for quantum 5. Otherwise omnis cunctus universus No or none at all nullus omnino Not at all Non omninoy nequaquam nullo modo Nothing at all nibil omnino nibil prorsus nihil quicquam Never at all omnino nunquam No where at all omnino nusquam Along 1. With a man or a thing una 2. Otherwise it 1. Is made by per or an Abl. case 2. Belongs to the foregoing word As 1. Before a Verb or Participle in ing with a passive sign made by 1. A Verb with dum cum ubi or ut 2. A Preposition inter super and in an Ablative 2. For 1. Which quod id quod qui quoe quod 2. In this regard or respect ut quia 3. Like as even as ut sicut velut quomodo quemadmodum 4. According as ut uti sicut ita ut pro prout 3. Answering to 1. Such or such an one qualis qui. 2. So or as great as as much as as little as c. quantus qui quam or ut with a Superlat 4. Doubled with an Adjective or Adv. betwixt put for 1. Tho altho quamvis 2. Howmuchsoever quantuscunque 3. How little soever quantuluscunque 5. Found 1. In the former part of a sentence tam non minus aque 2. In the latter part quara And 1. Next before not autem 2. If another word comes between and and not nec neque 3. Before yet therefore and if omitted 4. Otherwise ac atque c necnon que tum At 1. Before 1. Time Price Manner Instrument Cause Games commonly sign of the Ablative case 2. Common or great places 1. In a place in with an Abl. case 2. Nigh near or close by ad 3. Proper and small places 1. of the first or second Declension singular Number in the Genitive case 2 Of the third Declension or the Plural Number in the Ablat 4. A Participle in
ing to be varied by when or after that c. cum with a Verb or an Ablative case absolute 2. To be at or present intersum At supper inter super coersam 3. Near nigh close ad 4. Belongs to the foregoing word and is omitted Away 1. Get you gone or fie apage apagite 2. With i e. abide or endure fero patior 3. After a Verb is part of it and omitted 4. Put for hence or from thence it belongs to the next word Become 1. It s meet fit or handsom decet 2. Is made or proves to be fio evado 3. Before of fio futurum est with a Dative or de with an Ablative case Before 1. For before that antequam priusquam 2. In time or place ante 3. In presence coram 4. In Comparison prae also 1. More than plusquam 2. Rather than potius quam 3. Sooner than citius quam 5. Written or spoken supra ante prius 6. Formerly olim quondam Being 1. The same with 1. Since that cum quandoquidem 2. Presence in a place prasentia 3. To abide continue dwell esse licet 4. As being utpote 2. Before to with a Verb a Participle in rus 3. After far from ut and a Subjunctive Mood 4. Often left out and the word following sometimes in the 1. Ablative case absolute 2. Same case as the word before by Apposition 5. With a Verb or Participle many times quod or quia Beside 1. By or nigh to prope propter juxta secundum 2. Except save but Proerer extra praeter quam 3. Moreover surthermore porro praeterea 4. More than over and above praeter praterea 5. Beyond above ultra praeter trans Beyond 1. On the further side trans ultra 2. Above praeter supra extra ultra 3. To go beyond or over-reach circumvenio fallo Both 1. Spoken of two ambo uterque 2. Answered by and cum tum vel and quia doubled But 1. After 1. The word nothing what or what else before 1. A Verb quam 2. A Noun or Pronoun quin or quod non nisi 2. Cannot non or quin with a Subjunctive Mood 3. Words of 1. Time cum 2. Denying quin. 3. Not doubting not hearing not thinking not questioning c. quin or ne non 2. The same with 1. Only tantum solummodo or modo 2. Except nisi praeterquam But for absque But that ni nisi quod or quod nisi Not but that non quod non By 1. Before 1. The Instrument wherewith or the manner how and words of time sign of the Ablative case 2. Words of place per or an Ablative case 3. Participles in ing sign of the Gerund in do 4. Self or selves for alone per solus 2. The same with 1. Through by means of per. So in swearing Protestaction c. 2. Before ance priusquam 3. About circiter sub ad 4. Near or nigh to prope juxta propter ad apud 5. From a ab abs ex 6. According to de ex 7. Concerning de ex 8. Indirect evil malus sinister inhonestus 3. After 1. Comparatives sign of the Ablative case 2. Passives a ab abs or sign of the Dative 4. Sign of an Adverb commonly in im as by stealth furtim man by man viritim Day by day quotidie c. 5. Belongs to the foregoing word and is omitted By reason of per ob propter By and by mox brevi By the by obiter By reason of that or because of propterea quod By the way 1. Slightly obuer cursim perfunctorie leviter in transun 2. In going in itinere in via Either 1. One of the two alteruter utervis uter uterlibet 2. Or aut vel Else 1. For 1. Other alius 2. Otherwise alioqui aliter alias ni ita 3. More further praeterea porro adbuc amplius 4. Besides praeterea with nemo 2. After or answering to 1. Either expressed or understood aut or vel 2. Whether sive or an Even 1. Not odd par 2. Smooth level plain aquus lavis 3. Equal or as big aqualis par 4. Namely nempe nimirum 5. Also etiam quoque vel 6. Almost ferme fere 7. With from before 1. Time jam inde usque a or ab 2. Place i. e. as far as from usquc a or ab 8. An Expletive is omitted Ever 1. For 1. Any before a or an nunquis ecquis ecquisnami 2. At any time unquam ecquando siquando 3. Always continually semper oeternum jugiter 2. After 1. As redoubled with an Adjective or Adverb quam or ut with a Superlative 2. Or for before that cum nondum ut ut Every 1. All omnis universus 2. Whole ad as ad quadrantem 3. Each one quisque unusquisque 4. Before words of time 1. Quot with an Ablat case as quotannis 2. In with an Acc. case plural as in horas Far 1. Before 1. A Substantive longinquus 2. An Adjective or Adverb multo longe 2. After a Verb So sar from that ita non ut Adeo non ut Tantnm abest ut or ue in the former clause and nedum in the later As far as quantum quoad To usque ad So far that eò eò usque From ab usque Far from far off from longe procui multum For Without from Longe Procul Far off For 1. The same with 1. Instead or in behalf according to considering pro gratiâ causâ 2. By reason of for the sake of propter obprae erga 3. As in pro as in signum for a sign 4. For all per for a time ad in as in diem for a day 5. On ones side a ab pro. 6. As for de quod ad quantum ad 2. Before 1. A Sentence as touching nam enim etenim 2. Diseases against contra ad Except nought for 3. A person for the use of sign of the Dative case 4. Words of price and wagers sign of the Ablative case 5. Part pro ex 6. A Participle in ing denoting 1. Because that quod or qui with a Subj Mood 2. To the end that causa and a Geruncive with its Genitive case 7. Profit and honour e ex 8. Distributives in Accusative case 9. Purpose use end c ad and in Accusat 10. An Infin Mood later of two Verbs omitted 11. A case with an Infin Mood after it 3. After good fit profitable lawful c. sign of the Dat. case From 1. Before 1. A common place word of time age or order a ab abs 2. A Participle in ing a ab or ex and the Gerund in do 2. After 1. A word of motion and before a proper name of a small place sign of the Ablatcase without a Preposition 2. Verbs of differing and taking away sign of the Dat. or Abl. with a ab abs 3. With of or out de e ex 4. Often belongs to the foregoing word and is omitted Hence 1. From this place bine 2. Signifying the original or cause of any thing hinc
ex hoc 3. After words of time ad post Henceforth posthac quod superest dein porro Henceforwards deinceps quod reliquum est His hers theirs it s before a Substantive 1. With own suus 2. Without own illius ipsius ejus Him her them it with self in the 1. Nominative case ipse a um 2. Oblique cases sui sibi se Hither 1. Towards this place horsum 2. To this place huc 3. An Adjective citerior Hitherto 1. To this time adbuc usque adbuc 2. To this place or bound thus far bactenus How 1. In what manner quomodo 2 Before 1. Adjectives and Adverbs come of them quam 2. Verbs with admiration Much and a Comparative degree quo quanto 3. By what means qui unde 4. Put with or for that quod 5. For what or why quid How far 1. In space or place quam longe 2. In going forward quatenas 3. In degree of Exeess or Excellency quanto How is it that or why quid quare cur quid est cur quid fit ut Howbeit at tamen attamen veruntamen autem However ut ut utcunque If 1. In the former part of a speech si in the latter sin 2. Put for whether numsi If not 1. Put for unless ni nisi si non 2. Having yet after it si non sin minus But if not sin aliter sin minus In 1. With to an Accusative case In 2. Without to an Ablative case 3. Before 1. Place apud ad in 2. Time in de per intra inter 3. Words of Price sign of the Ablative case 4. Put for inward insitus 5. Belongs to the foregoing word and is omitted In Latin Latinè in Greek Graecè In English Anglicè It 1. Before 1. A Verb usually omitted sometimes id or res 2 Self ipse 2. After a Verb or Preposition id hoc istuc Last 1. Signifying 1. Time postremus 2. Order or Place novissimus extremus ultimus supremus summus or Adverbs come of them 2. To last perenno duro 3. A last modulus crepida At last jam tandem aliquando demum denique ad extremum Let 1. To hire for Rent Use c. loco eloco 2 Alone or to leave off or pass by mitto or omitto 3. To give leave or to suffer permitto sino 4. To hinder obsto impedio 5. Delay or hinderance mora impedimentum 6. Before another Verb sign of the Inperative Mood but if the Verb be of the first person of the Subjunctive Likâ— 1. An Adjective par similis aequus 2 A Verb probo gaudeo cordi est 3. Importing likelihood or probability verisimile probabile 4. After the manner way or fashâ—â—â— made by some Adverb denoting that manner way or fashion Like as in like sort in like manner c. Quemadmodum sicut pariter ac perinde ac bujusmodi Little before 1. A Substantive 1. Parvus exiguus 2. Sometimes a Diminutive as agellus puella ungula 2. An Adjective Positive aliquantum nonnibil 3. A Comparative aliquant paul 4. A Verb paulum nonnibil parum aliquantulum 5. Time space or while understood parumper paulisper Less 1. With a Substantive minor 2. With a Verb or no nothing never much little c. minus the Adverb 3. Part of a Verb as to make less minuo extenuo Least 1. Referring to a 1. Substantive minimus 2. Verb minimè 2. Following at or the minimùm or minimè Lest that ne Long 1. An Adjective longus 2. To desire greatly percupio expeto 3. Following all with something between totus omnis 4. An Adverb diu 5. Denoting a 1. Fault culpa as sum in culpa 't is long of me 2. Good cause causa non eras in causa 't was not long of you Man 1. No Child or Coward vif Any man quis aliquis Every man quisque omnis Vnus quisque No man nemo 2. No Woman mas vir 3. A Servant Servus famulus 4. Often understood in Latin after certain Adjectives viz. good wise just c. Much 1. With a Substantive multus plurimus 2. With a Verb multum magnopere vehementer 3. Of value price or concernment tanti quanti bujus magni parmagni maximi plurimi 4. Before Comparatives and Superlatives multò longè So How much quò quantò So much hoc eò tantò 5. Belongs to the foregoing Verb sometimes and is omitted More 1. From much major or plus with a Gen. Case 2. From many Plures plura 3. Before an Adjective or Adverb Sign of the Comparative Degree 4. With Verbs of esteeming valuing buying and selling pluris 5. For 1. Rather magis 2. Hereafter post hac 3. Further amplius ultra 4. Else or besides praeteria amplius 5. More greatly plus magis 6. Above plus amplius magis supra super The more 1. In the former part of a Sentence quò quantò 2. In the latter tantò eò So these answer each other Quot tot quoties toties qualis talis quantum tantum quantopere tantopere Most with 1. An Adjective or Adverb Sign of the Superlat Degree 2. A Substantive plexique 3. A Verb maximè plurimùm Must signifying 1. Necessity necesse est 2. Need opus est 3. Duty oporter Near 1. An Adjective propinquus 2. For almost prope 3. Belongs to the next Verb near to or unto prope juxta propter Next 1. An Adjective proximus 2. In Order 1. Before a Case juxtà secundùm post 2. Without a Case deinde deinceps 3. In Time posterius or some Adverb 4. In Place vicinus Neither 1. Of the two Neuter 2. Answered by nor nec neque neve Never 1. No none or not nullus non unus non ullus 2. At no time nunquam non unquam 3. With the before a Comparative nihilo 4. A Note of forbidding ne Never so or never such vel ut quamvis quamlibet etiamsi No 1. Without a casual word ne non 2. Next before a Substantive nullus nequis nibil nequid 3. Before an Adjective and a Substantive non haud 4. Person nemo nullus nequis non quisquam No more non plus non amplius ne quid ultrà nihil ultrà nihil amplius Not 1. In denying non baud minus nec neque 2. In forbidding 1. Non with a future Tense of an Indicative Mood 2. Ne with an Imperat or a Subjunctive Mood 3. Noli with an Infinitive Mood 2. After 1. Words of Caution warning c. ne with a Subj Mood 2. Words intreating or deprecating ne or ut 3. Verbs of fearing ut or ne non 3. In Questions non nonne annon quc the inclitic Now importing 1. Time 1. Present nunc 2. Newly past modò 3. Instantly to come jam 2. Connexion autem jam 3. Transition deinceps Of 1. The same with 1. Concerning touching de super 2. Out of where of noting matter e ex de 3. With or by Sign of the Gerund in do 4. From or by most commonly after Passives à ab abs
2. Before The latter of two Substantives Sign of the Gen. Case 2. A Participle in ing sign of the Gerund in di 3. After 1. Nouns of desire knowledg remembrance ignorance forgetting care fear c. Many Participials and all Verbals in ax Also Partitives and Comparatives and Superlatives put partitively Also Verbs of accusing condemning warning purging acquitting paeultet pudet piget taedet Sign of the Genitive Case 2. Nouns and Verbs of plenty or wanting filling emptying spoiling disappointing joy pride c. also after the English of dignus indignus natus cretas satus ortus editus prognatus creatus opus usus for need Sign of the Ablative Case 3. A Substantive before mine thine ours yours his and theirs is omitted as amicus meus a friend of mine 4. Most Verbs especially of inquiring or hearing à ab è ex de What kind of What manner of Qui qualis On or Upon 1. Before 1. Words of Place for 1. Beside near unto toward which ad ab à . 2. Above in Abl. super 2. Words of Time Sign of the Ablative Case 3. Musical Instruments 4. Words noting Food 5. Condition Terms c. 2. After Verbs 1. Of Depending à ab è ex de 2. Of bestowing spending imploying wasting losing in Acc. 3. Misereor miseresco Sign of the Gen. Case 3. For after super as literae super literis or literas 4. Belongs to the next word and is omitted Or 1. Alone or noting Correction ve seu sive 2. Answering 1. Whether an ne seu sive 2. Either aut vel Over à super 1. Signifying 1. Beyond ultrà 2. Above suprà 3. Cross or overthwart trans 4. In Comparison prae 5 After or within post intra 6. Concerning de super 7. Too or too much nimius nimis nimium 2. After 1. A Noun of Rule Power Command in Acc. 2. A Verb Sign of the Dative 3. With Verbs of motion per trans 4. Belongs to the next word and is omitted All over per or an Abl. Ought or must 1. Oportet debto 2. The Gerund in dum with est Ought for any thing quid ecquid siquid res for ought quantum Out 1. From place or number de è ex 2. Away or of from a ab 3. Not within extra 4. Belongs to the foregoing word and is omitted Out of for by reason of propter Own suus proprius Own self ipse Self after a Pronoun my your him c. ipse Self-same 1. Ipse with Ille iste hic is qui. 2. Idem with ille iste quod or unus Since for 1. Seeing that or because cum quando siquidem quandoquide 2. From or after à ab ex post Sometimes by ut quòd cum postquam 3. Ago abhinc antè diu dudum olim pridem So 1. In a former clause and answered by as or that in a later tam adeò perinde sic itâ 2. In a later clause and answering to as in a former sic ita 3. For this that the same id idem So many tot So often toties So much so great tantus so that modo dum dummodo so eu cunque an Enclitier Such noting 1. Kind sort or quality talis qualis ejusmodi and is for talis 2. Nature Disposition or Condition sic ita 3. So great tantus ita magnus 4. This that they or those denoting quality hic or is Such a before a Noun tam adeo That 1. Before a Substantive ille is iste 2. Which or who qui quis 3. To the end that or before may can might could should ought c. ut 4. Betwixt a Comparative and a Verb is omitted 5. Put with or for because quòd 6. Referring to something done or doing 7. After words of Opinion knowledg relation or complaint 8. After 1. Same qui ac atque 2. Words of care endeavour desire intreaty wishing warning counselling commanding obtaining happening permitting and affecting ing at which after volo peto censeo jubeo sino facio c. is elegantly omitted 3. So or such ut 4. Words of fear in Speeches 1. Affirmative â—â— 2. Negative ut or ne non Before that antequam priusquam After that postquam posteaquam Than after 1. Comparatives 1. Before a Noun Sign of the Ablative Case 2. Before another word quam 2. Other or otherwise ac atque quam Then 1. At that time tum tunc 2. Next or after that tum deinde 3. Therefore or so then ergo igitur tum postea tum porrò Thence 1. From that place illinc indè istinc 2. From that cause occasion or ground exeo inde exinde There 1. In that place ibi istic illic 2. Often Sign of the Verb to be set before the Nominative Case is omitted 3. In Composition with about after at by from in into of on out upon to unto with withall c. â—â— iste c. The before a Comparative for 1. By how much quô quantò 2. By so much eò tantò Through applied to 1. Place per. 2. Occasion cause or means ex per. Till 1. Before a 1. Noun in usque ad 2. Verb dum donec quoad 2. For 1. Before a 1. Ante alone before a Noun of Time 2. Antequam or antea-quam before a Verb. 2. To allure or draw on lacto allicio 3. To plow or order land colo To before 1. A Casual word 1. And signifying 1. To the use of Sign of the Dat. case 2. In comparison of ad prae 3. Towards in erga adversum 4. Of or concerning ad de 2. Of Time for until in ad 3. Of that Person to or before whom any person or thing is complained accused condemned or spoken of apud 4. And following 1 Words of motion also Verbs betokening to apply add appertain belong call exhort provoke invite c. And Adjectives of forwardness readiness fitness inclinableness c. ac 2. According ad de ex secundum pro. 2. A Verb sign of the Infinitive Mood and may be rendred after 1. Any Substantive or Adjective by the Gerund in dum with ad 2. A Passive Sign when necessity or duty is noted by a Gerund in dum when purpose or likelihood by a Participle in rus 3. Adjectives of worthiness fitness c. By a Subjunctive Mood and qui. 4 Substantives that may be varied by who or which with may can might c. To be 1. After 1. A Passive Sign or Noun or Verb Substantive Sign of the Participle in dus 2. An Adjective the later Supine or Subjunctive Mood with qui. 3. Any other Verb or an Acc. Case the Infinitive Mood Passive 2. Without a Sign alone or before a Substantive Adjective or Preposition in the same clause esse or us or qui with sum Together 1. After words of Time per. 2. After words of gathering or uniting con in composition 3. In Company at the same time or place unà simul inter Too 1. For also etiam quoque 2. For over before
Pen Penn. a. A Lord Domin us A Bean Fab A Finger Digit A Rule Norm A Ring Annul A School Schol The World Mund A Woman Faemin The Wind Vent Fortune Fortun  Water Aqu A Kingdom Regn um Joy Laetiti An Apple Pom 2. Nouns of the 2 d Declension in er ir and us are Masculines in um Neuters A Word Verb  Study Studi  Loss Damn A Book Lib er A Field Ag A Boy Pu A Goat Cap 3. Nouns of the third Declension if Substantives are 1. Masculines which end in an anis Titan the Sun in inis Delphin a Dolphin o Ånis Ligo a Spade on Ånis Damon Ånis Canon a Rule er Ä“ris Crater a Cup. Ä•ris Passer a Sparrow ter tris Venter a Belly ex Ä“cis Vervex a Weather Ä•cis. Codex a Book or Åris Viator a Traveller Åris Rhetor a Rhetorician os Åris Honos Honour Åis Heros a Nobleman il Älis Mugil a Mullet ul Ålis Consul a Consul ans antis Quadrans a Farthing ens entis Tridens a Mace unx uncis Septunx seven Ounces 2. Neuters ending in a atis Poema a Poem e is Rete a Net i is Sinapi Mustard al alis Capital a Coif ar Äris Calcar a Spur. en Änis Nomen a Name ur oris Jecur a Liver uris Guttur a Throat us oris Pectus a Breast eris Vulnus a Wound ut Ätis Caput an Head 3. Almost all others are Feminines especially such as end in as Ätis Vanitas Vanity ădis. Lampas a Lamp ax Äcis Fornax a Furnace es is Sedes a Seat Ä“tis Quies Rest Ä“dis Merces a Reward io iÅnis Natio a Nation Lectio a Reading ix Ä«cis Radix a Root Nutrix a Nurse inx ingis Syrinx a Flute anx ancis Lanx a Platter do dÄnis Rubedo Redness go gÄnis Imago a Picture ux ucis Crux a Cross is inis is Masc as Sanguis Blood is Fem. as Avis a Bird. 4. Nouns of the fourth Declension in us are Masculines in u Neutters as A Step. Grad us A Wave Fluct An Army Exercit An Uproar Tumult Food Vict Fruit Fruct A Knee Gen u. An Horn Corn 5. Nouns of the fifth Declension are all Feminines except Meridies and Dies A Face Faci es A Kind Speci A Thing R Faith Fid Hardness Duriti So much of Substantives next follows Declination of Adjectives which are either of the first and second Declensions as durus or of the third alone as tristis Durâ•Œus Bonâ•Œus Tardâ•Œus Aloâ•Œus Crudâ•Œus Altâ•Œus Pulchâ•Œer Pigâ•Œer Nigâ•Œer Integâ•Œer Satâ•Œur   Singulariter Pluraliter   Masc Fem. Neut Masc Fem. Neut Nom. us er a um i ae a Gen. i ae i orum arum orum Dat. o ae o is is is Acc. um am um os as a Voc. e er a um i ae a Abl. o â o is is is In like manner are declined all Participles in tus sus xus rus and dus 〈◊〉 tuus suus noster vester Likewise totus solus unus ullus 〈◊〉 alter 〈◊〉 neuter nullus saving that these Nine make the Geâ—â—tive Singular in ius and the Dative in i. x Meus makes mi in the Vocative Case and â—â—lius aliud in the Neuter Gender x And the Six last lack the Vocative Case Tristâ•Œis Levâ•Œis Utilâ•Œis Moâ—â•Œis Audaâ•Œx Suppleâ•Œx Feliâ•Œx Atroâ•Œx Amâ•Œans Ingâ•Œens Obediâ•Œens Durâ•Œior Levâ•Œior Pulchrâ•Œior Nigrâ•Œior  Singulariter Pluraliter  Masc Fem Neut Masc Fem. Neut Nom. is x ans ens ior e x ans ens ius es ia Gen. is  um ium  Dat. i  ibus  Acc. em e x ans ens ius es ia Voc. is x ans ens ior e x ans ens ius es ia Nostras âtis Vestras âtis Gujas âtis Abl. e i  Äbus  N. B. Such as end in x ans and ens are of all three Genders in the â—ominative Case singular and increase in the Genitive These with Comaratives make the Ablative singular both in e and i. Others only in i â—nd increase not in the Genitive Case except Vetus Note also That Comparatives in the Nominative Accusative and the Vocative Plural form the Neuter Gender in a and the Genitive in um the rest in iâ— ium There be three Degrees of Comparison the 1. Positive 2. Comparative 3. Superlative Hard Durâ•Œus Bold Audâ•Œax us ax more or er most or est Light Levis Lowly Supplâ•Œex is ex ior  Loving Amâ•Œans Happy Felâ•Œix ans ix ius issimus Great Ingâ•Œens Fierce Ferâ•Œox ens ox   Fair Pulchâ•Œer Sick Aegâ•Œer er ior rimus Black Nigâ•Œer Slow Pigâ•Œer  ius  Fiery Igneus Watry Aqueus eus   Godly Pius Ungodly Impius ius magis maxime Stout Strenuns High Ardnus uus   Except from these Rules these that follow Good better best Bonus melior optimus Bad worse worst Malus pejor pessimus Great greater greatest Magnus major maximus Little less least Parvus minor minimus Much more most Multus  plurimus Multum plus plurimum Old elder eldest Vetus veterior veterrimus Senex senior maximus natu  worse worst of all  deterior deterrimus Long ago former first Pridem prior primus After later last Post posterior postremus Above higher highest Supra superior supremus   summus Below lower lowest Infra inferior infimus Within inward inmost Intra interior intimus Without more outward outmost Extra exterior extimus extremus on this side nigher hither nighest hither citra citerior citimus beyond farther off farthest ultra ulterior ultimus near to nearer nearest prope propior proximus naughty naughtier naughtiest nequam nequior nequissimus A great while longer very long diù diutiùs diutissime often oftener very often saepe saepius saepissime lite  very lately nuper  nuperrimè rich richer very rich dives ditior ditissimus Adjectives not Compared are Cicur claudus canus calvus Degener dispar almus salvus Egenus memor magnanimus mirus Jejunus crispus unicus delirus Canorus balbus ferus vetulus Silvestris mediocris edentulus Also 1. Gentiles Romanus Graecus c. 2. Possessives Fraternus herilis c. 3. Numerals Septimus ternarius c. 4. Diminutives Tenellus tantillus c. 5. Materials Aureus aereus lapideus ligneus 6. Temporals Matutinus hesternus biennis 7. Compounds of gere and fero Salutifer Corniger And Words ending in 1. 〈◊〉 Moribundus cunct abundus 2. imus Bimus trimus maritimus 3. ivus Deliberativus 4. plex as Duplex triplex 5. ster Campester sylvester Pronouns are these 1. Substantives 1. In English 2. In Latin I me we us Ego nos Thou thee ye you Tu vos He she it him her Ille iste ipse They them Illi isti ipsi Self Sui 2. Adjectives My thy or thine his their Meus tuus suus Our your Noster vester This these that those Hic is Which whose whom what who Qui quis Ego tu sui
aÄ“rts eÅ« ge except a Vowel immediately follows as praealtus praeibis praeustus A Dipthong is a sound made of 2 Vowels joyned together in one syllable of which there are five ae oe au ei eu III. Derivative and Compound keep the same quantity as the Primitive and simple ones of which they come as ămo ănator ămabilis redămo except innÅba prenÅba of nÅ«bo and dejÄ•ro pejÄ•ro of jÅ«ro. IV. Of Prepositions these are always long Ä Ä“ dÄ“ sÄ“ except a Vowel follows next after DÄ« also is long except in dÄâ•Œimo dÄsertus And PrÅ except in these following Procella profugus protervus pronepos propago profanus profueor profunaâ—s proficiscor profari propero profugio profecto Propheta propino in all which pro is short In procurro profundo propello propulso propago as pro is common All other Prepositions are short except Position makes them long V. In all Preterperfect tenses and Supines of two syllables the former is long as vÄ«di lÄ“gi lÅtum Except fÄdi of findo not fido bÄbi dÄ•di scÄdi stÄ•ti tÅli Supines quÄtum sÄtum Ätum lÄtum cÅtum rătum dătum sătum cÄtum of cieo NB. The first syllable of all double Preterperfect tenses is always short such as pÄ•pendi tÅtondi mÅmordi pÄ•pedi rÅtudi fÄ•felli tÄ•tigi dÄdici cÄ•cidi of cado and cÄ•cidi of caedo to beat VI. Adjectives in nus and Åsus are always long Except diutÄnus crastÄnus pristÄnus perendÄnus bornotÄnus serotÄnus oleagÄnus fagÄnus cedrÄnus carbasÄnus and others which denote matter whereof a thing is made as ChrystallÄnus MyrrhÄnus HiacinthÄnus AdamantÄnus VII Of Conjugations the mark letter is to be observed 1. In the first Ä is always long as Äbam Äbas Äveram Äveas Äbo Ärem Äre c. 2. In the second Ä“ is always long as Ä“mus Ä“bamus Ä“bimus Ä“ Ä“mus Ä“ Ä“-e Except a vowel follows next after e as Ä•am Ä•as Ä•at Ä•amus Ä•atis Ä•ant 3. In the third Ä• is short before r as Ä•ram Ä•rem Ä•rim Ä•ro Ä•re excepting Ä“runt Ä“re in the Preterperfect tense active and Ä“ris Ä“re in the Fut. tense passive of the Indicative Mood if not before r 't is always long as Ä“bam Ä“bar Ä“mur Ä“mini 4. In the fourth Ä« is always long as Ä«mus Ä«vi Ä«veram Ä«to Ä«tem Ä«re except a Vowel immediately follows as Äebam Äam Äamus Äar Äatur c. VIII Almost all other syllables except final are long or short by Use or Authority and so is IX The encreasing syllable of the Genit case which for the most part is I. Long in such as increase in Ä Ä Except Äcis A few Greek nouns fax Äis Annibal Sal Änis Äâ—is Jubar hepar par nectar baccar Äsis Ätis from as Anas Ä“ Ä“ Ä“cis nex Ä“dis Pes and his Compounds Ä“gis grex Ä“tis Aries abies paries bebes interpres teges seges and all ending in es short Ä“ais Ä« Ä« Ä«cis from trix natrix varix fornix filix ix appendix calix bistrix coxendix Ä«ris Å Å Åcis praecox and names of Country-men Ålis Tripos c. Ånis certain foreign Gr. Nouns which increase by little o Åris from os or arbor marmor aequor ador robur memor certain gr Nouns increasing by little o Åtis compos impos Å« Å« Å«lis pecus Å«ris augur murmur furfur cicur ligur vultur Å«tis II. Short in such as increase in ă a Except ăbis ălis ătis from a Ä• Ä• Ä•mis Ä•ri Ä•ris Verb and some Greek Nouns besides aer and aether Ä Ä Äcis from ex Ädis Psophis crenis Ägis Äus Änis Salamis Trachis Delphis Äps Äri Ätis Samnis Quiris Ävis Å Å Åbis Ågis Åpis Hydrops Cenops Cyclops Cercops Åris from ur us Åvis Å Å Åcis Pollux Ågis Ålis Åpis Åris y y ybis ycis Bombyx ygis yris Of the Quantity of ending syllables These Terminations are long Except a 1. Pută ită quiă 2. All cases in a besides the Ablative singular of the first Declension as musâ pennâ bonâ And Vocatives of Greek Nouns in as as O AeneÄ O ThomÄ 3. Nouns of number in ginta makes the last common c 1. Lăc nÄ•c donÄ•c always short 2. Fac and the Pronoun hic which with hoc if it be not the Ablative case is always common i 1. Mihi tibi sibi ubi ibi in which the last is common 2. NisÄ and quasÄ always short 3. Datives and Vocatives of Greek Nouns as Dat. PhyllidÄ â—allaabreve MinoïdÄ Vocat AmaryllÄ AlexÄ DaphnÄ n 1. Forsăn forsităn ăn tamÄ•n attamÄ•n veruntamÄ•n 2. In with his compounds exÄn subÄn deÄn proÄn 3. Nouns in en that increase short in the Genitive case as carmÄ•n peciÄ•n tibicÄ•n 4. Words cut off by Apocope as mÄ•n viaÄn ' nemÅn ' 5. Greek words in on by Å short in in by Ä. in yn by y. also in an from the Nominative in a not in as as 1. Greek Nouns which make the Genit singular in dos as Arcă and the Latin word Ană. 2. Accusatives plural of such as increase in the Genitive singular as Heroă Phyllidăs es 1. Nouns of the third Declension which increase short in the Gen. case sing as milÄ•s segÄ•s divÄ•s Except ariÄ“s abiÄ“ parÄ“ Ceres and pÄ“s with his compounds 2. Es the second person of sum with his Compounds as potÄ•s adÄ•s abÄ•s and the Preposition penÄ• still short 3. Neuters of the singular and Nominatives and Vocatives plural of Greek Nouns os 1. CompÅ impÅ and Ås ossis for Ås Åris is long 2. Greek words written by short Å as delÅ logÅs c. Words are common that end in Except o 1. Datives and Ablatives singular of the 2d Declension as dominÅ bonÅ magistrÅ which are always long 2. Adverbs derived of Adjectives in o as tantÅ quantÅ liquidÅ falsÅ primÅ c. Except sedulo mutuo crebro fero common CitÅ moao and quomodo always short Ambo duo ego and homo seldom long 3. Words of one Syllable in o always long as dÅ stÅ and ergÅ put for causà 4. All Greek words by ω still long as SapphÅ DidÅ. b  d  t.  These Termiations are short Except e 1. Ablatives singular of the 5th Declension as fidÄ“ glaciÄ“ diÄ“ with its Compounds hodiÄ“ quotidiÄ“ pridiÄ“ postridiÄ“ And rÄ“ with its Compounds quarÄ“ qua de rÄ“ ea rÄ“ c. and famÄ“ 2. Second persons singular of Verbs of the 2 d. Conjugation in the Imp. Mood active as docÄ“ movÄ“ cavÄ“ 3. Adverbs in e derived of Adjectives as pulchrÄ“ certÄ“ valdÄ“ also fermÄ“ ferÄ“ Except benÄ• and maiÄ• 4. Monosyllables in e as mÄ“ tÄ“ dÄ“ se Except quÄ• nÄ• vÄ• inclitic's 5. Greek Nouns written by á¼ or long e as ethÄ“ tempÄ“ l 1. NÄ«l made by contraction of nihÄ«l and sÅl 2. Hebrew words as MichaÄ“l GabriÄ“l RaphaÄ“l DaniÄ“l r 1. FÄr lÄr nÄr vÄ“r fÅ«r cÅ«r and sÄr with his compounds as compÄr