ad homines veâ—it imò quod propius est iâ— homines venit Sen. ep 73. Of a Parathesis A Parathesis incloses Synonymous words and Aequipollent Phrases added to former c. as Aliud nihil quà m nisi flere potui Non dubium est mihi quin nihil vereor ne non auctior in dies illustrior futura sit Pertusum quicquid in dolium infunditur i. e. quicquid ingrato feceris perit These few plain Rules and easie Directions may be sufficient for a young Learner For fulness and accurateness of skill in Pointing recourse must be had to Grammarians and Rhetoricians that have written of it though I know none that has written so fully and accurately as to be exactly followed by all others most differing both from others and from themselves herein He that to me seems to have gone the furthest and come the nearest to the setting of a Standard for others is that ingenious Grammarian Mr. Lewis of Tottenham in his Engl. Gram. p. 1 2 3. and Plain and short Rules for Pointing Periods p. 1 2 3. It is the usual and indeed the best way to begin with Translating To render this work easie and successful it will be good to contrive Englishes wherein the first things and those that are most easie yet necessary to make way for what is to follow shall be proposed Such will be little Sentences containing the Agreement of the Verb personal with his Nominative Case Adjective with his Substantive or Substantive with his Substantive belonging to the same thing Or the Government of an Accusative Case by a Verb or a Genitive Case by a former Substantive and the like After some time spent in these kind of Englishes more difficult may be proceeded unto namely such as contain in them the Agreement and Government of the Relative c. A Pattern whereof follows afterward in this Chapter in little Englishes framed according to the Rules of the Grammar for the Three Concords which the Teacher may first make use of and then if he find not them enow he may do more and go on with the rest of the Rules of the Grammar after that manner that I have begun with or else put his Scholars to the Translating of some English Book proper for that purpose such as Mr. Wases Essay of a Practical Grammar Wits Common-wealth Moral Philosophy c. unless he please to translate for them himself Tully's Sentences or some Epistle of Seneca or Oration of Cicero c. Let the Teacher in the first place teach his Scholar to know and then cause him to put the English words out of the Artificial into the Natural order and so read them not suffering him as it is the use with some just to fall to translating them as he finds them lying in the English book The natural order being found the work is half done all will then run of it self almost The Scholar will be taught the Natural Order of the English by Precept and by Practice For Precept the Teacher may be pleased to go according to his own judgment and his Scholar's need In the mean time he may instil into his Learner these General Rules General Rules touching the Natural Order of Words The Person spoken to comes before the words spoken to him Words of Connexion come before the words o clauses connexed by them Words governing others go before those that are governed of them Words agreeing with others follow those that they agree with Words declaring others follow those that they declare Words depending on others follow those that they depend upon These general Rules have some Exceptions as most general Rules have for the Relative if it be not the Nominative Case comes before the word that governs it so doth the Interrogative c. and in English the Adjective oft comes before the Substantive that it agrees with But it is a sure way ever to make the Substantive before the Adjective But if the Teacher shall think these Rules too General he may be pleased to give his Scholar these following which are more Particular Particular Rules for the Natural or Grammatical Order of Words R. 1. In the first place stand Words of Excitation or stirring up to attention Such as are 1 Interjections and Adverbs of Exhorting Wishing Calling Shewing Asking as O ohe heu age agite ut utinam heus eho ehodum en ecce an quomodo c. And with these go their Cases depending on them 2 Vocative Cases of Nouns or Pronouns If there be none of these in the sentence then in the first place stand Adverbs of Forbidding Likeness or Relation or Conjunctions Causals or Rationals as Ne nequaquam quemadmodum sicut cum quando donec quandoquidem quare c. R. 2. In the second place if any of the former sort of words go before else in the first place stands that Substantive which is the Nominative Case to the principal Verb Personal or that which stands instead of the Nominative Case to it And together with the Substantive goes the Adjective that agrees with it And if either the Substantive or Adjective do govern a casual word then together with the Substantive or Adjective goes the Casual word governed of it as also any other word depending on it R. 3. Next to the Nominative Case and his Dependents stands the Verb Personal that agrees with it But if the Verb be an Impersonal or a Verb put Impersonally then that not having any Nominative Case before it begins the sentence as Taedet me vitae Haec olim meminisse juvabit Virg. And as the Nominative Case stands before the Verb of a Finite Mood so the Accusative stands before a Verb of the Infinitive Mood as Te rediisse incolumem gaudeo R. 4. Next to the Verb stands the Adverb if there be any of Place Time Quantity Quality or the like But if there be no Adverb coming with the Verb for the explaining of it then next to the Verb stands the Casual word governed of the Verb or the Infinitive Mood if there be one with his dependents And if the Verb have several Casual words after it which are governed of it then the Dative goes before the Accusative and the Accusative before the Genitive and Ablative as Dono tibi hoc munus Dono te hoc munere Admoneto illum pristinae fortunaes Lupum auribus teneo R. 5. After the Verb with his dependents follows the Preposition together with the Casual word governed of him and his dependents as Accipit in Teucros animum mentémque benignam Virg. Initia in potestate nostrâ sunt de eventu fortuna judicat Sen. R. 6. After the Verb also with his dependents follows the Ablative Case Absolute and what depends on it as Imperante Augusto natus est Christus Though the Ablative Case Absolute as virtually containing a Verb in its clause may be set before the Verb too as it may stand with most conveniency Note 1. Interrogatives and Relatives governed
of a Verb come before the Verb that governs them Also they come before any other word that governs them except a Preposition And together with the Interrogative and Relative comes the Casual word if it be expressed that they agree with Also if they be not governed of the Verb then both they and the word that they are governed of mostly come before the Verb as Cujus numen adoro Quibus rebus adductus fecisti Note 2. If any thing be wanting necessary to compleat the construction it is to be supplied as Ventum erat ad Vestae i. e. templum Note 3. Figurative Construction is to be resolved into Proper as Velle suum i. e. Volunt as sua Id genus alia i. e. ejus generis If the Teacher think not these Rules to be enow or not plain enough he may be pleased to frame Rules of himself more plain and full or else consult Rhenius De Natur ali Ordine Constructionis in his Gram. Lat. p. 540. and Voss De Ordine Grammatico in his Gram. Lat. p. 107. Or Mr. Brinsly in his Ludus Literarius and Posing of the Accidence or Mr. Lewis in his Grammar and Rules of Pointing c. For Practice which superadded to the knowledge of these few general Rules will in a manner do the whole work I advise that the Teacher do contrive or chuse out some sentences wherein the words are Artificially placed and cause his Scholars himself looking on to reduce those into the Natural Order For instance Suppose the Scholars had this English to translate into Latine Of this glory O Cajus Caesar which thou hast lately gotten thou hast no partner the way to do it right and surely were to cast it into the Natural Order O Cajus Caesar thou hast no partner of this glory which thou hast gotten lately To reduce Verses into Prose after this manner will be an useful practice to this end And the labour will not be great Three or four tryals to an ordinary capacity will be sufficient When the Natural Order of the words of the English is found then let the Scholar seek out Latine words for the English and consider how to put them into good Syntax Which when he hath a while studied upon let him come before the Teacher and do it vivâ voce as well as he can the Teacher rectifying him where he is amiss and helping him on with that which he cannot do of himself And still as the Learner goes on from word to word let the Teacher require a reason for his doing that word next and be often asking what is next to be done and why and when done ask why it is or ought to be thus done and make the Learner understand a Reason and know a Rule for what he doth And for the ease of the one and help of the other I shall here set down some directions to be used as need shall be Directions for making plain Latine First Read the Sentence carefully over and mark the Points and whether the Speech be Positive Negative Interrogative Exclamative or Admirative Secondly Observe whether there be in it any Connexive Particles which are to be made in the order that they stand in viz. in the beginning of the Sentence Yet where enim is made for for some word would be placed before it in the Latine it not being usual to begin Sentences with that word Thirdly Observe whether there be in the Sentence any Vocative Case for next after the Connexive Particles if there be any that is to be made and if there be none it is to be made first Fourthly Seek out the principal Verb that usually is the first Verb. But if the first Verb have coming immediately before it a Relative as that who whom which C. or a Conjunction as that if c. or if it be the Infinitive Mood then seek further for another Verb. 1. Note The Relative that may be distinguished from that the Conjunction by this that the Conjunction hath ever a Nominative Case betwixt it and the following Verb but the Relative hath none unless when it self is not the Nominative Case to the Verb. Also the Relative that may be varied by who which or whom but the Conjunction that cannot 2. Note Sometimes a Verb of the Infinitive Mood begins a Sentence and then stands instead of the Nominative Case to the following Verb as To rise betimes in the morning is a very wholesom thing Diluculo surgere saluberrimum est Fifthly When the principal Verb is found out then seek out the Nominative Case to it and unless there be any Adverbs or Conjunctions or Vocative Case to be set down first begin with that Note That word is the Nominative Case to the Verb which with good sense answers to the question who or what made by the Verb. As in this Sentence A clear conscience which needeth no excuse feareth no accusation to know what is the Nominative Case to the Verb feareth the way is to put the word what to the Vâ—rb feareth saying what feareth no accusation to which question by reading the Sentence over again it will appear what is to be answered namely that A clear conscience feareth no accusation so the word Conscience is the Nominative Case to that Verb. Sixthly Having found out the Nominative Case to the Verb consider of a Latine word fit for it and set it down minding therewithal the Gender and the Number of it Seventhly Having set down the Nominative Case consider whether any other words come betwixt it and its Verb. If none come betwixt then proceed to find out a Latine word proper for the English Verb and when you have considered what Mood and Tense it should be of then make it agree with its Nominative Case in Number and Person that is if the Nominative Case for example be of the Singular Number and third Person then make your Verb to be of that Number and Person and so what Number or Person soever your Nominative Case be let your Verb be of the same Number and Person Yet if the Nominative Case be a Collective Noun or a Noun of multitude the Verb may be of the Plural Number though the Nominative Case be but of the Singular as Pars in frusta secant Virg. In me turba ruunt Ovid. If any words come between the Nominative Case and the Principal Verb then make into Latine whatsoever hath dependence on the Nominative Case namely 1. That Substantive if there be any that as belonging to the same thing agrees with it and together with that or rather immediately after that make all those words if there be any which depend on or are governed of it As in this Sentence Brennus the Captain of the French entring the Temple of Apollo and spoiling it was stricken with madness and slew himself after Brennus the Nominative Case to the principal Verb was stricken is set down must be made into Latine the Substantive Captain agreeing in Case with
Brennus and next to that the word French of the Genitive Case governed of the foregoing word Captain 2. That Adjective whether Noun Pronoun or Participle that agrees with it if there be one As in this Sentence A clear conscience which needeth no excuse feareth no accusation the word Conscience which is the Nominative Case to the Verb feareth being made into Latine and set down the next word to be made is the Adjective clear which agreeth with that Nominative Case Note What is the Substantive to any Adjective may be known by adding the word who or what to the Adjective for the word answering to the question so made by the Adjective will be the Substantive to it As in the foregoing Sentence by adding what to the Adjective clear and saying by way of question A clear what feareth no accusation it will by reading the Sentence over again be found that the word Conscience is the Substantive to the Adjective clear Having found what is the Substantive to the Adjective consider what Gender and Number as well as what Case it is and put the Adjective into the same Gender Number and Case that the Substantive is of And this is to be observed in all parts of a Sentence and not only in the beginning of it After the Abjective is made to agree with his Substantive then consider whether there do any words come betwixt it and the Principal Verb which depend on it or are governed of it and if there do come any then next after it make them As in this Sentence Mordorus spoiling Circes Temple was stricken mad with all his Souldiers after that the Participle spoiling which agreeth with the Substantive Mordorus is made then must be made the word Temple governed of spoiling and the word Circes which is the Genitive Case governed of Temple the former of the two Substantives Note When two Substantives come together if the former end in s then 't is very like that the former is the Genitive Case governed of the latter And whether it be so or no may be known by putting away s from the end of the word and setting of before it and reading before both the Substantive that follows it Thus if instead of Circes Temple it be read the Temple of Circe it is visible that Circe is the Genitive Case governed of Temple and that Circes is put for of Circe 3. That Substantive if there be any that is governed of the foregoing Substantive in the Genitive or Ablative Case As in this Sentence A man of no honesty is worthy of no trust after the Nominative Case A man is made into Latine the words of no honesty are next to be made into Latine whereof the first of is but a sign of the Case and so is included in the Latine of the word honesty the second word no is an Adjective agreeing with the following Substantive honesty and therefore not to be made into Latine till the word honesty wherewith it agrees be first made for Substantives are always to be made into Latine before their Adjectives unless in Interrogative or Indefinite speeches so that the third word honesty governed of the foregoing Substantive man is to be made into Latine thus Vir probitatis nullius or Vir probitate nullâ 4. That Relative if there be any which hath reference to the foregoing Nominative Case and what depends on it which is a particular clause branch or member of the Sentence As in this Sentence A clear conscience which needeth no excuse feareth no accusation the Relative which with the rest of that clause depending thereon viz. the words needeth no excuse is to be made into Latine next after the Nominative Case to the principal Verb viz. the word conscience and his Adjective clear thus conscientia pura quae excusatione non eget accusationem non timet Eightly When you have made into Latine not only the Nominative Case but also all that depends both on it and on the words agreeing with or governed of it and is necessary or fit to be made into Latine together with it or immediately after it then proceed to make into Latine the Principal Verb. And as was said before after you have by the Form of the Speech and by the Signs of the Tenses found out what Mood and Tense the Verb is to be of then make it accordingly of that Mood and Tense and also of that Number and Person that the Nominative Case wherewith it agrees is of The Number of the Nominative Case is known by its signifying one or more of the things or persons that it is the name of The Person of the Nominative Case if it have a Pronoun joyned with it namely one of these Ego tu ille nos vos illi is known by the Person of the Pronoun joyned with it Ego and Nos or I and We being of the First Person and so that Noun that is joyned with them Tu and Vos or Thou and Ye being of the Second Person and so that Noun that is joyned with them Ille and Illi or He and They and so all other Pronouns being of the Third Person and so those Nouns that they are joyned unto If the Noun which is of the Nominative Case have no Pronoun expresly joyned with it it is to be considered what Pronoun it may have joyned with it or put to stand for it and such Person as that pronoun is which generally is of the third Person such Person is the Nominative Case to be conceived to be of and in such Person the Verb to agree with it Generally the Nominative Case comes before the Verb. Yet sometimes the Verb or at least the Sign of the Verb is set before the Nominative Case viz. 1. In Interrogative speeches wherein a question is asked as Lovest thou the King Doth he love the King 2. In Verbs of the Imperative Mood where something is commanded or permitted as Love thou the King Do thou love the King Let us love the King 3. In certain Phrases or Forms of speaking where these Particles it or there are joyned with the Verb as It is my book There came one to me Where book the Nominative Case to is in the former Sentence and one the Nominative Case to came in the latter Sentence is set after the Verb whose Nominative Case it is and with which it is to agree When it or there come with a Verb before a Noun then mind whether that Verb be not a Verb Impersonal i. e. one of those Verbs commonly so called and usually set without any Nominative Case before them for it and there are Signs of an Impersonal Verb and if it be then the word that seems to be the Nom. must be such Case as the Verb Impersonal doth govern as There must be some body Oportet esse aliquem If the Nominative Case come after the Verb or after the Sign of the Verb then in writing down or reading vivâ voce the English into Latine write
or read the words in the order they stand in viz. First the Verb then the Nominative Case as Lovest thou the King Amas tu Regem Do thou love the King Ama tu Regem It is my book Est liber meus There came one to me Venit ad me quidam Yet this order is not always necessarily to be observed but may sometimes be altered as Túne amas Regem or Tu amas Regem Liber meus est Quidam ad me venit may well enough be said Ninthly When the Principal Verb is made then consider what word or words follow it in order to the making of them into Latine 1. If an Adjective come after it without any Substantive then most likely that Adjective hath reference to that Substantive which is the Nominative Case to the Verb and if so it is to be made also in the Nominative Case what Case soever the Verb do govern after him as Peter sleepeth void of care Petrus dormit securus And however it must by putting the word who or what c. to the English Adjective be found out what Substantive the Adjective refers unto with which when found the Adjective as was said before must be made to agree 2. If a Substantive come after the principal Verb whether with or without an Adjective in the same clause or member of the Period or Sentence it is then governed of the Verb and is to be put in such Case as the Verb by vertue of its own signification or use in Authors or Rule in Grammar requires to have after it whether Genitive Dative Accusative or Ablative And the same thing is to be considered and observed touching all casual words coming after all other Verbs though they be not the Principal in the Sentence 3. If there come betwixt the Verb and the Substantive any casual Particle or Preposition then it is to be considered what Case words are to be of which have those Particles or Prepositions coming before them or what Case of a Noun that Verb having this or that Particle Sign or Token after it is by Grammar Rule to govern and accordingly the English is to be made into Latine Casual Particles are of to for in into with through from by c. Grammar Rules guiding to the Case of the Verb by the token or sign going before the Noun are these All manner of Verbs put acquisitively that is to say with these tokens to or for after them will have a Dative Case All Verbe require an Ablative Case of the Instrument with this Sign with before it c. 4 If there come more Substantives than one after the Verb then it is to be considered whether those Substantives do belong to the same or to divers things If they belong to the same thing then they are to be put in the same Case as They drive away the drones a sluggish cattel from the hives Ignavum fucos pecus à praesepibus arcent This is as well to be observed concerning Substantives coming before the Verb. If the Substantives belong to the same thing there may be with good sense and English set between them these words who is or which is or which are as here sluggish cattel the drones which are a sluggish cattel If they belong to divers things then it is to be considered what respect each Substantive hath to the Verb for one and the same Verb may upon divers considerations govern many and divers Cases viz. one of the Thing another of the Person another of the Cause Manner Adjunct Instrument c. as Dedit mihi vestem pignori te praesente propriâ manu and accordingly each Noun is to be put into such Case as the Verb according to that respect that the Noun hath to the Verb doth require of the Noun If any Casual Particle come betwixt the Nouns then they belong to divers things and have different respects to the Verb. But if there come no Casual Particle betwixt them nor any Comma or other Point then they belong to the same thing and have the same respect to the Verb and are to be made by the same Case as was said before 5. If there be any Substantive following the Verb that hath no respect to the Verb then it is governed of some other Substantive or Adjective or other Word coming betwixt the Verb and it and such Case as the Substantive or Adjective or other Word governs such Case is that Noun to be of This is to be observed also in all parts of the Sentence as well before as after the Verb. For in all parts of the Sentence the following word is governed of that governing word that in the Natural Order of the Words goes next before it in the same clause or part of the Sentence except it be a Relative or Interrogative c. which if they be not the Nominative Case nor have a Preposition coming before them are ever governed of some word coming after them what Case soever they be of The Natural Order of Words is that according to which The words are placed so that words depending on others for their Gender Number Case Person Mood c. are set after those whereon they depend as hath been shewn which is not observed but much gone contrary unto in that order of words which is called Artificial 6. If any other Verb come after the Principal Verb it is to be considered whether there do any casual word expresly or implicitly come betwixt the foregoing and following Verb and if no casual word come betwixt then the latter Verb is to be of the Infinitive Mood as I desire to learn But if any casual word though but a Pronoun come between the two Verbs then though the latter Verb may be the Infinitive Mood which if it be then the casual word foregoing is generally to be the Accusative case as I bid thee be gone or I bid that thou be gone Jubeo te abire I am glad that you are in health Gaudeo te valere yet it may also be the Subjunctive Mood with ut either expressed or understood together with it but then the Casual word foregoing must be the Nominative case as I bid thee be gone Jubeo ut tu abeas See that you have a good heart Fac habeas animam fortem or with quòd accordingly as the nature of the Verb shall require as Quòd tu valeas gaudeo See Treat of Eng. Partic. ch 75. r. 3 4 8. And if the foregoing Verb do govern a Dative case then the casual word coming before the latter Verb if it be made by the Infinitive Mood may indifferently be put either in the Dative as governed of the foregoing Verb or in the Accusative by reason of the Infinitve Mood following So we may indifferently say Non licet homini or Non licet hominem esse ut vult See Treat of Eng. Partic. c. 34. r. 21. 7. If there come more Verbs than one after the Principal Verb it is to be
considered whether the latter also of them as well as the former be governed of the Principal Verb or of some former that goes before it self yet comes after the Principal Verb. If it be governed of the Principal Verb then some copulative Conjunction expresly or implicitly comes betwixt it and the Former Verb and it is so to be made as the former was for Mood If it be not governed of the Principal Verb then it is governed either of some foregoing Verb or Noun Substantive or Adjective and is the Infinitive Mood which may be varied by a Subjunctive Mood with a Conjunction or Relative See Treat of Eng. Partic. c. 83. r. 11. n. 7. Note Verbs are governed of Substantives and Adjectives as well as of Verbs as Sed jam tempus est ad id quod instituimus accedere Cic. Itáne eo paratus facere omnia Ter. And this is to be observed also in all parts of a Sentence or Period and not only in the body or latter end of it or after the Principal Verb. Audax omnia perpeti Gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas Hor. Sed si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros c. Virg. If there be any Relatives in the Sentence then of every Relative is to be considered what it agrees with and if it be not the Nominative case what it is governed of The Agreement of the Relative is with its Antecedent that is a Substantive going before which may again without interruption or disturbance to the sense be repeated together with the Relative as Wretched is that man which is in love with money or wretched is that man which man is in love with money Here man goes before which and is or may be repeated together with it To know what word is the Antecedent to the Relative add the word who what whose or whom c. to the Relative by way of question and the word that upon reading the Sentence over again with good sense answers to that question is that Substantive Antecedent with which it agrees As in this Example The man is wise which speaketh few things to know what is the Antecedent to the Relative which add the word what to the word which and then make a question with those two words and the following Verb saying which what speaketh The answer whereto will be visibly this upon reading the Sentence over again which man speaketh so that man is the Antecedent to the Relative which For upon every such question the Antecedent will be repeated in the answer together with the Relative If the word that be the Relative turn it into who or which c. and then it will be the easilier found out that is the Antecedent Substantive wherewith it is to agree as Wretched is the man that i. e. which is in love with money Having sound what word is the Antecedent to the Relâ—tiâ—e mâ—ke it agree with iâ— in Gender Number and Person that is set it down of the same Number and Gender and suppose it to be of the same Person with its Antecedent and let the Person of the Relative appear by the Person of the Verb to which the Relative is the Nominative case in making the Verb that hath the Relative for his Nominative case to be of that Person which that Substantive is of that the Relative refers unto and agrees with If the Relative be not the Nominative case then the Person of it is not to be heeded The Relative is the Nominative case to the Verb when there comes no other Nominative case betwixt the Relative and the Verb. If the Relative be not the Nominative case to the following Verb nor have a Preposition coming with it nor be together with his Substantive put absolute then it is governed generally of the Verb that follows it though sometimes of other words as may be seen in the Accidence Rules for the Case of the Relative The Relative that is governed of the Verb must be such Case as any other Substantive were to be of if it followed the Verb. If the Relative be not governed of the Verb then if it be a casual word that the Relative is governed of such Case as that word would govern after it such Case must the Relative be of that comes before it And that casual word of which the Relative is governed must be such Case as the Verb will govern after him as Cujus numen adoro Cui similem non vidi Quorum optimum ego habeo Unless there be some other word in the Sentence governing that word of which the Relative is governed as Quae nunc non est narrandi locus Which word yet is to be such Case as the Verb governs after it To know what word the Relative is governed of whether it be the Verb or other word that governs it the way is to put a Demonstrative in the stead of it and then read that clause in which it stands according to the Natural Order of the words for then the word that governs the Demonstrative that is put in instead of the Relative will go before it and that word that governs the Demonstrative following it is the word that governs the Relative going before it For Example In English in this Sentence you dispraise him whom all men commend if we take out the Relative whom and in the stead of it put in the Demonstrative him and then read that clause in which it stands according to the Natural Order of the words thus All men commend him it is plain that the Demonstrative him is governed of the Verb commend And so by that it is known that it is of that Verb that the Relative whom is governed Thus also in Latine in this Sentence Vir est cui similem non vidi if instead of the Relative cui we do put in the Demonstrative huic and then read that clause into which it is put in the Natural Order of the words thus Non vidi similem huic it is plain that huic is governed of the Adjective similem going next before it And by that it appears that of that Adjective similem is the Relative cui governed Yet further to bring Children by easie steps to the understanding of that great difficulty which lyes in putting the Relative into its right Case Gender and Number wherein most usually they fail the Teacher may be pleased to take this course with them 1. Give them Englishes wherein the Antecedent Substantive to which the Relative refers shall not only go before the Relative but be also repeated together with it as He had a knife with which knife he would have slain himself 2. Cause them in their daily Translations to enclose within two square brackets the repeated Substantive wherewith the Relative as being a perfect Adjective must agree in Case Gender and Number after this form Ferrum habuit quo ferro se occideret 3. Cause them in the fair writing of their whole weeks Exercises to omit the
repetition of the Antecedent Substantive yet in the construing thereof as also of their daily Lectures to express it as if it were written As if for example having written Ferrum habuit quo se occideret they should in construing express ferro with quo saying quo ferro with which knife 4. After they have been practised for some time in this kind of exercise then give them Englishes to translate where in the Antecedent Substantive shall only be expressed in the clause going before the Relative and not repeated together with the Relative in the same clause where it is as He had a knife with which he would have slain himself Yet in the Translating them cause them still to express the Substantive together with the Relative Ferrum habuit quo ferro se occideret This will haunt them where-ever they meet with a Relative even of course to seek out a Substantive for it to express together with it Of which repetition of the Substantive together with the Relative there be abundant examples in Classick Authors Such is that of Cicero's Cum viderem ex eâ parte homines cujus partis nos vel principes numer abamur pro Quint. And that of Caesar's Legem promulgaverat quâ lege regnum Jubae publicaver at 2. Bell. Civ That of Terentius Habet bonorum exemplum quo exemplo sibi licere id facere quod illi fecerunt put at Heaut Prol. And that of Plautus Est causa quâ causâ simul mecum ire veritus est Epid. 1. 1. Yet this Repetition it will be the Masters discretion to order his Scholars to omit as he shall see cause 5. Teach them to fill up such Elliptical passages as have only that Case of the Substantive expressed in which the Relative coming together with it doth agree that wherein it might or ought to differ from it being omitted Thus Vrbem quam statuo vestra est i. e. Vrbs vestra est quam urbem statuo or Quam urbem statuo vestra urbs est So Eunuchum quem dedâ—sti nobis quas turbas dedit Quas dedit Eunuchus turbas quem nobis dedisti Eunuchum or Quas turbas dedit Eunuchus quem Eunuchum dedisti nobis So Quis non malarum quas amor curas habet haec inter obliviscitur i. e. Inter haec quis non obliviscitur curarum malarum quas cur as amor habet So Ad Coesarem quam misi epistolam ejus exemplum fugit me tum tibi mittere i. e. Fugit me tum tibi mittere ejus epistolae exemplum quam ad Caesarem misi epistolam So Quos pueros cum Mario miserunt epistolam mihi attulerunt hoc exemplo i. e. Pueri illi hoc exemplo mihi attulerunt epistolam quos pueros cum Mario miserunt 6. Give them such Englishes for translation as shall have in them man or thing either expressed or understood in the Pronoun put for them to be the Substantive wherewith the Relative must agree As Wretched is he i. e. the man that is in love with money Miser est homo qui homo nummos admiratur That i. e. that thing is good which i. e. which thing all things desire Bonum illud est quod omnia appetunt Thus by easie steps will Children be brought not only to understand how to render those Relative Particles that who which whose whereof whom c. in right Case Gender or Number than the doing of which there is scarce any thing more hard to them but also to overcome the greatest difficulties that lye in the Regiment of the Relative And now I return to go on with those Directions for Plain Latine making which yet remain If the Speech be Negative then observe to set the Negative Particles before the Verb. The Negative Particle usually comes betwixt the Verb and the Sign of the Verb if any Sign of the Verb be expressed As I do not perceive what your intent is But if no Sign of the Verb be expressed then it comes after the Verb as I perceive not what your intent is Ego quid agas nihil intelligo Interrogative Speeches have the same Observations mostly that are in Assertive Speeches The Interrogative Pronominal Particles being Nominative cases to Verbs and being governed of a Preposition before them or else of a Verb or some other word coming after them As Quis enim er at qui non sciret Quid hoc impudentius dici aut fingi potest Quae civitati facta est injuria Quantos fluctus excitari concionum videtis Cui quaeso tandem probasti Cui novae calamit ati locus ullus relictus esset In Admirative or Exclamative Speeches Casual words are put into divers Cases without any Verb expressed to govern them in such Case by virtue of the Particle of Admiring or Exclaiming accordingly as use hath subjoyned such and such Cases unto such and such Particles Of the Ablative absolute When a Substantive comes together with a Participle expressed or understood in the same clause and neither is the Nominative case to any following Verb nor hath before it any other word of which it is governed then it is put Absolute and so is to be made by the Ablative Case As The King coming the enemies fled Rege veniente hostes fugerunt Note If any other Nominative Case though but of a Pronoun come between the Substantive that hath the Participle joyned to it and the Verb then that Substantive is not the Nominative case to the Verb. But if no Nominative case come betwixt then it is not put absolute but the Nominative case to the Verb. As The King coming made the enemies flye Rex veniens hostes fugavit In speaking of this Ablative Case I follow the received way not being ignorant what is thought by Learned Persons of that Construction namely that it is governed of some Preposition understood viz. à ab sub cum or in See Treat of Eng. Particles c. 20. r. 1. n. 3. Well now when the Learner is able what by his own study and what by these Directions and what by his Teachers further Instruction where it is needful to read the English into Latine vivâ voce then let him go and write it down in a loose Paper and bring it to his Teacher to consider of his manner of writing and pointing it who is accordingly to inform him of what he knows not and rectifie him in what he sees amiss That being done let the Master cast the words out of the Natural into the Artificial Order and mend the Phrase if need be and then cause the Scholar to transcribe the exercise so done into his fair book and after that get it to construe and parse and say by heart As in Translating it out of English into Latine he observed the Natural Order of the words so in construing as it is called out of Latine into English let him exactly as far as the Idiom of the Languages will permit observe the Natural Order
Casual word is to be made by the Accusative Case as in Example I bid thee go I pray thee come I intreated him to stay I desired them to remember I will cause you to he whipped He forced us to run You make me to be exceeding angry They know me to be an honest man I know them to be very knaves They report the Romans to have gotten the upper hand I know my Son to be in love †But if the foregoing Verb be such a Verb as governs a Dative Case then may that word which comes betwixt the two Verbs be either the Dative Case as governed of the foregoing Verb or the Accusative as governed of the following Infinitive Mood as Licitum est tibi ex hac juventute generum deligere Cic. Domino non licet ire tuo Ovid. Non licet hominem esse saepe ita ut vult Ter. Neque servitio me exire licebat Virg. See the Treatise of English Particles c. 34. r. 21. n. 1. ¶ Resolvi potest hic modus per quòd ut ad hunc modum Quòd tu rediisti incolumis gaudeo Ut tu fabulam agas volo †The Infinitive Mood with his Accusative Case before it may be expressed by a Finite Mood with a Nominative Case before that and quòd or ut with it accordingly as the Construction requires as I bid that thou be gone I pray that thou wouldst come I intreated that he would stay I desired that they would remember I will cause that you be whipped He forced that we ran You do cause that I am exceeding angry They know that I am an honest man I know that they are very knaves They report that the Romans have got the upper hand I know that my Son is in love When the Variation is to be made by quòd and when by ut See the Treatise of English Particles c. 75 r 3 4. 8. ¶ Verbum inter duos Nominativos diversorum numerorum positum cum alterutro convenire potest ut Ter. Ama tium irae amoâ—is reâ—integratio est Ovid. Quid enim nisi vota supersuâ—t â—d Pectora percussit pectus quoque robora fiunt Virg Nihil hic nisi carmina desunt * When a Verb cometh between two Nominative Cases of divers Numbers the Verb may indifferently accord with either of them so that they be both of one person as Amantium irae c. †There is a twofold order of words the one Natural or Grammatical the other Artificial or Oratorial Of the Natural order this may be an Example Nuptiae sunt res honesta Of the Artificial order this may be an Example Honesta res nuptiae sunt †A Verb placed between two Nominative Cases set according to Natural Order most usually agrees with the Former as Nuptiae sunt res honesta †But a Verb placed between two Nominative Cases set according to Artificial Order more usually agrees with the latter as Sanguis erant lachry nae †Yet somtimes when the words are set in the Natural Order the Verb agrees with the latter as Pecunia imperiique libido sunt quasi materia omnium malorum Sall. †This I set down because I see it alledged as an instance of this Construction but to me two Nominatives Singular seem equal to one Plural and so the Verb may be said to agree even here with the former ¶ Sometimes when the words are set in the Artificial Order the Verb agrees with the former as Divitiae sunt lege naturae composita paupertas †If both the Nominative Cases be placed before the Verb then the Verb more usually agrees with the latter as Amantium irae amoris redintegratio est Pectus robora fiunt Omnia pontus erat †Yet when they are so set sometimes the Verb is made to agree with the former as Captivi praeda militum fuerunt Ossa lapis fiunt Gaudia principium nostri sunt Phoce doloris †If both the Nominative Cases be set after the Verb then the Verb usually agrees with that which stands next it Cic. in Pison Aude nunc O furia de tuo dicere cujus fuit initium ludi compitales * Those Examples Quid enim nisi vota supersunt Quid nisi secretae laeserunt Phyllidia Sylvae Nihil hic nisi carmina desunt c. seem not to me to be proper examples to be alledged in this matter though usually they be so Because the Rule proceeds of one Verb between two Nominative Cases and in them there are belonging to each Nominative Case his particular Verb whereof one indeed by an Ellipsis is understood only and the other expressed as Quid enim superest nisi vota supersunt Quid enim laesit Phyllida nisi secretae Sylvae laeserunt Nihil hic deest nisi carmina desunt But he that will think otherwise shall not have me to contend with him about it This kind of Construction is hardly imitable in English in which in the Natural Order the Verb usually if not always agrees with the foregoing Nominative Case †But in the Order Artificial we may make some exemplification of it as The cause of woes are wars Blood were her tears The Souldiers booty are the Captives ¶ Impersonalia praecedentem Nominativum non habent ut Taedet me vitae Pertaesum est conjugii †That is when Verbs are put impersonally there is no Nominative Case expressed wherewith they agree But yet there is one understood which is not easic for every one to conceive of As when it is said Taedet me vitae Pertaesum est conjugii Yet this may be supplied thus Vitae taedium taeâ—et me Taedium conjugii pertaesum est à me The not understanding what Nominative Case to put to these Verbs made them call them Impersonals though there be no such Verbs as Impersonals unless in the Infinitive Mood where all are Impersonals But this by the by †As to the translating of those Englishes for which the Verbs accounted such are the Latines these Directions may be taken notice of †If the English of a Verb Impersonal have nothing but the ordinary sign of its Impersonality it or there before it then no further care need be taken but to translate according to rule that which follows it and as it follows as It irks me of life Taedet me vitae There began to be no agreement Coeperat non convenire It behoves me to depart It concerns me to speak There can be no pleasant living there †If the English of a Verb Impersonal have a Casual word before it it is to be considered what Case the Latine Impersonal governs after it and into that Case is the Casual word that comes before it to be put as I must write Me oportet scribere Thou mayst read Tibi licet legere They ought to be thankful Travellers they say may lye by authority When Kings command Subjects must obey Scholars ought to remember and requite their Teachers But for the translating of
Sen. Quod tantum malum humano generi vel sorte vel fato invectum Sen. Uter tandem nostrûm popularis est Cic. Ut neque dijudicari posset uter utri anteferendus videretur Caes Ab utro insidiae factae sint incertum est Cic. Hodie utro frui malis optio sit tua Cic. Horun utro uti volumus altero carendum est Cic. Dicis utrum mavis elige Mart. Si quis est talis quales esse omnes oportebat Cic. Qualis oratoris putas esse scribere historiam Cic. Nihil interest ad beatè vivendum quali utaris cibo Cic. Annon intelligis quales viros mortuos summi sceleris arguas Cic. Te magnopere quaeso ut qualem te jam antea populo Romano praebuisti talem te nobis hoc tempore impertias Cic. Omnino quale sit quaeritur Cic. Qualia Ledaei fata Lacones habent Mart. Quanti hominis in dicendo putas esse scribere historiam Cic. Quantâ innocentiâ debent esse Imperatores quantâ temperantiâ Cic. Qui adolescens admodum tantae opinionis in declamando quantae postea in disputando fuit Sen. Quantum cujusmodi quale sit quaeritur Cic. Quotus crit iste denarius qui non sit deferendus Cic. 5. Ver. Ex illis occidere me volet quisquis frugatissimus fuerit Sen. Quoquo consilio fecerit fecit certe suo Quoquo alio modo ceciderit quaecunque sit fortuna Durrer. Quicunque is est ei me profiteor inimicum Cic. Quemcunque casum fortuna dederit quaecunque fortuna erit oblata Cic. Quamcunque assequi potuerit in dicendo mediocritatem Cic. de Orat. Non omnia quaecunque loquimur ad artem ad praecepta esse revocanda Cic. Cujum pecus an Meliboei Virg. Cujum puerum hîc apposuisti Ter. Suámne esse aiebat Non. Cujam igitur Fratris filiam Ter. Quantum cujusmodi omnino quale sit quaetitur Cic. Si intererit cujusmodi mors ejus fuerit cujusmodi res mortem ejus sit consecuta Cic. Ego veteri amico munusculum mittere volui cujusmodi ipsius solent esse munera Cic. Consideres graviùs cuimodi sint ea quae reprehendisti Gell. Vereor enim cuicuimodi est ne ità hunc videar servare ut tibi omnino non pepercerim Cic. Demus huic aliquid aeris cuicuimodi est Gell. Ubi enim melius uti possumus hoc cuicuimodi est otio Cic. Utercunque vicerit non crit mirum futurum Cic. Totum hoc leve est qualecunque est Cic. Qualescunque summi civitatls viri sunt talis est civitas Cic. Quantumcunque est mihi satis est Sen. Quicunque eramus quantulumcunque dicebamus Cic. Ut in quamlibet partem quotoquoque loco libebit possimus Cic. Quotocuique lorica est quis equum habet Curt. lib. 9. * Not only the Relative c. when it is not the Nominative Case to the Verb is set before the Verb that governs it but also the Substantive that the Relative c. agrees with if it be expressed and that other word also that governs it or its Substantive if it be not governed of the Verb sometimes may and somtimes must be construed before the Verb as Quibus rebus adductus fecisti Quae nunc non est nar randi locus Quem in locum deducta res sit vides Lego Virgilium prae quo caeteri Poetae sordent Senties qui vir siem Quarum verum utram minus velim non facile possum existimare Cujus numen adoro Quorum optimum ego babeo Ego illum non vidi cujus causâ hoc incipis Quem videndo obstupuit Cui similem non vidi Ab utro insidiae factae sint incertum est Horum utro uti volumus altero carendum est Qualis oratoris quanti hominis in dicendo put as esse scribere historiam Nihil interest ad beatè vivendum quali utaris cibo Annon intelligis quales viros mortuos summi sceleris arguas Qualia Ledaei fata Lacones habent Quantâ innocentiâ debent esse Imperatores Quoquo consilio fecerit fecit certè suo Quamcunque assequi potuerit in dicendo mediocritatem Cic. Quemcunque casum fortuna dederit quaecunque fortuna erit oblata Cujum puerum hîc apposuisti Si intererit cujusmodi mors ejus fuerit cujusmodi res mortem ejus sit consecuta Vt in quamlibet partem quotoquoque libebit loco possimus English Examples of these two last Rules If any body ask for me say I am gone abroad Who can count the sands on the shore or who can number the hairs of his head I never met with any man that could tell what was the measure of the water in the Sea What so great boldness thrusts you on to this talkativeness If any body admire what reason induced me to believe this I my self shall wonder What said he in his anger Can you say what I did amiss all that time What is there in this World that may be to be feared or loved by a wise man If I lose or mar ought my mother will chide me What so great good hath befallen to our kindred by your advancement Whether of us is the better Scholar It is hard to say which is to be preferred before which It cannot be told by whether the victory was got You may take your choice whether of them you had rather use I know not whether of them I shall enjoy with more delight You may have whether you will It is a marvel if any man be such as all men should be I have bought you such a horse as you desired What kind of Preacher must he be that shall convert all his hearers What kind of Artists work do you think it to be to build a Castle in the Air It matters not to eternal life what sort of garment you have on when you are buried One would hardly think what kind of book◠some men will read and commend Do not doubt but that I shall shew my self such in the herght of honour as I have heretofore shewed my self in a low estate Few Countries breed dogs such as England doth Such horses as we sell here you will hardly buy elsewhere Of how great a man at fighting do you think it to be the work to conquer the World in three years Of how great wisdom ought Preachers to be men of how great diligence also and of how great patience Though he be but a very Youth yet he is one of as great ability in speaking as his Father was in writing So much money as a man hath in his purse so much credit shall he have in the World I have given my daughter to her portion as much as I was well able to spare Know you what part of your Fathers estate will fall to your share You cannot tell in what year of your life you must die much less on what day of the year Whosoever he be that shall
me rogo ut venias But very Unelegant if placed thus Rogo ut me venias ad or Rogo ad me venias ut or Rogo me venias ut ad or Rogo me venias ad ut or thus Ut me venias rogo ad or Ut venias me rogo ad or indeed almost if not altogether any other way That the Learner therefore may have some skill in that Art let the Teacher give him some Rules And when he hath made his English into plain true Latine according to the Natural Order let him then according to his Rules transpose and place it in the Artificial Order and when he hath done shew it to his Master who is to shew him where he fails and to amend what he mistakes in and this done let him again transcribe it into his fair Book and then commit it to memory as before For the Ease of the Teacher and Use of the Learner I shall here set down a Collection of Rules for Artificial Ordering and Elegant Placing of Words Rules of Placing Words And first of the Parts of a Compounded Word The Parts of a Compounded Word may be Elegantly divided by some other Word coming betwixt the Parts as Rem verò publicam amisimus Cic. De juris quoque Consultis Suet. Quod judicium cunque Cic. Me certè in omnibus rerum satis nostraeque conjunctioni amorique facturum Cic. Priùs inquit quà m hoc circulo excedas Val. Max. Coturnices antè veniunt quà m grues Plin Cùm multis annis post petiâ—ssem quà m Praetores fuissent Cic. Secondly of Words in a Sentence 1. First The Words that go together in the Natural Order are parted asunder in the Order Artificial and the Govâ—rned come before those that govern viz. the Oblique Cases in the beginning the Verb in the end and the Nominative Case in the middle betwixt both as Muniâ—issimam hostium civitatem Caesar occupavit Petulanti bonos linguâ consectari desine 2. Secondly The Substantive of the Genitive Case is elegantly set before the Substantive that governs it as Immortatitatis amore flagravit Cic. Cum ipsius victoriae conditione jure omnes victi occidissemus clementiae tuae judicio conservati sumus Cic. 3. Thirdly The Adjective is usually set before the Substantive as Ampla domus dedecori domino saepe fit Cic. Tenacissimi sumus eorum quae rudibus annis percepimus Quintil. Exceptions Yet several sorts of Adjectives are sometimes elegantly set after their Substantives 1. Partitives as omnis and nullus Virtutis law omnis in actione consistit Cic. Ut ad te â—cribendi meo arbitratu facultas nulla detur Cic. Majus mihi dare beneficium nullum potes Cic. So Nemo At verò hujus gloriae C. Caesar quam es paâ—lò antè adeptus socium habes nominem Cic. 2. Numerals as Dies câ—rciter quindecim iter secerunt Caes Ad hominum millia decem undique coegit Caes Omnes omnium charitates patria una complexa est Cic. 3 Comparatives and Superlatives especially in the end of a Sentence where they many times stand very gracefully as Nihil illo regno spoliatius nihil rege egentius Cic. Imperatorem liberalissimum atatem opportunissimam commendationem certè singularem habes Cic. 4. Pronominals as Ardeo cupiditate incredibili neque ut ego arbitroâ— reprehendendâ nomen ut nostrum scriptis illustretut celebretur tuis Cic. Sunt ingeniis nostris semina innata virtutum Cic. 5. Adjectives of two Syllables if their Substantives be of more Syllables as Quis animo aequo videt eum quem impurè ac flagitiosè putet vivere Cic. Quae res habet inflationem magnam Cic. 4. Fourthly Betwixt the Adjective and the Substantive several things are elegantly inserted 1. If the Substantive and Adjective be of the Genitive Case then the former Substantive will come elegantly between them as Quid credas aliud quà m divinae partem mentis his inesse Quint. de Apib. Caesareae clementia Majestatls pacem tranquillitatem Provinciis dedit Philosophia omnium mater Artium Cic. 2. If the Substantive and Adjective be not of the Genitive Case then the Substantive of the Genitive Case will come elegantly betwixt them as Haec est vera justitiae laus Ob inclytam viri religionem Flor. 3. If the Substantive be governed of any Preposition the Preposition will come elegantly between the Substantive and the Adjective as Certâ de causâ nondum adducor ut faciam Cic. Hoc assequêre ut quam in partem accipias minus laborem Cic. Quam ob rem venerim dicam Plaut 4. If the Substantive be not governed of any Preposition yet a Preposition with his Casual word may elegantly come between the Adjective and his Substantive as Casta ad viâ—â—m matrona parendo imperat Publ. 5. Between the Adjective and the Substantive may elegantly be set not only Nouns and Prepositions alone or with their Cases but single words of any sort almost as Pronoun Quamcunque ei fidem dederis praestabo Cic. Ego post supplicationes mihi decretas in Dalmatiam profectus sum Cic. Subcisiva quaedam tempora incurrunt quae ego perire non patior Cic. Verb. Hoc affirmo hoc pace dicam tuâ Cic. Adverb Maximam verò partem quasi suo jure fortuna sibi vendicat Cic. Neque ullo unquam aetas de tuis laudibus conticesset Cic. Yea Clauses as Magnum profectoÌ„ laborem Caesar assumpsit quem fermè ab ipsis ad nos venisse Gadibus aiunt ut hostes suae quidem Majestati rebelles nostrk autem supra modum rebus infestos armis subigeret Quam ob causam perpetuum illi amorem gratiaus debemus immortalem Note If any thing come between the Substantive and the Adjective then may either indifferently be set before other 5. Fifthly The Relative qui is elegantly set before the expressed Substantive to which it refers especially if any other words come between as Quem cum isto sermonem habueris procul stanâ— accepi Propter eum quem sibi ipse finxerat principatum Cic. Note If qui in one clause of a Sentence answer to hic is or idem in another clause that clause in which qui is will very elegantly come first Quâ—m puerum vidisti formosum hunc videâ— deformem in senectâ Varro Qui semel verecundiae fines transiâ—â— it eum bene naâ—iter oportet esse impudentem Cic. Qui dolet rebus alicujus adversis idem alicujus etiam secundis dolet Cic. 6. Sâ—xthly A Pronoun Primitive comes elegantly between a Pronoun Possessive and the Substantive that it agrees with as Familiaritas mihi tua non injucunda â—st Tuo tibi judicio est utendum Cic. Gravi teste privatus sum amoris summi erga te mei Cic. 7. Seventhly The Pronoun ipse being to be set after any Pronoun Primitive in an Oblique Case may elegantly come either before or after it in the Nominative Case as Qui ipse sibi
sapiens prodesse nequit nequicquam sapit Cic. Odi sapientem qui sibi ipse sapiens non est Cic. Haec scripsi non ut de me ipse dicerem sed ut Cic. Non egeo medicinâ me ipse consolor Cic. Tibi unum timendum sit ne ipse tibi defuisse videâ—re Cic. Qui me violare volent se ipsi judicabunt Cic. 8 Eighthly Prepositions mostly come before their Casual words as Illa pâ—aesidia quae pro templis omnibus cernitis Cic. Quâ in vitâ tantum abest ut voluptates sectentur etiam curas sollicitudines vigilias perferunt Cic. Ego ipsi quòd de suâ sententia decesserit poenitendum puto Cic. Accepi à te literas quibus videris vereri ut epistolas illas acceperim Cic. Yet some Prepositions are not unelegantly set after their Case not only in Poets but in Orators as Neminem posse dare alteri matrimonium nisi quem penes sit patrimonium Quintil. Cordi mihi fuit priusquam ad te irem quaerere exploraréque quonam modo veteres nostri particulâ istâ quâ de agitur usi sunt A Gell. Quos adversum multi ex Bithyniâ volentes occurrêre falsum filium arguituri Sal. Quae si quis inter societas aut est aut fuit aut futura est eorum est habendus ad summum naturae bonum optimus beatissimusque comitatus Cic. Consequeris tamen ut eos ipsos quos contra statuas aequos placatósque dimittas Cic. Perturbari animos necesse esse dicunt sed adhibent modum quem ultra progredi non oporteat Cic. Quem locum Aegyptum versus finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses Sal. Postulavit ut aliquem populus daret quicum communicaret Cic. Qu. Suffidium quocum mihi omnes necessitudines sunt diligentius commendo Cic. Note Cum is always set after me te se nobis and Vid. Eng. Partic. c. 100. r. 7. n. vobis and tenus after his Casual word And between the Preposition and his Case may other words be elegantly set especially the Genitive Case governed of that Substantive which the Preposition comes before as Per ego te Deos oro ut ne illis animum inducas credere Ter. Ex animi sententiâ Ter. Pro rerum magnitudine Cic. 9. Ninthly Betwixt the Participle and that Person of the Verb Sum whereof the Preterperfect Tense of a Verb Passive or Deponent is made up there may some word be elegantly placed as Diu sum equidem reluctatus Decretum à Senatu est Hujus gloriae quam es paulò antè adeptus socium habes neminem Cic. 10. Tenthly The Vocative Case the Verbs inquit and ait and the Particles enim and autem haâ—e usually something placed in the beginning of a Sentence before them as Quanquam te Marce fili annum jam audientem Cratippum idque Athenis Cic. Ennio delector ait Cic. Quam inquit vellem nescire literas Suet. Ner. c. 10. Nec enim is es quem forma ista declarat Cic. Inanimatum est enim omne quod impulsu agitur externo Cic. Erat autem difficile rem tantam inchoatam relinquere Cic. In quo autem desiderare te significabis Cic. 11. Eleventhly Words of Near and of Contrary signification are elegantly placed together in a Sentence as Eveniunt digna dignis Sal. Doctus indocto quid praestat quod caeco videns Plaut Casta ad virum matrona parendo imperat Publ. 12. Twelfthly In a Contexture of things related each to other what is the more worthy or before the other in nature is elegantly placed formost in order as Mors in claris viris foeminis dux in coelum solet esse Cic. Dies noctesque torqueor Cic. Tu si dies noctesque memineris Cic. Fam. 11. 5. 13. Thirteenthly In extenuating the more weighty things ought to go before in aggravating to follow the less or lighter as Civem Romanum vincire verberare in crucem tollere Nulla crux ibi fuit nulla nex nulla verberatio imo ne custodia quidem 14. Fourteenthly In the placing of words avoid all such setting of them as may beget Obscurity Ambiguity or Ill sound 1. Obscurity as in that Sentence Fuit in hâc virtus ista quondam republicâ for Fuit ista quondam in hâc republicâ virtus Cic. 2. Ambiguity as in those Da temetum which Ambiguity as in those Date metum which because they may be mistaken either for other therefore it is better to say Temetum da or Metum date So rather say Atria summa than Summa atria because this last way the words may be mistaken for Summa tria or Sumatria an Isle Rather say Scivine ego than egone scivi because this last may be mistaken for ego nescivi 3. Ill sound either 1. By the meeting together of many either Vowels as Postea eò itum est for which rather say eò pòst itum est or harsh Consonants as Ingens strepitus for which rather say strepitus ingens So Si puer ingenio eo esset for which rather say eo si puer esset ingenio quo esse dicitur c. 2. By the coming together of many either Monosyllables as Collocutus sum cum illo for which rather say Collocutus cum illo sum Or words of many syllables of like sound as Harum scribendarum literarum occasio haec est for which rather say Hurum scribendi literarum haec occasio est A prudent intermixture of words long and short of like and of different sound beginning and ending interchangeably with Vowels and Consonants is the one remedy of these faults The greatest care for the well running of words is to be liad in the beginning and end especially in the four or five last Syllables Those Sentences are thought to be closed sweetly that end in words of like Syllables with these videatur cariorem parabat tuum Coepisse tribueretur miserim conservâssem or any Tense of Sum after a Participle of the Praeter Tense or Future in dus But in these things liberty is very great all things being to be measured by the ear in the judgment of which if a Sentence sound well it matters not much what Syllables it consists of Thirdly of Clauses in a Period As Words and Phrases in a simple Sentence so the several Clauses of a compounded Sentence may be placed with more or less Elegancy touching which the only Rule is That the more frequent the Transposition is the more Elegant is the Sentence so no disorder or obscurity follow thereon as for Example Nihil allatum est ne rumoris quidem Nihil ne rumoris quidem allatum est Si à nobis deficis molestè fero Molestè fero si à nobis deficis Molestè si à nobis deficis fero Rogo ut ad me venias Vt ad the venias rogo Ad me ut venias rogo Ad me rogo ut venias Gratum est mihi quod ad me scribis
Case of the Personal Pronoun wherewith it agrees thus Ego amo I love tu amas thou lovest ille amat he loveth nos amamus we love vos amatis ye love illi amant they love and so throughout all Moods and Tenses of the Active Voice To prepare him for this and for other purpose it will be highly beneficial to teach him to form English Verbs alone throughout all Moods and Tenses Numbers and Persons thus Ind. Pres Sing Num. and first Pers I love or do love Pr. Imp. I loved or did love Fut. I shall or will love Then let him go over the Active Voice again in the same order with the Latine still before the English but naming only one Person of a Tense at a time and then proceeding to the next thus Ego amo I love ego amabam I loved or did love c. When he hath in this order gone over all the Persons of all the Examples of the four Conjugations giving the English for the Latine then let him in the same order go over them all again only giving now the Latine for the English or setting the English before the Latine thus I love ego amo thou lovest tu amas c. and I love ego amo I loved or did love ego amabam and so through all Moods and Tenses Numbers and Persons And let not this exercise be left off till he be exact in it When the Active Voice is gained then proceed to the Passive and let that be got in the same manner and order first Latine before English then English before Latine first all the Persons of each Tense then one Person only of a Tense at once first the Present Tense and all that come of it then the Preterperfect Tense and all that come of it likewise And when the Passive Voice is also thus gained then go again to work to the getting of both Active and Passive together in the same manner and order Latine before English and English before Latine beginning first with the Present Tense and those that come of it and going on to the Preterperfect Tense and those that come of that When the Scholar is perfect in doing thus all the four Examples of this Grammar then put him to other Examples which he will within a while readily do and extempore being made thus perfect in these It will be very useful after this practice to put other Substantives besides the Pronouns before the Verbs and form them together with the Verbs thus Ego pater amo c. Ego mater amor c. Tu magister doces c. Tu puella doceris c. Ille vir legit c. Illa dictio legitur c. Nos pueri audimus Vos virgines ploratis Illa regna perduntur or the like If the Teacher please he may yet go on to put his Scholar to the adding of a casual word after his Verb chusing sometimes a Verb that governeth an Accusative sometimes one that governeth a Dative and sometimes one that governeth a Nominative after it as Ego amo te Tu places mihi Horatius salutatur Poeta Virgilius legitur à me How great will be the benefit of this exercise is so visible that I need not expatiate in the commendation of it Briefly therein there is laid the main ground-work of the Latine Tongue For in this exercise all the Three Concords are practically learned That of the Nominative Case and the Verb in the declining of the Verb with his Personal Pronoun That of the Substantive with the Substantive in declining together with the Pronoun Substantive another Noun Substantive Ego pater amo And that of the Substantive and Adjective in the declining of the Perterperfect Tenses of the Verbs Passives with Nominative Cases of divers Genders Ego pater amatus sum tu mater amataes vel fuisti illud regnum eversum est vel fuit c. And I need not say how great an insight is given into the Government of Verbs by adding a casual word to the Verb accordingly as I have shewn This exercise need not be done continuedly and altogether but one part of it at once and that every morning after the saying of the mornings part And in about a quarter of a years time it will if well followed be well learned After the Scholar is grown exact in the forming of Verbs Perfect and Regular then let him be thoroughly instructed in the Verbs Defective and Irregular The Irregular Verbs are competently done already in the Accidence Of that which Grammarians deliver touching Verbs Defective I shall here for the Use of the Learner subjoyn this Collectioâ— with Notes upon it Of Verbs Defective Indicat Pres Sing Aio ais ait Plur. aiuâ—â— Preterimperf aiebam aiebas aiebat aiebamuâ— Aio aiebatis aiebant Imperat. ai Potent Pres Sinâ— aias aiat Plur. aiamus aiant Particip. aiens ¶ For aiebant the Ancients said aibant Probâ— owns in the Preterperf ai aisti ait And 't is ceâ—tain that in Tertullian is read aierunt Vossius thinâ— the Ancients used yet more such as aitis aite arâ— some others See Voss Etymolog Lat. p. 132. arâ— Analog l. 3. p. 140. Potent Pres Preterperf Sing Ausim ausis â—sit Ausim Plur. ausint ¶ Ausim is used for audeam and ausus sim It made by a Syncope of auserim formed from aâ— which anciently was the Preterperf of audeo as well as ausus sum which only is in use Indicat Fut. Salvebis Imperat. Sing Salve salveto Salve Plur. Salvete salvetote Infin Salvere ¶ Plautus useth Salveo but in the Person of a Rustick and in that is not to be followed Imperat. Sing Ave aveto Plur. avete avetote Ave. Infinit avere ¶ Ave considered as a word of Salutation is a Defective according to what is here delivered of it but aveo to covet or desire hath more Tenses Imperat. Sing Cedo Plur. cedite Cedo ¶ Cedo is used for dic or porrige Nomen Mulieris cedo quod sit Ter. Heaut 4. 2. Puerum mihi cedo Ter. Hec. 4. 4. For cedite anciently was said cette Cette manus vestras Enn. in Medea Potent Preterperf Faxim faxis faxit Plur. Faxint Faxim Fut. Faxo faxis faxit Plur. faxint ¶ Faxim is made of facerim for fecerim saith Vossius and so faxo of facero for fecero for the Ancients did often retain the Vowel of the Present tense in the Preterperf tense Hence canuere in Salust for cecinere Of the same nature and formation is axim adaxim and axo There is read also faximus and faxitis in the Plural Number and faxem for fecissem saith Voss de Analog l. 3. c. 41. and faxere for facturum esse saith Mr. Shirly Via ad Lat. Ling. p. 99. Potent Preterimperf Sing Forem fores foret Forem Plur. forent Infinit fore ¶ Forem is made by a Syncope of fuerem and fore of fuere of the
it Neither thou nor I have either luck or money Both thou and I must give an account of our selves unto God Noâ— thou nor I did any such thing Examples where one Nominative Case is of the first person and another of thâ— third I and my Son are in health My Mother and I perswaded my Father I and my man kept the house My Father and I drâ—ve the Sheep I and my house will serve the Lord. My Brother and I go to the same School He and I are disputing here Examples where one Nominative Case is of the second person and another of the third Thou and thy Mother miss thy Father Thy Brother and thou are idle Boys Art thou and Mary well Thy Boy and thou will get great booties Come thou and thy wife to my house Thy man and thou do plough in one field Thou and thy Master do ride in the same Coach togethâ—r Thy Dog and thou lie in the same bed †Yea though to Conjunction Copulative be expressed between the foregoing Nommative Cases yet may the Verb be plural as Ter. Dum â—tas meâ—â—â— magister prohibebant Wealth 〈◊〉 power bewitch many men Vertue â—â—â—dness â—hâ—rity are much dâ—spised in these days Beauty heaâ—th strength are wished for by â—â—st men Folly sin wiâ—kâ—â—ness are committed by all men †Yet this making the Verb to be plural when many Nominative Cases singular go before the Verb is not always observed in Authors who sometimes set a Verb singular with divers Nominative Cases going before or after it which Verb agrees in person with that Nominative Case that stands next it whether before or after it that is in the same Comma with it And this Construction is that which the Latines call Zeugma ¶ Zeugma est unius verbi viciniori respondentis ad diversa supposita reductio ad unum quidem expressè ad alterum verò per supplementum ut Cic. Nihil te nocturnum praesidium palatii nihil urbis vigiliae nihil timor populi nihil concursus bonorum omnium nihil hic minutissimus habendi Senatus locus nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt Mens ratio consilium in senibus est Cic. Ego Cicero meus flagitabat Cic. Mihi res conditio pâ—acet Cic. Egit pater filius ut tibi spoâ—derem Ego tu studes Ego dormio tu Doâ—mio ego tu Siudes tu ego Quid ego populus desideret audi Hor. Persuasit nox amor vinum Ter. Et eôdem accedit servitus sudor sitis Plaut meâ—â— 4 1. †If it so fall out that the Nominative Case that stands next the Verb is plural then the Verb shall be plural as in the example of Zeugma above as it shall be singular if the Nominative that stands next it be of the Singular Number as in that of Virg. Aen. 1. v. 403 404. Hand aliter puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum aut portum tenet aut pleno subit ostia velo This kind of Construction seems to be nothing but an Ellipsis or a not expressing of a Verb so many times understood as there are Nominative Cases expressed As in the above named example with prasidium is to be understood movit with vigiliae mâ—verunt with timor movit with concursuo movit with locus movit with ora moverunt and with vultus moverunt So in Ego tu studes with ego is understood studeo and in Dormio ego tu with Tu is understood dormis c. †Sometimes when a Nominative Case hath another casual word of the Ablative Case coupled to it by the Preposition cum in Latine the following Verb is of the Plural Number as if it had two Nominative Cases with a Conjunction Copulative between them going before it as Virg. Rhemus cum fratre Quirino Jura dabant Ego cum fratr sumus candidi Littora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum Implevere domos Ovid. This Construction is mostly Poetical but it may be exemplified in English The needle with the thred are lost A Sword with a belt become a Souldier A Cow with a Calf went to the Market The man with his wife came to my House The Ew with her Lamb play together The father with his son were beheaded on the same day †But this is not perpetual neither for where a Nominative Case hath had anoâ—her word coupled to it with cum yet the Verb hath been of the Singular Number as Tu quid ego populus mecum desi eret audi Hor. Occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius Consularis Cic. 1. Cat. Quod miraretur cum Coclâ—te Mucius Juv. Sat. 8. v. 264. †Sometimes divers Nominative Cases come together without a Conjunction Copulative either expressed or understood betwixt them as belonging both or all if they be more than two to the same thing and then if the Nominative Cases be all of the Singular Number the Verb shall be of the Singular Number also as Herodotus homo fabulator scripsit A. Gell. lib. 3. cap. 10. †This kind of Construction is called by Modern Grammarians Apposition And the Substantives so put together sometimes are of divers Numbers as Urbs Athenae Turba luxuriosaproci †In this Construction if the name of a man or any living creature be the first Substantive in the Grammatical order of the words and the other be the name of some lifeless thing then the Verb is to agree with the first Nominative Case as Tulliola deliciae nestrae tuum munusculum flagitat Cic. Deliciae verò tuae noster Aesopus ejusmodi fuit ut i. e. Aesopus deliciae tuae Cic. In me turba ruunt luxuriosa proci i. e. proci luxuriosa turba rurunt Ovid. †But if the former Nominative Case be the name of a thing without life then will the Verb agree with that Nominative Case which comes after in the Grammatical order as Tuâ—gri Civitas Gallâ—ae fontem habet insiâ—nem Plin. Oppidum Latinorum Apiolae i. e Apioâ—ae oppidum Latinorum captum à Tarquinio rege Id. †In this kind of Construction between the Substantives so put together there is understood the Participle ens or a Relative with a Verb Substantive Herodotus ens or qui est homo fabulator Prociâ—entes or existentes or qui sunt turba luxuriosa Cicero a man of great eloquence made Orations against Antonius Alexander King of Macedonia subdued the Eastern Countries of the World Bucephalus the Horse of King Alexander would suffer no rider but his Master The Five Churches a Town in Hungary was taken by the Turks the same year The City Hundred-hills is one of the chief Towns in Transylvania The Three Taverns a Town in Italy is thirty three miles off from Rome ¶ Verba Infiniti Modi pro Nominativo Accusativum ante se statuunt ut Te rediisse incolumem gâ—uâ—eo Te fabul mâ—gere volo †When a Casual word comes between two Verbs whereof the latter is the Infinitive Mood the
to disagree to set in brackets the Latine words for them as Part pars were ready paratus to yield though part were still fighting stoutly More than forty names nomen were assembled congregatus unto that place †Though it matters not much if they be not imitated at all their being set and taught in Grammar being only that they may be known not that they may be followed ¶ Aliquando oratio supplet locum Substantivi ut Audito regem Doroberniam proficisci To rise betime in the morning is very wholsome and to go to bed early is very profitable as to sit up late at night is exceeding wasteful To sleep too much is hurtful to the brain and to drink too oft is unhealthful for the body That he comes so often to my house is delightful to me and that I walk so much abroad is healthful for me That I live so long is troublesom to them and that you live so well is pleasant to me That good men serve God is hateful to evil men and that evil men serve the Devil is troublesom to good men It is sweet to see a young man do as he should It is profitable to spare needless cost It is easie to find a fault in another mans life It is Christian to pardon a repenting offender To do well and be evil spoken of is Kinglike To be always beginning to live is foolish To fear to touch the Lords Anointed is safe †Note when a speech clause part of or word in a speech which is not a Noun or Pronoun but some word used 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as they speak to signifie it self only and not some other thing by it or an Infinitive Mood of a Verb or an Adverb or the like answers to the question who or what made by an Adjective and so stands in the stead of a Substantive to it then the Adjective referring to it shall be the Neuter Gender as Audito regem Doroberniam proficisci Finire laborem incipias parto quod avebas Hor. Scire tuum nihil est Pers Et nostrum illud vivere triste Aspexi Velle suum cuique est Id. Saepe vale dicto Ovid. Quando erit illud cras Take your last farewel of him You have a long come with you †And if two clauses c. be referred to in one Adjective then that Adjective shall be the Plural Number as if they were two Nouns of the Neuter Gender that were referred unto as To sleep much and drink often are hurtful to the body Building of houses and marrying of children are wasteful to the Estate To rise betime and study hard are conducible unto your profiting in learning To ly long before you rise and to loiter much when you are up are ill for you †Sometimes in Latine an Adjective is found in a sentence having no Substantive at all expressed for it to agree withal yet put in that Gender that the Substantive is of which it refers unto being understood though it be not expressed as Vesci ferinâ i. e. carne Laborare tertianâ i. e. febre Reus repetundarum sc pecuniarum Lavari calidâ sc aquâ Donari civicâ sc Coronâ In Tusculano sc praedio Tenere primas sc partes Eâdem feceris sc operâ And so we speak sometimes in English You may do it all under one sc labour And then shall that wicked sc man be destroyed 2 Thess 2. 8. The wise sc man shall inherit glory Prov. 3. 35. Rejoyce in the Lord O ye righteous i. e. men Psal 33. 1. He went away the fourth of June I rose at four in the morning I will be here again by twelve at noon There were five against four The gray beat the black twelve score at least Let the dead bury their dead The wise and good are to be preferred before the rich and fair †Note when Man in English or Homâ— in Latine is the word referred to then the Adjectâ—ve is to be of the Masculine Gender as Fortes ereantur fortibus bont bonis Doctus indocto quid praestat quod caeco videns †But when Thing in English or Negotium Opus Quid or Quiddam or some such like word in Latine is the word referred unto then the Adjective is to be of the Neuter Gender as Triste Iupus stabilis i. e. quid triste Mors omnium extremum est i. e. res extrema Est vindicta bonum vitâ jucundius ipsâ Dulce satis humâ—r Varium mutabile semper foemina So we say in English To hit the white i. e. white thing Life is a good to be desired Siu is an evil to be feared †Sometimes in Latine an Adjective put substantively becomes the Substantive to an Adjective as Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur Fortunate senex Virg. Crudelem medicum intemperans aeger fecit Tempus erat quo prima quies mortalibus aegris Incipit Virg. Fallax serenum Quantum est in rebus inane Pers Magnum per inane Virg. Bonum vitâ jucundius ipsâ Juven So we say in English A deep hollow My dear The least evil is not to be done for the obtaining of the greatest good †Sometimes in Latine the Substantive is of the Genitive Case when the Adjective is of another Case But that is either 1. First when the Adjective is put substantively in the Neuter Gender and then the Genitive case is the Genitive case of possession as Paululum pecuniae Hoc noctis Id manticae Quantum nummorum tantum fidei Libyae extrema Ne id quidem lepôris habuerunt Huic aliud mercedis erit Hoc est signi Non minus auxilii Proponit mihi inania nobilitatis Per diversa gentium terrarumque volitabat Incerta belli Telluris operta Strata viarum So we say in English The white of hens dung The black of an eye or bean The gray of the morning In the dead of the night The cool of the day 2. Or Secondly when the Adjective refers to another case of the same word which is expressed with it in the Genitive case and to be supplied in the case of the Adjective and then the Genitive is the case of Partition as Nigrae lanarum nullum colorem bibunt Plin. i. e. è numero lanarum lanae nigrae nullum bibunt colorem Canum degeneres i. e. è numero canum canes degeneres caudam sub alvum retrahunt Of the hands the right is the stronger Of the fingers the middlemost is the longest Of wines the old is best Of friends the old are most to be esteemed of Of books new are most inquired after Of eggs the long bring cocks the round hens Of Scholars the learnedest are not always the wisest THE THIRD CONCORD Concordantia Relativi Antecedentis * When ye have a Relative ask the question who or what and the word that answers to the question shall be the Antecedent to it The Antecedent most commonly is a word that goeth before the
both come off from their several imployments with reputation and credit And now having acquainted thee with thus much I shall beg thy prayers for Gods blessing on this design that it may turn to his honour and his Churches good and so without further trouble to my self or thee for the present rest Thy Servant for the Common good W. W. A Summary Account of the ensuing Treatise CHAP. I. Of the Forming of Nouns Page 1 The English Signs of Cases to be well known 2 The manner of Forming Nouns through every Case of every Declension 3 Of the various Terminations of sundry Cases 4 Of the Dative and Ablative Case Plural of the First Declension ibid. Of the Vocative Singular of the Second Declension 5 Of Nouns ending in us in the Vocative Singular of the Second Declension ibid. Of i in the Vocative from Nominatives in us 6 Of ai and ei in the Vocative Singular 7 Of the Accusative Singular of the Third Declension ibid. Nouns ending in im ibid. Nouns ending in em and im 8 Of the Ablative Singular of the Third Declension ibid. Nouns having i in their Abl. Singul. ibid. The Ablative of Neuters in al ibid. In ar ibid. Or e ibid. The Abl. of Adject in is or er 9 The Ablative of Adjectives derived of proper Names 10 The Ablative of Words having only im in the Accusative Case ibid. Nouns having both e and i in the Abl. Sing 11 The Ablative Singular of Substantives having em and im in their Accusative ibid. The Abl. of Adjectives of one Termination 12 Of par and his Compounds 13 The Ablative of Adjectives of the Comparative Degree ibid. Of the Terminations eis and is in the Nom. and Accus Plural of the Third Declens ibid. Of the Nom. and Accus Plu. of the Third Declens in the Neuter Gender 14 What Words of the Third Declens end in a and what in ia ibid. Of the Gen. Plur. of the third Declens 15 What words have ium in the Gen. Plur. ibid. The Genitive of words having i in their Ablative Singular ibid. The Genitive Plural of words of two or more Syllables ending with two Consonants 16 The Genitive Plural of Nouns in er es and is not increasing 17 The Genitive Plural of Polysyllables increasing in the Genitive Singular ibid. The Genitive Plural of several sorts of Monosyllables 18 The Genitive Plural in ium syncopated 19 Some in ium have also orum 20 Greek words in ma having both um and orum in their Genitive Plural ibid. Of on in the Genitive Plural 21 Of the Dat. Plur. of the third Declens ibid. Neuter Greek words having both ibus and is in the Dat. and Abl. Plur. ibid. Of the Gen. Sing of the fourth Declens 22 Of words of the fourth Declens having i in the Gen. Case ibid. and is and uis ibid. Of the Dat. Sing of the fourth Declens ibid. Of words having u in the Dative Singular of the fourth Declens 23 Of the Abl. Sing of the fourth Declens ibid. Of the Gen. Plur. of the fourth Declens ibid. Of the Dat. Plur. of the fourth Declens ibid. Of words ending in ubus ibid. and both ubus and ibus 24 Of the Gen. Sing of the fifth Declens ibid. Of es in the Gen. Sing of the fifth Declens ib. and i ibid. and e 25 Of e in the Dat. Sing of the fifth Declens ibid. CHAP. II. Of the Comparing of Adjectives The way to learn it 26 Of Irregular Comparisons 27 Comparatives and Superlatives formed from Positives having a Vowel before us 28 Of Defective Comparisons 29 Adjectives wanting the Positive degree ibid. Adjectives wanting the Comparative degree ib. Adjectives wanting the Superlative degree 30 Adjectives wanting both the Positive and Superlative degree ibid. Of redundant Comparisons ibid. Two Superlatives from one Positive 31 A Comparative formed from a Superlative ibid. Adjectives not compared 31 32 CHAP. III. Of the Forming of Verbs 32 The Tenses formed one from another 33 The way to learn to form Verbs 34 The benefit of forming Verbs 35 Of Verbs Defective 36 c. CHAP. IV. Of Translating English into Latine 40 The time for a Scholar to begin to make Lat. ib. Of Pointing and Rules for it ibid. Making Latine best begun with translating 51 In translating the Natural Order of Words to be observed 52 General Rules touching the Natural Order of Words ibid. Special Rules for the Natural Order of Words 53 The way to teach the Natural Order of Words 56 The first entring of a Scholar into translating ibid. Directions for making plain Latine 57 Directions to bring Children to understand the difficulties about the Relative 70 Of the Ablative Case Absolute 73 What the Teacher is to do with and at his Scholars translation 74 Parsing to be performed by the Scholar alone 75 Englishes for translation to be contrived suitable to the Grammar Rules 76 Examples of such Englishes in the first Concord ibid. in the second Concord 98 in the third Concord 109 in the Government of Substantives 133 and Adjectives 140 CHAP. V. Of the Artificial Order and Elegant placing of words 167. and clauses 176 CHAP. VI. Of the Vse of Phrases 178 How to store a Scholar with Phrases ibid. A Collection of Phrases out of Godwins Antiquities 180 A Collection of Phrases out of Hermes Anglo-Latinus 198 How to shew the use of Phrases 215 CHAP. VII Of Variation of Phrases 217 Rules of Variation ibid. How to Vary a Verb Active ibid. Passive 218 Abl. Case Absolute ibid. Adject with res 219 Adjective of the Neuter Gender ibid. Latter of two Substantives ibid. Adjective Absolute in the Neuter with his Gen. Case 220 Adjective with his Substantive wherewith he agrees ibid. Accusative Case before an Infinitive Mood ibid. Nominative case with his Verb and quòd or ut 221. Habeo ibid. Gen. case with his own partitive ibid. Gen. case after Superlative degree 222 Infinitive Mood Active ibid. Infinitive passive after an Adjective ibid. Comparative degree 223 Superlative degree ibid. Single words 224 Sentences 226 CHAP. VIII Of the Elegancies of the Particles 230 Particles elegantly used where others are unelegant 232 Particles elegantly used for others which are not unelegant 235 Particles elegantly used in contexture together with others 241 CHAP. IX Of the Idioms of English and Latine 249 How to bring a Scholar to render English Proprieties according to the Propriety of the Latine ibid. Ten English Dialogues consisting of Idiomatical expressions contrived on purpose for translation and to bring Children off from the baldness of a verbal translation to a more elegant way of writing 254 One English Dialogue with a threefold Latine translation of it to exemplifie variety of elegant translatings of the same English Idiom 266 THE ART OF TEACHING Improved in the grounding of a young Scholar in the Latine TONGUE CHAP. I. Of the Forming of Nouns INtending to write not upon every thing that is to be performed by the Teacher or prescribed to the Learner of the Latine
Tongue but only on some particular observables conducing Non utomnia dicerem sectatus quod infinitum erat sed ut maximè necessaria Quintil. l. 1. c. 9. to the Grounding of a young Scholar therein I begin with that which is both most necessary and most useful the Declining or Forming of Nouns touching which the Directions to the Teacher are as followeth First In the learning of the Declensions of Nouns make your Scholars to attend unto and be expert in the English signs of every several Case by making them together with the Latine Nouns which they decline to give the English thus Nom. Musa a song G. Musae of a song D. Musae to a song A. Musam a or the song c. This initiates them in the Practice of rendring Latine into English Secondly Use them not onely to give the English for the Latine but also vice versâ the Latine for the English thus N. A song Musa G. Of a song Musae D. To a song Musae c. This initiates them in the skill of turning English into Latine Thirdly Practise them in declining forwards and backwards i. e. Latine before English and English before Latine Substantives and Adjectives first of like Termination in all Cases as Musa jucunda then of unlike Termination first in fewer Cases as dies splendens then in more as Poeta doctus lapis preâ—iosus ficus pulla c. and so far as may be done in all Declensions This Exercise as being directly the practice of all the second concord will be of very great use to them in making of Latine It will be of great use to the purposes aforesaid to put them to the forming of English Substantives first alone without Adjectives thus N. a house G. of a house c. then together with Adjectives thus N. a fair house G. of a fair house c. Fourthly When they are perfect in the Terminations of the Cases of every Declension severally then exercise then in giving the Terminations of every Case throughout all the Declensions together after this manner The Terminations of all the Cases in every Declension The Genitive Case singular of the First Declension ends in ae as Musae of the Second in i as Magistri of the Third in is as Lapidis of the Fourth in us as Manus of the Fifth in ei as Diei The Dative Case Singular of the First Declension ends in ae as Masae of the Second in o as Magistro of the Third in i as Lapidi of the Fourth in ui as Manui of the Fifth in ei as Diei The Accusative Case Singular of the First Declension ends in am as Musam of the Second in um as Magistrum of the Third in em as Lapidem or in im as Sitim or in both em and im as Febrem and Febrim of the Fourth in um as Manum of the Fifth in em as Diem The Vocative is like the Nominative except in Some Nouns of the Second Declension ending in us or ius whose Vocative respectively ends in e or i as Nom. Dominus Voc. Domine N. Filius V. Fili. The Ablative Case Singular of the First Declension ends in a as Musâ of the Second in o as Magistro of the Third in e as Lapide or in i as Siti or in both e and i as Febre and Febri of the Fourth in u as Manu of the Fifth in e as Die The Nominative Case Plural of the First Declension ends in ae as Musae of the Second in i as Magistri of the Third in es as Lapides of the Fourth in us as Manus of the Fifth in es as Dies The Genitive Case Pural of the First Declension ends in arum as Musarum of the Second in orum as Magistrorum of the Third in um as Lapidum or in ium as Febrium of the Fourth in uum as Manuum of the Fifth in erum as Dierum The Dative Case Plural of the First Declension ends in is as Musis or in abus as Mulabus or in both is and abus as Filiis and Filiabus of the Second in is as Magistris of the Third in ibus as Lapidibus of the Fourth either in ibus as Manibus or in ubus as Artubus or in both ibus and ubus as Veribus and Verubus of the Fifth in ebus as Diebus The Accusative Case Plural of the First Declension ends in as as Musas of the Second in os as Magistros of the Third in es as Lapides of the Fourth in us as Manus of the Fifth in es as Dies The Vocative Case Plural is like the Nominative and the Ablative is like the Dative in all Declensions Note that all Nouns of the Neuter Gender of what Declension soever and in what Termination soever have their Nominative Accusative and Vocative alike in both Numbers and in the Plural Number do end all in a except ambo and duo and words undeclinable as centum viginti mille tot c. Of the various Terminations of Cases in several Declensions In the Declensions it is visible that there be several Cases which admit of a variety of Terminations Now for as much as it may be very useful to Learners to know something of Certainty in that Variety I shall here for that cause give the Reader some account thereof Some Nouns of the First Declension do end in abus in the Dative and Ablative Case Plural Of the Dative and Ablative Plur. of the First Declension The Examples hereof producible would if doubted clearly evince it The Ground of adding this Termination in abus to that in is was to distinguish the words that are so declined from other words of a near signification whose Dative and Ablative Plur. end in is The words that have abus in the Dative and Ablative Plural are Filia nata Dea liberta equa mula serva conserva asina socia anima Of which Mula and Liberta are hardly if ever read in any other Termination but abus the rest are found to have both is and abus Justin lib. 7. hath Adhibitis in convivium suum filiis uxoribus filiabus Plaut Stich. ac 4. Sed ego ibo intrò gratulabor vestrum adventum filiis Cic. pro Rabir. Ab Jove Optimo Maximo caeterisque Diis Deabúsque immortalibus pacem ac veniam peto Varro de R. R. l. 3. c. 16. speaking of the Muses whose Birds the Bees were said to be saith His Diis Helicona atque Olympum attribuerunt homines Palladius speaking of the month of March saith Hoc mense saginati ac pasti antè admissarii generosis equabus admittendi sunt Varro de R. R. l. 2. c. 1. speaking of the Mares in Lusitania which are said to conceive by the wind saith Sed ex his equis qui nati pulli non plus triennium vivunt See more in Voss de Analog l. 2. c. 4. Alvar. Instit Gram. p. 196. Voss Etymolog Lat. p. 31. Rhen. Gram. Lat. p. 47. Hayne
Lat. Gram. p. 15. Ram. Lat. Gram. l. 1. c. 7. Farnab Lat. Gram. p. 7. Nouns of the Second Declension ending in us in Of the Vocative Case of the Second Declension the Nom. Case do end in e in the Vocative This is too apparent to be doubted Even in other Terminations anciently the Vocative Case was distinguished from the Nominative Whence puere for puer is cited by Priscian l. 7. out of Caecilius and Afranius Age age puere Duce me ad patrios fines decoratum opiparé And O puere puere sine me prospicere mihi But whether any Nouns ending in us in the Nominative do end also in us in the Vocative may be a doubt In Sidonius Carm. 22. we may read Naiadas istic Nereidum chorus alme doce In Liv. l. 1. ann V. C. is read Audi Jupiter audi pater patrate populi Albaâ—i audi tu populus Albanus But in these and the like examples either there is a Grecism for in the Attic Dialect the Nom. and Voc. end both alike or an Enallage of the Case the Nom. being put for the Voc. whereof there be many Examples both in Substantives and Adjectives which yet are not therefore said to have a Voc. in e and in us As Virg. 1. Aea Adsis laetitiae Bacchus dator Pers 1. Sat. Vos ô patricius sanguis Insomuch that even Deus in the Voc. Case is an Atticism As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek is used for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is also read so is Deus in Latine used for Dee which is read also in Ecclesiastical Writers Tertul. l. 1. advers Marcion Gratus esses O Dee haeretice si îsses in dispositionem Creatoris So Prudent in Hamartigenia O Dee cunctiparens animae dator O Dee Christe So that the proper Termination of Nouns in us of the Second Declension in their Voc. is e the other in us is figurative Only vulgus hath both e and us but e as a Masculine us as a Neuter unless the Voc. in us be remaining of the old declining of this word of the Fourth Declension whence Charisius cites from Varro A vulgu condemnaretur The same may be said touching those in ius with a Vowel or simple i before us whether Proper or Common which now end in i in the Voc. Case their proper Termination is e which being cut off by an Apocope so they come to end in i. As fluvie and socie is read so was also filie and Genie Antonie and Virgilie of which the e being by an Apocope cut off there is now remaining in use only fili Geni c. But Personal Adjectives still retain the proper Termination in e as Cynthius Cynthie Delius Delie c. See Voss de Analog lib. 2. cap. 5. As for those that end in ius with a Consonant j or a Diphthong ai or ei before us such as Cajus Majus Pompejus Vultejus their Termination is i. This Voc. is formed of the Nom. by purting away us and either resolving the Diphthong into its Vowels or turning the Consonant j into i Vowel Unless any supposing it to be a Diphthong that in these words precedes us will have the Voc. Case to end in that Diphthong as indeed Pompei and Vultei of two Syllables may be read Hor. Od. 7. l. 2. Pompei meorum prime sodalium and Ep. 7. l. 1. Duvus ait Vultei nimis attentúsque videris However now use resolves the Diphthong Hence Martial l. 10. Ep. 16. Si donare vocas promittere nec dare Cai. And Auson de Mensib Maja Dea an major Maï te fecerit aetas Ambigo See Voss de Analog l. 2. c. 5 20. Of the Accusative Case Singular of the Third Declension Of the Accusat Sing of the Third Declens the ordinary Termination is em yet there are some that end only in im and some that end both in em and im These end only in im Vis ravis sitis charybdis tussis Mephitis canuabis magudaris and amussis Praesepis Syrtis Opis pelvis buris Sinapis cucumis Leucaspis and securis Albis Fabaris Boetis Tanaïs and Tigris Araris Athesis Ligeris Tiberis and Tibris So Halys hath Halym and Halyn These end both in em and im Aqualis cutis turris restis navis Sementis puppis bipennis febris clavis But in these febris navis aqualis and clavis em is the more usual Termination as is also im in these three puppis restis and turris to which may be added strigilis This is reckoned by Danesius amongst them that have and is acknowledged by Vossius to have had em as well as im Danes Schol. p. 47. Voss de Analog l. 2. p. 302. Of the Ablative Case Singular of the Third Declension Of the Abl. Case Sing of the Third De lension Nouns ending only in i in their Abl. Sing e is the Ordinary and regular Termination yet there are some that end in i and some that have both e and i in the Ablative Case Of Nouns that make their Ablative in i only there are these sorts 1. Neuters in al increasing long in their Genitive Case have only i in their Ablative as Animal Gen. animalis Abl. animali Yet hoc Sal hath Sale but that may be the Ablat of hic Sal which is far the more usual besides that the penultima of it is short 2. Neuters in ar if their last Syllable but one in their Gen. Case be by Nature long do in their Ablat end only in i as Calcar G. calcaris Abl. calcari But if the last Syllable but one of their Gen. Case be either short as hepar G. hepatis or but long by Position as far G. farris then the Ablat ends in e as hepate farre Yet Poets sometimes form an Ablat in e of Nouns producing their last Syllable save one as Virg. in Culice Si nitor auri Sub laqueare domûs animum non tangit avarum 3. Declinable Neuter Appellatives in e have their Ablat ending in i as cubile Abl. cubili so aplustre Abl. aplustri Gausape is read in the Ablat Case but that is because gausape in the Nominative is an undeclinable Word Hence Plin. l. 8. c. 48. Nam tunicâ laticlavi in modum gausape texi nunc primùm incipit who a little before had used the same word in the Nomin Antiquis enim torus è stramento erat qualiter etiam nunc in castris gausape Or if it be the Ablative Case here also yet in that of Pers 4. Sat. it is not Tu cum maxillis balanatum gausape pectas So praesepe in the Abl. is from the undeclinable praesepe in the Nominat Ovid hath mare in the Ablat Case l. 5. Trist El. 2. Exiguum pleno de mare demat aquae de Pont. l. 4. El. 6. Euxino de mare vertet iter So Plaut Nam si à mare abstinuissem as some Copies read it It would be very sparingly if at all used Rete is read in the Ablat
Bel. civ Majori cum fiduciaÌ„ pugnaverunt And Sen. Ep. 108. Quantum majori impetu ad philosophiam juvenis accesserim quà m Indeed Mascul and Neut anciently were both of one Termination in the Nom. whence Priscian l. 7. cites Senatusconsultum prior and bellum posterior from the Ancients Though e is the more usual Termination especially in the Masc and Fem. Gender unless in Poets The Nominative and Accusative Plural of the Of the Nom. and Accus Plural of the Third Declension in the Mas and Fem. Gennder Third Declension in the Masc and Fem. Gender do end in es as Lapides Virtutes Anciently they did use a Termination in eis as omneis Sardeis which again they contracted into is as omnis and Sardis Hence Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. Qualeis Asia multos tulit ib. Vircis Lacertos sanguinem quarunt Plaut Amph. 5. 1. Facit rectà in anguis impetum Epid. 2. Ipsum ante aedis conspicor ib. 3. 4. Promerui ut mihi omnes mortalis deceat agere gratias Touching which it is exceeding difficult and operous if possible to give certain Rules Authors following rather the judgment of the Sound by their ear than any Rule See Gell. l. 13. c. 19. Yet Priscian attempts it and gives four Canons about it repeated by Vossius and Danesius viz. Voss de Anal l. c. 10. Danes Schol. p. 55. That they end in is 1 Whose Genitive is like their Nominative as omnis and naris 2 Which are only Plurals as manes and tres 3 Whos 's Nom. Sing ends in er and Abl in i as acer and imber 4 Which end in ns or rs as mons and pars Let the particular words be well marked as they are met with Such as these in cis Ardenteis aurcis tereteis Forenscis vireis qualeis treis c. And these in is Acris aedis anguis bidentis Manis omnis mortalis parentis Geleris dulcis fontis pluris Salubris litis with compluris Tris tenacis urbis imbris Summatis partis Decembris c. The Nominative and Accusative Plural of the Of the Nom. and Accus Plur. of the Third Decl. in the Neut Gend Third Declension in the Neuter Gender end sometimes in a and sometimes in ia They end in a whose Abl. sing ends only in e as capita of capite onera of onere gausapa of gausape So hospita sospita paupera of hospite sospite paupere They end in ia whose Abl. Sign ends only in i as animalia of animali fortia of forti or else in e and i as felicia of felice vel felici So locupletia divitia from locuplete vel locupleti divite vol diviti Yet from this Rule there be some Exceptions 1 Vetus makes only vetera and uber ubera though they have i as well as e in their Abl. Sign 2 Bicorpor tricorpor unicolor versicolor have only a in the Nom. Plur. though they have i in their Abl. Sing This termination in a comes from a termination in us in the Nom. Sing bicorporus versicolorus c. 3 Comparatives have only a in their Nom. Plur though they have both c and i in their Abl. Sing as majora minora The Ablative of these in e being the more usual they follow that Termination Yet plus hath plura and pluria and thence are complura compluria Aplustre whos 's Abl. is aplustri is also said to have both aplustra and aplustria but aplustra comes not of aplustre but of aplustrum anciently â—â—ed See Voss de Analog l. 2. c. 13. Danes Schol. p. 52. The Genitive Case Plural of the Third Declension Of the Gen. Câ—sâ— Plur. of the third Declension endeth generally in um as Lapidum Yet there are sundry Words and Kinds of words that do end in ium for which there are these Rules Rule First Such as have i or both e and i in the Abl. Sing have ium in their Gen. Plur. as Turris turri turrium Animal animali animalium Fortis forte forti fortium So felix felice vel felici felicium Imber imbre imbri imbrium Prudens prudente prudenti prudentium Concors concorde concordi concordium So Gentiles in as as Arpinâs Fidenâs Gapenâs nostrâs vestrâs and like them optimâs summâs which from an old Nom. in t is form an Abl. in ti and thence a Gen. Plur. in tium as Arpinatium nostratium optimatium c. Yet from this Rule there are Exceptions 1. Except All Comparatives have their Gen. Plur. ending in um as major majus majorum except plus plurium compluria complurium Yet Pliny preferreth complurum before complurium as Vossius saith from Charisius against the use of the Ancients 2. Except Words ending in fex compounded of facio have their Gen. Plur. ending in um as Artifex artificum opifex opificum carnifex carnificum These when taken Adjectively have their Abl. in e and i yet their Gen. Plur. ends only in um probably that their Gen. Cases might not be confounded with Artificium opificium c. Substantives Singular of the Neut Gender 3. Except These Particular words in their Gen. Plur. end in um Memor immemor inopâ— uber Compos impos impuber puber Dives degener congener bicorpor Vetus strigilis mugilis tricorpor Vigilum is of vigil the Substantive whose Abl. Sing is vigile Of vigili the Abl. of vigil the Adjective is rather formed vigilium See Voss de Analog l. 2. c. 14. p. 312. Rule Second Substantives of two or more Syllables Dos est magna parentium Virtus Hor. l. 3 Od. 24. ending with two Consonants have their Gen. Plur. ending in ium as Cohors cohortium parens parentium Likewise many Adjectives used Substantively as Serpens serpentium bidens bidentium So infans infantium adolescens adolescentium rudens rudentium which taken Substantively have their Abl. in e. Yet from this Rule there are Exceptions 1. Except These Particular words coelebs consors hyems judex senex have their Gen. Plur. ending in um Yet Justin l. 1. from princeps formeth principium 2. Except Words derived of capio as auceps forceps manceps municeps particeps princeps have their Gen Plur. ending in um In the most the reason may be to distinguish them from Substantives Singul. ending in ium as aucupium mancipium c. 3. Except Latine words formed of Greek ones ending in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek have their Gen. Plur. ending in um in Latine as Arabs Arabum Aethiops Aethiopum So Chalybs Cyclops Phalanx to which add these Monosyllables gryps lynx sphynx Rule Third Nouns ending in er es and is not increasing in the Gen. Case Singul. have their Gen. Pisces attritu ventrium coeunt Plin. l. 9. c. 20. Plur. ending in ium as venter ventrium nubes nubium piscis piscium So Greek words of the Second Declens of the Contracts as Syrtis Syrtium dioecesis dioecesium Hither refer caro carnium
there having been anciently haec carnis hujus carnis Except Yet from this Rule are excepted juvenis juvenum canis canum and panis panum if it be read in the Plur. Numb in that Case Rule Fourth Sundry Words of more Syllables than one increasing in the Gen. Case Singul. have ium in their Gen. Case Plural viz. civitas utilitas haereditas So Samnis and Quiris Also palus and fornax Civitatium is in Just l. 9. utilitatium in Liv. l. 45. haereditatium in the Pandects Notwithstanding the Syncopated Termination in um is in these much the more usual So Samnitium is in Liv. l. 7. Quiritium in Hor. lib. 1. Od. 1. But their Nom. Case formerly was Samnitis and Quiritis so that these words may be reduced to the Third Rule Paludium is in Colum. l. 3. c. 9. fornacium in Plin. l. 35. c. 14. Though paludum is also read in Mela. l. 3. c. 3. and fornacum in Plin. l. 34. c. 10. Rule Fifth Some words that are only Plurals have their Genitive ending in ium as manes manium penates penatium tres trium and moenia moenium Also these two Singulars Sal wit and vis have in their Gen. Plur. salium and virium Tres hath trium from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sales for jests or conceits is so rarely found though it be found and in Cicero in that sense in the Sing Number that it hath been taken for an only Plural The Nom. Sing of vires is vis but that being made of viris by a Syncope and a Crasis thence comes the Gen. Plur. virium Of moenia moenium see Danes Schol. p. 53. On the other side opes primores lemures coelites celeres Luceres and proceres have um in the Gen. Plural These words are taken to be Plurals only but are all or most found to have Singulars See my Explanations of Quae genus on Mascula sunt tantùm c. Celeres Luceres and Proceres come of celer Lucer and procer out of use Rule Sixth Several sorts of words of one Syllable have their Gen. Plur. ending in ium viz. 1 Such Latine words in x as have a Consonant before x have their Gen. Plur. ending in ium as arx calx falx lanx merx Gen. arcium c. 2 Some words of one Syllable that have a Vowel before x have their Gen. Plur. ending in ium Faucium is read in Plin. l. 21. c. 21. crucium in Terrul â—â—â—cum is read in Plin. l. 15. c. 22. as nix nox faux crux trux Gen. nivium noctium c. The rest make um as grex lex rex strix vox dux nux Phâ—yx and Thrax Also prex and frux out of use have precum and frugum 3 Some words of one Syllable that end in a liquid Consonant have their Gen. Plur. ending in ium as par parium lar larium cor cordium Parâ— hath parium as coming from paris and thence compar hath comparium The rest end in um as ren renum splen splenum fur furum But mel fel and sol have no Gen. Case Plur. 4 Some that end in â— pure with a Vowel before it have their Gen. Plur. ending in ium as As assium mas marium vas vadium bes bessium lis litium glis glirium dis ditium vis virium cos cotium dos dotium os * And by Analogie os â—râ—s orium if it were to be used ossis ossium and mus murium The rest have um viz. pes pedum whence bipes bipedum praes praedum mos morum flos florum thus thurum crus crurum sus suum grus gruum Mr. Farnaby saith pus purunis laus laudum fraus fraudum bos boum by a Syncope for bovium Of jus Cato hath jurum Plautus jurium of which utrumque insolens saith Vossius If aes and rus were to form a Gen. Plur. it should be aerum and rurum rather than aerium and rurium 5 All words that end in s impure or having a Consonant before it have their Gen. Plur. in ium as ars artium pars partium mons montium fons fontium pons pontium dens dentium trabs trabium urbs urbium Except gryps grypum seps sepum which are originally Greek words To which may be added Sphynx Sphyngum 1. Note Many words in ium are found by a Syncope to have a Termination in um as Optimatûm for optimatium used by Cornel. Nepos Summatûm for summatium by Plaut Sontûm for sontium by Stat. Agrestûm for agrestium and coelestûm for coelestium by Virg. Volucrûm for volucrium by Plin. Caedûm for caedium by Silius Sedûm for sedium by Cic. Mensûm for mensium by Paul J. C. Paludûm for paludium by Mela. Fornacûm for fornacium by Plin. Forûm for forium by Plaut Larûm for larium by Varro Ossûm for ossium by Apul. Murûm for murium by Cic. Vtilitatûm Civitatûm haereditatûm are ordinary So are the Syncopated Cases of Participles suci as cadentûm faventûm furentûm loquentûm loquentûm manentûm natantûm potentûm precantûm regnantûm rudentûm sequentûm silentûm venientûm all in Virgil and the lâ—ke in others and like these parentûm and quadâ—upedantûm 2. Note Many words have in the Gen. Plur one Termination in ium and another in orum aâ— the names of Feasts Floralia Floralium and Floraliorum Agonalia Agonalium and Agonaliorum Saturnalia Saturnalium and Saturnaliorum c. Of these the Termination in um is formed from a Nom. Case in e v. g. Florale c. That in orum is formed from a Nom. Case Sing in ium v. g. Floralium c. The like may be said of alvearium and alveariorum the first from alvear and alveare the second from alvearium So of exemplarium from exemplar and exemplariorum from exemplarium turned by Ignatius Epist ad Trâ—ll into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 So of Vectigalium and vectigaliorum ancilium and anciliorum sponsalium and sponsaliorum viridium and viridiorum conclaevium and conclaviorum it may be said the several Terminations in the Gen. Plur. are formed from several Terminations in the Nom. Singular it being not unusual for words to have such variety of Terminations For example Milliare and milliarium are both in Cic. Torcular and torcularium in Cato and Lupanar and lupanarium So A. Gell. hath vulgaris and vulgarius Turpilius hath both singularis and singularius as Vossius from Nonius tells us So again Greek words in ma have two Genitives one in um from the Nom. Sing in ma of the Greek Termination and one in orum from a Nom. Sing in um of a Latine Termination as Poematum from hoc poema and poematorum from hoc poematum c. Sometimes Greek words have their Greek Termination written in Latine letters as Haereseôn Epâ—grammatôn Metamorphoseôn The Dative Case Plural of the Third Declension Of the Dat Case Plur. of the Third Declension regularly ends in ibus as lapidibus
By this Termination ibus the Dative Case Plur. of the Third Declension is distinguished from the Dat. Plur. of the Fifth which ends in ebus and of the Fourth too which thought it hath ibus as being derived from this Declension yet it hath not ibus only as this hath Bus which is ordinarily given for the Termination of this Case is common to all the Three Declensions and to those also of the First that end in abus For abus ebus ibus obus ubus all end in bus Bobus and bubus which differ from this Termination are contracted of bovibus Voss de Arte Gram. l. 2. c. 15. So Subus is said for Suibus which Cicero hath l. 5. de Fin. Quinquatriis is from quinquatria quinquatriorum Quinquatribus is from quinquatria quinquatrium or from quinquatrus as fructibus from fructus Neuter Greek words in ma besides their Dative in ibus have another in is but that is formed as from a Nom. in um For example Poematis is formed from hoc poematum as poematibus from hoc poema And so 't is in the rest Not to note that these kind of words have a formation of the First Declension Whence we read of Diademam dedit in Pompon Cum servili Schemâ in Plaut and exemplar impetratae Schemae in Sueton of which way of forming those Terminations in is may be some remains See Danes Schol. l. 1. c. 13. Sometimes amongst the Ancients there is met withal a Dative of a Greek Termination in sin i. e. σ â— with ν added to it as in Dryasin Hamadryasiâ— Ethesin Schemasin But these as being not Latine words cross not our Rule and as being rare are only to be observed not followed Of the Gen. Case Sing of the Fourth Declension The Genitive Case Singular of the Fourth Declension regularly ends in ûs as manûs Yet some words now of the Fourth Declension anciently were also of the Second Declension and of them remains a Gen. Case in i as ornati of ornatus tumulti of tumultus Hence Ter. Eun. 2. 2. Quid istuc inquam ornati est And Phorm 1. 3. Vbi ejus adventi venit in mentem And Adelph 5. 4. Hoc fructi pro labore ab his fero And And. 2. 2. In aedibus nihil ornati nihil tumulti Of the same stamp are these cited by Vâ—ssius from Nonius Senati sumti exerciti aesti Aspecti gemiti piscati quaesti Geli with victi strepiti and lucti Salti parti porti soni flucti Again some words now of the Fourth Declension anciently were of the Third and of them remains a Gen. Case in is as anuis of anus Hence Ter. He. 2. 3. Ejus anuis causâ opinor quae erat mortua Of the same stamp are Senatuis for Senatûi domuis for domûs fluctuis for fluctûs which A. Gell. saith M. Varro and P. Nigidius learned Romans did use So also rituis for ritûs fruetuis for fruetûs victuis for victûs and graduis for gradûs which Vosâ—ius citeth from their Authors De Analog l. 2. c. 17. See also Danes Schol. l. 1. c. 19. Of the Genitive Case in uis is made the Regular Genitive in ûs by a Crasis whence the Termination is long Of the Dat. Case Sing of the Fourth Declension The Dative Case Singular of the Fourth Declension regularly ends in ui as manni Yet by an Apocope i is cut off from many Datives of this Declension and for ui is read u as ornatu for ornatui So Ter. Ad. 1. 1. Vestitu nimio indulges Virg Aen. 1. If vestitu be not there the Abl. Case as some think Parce metu Cythereaea Caes in Dolab act 3. In aedibus fanisque posita honori erant ornatu Tacit. Annal. 14. Cruciatu aut praemio cuncta pervia esse Yea quibus subito impetu ac latrocinio parricidarum resistat is Cicero's saith Vossius Of the same stamp is victu concubitu adspectu for victui concubitui adspectui in Virg. Exercitu for exercitui in Varro Cursu for cursui in Veget. Anu and victu for anui and victui in Lucil. Vsu for usui in Lucret. Dominatu for dominatui in Caes Luxu for luxui in Sallust Tacit. Venatu for venatui in Virg. Quaestu cultu for quaestui cultui in Plaut Delectu for delectui in Liv. See Schrevel in Ter. Ad. 1. 1. Farnab Gram. p. 14. Alvar. Instit Gram. p. 217. A. Gell. l. 14. c. 16. Voss de Analog l. 2. c. 18. The Ablative Case Singular of the Fourth Declension Of the Abl. Case Sing of the Fourth Declension regularly ends in u as manu Impete is not as some would have it the Ablat Case of impetus but of impes whose Gen. impetis is in Lucret. l. 6. and Abl. impete is in Ovid. Met. 3. See my Explanations of Quae genus on Sunt Diptota c. The Genitive Case Plural of the Fourth Declension Of the Gen. Case Plur. of the Fourth Declension regularly ends in uum as manuum Of uum in this Case by a Syncope is made ûm Hence currûm for curruum in Virg. Aen. 6. nurûm for nuruum in Virg. Aen. 12. and passûm for passuum in Martial l. 2. ep 5. The Dative Case Plural of the Fourth Declension Of the Dat. Case Plur of the Fourth Declension most usually ends in ibus as manibus Yet 1 some words of this Declension end in ubus as specus arcus artus lacus tribus partus Hence Hor. 5. Epod. Per liberos te si vocata partubus Ovid. 4 Fast Praemia de lacubus proxima musta tuis Virg. Ep. de Livore Et totum bibit artubus cruorem Some add acubus quercubus ficubus which yet Alvarus thinks to be no where found no nor acibus quercibus ficibus for the last of which ficis of the Second Declension is in use and praeplacet Plinio as Mr. Farnaby saith System Gram. p. 15. 2. Some words of this Declension end both in ibus and ubus as quaestus and genu portus and veru Quaestibus and quaestubus genibus and genubus are read in Ovid and Seneca portibus and portubus in Caes Bel. Civ where yet saith Vossius for portibus the Manuscripts read portubus Veribus is read in Virg. 1. Aen. Pars in frusta secant Veribúsque trementia figunt Verubus is read in Ovid. 6. Met. Pars verubus stridet See Danes Schol. l. 1. c. 14. Of the Gen. Case Sing of the Fifâ—h Declension The Genitive Case Singular of the Fifth Declension now regularly ends in ei as diei Anciently there were other Terminations of it First Sometimes the Termination of the Genitive was the same with that of the Nominative namely es In this respect it was so with Nouns of this Declension as with Parisyllabical Nouns in is of the Third Declension from whence probably this Declension was formed Hence that of Cicero pro Sextio relating the words
malè habet quà m te Ter. Si quà m audax est ad conandum tam esset obscuru◠in agendo Cic. Quae causa antè mortua est quà m tu natus esses Cic. Multò priùs scivi quà m tu illum amicum habere Ter. Annibal tertio pòst die quà m venit copias in aciem eduxit Liv. Postridie intellexi quà m à vobis discessi Cic. Vicinum citiûs adjuveris in fructibus percipiendis quà m aut fratrem aut familiarem Cic. 11 A Comma is set before an Adverb having the force of a Connexive Conjunction and generally when any connexive Particle is expressed or implied as Non arbor erat relicta non gubernaculum non funis aut remus Petron. Curris stupes satagis tanquam mu◠in matellâ Petron. Rumorem fabulam fictam falsam perhorrescimu◠Cic. Cujus omnis actio ratio cogitatio totus denique tribunatus nihil aliud fuit nisi constans perpetua fortis invicta defensio salutis meae Cic. 12 A Comma is set before an Infinitive Verb with his Accusative Case which may be resolved into a Finite Verb and a Nominative Case as Non possum dicere me nihil perdere Sen. ep 1. Sed oftendere me aegrè pati illi nolui Ter. Ad. 1 2. 13 A Comma is set after an Interjection with his dependents if he have any unless it be such an Interjection as properly requires another Point as Interjections of Admiration or Exclamation as Oh tibi ego ut credam furcifer Ter. And. 3. 5. Hei mihi cur non habeo spatium ut Ter. And. 4. 1. Heus proximus sum egomet mihi Ter. And. 4. 1. Hem st mane Ib. Hem Pamphile optimè te mihi offers Ib. 4. 2. 14 A Comma is set after an Ablative Case Absolute with its dependents and before it too if it be in the middle of a sentence as Sed expositis adolescentium officiis deinceps de beneficentiâ dicendum est Cic. 2. Off. Credo pudicitiam Saturnorege moratam In terris Juv. Deum quo auctore cuncta proveniunt sinc murmur atione comitari Sen. ep 107. Of a Semi-Period A Semi-Period though it differ not in figure from a full Period yet is distinguished from it by this that when a Great Letter follows it is called Periodus supina or absolutely a Period but when a Small Letter follows it is called Periodus pendens or a Semi-Period A Semi-Period is set betwixt Periods whereof the latter hath a near dependence on the former for sense of matter though not for construction of words the latter beginning with a new principal Verb as well as the former as Cum rerum naturâ delibera illa dicet tibi se diem fecisse noctem Sen. ep 3. Hodiernus dies solidus est nemo ex illo quidquam mihi eripuit totus inter stratum lectionémque divisus est Sen. ep 83. The proper place for a Semi-Period might it be so far admitted were betwixt the former and latter part of a Period consisting of a Protasis and its Apodosis or an Enunciation and its Reason also betwixt a Totum and his Parts in a Division and betwixt Clause and Clause in a Transition Of a Semi-Colon A Semi-Colon is set where the Pause seems lesser than that of a Colon and yet greater than that of a Comma as Tu quid divitiae possint consideras quid virtus non item The proper place for a Semi-Colon seems to be between member and member in a Division if the Parts be separated from the Totum by a Semi-Period or in a Subdivision if the Parts be separated from the Totum by a Colon also between branch and branch in a Partition and generally betwixt Opposits in a Distinction Of a Semi-Comma A Semi-Commae is set where a less Pause or distinction is needful than that of a Comma And its proper place if it may be admitted so far will be where the Words of a simple Proposition are ungrammatically or the Parts illogically placed viz. the Predicate before the Subject where the words of one clause are for elegancy of Composition inserted within the words of another where an Exegetical addition is made to a foregoing Substantive by the Apposition of another Substantive to it or of an Adjective or Participle with its dependents on it where a Word so stands between two Clauses as that it may be taken to belong to either and generally where there is need of more pauses in pronunciation than there are distinct parts of the construction as where the circumstances of actions viz. time place manner means c. are expressed together with them This Period of Cicero's pointed as follows may in part be an exemplification of the foregoing Rules Denique Quirites quoniam me quatuor omnino genera hominum violârunt Vnum eorum qui odio reipublicae quòd eam ipsis invitis conservâram mihi inimicissimi fuerunt alterum qui per simulationem amicitiae nefariè prodiderunt tertium qui cùm propter inertiam suam eadem assequi non possent inviderunt laudi dignitati meae quartum qui cùm custodes reipub esse debuerunt salutem meam statum civitatis dignitatem ejus imperii quod erat penès ipsos vendiderunt Sic ulciscar genera singula quemadmodum à quibusque sum provocatus malos cives rempub bene gerendo perfidos amicos nihil credendo atque omnia cavendo invidos virtuti gloriae serviendo mercatores provinciarum revocando domum atque ab iis provinciarum rationem repetendo Cic. ad Quirit post redit Of a Note of Interrogation A Note of Interrogation is set at the end of a question as Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est This Note is sometimes continued through many clauses of a Period as Quousque tandem abutêre Catilina patientiâ nostrâ quamdiu nos etiam furor iste tuus eludet quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia Sometimes it is omitted though the speech be Interrogative namely when the sentence is lengthned so far that the Interrogative force wherewith it began is by little and little wasted and lost as An tu putas esse honos viros qui amicitias utilitate colunt nihil ad humanitatem nihil ad honestum referunt nec libenter ea curant quae ego nisi curarem praeter caetera prorsus me tuâ benevolentiâ in quá magnam foelicitatis meae partem soleo ponere indignum putarem Of a Note of Admiration A Note of Admiration is set after words of Admiring Exclaiming or Deploring as O vir fortis atque amicus Ter. Phor. Proh Deûm atque hominum fidem Cic. 5. Verr. Ah virgo infoelix Virg. 6. Eclog Vah inconstantiam Vah mea Antiphila Vah homo impudens Heu stirpem invisam Virg. 2. Aen. Heu pietas heu prisca fides Virg. 6. Aen. Of a Parenthesis A Parenthesis incloses within one sentenc◠another sentence which is no part of it as Deus
of the words Of the Natural Order of Latine words there be precepts to be found in Vossius's Latine Grammar at the end of the Syntaxis also in Brinsly's Gram. School ch 8. in Mr. Clarks Dux Grammaticus p. 259. and in the end of Phrases Wintonienses which I forbear to transcribe Let the Scholars parsing be performed all by himself alone taking the words in the Natural Order ☜ and going of himself without being asked any thing by his Teacher save where he omits any thing necessary from word to word till he have gone over the whole declining Nouns and Verbs and giving Rules for the Genders of the one and Preterperfect Tense and Supines of the other and so of the other parts of Speech let him say what is fit to be said But especially let him give account of the Syntax of every word why this Substantive is of the Nominative case that of the Genitive the other the Dative Accusative or Ablative Why this Adjective is of this that or the other Case Gender Number why this Relative is of this or that Number or Person and why of this or the other Case and what governs it and why this Verb is of this Mood Number Person c. maintaining and justifying every thing by Grammar Rule or Example from Classick Authors And here by the way let me take occasion to advise that the same course be observed in his Authors that he learns construing his Lectures therein in the Natural Order and parsing them all by himself alone in that order It is scarce imaginable how much more beneficial this way of parsing alone is beyond the other more usual way of asking questions skippingly here a word and there a word according to the Masters fancy list or leisure And if there be more than one together one may take one piece and another another piece by courses till all be done If one by agreement do ger one piece and another another it will not be much amiss to wink at it for a while till they be a little perfect at it that plot is quickly broke by putting them but once or twice out of their road Lastly To return on the Repetition-day let the Scholar say all his weeks work by heart and both read it out of English into Latine and out of Latine into English and where the Teacher thinks needful let him ask him a Rule for or a Reason of the Construction or the like English Examples framed according to the Rules of the Three Latine Concords THE FIRST CONCORD Concordantia Nominativi Verbi ¶ Verbum Personale cohaeret cum Nominativo numero personâ ut Nunquam sera est ad bonos more 's via Fortuna nunquam perpetuâ— est bona * A Verb Personal a greeth with his Nominative case in Number and Person as Praeceptor legit vos verò negligitis The Master readeth and ye regard not * And the Nominative shall in making and construing Latine be set before the Verb. †Examples where Personal Pronouns are only Nominative Cases Indicat Mood Present Tense Active with a Sign I do fear thou dost laugh he doth strike we do cry ye do call they do answer Without a Sign I love thou teachest he readeth we hear ye learn they play Indic Pres Pass I am loved thou art taught he is read we are called ye are stricken they are frighted I am bought thou art sold he is beaten we be blamed ye be wounded they be healed Preterimperfect Tense Active I did lose thou didst seek he did find we did sit ye did stand they did walk I mourned thou weptest he laugh'd we sung ye leap't they danced Passive I was named thou wast called he was reproved we were warned ye were scourged they were killed I was girded thou wert armed he was cut we were hurt ye were lead they were drawn Preterperf Active I have fought thou hast overcome he hath washed we have wiped ye have scratched they have bitten I have mown thou hast reaped she hath scattered we have gathered ye have laid up they have carried out Passive I have been carried thou hast been bound he hath been blamed we have been praised ye have been healed they have been saved I have been honoured thou hast been crowned she hath been decked we have been painted ye have been nursed they have bâ—en clothed Preterpluperf Active I had tryed thou hadst consented he had said we had believed ye had held they had escaped I had written thou hadst received she had read we had recalled ye had replied they had granted Passive I had been seen thou hadst been heard he bad been accused we had been condemned ye had been saved they had been killed I had been baptized thou hadst been confirmed she had been instructed we had been corrected ye had been admonished they had been commended Future Tense Active I will ask thou wilt answer he will have we will hold ye will command they will obey I shall touch thou shalt perceive she shall crave we shall give ye shall feign they shall frame Passive I will be sought thou wilt be found he will be taken we will be freed ye will be detained they will be dismissed I shall be cased thou shalt be burdened she shall be received we shall be rejected ye shall be commended they shall be lamented * Except a question be asked and then the Nominative is set after the Verb Love I teachest thou readeth he hear we learn ye play they Feared I laughest thou striketh he Cry we called ye answered they * Or after the Sign of the Verb as Amas tu Lovest thou Venitne Rex Doth the King come Do I play dost thou learn doth he profit Do we see do ye hear do they feel Did I lose didst thou seek did he find did we sit did ye stand did they walk Have I fought hast thou overcome hath he read have we heard have ye sung have they danced Had I tryed hadst thou consented had he said had we believed had ye stayed had they departed Shall I ask wilt thou answer will he have shall we hold shall ye command will they obey Am I loved art thou feared is he called are we heard Be ye stricken be they frighted Was I touched wer 't thou named was he warned were we blamed were ye scourged were they killed Have I been honoured hast thou been fed hath she been nursed have we been decked have ye been clothed have they been spoiled Had I been heard hadst thou been seen had she been condemned had we been saved had ye been killed had they been buried Shall I be touched wilt thou be perceived shall he be sought shall we be found will ye be lead will they be drawn * Likewise if the Verb b of the Imperative Mood as Amaro ille Let him love Write thou fight he eat ye drink they sing thou dance he write ye read they do thou go let him stay run we do ye sit let them stand Laugh thou
Master have taught Have ye Scholars regarded †Note that the Verb must always be of that Number and Person that the Pronoun whether it be expressed or understood is of Ego tuae deliciae isthuc veniam Magna pars studiosorum amoenitates quaerimus sub nos Aeneas adsum sub ego Populus superamur ab uno sub nos ¶ Nominativus primae vel secundae Personae rarissimè exprimitur nisi Causâ Discretionis ut Vos damnâstis quasi dicat praeterea nemo aut Emphasis gratiâ ut Tues patronus tu pater si deseris tu perimus quasi dicat praecipuè prae aliis tu patronus es Ovid. Tu dominus tu vir tu mihi frater eris I shouted thou whisperedst we walked ye ran I intreated thou commandest we were praised ye were discommended I gave thou did receive we came ye went I shall be scourged thou wilt be hanged we shall be enriched ye will be spoiled I will be a friend I will be a Father I will be a Husband Thou savest thou defendest thou feedest thou clothest We went we sought we found ye were mocked ye were scourged ye were tormented ¶ In verbis quorum significatio ad homines tantùm pertinet tertiae Personae Nominativus saepe subauditur ut est fertur dicunt ferunt aiunt praedicant clamitant in similibus ut Ter. Fertur atrocia slagitia designâsse Ovid. Teque ferunt irae poenituisse tuae How this should be imitated in English I see not and so pass it over * And that casual word that cometh next after the Verb and answereth to the question whom or what made by the Verb shall commonly be the Accusative Case as Amo magistrum I love the master Vse makes perfect I know him well Truth gets hatred Love covers offences Honour nourisheth arts Vertue deserves praise Dost thou hear me will I leave thee shall he teach me Fear thou God honour ye the King * Except the Verb do properly govern another Case after him to be construed withal as Si cupis placere magistro utere diligentiâ nec sis tantus cessator ut calcaribus indigeas If thou covet to please thy master use diligence and be not so slack that thou shalt need spurs Nominative Love is a Loadstone Fire is hot I am called John I am thought rich I lie dreaming He runneth eating Thou drinkest standing Genitive He is accused of theft He is acquitted of bribery He is condemned of covetousness Pity thy Father Have compassion on thy Mother Forget not thy Brother Dative Succour me Profit thy self Disprofit none Please God Obey the King resist sin Tell me quickly Answer him readily Give to the poor Lend to the rich Ablative Use exercise Enjoy comfort I want money and yet I have discharged my duty Rely on vertue but brag not of victory Change flesh for bread but eat bread sparingly Be glad of a little ¶ Non semper vox casualis est Verbo Nominativus sed aliquando Verbum infinitum ut Plaut Mentiri non est meum To fight is manly to cry is childish to flie is cowardly To lie is base to steal is dangerous to rob is deadly to counter feit is common To delay breeds danger to make haste is safe ¶ Aliquando oratio ut Ovid. Adde quòd ingenuas di dicisse fideliter artes Emollit mores Nec finit esse feros To love his Parents is the duty of a child To honour the King is the duty of Subjects To fear God is the property of Christians To do well and be ill spoken of is the part of Kings To laugh much bewrays folly To speak much brings sin To grow rich makes proud To live a good life gives hope of dying a happy death To love idleness brings to disgrace To delight in riot tends to beggery To strive with a mighty man is folly in a mean man For a wife to be chast is a vertue For a husband to be kind is a praise For a Prince to be humble is an honour For a Subject to be proud is a shame Columbus 's discovering America rendred him famous Alexander 's conquering Darius won him glory Caesar 's beating Pompey procured him an Empire That he took Carthage got Scipio honour That he forgave his enemies turned to Caesar 's glory That he fought against his Country proved Catiline 's ruine His killing Hector made Achilles dreadful Her relieving the Trojans won Dido praise Their being at odds amongst themselves was the cause of the Grecians overthrow ¶ Aliquando Adverbium cum Genitivo ut Partim virorum ceciderunt in bello Partim signorum sunt combusta †This cannot be exemplified in English But an Adverb being a Nominative to a Verb without a Genitive Case may be exemplified That to morrow when comes it I wish that before had been afterward That now will never be That hey brave quite undid him †Examples of Construction where many Nominative Cases come before a Verb which is called in Latine Syllepsis ¶ Syllepsis seu conceptio est comprehensio indignioris sub digniore Copulatum per Conjunctionem Et nec neque Cum pro Et acceptum est pluralis numeri ac proinde Verbum exigit plurale quod quidem Verbum personâ cum digniore supposito quadrabit ut Quid tu soror facitis Ego mater perimus Tu uxor testes estote * Many Nominative Cases Singular with a Conjunction Copulative coming between them will have a Verb plural which Verb plural shall agree with the Nominative Case of the most worthy person as Ego tu sumus in tuto I and thou be in safeguard Tu pater periclitamini Thou and thy father are in jeopardy Pater praeceptor accersunt te Thy father and thy master have sent for thee ¶ Dignior autem est persona prima quà m secunda dignior secunda quà m tertia * Where note that the first person is more worthy than the second and the second more worthy than the third as Ego mater sumus in tuto Tu atque frater est is in periculo Neque ego neque tu sapimus English Examples where the Nominative Cases are of the same Person Comâ— hither to me thou and thou The Father and the Son walk together The Mother and the Daughter talk togâ—ther Love and Majesty dwâ—ll not together A Wife and a Where shall be together in one house The King and Queen wish him to their Son in-law Strength and Beauty are much desired by every one The wind and the rain fight one with another The Hare and the Dog run apace War and Famine and Pestilence do ruinate Countries Righteousness and Peace and Truth do make Kingdoms happy Examples where one Nominative Case is of the first person and another of the second I and thou will go home together Thou and I will seek him out Let thee and me love out Father Thou and I shall be safe what ever come of
Must or Ought see the Treatise of English Particles ch 55. 68. ¶ Nomen multitudinis singulare quandoque verbo plurali jungitur ut Pars abiêre †A Noun of multitude is such a word as in the Singular Number signifies many things collected into one as a heap c. Whence it is also called a Noun Collective To such Nouns though of the Singular Number Authors have sometimes joyned a Verb Plural as Pars abiêre †And sometimes a Verb Singular as Pars stupet Virg. †In the Singular Verb they had respect unto the word in the Plural they had respect unto the things signified by that word †We may exemplifie that kind of Construction perhaps thus Part became birds part were turned into beasts part held the Boat when they were ducked into the water part cut them into Cantels Abundance of men are destroyed with gluttony A Power of Souldiers rushed into the Town A multitude of fishes are daily taken in that River The Parliament have taken it into consideration The Council stay for the coming of the King The people are mad when Taxes are laid Let all the Company of us go But in these it will not be good to dare in our use beyond the warranty of Example †A Partitive sometimes hath the Construction of a Collective and being of the Singular Number hath a Verb Plural joyned to it as Uterque deluduntur dolis Plaut Aperite aliquis ostium Ter In suas quisque aedes regressi Ter. Bring me some Beer some body They got every man upon his own horse They were both sore scared at the sight Some body make me a fire here quickly We suffer every one his misfortunes They died both on one and the same day Run some body and fetch the Nurse Every man take your swords in your hands Both of them have the same thoughts of you THE SECOND CONCORD Concordantia Substantivi Verbi ¶ Adjectivum cum Substantivo Genere Nu mero Casu consentit ut Juven Rara avis in terris nigroque simillima Cygno ¶ Ad eundem modum Participia Pronomina Substantivis adnectuntur Ovid. Donec eris felix multos numerabis amicos Nullus ad amissas ibit amicus opes Senec. Non hoc primùm pectora vulnus mea senserunt graviora tuli * The Adjective whether it be Noun Pronoun or Participle agreeth with his Substantive in Case Gender and Number as Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur A sure friend is tryed in a doubtful matter Homo armatus A man armed Ager colendus A field to be tilled Hic vir This man Meus herus est It is my Master English Examples I Where the Adjective comes together with the Substantive set next after it A good man is a wise man and an evil man is a foolish man A black Swan is a rare bird and a white Crow is a strange sight The evil life of a good Preacher brings great disgrace to sound doctrine Evil words corrupt good manners and evil manners destroy great Kingdoms Soft fire makes sweet malt and sweet malt makes sweet Ale A tall man with a loâ—g neck in a white doublet killed two Sparrows sitting on a high house with one stone The untimely death of a loving Husband is a bitter fountain of much grief to a kind Wife The eager contention of disagreeing Princes is the sad destruction of flourishing States My son loves thy daughter and thy daughter is in love with my son Our Lad is gone to your house and your house is quite gone to decay Your Master is gone with his Wife to his garden and our Children with their hands pluck up fine flowers She views her wrinkled face in a broken glass and washeth her yellow teeth with red wine He holds three Eggs in one hand and reads a long letter in a little space When Civil Wars cease then expect happy times and when happy times return then expect Civil Wars II. Where the Adjective comes together with the Substantive set next before it A house full of gold coyned would not make a miser rich A Temple adorned with Pictures innumerable was to be seen on a hills top A tongue speaking things shameful bringeth to the speaker things harmful Water flowing from a Fountain inclosed ran in a chanel newly digged A wife bemoaning a husband dead sate besides children weeping A Traitor ready to shed blood Royal deserves to be cut off by a death untimely A Conscience wounded is a burden insupportable Land fruitful and well tilled brings a crop plentiful in a year seasonable III. Where the Adjectâ—ve is parted from his Substantive coming before it A Kingdom is happy when peace is preserved carefully and justice administred duly The man went away sorrowful when he saw that a woman lay weeping upon the ground Wisdom is accounted vain where vice is found to be gainful The Shepherd is said to be diligent when the flock is thriving Where the Teacher is skilful and painful there the profiting of the Learner is hopeful IV. Where the Adjective is parted from his Substantive coming after it Happy are the times when truth and peace do flourish Glorious in all Ages will be a wife righteous and valiant King Hateful is the name woful is the life and fearful is the death of a Traitor Fair is thought the child by the fond mother Terrible men say will be the Sentence of the last Judgment Vnquenchable it is believed shall the fire of Hell be Great is the peace of an undefiled Conscience Mine is the comfort thine will be the glory of deeds well done Adjectives of the Comparative Degree with their Substantives Yellow gold is more precious than white silver Despised vertue is more chuseable than honoured vice Cicero was eloquenter than Cato but Cato was constanter than Cicero Of the two Kingdoms Spain is the larger but France is the richer Vnjust Peace is better than a just War and war abroad is more desirable than war at home A little with quietness is more wishable than a great deal with vexation The Sea is deeper than a Bucket and Eternity is longer than Time Adjectives of the Superlative Degree with their Substantives The shortest day hath the longest night The holiest life may expect the happiest death and the best work hope for the biggest reward The learnedest Clerks are not always the wisest men nor are the best Preachers evermore the holiest Christians Cicero was the most eloquent of Pleaders but Caesar was the most prudent of Commanders Solomon was the wisest of Kings and Hercules was the strongest of men Socrates was accounted the wisest of Philosophers and Alexander the most fortunate of Conquerors Aristides was the justest among the Grecians and Crassus the richest among the Romans Examples where several Substantives Singular with a Conjunction Copulative expressed or understood coming between them have an Adjective Plural which kind of Construction is called Syllepsis ¶ Copulatum per conjunctionem Et nec neque
happens to be there is nothing to be made in Latine for his or her for if any thing be it will be barbarous but the former Substantive is to be of the Genitive Case as Socrates his wisdom and Ulysses his cunning and Achilles his valour are famous in Poets Works and Historians Writings All Dido her intreating could not hinder Aeneas his going away †Sometimes to Substantives of the Genitive Case ending in s there is added es or the s in the end is doubled and this mark ' set over the two s's and then it is a sign that the foregoing Substantive is the Genitive Case governed of one that follows it as Moses 's rod was turn'd into a Serpent Croesus 's wealth was his overthrow †Sometimes the former of two Substantives hath no es or s added to it and yet is the Genitive Case governed of the latter as The Silver-Tankard is in the Hall-window or on the Parlor-table When the Steed is stol'n shut the Stable-door †Sometimes in Latine one Substantive goveros two or more Substantives in the Genitive Case as Jamne sentis bellua quae sit hominum querela frontis tuae Cic. Where querela governs both hominum and frontis So Quae naturae principia sint societatis humanae repetendum altiùs videtur Cic. Inexplehilis honorum Marii fames Flor. 3. 21. Quare L. Syllae C. Caesaris pecuniarum translatio à justis dom ' nis ad alienos non debet liber alitas videri Cic. 1. Off. This is imitable in English yet so that the governing Substantive do come betwixt the two governed Substantives and that the former of them do end in s as Christs redemption of the World cost him his blood Pauls preaching of the Gospel to the Gentiles was an offence to the Jew◠†Sometimes two three or more Substantives come together which are all of the Genitive Case but the last which governs that next before him and that him next before it and so backward to the first as Peters wifes mother was sick of a feaver My mans Uncles sons wife is a very pretty woman My Masters brothers wifes fathers mans horses hairs colour was white ¶ Proinde hic Genitivus saepissimè in Adjectivum possessivum mutatur ut Patris domus paterna domus Heri filius herilis filius I am troubled with stomach worms i. e. worms of the stomach Write this in your Paper book i. e. book of paper Land Cattel are better than Sea fish or Water fowl i. e. Cattel of the Land c. Will my father and your mother make a Wedding of it i. e. the father of me and the mother of you ¶ Est etiam ubi in Dativum vertitur ut Luc. de Cat. Urbi pater est urbique maritus Herus tibi mihi pater All acknowledge Cicero to have been a Father to his Country In taking such care of me you shew your self to be a brother indeed to me Now that your Sisters Husband is dead you must be a Husband to her Exceptio ¶ Excipiuntur quae in codem casu per appositionem connectuntur ut Ovid. Effodiuntur opes irritamenta malorum Virg. Ignavum fucos pecus à praesepibus arcent But if they belong both to one thing they shall be put both in one Case as Pater meus vir amat me puerum My Father being a man loveth me a child But now ye seek to kill me a man that hath told you the truth Erasmus a man of very exact judgment so speaks He was glad of the yellow covering of a she wolf his Nurse Within saw he Envy Eating Vipers flesh the food of her vices †This Construction may be called the Fourth Concord ¶ Adjectivum in Neutro genere absolutè hoc est absque Substantivo positum aliquando Genitivum postulat ut Paululum pecuniae Hoc noctis Catul. Non videmus id manticae quod in tergo est Juv. Quantum quisque suâ nummorum servat in arcâ Tantum habet fidei An Adjective in the Neuter Gender put alone without a Substantive standeth for a Substantive and may have a Genitive Case after him as if it were a Substantive as Multum lucri Much gain Quantum negotii How much business Id operis That work Truly I have not much of money yet somewhat of pleasure That little of quiet which I here enjoy do I value at a great rate There is not over much of ease in that kind of life that Schoolmasters lead I never saw so much money together in all my life before Do you think me to have so little wit as to trust you with my money ¶ Ponitur interdum Genitivus tantùm nempe prâ—ori Substantivo per Eclipsim subaudito ut in hujusmodi locutionibus Ter. Ubi ad Dianae veneris ito ad dextram Ventum erat ad Vestae Utrobique subauditur Templum Virg. Hectoris Andromache subauditur uxor Idem Deiphobe Glauci subauditur filia Ter. Hujus video Byrrhyiam subaudi servum Where were you to hear a Sermon yesterday At St. Peters Who preacheth this morning at St. Margarets He that preached the other day at St. Maries Whose man are you Brian Talbots Whose son is he John Carters Here take my book and bring my wife 's along with you This is my boys picture and that is my girls Laus Vituperium Laus Vituperium rei variis modis effertur at srequentiùs in Ablativo vel Genitivo ut Vir nullâ fide Ovid. Ingenui vultûs puer ingenuÃque pudoris Words importing indument of any quality or property to the praise or dispraise of a thing coming after a Noun Substantive or a Verb Substantive may be put in the Ablative or in the Genitive as Puer bonâ indole or Puer bonae indolis A child of a good towardness Puer boni ingenii or Puer bono ingenio A child of a good wit Ablative A man of the old Religion faith and fashion is the man that I like She is a woman of excellent features and of age fit for marriage He was one of a very crazy temper and sickly constitution He is a boy of a good wit and great memory and ready utterance I am not of so morose an humour and currish disposition as you imagine He is one of a crackâ— credit and brokâ—n estate of no truth nor honesty in the world Genitive He was a man of small meat and mostly very ordinary You shall entertain a guest of no great stomach but of a pleasant humour He is a man of a huge stature and strong limbs She is a woman of a lovely countenance and of a good nature It is an herb of a sweet smell and a thing of great value I am now of better health and chearfuller look than I was a while ago Opus Usus Opus Usus Ablativum exigunt ut Cic. Authoritate tuâ nobis opus est Gell. Pecuniam quâ sibi nihil esset usus ab iis quibus
money In the midst of the City Born the fourth day of the Moon in an unluckie hour I am here that did it This house of yours is like to fall This pride of hers will come down Your own Knavery will bewray you I saw him my self with my own eyes They their own selves did it with their own hand Thou thy own self Here is the man his own self He himself or his own self I inquired of a friend of mine and he told me He hath not wherewithal to buy a halter to hang himself Astorm will sink a Ship The Ship sinketh Look hither He looks like a sloven It will break before it will bow What hast thou been doing I have been writing The money is in the coyning Speak out thy words I care not for thee I will tarry abroad out of doors He is followed by many overtaken by few Winter was well nigh spent and the Spring drew on Thou art doing but makest no riddance He cannot forbear doing mischief keep out of ill turns He is broken bankrupt Good luâ—k have the business Gâ—d speed it It waxeth night ripe I am to go He is gone a hunting to hunt Thou hast no cause to complain of complaiâ—ing Very desirous to go of going baâ—k The greatest allurement to sin is hope of sparing Take time to advise He rose very early to study I have my Brother to intreat yet What dost thou appoint me to do I commend my Son to you to be taught I am come to intreat that I might I desire thee to be or that thou wouldst be gone I know not what to do Send thy man before to inquire Art thou a fit man to teach me He gave me a Book to read but not worth reading not worthy to be read Here is a Pen-knife for you to make a pen withal He was not come back in the morning but now he is come back Thou art come sooner than I looked I was gone abroad before thou wert up I am undone if he be gone away I am run out of breath The Apple is ripe You are a fool to believe for believing him You know what account I make of him About ready to fall He deserves to be praised He should have been punished The better Gamester at Dice the worse man They differ but about one thing But for this one time There is not a day but he cometh to me You can relish nothing but roast-meat What else is it to dance but to play the fool He doth nothing but play I sent no Letters but to you Nothing but what was well advised went from him I cannot but weep One by one From door to door Word for word Take heed thou dost it not See thou come back Thou mayst be gone He is above three miles off Why rise you not Rise I am sore afraid Without pains I am obliged engaged to thee You can do much with him At his Masters beck Till broad day-light For this cause Thou mayst be gone for all me Out of gun-shot It will not be for thy profit Considering his worth he is not used with respect enough According to the sudden accident as the case stood Not amiss He is on our side He is one of Plato's Sect. He is the Kings Counsellor He was thy Footman Before and behind At supper time About ten talents Word for word At my house In his right mind It is to be found in Virgil. In the days of yore among our Ancestors In jest sport For this present Every hour One with another What imployment is he fit for Here 's a pen for thee to write with This is the man I told you of You should have told me this before Lay the burden upon me I will go presently to the man He goes to bed supperless without his supper Shew thy self a man He will prove a Scholar He is held an excellent Divine He is reported to be hath the report of a spend-thrift I haâ— rather go on foot than on horseback He is sick of a quartan feaver To give him a Civick Crown To pour on cold water To hold the first parts to be the chief Which way that way At my charge There is a thing that I would tell thee There are some that say so There is a thing that troubles me There is no room for me to sit You have cause to be glad We are most destrous of those things that are most hurtful to us I will not hinder you from studying Nothing hindred you from writing Businesses hindred me from writing back What trade art thou of Let your hook be always hanging They were two days journey off What 's the matter You see what a kind of man he is If any matter of money remain I went not a wenching at that age at those years A poor deal of wine At this time of the day What sâ—â—kness is this So much money so much credit This poor piece of a letter The way is much of the same length He hath just his Masters conditions He is not able to pay They carry things fit to put out the fire He endureth cold the best of any man living I am the nearest to you of any man Ask his advice about this I can eat Beef heartily I will take the same course that thou dost I imitate thee I envy thee No man understands me Cicero salutes you I shall beware of him that he hurt me not He is in a gross error You will be heartily glad What pranks would he play This is a secret to us we are ignorant of it He came to the relief of the Townsmen It casts an ugly smell What hadst thou to supper They know not the way It smells of Saffron I am sorry for you I deny it The day will fail me You are sure to be punisht To die Hands off forbear I wrastle with out of troubles I mind only this this is all I mind To quicken his speed flight He is seven years old It is for Subjects to obey It is for Kings to command It came into my mind head He studies Physick There is room for you He minds Philosophy Be ruled by me What troubles you I yield to thee Come into the house I was by when he preached present at the Sermon I had a mind desire I am not in fault He is convicted of theft To condemn to death He sued him in an Action of Trespass To accuse of Treason He is accused of Bribery He accuseth him of a crime He set fire on the house the house on fire I bought this for you Set pen to paper He deceived cousened me put a trick upon me He committed this to my trust He forbad me his house discharged me of his house I 'le have nothing to do with your friendship entertainment c. I will take a course provide for thee I promise thee this Answer me this He will not let me have my Book I will put thee by all thy shifts He
itinera ipsa putavit esse demonstranda Cic. Vnus is elegantly put for solus as In tuis summis laudibus excipiunt unam iracundiam Cic. Vt is elegantly put for quomodo as Quid agit tua uxor Vt valet Plaut So utcunque for quomodocunque Also for sicut as Erat cùm literis Latinis tum Graecis ut temporibus illis eruditus Cic. Also for utpote qui as Ille ut fuit semper apertissimus non purgavit sed indicavit Cic. Also for licet as Verùm ut hoc non sit tamen servet rempublicam Cic. Also for postquam as Vt ab urbe discessi nullum praetermisi diem quin aliquid ad te literarum darem Cic. Vt ut is elegantly put for utcunque as Vt ut haec sunt tamen hoc faciam Ter. And thus far of the Particles that are used elegantly for others I now proceed to those that remain Of Particles which are elegantly used together with others Ab hath usque elegantly joyned to it as Sed ab ùsque Tmolo petivit Cic. Absque hath te or eo esset elegantly joyned to it as Nam absque te esset rectè ego mihi vidissem Ter. Ad hath summam elegantly joyned with it as Ad summam animo forti sitis Cic. Aequè hath ac atque and ut elegantly joyned with it as Quis esset tantus fructus in prosperis rebus nisi haberes qui illis aequè ac tu ipse gauderet Cic. Sed me colit observat aequè atque illum ipsum patronum suum Cic. Neque ipsam amicitiam tueri possumus nisi aequè amicos nos ipsos diligamus Cic. Itaque libentissimè praedicabo Cn. Pompeium studio authoritate aequè ut unumquemque vestrum pro salute meâ laborâsse Cic. Alius and aliter have ac and atque elegantly after them as Irrepit in hominum mentes alia dicentis ac significantis dissimulatio Cic. Non alius essem atque nunc sum Cic. Ne sim salvus si aliter scribo ac sentio Cic. Aliter atque ostenderam facio Cic. Contra hath ac atque and quà m elegantly joyned to it as Vt contra ac dicat accipi sentiri velit Cic. Contra atque apud nos fieri solet Varro Contra quà m nos suprà scripsimus Gell. Eo hath elegantly quo quod and quia answering to it as Non eo dico quo mihi veniat in dubium tua fides Cic. Eoque tardius scripsi ad te quod quotidie â—eipsum expectabam Cic. Id autem eo facilius credebatur quia simile vero videbatur Cic. Facilè is elegantly joyned with primus or princeps as Non solùm sui municipii sed illius vicinitatis facilè primus Cic. Eudemus Platonis auditor in Astrologia judicio doctissimorum hominum facilè princeps Cic. Jam hath elegantly joyned with it inde à and usque ab as Jam inde à Consulatu meo Cic. Jam inde ab Aristotele Cic. Vetus opinio est jam usque ab Heroicis ducta temporibus Cic. Interea hath elegantly dum and quoad joyned with it as Interea dum haec quae dispersa sunt coguntur Cic. Interea quoad fides esset data Caesarem facturum quae polliceretur Caes Is hath ut elegantly joyned with it as Nec tamen is sum ut mea me maximè delectent Cic. Id hath aetatis or temporis elegantly joyned with it as Duo filii id aetatis Cic. Id aetatis jam sumus ut omnia fortiter ferre debeamus Cic. Maximè quod is locus ab omni turbâ id temporis vacuus esset Cic. Venit enim ad me quidem id temporis ut retinendus esset Cic. Ita is elegantly joyned with non or nec as Simulachra praeclara sed non ita antiqua Cic. Nec ità multum provectus rejectus Austro sum in eum ipsum locum unde conscenderam Cic. Juxta hath ac si elegantly joyned with it as Tum reliquis officiis juxta ac si meus frater esset sustentavit Cic. Licet hath per with his Accusative Case elegantly joyned to it as Per me vel stertas licet non modò quiescas Cic. Sinatis hunc facere dum per aetatem licet Ter. Longè is elegantly joyned with words of Difference Dissimilitude or Excellence as Longè aliter atque à me dicta erant detulerunt Cic. Quod est longè secus Cic. Vir longè post homines natos improbissimus Cic. Paetus longè princeps municipii Lucensis Cic. Magis hath quà m and si elegantly joyned with it as Jus bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quà m naturâ valebat Sal. Magis dicas si scias quod ego scio Plaut It is also elegantly joyned unto Substantives as well as to uncompared Adjectives as Nisi fortè magis erit parricida qui consularem patrem quà m si quis humilem necaverit Cic. Maximè hath elegantly joyned with it quà m vel quà m qui ut quisque as Dicere quà m maximè ad veritatem accommoda Cic. Quae quidem vel maximè suspicionem movent Cic. Tam sum amicus reipublicae quà m qui maximè Cic. Vt quisque maximè opis indigeat it a ei potissimùm opitulari Cic. Minùs hath si elegantly joyned with it as Si minùs necari at custodiri oportebat Cic. Mox hath quà m elegantly joyned with it as Quà m mox navigo Plaut Expecto quà m mox Chaerea hâc ratione utatur Cic. Ne hath quidem and nunc elegantly going with it as Nunquam illum ne minimâ quidem re offendi Cic. Ne nunc senum convivio delector Cic. Nec and neque are elegantly joyned with dum as Cassius ineptas literas misit nec dum Bibuli erant allatae Cic. Neque dum Roma es profectus Cic. Nemo is elegantly joyned with homo and quisquam as Neminem hominem pluris facio Cic. Nemo quisquam illorum ad te venit Ter. Nihil hath ne quidem divided by another word elegantly after it as Ad eas ego literas nihil scripsi ne gratulandi quidem causâ Cic. Nimio hath plus elegantly joyned to it as Sed quia nimio plus te diligo Cic. Nisi hath si quis and siquis elegantly joyned with it as Nisi si id est quod suspicor aliquid monstri alunt Ter. Nisi quis Deus nos respexerit Cic. Nisi verò si quis est qui Catilinae similes cum Catilinâ sentire non putet Cic. Non hath elegantly joyned with it quin quo and modo non as Non quin rectum esset sed quia multò rectius fuit Cic. Non quo eâ sit mihi quicquam carius aut esse debeat Cic. Tu id non modò non prohibebas verùm etiam approbabas Cic. Nullus hath quin elegantly after it as Dies fere nullus est quin domum meam ventitet Cic. Nunquam hath ullus and quin coming elegantly after it as Nunquam ex