Of Diversity aliter secus Of Granting Licèt estò sit itâ— sit sanè Of a thing not finished fermâ— feré prope propemodum c. Of Explaining putà utpote utputâ— Of Prepositions Adverbs signify the manner time place or some other circumstance of doing and therefore are joyned unto Verbs Prepositions signify some Relation of one thing of Person to another either as Distance Situation Cauâ—ality or the like As Of distancâ— and â— Situation Tho' these that signify local distance or Situation are â—orrowed to signiâ—y things of likâ— Nature Cause act or dependance Ad to * Apud at Adversus against Adversum Contra Ante before * Cis on this side Citra Circum about Circa Erga towards Extra without In into Intâ—re between * Infra below Iâ—tra within Iuxta by Pone behind Praeter besides Super above Supra Trans beyond Vltra Versus towards Ob * for Propter Per by Penes in the power Post after * Secundum according to Vsque untill A from Ab Abs De of or concerning E. of out of Ex. Pro for or instead of Absque without Sine In in * Cum with in composition con * Prae before * Coram before Sub under * Clâ—m privily Palam openly Tenus until up to Accus Case Those marked * in composition with Verbs go vern mostwhat Daâ— Case Abla Case Note Tenus if the Substantive be of the Plural Number governs a Genitive Case Aurium tâ—nus genuum tenus altitudini or some such word being understood as up to the height of the ears knees Super Govâ—rn both Cases Sub Subtâ—r Cum tenus Versus usque are often set after the Noun Nobiscum câ—pulo teâ—â—s Londinum versus ad Occidentem usque Am di dis re se con are Prepositions never used but in composition These Prepositions are also compared Citra citerior citimus Citer is also Read Iâ—tra interior intimus Infra inferior inâ—imus Ante anterior Vltra ulterior ultimus Extra exterior extremus Exter also extimus  Supra superior supremus Superi and Posteri still in use summus Post posterior postremus Prope propior proximus and hence proximior Ovid. Of Conjunctions Conjunctions are principally used to joyn Sentences together and therefore they make those which by the Logicians are called Hypothetical Propositions a great force of Speech depends upon them Sentences I say for when they seem to joyn only Nouns no Sentence can be without a Verb yet they intimate the Verb or other Regiment expressed which is to be repeated to every one of these Nouâ—s tho' for brevity it be omitâ—ed as Emi 〈◊〉 centum aureiâ— pluris i. e. emi pluris Pater Mater abijt oratum And therefore many times the Verb is put in the Plural Number as if illi or nos or vos werâ— understood as Ego tu nos sumus in tuto Xenophon Plato illi fuêre aequales Copulatives joyn the Sentences together without shewing any other dependence one upon another First affirmatively Et que quoque ac atque Deinde porrò insuper which intimate the order Cum tum vel which are doubled or corresponding one to another Secondly or Negatively Nè neque Disjunctives Aut ve vel seu sive Causals which inferr the reason of what was said before Nam enim etenim naâ—â—que quia quòd quippe quoniam quandoquidem Illatives which inferr the Conclusion upon somewhat preceding Ergo ideo igitur itaque proinde ideirco c. Conditionals argue such dependance of the Antecedent and Consequent Sentences that if the first be true the other is also true but if the other be false the former is also false as si sin dum tum modo dummodo ni nisi Discretives which make a difference of the Consequent from the Antecedent sed verè at ast atqui verùm c. Saltem certè c. Dubitatives and Interrogatives An anne num utrùm nuâ—quid neâ—ne Exceptives which except the Consequent from the Antecedent and their Redditives deny the Consequent as Et si tameâ—si 〈◊〉 etiamsi quanquam quamvis c. to which correspond Tamen attamen veruntamen Declaratives as Vti veluti sicut sicuti seu tanquam Of Interjections Interjections are questioned by some whether they are to be accounted Parts of Speech because they signifying suddain motions or expressions of the Passions of the Soul are rather sounds only then words As are those of Beasts which having no Language yet have cerâ—ain noises or sounds to express their wants and other affections In some Languages they are accounted Adverbs There 's no need of any discourse concerning them since they are known sufficiently by their Pronunciation Of Syntax HItherto we have spoken only of single words it follows that we speak of them as united into Sentences WOrds are joyned together in a Sentence either By Concord or Rection 1. Between the Subject and the Verb. 2. Between the Subject or Substantive and the Adjective To every Sentence are necessarily required First a Suppositum most pâ—operly so called which cometh before a Verb-Active Subject or Noun of the Nom. Case of which the Speech is made or something instead of it to come before the Verb. 2dly A Verb to agree with the Nom. Case or Subject shewing the Relation of being doing or suffering betwixt the Subject and the predicaâ—e which is that spoken of the Subject 3dlâ— Somewhat to follow the Verb which they call a Predicate and is spoken of the other and is many times included in the Verb as Rex Venit i. e. Rex est Veniens Note that there are divers sorts of Sentences 1. That which hath no more then one Verb and the dependents upon it which some Authours call Periodus Supina as Prosperum sâ—elus vulgò virtus vocatur 2. Which consists of more then one Member and of more then one Verb but so that each Member stands by it self as Christus è coelo glorificate Christus in terram obviam prodite Which period consists of four Members the two later corresponding elegantly to the two former separated by an half-period or colon 3. Which consists of divers Sentences but some interposed between the parts of another which interposition is either by a Conjunction as Fortuna cum blanditur captatum venit Quae nocitura tibi quámvis sint chara relinque Or by a Relative as Deforme est quos dignitate praestas ab ijs virtute superari Quem sâ—pe transit casus aliquando invenit Or by a Participle or by an Ablative Case put absolutely or by a Parenthesis And therefore in Construing it is best for a young Scholar to dispose the words after the natural order separating the Sentences one from another beginning with the Voc. Case then the Nom. and what depends upon it then the Verb with the Adverb joyned to it next the Accusative with its dependents then the Abla or Dative as they follow It is necessary also to supply all Ellipsis's Antecâ—dents
Ecce hominem i. e. vide hunc hominem II. Genitive Case The General Rule is this that of which cannot be changed into concerning or from before a Noun Substantive requires that Substantive to be of the Gen. Case And this happens generally when two Nouns not signifying the same thing come together for then the later is of the Gen. Case Dei misericordia Gods mercy or the mercy of God the Gen. Case in Englisâ— being made by adding s to the Nom. Puer bonae indolis a Youth of good towardliness Instar Montis for Note that Instar is a Substantive undeclinable and ad is commonly understood as ád instar similitudinem montis Note that many Adjectives Participles and Adverbs stand also instead of Substantives and therefore govern a Gen. Case as Cupidus cupitor auri Amans amator virtutis Tenax tentor pecuniae And many of such Substantives being disused the Adjectives themselves and Participles stand for the Substantives as Conscius furti Impatiens irae For Adverbs as abundè fabularum affatim pecuniae i. e. abundantia sive copia Tunc temporis ubi gentium or the like for tunc signifies time as ubi doth place Tunc i. e. illâ horâ vel parte temporis Vbi i e. in quo loco gentium Sometimes also the precedent Noun is understood and not express'd as Boni viri officium est Verbs of esteeming accusing condemning admonishing acquiâ—ting pietying and such as are like the Adjectives of the Rule precedent as of Possession Sum interest refert c. govern a Gen. Case because the general word is understood Parvi pretio penditur proâ—itas Accusat eum crimine furti Damnatur crimine repetundarum Miseret me miseria tui Hic animi dubio pendet In these also more generall some Substantive is implied in the Verb or understood as Curâ causâ crimine pretio dubio c. and therefore most of these Verbs also do govern a Noun in the Abla Case Magno virtus aestimatur Condemnabo te eodem crimine Meâ causâ vel gratiâ refert interest c. So Memini and the like govern a Gen. Case by an Ellipsis of a Noun Meminit memoriam mei Satagit agit Sat rerum suarum Venit in mentem recordatio illius diei And therefore many times they govern an Accus of the Person in whom is the Action or Passion as taedet taedium habet me tui So Miseret misereor pudet piget poenitet c. have a Gen. Case by an Ellipsis Ipse miseret sui â—udor peccati pudet me The Names of â—laces with the English at are in the Gen. Case where Vrbe oppido or such like is understood as Vixit in urbe Londini He lived at London 〈◊〉 govern a Gen. Case a Noun being understood Romanorum Romanus fortior Many times a Gen. case is added to Verbs and Adjectives after the manner of the Greeks or rather a Nâ—â—n being understood Desine mentionem facere querelarum In general all Verbs in Composition govern such Cases as they do out of Composition as Quod eos soire aut nostra aut ipsorum interesset i. e. esset inter officia vel munera nostra vel officia ipsorum Interest Regis rectè facere i. e. est inter munera Regis c. Quae Superest Claudij aupona i. e. Quae est super c. To which add Refert i. e. rei fert Vel dic quid referat intra Naturae finâ—s viventi i. e. rei ferat Mea unius est Remp. defendere i. e. est inter mea officia mei inquam unius officia c. Or Mea cura mei unius est Remp. c. Or. de meâ curâ pars est Remp. c. III. Dative Case All Verbs that either signify or include in their signification any acquisition getting giving offering or the like that is almost all Vâ—rbs also all Nouns and â— articiples which include or suppose such a Verb govern a Dative â—ase and those Datives have to before them as 〈◊〉 praesidio a defence to thee or thou hast obtained me for thy defence Sacrificium quod Sacrificetur vel tribuatur Deo Huic habeo quod detur So tibi doceo tibi soli amas Mater at cui vides Med But all these and the like in a different sense from the Accusative i. e. to the advantage of any one So tibi decet huic latuit huic dormio huic succurro huic misereor Sen. Iubeo tibi I give thee Commandement Vae est victis Surripuit mihi 〈◊〉 os lac subducitur agnis as we say to gain thy loss Mihi cuncta pereâ—nt quisquis est Hecubae est miser So when two Dative Cases they both signify acquisition erit tibi laudi hoc erit mihi curae the one signifying the end why or the thing which is acquired the other the Person to whom acquired But attinet pertinet and such like tho' the Participle to belong to them yet govern not a Dat. but an Accus Case with the Preposition ad Heus quid ad te pertinet Perhaps because those words signify not the relation of Acquisition or the like or because it so pleased the Founders of the Language who have used their liberty when no reason for it as they say noceo tibi but laedo te IV. Accusative Case The Accusative Case follows all Verbs Active or signifying actively and there is no Active that hath not an Accusative Case express'd or understood terra movet Se It also comes before an Infinitive Mode Passive Amo te cupio iâ— amari à me ardebat Alexin ambulat maria terras navigat It also follows Verb Neuters if a preposition be understood Vixit annos centum i. e. per annos centum ante annos centum in hunc annum Eo ad in versus Romam Pendet adâ—circà libras centum Nouns also and Adverbs have an Accusative with a Preposition pridâ—â— ante Compitalia Obsidio vix in paucos diâ—â— tolerabilis Albus quoad dentes Fractus quoad membra But sometimes a Verb is also understood O! miremini curas hominum Eâ— videte quatuor aras Ecce spectate hominem V. Ablative Case The Ablative Case is always governed by a Preposition expressed or understood Doctior prae omnibus Major est calceus quám pro pede Sub Paulo praeceptore discam And is applied to all Verbs Passive where there is the Preposition a or ab And by many Actives where of or from is expressed or understood They are frequently expressed in Latin Hoc á te petit sperat accipit Distat à Lutetiâ Liberatur á malo Tho' sometimes also they be understood Cavere malo Tecto prohibere Likewise Nouns that signify the matter whereof a thing is made the Instrument whereby the cause from which the manner how are all put after Adjectives and Verbs in the Abla Case as Ardet prae dolore Perfodere cum Sagittis Punire supplicio Totâ in cute contâ—emisco Laâ—de floret
Many times the same Gender serveth both Sexes as hic Passer a Sparrow haec Aquila an Eagle both he and she haec Vulpes a Fox These follow the Rules of the Declensions and when they would express an he-fox they say Vulpes mas if a she Vulpes foemina Those words which signify what belongs to either Sex are both Masculines and Feminines as Civis a Citizen whether Man or Woman Sacerdos a Priest or Priestess Parens a father or mother infans adolescens a young Person Comes a Companion dux a Captain host is an enemy Iuvenis a young Person Miles a Soldier Princeps a Prince or Princess Serpens a Serpent Sodalis a companion vates a Prophet or Prophetess Yet many Substantives which in signification agree to both Sexes admit an Adjective of one only as we say not sur magna but foemina furax Many also have Feminines besides the Masculines as Propheta Prophetissa Antistes Antistita Cantator Cantatrix trix being the termination of the Feminine Gender and is changed into tress in English as a Singstress Yet Natrix a swimming or water-Serpent is of both Genders as Serpens is Also Homo latro exul praesul pugil eques haeres and the like which are commonly applied to Males are rarely if at all used in the Feminine Gender Other Rules for the Genders 1. All Nouns ending in um are Neuters and of the second Declension so are those that have no more syllables in the Genitive then in the Nominative Case ending in on and are Greek words and in e making is in the Genitive so are Nouns ending in le al ut 2. All indeclinable Verbs made Nouns Nouns in i and n indeclinable in the Singular number are Neuters so are words that signify materially the word nomen being understood 3. Nouns of the 1st and 5th Declension generally are Feminine 4. Nouns of the 4th Declension coming from Verbs are Masculine others not coming from Verbs are most Feminine 5. Most Nouns follow the Gender of their common Names as Winds Rivers Mountains Moneths are Masculine because Ventus Fluvius Mons and Mensis are so tho' the names of Winds and Months are Adjectives So also Lands Countries Isles Cities Virtues Trees Herbs Shipps and generally whatever bears are Feminine Yet these Rules are not so universall but that sometimes they follow the Rules of the terminations as those ending in us and er are Masculines as Pontus Spinus Oleasâ—er In a Feminines tween Page 10 and 11. I. The First Declension hath the same number of Syllables in the Nom. Gen. Cases the Terminations are of Latin Nouns in a which are Feminine Of Greek Nouns in 〈◊〉 es most Masculine and so are Latine Nouns derived from them and e Feminines Singulariter N. haec Musa Pluraliter hae Musae Sing N. Aeneâ—â— G. hujus Musae harum Musarum G. ae D. huic Musae his Musis D. â—e A. hanc Musam has Musas A. am vel an V. ô Musa ô Musae V. a A. hâc Musâ his Musis A. â II. The Second Declension hath 7 Terminations whereof ir ur er us have â—ometimes more Syllables in the Gen. then Nom. and are always Masc So are those â—nding in oâ— Greek Nouns But humus alvus colus vannus are Feminines Sing N. hic Dominus hoc Regnum Plur. hi Domini haec Regna G. hujus Dominâ— hujus Regni horum Dominorum horum Regnorum D. huic Domino huic Regno his Dominis his Regnis A. hunc Dominum hoc Regnum hos Dominos haec Regna V. ô Domine ô Regnum ô Domini ô Regna A. hoc Dominâ— hoc Regno his Dominis his Regnis III. The Third Declension hath many Terminations Those words that have the same Number of Syllables in the Nom. and Gen. Cases are for the most part Feminine Nouns whose Gen. increasing hath the last Syllable but one long together with Verbals ending in tiâ— are Feminine except such as end in n o or os ns Compounds of Dens as assis and uncia which are Masculine as are also most Monosyllables Nouns of many Syllables ending in al and aâ— are Neuters Compounds of Frons are of the Common of two Nouns whose Gen. increasing hath the last Syllable save one short are Masc But those ending in do and go as also Greek words ending in as oâ— is are Feminines and Latine Nouns ending in en c el put ur and us are Neuter as also Greek Nouns in ma. Halec signifying the Pickle is Neuter but signifying the Fish it self is Feminine Neuters in al ar and e have for the most part the Abl. in i. The Accus ends sometimes in em sometimes in im accordingly the Abl. in e or i and then the Nom. Plur. of Neuters ends in ia the Gen. in ium As do all Nouns whose Nom. Sing is terminated with 2 Consonants as Urbium Montium â—xcept Hyemum and those whose Nom. ends in ps Sing N. haec Cuspis Rete Plur. hae Cuspides Retiâ— G. hujus Cuspidis is harum Cuspidum ium D. huic Cuspidi i his Cuspidibus ibus A. hanc Cuspidem e has Cuspides ia V. ô Cuspis e ô Cuspides ia IV. The Fourth Declension hath the same number of Syllables in the Nom. and Gen. Cases The Terminations are us and u Neuters in u in the singular Number have all Cases a like and in the Plur. the Nom. Acc. and Voc. end all in 〈◊〉 Nouns of this Declâ—â—sion especially those derived from Supines of the fourth Conjugations are Masculine Acus domus idus socrus colus manus porticus tribus are Feminines specus and penus doubtfulls Acus laâ—us artus arcus tribus ficus specus quercus partus verâ— make the Dat. and Abl. Plur. in ubus only quaeâ—tus portus genu in ubus or ibus all the resâ— in ibus antiently Sing N. haec Manus Manus Plur. hae Manus Manues us G. hujus Manûs Manuis harum Manuum Manuium uum D. huic Manui Manui his Manibus Manuibus ibus A. hanc Manum Manuem has Manus Manues us V. â— Manus Manus ô Manus Manues us A. hâc Manis Manue his Manibus Manubus ibus V. The Fifth Declension hath but one Termination and all words of this Declension are Feminines except Meridies which is Masculine and Dies which is doubtfull in the Singular and Masculine in the Plural And all have more Syllables in the Gen. then in the Nom. Case Moâ—t Nouns ending in ies are of this Declension Sing N. haec Species Plur. hae Species G hujus Speciei harum 〈◊〉 D. huic Speciei his Speciebus A. hanc Speciem has Species V. ô Species ô Species A. hâc Speciâ— his Speciebus as if Aqâ—a were understood in names oâ— Rivers Matroâ—a the Marne In um Neuter as Eboracum York Crustumium a river so call'd as if Oppidumor Flumen were understood In e also Neuter as Reate Praeneste Caere Some in ur also are Neuter as Tybur but Robur Acer
Defective Cases one Verb applied to divers Nom. Cases or the same Nom. Case to divers Verbs Subauditur's c. Ellipsis or omission of a word is very frequent in the Latin as it is in all Languages that affect brevity Such words are of Nouns Substantiveâ— which signify a thing common or well known Areola longa denûm pedum mensurâ Verbs also especially Substantives and Prepositions Vacuâ—â— Ã curis The particulars see in the Ruleâ— following Note also that the Latins seem to speak many times rather according to the matter and signification then the words and ordinary Construction as Omnium rerum mors est extremum Duâ—â—millia viri Abundantia earum rerum quae prima mortales ducunt Salust Post quam cremata est Ilion Ovid. Decipimur specie recti pars maxima vatum Populus superâ—mur ab uno Ego Petrus Paulus currimus Tu mecum gaudemus Alter alterius onera portate Scelus ludificatus eâ—t Virginem Infinite are there examples which Grammarians reduce to Figurative and Anomalous expressions The First Concord The Verb agreeth with its Nom. Case Subject Suppositum in number and person i. e. the Verb is the same number and person as its Suppositum as Magister legit But an Infinitive Mode requires an Accus Case before it which is resolved by quod ut nè quin as Non dubito Christum dixisse i. e. quin Christus dixerit Yet Inâ—initive Modes also sometimes have Persons going before them i. e. when they are used for the Imperfect Tense for then coepit or the like is understood as omnes omnia bona dicere coeperunt Ordinarily the Person is the Nom. Case coming before the Verb but in Verbs called Impersonals the Thing cometh before the Verb as Oportet me ire Oxonium ire Oxonium cometh before Oportet And commonly the whole Sentence is the Subject And indeed there are no Verbs Impersonals but all have Persons except Infinitive Modes the most used in the third person Singular when the Subject is well known as Pluit i. e. Aqua pluit But if there be an Extraordinary Subject it is expressed as Saxa pluunt This is if Pluit be taken as a Verb-Neuter But if as a Verb-Active then Deus or Iupiter â—luvius is understood So the third Persons of Verbs-Passive are many times used as if they were Impersonals especially when the Subject or Nom. Case is included in the Signification of the Verb as potus bibitur vivitur vita exiguo meliùs for vivitur is the same with vita ducitur and is therefore used as it were impersonally And for those generally called Impersonals Oportet libet licet 〈…〉 poenitet piget miseret Some of them as dâ—cet poenitet licet are Personals and have oftentimes their Suppositum expressed the other also oportet piget libet licet have always an Infinitive instead of a Noun to comâ— before them In the others their Subject is included in their signification as taedium tui me taedet taedet being taedium capit in poenitet poena is included in miseret miseriae and perhaps opus in oportet But because the matter requires ordinarily no other then a third person they are improperly called Impersonals wherefore if there be occasion to signify another person these Verbs are so used Si noâ— dedecui tua jussa Stat. The Second Concord The Adjective whether Noun Pronoun Participle or Relative is of the same Case Gender and Number with its Substantive suppositum or Subject But in Relatives the Substantive is to be repeated over again in the Case of the Relative and therefore sometimes that Case of the Substantive only is expressed as Bellum crudelissimum quâ— bello omnes premebantur Vltra eum locum quâ— loco Germani frequentes consederant Popuâ—o ut placerent fabulae quas fecisset fabulas If a Verb hath two Nom. Cases or an Adjective two substantives joyned together with a Conjunction or in Poetry with cum as Remus cum fratre Quirino Iura dabant they agree with the more worthy person and gender Iliâ— cum Lauso de Numitore sati But change many times the number the person being understood two Singulars being equall to one Plural as Ego Lelia sumus amici Tu sorórque boni estis So Nouns of Number and Collectives many times have an Adjective or Verb Plural Turba ruunt i. e. Turba ruit hi illi ruunt Pars in frusta secant Many times the Verb especially Substantive is understood and many times the Suppositum both to the Verb and Adjective And if the Adjective without Substantive be of the Masculine gender or Feminine a person viz. vir or foemina if of the Neuter a thing negotium is understood as Triste negotium lupus est stabulis Sunt homines quibus hominibus in Satyrâ videor ego nimis acer Est homo qui nec Spernit Sunt aliqui homines quos notaverat Si â—d te mordet sumptum filij quem faciunt i. e. Si id negotium scil sumptûs tâ— mordet quem sumptum filij faciunt Vrbem quam statuo vestra i. e. Ea urbs quam Vrbem statuo Eunuchum quem dedisti nobis quas turbas dedit i. e. iste Eunuchus quem Eunuchum dedisti Quam quisque nôrit artem in hâc arte se exerceat Many times a whole or some part of Sentence is the Suppositum as Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes Emollit mores In tempore veni quod primum est If an Adjective or Verb be placed between two Suppositum's it may agree with either of them as Amantium irae amoris redintegratio est sive sunt Avis quae or qui passer appellatur Lutetia quam or quos Parisios dicimus Tho it is better it should agree with that which is the Fonndation of the Sentence Of Rection I. Nominative Case The Copula or bond of all Speech as the Logicians observe is Sum with its Cases which in truth denotes nothing else but that the Subject and Predicate signify the same as Homo est animal the meaning is what is signified by Homo is also signified by Animal Wherefore it is necessary that Sum and such like Verbs should have such a Case after them as they have before them which is the Nom. except in the Infinitive Mode for then it is the Accus both before and after Such like Verbs they call 1. Verbs Substantive 2. Many Verbs Passive as dicor vocor c. 3. Many Neuters as Maneo dormio Vt hoc Latrâ—cinium potiùs quà m bellum nominaretur Terra manet immobilis Many times the Precedent Case is understood and not expressed as Licet nobis nos esse bonos Cupio me dici doctum Fuit magni animi non esse Supplicem Hoc nempe eum non esse supplicem signum magni animi En ecce and divers Interjections govern not a Nom. Case but a Verb is understood or Voc. Case and sometimes an Accus Ecce homo i. e. hic est homo
Name of Thing or Subject and every thing must be Signified by a Noun which is its Name Of Nouns some be Substantives which signifie such things as subsist of themselves and without the Addition of any other Noun may be the Subject of our Speech or discourse In English also they may have a an or the applied to them as Homo a Man Dominus the Lord. A or an is used when we speak of a thing without determining which we mean The when we speak of one certain and determinate thing Others be Adjectives or Adjuncts which require to be joyned to some Substantive to make their Signification distinct and Intelligible and in English they may have thing or person joyned to them And Note that Adjectives are sometimes placed without Substantives expressed and then if they be of the Masculine or Feminine Gender a Preson He or She Man or Woman is understood as Doctus est He or the Man is learned But if of the Neuter Gender thing is understood as hoc album this white thing Adjectives in Rhetoric called Epithetes and in Logic Concretes frequently signify Accidents or somewhat joyned or belonging to the Subject as Quantity Quality Place or the like Of Substantives some are the Names of one Single thing or person and are all called Proper Names in Logic Singulars Particulars or Individuals as Socrates Ioannes Bucephalus Laelaps c. Some are Common Names or the Names of whole kinds of things and in Logic are called Universals as Homo Equus Arbor Virtus c. Some also are Collectives signifying many things together as Plebs the People Exercitus an Army Grex a flock or herd Of Numbers Nouns Pronouns Verbs and Participles are declined into Two Numbers the Singular when we speak of one the Plural when of more Greeks have a Dual Number when they speak of two or both it is not very necessary and therefore in our Language given over Regularly in English the Plural Number is made by adding s to the Nominative Singular as King Kings House Houses Table Tables But there are many Irregulars as when the old Saxon termination en is reserved as Ox Oxen Man Men for Manen Of Cases Nouns have divers Relations to Nouns and other parts of Speech the which are in divers Languages diversly expressed Sometimes by Prepositions as in English tho' we have a Genitive Case by adding s to the Nominative as Man Genitive Mans as Mans wit Sometimes by various terminations of the word it self which are called Cases of which in Latine there be Six The Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocatiâ—e Ablative Case Note the Nominative is not properly a Case and Aptotes are not so called because they have no Case but none proceeding from the Nominative for The Noun or Name it self is said to be the Nominative Case it is the Foundation or Subject of Speech i. e. when we speak it cometh before the Verb and answereth to the Questions Who or What as Venit Rex the King cometh If in English two Nouns come together and the Particle of be applied to the later of them that later in Latine is to be in the Genitive Case as the Sword of Cesar Caesaris gladius the praise of Virtue laus Virtutis giving of thanks gratiarum actio The same reason is if s be added to the Nominative Case of the Noun precedent as Cesars Sword Thanks-giving If a Verb signify doing or giving to any Person or thing the Name of such Person or thing is in Latine expressed by the 3d. or Dative Case As I do hurt to thee Noceo tibi it proâ—iteth the Common-wealth prodest Reipublicae I give thee Counsell do tibi Consilium If a Verb signifying doing or making precede a Noun signifying the object or effect of such action or making that Noun is to be put in the 4th or Accusative Case and it answers to a question made by Whom or What as Lego Virgilium I read Virgil. If a Noun signify a Person or thing spoken-or called-to it is to be put in the Vocative Case it is mostwhat the same with the Nominative If any of these Prepositions in with thro' for from by or than or such others as are named in the Chapter of Prepositions come before a Noun that Noun in Latine is to be put in the 6th or Ablative Case Instead or place vice loco with art arte Learneder than Plato doclior Platone Note that our English Language is in expressing these Relations more accurate and distinct then the Latine But the Latine more Elegant then the English as avoiding the so frequent repetition of the same Monosyllables Note that in Construing Latin into English you add always the signe of the Case because it serves instead of the termination Of Genders Some Languages have no Genders but express Sexes some other way as the English doth the Male by He the Female by She these for Persons All Things by it But the Latine hath three Genders the Masculine the Feminine and the Neuter to which three they commonly apply the like Genders of the Pronoun Hic Haec Hoc Some Nouns accordingly are declined with one Article as hic vir Some with two that two ways first if the word include both Sexes as Homo a Man or Woman Conjux a Husband or Wife and then that Gender must be used of which Sex you speak these words are said to be common 2ly If you may use either of them indifferently as hic or haec Dies a Day Hic or â—oc Vulgus the Common People And this is called the Doubtfull and uncertain Gender Some as Adjectives are of all three if they be applicable to Things as well as Persons but if to Persons only they are not used but in two except improperly as Pauper Dives c. And so these at any time may be applied to a Neuter also as Pauper tugurium a poor Cottage General Rules to know the Genders of Nouns Genders being framed to express the several Sexes All He 's are Masculine all She 's Feminine And the English for all others use it Things that have no Sexes tho' it matter not of what Gender their names be yet have the Antient Languages and some of the Modern been diligent in assigning them Genders and thereby have brought an unnecessary obligation upon themselves and difficulty upon the Learners Lapis Petra Saxum the same signification of different Genders Baculus and Baculum the termination only changed both Masculine and Neuter And genders of things having no foundation in signification are very difficultly comprehended in Rules those of the Terminations are the best When the Sexes are not easily distinguished sometimes the word is of both Genders as hic and haec Anguis an he or she Snake hic or hâ—c anas a duck or drake Bubo bos canis grus halcyon histrix limax linx python perdix sus talpa dama and the like
know not L. quinquaginta fifty half of C. Centum one hundred D. quingenti five hundred half of M. Mille one thousand Millia many thousands 1. Such Substantives as end in tio changed in English into tion as temptation and itus the English whereof ends in ing as hearing are derived from Verbs and signify either the Action it self or the thing produced by the Action as Lectio a reading or a Lesson read Sectio a cutting or a cut Auditus a hearing or a thing heard 2. Those that end in bilis come from Verbs and augment the signification as Laudabilis worthy to be praised Flexibilis easy to be bent And we express them by an Adjective ending in ble as Laudable Flexible 3. Those that end in tor Masculines and trix Feminines augment the signification as Cantator one that useth or maketh it his trade to Sing Amator a Lover 4. Those that end in bundus signify so also as Ludibundus gamesome 5. Also Substantives and Adjectives are much alike in their signification and therefore derived one of another as Pius godly Pietas godliness Beatus blessed beatitudo blessedness Those Substantives that end in tâ—s tudo we English by a word ending in ness Feritas fierceness pietas godliness magnitudo greatness Because that a Noun and Verb signify the same thing it must needs be that there is great affinity between Nouns and Verbs and that Nouns may be changed into Verbs and Verbs into Nouns as Amor Amo And again Substantives into Adjectives and Adjectives into Substantives as Amor Amabilis Albedo Albeo Albus and such like Of Pronouns They are called Pronouns because used for or instead of Nouns for they are not the Names of any things and therefore not Nouns yet are they Subjects in a Sentence They regulate Verbs and Actjectives and therefore have the same use as Nouns They are not of absolute necessity to speak for instead of I and My may be used my proper name but of very great convenience for brevity Elegance and Perspicuity They are used for and instead of Nouns which signify Persons or appertaining to Persons for As Things are signified by Nouns so are Persons by Pronouns in Logic a Person is nothing else but one single or intellectual Man or Angel but in Grammar it is otherwise for persons are either in speaking the Speaker called the first person or the spoken to called the second or the spoken of called the third Person And of this Person are all Things except by some figure we either speak to them or feigâ— them speaking and then we understand Tâ— or Ego Of Pronouns some are called Demonstratives as Ego I Tu thou Sui of himself Ille Ipse is he Hic this Some Relatives which referr to some Substantives spoken of before ille ipse iste hic is but not properly qui which sometimes includes both the Antecedent and Relative as Qui malè agit odit lucem He or that Man who doth evil hateth the light Yea tho' of diverse Cases as Ei Qui Simulat Verbis nec corde est fidus amicus Tu quoque fac simile Do thou the like to him who Some Possessives which Signify possession as Meus mine tuus thine suus his noster ours vester yours nostras of our Family or house Vestras of yours Quis is an Interrogative Who And is used both in the Masculine and Feminine Gender Quid What of the Neuter So Cujus cuja cujum and Cujus whose is it Singul. Nom. Ego I. Tu thou Gen. Mei of me Tui of thee Sui of him Dat. Mihi to me Tibi to thee Sibi to him Accu Me me Te thee Se him Abla Me in for me Te in for thee Se for him Plural Nom. Nos we Vos ye Gen. Nostrum of us Vestrum of you Dat. Nobis to us Vobis to you Acc. Nos us Vos you Abl. Nobis with us Vobis in with for from c. you Sing No. Ille he illa she illud it Ge. Illius of him her it Da. Illi to him her it Ac. Illum him illam her illud it Ab. Illo with him illâ with her illo with it Plur. No. Illi they men illae they women illa those things Ge. Illorum of them men illarum of them women illorum of those things Da. Illis to them men or women to those things Ac. Illos them men illas them women illa those things Ab. Illis with them men or women with those things In like manner is declined is ea id the signiâ—ication is the same as ille Hic haec hoc c. idem eadem idem c. Sing No. Iste he this ista she this istud this thing Ge. Istius of this him her or it Da. Isti to this him her or it Ac. Istum this him istam this her istud this it Ab. Isto in this him istâ in this her isto in this it Plur. No. Isti these he 's istae these she's ista these things Ge. Istorum of these he 's istarum of these She 's istorum of these things Da. Istis to these he 's she 's or things Ac. Istos these he 's istas these she's ista these things Ab. Istis with these he 's she 's or things Ipse and antiently ipsus ipsa ipsum c. Sing No. Qui who Quis who quae quod what Ge. Cujus of whom of what Da. Cui to whom to what Ac. Quem quam quod whom or what Ab. Quo quâ quo with whom or what Plural No. Qui quae quae who or what Ge. Quorum quarum quorum of whom or what Da. Quibus vel queis to whom or what Ac. Quos quas quae whom or what Ab. Quibus vel queis from whom or what Quis is only used in asking a Question in the Nom. Case concerning Persons all other questions are asked by the other Cases Pronouns are also variously compounded With Pronouns as Egoipse tuipse tute suâ—â—psius I my self thou thy self of himself istic illic for iste hic ille hic this very same sese quisquis With Nouns as Aliquis i. e. alius quis some other quomodo after what manner hujusmodi of this manner c. With Verbs Quivis who thou wilt quilibet who thou pleasest quisputas With Adverbs Numquis whether any nequis least any eccum behold him i. e. ecce eum ellum i. e. ecce illum With a Conjunction Ecquis i. e. et quis and who siquis if any quisnam for who quisquam quisque nequis With other Particles Meâpte tuâpte hujusce Ejusce huncce huccine hoccine quidam quispiam quicunque egomet mâ—imet I my self of me my self tuimet of thy self sibimet to himself c. Of Verbs Verbs signify the same thing as Nouns but after another manner for as Things are named i. e. expressed or represented by their Names i. e. by Nouns so are their Actions doing and suffering one from or by another without Action Motion and Power there is no
thou lovest or didst love c. Amavi I have loved visti thou hast loved c. Amaveram I had loved ras thou hadst loved c. Amabo I shall love I will love bis thoâ— shalt or wilt love c. Imperative Mode Hath no distinction of time because it is only Future nor first Person Singular becausâ— no Person Commands himself bâ—t instead of that is he will Ama love thou Amato let him love Amato do thou love Ameâ—â—us Let us love It is the Optative Mode The Forming thro' their Modes and Tenses of Verbs Active Indicative Mode   1. 2. 3.  1. 2. 3. Present Tense Singular Amo as at Plural amus atis ant Doceo es et emus etis ent Lego is it imus itis unt Audio is it imus itis unt Preter-Imperfect Amabam abas abat abamus abatis abant Docebam ebas ebat ebamus ebatis ebant Legebam ebas ebat ebamus ebatis ebant Audiebam iebas iebat iebamus iebatis iebant Perfect Amavi avisti avit avimus avistis averunt vel avêre Docui uisti uit uimus uistis uerunt vel uêre Legi isti it imus istis erâ—nt vel êre Audivi ivisti ivit vimus ivistis iverunt vel ivêre Preter-plâ—perfect Amaveram averas averat avâ—ramus averatis averâ—nt Docueram ueras uerat ueramus ueratis uerant Legeram eras erat eramus eratis erant Audiveram iveras iverat iveramus iveratis iverant Future Amabo abis abit aâ—imâ—s abitis abunt Docebo ebis ebit ebimus ebitis ebunt Legam es et emus etis ent Audiam ies iet iemâ—s ietis ient Imperative Mode Singular Am◠〈◊〉 ato Plur. ate atote anto Doce eto eto ete etote ento Lege ito ito ite itote unto Audi ito ito ite itote ianto Subjunctive with Cum Si or other Conjunction Pâ—esent Sing Amem es et Plur. emus etis ent Doceam eas eat eamus eatis eaâ—t Legâ—m as at amus atis ant 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 The Optative and Potential Mode are the same Amem I may I can I shall I will I ow to love c. Amarem I might I could I should I would ought to love c. Amaverim Amavissem I might c. I ought to have loved c. Amavero I shall c. have loved c. The Subjunctive Mode hath always a Conjunction joyned with it Si if eum when quamvis altho' or the like Si amem if I may love Si amarem if I might love Si amaverim if I might have loved Si amavissem if I had loved Si amavero if I shall have loved The Preter and Preterpluperfect-Tenses in these Modes are not distinguish'd in our Language nor is it necessary they should In the Latine there is either no difference or very hard to be expressed General Rules The Preterperfect Tense ends in i and oâ—dinarily is framed of the second Person of thâ— present Tense by changing s into vi as amdâ— amavi Audis audivi Fles flevi But the u is no always a Consonant but sometimes a vowel and then the former vowel is omitted to avoiâ— the concourse of so many Vowels as it fallâ— out frequently in the second Conjugation â— Domas domui doces docui mones monui Also for better sound sometimes a Letter oâ— Syllable is cut off as Iuvas juvi for juvavi 〈◊〉 cavi This is frequent in the third Conjugation where the Preterperfect Tense manâ— times follows the Consonants of the Present â—â— bo makes bi bibo bibi and psi scribo scripsi co ci vinco vici no vi sino sivi xi dico dixi üi gigno genui do di edo edi ni cano cecini si ludo lusi psi temno tempsi go gi lego legi po psi repo repsi xi rego rexi pi rumpo rupi si spargo sparsi â—i strepo strepui guo xi distinguo distinxi quo qui. linquo liqui ho xi veho vexi xi coquo coxi jo xi mejo minxi ro vi sero sevi serui lo â—â—i colo colui â—â—i li. vello velli ssi uro ussi mo mi. emo emi ri verro verri â—ii tremo tremui so vi lacesso lacessivi psi sumo sumpsi si facesso facessi ssi premo pressi â—â—i pinso pinsui to vi peto petivi dio di fodio fodi ti verto verti gio gi fugio fugi â—â—i sterto stertui pio pi capio cepi si mitto misi pui rapio rapui vo vi volvo volvi pivi cupio cupivi xi vivo vixi rio ri pario peperi uo â—i arguo argui tio ssi quatio quassi obsolete xâ—â— struo struxi   xo â—â—i nexo nexui sco vi pasco pavi Composita 〈◊〉 cto xi pecto pexi   xui pexui  dispesco dispecui cio ci facio feci ci disco didici cui elicio elicui sci posco poposci These Rules hold in all Verbs of this Conjugation But they are most what Regulated by the sound or sometimes by the Original in words borrowed from the Greeks sometimes also they borrow Tenses of Verbs of the same or like signification which are out of use There be certain Irregular Verbs in all or many of their Tenses such as these that follow whose Irregularities only are set down Sum and its Compound Possum or potis sum Where any Person of Sum begineth with s pos is added and where with a vowel pot or potis as pot-es pos-sim possem for potessem Nolo is as much as non volo Malo as magis volo There are also Verbs derived from other Verbs and their Terminations are used instead of Verbs Auxiliaries as those ending in urio called commonly Frequentatives signify a desire to as Esurio from Edo is sum I desire to eat Miâ—â—urio from Mingo nxi mictum I desire to piss In â—sco called Inceptives signify entring upon a thing or action as Adolesco I entâ—r upon my growing Age Quinisco I am taking a napp or nod As Adjectives are Adjuncts to Nouns or Subjects so are Participles to Action and Passion or Verbs And they are half Adjectives taking from them form and part of their signification or signifying Verbally as Adâ—ectives and therefore are declined as Adjectives and yet they partake tho' Nouns of Verbs Tense Signification and Derivation Participles Are not a necessary part of Speech for Adjectives may supply all their use but are chiefly invented for short and elegant speaking There are four sorts of Participles two come from Verbs Active i. e. such as end in ans from Verbs of the first Conjugation and em from those of the thrâ—e other and in urus Two also come from Verbs Passive those in tus sus xus and others in ndus ans Amans loving Are declined likâ— Faelix Actives in ens Docens