Pronouns in reference to their governing of the Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Case 2. So for Verbs that some of them must govern the Nominative others the Genitive others the Dative others the Accusative and others the Ablative Case some promiscuously both Genitive Accusative Genitive Ablative Accusative Ablative Besides the several Rules concerning those divers Cases which may precede the Infinitive Mode some words requiâ—ing a Nominative others a Dative others an Accusative To which may be added those various Rules about Gerunds Supines Participles in reference to the several Cases Genitive Accusative Ablative governed by them 3. There are several Rules that concern the Regimen of Adverbs both as to Cases Nomin Gen. Dat. Accus Ablat Modes Indicat Imperat. Optat. Subjunct 4. Other Rules refer to the Regimen of Prepositions some of which govern the Accusative others the Ablative Case and some both 5. Other Rules refer to the Regimen of Conjunctions both as to Cases and Modes 6. Others to Interjections divers of which are said to govern the Nominative Dative Accusative Vocative Case Beside these for Syntax there is a great multitude of Rules in the Latin Prosodia about the Accenting and quantity of words whereof some are General referring to the nature of Letters and Syllables others more particular concerning the first or middle Syllables in any word amongst which there is no certain and constant Analogy They say HectoÌ„rem PraetoÌ„rem It cannot be denyed but that all these Rules are necessary to the Latin Tongue but this argues the imperfection of that Language that it should stand in need of such and so mâ—ny Rules as have no foundation in the Philosophy of speech I am noâ— igâ—orant that our Learned Verulam speaking concerning the inflexions used in the more Ancient Languages by Cases Modes Tenses c. in which the modern Languages are very sparing supplying them by auxiliary particles from thence infers ingenia priorum seculorum nostris fuisse multo acutiora subtiliora But with reverence to the judgment of that incomparable Man though it must be granted that the Language being so there was great wit in reducing the inflexions of words to such Rules of Art yet if these Rules be not necessary to Language and according to nature but that words may signifie sufficiently and in some respects better without them then there is greater judgment shewed in laying them aside or framing a Language without them If all these Rules were general and constant yet the multitude and variety of them would adde much difficulty to the Latin But now the exceptions and Anomalisms to these Rules are so very numerous that there is much more pains required for the remembring of them than of the Rules themselves insomuch that many eminent Grammarians have written against Analogy both in Greek and Latin I shall offer a very brief view of them As to the inflexions of Nouns in respect 1. Of Number there are abundance of Substantives whose sence and signification is naturally capable of both Numbers some of which want a singular others a plural number 2. In respect of Gender the Rules to discover the Genders of words by their Terminations are not without multitude of exceptions There are divers words that are of one Gender in the singular and another in the plural number Tartarus Tartara Locus Loci Loca Carbasus Carbasa Supellex Supellectilia Coelum Coeli Epulum Epulae c. 3. In respect of Cases some words abound in Câ—ses Avaritia Avarities Araneus Aranea Antidotus Antidotum c. Others have no Cases and are stiled Aclita or Aptota as Sinapi Pondo Nequam Cornu Quatuor Quinque Sex Septem Octo Novem Decem Viginti Triginta c. Centum Mille c. Others called Monoptota have â—ut one oblique Case which in some is the Genitive as Hujusmodi Ejusmodi in others an Accusative as Inficias in others the Ablative Promptu Iussu Injussu c. Other Nouns have but two Cases and are therefore stiled Diptota as Necesse Necessum Suppetiae Suppetias And there are divers others that are Triptota Tetraptota Pentaptota 4. In respect of Declensions the Terminations of the Cases both in the singular and plural number in divers Declensions are not without many exceptions as Musis Filiabus c. Some words are of several Declensions as Pascha Paschae Paschatis 2. As to the inflexions of Adjectives by the degrees of comparison there are many words which signifie quality and are naturally capable of increase and decrease and consequently of this inflexion which are yet exempted from it So Cicur Opimus Clandus Egenus Almus c. Some want only a Positive as Prior Primus Vlterior Vltimus Others a Comparative as Novus Novissimus Falsus Falsissimus Pius Piissimus Others a Superlative as Iuvenis Iunior Senex Senior c. Besides that those which are inflected through all degrees have several irregularities in the manner of it Similis Simillimus not Similissimus Bonus Malus Magnus Parvus 3. As to the inflexion of Verbs many Verbs of the Active voice are sometimes used in a Passive signification and several others of the Passive voice used Actively The exceptions about the Conjugations of Verbs especially those referring to the praeter tense and supines are so exceeding numerous that it is not easie to recite them Some are wholly without them others have them without any Analogy as Fleo Flevi Sero Sevi Fero Tuli Vbi à Dissimilibus Similia à Similibus Dissimilia Sometimes divers Verbs have the same Praeter tense as Cresco Crevi Cerno Crevi Luceo Luxi Lugeo Luxi Fulgeo Fulsi c. Fulceo Fulsi c. And so for Supines Cresco Cretum Cerno Cretum Pando Passum Patior Passum Vinco Victum c. Vivo Victum c. Some Verbs are of several conjugations aggero ras Dico ris Dico Dicas c. Dicis c. Some are of none of the four conjugations as Sum Volo Fio Eo c. Others are defective in respect of Modes and Tenses as Aio Ave Dari Fari Forem c. Those particular Terminations which signifie a Verb to be Inchoative Frequentative Diminutive are not without many exceptions As for the several Anomalisms in Syntax referring either to Concord or Regimen they are so exceeding numerous that it would be too tedious to recite them And they may be seen in every Grammar Adde to these the several exceptions in the Rules of Prosodia about the right accenting and quantity of words And from all these particulars put together it is sufficiently evident that there may be very many and great advantages in a Philosophical Language above that of the Latin Tongue especially in these two respects that this hath no unnecessary Rules no Exceptions As for the China Character and Language so much talked of in the world if it be rightly represented by those that have lived in that Country and pretend to
of these notions may be otherwise more distinctly provided for The two first by the Transcendental marks of Augmentative and Like and the two next by the prepositions of Possessor and Material cause And so the true genuine sense of a Noun Adjective will be fixed to consist in this that it imports this general notion of Pertaining to or being Affected with Those Adjectives are stiled Neuters which do not denote either Action or Passion as Calidus Lucidus Hot Light Those are stiled Active or Passive which denote the Action or Passion of the Adjunct thing or Essence And because these according to the common Theory do Participate both of Noun and Verb therefore are they by Grammarians stiled Participles Active as Calefaciens Illuminans Heating Enlightning or Passive Calefactus Illuminatus Heated Illuminated And as Abstract Substantives may be formed from the Concrete so likewise may Adjectives which are also distinguishable into Neuters Active Passive That part of speech which by our Common Grammarians is stiled a Verb whether Neuter Active or Passive ought to have no distinct place amongst Integrals in a Philosophical Grammar because it is really no other then an Adjective and the Copula sum affixed to it or conteined in it So Caleo Calefacio Calefio is the same with sum Calidus Calefaciens Calefactus Concerning which Copula and the use of it more shall be said hereafter That kind of word which is commonly adjoyned to a Verb to signifie the quality and affection of the Action or Passion is stiled an Adverb which may be distinguished into Derived and Vnderived The former of these is here particularly intended and doth generally belong to Languages The latter is afterwards treated of amongst the Particles As every Radical is supposed naturally to have its Adjective so likewise its Adverb and though no Language in use doth admit of so general a derivation of Adverbs yet the true reason of this is from their imperfection and deficiency for the Signs ought always to be adequate unto the things or notions to be signified by them As Adjectives were before distinguished into Neuter Active Passive so likewise ought Adverbs to be And as every Adverb is immediately derived from some Adjective so every kind of Adjective hath some kind of Adverb derived from it For the more easie understanding of these things I shall here adjoyn a general Scheme of the fore-mentioned derivations wherein I shall be necessitated to form several new words according to common analogy All Integrals are either Concrete Substantive Neuters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 calere vel calor Lucere vel lux Heat Light Active Calefactio A. Illuminatio Heating Enlightning Passive Calefactio P. Illuminari Being Heated Enlightned Adjective Neuter Calidus Lucidus Hot. Light Active Calefaciens Illuminans Heating Enlightning Passive Calefactus Illuminatus Heated Enlightned Adverb Neuter Calidè Lucidè Hotly Lightly Active Calefacienter Illuminanter Heatingly Illuminatingly Passive Calefactè Illuminatè Heatedly Illuminatedly Abstract Substantive Neuter Caloritas Luciditas Hotness Lightness Active Calefactivitas Illuminativitas Calefactivity Illuminativity Passive Calefactibilitas Illuminabilitas Calefactibility Illuminability Adjective Neuter Caloritativus Luciditativus Caloritative Luciditative Active Calefactivus Illuminativus Calefactive Illuminative Passive Calefactibilis Illuminabilis Calefactible Illuminable Adverb Neuter Caloritativè Luciditativè Caloritatively Luciditatively Active Calefactivè Illuminativè Calefactively Illuminatatively Passive Calefactibiliter Illuminabiliter Calefactibly Illuminably CHAP. II. 1. Of Particles in general 2. Of the Copula 3. Of Pronouns more generally 4. More Particularly 5. Of Interjections more generally 6. More Particularly HAving thus explained what is meant by Integral words which signifie entire things and notions with the several kinds of them I proceed in the next place to treat concerning Particles or less principal words which may be said to consignifie serving to circumstantiate and modifie those Integral words with which they are joyned being stiled by the Hebrew Grammarians Dictiones The words of this kind are exceeding numerous and equivocal in all Languages and add much to the difficulty of learning them It being a very hard matter to establish the just number of such as in all kinds are necessary and to fix to them their proper significations which yet ought to be done in a Philosophical Grammar I shall in this Essay select out of Instituted Languages such of the several sorts as I conceive sufficient for this purpose These were before distinguished into such as refer either to Grammatical or Transcendental notion Those are stiled Grammatical which supposing words to retain their primary sense do serve for the circumstantiating of them either by union abbreviation inflexion or some other way for the qualifying of their significations or constructions The most necessary amongst all the rest which is essential and perpetual in every compleat sentence is stiled the Copula which serves for the uniting of the Subject and Predicate in every Proposition The word Subject I use as the Logicians do for all that which goes before the Copula which if it consist of only one word then it is the same which Grammarians call the Nominative case By the word Predicate I mean likewise all that which follows the Copula in the same sentence whereof the Adjective if any such there be immediately next after the Copula is commonly incorporated with it in instituted Languages and both together make up that which Grammarians call a Verb. Amongst those Particles which are not essential and perpetual but used according to occasion some are stiled Substitutive because they supply the room either 1 Of some Integral word as Pronouns or 2. Of some Sentence or complex part of it as Interjections As Nouns are notes or signs of things so Pronouns are of Nouns and are therefore called Pronomina quasi vice Nominum as being placed commonly instead of Nouns They represent things either 1. Immediately and in kind without respect to the names of those things So when it s said I exhort thee or him The Pronoun I represent to our thoughts the person speaking suppose Iohn and the words thee him the person spoken to or of suppose William or Thomas 2. Mediately by their names which are either 1. Exprest with the Pronoun as commonly it happens upon the first intimation or mention of the thing as this or that man or book and in these cases the Pronouns are commonly called Demonstrative 2. Supplyed by the Pronouns as is usual for Brevities sake at the repeating of the mention of a thing lately before spoken of as he it c. and then the Pronoun is called Relative Examples of both sorts are to be had in the Grammars of Instituted Languages More commodiously for our purpose the Pronouns are to be considered either according to their 1. Number 2. Modifications 1. As to their Number there are twelve which may be stiled simple Pronouns and three other that are Compound The Simple Pronouns for the better convenience of and complyance with
discourse 1. Exclaiming Oh Soho Silencing St Hush Beginning of discourse General to dispose the senses of the Hearer 2. Bespeaking attention Ho Oh. Expressing attention Ha. Special to dispose the Affections of the Hearer by way of 3. Insinuation or blandishment 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Eia Now. Threatning 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vae Wo. CHAP. III. § I. Of Prepositions in General § II. The particular kinds of them § III. Explication of the four last Combinations of them relating to Place or Time THose are stiled Connexive Particles whose proper use is to express either 1. The Construction of word with word called Preposition or 2. The Contexture of sentence with sentence called Adverb and Conjunction Prepositions are such Particles whose proper office it is to joyn Integral with Integral on the same side of the Copula signifying some respect of Cause Place Time or other circumstance either Positively or Privatively These having such a subserviency to Nouns in respect of which they are by some stiled Adnomia or Adnomina and Praenomina as Adverbs have to Verbs They are therefore here treated of before Adverbs whose office is chiefly to wait upon Verbs There are thirty six Prepositions or eighteen paires of them or six Combinations which may with much less equivocalness then is found in instituted Languages suffice to express those various respects which are to be signifyed by the kind of Particle The two first Combinations of Prepositions do comprehend such as are used to express Causality and may be stiled Causal The first Combination of Causal Prepositions are either I. More General denoting either the Author Subject or Possessor of any thing expressed in the Latin by the Genitive case or the Formal or Instrumental cause or Manner of doing expressed in the Latin by the Ablative case Neither of them having any Particle in that Language appointed for them 1. OF WITH By More Particular denoting either The Efficient or the Final cause 2. BY FOR The Material cause ex qua or circa quam 3. OVT OF CONCERNING upon The second Combination of Causal Prepositions doth contain such as do relate either to the notion of II. Ideal and exemplary or Substitutive 1. ACCORDING TO INSTEAD Social or circumstance of society Affirmed or Denyed 2. WITH WITHOVT void of Adjuvant and agreement with or opposing and enmity against 3. FOR on this side AGAINST opposite unto The rest of the Prepositions do primarily refer to Place and Situation Secondarily to time And some of them by way of Analogy to Comparison Some of these are Absolutely determined either to Motion or to Rest or the Terminus of motion Others are relatively applicable to both Concerning which this rule is to be observed That those which belong to motion cannot signifie rest But those which belong to rest may likewise signifie motion in the Terminus The third Combination doth consist of such as respect space in general being either III. Absolutely determined to Motion either ‖ of Coming or Going 1. TO FROM Rest or the Terms of this motions denoting either Nearness and contiguity ro Distance 2. AT OFF Relative both to motion and rest with respect to the Intermediate space betwixt those Terms either ‖ Direct or Indirect 3. OVER ABOVT The fourth Combination doth consist of such Prepositions as respect Space with a particular restriction to the notion of Containing being either IV. Absolutely determined to Motion whether of ‖ Ingress or Egress 1. INTO OVT OF Rest or the Terms of these Motions 2. WITHIN WITHOVT Relative both to Motion and Rest with respect to the Intermediate space either ‖ Direct or Indirect 4. THOROVGH BESIDE The fifth Combination doth contain such Prepositions as relate to the Imaginary parts of a thing whether the V. Head or Feet being absolutely determined to Motion either ‖ Ascent or Descent 1. VPWARDS DOWNWARDS Rest or the Terms of these motions 2. ABOVE BELOW Face or Back being Relative both to Motion and Rest. 3. BEFORE AFTER The sixth Combination doth comprehend such Prepositions as are applicable both to Motion and Rest relating to the situation of some third thing spoken of which the Speaker considers as being VI. Higher or Lower then that third thing denoting a contiguity or nearness to it 1. VPON VNDER Nearer to it or Farther from it 2. ON THIS SIDE BEYOND In the intermediate space unto two other things or opposite to one of them 3. BETWIXT between AGAINST over against For the clearer explication of these Local Prepositions I shall refer to this following Diagram In which by the Oval Figures are represented the Prepositions determined to Motion wherein the Acuter part doth point out the tendency of that motion The squares are intended to signifie rest or the Term of Motion And by the round figures are represented such relative Prepositions as may indifferently refer either to Motion or Rest. Some of these Prepositions viz. Above Below Before After are by common Analogy applicable to signifie comparison which use being generally received and the words having in them a natural sutableness to this purpose there is no danger of any ambiguity Several of the Prepositions are sometimes used Adverbially as Ante Post Praeter Contra Inter Infra c. which use when it happens the sense will easily distinguish The difference between these two parts of speech Prepositions and Adverbs being so nice that 't is hard in some cases to distinguish them upon which 't is questioned whether every Preposition as it compounds a Verb do not put on the nature of an Adverb and it seems to be so because it Modifies the Act after the same manner as Adverbs do as in the words Praeficio Benefacio c. CHAP. IV. I. Of Adverbs in General II. The Particular kinds of them III. Of Conjunctions THose two kinds of Connexive Particles which serve for the contexture of sentence with sentence are called Adverbs and Conjunctions The first of these are commonly described to be such kind of words as are for the most part adjoyned to Verbs to signifie some kind of Mode or Circumstance belonging either intrinsecally or extrinsecally to them Of Aduerbs derived from Integrals enough hath been said in the Chapter of Integrals The rest of those words which are commonly called Adverbs according to their true Original are either derived from Pronouns or else they are Modes of Verbs or else they are Conjunctions And some of them may be periphrastically expressed by Radicals So that according to the true Philosophy of speech I cannot conceive this kind of words to be properly a distinct part of speech as they are commonly called But until they can be distributed into their proper places I have so far complyed with the Grammars of instituted Languages as to place them here together and to branch them under the five following Combinations Whereof the
the Hebrew Syriack Chaldee Arabick Aethiopick which yet we account very superfluous and improper 3. The expression of the Persons and Tenses by the Terminations of the words is both unnecessary and improper because there is in other respects a necessity of using those Pronouns by which these Persons are expressed And supposing that a man must therefore learn Ego Tu Ille Nos Vos Illi It would much facilitate and contract Grammatical Rules if the Verbs themselves might remain invariable The same may likewise be said of Tenses which may properly be expressed by auxiliary Particles 3. For Modes to say nothing of the distribution of them which is quite irrational the expression of the Optative and Subjective is most naturally made out by Auxiliary Particles That which is called the Infinitive Mode should according to the true Analogy of that speech be stiled a Participle Substantive There hath been formerly much dispute amongst some Learned Men whether the notion called the Infinitive Mode ought to be reduced according to the Philosophy of speech Some would have it to be the prime and principal Verb as signifying more directly the notion of Action and then the other varieties of the Verb should be but the Inflexions of this Others queston whether the Infinitive Mode be a Verb or no because in the Greek it receives Articles as a Noun Scaliger in the stating of this question concludes it to be a a Verb because it signifies with Time but will not allow it to be a Mode because it is without Person or Number To which Vossius adds that though it be not Modus actu yet it is Modus in potentia because it is resolveable into other Modes e. g. Laetor me venisse i. quod venerim And so are other Modes resolveable into this Est miserorum ut malevolentes sint invideant i. malè velle invidere bonis All which difficulties will he most clearly stated by asserting it to be a Substantive Participle For which this reason is to be given because it hath all the signs both of a Noun Substantive and a Verb. The Properties or Criteria whereby a Substantive is to be known are these four 1. That it is capable of the Articles A or The to be prefixed before it which is ordinary in the Greek for the Infinitive Mode and doth well enough agree to the natural notion of it in other Languages 2. 'T is capable of that kind of Obliquity by prefixing Prepositions which is commonly stiled variation by Cases The Gerunds in di do dum being in the true notion of them but the Cases of that which we call the Infinitive Mode 3. It may be joined in construction with Adjectives or Pronouns Possessive 4. 'T is capable of Number in the natural notion of it though it be not so used in Languages the words Actiones and Lectiones being but the Plural number of Agere Legere The signs or Properties whereby a Verb may be known are these three 1. In our English tongue the Particle To may be prefixed before it 2. It signifies with time 3. It hath two voices Active and Passive And therefore being both a Substantive and a Verb it should according to the Theory of the Latin be stiled a Participle Substantive To which may be added that it is in the true notion of it frequently resolveable into a Noun Substantive as in these Instances Virtus est vitium fugere i. Fuga vitii est virtus Magis paratus servire quam imperare i. servituti quam imperio Dignus Amari i. Amore. As for the Imperative Mode that is in this respect defective because it makes no distinct Provision for those different notions to be expressed by it viz. Petition Perswasion Command 5. Gerunds and Supines are unnecessary inflexions of Verbs the notion of them being expressible by the Infinitive Mode whose Cases they are Venio Spectatum i. Spectare Turpe dictu i. dici Caesar venit ad oppugnandum urbem i. oppugnare And sometimes by a Noun that signifies Action Defessus ambulando i. ambulatione I cannot here omit the mentioning of what Varro hath observed that the inflexions of a Verb through its several voices of Active Passive together with Modes Tenses c. amount to about five hundred several Cases of inflexion Now there being four distinct ways of conjugating Verbs these variations may upon that account be reckoned to be two thousand the learning of which though all Verbs were regular would be no small labour and difficulty But then consider the vast multitude of Anomalisms and exceptions in the inflexions of Verbs and that will more than double this difficulty and labour 2. As to the derivation of Latin words whereas the Radix should according to Philosophy be only a Noun Substantive 't is here sometimes a Verb a Participle an Adverb a Preposition which is unnatural and improper And then besides there is no certain Analogy amongst these à Scribo Scriptor but they do not say à Bibo Biptor but Bibax c. 3. The Rules of Composition are not fixed to any certain Analogy 'T is Aenobarbus not Aenibarbus and yet they say Magniloquus not Magnoloquus The same Prepositions when in Composition do sometimes encrease and augment the force of the word as in Infractus Incavus Incurvus per Perfidelis Perfruor de Deamo Demiror ex Exclamo Exaggero dis Discupio Again the same Prepositions do sometimes in Composition import a denial or privation of the sense of the word in Indoctus Improbus per Perfidus Pervicax de Demens ex Excors Exanguis dis Diffido So the Particle re doth in Composition sometimes signifie repetition as retego and sometimes privation as revelo than which nothing can be more irrational and incongruous Vnnecessary Rules in the Latin Syntax That is called figurative and irregular Syntax which customary use and not any natural pâ—opriety doth make significative wherein there are some words aâ—wayâ— either redundant or deficient or transposed or changed from their proper notion These Phraseologies are to be accounted an imperfection of Language and one degree added to the curse of the confusion because they do exceedingly encrease the difficulty of Learning Tongues and do not adde to the brevity or perspicuity of expression but rather cumber and darken it with ambiguities The regular Syntax of the Latin doth consist in Concord Regimen 1. Concord is the agreement of several words in some accidents and circumstances as betwixt 1. Substantives and Adjectives 2. Two Substantives 3. Substantives and Verbs 4. Antecedent and Relative Concerning which there are so many difficult perplexed Rules as are enough to tire out and discourage any young Learner most of them being founded upon such principles as are not natural to the Philosophy of speech 3. The Regimen of words doth concern their government of others in respect of Case Mode 1. There are a great multitude of Rules that concern Substantives Adjectives
are in this one respect defective because they are not Philosophical upon which account they are much more difficult and less distinct These things being premised concerning the many needless Rules and great variety of exceptions in the Latin it will not be very difficult to make a comparison betwixt that and the Character and Language here proposed For the right estimating of the difficulty which there is in the Learning of any Language these two things are to be enquired into 1. The multitude of words And 2. The Grammatical Rules belonging to such a Language 1. As to the first of these Hermannus Hugo asserts that no Language hath so few as 100000 words and Varro is frequently quoted by divers Learned Men as if he affirmed that there are in the Latin no less than five hundred thousand But upon enquiry into the scope of that place they relate to it will appear that he doth not there design to give an account of the just number of words in the Latin but only to shew the great variety which is made by the Inflexion and Composition of Verbs To which purpose the first thing he lays down is That there are about one thousand Radical Verbs in the Latin And then Secondly That every Verb in the Declensions of it hath about five hundred several varieties or Cases of Inflexion which make up the number of five hundred thousand And then Thirdly He supposeth each of these to be compounded with nine Prepositions as for instance the word Cessit Recessit Accessit Abscessit Incessit Excessit Successit Decessit Concessit Processit this will raise the whole number to five millions in which account he reckons only the Cases and Compositions of Verbs and takes no notice of the Particles of speech nor such other words as are not radically Verbs which are very numerous Of all other Languages the Greek is looked upon to be one of the most copious the Radixes of which are esteemed to be about 3244. But then it doth exceedingly abound in Composition in which the Latin Tongue being more sparing must therefore upon that account have more Radicals What the particular number of these may be is not easie to determine because Learned Men do not agree about many of them whether they are Radicals or Derivatives They may be by moderate computation estimated to be about ten thousand most of which are either absolutely or in phrase or both ways equivocal Notavi ex Varrone Nounio Festo non extare vocabulum apud Latinos quod plures significationes non habet saith Campanella Many of them have no less than twenty distinct significations and some more Now for every several sense we may justly reckon so many several words which will much augment the former number But suppose them only to treble it and then the Latin words are to be reckoned thirty thousand 2. Now for the Latin Grammar it doth in the common way of Teaching take up several of our first years not without great toyl and vexation of the mind under the hard tyranny of the School before we arrive to a tolerable skill in it And this is chiefly occasioned from that great multitude of such Rules as are not necessary to the Philosophy of speech together with the Anomalisms and exceptions that belong to them the difficulty of which may well be computed equal to the pains of Learning one third part of the words according to which the labour required to the attaining of the Latin may be estimated equal to the pains of Learning forty thousand words Now in the way here proposed the words necessary for communication are not three thousand and those so ordered by the help of natural method that they may be more easily learned and remembred than a thousand words otherwise disposed of upon which account they may be reckoned but as one thousand And as for such Rules as are natural to Grammar they were not charged in the former account and therefore are not to be allowed for here So that by this it appears that in point of easiness betwixt this and the Latin there is the proportion of one to forty that is a man of an ordinary capacity may more easily learn to express himself this way in one Month than he can by the Latin in forty Months This I take to be a kind of Demonstration à Priori and for an Argument à Posteriori namely from Experiment Though I have not as yet had opportunity of making any tryals yet I doubt not but that one of a good Capacity and Memory may in one Months space attain to a good readiness of expressing his mind this way either in the Character or Language FINIS AN ALPHABETICAL DICTIONARY Wherein all ENGLISH WORDS According to their VARIOUS SIGNIFICATIONS Are either referred to their Places in the PHILOSOPHICAL TABLES Or explained by such Words as are in those TABLES LONDON Printed by I. M. for Samuel Gellibrand and Iohn Martin 1668. AN ADVERTISEMENT TO THE READER FOr the better understanding of the References in the following Dictionary the Reader is desired to take notice that the Abbreviations therein used are thus to be explained A. Affinis a. active AC Action Corporeal adj adjective Adv. Adverb underived adv adverb derived aggr aggregate apt aptitude or proneness AS Action Spiritual arm armament aug augmentative Be. Beast Bi. Bird Conj Conjunction corr corruptive D. Deficient extreme D. Discourse def defective dim diminutive E. Exceeding extreme El. Element end endeavour Ex. Exanguious ex excessive fem female Fi. Fish freq frequentative G. God Ha. Habit HF. Herb considered according to the Flower Leafe Seed-vessel HL. Herb considered according to the Flower Leafe Seed-vessel HS. Herb considered according to the Flower Leafe Seed-vessel inc inceptive imp impetus or fit instr instrument Int. Interjection jug jugament lam lamin mach machin Mag. Magnitude Man Manners Mea. Measure mech mechanic merc merchant Met. Metal Mo. Motion NP. Natural Power O. Operation O. Opposite off Officer p. passive perf perfective PG. Parts General Po. Possessions pot Power or ability PP Parts Peculiar Pr. Provisions Pre. Preposition Pro. Pronoun Q. Quality sensible RC. Relation Civil RE. Relation Ecclesiastical RJ. Relation Judicial RM. Relation Military RN. Relation Naval RO. Relation Oeconomical S. Sickness segr segregate Sh. Shrub Sp. Space sp specially St. Stone T. or TG Transcend General TA. Transcendental Action TM Transcendental Mixed Tr. Tree v. verb W. World The Literal Figures as I II V c. denote the order of the Differences under each Genus and the other Figures the order of the the Species under each Difference So the word Sheep in the Dictionary is marked Be. II. 2 The meaning of which is That the thâ—ng signified by that word is described in the Philosophical Tables under the Genus of BEAST the second difference and the second Species And Goat is Be. II. 2 A. i. e. 't is joyned as an Affinis to the same Species The
March set out Palmer Pilgrim Pass Pasport WANDRING Stray astray range rove straggle err-ant Vagrant Vagabond random ramble rome prole gad Gypsie Rogue Landloper Labyrinth Ambages Social supposing several persons or things Causing another To go or to come 4. SENDING Mission missive Token convey dismiss Remit dispatch Messenger Embassador Legat Envoy Lieger Emissary Currier Arrant FETCHING Bring reduce forth-coming To come after or to go before 5. LEADING Guide Conduct bring convey draw Manuduction DRIVING Chase drift expel repel repulse goad beat back Ferret out Coming after another thing in motion or coming up equal to it 6. FOLLOWING Ensue come after pursue dogging trace OVERTAKING Reach Top Catch fetch up Coming of things together from several terms or the Preterition of something in our way 7. MEETING Obviate obvious encounter occurr Randevouze AVOIDING Decline Fly shun eschew Wave beware escape evade shift off out of the way Of DISCOURSE Or the several notions belonging to Grammar or Logick THE most general name for those external expressions whereby men do make known their thoughts to one another is DISCOURSE Commune Communication Parly Talk Colloquie Tract Treatise handle Stile To which may be annexed that particular way of discourse most in use namely by articulate voice and words called LANGUAGE Tongue Speech Linguist dialect The several things and notions belonging to discourse may be distributed into such as do concern either the Parts of it or those primary ingredients of which it consists whether More Simple stiled ELEMENTS I Less Simple WORDS II Kinds of it or those secondary parts belonging to it whether such as are Proper to GRAMMAR III. LOGIC IV. COMMON TO BOTH V MODES of it VI I. The first and more simple ingredients required to the framing of Discourse or Language are stiled ELEMENTS Abedarian These may be distinguished into such as do concern either the Sounds made by the Organs of speech according to the General name denoting either ‖ that which is spoken or the picture of it in writing 1. LETTER literal CHARACTER Figure Note Letter Cyphre Orthography Particular kinds relating to such as are More primary and simple whether ‖ such apert sounds as are framed by a free emission of the breath through the organs of speech or such closed sounds in the pronouncing of which the breath is intercepted by some collision or closure amongst the instruments of speech 2. VOWEL CONSONANT Less primary and mixed either that which for the most part doth consist of several letters pronounced in one continued motion or of more Vowels coalescing in one sound 3. SYLLABLE DIPHTHONG Time or pause to be observed in the pronouncing of several words or sentences according to the General name denoting that mark which serves either ‖ for separating such words as belong to several clauses or sentences or for uniting those words which are to be pronounced as one 4. INTERPUNCTION Period Point HYPHEN Maccaph Particular kinds Lesser according to the degrees of Less or More 5. COMMA SEMICOLON Greater according to the degrees of Less or More 6. COLON PERIOD full point stop pause rest Manner of Pronouncing with reference to Distinction of such words or clauses as are Less material denoting that such a passage either ‖ is not necessary to make the sense perfect or is added by way of Explication of something preceding 7. PARENTHESIS PARATHESIS Exposition More material either that which serves to distinguish such words wherein the force of the sense doth more peculiarly consist or that which denotes the words to be intended to a contrary sense to what they naturally signifie 8. EMPHASIS IRONY call Prolongation of Vowels or Elevation of voice in the pronouncing of any syllable 9. ACCENT ACCENT elevate II. Those particular sounds or Characters which are agreed upon to signifie any one thing or notion are called by the general name of WORD Verbal verbatim term endite That which is intended by any such sound or Character is called MEANING Sense Signification Purport Acception Import tenor denote moral Words may be distinguished according to the General name given to the chief kinds of them whether ‖ the more Principal such as signifie some intire thing or notion or the Less Principal such as consignifie and serve to circumstantiate other words with which they are joyned 1. INTEGRAL PARTICLE Particular kinds whether of Integrals considered according to their Natures being either more Absolute denoting either ‖ the naked Essence of a thing or the Ens and thing it self 2. ABSTRACT separate CONCRETE complex Relative to the Names of things whether such as signifie more simply and of themselves or such whose signification doth import their being adjoyned to something else 3. SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE Actions or Passions of things which is here taken notice of in compliance with instituted Grammar tho it be not properly one simple part of speech but rather a mixture of two namely the Predicate and Copula To which may be annexed that which is commonly adjoyned unto this to signifie the Quality or affection of the Action or Passion 4. VERBE ADVERBE DERIVED Place and Order in a proposition whether that which according to natural construction doth precede the Copula or that which doth follow it 5. SUBJECT PREDICATE Attribute asscribe impute Particles whether the Most necessary and essential to every proposition 6. COPULA Less necessary Substitutive in the room either of some Integral word or of some sentence or complex part of it 7. PRONOUN INTERJECTION Connexive or declarative whether such as are more Proper to Substantives being usually prefixed before them either ‖ that whose office it is to join integral with integral on the same side of the Copula or that which serves for the more full and distinct expression of Substantives 8. PREPOSITION ARTICLE Common to other words either that kind of particle which is usually adjoined to Verbs to signifie some kind of Mode or Circumstance belonging to them or that which serves chiefly for the joyning of clauses or sentences 9. ADVERBE UNDERIVED CONJUNCTION III. COMPLEX GRAMMATICAL NOTIONS of Speech may be distinguished into such as concern the Portions into which a discourse may be divided whether more Imperfect Absolute either that which denotes onely some part of the sense or that which signifies some complete sense 1. CLAUSE Passage SENTENCE Period Text Aphorism Apophthegm Axiom Impress Motto Posie Phrase Stile Relative to the number and order of such parts either the less consisting of one or more sentences or the Greater being an Aggregate of these 2. VERSE Staffe Stanza SECTION Paragraff Article Scene Perfect conteining either a Principal part or an Intire discourse 3. CHAPTER Act. BOOK Tract Treatise Kinds of such discourse with respect to the Matter or Words according to the General name denoting either a more loose and free way of putting the words together or that which is bound up to measure 4. PROSE VERSE Lyrick Pindarick Ode Particular kinds of Verse either that which depends only upon
way of Excess over-saying boasting flattering or of Defect under-saying detraction So to Equality the Opposite common is Inequality imparity disparity the excess of which is Superiority and the defect Inferiority This is natural to all Radixes that have double Opposites though instituted Languages have not provided words to express it 3. Many of the Synonymous wordâ— put to the Radixes are referred to more heads then one upon account of their various equivocal acceptions And besides such words or phrases as are more plainly Synonymous there is likewise an addition of such other as are either more immediate derivations whether Adjectives Verbs Adverbs or more mediate being by composition to be made off from those Radixes to which they are adjoyned Of which I shall give an instance or two under each of the six general Heads In the Table of Transcendentals T. III. 2. the Radical is GOODNESS to which these other words are adjoyned Weal welfare right regular well rectifie better best Amongst which the words Weal welfare are mentioned as Synonoma denoting such a state of being as is desirable and are supposed to be Substantives Neuter Well-doing or Good action is the Substan Act. The words Good right regular are the Positive adjectives from the root Better best are the Comparative and Superlative adjectives Well right c. are the Adverbs Rectifie is good make and to be expressed by composition with the Transcendental particle of Cause So for the Opposite to this EVIâ—NESS to which these words are adjoyned Ill bad naught wrong amiss shrewd scurvy lewd horrid horrible corrupt pravity deprave sin fault trespass transgress-ion Peccadillo worse Amongst which the words Badness pravity are Synonymous to the Radicals and supposed to be Substantives newter The words Sin fault trespass trangression will be Substan Act. which being compounded with the Transcendental Particle Diminutive or Augmentative will denote a Peccadillo or small fault or an Enormity or heinous crime The words Evil ill bad naught wrong corrupt are Adjectives of this root and being compounded with the Transcendental Particle of Augmentative will be of the same importance with those other words Shrewd scurvy lewd horrid horrible c. The words Ill amiss wrong badly naughtily are the Adverbs The words denoting to sin trespass transgress are the Verb. Act. which being compounded with the Transcendental Particle of Cause will signifie Corrupt deprave So in the Tables of Substance Be. II. 1. the Radical is KINE signifying the Bovinum genus the other words reduced to it are Bull Cow Ox Calf Heifer Bullock Steer Beef Veal Runt Bellow Low Heard Cowheard Some of which are to be made off from this root by compositions with the Transcendental Particles So the Root Kine with the Transcendent Part. will signifie Male Bull Bullock Steere Female COW Heifer Steere Young Calf Voice Bellow Low Dimin Runt Aggregate Heard Officer Cowheard The rest are to be made off by other Compositions So Ox is untesticled or gelt Bull Beef Veal is the flesh of Kine or Calf Be. II. 2 The Radical is SHEEP to which are adjoyned the words Ram Yew Lamb Weather Mutton Bleat Fold Flock Shepheard Each of which words are to be made off from this radical â—y some kind of compositions The word Sheep being compounded with the Transcend Particle of will signifie Male Ram. Female Yew Young Lamb. Voice Bleating Sepiment Fold Sheepfold Aggregate Flock Officer Shepheard Gelt Ram is Weather Flesh of Sheep is Mutton Mag. III. A. the Radical is FIGURE to which these other words are annexed viz. Shape Feature Fashion Form Frame Scheme Lineament the make well set or proportioned transform transfigure deface disfigure Amongst which the former words Shape Feature Fashion Form Frame Scheme Lineament the make are according to one of those senses wherein each of them is commonly used the more mediate Synonyma the rest are to be made off by composition either with Transcendental particles of the word change transform transfigure Perfective well-set or proportioned Corruptive defaced disfigured Sp. I. 1. The Radical is PRESENT to which is adjoyned at this time now immediately instantly current ready The more immediate Synonyma are This time or instant The words Current ready are Adjectives Now immediately instantly are the Adverbs of this root One of the Opposites to this Radical is PAST or time past to which these other words are put Expired former foregone ago already even now heretofore gone over out a-late erewhile long since which are thus to be made off The words Expired former foregone over out are the Adjectives of this root The words already heretofore out are the Adverbs which being compounded with the Transcendental Particle Augment will signifie A great while ago long since Dimin will signifie Even now a-late erewhile a little while ago The other Opposite is FUTURE to which these words are adjoyned Time to come after time hereafter presently anon by and by shortly straitway ere long henceforth process of time after a long while Amongst which these words or phrases Time to come after time process of time are Synonymous substantives Hereafter henceforth are Adverbs which being compounded with the Transcendental Particle of Augment will signifie After a long while Diminut. will signifie Presently by and by anon shortly straitway ere long Sp. II. 3. is the Radical NEARNESS to which these other words are added Vicinity Propinquity Proximity nigh next close adjacent adjoyn neighbouring imminent impendent immediate ready at hand accost draw on approach at by hard by beside hithermost Amongst which the words Vicinity Propinquity Proximity are Synonymous substantives Nigh close adjacent adjoyning neighbouring imminent impendent immediate next hithermost are Adjectives By hard by at at hand besides are Adverbs Approach accost draw neer or on are Verbs So for the Opposite to this REMOTENESS to which are adjoyned the words farr farther aloof wide of distant utmost ultimate great way off Amongst which the words far farther distant utmost ultimate are Adjectives Aloof wide of a great way off are Adverbs NP. II. 3. the radical word is MEMORY to which these other words are adjoyned Recollect recal commemorate remember call or come to mind put in mind suggest record recount con over getting by heart by rote without book at ones fingers ends memorable Memorial Memorandum mindful Amongst which the words Remember commemorate record recount are Verbs which being compounded with the Transc Particle Cause will signifie Suggest put in mind or cause to remember Endeavour will signifie For the present Recal recollect call to mind Endeavour will signifie For the future Con over get by heart by rote c. Mindful is an Adject Neut Memorable is an Adj. Pass Abstr. Memorandum Memorial is to be compounded with the Transcend Part. Sign denoting a Sign for remembrance NP. V. 9. the Radical is SWIFTNESS to which these other words are adjoyned Fleetness Celerity Speed fast apace quick sudden rapid hurry accelerate hasten cursory hye expedite run scud
whisk post Amongst which the words Fleetness Celerity Speed are Synonymous subst Quick sudden fast rapid expedite cursory are Adj. Apace quickly-er are Adverbs Hye hasten run post hurry scud whisk are Verbs Accelerate expedite as also hasten hurry when they denote a Transitive efficiency are to be expressed by composition with the Transc â—article of Cause or make So for the Opposite to this SLOWNESS to which are adjoyned the words Heaviness slackness dull slugg tardy leasurely softly dilatory retard foreslow delay Lob Lubber lumpish Lurdan torpid unwieldy gingerly The words Slackness heaviness are Synonymous substantives Dull sluggish tardy lumpish torpid unwieldy dilatory are the Adjectives of this root which being compounded with the Transc partic of Person will be of the same signification with those other words Slugg Lob Lubber Lurdan The words Slowly leasurely softly gingerly are the Adverbs of this Radical Retard soreslow delay are the Verbs So Man I. O. the Radical word is VICE to which these other words are reduced Sin Crime Dishonesty Improbity Trespass Transgression Fault Failing Infirmity oversight turpitude unrighteous unjust vile base loose evil ill bad naught corrupt venial wicked heinous debaucht lewd lawless licentious fowl flagitious enormous Profligate Miscreant Ruffian Caitiff Villain Rakehell Libertine defile pollute which are thus to be made off from this root The words Sin Dishonesty Improbity are Subst N. Trespass Transgression are Substant Ad. which Substantives being compounded with the Transcendental Particle Augment will signifie Crime Enormity Turpitude Dim will signifie Fault Infirmity Failing Oversight Evill ill bad naught corrupt vicious unrighteous unjust are the Adject Neut which being compounded with the Transcend Particle Augment will be of the same importance with those other words Base Foul Lewd Filthy debauched flagitious Enormious profligate heinous mortall If it be compounded with the Transcendental Particle Dim it will signifie Venial If with the Transc Partic. for Person it signifies Ruffian Villain Rake-hell Libertine Miscreant Caitiffe Corrupt defile pollute debauch are the Verb compounded with the Transcendental Particle of Cause or Make. In the Tables of Action AS V. 4 O. The Radical is GRIEF to which are adjoyned the words Sadness Sorrow Melancholy Heaviness dolefull deplorable disconsolate bitter pensive dejected tragical rufull amort moan bemoan wail bewail lament dump cast down vex trouble Cutt take on whimper pule woe agony anguish mourn cry take heavily Which are thus to be made off from the Root The Words Sadness sorrow Heaviness Melancholy Trouble are Synonymous Subst which being compounded with the Transc Particle Augmentative will express those other words Anguish woe Agony Pensive sad Heavy Melancholy sorrowfull dejected disconsolate cast down are Adjectives which being compounded as the former will be of the same importance with those other words Dolefull rufull bitter tragical Deplorable dolefull may be the Adject P. Abst. Moan bemoan wail bewail lament mourn cry plain are the Verb of this Root which in some Acceptions is to be compounded with the Transcendental Particle of Sign Take on take heavily Verbs to be compounded with the Transcendental Particle Augment whimper pule whine Verbs to be compounded with the Transcendental Particle Dimin Vex Cut cast down are Verbs Active Dump all amort to be compounded with the Transc Partic. Impetus AC I. 7. O. The Radical is DYING to which these other words are adjoyned Death deadly mortall fatall dye decease depart expire give up the ghost defunct kill slay mortifie dispatch slaughter mortality Capital which are thus to be made off Death is Subst N. Mortality is Subst N. Abst. Slaughter is the Subst compounded with the Particle Cause Dead defunct is Adj N. Deadly fatall mortall capital is Adj. A. Abst. Dye decease depart expire give up the Ghost is the Verb which being compounded with the Transcendental Particle Cause or make will signifie to Kill slay dispatch mortifie AC III. 1. The Radical is SPEAKING to which these words are adjoyned Talke utter-ance mention Elocution pronounce express deliver Prolation Spokesman effable voluble fluent say tell mutter mumble jabber jargon Vein Grammar Rhetoric Oratory Eloquence Prolocutor nuncupative by word of mouth Talking Telling Saying Expressing Delivering Mentioning are Substant Synonymous to the Radical which being compounded with the Transc Particle of Manner will denote the sense of those other words which denote a respect to the mode of speaking viz. Elocution Pronunciation Vtterance Vien And being compounded with the Particle Officer it signifies Proloquutor If with the Particle Art it may denote the several Acts of speaking So the Art of speaking congruously is Grammar ornately is Rhetoric Eloquence Perswadingly is Oratory Eloquence If with the Particle Corruptive it may signifie Muttering Mumbling Iabber Iargon The words Fluency Volubility are the Subst Abst. Act. with the Particle Perfective Nuncupative-ly by word of mouth are the Adj. and Adv. of this root Talk tell say utter are the Verbs Spokesman is the pro or instead speaking person AC III. 7. The Radical is WRITING to which these other words are annexed Penning Drawing Engrossing Hand Manuscript subscribe superscribe inscribe transcribe postscript interline indorse scrawle scrible Penman Scribe Scrivener Secretary Clerk Note Ticket Docket Shorthand Tachygraphy Brachygraphy Cryptography set ones hand set down take or put in writing enter into book Which words are thus to be made off from this root The words Penning drawing and the Phrases set ones hand take or put in writing enter into book are the more immediate Synonyma of the Radical Hand Manuscript draught are the Substantive Passive The Words Scribe Penman Writer Adj. Act. Secretary Clerk Scribe Adj. Act. Scrivener Adj. Act. Note Ticket Docket Adject Pas. Short-hand Brachygraphy Stenography Subst Tachygraphy Subst Cryptography Subst Engrâ—ss write out fair Verb Scrible scrawl Verb Subscribe superscribe inscribe c. are the Verb compounded with the Prepositions Sub super in c. with the Transc Partic. Person Officer Mechanic Thing Art of Short W Speedy W Secret W Perfective Corruptive In the Tables of Relation RO. I. 2. The Radical is PARENT to which are adjoyned the words Sire Father Mother Damm paternal maternal Grandsire c. Orphan which are thus to be expressed Sire Father are Parent Male Mother Damm are Parent Female Paternal Maternal are the Adjectives of Father Mother Grandsire is Fathers Father or second Father Orphan is un-parented So for the Opposite Radical CHILD to which these other words are adjoyned Issue Son Daughter Brood Litter filial adopt posthume which are thus to be expressed Issue Brood Litter By composition with the Transcendental Partic. Kind Son By composition with the Transcendental Partic. Male Daughter By composition with the Transcendental Partic. Female Adopt By composition with the Transcendental Partic. Cause Filial is the Adj. Posthume is a Child born after the Parents Death RC. I. 2. The Radical is KING to which these words are adjoyned Soveraign Emperor Imperial Monarch Queen regall royal-ty Majesty Reign Kingdom Lord Dynasty Sultan
it being very hard if not impossible wholly to escape such prejudices yet I am apt to think it less erroneous in this respect then the rest The parts of Grammar are principally these three 1. Concerning the kinds of words or those several modes and respects according to which the names of things may be varied in their Acceptions being made either derivative Nouns or Adverbs together with their several inflexions and compositions which may be stiled Etymology 2. Concerning the proper union or right construction of these into Propositions or sentences which is called Syntax 3. Concerning the most convenient marks or sounds for the expression of such names or words whether by writing Orthography or by speech Orthoepy The first of these concerning the Doctrine of Words may refer either 1. To the formal differences or kinds of them or 2. To the Accidental changes of them in respect of Inflection Derivation Composition Words according to their formal differences and kinds may be thus distributed All words are either Integrals Nouns Substantives Neuter Active Passive Adjectives Neuter Active Passive Adverbs derived Passive Particles Grammatical Essential and perpetual in every compleat sentence The Copula Not essential but occasional Substitutive in the room of some Integral Pronoun Sentence or complex part of it Interjection Connexive expressing the Construction of word with word Preposition Contexture of sentence with sentence Adverb Conjunction Declarative of some Accident belonging to Integral Article Copula Mode Integral or Cop. Tense Transcendental See Chap. 6. By Integrals or Principal words I mean such as signifie some entire thing or notion whether the Ens or Thing it self or the Essence of a thing as Nouns Neuters whether concrete or abstract or the Doing or Suffering of a thing as Nouns Active or Passive or the manner and affection of it as Derived Adverds Those instituted words which men do agree upon for the names and appellations of things are stiled Nouns Every Noun which in conjunction with a Verb makes a compleat sentence and signifies simply and per modum subsistentis per se is called a Substantive That which signifies per modum Adjuncti or adjacentis alteri is called an Adjective Substantives belong either to one called Proper or to many and are therefore styled Common The former of these are not to be brought under the rules of any science because Individuals are Infinite and therefore such proper names as pertain each to one only should be esteemed as so many Articulate voices to be expressed by such particular vowels and consonants as will make such respective sounds Noun Substantives Common are such names as are assigned to the several kinds or species of things or notions which though they are very numerous yet are they capable of being stated and fixed according to a Philosophical method as is endeavoured in the fore-going Tables Concerning which these rules are to be observed 1. Every Radical word in the Tables is supposed to be a Substantive though they could not all of them be so expressed because of the defect of proper words for them in the present Languages upon which account there is a necessity of expressing some of them by Adjectives and some by an Aggregate of words but they are all of them to be understood as being simple Substantives 2. These Radical Substantives may be of various kinds either 1. Of the Thing 2. Of the Action or Passion Or 3. Of the Person Besides those other kind of Substantives which proceed from these whether Abstracts Neuter as Deity Regality c. or such other Abstracts whether Active or Passive as denote a proclivity or capacity as Amorousness Amiableness c. which are provided for by the Transcendental Particles 3. When the Radical is a Noun Substantive of the Thing the most immediate derivations from it are the Substantives Active and Passive to be expressed by the mark of Active or Passive upon the Radical And the Substantive of the person whether Agent or Patient by the Adjective Active or Passive in the Aorist Tense with the Transcendental mark of Person So Dux and Calor Light and Heat are Substantives of the Thing Illuminatio and Calefactio Enlightning Heating are the Substantives Active or of the Action 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 illuminari calesieri the being Enlightned and Heated are Substantives Passive or of the Passion Illuminator Calefactor or illuminans calefaciens persona the Enlightner and Heater are Substantives of the Person agent Illuminatus and Calefactus the Illuminated or Heated are Substantives of the Person Patient 4. When the Radical is a Substantive of the Action then the Substantive of the Person is to be expressed as in the former rule so Ligatio Pastio Salivatio Binding Feeding Spitting are Substantives of the Action Ligator Pastor Salivator Binder Feeder Spitter are Substantives of the Agent and Ligatus Pastus Salivatus Bound Fed Bespit are the Substantives of the Patient And the Substantive of the Thing whether Active or Passive is in this case to be expressed by the Adjective Active or Passive in the Aorist Tense with the Transcendental mark of Thing So Ligans res a binding thing is Ligamentum a Bond or String and nutriens or pascens res a nourishing or feeding thing is nutrimentum food or nourishment so ligata res a bound thing is Ligatum a Bundle or Fardle so excreta or salivata res is Excrementum or Saliva Excrement or Spittle 5. When the Radical is a Substantive of the Person then the Substantive of the Action or Passion as was said before are the most immediate derivations from it and to be expressed by the Mark of Active or Passive upon the Radical So Magistratus Rex Iudex c. Magistrate King Iudge c. are Radicals of the Person The Substantives of Action belonging to each of these are Gubernatio Regnatio Iudicatio Governing Reigning Iudging And the Substantive of the Thing whether Active or Passive is to be expressed by the Adjective Active or Passive in the Aorist Tense with the Transcendental note of Thing So Gubernans res a governing thing regens res a reigning thing and judicans res a judging thing viz. A Canon or Rule by which we judge of streight and crooked right and wrong So Gubernata res the governed thing is Ditio Territory Dominion Jurisdiction Regnata res is Regnum the Kingdom Iudicata res is Iudicium Judgment As those names which are assigned to signifie things themselves and do not denote either Action or Passion are stiled Nouns neuter so those names which are assigned to signifie the Doing or Suffering of things are stiled Active or Passive The same notion which in the Greek and Latin is expressed by the Infinitive Mode Active or Passive is that which I here intend by the Substantive Active or Passive and that it may properly be so stiled I shall endeavour to prove afterwards Though every Noun Substantive have not an Active or Passive belonging to
it either in the Greek Latin English c. yet according to the Nature and Philosophy of things whatsoever hath an Essence must likewise have an Act either of Being or becoming or of Doing or being done or of making or being made to be or do And consequently every Radical Substantive which is capable of Action should have an Active or Passive formed from it which is commonly called a Verb. As for such things which have not of their own any proper Act of Doing they are not capable of the derivation of Active and Passive ob defectum materiae as in the words Stone Mettle c. But the Verbs belonging to such Radicals can be only Neuter denoting the Act of Being or becoming unless when they are compounded with the Transcendental mark of Causatio which will adde to them a Transitive sense as Petrifie Metallifie c. As for such other Radicals as are capable of Action or Passion these Rules are to be observed concerning them 1. More Generally these two 1. Things which according to common acception have belonging to them any one proper Act of Doing their Verbs Actives will denote this Act For instance the Verb or Substantive Active of the words Fire Water c. is to burn wet and so for those Acts of the several parts Tongue Tooth Mouth Throat Foot Heel whose active by this Rule will be to lick bite devour swallow trample kick and the Active of Bow Gun is to Shoot as with a Bow Gun 2. Things which have not according to common acception any one kind of peculiar Act of Doing appropriate to them the Actives belonging to such things will signifie in the General to Act or do according to the nature of such things 2. More Particularly these four 1. The Actives belonging to such Radicals as are Substances whether Absolute or Relative do signifie to Act according to the nature of such Substances so in absolute Substances the Active of God Spirit Man will signifie to Act as God Spirit Man and so in Relative Substances the Active of Father Iudge Magistrate is to Act as a Father Judge Magistrate 2. The Actives of Quality whether Predicamental or Transcendental do denote the Acts of those species with particular reference to the differences under which they are placed So the Active of East West Obliquity c. being under the difference of Situation must signifie to situate a thing Easterly Westerly Obliquely The words of Line Surface Body being under the difference of Dimension the Active belonging to them must signifie to Dimensionate as either of these The words under the differences of Figure must in their Actives signifie to Figure according to such particular shapes Those under the difference of Time the Actives of Present Simultaneous Newness Oldness Sooness c. must signifie to Act with such respects of Time The Actives of the Differences and Species under Measure should regularly signifie to Measure by Number Magnitude Gravity Valour Duration The Active of Inch Foot Pace Fathom is to Measure by Inch Foot c. and so for those other Species of Grane Drachm c. Farthing Penny c. The Active of Minute Hour Day Night c. will signifie to continue for such portions or measures of time according to the sense of the Difference Duration under which these species are placed The Active of Infancy Childhood Adolescency c. may signifie to pass the time of one's Infancy Childhood Adolescency c. 3. The Active of such Radicals as are Qualities whether Predicamental or Transcendental signifie to do or deal according to the signification of the said qualities So the Active of Fidelity Severity c. will signifie to deal or Act Faithfully Severely c. The Active of Goodness Evilness c. will signifie to Act or Do well or ill c. 4. The Active of such Radicals as denote Actions need no other explication but this that some of them are Active Absolute which in the usual Grammars are stiled Neuter as Sto Sedeo Curro others Transitive denoting a transient efficiency into which latter kind the former of these may be changed as was said before by composition with the Transcendental mark of Causation There are several English Verbs which without admitting any change by Composition or Inflexion have both a Neuter and a Transitive signification as Corrupt Feed Starve Famish Move Rest Hang Extend Shrink Stagger Stay c. whose sense is to be distinguisht by the construction There are some Verbs of the same Natural Philosophical Radix which are yet expressed by different words as Laugh Deride Weep Bemoan must need Necessitate c. And the different notion of these and such like Verbs is not capable of being expressed by the Transcendental point of causation but by placing after them such a Noun Substantive or Pronoun Substantive as may denote the object of those several acts So the word Laugh being put without any Substantive following doth signifie in the Neuter sense the bare act of Laughing but if the word me or him c. doth immediately follow the Verb then it is to be rendered deride or laugh at me him c. Besides those Concrete Substantives which signifie the Ens or thing it self there are other Substantives which denote the Essence of things stiled Abstracts And these may likewise be distinguished into Neuter Active Passive That is stiled Neuter which denotes the naked Essence of a thing without any inclination to Action or Passion as Deity Regality That is stiled an Abstract Active which implies a proclivity to Action as Regnativity Amativeness or Amorousness That is called Passive which denotes a capacity or fitness for receiving or suffering of Action as Regibility Amiableness Such Radicals as are Concretes are capable according to the nature of the things denoted by them to have all these three kinds of Abstracts formed from them Whereas such Radicals as are themselves Abstracts Neuter as namely several of those under the Genus's and Differences of Quality and Action are capable only of the two latter kinds to be formed from them As Noun Substantives are the names which are given to things considered simply and as subsisting by themselves So Noun Adjectives are the names which are given to the Adjunct natures of things the notion of them consisting in this that they signifie the subject or thing to which they are ascribed to have in it something belonging to the nature or quality of those Adjectives which are predicated of it or limited by it And besides this common notion they do sometimes likewise in the instituted Languages refer to other notions as 1. To aboundance so the words populous pretious sumptuous c. so in Latin fluvius piscosus aquosa regio 2. To likeness so the word dogged currish waspish Seraphicus Angelicus c. 3. To Possession so Domus regia a royal house 4. To the matter of which any thing doth consist so scutum aheneum A brazen shield But each
Scribble Cut Carve Whittle Hack Content Male-content VIII 1. VOICE LANGVAGE The first of these will by its composition serve to express those several words which are used for the Voices of divers Animals or for the voices that are used in expressing sundry Actions or Affections So. These words will signifie Lion Roaring Horse Neighing Ass Braying Bull Bellowing Cow Lowing Sheep Bleating Wolf Howling Yelling Hen Cackle Chicken Peep Swallow Chatter These words will signifie Sparrow Chirp Hog Grunting Dog anger Barking Snarling Whelp Yelping Frog Croking Cock Crowing Goose Gaggle Owle Hoot Bee Buz Hum This note may likewise be applied to such kind of voices as belong to several affections So These words will signifie Grudging Mutter grumble murmur Grief Wail mourn moan Anger Chafe storm Contention Brangle brawl wrangle Praise Plaudit The second particular is paired with the former for its affinity to it The proper use of it is by its composition with the names or characters of several Countries or Nations to express the notion of the Languages spoken by them So the Character or word of English Spanish French Italian German c. with this affix will determine these words to the signification of those Tongues or Languages And the same note affixed to the name of any Tribe may signifie the Dialect of it There seems to be least necessity of this Particle and it might well be spared if any more proper could be thought of to supply the place of it VIII 2. MALE FEMALE The second pair in this last Combination is for the distinction of such things as have Sex And all those names of Animals or Relations which are distinguishable only by their Sex ought not to have any other distinction in their appellations but that of their Sex So that whereas we say Ram Yew Boar Sow c. Father Mother Son Daughter c. It would be more agreeable to the Philosophy of Speech if these things were to be expressed a male sheep a female sheep a male or female swine a male or female Parent or Child c. These marks are applicable 1. To kinds of Animals of which there are such instances as these These words will signifie Man Woman Lion Lioness Horse Mare Bull Cow Stag Hind Buck Doe These words will signifie Dog Bitch Cock Hen Drake Duck Gander Goose Drone Bee Milter Spawner 2. To Relations of Persons as in these instances So The words will signifie Brother Sister Uncle Aunt Nephew Niece Sutor Servant Mistress Sweet-heart Bridegroom Bride Husband Wife Batchelour Maid The words will signifie Widower Widow King Queen Lord Lady Master Mistress Dame Man-servant Maid-servant Abbot Abbess Friar Nun Sloven Slut Whoremonger Whore Strumpet VIII 3. YOVNG PART By the first of these is meant the young ones or brood of any sorts of Animals for which we have no proper word in English So These words will signifie Horse Colt Foal Filly Cow Calf Deer Fawn Sheep Lamb Goat Kid Hog Pig Bear Cub These words will signifie Dog Puppy Whelp Cat Kitlin Chitt Cony Rabbet Hare Leveret Hen Chicken Frog Tadpole Herring Sprat By the second of these may be expressed such kind of names as do comprehend in them the notion of Part under the several relations of 1. Situation 2. Proportion 3. Figure or Colour 4. Vse 1. Of the first kind there are such examples as these So These words will signifie Ship Fore Hinder Prow Beak Poop Stern Army Fore Middle Hinder Side Van Vauntguard Front Main Battel Rere Rereward Wing Oration Fore Hinder Preamble Preface Proem Prologue Epilogue Conclusion 2. Of the second are such instances as these A second Half A fourth Quarter A tenth Tithe c. And so a fourth part of a Circle is a Quadrant a sixth part is a Sextant c. 3. Of the third kind there are such instances as these Hand Convex Concave Back Palm Leg Fore Hinder Shin Calf Egge White Yellow White Yolk Off-cut Segment 4. Of the fourth kind there are such examples as these These words will signifie Covering Lid Stopping Stopple To be handed Handle Haft Helve Hilt Bell striking Clapper Gun striking Cock Shoo-fastning Latchet It may happen sometimes that two of these Transcendental Particles should concur to the composition of some words In which case it will be worth consideration whether it may not be more distinct to express one of them by an Integral and the other by an Affix It may likewise deserve some farther inquiry whether some of these Particles here nominated may not be spared to make room for others more useful as particularly those servile general notions of Continuing Discontinuing Permitting Hindering Facility Difficulty as likewise Flower Fruits Disease c. I have been somewhat the longer in treating concerning these Transcendental Particles because being for the most part new and not all of them used in any one Language they do thereupon stand in greater need of being more particularly and fully explained and discussed I have now done with the first part of Etymology namely concerning the formal differences or kinds of words whether Integrals Particles CHAP. VIII Of the Accidental Difference of words I. Inflexion II. Derivation III. Composition THE next thing to be treated of is concerning the Accidental Differences of words and amongst these 1. Concerning the Inflexion of them which doth consist in the several ways of varying the same word to sundry modes of signification This is not arbitrary as it is used in several Languages much less should the rules to this purpose which belong to the Latin be applied to Vulgar Tongues to which they are not suited as many Grammarians use to do but it ought to be founded upon the Philosophy of speech and such Natural grounds as do necessarily belong to Language Integral words are all capable of Inflexion 1. Noun Substantives are inflected in a threefold respect 1. By Number Singural and Plural which being more Intrinsecal to them ought to be provided for in the Character or word it self and not by an Affix 2. By Gender in things that are capable of Sex which are naturally but two Masculine and Feminine These being less Intrinsical to the primary notion of the word may be more properly expressed by affixes and then the kind or species of every Animal abstractedly from the respective Sexes of it may be signifyed by the Radical word it self without any sign of Sex which will prevent much equivocalness 3. By Cases which is not so essential and natural to Substantives as to be provided for in the word it self by varying the Terminations of it For though this course hath been used in the Greek and Latin yet neither do the Oriental Tongues Hebrew Chaldee Arabic c. nor those Occidental of French Italian Spanish nor I think doth any Modern Tongue in the world this way express them The true notion of the Nominative Case is that which precedes the Verb and the Accusative that which follows the Verb of which in speech
that is suited to natural Structure and Syntax there ought to be no other sign or note then the very order As for the Genitive Case the proper notion of that is its following another Substantive in regimine But because the following Substantive is not always governed by that which precedes as Vrbs Roma Rhenus Fluvius Taxus arbor c. therefore 't is proper to have a Particle or Preposition for it as our English Of and De in the French Italian Spanish which was treated of before The Dative Case is expressed by the Preposition To the Vocative by the Interjection of bespeaking O and the Ablative Case by such a Preposition as denotes Formal or Instrumental cause or manner of Doing So that the true notion of the Genitive Dative Ablative Case is nothing else but that obliquity in the sence of a Substantive which is caused and signifyed by some Preposition annexed to it as the Vocative is by an Interjection And besides these three ways of Inflexion I have shewed before how Substantives are capable likewise of Active and Passive voice and of Tenses Noun Adjectives need not have any note to express Number Gender Case because in all these they agree with their Substantives unless such Adjectives as are used Substantively by reason of their composition with the Transcendental marks of Person Thing Time Place c. In which case they have the same kinds of Inflexion with Substantives But there is belonging to them 1. A transverse Inflexion by degrees of Comparison which may be best denoted by the extrinsical affixes of more most less least 2. An Inflexion by Voice Active and Passive which makes them of the same nature with those words which we call Participles 3. An Inflexion by Tenses And though usually in the Latin there are but two Tenses viz. Present and Future in each voice of the Participle Amans Legens Amaturus Lecturus Amatus Lectus Amandus Legendus excepting in some few words Sequens Sequutus Sequuturus Gaudens Gavisus Gavisurus and of Coenatum which is used promiscuously both Actively and Passively yet this is a defect in the Latin Tongue For the natural notion doth render Participles as well capable of the Preter Tense and accordingly the Greeks have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 He that beats he that hath beaten he that will beat he that is beaten he that hath been beaten he that will be beaten The like would have been in Latin if the Philosophy of Speech had been as well observed in the Institution of that Language Derived Adverbs are capable of Inflexion by degrees of Comparison Amongst the Particles there are only two that are capable of Inflexion viz. the Copula and Pronouns The Copula is inflected by Mode and by Tense which I have sufficiently explained before Only 't is here to be noted that besides those definite notions of time past present and to come there is likewise Tempus Aoristicum or indefinite time and that whenever the Copula is used in materia necessaria it ought to be understood as being indeterminate to any of those differences of time So for such sayings Homo est animal Deus vivit c. there is no kind of time whether past present or future wherein these sayings are not equally true so that the sense of such sayings is est fuit erit vivit vixit vivet And therefore it would be convenient to make some distinction for expressing this indefinite time Pronoun Substantives are inflected by Number and Gender and by Case as Noun Substantives are besides that kind of improper Inflection whereby they are made Possessives which is rather a kind of Derivation and reduplicative which consists only in the doubling of them for the greater Emphasis The other Particles are not capable of Inflexion because they do not denote any Essence or Act which is capable of several modes or respects as Integrals and two of the Particles do but only the Circumstances or Modifications of other words and therefore may be stiled indeclinable or invariable As to Derivation there ought naturally to be but one kind of Root from which the several differences of Integrals should be derived and this should be a Noun Substantive which signifies the Thing or the Essence If it be a Noun Substantive Neuter then the first branches of it are Substantives Active and Passive after which succeed the Adjectives belonging to each of them and then the Adverbs which denote the Quality or Manner of being or doing All which belong to one branch Another branch is the Substantives Abstract which have the same kind of derivations from them as the former as is more distinctly explained before As to the last accidental difference of words viz. Composition 'T is to be noted that the words of a Philosophical Language should be so suted unto natural notions that there should be little need of other compositions besides those by Prepositions Adverbs and Transcendental Particles But if this were desired for greater elegance and copiousness of Speech it should be capable of any composition whatsoever which may be signified in writing by some Hyphen or mark of Union to joyn the words compounded and in Speech by pronouncing them together as one word without changing the nature of either So the word Idolatry is Idol-worship c. CHAP. IX Of the second part of Grammar called Syntax AS the first part of Grammar doth treat concerning the nature and differences of particular words So the second part of Grammar stiled Syntax doth concern the proper way of Union or right Construction of words into Propositions or continued Speech And this may be distinguished into two kinds 1. That which is Customary and figurative or 2. That which is Natural and regular 1. That structure may be stiled Customary and figurative which is used in the Phraseologies or forms of Speech peculiar to several Languages wherein words are put together according to a Metaphorical and tralatitious sense of them as in those Latin Phrases Redigere in ordinem which signifies Privare magistratu E medio tollere for Occidere And so for those English Phrases of Breaking a jest Hedging in a Debt Taking ones heels and flying away Being brought to bed Lying in Being in Labour or Travail c. All which ought to be rendred according to the natural sense and meaning intended by those Phrases which is observed in the regular Translation of any Language And he that would go about to render such forms of Speech according to the strict and natural sense of the words could not reasonably expect to be understood in any other Language But besides these kind of Metaphors which are peculiar to some Tongues there are others of a more general use which may be well enough retained in a Philosophical Language 2. That structure may be called Regular which is according to the natural sense and order of the words The General Rule for this order amongst Integrals is That which governs should precede
The Nominative Case before the Verb and the Accusative after The Substantive before the Adjective Only Adjective Pronouns being Particles and affixed may without inconvenience be put indifferently either before or after Derived Adverbs should follow that which is called the Verb as denoting the quality or manner of the Act. As for the Grammatical Particles those which serve for the Inflexion or Composition of words should naturally precede and so likewise should other Adverbs and Prepositions Transcendental Particles are to be joyned in composition at the ends of words to vary their termination Besides the order required in Syntax something ought to be subjoyned concerning the Quantity of Vowels or Syllables together with the several distinctions or interpunctions to be observed betwixt words and sentences As for that part usually treated of in instituted Grammars stiled Prosodia concerning the quantity of Vowels there needs not any thing to be said unto that here because in a Philosophical Language every Vowel is supposed to be in the writing sufficiently distinguished in this respect every long Vowel having a note or mark to signifie its prolation The expressing of any one syllable in a word with a little higher tune and longer time then others is to be exprest by an accent as in the words Consènt Contrìve Compòse Hà ving Wìsdom Fòrtune Pròfit Pà rentage Prìvilege Consìder Detèrmine c. The distinctions to be observed betwixt words and sentences may refer either to 1. The time or 2. The manner of pronouncing 1. The first concerns those Pauses or intervals of rest to be observed in Pronouncing which were anciently distinguished into three kinds namely Comma Colon Period The first of these being marked with a point by the middle of the Letter The second at the top The last at the bottom Unto these later times have added two others namely a mark to signifie something intermediate betwixt Comma and Colon stiled Semicolon and something more then a full point which is usually exprest by a greater distance betwixt the words or by a Breach in the line The use of these Points is to direct what kind of pause is to be observed and how the tenor or tone of the voice is either to be continued or to fall 2. The manner of pronouncing words doth sometimes give them a different sense and meaning and Writing being the Picture or Image of Speech ought to be adapted unto all the material circumstances of it and consequently must have some marks to denote these various manners of Pronunciation which may be sufficiently done by these seven kinds of marks or Interpunctions 1. Parenthesis 2. Parathesis or Exposition 3. Erotesis or Interrogation 4. Ecphonesis Exclamation or wonder 5. Emphasis 6. Irony 7. Hyphen 1. Parenthesis serves for the distinction of such an additional part of a sentence as is not necessary to perfect the sense of it and is usually expressed in our Western Languages by the inclosing of such words betwixt two curve lines 2. Parathesis or Exposition is used for distinction of such words as are added by way of explication of something preceding and is usually expressed by inclosing such words between two angular lines as 3. Erotesis or Interrogation is a kind of Period for the distinction of such sentences as are proposed by way of Question and is usually thus marked 4. Ecphonesis or Wonder and Exclamation is a note of direction for raising the tone upon occasion of such words as denote some vehement passion and is noted thus 5. Emphasis is used for the distinction of such word or words wherein the force of the sense doth more peculiarly consist and is usually expressed by putting such words into another kind of Character as suppose the Italic 6. Irony is for the distinction of the meaning and intention of any words when they are to be understood by way of Sarcasm or scoff or in a contrary sense to that which they naturally signifie And though there be not for ought I know any note designed for this in any of the Instituted Languages yet that is from their deficiency and imperfection For if the chief force of Ironies do consist in Pronunciation it will plainly follow that there ought to be some mark for direction when things are to be so pronounced 7. Hyphen is a note that signifies the uniting of two syllables or words into one and may properly be used when two words are to be compounded together It is usually expressed by two little strokes thus â— CHAP. X. Of Orthography I. Concerning the doctrine of Letters the Authors who have treated of this Subject II. A brief Table of such simple sounds as can be framed by men III. A further explication of this Table as to the Organs of Speech and as to the letters framed by these Organs ORthography is that part of Grammar which concerns the doctrine of Letters which being the most simple Elements of Speech it ought therefore to be so stated that there may be a sufficient number of them to express all Articulate sounds and not more then are necessary to this end Much consideration is requisite to the right establishment of these upon which account this subject hath been largely debated by several Authors of great names and reputation for Learning Besides those Famous Emperours Cajus Caesar and Octavius Augustus who both writ upon this subject â—arro likewise and Appion and Quintilian and Priscian did bestow much pains upon the same enquiry concerning the just number of Letters And in later times it hath been treated of with great variety of Opinions by Erasmus both the Scaligers Lipsius Salmasius Vossius Iacobus Matthias Adolphus Metkerchus Bernardus Malinchot c. Beside several of our own Country-men Sir Thomas Smith Bullokar Alexander Gill and Doctor Wallis the last of whom amongst all that I have seen published seems to me with greatest Accurateness and subtlety to have considered the Philosophy of Articulate sounds But besides such whose considerations upon this subject are made publick I must not forget to acknowledge the favour and good hap I have had to peruse from their private papers the distinct Theories of some other Learned and Ingenious persons who have with great judgment applyed their thoughts to this enquiry in each of whoâ—e Papers there are several suggestions that are new out of the common rode and very considerable Letters may be considered according to their Essence Accidents Names Order Affinity Figure Pronunciation The Essence of Letters doth consist in their Power or proper sound which may be naturally fixed and stated from the manner of forming them by the instruments of speech and either is or should be the same in all Languages What variety there is of these may appear from the Distribution of them into their several kinds according to the following Table wherein it is endeavoured and aimed at to give a rational account of all the simple sounds that are or can be framed by the mouths of men  Letters may be
the first Nine then Glαde must signifie Ramson viz. the third in the second Nine or the twelfth Species under that Difference So if Zana be Salmon viz. the second species in the first Nine them Zlana must signifie Gudgeon viz. the second in the second Nine or the eleventh Species under that Difference It must be granted that there is one inconvenience in this Contrivance for the supernumerary Species namely that according to this way of expressing them they are scarce capable of the derivation of Adjective But this is more tolerable because in such matters where this will happen there is no necessary occasion for this derivation Those Radicals which are joyned to others by way of Affinity may be expressed 1. In Monosyllables by repeating the Radical Vowel before the Consonant For example if De signifies Element then Ede must signifie that which is joyned to it by way of affinity viz. Meteor If Di be Stone then Idi will signifie Concretions c. 2. In Dyssyllables by repeating the second Radical Consonant after the last Vowel Thus if Dade be Planet Daded will signifie Comet If Dego be Ice Degog will signifie Snow c. Those Radicals which are paired together upon the account of single Opposition may be expressed 1. In Monosyllables by putting the opposite Vowel before the first Consonant according to that order of Opposition before set down namely of α a e to ι o ȣ or ƴ. Thus if Dα be put to signifie God then idα must signifie that which is opposed namely Idol If Dab be Spirit odab will be Body If Dad be Heaven odad will signifie Hell 2. In Dyssyllables by adding the Letter S to the last Vowel Thus if Pida be Presence Pidas will be Absence If Tadȣ be Power then Tadȣs will be Impotence As for those double Opposites by way of Excess or Defect which sometimes occur as they are to be represented in writing by the Transcendental Points of Excess or Defect on the top of the Character so are they to be expressed in speaking by those Syllables appointed to these Characters which must be added to the termination of the word Thus if Teba be Iustice Tebas will signifie the Opposite Common namely Injustice And Tebasla the Opposite by way of Excess namely Rigor and Tebaslo the Opposite by way of Defect viz. Remission Tepα Veracity Tepαs Lying Tepαsla Over-saying Tepαslo Vnder-saying Detracting Adjectives should be expressed by changing the first radical Consonant according to this establishment B D G P T C Z S N. V Dȣ Gȣ F Tȣ Cȣ Zh Sh Ng. Thus if Dα De Do do signifie God Element Stone then Dȣα Dȣe Dȣo must signifie Divine Elementary Stony Adverbs may be expressed by turning the first Radical Vowel into a Dipthong So Dαι is Divinely Sƴιb is Religiously Sƴιgas is Schismatically Abstracts may be expressed 1. In Monosyllables of the Genus by adding the Letter r after the first Radical Vowel So Dαr is Deity or Divinity In Monosyllables of the Difference and Dissyllables of the Species by changing the second Radical Character Consonant thus B D G P T C Z S N. V Dh Dzh F Th Tsh Zh Sh Ng. The Letters Dzh and Tsh being the same power which we Englishmen give to the Letters G and Ch in the words Ginger and Charity Thus Bαd is Cause Bαdh is Causality Saba is King Sava is Regality or Majesty There are only two things noted in the Character belonging to the Inflection of words namely 1. The Active and Passive voice to be expressed by the Letters L and N after the first Vowel thus Salba is Regnation and Samba is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 regnari 2. The Plural Number in Substantives which is sometimes likewise affixed to Adjectives when they are used substantively by reason of any transcendental Mark joyned to them And this may be done by prolonging the first Vowel which upon all other occasions is to be pronounced as being short But because it will be difficult to prolong this Vowel in Monosyllables of the Genus when no Consonant doth follow therefore in this case it may be proper to add the Vowel ȣ to the Radical Vowel So if Dα be God Dαȣ will be Gods According to this establishment every Radical Genus Difference and Species may be expressed by such words as are facil and pleasant Those words that are most harsh and difficult will happen amongst such of the Derivations as are seldom used as in some of the Active or Passive Adverbs and in some of the Abstracts By these Instances it will be easie to understand all the rest The Particles may be expressed either by simple Vowels or Dipthongs or by some of those Monosyllables not used for any of the Genus's or Differences Amongst the Grammatical Particles the more principal are the Copula Pronouns Interjections Prepositions Adverbs Conjunctions 1. The Copula or Verb Sum according to its threefold place in the Character may be expressed by these Dipthongs ια ιa ιe 2. The Pronouns according to their several kinds may be expressed by these Vowels and Dipthongs α αι ι o αȣ ⸫ oι. a aι ȣ ƴ aȣ ⸫ ȣȣ e eι ƴι ƴȣ eȣ ⸫ ι ι Possessive Pronouns by prefixing H. Reduplicative by interposing L. So Hα is mine Hαlα is my own 3. The Interjections being Natural sounds themselves need not have any assigned to the Characters of them than what are General So Heigh Hm Hu. Pish Shu Tush Ah alack alas Ha ha he O O that Vauh Hau. Hoi ah oh Phy. Oh soho Ho oh Eja now St hush mum whist Ha. Vae wo. 4. The Prepositions may be expressed by Monosyllables framed of L and R after this manner Lα Li. La Lo. Le Lȣ Rα Rι. Ra Ro. Re Rȣ Lαl Lil Lal Lol Lel Lȣl Rαl Ril Ral Rol Rel Rȣl Lαr Lir Lar Lor Ler Lȣr Rαr Rir Rar Ror Rer Rȣr 5. Adverbs may be expressed by Monosyllables with the initial Letter M. after this manner Mα Mi Ma Mo Me Mȣ Mαl Mil Mal Mol Mel Mȣl Mαr Mir Mar Mor Mer Mȣr Mαs Mis Mas Mos Mes Mȣs Mƴ. Mƴι. Mƴȣ 6. Conjunctions may be expressed by Monosyllables with the Initial Letter N after this manner Nα Ni Na No Ne Nȣ Nαl Nil Nal Nol Nel Nȣl Nαr Nir Nar Nor Ner Nȣr Nαs Nis Nas Nos Nes Nȣs The more servile Particles are of three kinds Articles Modes Tenses 1. The Articles being but two may be thus expressed el. αl 2. The Imperative Mode according to its threefold difference of Petition Perswasion Command may be expressed by these Dipthongs ιo ιȣ ιƴ. The Secondary Modes by Dipthongs or Tripthongs according to their differences of Absolute or Conditional So the Mode of Power Liberty Will Necessity whether Absolute or Conditional is to be expressed by ȣα ȣαι ȣa ȣaι ȣe ȣeι ȣo ȣoι 3. The Tenses Past Present and Future may be expressed by these Dipthongs ȣι ȣƴ ȣƴι The Transcendental Particles to be added by way of
rest being to be sought for in the larger Table Those that are paired by way of opposition are put in a distinct Character The first Part and the former half of the second do contain a Philosophical Dictionary for all Integral Radical words The remaining Part doth contain all the Particles necessary to Speech besides a Summary of the whole Grammar with reference both to the Character and Language which I conceive to be so plainly set down as not to need any particular explication But now because there is no more general inclination amongst persons of all Ages and Qualities then that of Gaming which Men can continue at for a long time with much pleasure and are least apt to be weary of Therefore the reducing of the Learning of this Character to a Game may be a special help and furtherance to it In order to which it were not difficult to shew how it might be brought into several Games like to those either at Dice or Cards Of the former of which I had once thought to have given an instance with relation to the Particles by which it would be easie to understand how the like might be done for all the rest But upon second thoughts I do at present forbear it TRANS. G. PREDIC I Kindâ— Species 1 Being Nothing 2 Thing Appearance 3 Notion Fiction 4 Name Person 5 Substance Accident 6 Quantity Quality 7 Action Passion 8 Relation Absoluteness II Cause â—â—â—fect 1 Efficient Instrument 2 Impulsive Cohibitive 3 Exemplar Type 4 Condition Occasion 5 Adjuvant Impedient 6 Fâ—nd Means 7 Matter Form III Diveâ—sity 〈◊〉 1 Truth Falshood 2 Goodness Evilness 3 Positiveness Privativeness 4 Genuineness Spuriousness 5 Actualness Potentialness 6 â—â—niteness Infiniteness 7 Naturalness Factitiousness â— Simplicity Mixedness â— Perfection Imperfection IV Ditâ—eâ—ence Conveniency 1 Profitableness Hurtfulness 2 Pleasantness Vnpleasantness 3 Dueness Vndueness 4 Possibility Impossibility 5 Importance Vanity â— Worthiness Vnworthiness V Dif rel to the Meanes 1 Lawfulness Indifferency 2 Decency Indecency 3 Safety Danger 4 Easiness Difficulty 5 Gentleness Violence 6 Congruity Contrariety 7 Expediency Inconveniency 8 Necessity Contingence VI Mâ—de  1 â—ubject Adjunct 2 Object  3 Circumstance Solemnity 4 State  5 Signe  6 Room as Suc. Stead as Subst 7 Degree Impetus 8 Turn Reciprocation 9 Cognation Opposition TRANS. REL MIX I Of Quan more Ger.  1 Indifferent Greatnes little 2 Mediocrity Abund scarcity 3 Sufficiency Ex. deficiency 4 Indifferent Excell sorry 5 Equal Superior infer 6 Equivalency Betternes wors 7 At a stand Increase dimin 8 Just temper Intention remis 9 Keep at a stay Mending marr II Of Contin Quan 1 Length Shortness 2 Bredth Narrowness 3 Deepness Shallowness 4 Highness Lowness 5 Thickness Thinness III Discoâ—tin Quan  1 Multitude Fewness 2 Singularity Plurality 3 Particularity Vniversality 4 Specialness Generalness 5 Evenness Odness 6 Segregateness Aggregateness 7 Series Catalogue 8 Suit  IV Of Qual more largely  1 Primitiveness Derivativeness 2 Immediatenes Mediateness 3 Absoluteness Dependency 4 Principalness Accessoriness 5 Pertinency Impertinency 6 Properness Commonness V 〈…〉 more strictly  1 Likeness Vnlikeness 2 Order Confusion 3 Ordinariness Extraordinari 4 Regularness Exorbitancy 5 Publickness Privateness 6 Ornateness Homeliness 7 Purity Defilement VI Of Whole Part 1 Best part Worst part 2 Say Vantage 3 Scum Sediment 4 Lump Powder 5 Chip Fragment 6 Additum Sum 7 Ablatum Residue 8 Multiplier Product 9 Divisor Quotient TRANS. REL of ACT. I Belonging to sing things  1 Putting Altering 2 Apropriating Alienating 3 Claiming Abdicating 4 Taking Leaving 5 Having Wanting 6 Holding Letting go 7 Seeking Finding 8 Shewing Concealing 9 Manifesting Seeming II To diverse things  1 Joyning Separating 2 Adhering Abandoning 3 Applying Abstracting 4 Comprehend Exempting 5 Comparing Trying 6 Repeating Changing 7 Restoring compensating 8 Representing Imitating 9 Repairing Spoiling III Businesse Leasure 1 Designing Undertaking 2 Preparing Furnishing 3 Beginning Offering 4 Endeavouring Essaying 5 Dispatching Protracting 6 Performing Violating 7 Finishing Miscarrying 8 Erring Omitting 9 Preventing Remedying IV Commerce  1 Yielding Submitting to 2 Offering Demanding 3 Delivering Receiving 4 Giving Accepting 5 Disbursing Refunding 6 Reckoning Ballancing 7 Being Credi Being debtor 8 Paying Failing 9 Acquitting Forgiving V Event  1 Obtaining Frustrating 2 Gaining Losing 3 Saving Spending 4 Laying up Squandering 5 Keeping Loosing 6 Using Abstaining 7 Injoying Being sick of 8 Refreshing Wearying 9 Quieting Troubling VI â—â—â—on Stapâ—â—g 1 Coming Going 2 Proceeding Turning 3 Travelling Wandring 4 Sending Fetching 5 Leading Driving 6 Following Overtaking 7 Meeting Avoyding DISCOURS LANG Elements  1 Letter Character 2 Vowell Consonant 3 Syllable Dypthong 4 Interpunction Hyphen 5 Comma Semicolon 6 Colon Period 7 Parenthesis Parathesis 8 Emphasis Irony 9 Accent P. Accent E. II Word Meâ—ning 1 Integrall Particle 2 Abstract Concrete 3 Substantive Adjective 4 Verbe Adverbe deri 5 Subject Predicate 6 Copula  7 Pronoun Interjection 8 Preposition Article 9 Adverb und Conjunction III Complex Gram. parts 1 Clause Sentence 2 Verse Section 3 Chapter Book 4 Prose Verse 5 Meetre Rythm 6 Proper Tralatitions 7 Simple Figurate 8 Express Vnderstood 9 Plain Obscure IV Comp. Log. parts  1 Distinction Equivocation 2 Limitation Ampliation 3 Definition Description 4 Division Partition 5 Rule Exception 6 â—rgumentation Illation 7 Syllogism Enthymem 8 Induction Example â— Quotation Allusion V Mixed  1 Proposition Adage 2 Oration Epistle 3 Narration Rumour 4 Interpretation  5 Translation Paraphrase 6 Commentary  7 Epitome  8 Prologue Epilogue 9 Transition Digression VI Moâ—â—s oâ— Disc.  1 Question Answer 2 Affirmation Negation 3 Supposition Concession 4 Opposition Contradiction 5 Objection Solution 6 Probation Confirmation 7 Confutation Retortion 8 Posing Conviction 9 Confession Recantation BIRD I Carnivorous Birds  1 Eagle Vulture 2 Hawk Kite 3 Cuckoe Butcher b. 4 Owle horned Owle not h. 5 Raven Crow 6 Daw Chough c. II Phytiv of short Wings  1 Cock  2 Peacock Turky 3 Pheasant Attagen 4 Bustard Anas cam bell 5 Cock of thew Heath cock 6 Partridge Red Partr c III Phytiv of long Wings  1 Pidgeon Ringdove 2 Stock-dove Turtle 3 Mislle b. Thrush 4 Stare Merula sax 5 Feldefare Redwing 6 Black bird Passer soli c. IV Graniv of thick Bâ—lls  1 Bunting  2 Yellow hamer Hortulane 3 Sparrow Mountain sp 4 Cocothraustes Cocoth crista 5 Bullfinch Shell apple 6 Greenfinch Canary b. c. V Insectivorous greater  1 Swallow Swift 2 Martin Sand martin 3 Nightingale  4 Larke Titlarke 5 Redbrest Red start 6 Beccafigo Wheat ear c VI Insectivorous lesser  1 Ligurinus Serinus 2 Citrinella  3 Wron  4 Regulus crist Reg. non crist 5 Humming bi  6 Great titmous c. vii Aquatic near wet places  1 Lapwing  2 Green plover Grey plover 3 Dotterell Sea larke 4 Redshank Ruffe 5 Tringa ma. Tringa mi. 6 Knot Stint c. viii Aquatic â—issâ—â—ed 1
Pleurisie  VI Of the Bowels  1 Cardialgia  2 Green-sick Jaundise 3 Dropsie Timpany 4 Scorbute Hypocon. Vap. 5 Colic Iliac passion 6 Diarrhaea Dysentery 7 Hernia Haemorrhoids 8 Hysteric pass Suffocation 9 Stone Strangury CHAP. VI. The Appendix containing a comparison betwixt this Natural Philosophical Grammar and that of other instituted Languages particularly the Latin in respect of the multitude of unnecessary Rules and of Anomalisms Concerning the China Character The several Attempts and Proposals made by others towards a new kind of Character and Language The advantage in respect of Facility which this Philosophical Language hath above the Latin HAving thus briefly laid the Foundations of a Philosophical Grammar I am in the next place to shew the many great advantages both for significancy perspicuity brevity and consequently facility which a Character or Language founded upon these Rules must needs have above any other way of communication now commonly known or used And because the Latin doth in these parts of the world supply the place of a Common Tongue therefore I shall chiefly insist upon the comparison with that 1. As for the first part of Latin Grammar concerning Orthography it will be needless here to speak any thing further to this having before mentioned the imperfections of that Alphabet the redundancy of it in some respects and the deficiency of it in others the incongruity of giving several powers to the same Letters c. which particulars are further manifested by what hath been delivered concerning natural Orthography As to the other parts of the Latin Grammar Etymol Syntax I shall endeavour to prove that they do exceedingly abound with unnecessary Rules besides a vast multitude of Anomalisms and exceptions which must needs render it exceedingly perplexed and difficult to the Learner 2. In the second part concerning Etymology 1. There is a great imperfection as to the just number and true sense of Radical words 1. In some respects too many by reason of the Synonima's which do very much abound in it 2. In other respects too few There is a common word for the notion of Parent abstracted from either Sex Father or Mother And so for Child Liber But none for the relation of Brother Sister Husband and Wife Vncle Aunt Nephew Niece c. And so for the names of sâ—â—eral Plants and Living Creatures of every kind which no Dictionary doth sufficiently express And though the Latin doth provide for some of those notions expressed by the Transcendental Particles yet is not their number sufficient there being several others not provided for which may as conveniently be in like manner exprest And which is another great incongruity as to the indistinctness of those which are thus provided for neither are all words of the like notion expressible by such terminations nor doth the same termination always express the same notion 3. The words of it are exceeding Aequivocal scarce one amongst them which hath not divers significations either absolutely or in phrase or both ways from which Homonimy those Particles which occur most frequently in discourse are not free ut pro c. 2. There are many improper and preternatural Rules concerning Inflexion 1. As to Noun Substantives both in respect of Genders Cases Declensions 1. In respect of Genders which are needlesly multiplyed there being but two in nature nothing properly having Gender but what hath Sex That which is called the Neuter doth by its very name signifie that it is no Gender and besides these Genders are irrationally applyed 1. Things that have no Sex are expressed by words Masculine Gladius Arcus Foeminine Vagina Sagitta 2. Things that have Sex are denoted 1. Sometimes by words of the Neuter Gender Scortum Amasium c. 2. Those words whose significations are common to Male and Female are sometimes rendred only in the Masculine Gender as Fur Latro Homicida c. and sometimes only in the Foeminine as Proles Soboles c. and sometimes only in the Neuter as Animal Mancipium c. 3. Many words which signifie the same thing and are Synonimous are yet used in several Genders Appetitus Aviditas Desiderium Sermo Oratio Domus Domicilium Crinis Coma. Capillus Caesaries c. He that would see more of this kind may consult Nonius Marcellus de indiscretis generibus Where he reckons up abundance of words which according to Ancient Authors were used both in the Masculine Foeminine and Neuter Gender 2. In respect of Cases which are not so conveniently exprest by varying Nouns with Terminations which is the Latin way as by placing them in the natural order of Construction and Affixing Prepositions to them as was said before 3. In respect of Declensions of which the Latin hath five which add no small difficulty and trouble to the learning of that Language Now if the expression of Cases by varying the Termination be unnecessary and inconvenient these are much more so because they are but several ways of varying such Cases 2. As to Noun Adjectives neither Number nor Gender nor Case nor Declension do naturally pertain to them but thâ—y are sufficiently qualifyed in all those respects by the Substantives to which they belong As for their inflexion by degrees of comparison which is proper to them 't is not so natural that these should be expressed in the Terminations of the words as by Auxiliary Particles The Adverbs of more and most less and least being upon other accounts necessary and sufficient to express this notion in Adjectives therefore the other way must needs be superfluous Which is likewise applicable unto the comparison of Participles and derived Adverbs 3. As to Verbs there are very many unnecessary Rules concerning their Kinds Inflexion in respect of Conjugations Number Persons and Tense in the Termination Modes Gerunds Supines 1. For their Kinds 't is not according to the Philosophy of speech to distinguish Verbs into Active Passive Neuter Deponent and Common or into Personal and Impersonal 1. Those sorts of Verbs which they call Active Passive Neuter and which are properly to be expressed by the Verb Sum and the Adjective Active Passive Neuter are all the distinct kinds of Verbs 2. As for those that are stiled Deponents and Common they are acknowledged to be but irregularities and kinds of exceptions from the common rule of Verbs 3. All Verbs are naturally capable of Persons though in some Verbs the Latin doth not admit this 'T is proper to say I ought I am ashamed c. as well as Oportet Pudet 2. As to the inflexion of Verbs 1. The several Conjugations of which there are four in Latin are such a preternatural incumbrance as Declensions are in Nouns being but several ways of varying those Terminations or Cases of the Verb which in themselves are needless and troublesome 2. Number doth not naturally belong to Verbs but only quia Verbum à nomine dependet as Scaliger speaks upon which account it might as well have Gender too as it is in
Design of the Philosophical Tables is to enumerate and describe all kinds of Things and Notions And the Design of this Dictionary is to reckon up and explain all kinds of words or names of things And that the Reader may the better understand the usefulness of having all words set down according to their different Acceptions and by what kind of Analogy they come to be used in such various sences which is one of the particular advantages of this Dictionary I shall here select out of it one particular Instance for each of these several kinds of words viz. a Substantive an Adjective a Verb a Particle by which it will be easie to understand any of the rest So the word CORRVPTION according to that Notion of it which is Primary and proper doth denote the Being or Making of a thing evil or worse whether by Admixtion with that which is bad and then it is of the same importance with the word Defiling Privation as to a thing Being so corruption is destroying Vsefulness so corruption is spoiling Secondary as applied to things Natural so Corruption will denote according to the Degree of it either Infection or Decay or Putrefaction Moral whether more General so it denotes the Evilness of the mind or manners Vnholiness Viciousness Special so 't is peculiarly applied to Vnchastity and Bribery So the word CLEAR may signifie either Entire of it self so clearly is wholly Not mingled with others so Clear is Simple specially not with worse so Clear is Pure Being free from impediments or not being hindered from Being doing or receiving which notion of Clear may be often exprest by the Transcendental mark of Perfective There may be Instances of it given in every Genus as particularly Quality whether Natural Power so a clear sight or understanding is a good s. or u. It is applied to the Mind as a clear Wit or Spirit Body so we say one is clear of sickness or pain has a clear skin c. Habit as a clear Reputation that is a good R. sp Sagacity and Sincerity are thus called Clearness Manners as Clear Dealing that is Candor or Frankness Sensible Quality Visible as clear weather or sky or water c. Audible as clear sound Sickness as clear of any disease i. e. not Infected or not Diseased Relation Civil as a Clear Estate Iudicial as Clear of any Crime Military as Clear Coast. Ecclesiastic as Clear of any Censure Being Done so Clear is Easie or not difficult Being Known so Clear is Plain or manifest Being come to or Passed through so Clear is Accessible or Passable or Empty So the word DELIVER according to its primary sence is the motion Met. or the passing of a thing or of the Possession of it or of the Power over it from one to another It is commonly used in relation either to the Subject or thing deliver'd whether Things so Deliver may signifie Depositing Paying Resigning Words as to the Matter whether concerning Fact so Delivering is Narration Doctrine so Delivering is Teaching Manner whether Immediately by Mouth so to deliver is to speak Pen so to deliver is to write Mediately so Delivering is Tradition Terms of this motion either from a Better condition to a worse being used Passively so Delivering is Dereliction Actively whether Involuntary so Delivering is yielding Voluntary so Delivering is Betraying Worse condition to a better Temporal whether by way of Prevention so Delivering is Preserving or Causing to escape Remedy from Captivity so to deliver is to Vncaptivate Bondage so to deliver is to Vnslave Prison so to deliver is to Vnimprison Danger of Child-birth so to deliver is the Active of Parturition Eternal so delivering is Redemption So the Particle BY is sometimes used in the sence of an Integral signifying the notion of Digression or Accessory as on the by and is of the same importance with such kind of Negatives as not principal not pertinent not public not ordinary as a By-way And sometimes 't is used to denote a common speech implying something of contempt as a By word Preposition Causal Efficient By such an Author Instrumental Slain by the sword Final or end By reason of c. Local or Temporal being sometimes used in that same sence with those other Prepositions Before as By God i. before God At as Come by i. obtain or come at In as by day i. in the day time Through as by such a street i. through such a street Besides as by the mark i. besides Adverbs denoting the Circumstance of Nearness whether Local So By or hard by is near such a Place Temporal So By and by is nearness in Time signifying future dim Besides those Phraseologies wherein the Particle is used to signifie the Manner of things as By the By By the Great By Retail By it self c. Which Phrases are to be expressed by the Adverbs Neuter of Digression Aggregate Segregate Solitary c. So those Forms of Speech By course By the day or day by day By degrees By turns House by House Year by Year c. are to be expressed by the Adverbs of Course Day Degree Turn House Year with the Transcendental Note of Segregate The Alphabetical DICTIONARY A A Article 1. Abandon T A. II. 2. O. Abase a. Lowness T M. II. 4. O. a. Meanness Ha. II. 5. O. a. Humility Man V. 2. Abash a. Shame AS VI. 2. A. Abate a. Little TM I. 1. D. a. Diminution TM I. 7. D. a. Remission TM I. 8. D. a. Subduction TM VI. 7. Abbat Abby's Officer Abbie Colledge of Monks Abbreviate a. Brevity TM II. 1. O. a. Epitome D. V. 6. Abbridge a. Abbreviate Abdicate TA. I. 3. O. Abecedarian Learner of elements D. I. Abed in bed brought adj pret parturition Abet v. Accessary TM IV. 4. O. v. Incourage RO. VI. 2. a. Help T. II. 5. Abhor v. Hate AS V. 3. O. augm v. Aversation AS V. 5. O. augm Abide continue v. Duration Mea. V. A. v. Permanent Sp. I. 6. v. Constancy Ha. IV. 7. v. stay TA. VI. O. dwell Po. I. A. suffer v. Passion T. I. 7. O. v. Patience Man I. 8. Abject Mean Ha. II. 5. O. augm Contemptible AS II. 8. O. augm excess of modesty Man III. 9. E. Ability Potentialness T. III. 5. O. Nat. Power NP. per tot Possessions Po. Abjure Swear RC. VI. 4. against Ablatum TM VI. 7. Able adj Ability Abode vid. Abide Abolish a. Nothing T. I. 1. O. Annihilate AS I. 1. O. Destroy AS I. 4. O. Law v. Law un Act v. Act un Abominate v. Hate AS V. 3. O. aug Aversation AS V. 5. O. aug Aboord into or in Ship Abortion AC I. 3. O. Above Prep V. 1. O. adv Upper Sp. III. 5. More then c. Abound v. TM I. 2. E. v. Redundance TM I. 3. E. About as round Prep III. 3. O. more or less Adv. V. 3. concerning Prep I. 3. O. Abroad out of Prep IV. 2. without Prep IV. 2. O. in public adv TM V. 4.