after them as Militia est operis altera dignâ—…tui Indignus avorum Virg. Adjectives betokening Plenty or Want will have an Ablative and somtimes a Genitive as Vacuus ira or irae Nulla Epistola inanis re aliqua Ditissimus agri Stultorum plena sunt omnia Integer vitae scelerisque purus Expers omnium Vobis immunibus hujus esse mali dabitur Words also betokening the cause or form or manner of a thing are puâ—… after Adjectives in the Ablative Case as Pallidus iâ—…a Trepidus morte futura Nomine Grammaticus re Baâ—…s Of Pronouns PRonouns differ not in Construction from Nouns except that Possessives Meus tuus suus noster vester by a certain manner of speech are sometimes joyn'd to a Substantive which governs thir Primitive understood with a Noun or Participle in a Genitive Case as Diâ—…o mea unius opera 〈◊〉 esse liberatam Cic. For Mei unius oâ—…era In like manner Nostra duorum trium pauâ—…um omnium virtute for nostrum duorum c. Meum solius peccatum Cic Ex tuo ipsius animo For â—…ui ipsius Ex sua cujusque parte Id. Verr. 2â—… Ne tua quidem recentia proximi Praetoris vestigia persequi poâ—…erat Cic. verr 4. Si meas presentis preces non puâ—…as profuisse id Pro Planc Nostros vidisti slentis ocellos Ovid. Also a Relative as qui or is somtimes answers to an Antecedent Noun or Pronoun Primitive understood in the Possessive as Omnes laudare fortunas meas qui fiâ—…ium haberem tali ingenio praeditum Terent. Construction of Verbs VErbs for the most part govern either one case after them or more then one in a different manner of Construction Of the Verb Substantive Sum and such like with a Nominative and other oblique Cases VErbs that signifie Being as Sum existo fio and certain Passives as dicor vocor salutor appellor habeor existimor videor also Verbs of motion or rest as incedo discedo sedâ—…o with such like will have a Nominative Case after them as they have before them because both Cases beloâ—…g to the same person or thing and the latter is rather in apposition with the former then govern'd by the Verb as Temperantia est virtus Horatius silutatur Poeta Ast ego quae divum incedo regina And if est be an impersonal it may sometimes govern a Genitive as Usus Poetae ut moris est licentia Phaedrus l. 4. Negâ—…vit moris esse Graecorum ut c Cic. verr 2. But if the following Noun be of another person or not directly spoken of the former both after Sum and all his Compounds except possum it shall be put in the Dative as Est mihi doâ—…i pater Multa petentibus desunt multa And if a thing be spoken of relating to the person it may be also in the Dative as Sum tibi praesidio Haecres est mihi voluptati Quâ—…rum alteri Capitoni cogn men fuit Cic. Pastori nomen 〈◊〉 fuisse serunt Liv. Of Verbs Transitives with an Accusitive and the Exceptions thereto belonging VErbs Active or Deponent call'd Transitive because thir action passeth forth on some person or thing will have an Accusative after them of the person or thing to whom the action is done as Amo te Vitium fuge Deuâ—… venerare Usus promptos facit Juvat me Oporteâ—… te Also Verbs call'd Neuters may have an Accusative of thir own signification as Duram servit servitutem Longam ire viam Endimionâ—… somnum dormis Pastillos Rufillus olet Neâ—… vox hominem sonat Cum Glaucum saltasset Paterc Agit laetum convivam Horat. Hoc me latet But these Verbs though Transitive Misereor and Miseresco pass into a Genitive as Misererâ—… mei Somtimes into a Dative Huic misereor Sen. Dilige bonos miseresce malis Boet. Reminiscor Obliviscor Recordor and Memini somtimes also require a Genitive as Datae fidei veminisâ—…itur Memini tai Obliviscor carminis Somtime retain the Accusative as Recordor pueritiam Omnia quae curant senes meminerunt Plaut These Impersonals also interest and resert signifying to concern require a Genitive except in these Ablatives Feminine Moa tua sua nostra vestra câ—…ja And the measure of concernment is often added in these Genitives magni parvi tanti quanti with thir Compounds as Interest omnium rectè agere Tua resert teipsum nosse Vestra parvi interest But Verbs of Profiting or Disprofiting Believing Pleasing Obeying Opposing or being angry with pass into a Dative as non potes mihi commodare nec incommodare Placeo omnibus Crede mihi Nimium ne crede colori Pareo parentibus Tibi repugno Adolescenti nihil est quod succenseat But of the first and third sort Juvo adjuvo laedo offendo retain an Accusative Lastly these Transitives fungor fruor utor potior and Verbs betokening want pass direct into an Ablative Fungitur officio Aliena frui insania Utere sorte tua But fungor fruor utor had antiently an Accusative Verbs of want and potior may have also a Genitive Pecuniae indiget Quasi â—…u hujus indigeas patris Potior Urbe or Urbis Somtimes a phrase of the same signification with a single Verb may have the Case of the Verb after it as Id operam do that is to say id ago Idne estis authores mihi for id suadetis Quid mo vobis tactio est for tangitis Plaut Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem Id. The Accusative with a Genitive HItherto of Transitives governing thir Accusative or other Case in single and direct Construction Now of such as may have after them more Cases then one in Construction direct and oblique that is to say with an Accusative a Genitive Dative other Accusative or Ablative Verbs of Esteeming Buying or Selling besides thir Accusative will have a Genitive betokening the value of price flocci nihili pili hujus and the like after Verbs of Esteeming Tanti quanti pluris minoris and such like put without a Substantive after Verbs of Buying or Selling as Non hujus te aestimo Ego illum flocci pendo Aequi boni hoc facio or consulo Quanti mercatus es hunc equum Pluris quam vellem But the word of Value is somtimes in the Ablative as Parvi or parvo aestimas probitatem And the word of Price most usually As Teruncio eum non emerim And particularly in these Adjectives Vili paulo minimo magno nimio plurimo dimidio duplo put without a Substantive as Vili vendo triticum Redimete captum quà m queas miniâ—…o And somtimes minore for minoris Nam a Caelio propinqui minore centessimis nummum movere non possunt Cic. Att. l. 1. Eâ—…t Verbs Neuter or Parsive have only the oblique Cases after them as Tanti eris aliis quanti ribi 〈◊〉 Pudor parvi penditur Which is also to be observ'd in the following Rules And this Neuter Valeo governeth the word of value in the Accusativeâ—…
ACCEDENCE Commenc't GRAMMAR Supply'd with sufficient RULES For the use of such Younger or Elder as are desirous without more trouble than needs to attain the LATIN TONGUE The Elder sort especially with little Teaching and their own Industry By JOHN MILTON LONDON Printed for S. S. and are to be sold by John Starkey at the Miter in Fleet-street near Temple-bar 1669. TO THE READER IT hath been long a general complaint not without cause in the bringing up of Youth and still is that the tenth part of mans life ordinarily extended is taken up in learning and that very scarcely the Latin Tongue Which â—…ardy proficience may be attributed to several causes In particular the making two labours of one by learning first the Accedence then the Grammar in Latin ere the Language of those Rules be understood The only remedy of this was to joyn both Books into one and in the English Tongue whereby the long way is much abbreviated and the labour of understanding much more easie A work suppos'd not to have been done formerly or if done not without such difference here in brevity and alteration as may be found of moment That of Grammar touching Letters and Syllables is omitted as learnt before and little different from the English Spelling-book especially since few will be perswaded to pronounce Latin otherwise then thir own English What will not come under Rule by reason of too much variety in Declension Gender or Construction is also here omitted least the course and clearness of method be clog'd with Catalogues instead of Rules or too much interruption between Rule and Rule Which Linaker setting down the various Idiomes of many verbs was fore't to do by Alphabet and therefore though very learned not thought fit to be read in Schools But in such words a Dictionary stor'd with good Authorities will be found the readiest guide Of figurate Construction what is usefull is digested into several Rules of Syntaxis and Prosodie after this Grammar well learnt will not need to be Englisht for him who hath a mind to read it Account might be now givn what addition or alteration from other Grammars hath been here made and for what reason But he who would be short in teaching must not be long in Prefacing The Book it self follows and will declare sufficiently to them who can discern J. M. ACCEDENCE Commenc't GRAMMAR LAtin Grammar is the Art of right understanding speaking or writing Latine observd from them who have spoken or written it best Grammar hath two Parts Right-wording usually call'd Etymologie and right-joyning of words or Syntaxis Etymologie or Right-wording teacheth what belongs to every single word or part of Speech Of Latin SPEECH are Eight General Parts Declin'd Noun Pronoun Verb Participle Undeclin'd Adverb Conjunction Preposition Interjection DEclin'd are those Words which have divers endings as Homo a man hominis of a man Amo I love amas thou lovest Undeclin'd are those words which have but one ending as bene well cum when tum then Nounes Pronounes and Participles are declin'd with Gender Number and Case Verbs as hereafter in the Verb. Of Genders GEnders are three the Masculin Feminin and Neuter The Masculin may be declin'd with this Article Hic as hic Vir a Man The Feminin with this Article Haec as haec Mulier a Woman The Neuter with this Article Hoc as hoc Sâ—…um a Stone Of the Masculin are generally all Nounes belonging to the Male kind as also the Names of Rivers Months and Winds Of the Feminin all Nounes belonging to the Female kind as also the names of Countries Cities Trees some few of the two latter excepted Of Cities as Agragas and Sulmo Masculin Argos Tibur Praenâ—…ste and such as end in um Neuter Anxur both Of Trees Oleaster and Spinus Masculin but Oleaster is read also Feminin Cic. Verr. 4. Acer siler suber thus robur Neuter And of the Neuter are all Nouns not being proper Names ending in um and many others Some Nouns are of two Genders as hic or haec dies a Day and all such as may be spoken both of Male and Female as hic or haec Parens a Father or Mother some be of three as hic haec and hoc Pelix Happy Of Numbers WOrds Declin'd have two Numbers the Singular and the Plural The Singular speaketh but of one as Lapis a Stone The Plural of more then one as Lapides Stones yet sometimes but of one as Athenae the City Athens Literae an Epistle aedes aedium a House Note that some Nounes have no Singular and some no Plural as the nature of thir signification requires Some are of one Gender in the Singular of another or of two Genders in the Plural as reading will best teach Of Cases NOunes Pronounes and Participles are declin'd with six Endings which are called Cases both in the Singular and Plural Number The Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative and Ablative The Nominative is the first Case and properly nameth the thing as Liber a Book The Genitive is Englisht with this Sign of 〈◊〉 Libri of a Book The Dative with this Sign to or for as Libro to or for a Book The Accusative hath no sign The Vocative calleth or speaketh to as O Liber O Book and is commonly like the Nominative But in the Neuter Gender the Nominative Accusative and Vocative are like in both Numbers and in the Plural end alwayes in a. The Ablative is Englisht with these Signs in with of for from by and such like as dâ—… Libro of or from the Book pro Libro for the Book And the Ablative Plural is alwayes like the Dative Note that some Nouns have but one ending throughout all Cases as Frugi nequam nihil and all words of number from three to a hundred aâ—… quatuor four quinque five c. Some have but one some two some three Cases only in the Singular or Plural as use will best teach Of a Noune A Noune is the Name of a thing as Manus a Hand Doâ—… a House Bonus Good Pulchâ—…r Fair. Nounes be Substantives or Adjectives A Noun Substantive is understood by it self as homo a man domus a house An Adjective to be well understood requireth a Substantive to be joyn'd with it as bonus good parvus little which cannot be well understood unless somthing good or little be either nam'd as bonus vir a good man parvus puer a little boy or by use understood as honestum an honest thing boni good men The Declining of Substantives NOunes Substantive have five Declensions or forms of ending thir Cases chiefly distinguisht by the different ending of thir Genitive Singular The first Declension THe first is when the Genitive and Dative singular end in ae c. as in the Example following Singular Plural Nom. Voc. Abl. musa Nom. Voc. musae Gen. Dat. musae Gen. musar um Acc. musam Dat. Abl. musâ—…s  Acc. Musas This one word familia joyn'd with pater mater filius or filia
bona Arcus calami quae fregisti Pulcritudinem constantiam ordinem in Consiliis factisque conservanda putà t Cic. Off. 1. Ira aegritudo permista sunt Sal. Note that the Infinitive Mood or any part of a Sentence may be instead of a Nominative Case to the Verb or of a Substantive to the Adjective or of an Antecedent to the Relative and then the Adjective or Relative shall be of the Neuter Gender And if there be more parts of a Sentence then one the Verb shall be in the plural number Diluculo surâ—…ere saluberrimum est Virtutem sequi vita est honestissima Audito proconsulem in Ciliciam tendere In tempore veni quod omnium rerum est primum Tu multum dormis saepe potas quae duo sunt corpori inimica Somtimes also an Adverb is put for the Nominative Case to a Verb and for a Substantive to an Adjective as Partim signorum sunt combustâ—… Propè centies vicies erogatum est Cic. verr 4. Somtimes also agreement whether it be in Gender or Number is grounded on the sense not on the words as Illum senium for illum senem Iste scelus for iste scelestus Ter. Transtulit in Eunuchum suam meaning Comaediam Ter. Pars magna obligati meaning Homines Liv. Impliciti laqueis nudus uterque for Ambo Ov. Alter in alterius jactantes lumina vultus Ovid. that is Alter alter Insperanti ipsa refers te nobis for mihi Catul. Disco omnâ—… Virg. Aen. 2. for tu quisquis es Duo importuna prodigia quos egestas tribuno plebis constrictos addixâ—…rat Cic. pro Sest Pars mersi tenuere ratem Rhemus cum fratre Quirino jura dabâ—…nt Virg. that is Rhemus fratâ—… Quirinus Divillimur inde Iphitus Pelias 〈◊〉 Virg. Construction of Substantives HItherto of Concord or agreement the other part followeth which is Governing whereby one part of Speech is govern'd by another that is to say is put in such Case or Mood as the word that governeth or goeth before in construction requireth When two Substantives come together betokening divers things whereof the former may be an Adjective in the Neuter Gender taken for a Substantive the latter which also may be a Pronoun shall be in the Genitive Case as Facundia Ciceronis Amator studiorum Ferimur per opaca locorum Corruptus vanis rerum Hor. Desiderium tui Pater ejus Somtimes the former Substantive as this word Officium or Mos is understood as Oratoris est It is the part of an Oratour Extremae est dementiae It is the manner of extream madness Ignavi est It is the quality of a sloathful man Ubi ad Dianae veneris Templum is understood Justitiaene prius mirer belline laborum Virg. Understand Causâ Neque illi sepositi Ciceris neque longae invidit avenae Hor. Supply partem But if both the Substantives be spoken of one thing which is call'd apposition they shall be both of the same case as Pâ—…ter meus vir amat me puerum Words that signifie Quality following the Substantive whereof they are spoken may be put â—…n the Genitive or Ablative Case as Puer bonae indolis or bona indole Some have a Genitive only as Ingentis Rex nominis Liv. Decem annorum puer Hujusmodi pax Hujus generis animal But genus is sometimes in the Accusative as Si hoc genus rebus non proficitur Varr. de re rust And the cause or manner of a thing in the Ablative only as Sum tibi natura parens preceptor consiliis Opus and Usus when they signifie Need require an Ablative as Opus est mihi tuo judicio Vigintâ—… minis usus est filio But Opus is somtimes taken for an Adjective undeclin'd and signifieth Needful as Dux nobis Author opus est Alia quae opus sunt para Construction of Adjectives Governing a Genitive ADjectives that signifie Desire Knowledge Ignorance Remembrance Forgetfulness and such like as also certain others deriv'd from Verbs and ending in ax require a Genitive as Cupidus auri Peritus belli Ignarus omnium Mâ—…mor praeteriti Reus surti Tenax propositi Tempus edax rerum Adjectives call'd Nouns Partitive because they signifie part of some whole quantity or number govern the word that signifieth the thing parted or divided in the Genitive as Aliquis nostâ—…um Primus omnium Aurium mollior est sinistra Oratorum eloquentissimus And oft in the Neuter Gender as Multum lucri Id negotii Hoc noctis Sometimes though seldom a word signifying the whole is read in the same Case with the Partitive as Habet duos gladios quibus altero te occisurum minatur altero villicum Plaut For Quorum altero Magnum opus habeo in manibus quod jampridem ad hunc ipsum me autem dicebat quaedam institui Cic. Acad. 1. Quod quaedam for cujus quaedam A Dative ADjectives that betoken Profit or Disprofit Likeness or Unlikeness Fitness Pleasure Submitting or Belonging to any thing require a Dative as Labor est utilis corpori Aequalis Hectori Idoneus bello Jucundus omnibus Parenti supplex Mihiproprium But such as betoken Profit or Disprofit have somtimes an Accusative with a Preposition as Homo ad nullam partem utilis Cic. Inter se aequales And some Adjectives signifying Likeness Unlikeness or Relation may have a Genitive Par hujus Ejus culpae affines Domini similis es Commune onimantium est conjunctionis appetitus Alienum dignitatis ejus Cic. Fin. 1. Fuit hoc quondam proprium populi Romani longè a domo bollare But propior and proximus admit somtimes an Accusative as proximus Pompeium sedebam Cic. An Accusative NOuns of Measure are put after Adjectives of like signification in the Accusative and somtimes in the Ablative as Turris alta centum pedes Arbor lata tres digitos Liber crassus tres pollices or tribus pollicibus Somtimes in the Genitive as Areas latas pedum denûm facito All words expressing part or Parts of a thing may be put in the Accusative or somtimes in the Ablative as Saucius frontem or fronte Excepto quòd non simul esses caetera laetus Hor. Nudapedom Ov. Os humerosque deo similis Virg. Somtimes in the Genitive as Dubius mentis An Ablative ADjectives of the Comparative degree englisht with this sign then or by as also Dignus Indignus Praeditus Contentus and these words of Price Carus vilis require an Ablative as Frigidior glacie Multo doctior Uno pede altior Dignus honore Virtute praeditus Sorte sua contentus Asse charum But of Comparatives plus amplius and minus may govern a Genitive also a Nominative or an Accusative as Plus quinquaginta hominum Amplius duorum millium Ne plus tertia pars eximatur mellis Varro Paulo plus quingentos passus Ut ex sua cujusque parte nâ—… minus dimidium ad fratrem perveniret Cic. Verr. 4. And Dignus Indignus have somtimes a Genitive
which somtimes is formd after Greek words of the First Declension Latin Perseus or Perses Persae Persae Persen Persae Persa The fourth Declension THe fourth is when the Genitive Singular endeth in us the Dative Singular in ui and somtimes in u Plural in ibus and sometimes in ubus Sing Plur. Nom. Gen. Vo. Sensus Nom. Ac Voc. Sensus Dat. sensui Gen. sensuum Acc. sensum Dat. Abl sensibus Abl. sensu  The fourth Declension hath two endings us and u us generally Masculin except some few as haec manus ficus the fruit of a tree acus porticus tribus but penus and specus hic or haec U of the Neuter as gelu genu veru but in the Singular most part defective Proper Names in os and o long pertaining to the Fourth Declension Greek may belong best to the fourth in Latin as Androgeos Gen. Androgeo Acc. Androgeon Hic Athos hunc Atho Virg. Haec Sappho Gen. Sapphus Acc. Sappho Better Authors follow the Latin form as Dido didonis didonem But Iesus Iesu Iesu Iesum Iesu Iesu. The fifth Declension THe fifth is when the Genitive and Dative Singular end in ei c. Sing Plur. Nom. Voc. Res Nom. Acc. Voc. res Gen. Dat. rei Gen. rerum Acc. rem Dat. Abl. rebus Abl. re  All Nounes of the fifth Declension are of the Feminin Gender except dies hic or haec and his Compound meridies hic only Some Nounes are of more Declensions then one as vas vasis of the third in the Singular of the second in the Plural vasa vasorum Colus laurus and some others of the second and fourth Saturnalia saturnalium or saturnaliorum saturnalibus and such other names of feasts PoeÌ„mata poeÌ„matum Poëmatis or poëmatibus of the second and third Plural Plebs of the third and fifth plebis or plebei The declining of Adjectives A Noun Adjective is declin'd with three Terminations or with three Articles An Adjective of three terminations is declin'd like the first and second Declension of Substantives joyn'd together after this manner Sing Plur. Nom. bonus bona bonum Nom. Vo. boni bonae bona Gen. boni bonae boni Gen. bonorum bonarum bonorum Dat. bono bonae bono Dat. Abl. bonis Ac. bonum bonam bonum Ac. bonos bonas bona Voc. bone bona bonum  Abl. bono bona bono  In like manner those in er and ur as sacer sacra sacrum satur satura saturum but unus totus solus alius alter ullus uter â—…ith their compounds Neuter uterque and the like make thir Genitive Singular in in s the Dative in i as Unus una unum Gen. unius Dat. uni in all the rest like bonus save that olius maketh in the Neuter Gender aliud and in the Dative alii and somtimes in the Genitive Ambo and duo be thus declin'd in the plural only Nom. Voc. Ambo ambae ambo Gen. amborum ambarum amborum Dat. Abl. Ambobus ambabus ambobus Acc. ambos or ambo ambas ambo Adjectives of three Articles have in the Nominative either one ending as hic haec hoc felix or two as hic haec tristis hoc triste and are declin'd like the Third Declension of Substantives as followeth Sing Plur. Nom. hic haec hoc Felix Nom. hi hae felices haec felicia Gen. felicis Gen. felicium Dat. felici Dat. Abl. felicibus Acc. hunc hanc felicem hoc felix Acc. hos has felices haec felicia Voc. ô felix Voc. ô felices ô felicia Abl. felice or felici  Sing Plur. No. hic haec tristis hoc triste Nom. hi hae tristes haec tristio Gen. tristis Gen. tristium Dat. Abl. tristi Dat. Abl. tristibus Acc. hunc hanc tristâ—… hoc triste Acc. hos has tristes haec tristia Voc. ô tristis ô triste Voc. ô tristes ô tristia There be also another sort which have in the Nominative Case three Terminations and three Articles as hic acer hic haec acris hoc acre In like manner be declined equester volucer and some few others being in all other cases like the Examples beforegoing Comparisons of Nounes ADjectives whose signification may increase or be diminish't may form Comparison whereof there be two degrees above the positive word it self The Comparative and Superlative The Positive signifieth the thing it self without comparing as durus hard The Comparative exceedeth his Positive in signification compar'd with some other as durior harder and is formd of the first Case of his Positive that endeth in i by putting thereto or and us as of duri hic haec durior hoc durius of dulci dulcior dulcius The Superlative exceedeth his Positive in the highest degree as durissimus hardest and it is formd of the first case of his Positive that endeth in is by putting thereto simus as of duris durissimus dulcis dulcissimus If the Positive end in er the Superlative is formd of the Nominative case by putting to rimus as pulcher pulcherrimus Like to these are vetus veterrimus maturus maturimus but dexter dextimus and sinister sinisterior sinistimus All these Nouns ending in lis make the Superlative by changing is into limus as humilis sunilis facilis gracilis agilis docilis docillimus All other Nounes ending in lis do follow the general Rule as utilis utilissimus Of these Positives following are formd a different sort of Superlatives of superus supremus and summus inferus infimus and imus exterus extimus and extremus posterus postremus Some of these want the Positive and are form'd from Adverbs of intra interior intimus ultra ulterior ultimus citra citerior citimus pridenâ—… prior primus prope propior proximus Others from Positives without Case as nequam nequior nequissimus Some also from no Positive as ocior ocissimus Some want the Comparative as novus novissimus sacer sacerrimus Some the Superlative as senex senior juvenis junior adolâ—…scens adolescentior Some ending in us frame thir Comparative as if they ended in eâ—…s benevolus maledicus magnificus magnificentior magnificentissimus These following are without Rule Bonus melior optimus Malus pejor pessimus Magnus major maxiâ—… Porvus minor minimus Multus plurimus multa plurima multum plus plurimum If a Vowel come before us it is compared with magis and maximè as pius magis pius maximè pius idoneus magis and maximè idoneus Yet some of these follow the general Rule as Assiduus assiduissimus strenuus strenuior exiguus exiguissimus tenuis tenuior tenuissimus Of a Pronoun A Pronoun is a part of Speech that standeth for a Noun Substantive either at present or before spoken of as ille he or that hic this qui who There be Ten Pronounes Ego tu suâ—… ille pse iste hic is qui and quis besides their
sum Liber libuit and libitum est Licet liâ—…uit licitum Pudet puduit puditum Piget piguit pigitum Taedet teduit pâ—…rtaesum est and this Deponent Meâ—…eor mâ—…rui and meritus sum These Neuters following like Passives have no other Preterperfect Tense but by this Participle Gaudeo gâ—…isus sum fido fisus audeo ausus fio factâ—… soleo solitus sum These Deponents also form this Participle from Supines irregular Labor lapsus patior passus perpetior perpessus fateor fassus confâ—…eor diffiteor diffessus gradior gressus ingredior ingressus fatiâ—…or fessus metior mensus utor usus ordior to spin orditus to begin orsus nitor nisus and nixus â—…iscor ultus irascor iratus reorratus obliviscor oblitus fruor fructus or fruitus miserior misertus tuor and tueor tuitus loquor locutus sequor secutus experior expertus paciscor pactus â—…anciscor nactus apiscor aptus adipiscor adeptus queror questus proficiscor profectus expergiscor experrectus comminiscor commentus nascor natus morior mortuus orior ortus sum A Participle of the Future Passive is formd of the Gerund in dum by changing m into s as of laudandum laudandus to be praisd of habendum habendus c. And likewise of this Participle with the Verb Sum may be formd the same Tenses in the Passive which were form'd with the Participle of the Preterperfect Tense as laudandus sum or fui c. Infinit Laudandum esse or fore Of Verbs Deponent come Participles both of the Active and Passive form as loquor loquens locutus locuturus loquendus whereof the Participle of the Preter Tense signifieth somtimes both Actively and Passively as dignatus testatus meditatus and the like Of an Adverb AN Adverb is a part of Speech ioynd with some other to explain its signification as valdè probus very honest benè est it is well valdè doctus very learned benè mane early in the morning Of Adverbs some be of Time as hodiè to day Cras to morrow c. Some be of Place as Ubi where ibi there c. And of many other sorts needless to be here set down Certain Adverbs also are compar'd as Doctâ—… learnedly doctiùs doctissimè fortiter fortiùs fortissimè saepe saepius saepissime and the like Of a Conjunction A Conjunction is a part of Speech that joyneth Words and Sentences together Of conjunctions some be Copulative as 〈◊〉 and quoque also nec neither Some be Disjunctive as aut or Some be Causal as nom for quia because and many such like Adverbs when they Govern Mood and Tense and joyn Sentences together as cum ubi postquam and the like are rather to be call'd Conjunctions Of a Preposition A Preposition is a part of Speech most commonly either set before Nouns in Apposition as ad patrem or joyn'd with any other words in Composition as indoctus These six di dis re se am con are not read but in Composition As Adverbs having Cases after them may be call'd Prepositions so Prepositions having none may be counted Adverbs Of an Interjection AN Interjection is a part of Speech expressing some passion of the mind Some be of sorrow as heu hei Some be of marvelling as papae Some of disdaining as vah Some of praising as euge Some of exclaiming as ô proh and such like Figures of Speech WOrds are somtimes encreast or diminisht by a Letter or Syllable in the beginning middle or ending which are call'd Figures of Speech Encreast In the beginning as Gnatus for Natus Tetuli for tuli Prothesis In the middle as Rettulit for Retulit Cinctutus for Cinctus Epenthesis In the end as Dicier for dici Paragoge Diminisht In the beginning as Ruit for Eruit Apherisis In the middle as Audiit for Audivit Dixti for dixisti â—…amna for lamina Syncope In the end as Consâ—…i for consilii scin for scisne Apocope The second part of Grammar commonly called Syntaxis or Construction HItherto the Eight Parts of speech Declin'd and Undeclin'd have been spoken of single and each one by it self Now followeth Syntaxis or Construction which is the right joyning of these parts together in a Sentence Construction consisteth either in the agreement of words together in Number Gender Case and Person which is call'd Concord or the governing of one the other in such Case or Mood as is to follow Of the Concords THere be Three Concords or Agreements The First is of the Adjective with his Substantive The Second is of the Verb with his Nominative Case The Third is of the Relative with his Antecedent An Adjective under which is comprehended both Pronoun and Participle with his Substantive or Substantives a Verb with his Nominative Case or Cases and a Relative with his Antecedent or Antecedents agree all in number and the two latter in person also as Amicus certus Viri docti Praeceptor praelegit vos vero negligitis Xenophon Plato fuere aequales Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur Pater Praeceptor veniunt Yea though the Conjunction be disjunctive as Quos neque dâ—…sidia neque luxuria vitiarant Celsus Pater Praeceptor quos quaeritis But if a Verb singular follow many Nominatives it must be applyed to each of them apart as Nisi foro curiae officium ac verecundia sua constiterit Val. max. An Adjective with his Substantive and a Relative with his Antecedent agree in Gender and Case but the Relative not in case alwayes being oft-times govern'd by other constructions as Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur Liber quem dedisti mihi And if it be a Participle serving the Infinitive Mood future it oft-times agrees not with the Substantive neither in Gender nor in Number as Hanc sibi rem praesidio sperat futurum Cic. Audierat non datum ire filio Uxorem Terent. Omnia potius actum iri puto quam de provinciis Cic. But when a Verb cometh between two Nominative cases not of the same number or a Relative between two Substantives not of the same Gender the Verb in Number and the Relative in Gender may agree with either of them as Amantium irae amoris integratio est Quid enim nisi vota supersunt Tuentur illum globum qui terra dicitur Animal plenum rationis quâ—…m vocamus hominem Lutetia est quam nos Parisios dicimus And if the Nominative cases be of several persons or the Substantives and Antecedents of several Genders the Verb shall agree with the second person before the third and with the first before either And so shall the Adjective or Relative in thir Gender as Ego tu sumus in tuto Tu Pater periclitamini Pater Mater mortui sunt Frater Soror quos vidisti But in things that have not life an Adjective or Relative of the Neuter Gender may agree with Substantives or Antecedents Masculin or Feminin or both together as Arcus calami sunt
as Denarii dicti quod denes aeris valebant Varr. Verbs of admonishing accusing condemning acquitting will have besides thir Accâ—…sative a Genitive of the Crime or 〈◊〉 or Thing aâ—… Admonuit me errati Accusas me 〈◊〉 â—…em scâ—…leris damnat Furem dâ—…pli 〈◊〉 And somtimes an Ablative with a preposition or without â—…s Condemnsbo eodem ego to 〈◊〉 Accusas furti an stuâ—…ri an utroque De repetundis accusavit or dâ—…mnavit Cic. Also these impersonals poenitet taedet miseret miserescit pudet piget to thir Accusative will have a Genitive either of the person or of the thing as Nostri noâ—…met poenitet Urbis me taedet Miseret â—…e tui Pudet me negligentiae An Accusative with a Dative VErbs of Giving or Restoring Promising or Paying Commanding or Shewing Trusting or Threatning add to thir Accusative a Dative of the person as Fortuna multis nimium dâ—… dit Haec tibi promitto Aes alienum mihi numeravit Frumentum imperat civitatibus Qâ—…id cui dicas videto Hoc tibi suadeo Tibi or ad te sâ—…ribo Pecuniam omnem tibi credo Utrique mortem minatuâ—… est To these add Verbs Active compounded with hese prepositions prae ad ab con de ex ante sub post ob in and inter as Praecipio hoc tibi Admovit urbi 〈◊〉 Collegae suo imperium abrogavit Sic parvis componere magna solebam Neuters have a dative only as Meis majoribus virtute praeluxi But some compounded with prae and ante may have an accusative as Praestat ingenio alius alium Multos anteit sapientia Oâ—…hers with a Preposition as Quae ad ventris victum conducunt In haec studia incumbite Cic. Also all Verbs Active betokening acquisition likening or relation commonly englisht with to or for have to thir accusative a dative of the person as Magnam laudem sibi peperit Huic habeo non tibi Se illis aequarunt Expedi mihi hoc negotium but mihi tibi sibi somtimes are added for Elâ—…gance the sense not requiring as Suo hunc sibi iugulâ—…t gladio Terent Neuters a dative only as Non omnibus dormio Libet mihi Tibi licet Somtimes a Verb Transitive will have to his accusative a double dative one of the person another of the thing as Do tibi vestem pignori Verto hoc tibi vitio Hoc tu tibi laudi duâ—… A double Accusative VErbs of asking teaching arraying and concealing will have two accusatives one of the person another of the thing as Rogo is pecuniam Doceo te literas Quod te jamdudum hâ—…rtor Induit se calceos Hoc me celâ—…bas And being Passives they retain one accusative of the thing as Sumptumque recingitur anguem Ovid. Met. 4. Induitur togam Mart. But Verbs of arraying somtimes change the one accusative into an ablative or dative as Induo to tunica or tibi tunicam Instravit equum penula oâ—… eque penulam An Accusative with an Ablative VErbs Transitives may have to thir accusative an ablative of the instrument or cause matter or manner of doing and Neuters the ablative only As Ferit eum gladio Taceo metu Maâ—…is gaudâ—… alienis Summa eloquentia causam egit Capitolium saâ—…o quadrato substructum est Tuo consilio niâ—… 〈◊〉 panâ—… Affluis opibus Amore abundas Somtimes with a Preposition of the manner as Summa â—…um humanitate me tractavit Verbs of endowing imparting depriving discharging filling emptying and the like will have an ablative and somtimes a genitive as Dono te â—…oc 〈◊〉 Plurima salute â—…e impertit Aliquem 〈◊〉 suo sermone participavit Paternum servum â—…ui participavit consilii Interdico tibi aqua igni â—…ibero â—…e hoc metu Implâ—…ntur veteris Bacchi Also Verbs of comparing or exceeding will have an ablative of the excess as Praefero hunc â—…ultis gradibus Magno intervallo eum superat After all manner of Verbs the word signifying any part of a thing may be put in the gènitive accusative or ablative as Absurdè facis qui angas 〈◊〉 animi Pâ—…et animi Disâ—…rucior animi Desipit â—…entis Condeâ—… dentes Rubet capillos Aegrotâ—…t aniâ—… magu quà m corpors Nouns of Time and Place after Verbs NOuns betokening part of time be put after Verbs in the ablative and somtimes in the accusative as Nocte vigilas luce dormis Nullam partem noctis requiescit Cic. Abhinc triennium ex Andro comigravit Tit. Respondit triduo illum ad summum quatriduo periturum Cic. Or if continuance of time in the accusative somtimes in the Ablative as Sexaginta annos natus Hyemem totam stertis Imperium deponere maluerunt quam id tenere punctum temporis contra Religionem Cic. Imperavit triennio decem mensibus Suet. Somtimes with a Preposition as Ferè in diebus paucis quibus haec acta sunt Ter. Rarely with a genitive as Temporis angusti mansit concordia discors Lucan Also Nouns betokening Space between places are put in the accusative and somtimes in the ablative as Pedem hinc ne discesseris Abest ab Uybe quingentis milibus passuum Terra marique gentibus imperavit Nouns that signifie Place and also proper Names of greater places as Countries be put after Verbs of moving or remaining with a Preposition signifying to from in or by in such case as the Preposition requireth as Proficiscor ab Urbo Vivit in Anglia Veni per Galliam in Italiam But if it be the Proper Name of a Lesser Place as of a City Town or Lesser Island or any of these four Humus Domus Militia Bellum with these signs on in or at before them being of the first or second Declension and singular number they shall be put in the genitive if of the third Declension or Plural Number or this word rus in the dative or ablative as Vixit Romae Londini Ea habitabat â—…hodi Conon plurimum Cypri vixit Cor. Nep. proâ—…bit 〈◊〉 bos Domi bellique simul viximus Militavit Carthagini or Carthagine Sâ—…duit Athenis Ruri or rure educatus est If the Verb of moving be to a Place it shall be put in the accusative as Eo Romam Domum Ruâ—… If from a Place in the ablative as Discessie Londino Abiiâ—… Domo Rure est reversui Somtimes with a Preposition as A Brundisio profectus est Cic. Manil. Ut ab Athenis in Boeotianâ—… trem Sulpit. apud Cic. Fam. l. 4. Cum te profectum ab domoscirem Liv. l. 8. Construction of Passives A Verb Passive will have after it an ablative of the doer with the Preposition a or ab before it somtimes without and more often a dative as Virgilius legitur a me Fortes creantur sortibus Hor. Tibi sama petatur And Neutropassives as Vapulo veneo liceo exulo 〈◊〉 may have the same Construction as Ab hoste â—…enire Somtimes an accusative of the thing is found after a Passive as Coronari Olympia Hor. Epist. I. Cyclâ—… movetur Hor. for saltaâ—…