in the Plural Number A. The Adjective the denotes one or more things particularly known or supposed to be known and therefore can be said in both Numbers as the boy or the boys Note The Adjective this makes these in the Plural Number that makes those self makes selves The Adjective who makes whose or of whom in the Genitive Singular the Dative to whom the Ablative from whom and so Plurally Q. The Adjectives he she it are thus Declined A. Nom. Sing He Gen. his or of him Dat. to him Abl from him Nom. Sing She Gen. hers or of her or her Dat. to her Abl. from her Accus her Nom. Sing It Gen. It s or of it Dat. to it Abl. from it Accus it He She It have the same Plural Number Nom. Plur. They Gen. their theirs or of them Dat. to them Abl. from them Accus them Of Comparison Q. How are Adjectives distinguisht in respect of Comparison A. Adjectives in respect of Comparison are distinguished into Compárable and incompárable Q. What is a comparable Adjective A. A Comparable or Positive Adjective is that whose Signification can be increased as hard soft long short Q. How may one know a comparable or Positive Adjective A Every Adjective that in good Sense admits before it the Particles more most or very is a Comparable or Positive Adjective thus I know hard is a Positive Adjective because I can say in good Sense more hard most hard very hard Q. What Adjectives are formed from Positive Adjectives A. From Positive Adjectives are formed Comparative and Superlative Adjectives Q. What is a Comparative Adjective A. A Comparative Adjective is that which signifies the same as the Positive with the Particle more before it as harder which is the same as more hard Q. How is the comparative formed in English A. The Comparative is formed in English by adding the Termination er to the Positive as harder softer longer shorter c. Q. What is a Superlative Adjective A. A Superlative Adjective is that which signifies the same as the Positive with the Particle most before it as hardest which is the same as most hard Q. How is the Superlative formed in English A. The Superlative is formed in English by adding the Termination est to the Positive as hardest softest longest shortest c. Q. Are there not some Comparative and Superlative Adjctives formed irregularly A. The Positive Adjectives good bad little much form their Comparatives and Superlatives irregularly as Good better best bad worse worst little less least much more most Note To Compare an Adjective in Grammar is to give the Comparative and Superlative of it as hard harder hardest The Grammarians call them the three degrees of Comparison as for Example hard is of the Positive degree harder of the Comparative degree and hardest of the Superlative degree Q. What is an incomparable Adjective A. An Incomparable Adjective is that whose Signification cannot be encreafed and admits not before it in good Sense the Particles more most or very as all some any c. I cannot say in good Sense more all most all or very all Observations on some Adjectives Much makes many in the Plural Number Much with a Substantive of the Plural Number denotes a great quantity as much wine for a great quantity of wine Many with a Substantive of the Plural Number signifies a great Number as many men for a great Number of Men. Many a man is a barbabarism first used among the Vulgar for many men More with a Substantive of the Singular Number signifies a greater quantity as more wine or a greater quantity of wine More with a Substantive Plural signifies a a greater number as more men or a greater number of men Most with a Substantive Singular denotes the greatest quantity as most of the wine or the greatest part of the wine Most with a Substantive Plural denotes the greatest number as most men or the greatest number of men All with a Substantive Singular denotes the whole quantity as all the wine or the whole quantity of the wine All with a a Substantive Plural denotes the whole number as all the Children for the whole number of the Children Note Every is only said with a Substantive Singular as every man not every men Enough with a Substantive Singular denotes a sufficient quantity as enough of wine or a sufficient quantity of wine In the Plural Number it is enow and denotes a sufficient number as I have Books enow or a sufficient number of Books Who is usually said of Persons which of things and sometimes of Persons The Interrogative who or which asks the Question â—n individual things as who is there Ans Peter The Interrogative what asks the Question on the kind or Quality of things and also on the order of a thing as what is that Ans It is a Book What art thou in the order of number Ans the first second third c. When the Adjective no is without a Substantive expressed after it we say none as for Example Is there no wine there is none Of Verbs Q. What is a Verb A. A Verb is a Word that signifies the Action Passion or Being of a thing Q. How shall one know a Verb A. Every word that can be Conjugated in good Sense with a Substantive of the Nominative Case before it and without a Nominative Case before it cannot make Sense is a Verb. As the Words teach read run c. Q. How do you know the word Teach is a Verb A. I know the word teach is a Verb because I can Conjugate it in good Sense thus I teach thou teachest he teacheth we teach ye teach they teach Q. How are Verbs distinguished as to their Signification A. Verbs as to their Signification are distinguished into Active Passive and Neuter Q. What is a Verb Active A. A Verb Active is that which denotes the Action or doing of its subject or Nominative Case and admits after it in good Sense the Accusative Case of its object or thing it acts upon As for Example I call thee I call him I call her But if I say I call thou I call he I call she it is non sense because these are Nominatives not Accusatives Q. How shall one know a Verb Active A. Every Verb that admits the Auxiliaries do or did before it in good Sense is a Verb Active as I stand or I do stand I sit or I do sit Q. How is a Verb Active distinguished in respective of its Object or Accusative Case A. A Verb Active in respect of its Object or Accusative Case is distinguished into Transitive and Intransitive Q. What is a Verb Active Transitive A. A Verb Active Transitive is that which admits Various Objects or which is the same Various Accusatives As for Example I know the Verb read is Active Transitive because I can say in good Sense I read a Book I read a Letter I read the Bible I read my Lesson Q. What is a Verb
is the Nominative Case it usually comes after the Verb and then the Adjective it comes before the Verb as for example It grieves me much that thou art idle or that thou art idle grieves me much 3ly When the Nominative is put indefinitely it usually comes after the Verb and then we put the indefinite Particle there before it as there came a Man to our House Q. Is not the Nominative of the Subject sometimes supprest A. The Nominative of the Subject is often supprest after the second Person Singular and Plural of the Imperative as go for go thou or go ye 2ly Before Verbs of Nature and then we put it before the Verb as it rains it grows Night Of the Nominative of the Predicate Q. What is the Nominative of the Predicate A. The Nominative of the Predicate is that which is said of the Nominative of the Subject as I am he thou art she those are they not I am him thou art her those are them Q. May not the Nominative come after other Verbs A. The Nominative may come after any other Verb by a suppression of the substantive Verb or its Participles Q. After what Verbs does the Nominative most usually come A. The Nom. comes most usually after intransitive Verbs and Passive Verbs of calling esteeming judging and others which therefore may improperly be called copulative Verbs as I am called Peter thou art esteemed to be an honest Man My Father returned being angry Q. How shall one know when a Substantive or Adjective that comes after a Verb is in the Nom. Case A. When a Substantive or Adjective comes after any Verb it is in the Nom. Case if it belong to the Nom. before the Verb as I went to bed sick or being sick the Child died young or being young Q. How may one know the Nom. of the Predicate from the Nom. of the Subject A. In order of nature the Nom. of the Predicate comes after the copulative Verb but oftentimes the natural order of Predication is changed by which the sense and meaning of Authors is often mistaken and perverted Yet the Predicate may be easily known from the Subject whether it be before or after the Verb because it is always a superior or more common Substantive than the Subject or at least equal to it never inferior or less common Q. How shall one know the superior Substantive A. That is always the superior Substantive that can in good sense be affirmed of the inferior and of more things but not contrary wise Thus all common Nouns are superior to the personal Substantives I and thou and all proper Names and all other individuals and more common Nouns superior to less commons Nouns as London is a City an Oak is a Tree a Sparrow is a Bird not contrary wise a City is London a Tree is an Oak a Bird is a Sparrow because there are more Citys than London more Trees than Oaks and more Birds than Sparrows Q. When is the Predicate equal to the Subject A. The Predicate is equal to the Subject when they can be mutually affirmed of one another and one cannot be said of more things than the other as every extended Substance is a Body and every Body is an extended Substance every Man is a rational Creature every rational Creature is a Man Of the Vocative Q. What is the construction of the Vocative A. The Vocative is no part of the Sentence but only the Person to whom the Sentence is addrest and therefore depends upon no other word in the Sentence Q Of what Person is the Vocative A. The Vocative is always of the second Person Singular or Plural Note Persons or intelligent Beings properly have the Vocative Case because they only can be spoken to yet other things are sometimes spoken to as if they were Persons and then we give them the Vocative Case Q. Is not the Voc. governed of the Interjection O? A. The Voc. is not governed of the Interjection O tho it be sometimes put before the Voc. in Exclamation as it may also be before any other word Of the Gentive of the Possessor Q. Of what is the Gen. of the Possessor govern'd A. The Genitive of the Possessor is governed of some possessed Substantive either exprest or understood as the Word of God the Life of Man Q. Is not a possessive Adjective often substituted for the Gen. of the Possessor A. A Possessive Adjective being nothing else but the Gen. of the Possessor under the form of an Adjective is elegantly substituted for the Gen. of its Primitive made by of to avoid ambiguity as my hand or the hand of me God's Word or the Word of God Note The possessive Adjectives my thy his her our your their are almost always used instead of their Primitive Genitives made by of when Possession is signified as my House thy Book our Town your Coun try not the House of me the Book of thee the Town of us the Country of you Q. When the Genitive of the Possessor is express'd in several words where must s or es Possessive be added A. When the Gen. of the Possessor is express'd in several words they are taken as one aggregate Substantive and s or es Possessive added to the last word as the King of England 's Court Julius Caesar Scaliger 's Book The Genitive of the Object Q. Of what is the Genitive of the Object governed A. The Gen. of the Object is governed of a verbal Substantive of an active Signification as the reading of the Bible the Salvation of a Sinner a lover of his Country c. Note The Gen. of the Possessor and the Gen. of the Object are sometimes governed of the same verbal Substantive as God's care of his Creatures Note My love is that which I possess and wherewith I love another the love of me is that of which I am the Object and with which another loves me Of the Genitive of the greater Number Q. Of what is the Genitive of the greater number governed A. The Genitive of the greater number is governed of some partitive Adjective as one of the Sisters the best of the Boys Note The Genitive of the greater number is always Plural except it be a collective Noun as the best of the People the worst of the City Note That Partition of the greater number is sometimes made by the Preposition among as the wisest among them or the wisest of them Q. What is a Collective Noun A. A Collective Noun or a Noun of multitude Singular is that which in the Singular number contains many Individuals as a Nation a City c. Q. What Adjectives are Partitive A. Almost all Adjectives may be used partitively but especially interrogative numeral comparative and superlative Adjectives The Genitive of the greater Quantity Q. Of what is the Genitive of the greater Quantity govern'd A. The Gen. of the greater Quantity is governed of some Substantive signifying a lesser Quantity and oftentimes an Adjective of Quantity
Adjective is always the Predicate after it tho it go before it as who am I but when the Substantive Verb is in the Imperative the Nominative of the Predicate follows the Nominative of the Subject after it as be thou good Note There is no need of a Point of Interrogation after an interrogative Sentence where the Interrogative Verb is exprest Of a Disjunctive Sentence Q. What is a Disjunctive Sentence A. A Disjunctive Sentence is that which has in it the Disjunctive Particle or either neither Q. How is a Disjunctive Sentence contracted A. A Disjunctive Sentence is contracted by suppressing the Nominative and the Verb in the Subjunctive Member as I have Money or I have Goods contracted I have Money or Goods Of a Period Q. What is a Period A. A Period is a circuit or round of Words wherein the sense is not only perfect but fully finish'd without any following words depending on it Q. What are the Members of a Period A. The Members of a Period are two compound Sentences and sometimes three rarely four some lesser Periods consist only of one Member or of one and a half that is of one Compound Sentence and one single Sentence depending upon it Of the Figurative Construction of Words Q. Is not the Sense of a Sentence often obscure and ambiguous A. Besides the ambiguity of a single word by reason of its various significations the sense of a whole Sentence is often liable to be mistaken by reason of the various Transpositions Suppressions and Substitutions used in English and all learned Languages Of Transposition Q. What is Transposition A. Transposition is the placing of words in a Sentence out of the natural order of Construction that is in putting words before which should come after and words after which should go before Q. Why are words transposed in a Sentence A. Words are transposed in a Sentence to please the Ear by making the contexture of words more harmonious elegant and agreeable for in the natural order it often happens that the pronunciation is very rough and inelegant because of the concurrence of rough Consonants or of hiant or gaping Vowels or some other harsh conjuncture of words but where the natural order is smooth and grateful to the ear the words ought not to be transposed unless in Poetry when the necessity of the Verse requires it Note Many of the Romans too much affecting this kind of elegancy have greatly clouded and obscur'd their sense as if they design'd not to be understood or at least to puzzle their Readers with their intricate and perplex'd Contextures Of Suppression call'd in Greek Ellipsis Q. What is Suppression A. Suppression is the omission or leaving out of words in a Sentence that are necessary to a full Construction as I came from my Father's where House is supprest Q. Why are words supprest in a Sentence A. Words are supprest in a Sentence for brevity and elegancy Q. What words are usually supprest A. It were almost infinite to tell all the words that are supprest in English or any other learned Language only in general you may observe these three Rules 1st That whatever word comes to be repeated in a Sentence oftner than once it is seldom exprest but once to avoid a repetition of the same word which is usually very inelegant and unpleasing to the Ear as for example This is my Master's Book or this Book is my Master's for this Book is my Master's Book 2dly Words that are necessarily imply'd need not be exprest as for Example I live in London where Life is necessarily imply'd after the Verb live it having no other Object and therefore needless to be exprest 3dly Whatever words are usually supprest by the custom of any Language are not to be exprest without some particular reason as for example A good man lives a good Life where the Adjective good makes it necessary to express the Substantive Life Note Suppression is the most elegant and useful of all the figures of Construction to avoid the tedious and nauseous repetition of many words that yet are necessarily understood to make up a full Construction as for example I write a better hand than thou where the full Construction amounts to more than double the number of these words thus I write a hand which hand is a better hand than the hand is good which hand thou writest which kind of expression is both nauseous and troublesome Of Substitution called in Greek Enallage Q. What is Substitution A. Substitution is the using of one word for another or one accident of a word for another as one Case for another one Tense for another one Person for another one Number for another one Mood for another and the Primitive and Derivative for one another Simple and Compound for one another c. Q. Is not the Construction often made according to the sense not the words A. Construction is often made according to the sense not according to the words that is not according to the substituted word but according to the word for which it is substituted as for example the whole Nation were called Venetians where the whole Nation is put for all the People of the Nation to which the Verb Plural were is accommodated part of the men are killed where part is put for some several or many of the men to which the Verb Plural are is conformed Thus a concrete Adjective is often substituted for its abstract Substantive and contrary wise the Abstract for the Concrete as for example He has no good in him i. e. no Goodness a man of Knowledg for a knowing man a man of Learning for a learned man Of Zeugma Q. What is Zeugma A. Zeugma is when two or more Substantives in a Sentence have some words common to them especially Verbs or Adjectives and some words peculiar to each of them then the Substantives with what is common to them are first exprest and then what is peculiar to each is subjoined by a Suppression of what is common as for example One Brother was kill'd in Flanders and another in France contracted The two Brothers were kill'd one in Flanders the other in France Of a Solecism and Pleonasm Q. What is a Solecism A. A Solecism is when words are joined together contrary to the laws of Grammar as methinks for I think Q. What is a Pleonasm A. A Pleonasm is the using of unnecessary words in a Sentence especially Nouns and Particles as he spoke with his Mouth he saw with his Eyes he heard with his Ears where the words Mouth Eyes Ears are superfluous in the Sentence because they are necessarily imply'd Of the natural Order of words Q. Since the Composition of Sentences are often intricate and obscure how may the sense and meaning of them be best found A. The best way to find the true sense and meaning of any Sentence is to reduce transpos'd words to the Natural Order to supply supprest words and to change substituted words
the Accent A. The Accent or Tone is the extension of the Voice in pronouncing one Syllable in a word louder and longer than the rest Q. How are Syllables distinguished in respect of the Accent A. Syllables in respect of the Accent are distinguished into Acute and Grave Q. What is an Acute Syllable A. An Acute Syllable is that which must be sounded sharp and long Q. What is a Grave Syllable A. A Grave Syllable is that which must be sounded flat and short Q. How many Syllables in a word are to be sounded Acute A. In every word of more than one Syllable whether it be simple or compound there is but one Syllable sounded acute all the rest are sounded grave whether they be single Vowels or Diphthongs Q How shall one know which Syllable in a word is to be sounded acute A. The acute Syllable is known by the Custom of every Language for tho Nature has put one acute sound in every word of more than one Syllable yet it is the Custom of every Nation that determins it to this or that Syllable Q. How is a single Vowel made long by the accent A. In every acute Syllable there is a Diphthong or double sound for if the Vowel be single it is sounded double in one continued Breath and sometimes written double Q. Is there no Mark to know the acute Syllable A. The Greeks put this Mark over the acute Vowel or Diphthong which if done in other Languages their Pronounciation would not be so difficult for Foreigners to learn as usually it is Q. Are there not some words distinguished only by the Accent A. There are many words written alike and only distinguished by the accent as for Example òbject is a Noun but objèct is a Verb orátor is Latin but òrator is English Q. What is the principal thing in learning any Language A. The first and principal thing in learning of any Language is to get the true Pronounciation of the words for he that accents a word contrary to the Custom of the Language speaks barbarously and makes himself ridiculous to the Hearers as if one should in English say Rélation for Relátion Orátor for órator facúlty for fáculty Adversáry for ádversary AudÃtor for áuditor c. Q. Are there not three Accents A. There is no more than one Accent but the ancient Grammarians finding three several marks for the Acute Syllable in the Greek Tongue imagined there were three several Accents which is not only false but simply impossible in the Nature of Speech That which they call the Grave Accent is always a mark of the Acute Syllable and is nothing else but the Acute mark turned backward when the Accent is on the last Syllable of a Word least it should run forward into the following Word and cause Confusion in Reading for Grave Syllables never had any mark because they never needed any all the Syllabes in a Word except one being Grave whether they be Single Vowels or Diphthongs That which they call the Circumslex-Accent is always a mark of the acute Syllable and is chiefly used when two Syllables are Contracted into one Q. How many Syllables can come under one Accent A. There can come eight or nine Syllyables under one accent and any more is a force upon Nature but those Words are most Harmonious that do not exceed six or seven Syllables †The English for the most part love to Accent the first Syllable of a Word which is more Vehement and Masculine The French for the most part love to Accent the last Syllable of a Word which is too Soft and Feminine The Latins do almost always Accent the penult or antepenult Syllable of a Word which makes the best and most agreeable Harmony in Speech and in that regard the Latin Tongue excels all other Languages Note The penult is the last Syllable of a Word but one the Antepenult is the Syllable before the Penult or the third Syllable from the end of the Word Of Words Quest What is a Word Answ A Word is an Articulate sound that signifies something by the Custom of any Language Q. What is an Articulate Sound A. An Articulate Sound is that which consists of Letters and Syllables as it were of Joints Q. How are Words distinguished in respect of Derivation A. Words in respect of Derivation are distinguished into Primitive and Derivative Q. What is a Primitive Word A. A Primitive Word is that which is not derived of another as good man c. Q What is a Derivative Word A. A Derivative Word is that which is derived of another as Goodness Manliness Q. How are Words distinguished in respect of Composition A. Words in respect of Composition are distinguisht into Simple and Compound Q. What is a Simple Word A. A Simple Word is that which is not Compounded of two Words as a Book a School a Stone a House c. Q. What is a Compound Word A. A Compound Word is that which is Compounded of two or more Words as a Book-seller Compounded of Book and Seller a VVatch-man of Watch and Man Q. Are there not Half Compounds A. When we Compound two or more Words without putting them under one Accent we only join them with a Hyphen or mark of Union and such may be called Half-Compounds as a Water-Spider But if the Custom of the Language has put them under one Accent we must write them in one Word without a Hyphen as a Shoomaker not a Shoó-maker a Highlander not a High-lander Q. How many Kinds of Words are there A. There are four kinds of Words a Substantive an Adjective a Verb and a Particle Q. How do you know there are but four kinds of Words A. I know there are but four kinds of Words because there are but four kinds of things to be signified by Words for whatever is in the whole Vniverse is either a thing or the manner of a thing the action of a thing or the manner of an Action Q. How are these four kinds of Things signified A. The Things themselves are signified by Substantives the manners of things by Adjectives the Actions of things by Verbs the manners of Actions by Particles Q. VVhat is a Substantive A. A Substantive is a Word that signifies a thing whether Corporeal or Incorporeal as God Man Reason VVisdom c. Q. VVhat is a Corporeal thing A. A Corporeal or Bodily thing is that which can be perceived by the Senses and may be seen or felt as a Boy a Book a Pen a School a Table c. Q. VVhat is an Incorporeal thing A. An Incorporeal thing is that which cannot be perceived by the Senses but only by the Vnderstanding and cannot be seen nor felt as Justice Knowledg Vnderstanding Goodness c. Q. How may a Substantive be known A. Every Word that can be declined alone in good Sense in any ones Native Language is a Substantive as for Example I I know the Word Man is a Substantive because I can
decline it in good Sense thus of Man to Man with Man No other kind of Word so Declined can make Sense for if I say of against to against with against it is Nonsense by which I know against is not a Substantive Note A Substantive is also called a Noun or a Noun-substantive or a Name Q. How many sorts of Substantives are there A. There are two sorts of Substantives Common and Proper Q. What is a Common or Appellative Noun A. A Common or Appellative Noun is a Word that signifies one kind of thing and is Common to all of that kind as the Words Man City Kingdom Q. VVhat is a Proper Name A. A Proper Name is a Word given to any individual thing of a kind by which it is known and distinguished from others of the same kind as Peter London England Man is one kind of thing Peter is one of that kind John another James another A City is one kind of thing London is one of that kind Paris another Rome another A. Kingdom is one kind of thing England is one of that kind France another Italy another Q. Have not Persons two Proper Names A. At first one Person had but one Proper Name as Adam Abraham Jacob but afterward when Mankind multiplied the same Proper Name was given to several Persons which made it necessary formore particular distinction to add a Second the former of which is usually called the Name the latter Sirname as Charles Stuart some Persons have three or more proper Names as Julius Caesar Scaliger Q. Are not Common Nouns sometimes made Proper Names A. Common Nouns are sometimes made Proper Names but then regard is had only to the Sound not to the Signification otherwise these Sirnames King Knight Thomson and such like could not in good Sense be given to the Females of the Families so called Q. Can Proper Names be Translated from one Language to another A. Proper Names as such cannot be Translated from one Language to another for if the Sound be changed the proper Name is lost As for Example we must not translate the Latin Proper Name Piscator Fisher nor the English proper Name Fisher Piscator Yet the Latins to Accommodate Forein proper Names to their own Idiom do often add to them a Latin Termination as us a um thus they call Jacob Jacobus Fisher Fisherus and Forreiners for the same Reason cut off the Latin Terminations thus we call Paulus Paul Marcus Mark Q. Is it necessary to give a proper Name to every Individual thing of a kind A. If there be but one Individual thing of a kind it is not necessary to give it a proper Name since there is no other of the kind from which it needs to be distinguished as God the World the Sun c. And where there are more of the same kind none of them needs a Proper Name but Men and such things as Men have frequent occasion to mention in particular as Countries Islands Towns Villages Rivers Mountains Ships and many other individual things of other kinds Of S Servile Q. Why is s Servile so called A. S Servile is so called because it serves for several uses in the Variation of Nouns and Verbs in English Q. How is s Servile distinguished A. S Servile is distinguished into s Plural s Possessive and s Personal Q. Where is s Plural writen A. S Plural is writen at the end of a Substantive Singular to make it Plural as a Boy Boys Q. Where is s Possessive written A. S Possessive is written at the end of a Substantive Singular or Plural to make it the Genitive of the Possessor as the Lords house c. Q. Where is s Personal written A. s Personal is added to the Theam of a Verb to make it the third Person Singular as Irun he runs Q. Is not the Syllable es sometimes used instead of s Servile A. The Syllable es is always used instead of s Servile when the Word ends in s or in the Sound of s because s alone cannot be distinguished in the Sound as Case Cases Corps Corpses Q. What Words end in the Sound of e A. Words that end in sh z ch e and g soft have the Sound of s as Fish Fishes Prize Prizes Church Churches Race Races Age Ages Note When s Servile comes after e Servile es doth not increase the Number of Syllables in a Word because e is Sounded before the final Consonant and s immediatly after it thus Time and Times are boâ—h Monosyllables Table and Tables are both dissyllables but when es comes after s or the sound of s it makes a Syllable more in a Word because s alone cannot be distinguisht in the Sound thus Page Grace Prize are Monosyllables but Pages Graces Prizes are Dissyllables Note When e Subjunctive or e Mute is supprest before a Vowel then the final Consonant is joyned in the same Syllable with that Vowel as Time Ti-ming not Tim-ing Age A-ged not Ag-ed when e Liquid is supprest before a Vowel the Mute and the Liquid are both joined in the same Syllable with that Vowel as Trou-ble Trou-bler Of Number Q. How are Substantives distinguished in respect of Number A. Substantives in respect of Number are distinguished into Singular and Plural the Singular Number denotes one as a House the Plural Number denotes more than one as Houses Q. How is the Plural Number made in English A. The Plural Number is usually made in English by adding s to the Substantive Singular or es when the Pronunciation requires it as a Book Books a Pen Pens a Church Churches Q. Is not the Plural Number made otherwise than by s or es A. Some Nouns form the Plural Number otherwise than by s or es as Ox Oxen. Child Children Man Men. VVoman VVomen Tooth Teeth Goose Geese Mouse Mice Louse Lice Foot Feet a Cow Kine or Cows the Words Sheep and Swine are both Singular and Plural In some Nouns f is turned into v a Letter of the same Organ for ease of Pronounciation as Knife Knives VVife VVives Life Lives Of the Declining of a Noun Q. What is the Declining of a Noun A. The Declining of a Noun is the Variation thereof according to the various State or Case of the thing signified by it Q. How many Cases are there A. There are six Cases Viz. Nominative Vocative Genitive Dative Ablative and Accusative Q. When is a Noun in the Nominative State or Case A. A Noun is in the Nominative State or Case when 't is the Subject of a Verb and then it usually comes in good Sense before the Verb as the Master teaches the Scholar Learns Q. VVhen is a Noun in the Vocative Case A. A Noun is in the Vocative Case when it is the Person to whom we speak or call as Master I can say Child Read your Lesson Q VVhen is a Noun in the Genitive Case A. A Noun is in the Genitive Case when it is the Possessor of some other thing possessed
as the Book of the Master or the Masters Book Q. How is the Genitive formed in English A. In English the Genitive is formed two ways either by putting the Preposition of before the Substantive or s after it or es when the necessity of Pronounciation requires when of is before the Genitive the possessed Substantive comes before of but when s or es is added to the Substantive the possessed Substantive comes after it As the Masters Care or the Care of the Master An asses Milk or the Milk of an ass Q. Is not es Possessive sometimes omitted Es Possessive is often omitted for easiness of Pronunciation as Priamus Son for Priamuses Son the Horses bridles for the Horsesses briâ—les Q. VVhen is a Noun in the Dative Case A. A Noun is in the Dative Case when it is the thing to which any other thing is applyed by some Verb or Adjective Q How is the Dative known in English A. In English the Dative is usually known by the Preposition to and sometimes for befoâ—â— it and then the applyed Word comes before the Preposition as for Example Strong Drink is hurtful to Children or for Children I said my Lesson to the Master Q. When is a Noun in the Ablative Case A. A Noun is in the Ablative Case when it comes after any of these Prepositions with from in or by c. as with my Master from my Father in the School c. Q. When is a Noun in the Accusative Case A. A Noun is in the Accusative Case when it is the object of Action and then it usually comes after a Verb or Participle of an active Signification As for Example VVorship God Honour thy Parents c. Q. What Cases are alike in English A. The Nominative Vocative and Accusative are alike in English As for Example the Nom. Sing Man the Gen. of Man or Mans the Dat. to Man the Abl. from Man the Accus Man Nom. Plur. Men the Gen. or Men or Mens the Dat. to Men the Abl. from Men the Accus Men Q. How is the Personal Substantive I declined A. The Personal Substantive I is irregularly declined thus Nom. Sing I Gen. of me Dat. to me Abl. to me Accus me Now. Plur. we Gen. of us Dat. to us Abl. from us Accus us Q. How is the Personal Substantive Thou declined A. The Personal Substantive Thou is irreregularly Declined thus Nom. Sing Thou Voc. thou Gen. of thee Dat. to thee Abl. from thee Accus thee Nom. Plur. Ye or you Voc. ye or you Gen. of you Dat. to you Abl. from you Accus you Of the Genders of Nouns Q. How are Substantives distinguished in respect of Gender A. Substantives in respect of Gender are distinguished into Masculine Feminine and Neuter the Masculine Gender is the he kind the Feminine the she kind the Neuter Gender any thing that is neither he nor she Q. How are the Genders signified in English A. In English the Masculine Gender is signified by he the Feminine by she the Neuter by it Q. What Nouns are of the Masculine Gender A. All Nouns that are said of the he kind only are of the Masculine Gender as a Father a Brother a Son c. Q. What Nouns are of the Feminine Gender A. All Nouns that are said of the she kind only are of the Feminine Gender as a Mother a Daughter a Sister c. Q. What Nouns are of the Neuter Gender A. All Nouns that are not said of the he kind only nor of the she kind only are of the Neuter Gender as a Creature a Thing a House a Book a Table c. Q. Are not some Nouns said both of the Males and Females of a kind A. There are some Nouns said both of the Males and Females of a kind without distinction and they are called Epicens or Nouns common to both Sexes because they signify the Species or common Nature of both without regard to either and therefore they are properly of the Neuter Gender as a Child a Sparrow a Slave c. But when Epicens are particularly applyed to one Sex distinct from the other they also admit the Gender of the Sex to which they are applied As for Example I may say in good Sense The Nurse took the Child and gave it suck or with regard to the Sex gave him suck or gave her suck Note In Epicens the Sex is often distinguished by the Words Male Female he she and such like Sex-distinguishing Words as a Male-Child a Female-Child a He-ass a She-ass a Cock-sparrow a Hen sparrow Of an Adjective Q. What is an Adjective A. An Adjective is a Word that signifies the Manner or Quality of a thing Q. How shall one know an Adjective A. Every Word that can be declined in good Sense with a Substantive and without a Substantive does not make Sense is an Adjective as the Words Wise Foolish White Black c. Q. How do you know the Word Wise is an Adjective A. I know the Word Wise is an Adjective because I can decline it in good Sense with a Substantive thus A Wise Man of a Wise Man to a Wise Man with a Wise Man And without a Substantive it does not make Sense as I Love Wise Q. Are all Adjectives said in the Vocative Case A. The Adjectives a and the and other incomparable Adjectives are not said in the Voc. Case because they always denote the Person or thing spoken of but the Voc. always denotes the Person or thing spoken to Q. Can a or the be joined with a proper Name in good Sence A. A or the Or any other Adjective cannot in good Sense be joined with a Proper Name as such because every Adjective qualifies and determines some kind of thing but a Proper Name is no kind of thing but a meer sound by which an individual thing of a kind is distinguished from other individuals of the same kind But when a Proper Name is put for a common Noun or when a common Noun is understood with it then it admits a or the or any other Adjective in good Sense Thus I can say in good Sense a Man the City but not a John the London I can say a Solomon for a very Wise Man a Judas for a very treacherous Man and if I say Wise Solomon or treacherous Judas the common Substantive Man is understood Q. Do Adjectives admit s to make them Plural A. In English the Adjectives are alike in both Numbers but when they are used as Substantives then they admit s to make them Plural as secrets for secret things goods for good things Q. Is the Adjective a said in the Plural Number A. The Adjective a is not said in the Plural Number because it always denotes one or some one indefinitely and therefore cannot be said in the Plural Number We say a before a Consonant and an before a Vowel for easiness of Pronounciation as a a man not an man an ass not a ass Q. Is the Adjective the said
had been that ye might had been that they might had been Future Subjunctive that I may have been that thou mayest have been that he may have been that we may have been that ye may have been that they may have been The Imperative be thou be he or let him be be ye be they or let them be The Present Infinitive to be The Perfect Infinitive to have been The Pesent Participle being The Preter Participle been Note Be and beest are often used in the Present Tense especially after some Conjunction as if thou beest tho we be Q. Does not the present tense of the Substantive Verb am with the preter participle sometimes denote the perfect tense A. In External or Corporeal Actions the present tense of the Substantive Verb am with the preter participle denotes the perfect tense immediately past as the Letter is Written but when we would be understood of the present tense passive in External Actions we usually express it by the Substantive Verb with a for in before the present participle as the Letter is a Writing which form of speaking is usual in all other tenses either actively or passively understood according to the sense as I was a Writing my Letter is the imperfect active but the Letter was a Writing is the imperfect passive Q. Is not the Vowel e often left out in some terminations A. The Vowel e is often left out in the terminations en ed est eth either for brevity or easiness of Pronounciation and we always put an Apostroph over the place of the Vowel left out if the word be commonly used with it as for Example we write prov'd with an Apostroph because proved is in common use but if the word be not commonly used with the Vowel we do not mark it with an Apòstroph as in doth dost slain done gone because doeth doest slaien doen goen are not in common use Q. What if the Vowel e be left out after c or g soft A. If the Vowel e be left out after c or g soft the Apostroph must always be marked least c or g soft should seem to be hard as in forc't chang'd Q. What is an Apostroph A. An Apostroph is a mark put over the place of a Vowel left out in a word for brevity or easiness of Pronounciation Obs In all English words that end in en we pronounce the Vowel e so swiftly that it is scarce heard as in Oxen Chicken Writen c. Q. Are there not some Defective Verbs A. There are some Defective Verbs that neither admit the Auxiliaries before them nor have any participles derived of them as these neuter Verbs can may must ought and some others can canst in the present tense could in the Imperfect could have in the perfect could had in the pluperfect Can denotes strength or ability and may in all tenses be resolved by the Verb am and the Adjective able as I can or I am able I could or I was able c. May may'st in the present tense might in the imperfect might have in the perfect might had in the pluperfect May denotes either the Lawfulness or possibility of a thing and may be resolved in all tenses by the Substantive Verb and the Adjective lawful or possible as I may or it is lawful for me or it is possible for me c. Must in the present tense in the perfect must have in the pluperfect must had Must may be supply'd in all tenses by the Substantive Verb and the Adjective necessary as I must or it is necessary for me in the imperfect it was necessary for me c. Ought to in the present tense ought to have in the perfect ought to had in the pluperfect Ought denotes Duty and may be supply'd in all tenses by the Substantive Verb and the word Duty as I ought to read or it is my Duty to read c. Should in the imperfect tense should have in the perfect should had in the pluperfect shall have in the future Should does sometimes denote Duty as I should read and sometimes only the future tense as if I should neglect to read my Father would be angry Would in the imperfect tense would have in the perfect would had in the pluperfect Would denotes futurity and a propension of the will also The Verb behoveth or behooves is only said in the third Person singular and signifies requisite and it has always the Adjective it before it and an Infinitive after it as it behooveth me to read or it is requisite for me to read Note The Grammarians call those Verbs impersonal that are only said in the third Person singular and they have always it before them and an Infinitive or a sentence after them Of the Particles Q What is a Particle A. A Particle is a word that signifies the manner Circumstance or Connexion of Verbs as swiftly foolishly with as c. Q How may one know a Particle A. Any word that can neither be declined nor congulated in a good sense is a Particle As for Example the word wisely for if I say wisely of wisely to wisely with wisely or I wisely thou wiseliest he wiselieth it is all nonsense by which I know it is a Particle Q. How many sorts of Particles are there A. There are three sorts of Particles Adverbs Prepositions and Conjunctions Of an Adverb Q. What is an Adverb A. An â—dverb is a Particle that denotes the manner or quality of an Action as wisely slowly sadly c. Q. How may one know an Adverb â— Any Particle that makes compleat sense with one Verb is an Adverb As for Example a fool speaks foolishly a good Man lives happily Of a Preposition Q. What is a Preposition A. A Preposition is a Particle that denotes some Circumstance of an Action as to for with from in by c. Q. How may one know a Preposition A. Any Particle that makes compleat sense with a Verb or Participle before it and an oblique Case after it is a Preposition As for Example I know the Particle to is a Preposition because I can say in good sense I speak to him not I speak to he because he is not an oblique Case but a Nominative with which no Preposition can make sense He came from me not from I he was with thee not with thou I spoke with her not with she Q. What Cases are called oblique A. All the the Cases are called oblique except the Nominative and Vocative which are called direct Cases Of a Conjunction Q. What is a Conjunction A. A Conjunction is a Particle that joins two sentences together As for Example and as when that c. Q. How may one know a Conjunction A. Every Particle that leaves the sense imperfect without two Verbs is a Conjunction Q. How do you know the Particle as is a Conjunction A. I know the Particle as is a Conjunction because it leaves the sense imperfect with one Verb. As for Example As I went to School
where the sense is imperfect and the mind in suspence till another Verb or which is the same another sentence be added thus As I went to School I met my Father Q. Is not the same word sometimes of different Parts of Speech A. Sometimes the same word is of different Parts of Speech which must be distinguished by the sense As for Example the word sound in this sentence I will sound the Trumpet it is a Verb In this sentence I hear the sound of the Trumpet it is a Substantive In this sentence he is a Man of a sound Judgment it is an Adjective Of Abbreviatures Q. Are there not some words that are Abbreviatures of two or three Parts of Speech A. There are some words that are Abbreviatures of two or three Parts of Speech which the Grammarians call Adverbs of time and place Those Abbreviatures called Adverbs of time are chiefly these now at this time then at that time when at what time or at which time always at every time evermore at all times often at many times once at one time twice at two times thrice at three times seldom at few times ever at any time or at all times never at no time c. Those Abbreviatures called Adverbs of place are chiefly these here in this place there in that place where in what place or in which place hence from this place thence from that place whence from what place or from which place hither to this place thither to that place whither to what place or to which place c. Note The Abbreviatures here there where are often Compounded with a Preposition as hereof of this thing thereof of that thing whereof of what thing or of which thing wherein in what thing or in which thing herein in this thing therein in that thing wherewith with what thing thereto to that thing c. Q. Of what Case are the Abbreviatures of time and place A. Those Abbreviatures that may be resolved by the Prepositions at in or from are all of the ablative Case Those Abbreviatures that may be resolved by the Preposition to or unto are all of the Accusative Case Note Here doth sometimes signify in this State or Condition Whence doth sometimes signify from that Person or from which Person Where here and there are Vulgarly said for whither hither and thither as where are you going for whither are you going I am going there for I am going thither I came here for I came hither Of Interjections Q. What are those Voices called Interjections A. Those Voices call'd Interjections are not properly words because they do not signify by the custom of any Language but are Natural Expressions or Signs of the Passions of the mind and are the same in all Languages as ah o oh ha ha he c. Q. Why is an Interjection so called A. An Interjection is so called because it is thrown in between words in speaking by the Force or Violence of some Passion as of Joy or Grief Pain or Pleasure Admiration or Indignation c. Of Derivative Words Q. How many sorts of derived Substantives are there A. There are seven more usual sorts of derived Substantives viz. Diminitive Nouns Abstract Nouns Verbal Substantives of the Actor Verbal Substantives of the Action Nouns that signify Office Nouns that signify Dominion or Rule and Nouns that signify State or Condition Of Diminitive Nouns Q. What is a Diminitive Noun A. A Diminitive Noun is that which signifies the same as its Primitive Substantive with the Adjective little as Cockrel a little Cock gosling a little Goose parcel a little part c. Q. How are Diminitive Nouns formed A. Diminitive Nouns are variously formed but more usually they end in ock kin or et as Hillock a little hill Bullock a little Bull Manikin a little Man Willkin a little William Pocket a little Poke Billet a little Bill Of Abstract Nouns Q. Is not the same Quality both a Substantive and an Adjective A. The same Quality is both a Substantive and an Adjective in different respects and under different forms in the Abstract or as it is conceiv'd without the Subject it is a Substantive in the Concrete or as it is joined with the Subject or Substantive it is an Adjective As for Example kindness goodness meekness are Substantives but kind good meek are Adjectives Q. What is an Abstract Noun A. An Abstract Noun is a Substantive derived of an Adjective and signifies a Quality as Abstracted or separated from any Subject Q. How are Abstract Substantives form'd A. Abstract Substantives are regularly formed by adding the termination ness to the Adjective as goodness kindness and sometimes they end in th as length from long strength from strong wealth from weal. Abstract Nouns borrowed from the Latin end variously as Justice Fortitude Liberty c. Of the Substantive of the Actor or Doer Q. What is the Substantive of the Actor or Doer A. The Substantive of the Actor or Doer is derived of a Verb and Denotes the use or habit of doing as a reader he that reads often or useth to read Q. How is the Substantive of the Actor or Doer formed A. The Substantive of the Actor or Doer is regularly formed in English by adding the termination er to the theam of the Verb as teach teacher play player But in words borrowed from the Latin we usually keep the Latin termination or as Doctor not Docter yet some write our for or to avoid the Latin termination as Governour for Governor Oratour for Orator Of the Substantive of the Action Q. What is the Substantive of the Action A. The Substantive of the Action is that which signifies the Action as separated from the Agent or Doer as Learning Reading Writing c. Q. How is the Substantive of the Action formed A. The Substantive of the Action is regularly formed in English by adding the termination ing to the theam of the Verb as Preach Preaching Pray Praying Sing Singing and sometimes it is the theam of the Verb taken Substantively as a Command a Dance Love Vse Some end in ment age ance as Commandment Tillage Appearance and many derived from the Latin end in ion as Instruction Correction and many otherwise as Lecture Reason Doctrine c. Q. How is the Verbal Substantive in ing distinguished from the Verbal Adjective in ing A. The Verbal Substantive in ing is distinguished from the Verbal Adjective in ing by the sense The Substantive in ing admits a or the or any other Adjective before it in good sense without another Substantive But the Adjective in ing does not admit a or the or any other Adjective in good sense without some Substantive before it or after it As for Example a Boy Singing Psalms here Singing is an Adjective The Singing of Psalms here Singing is a Substantive Of Substantives that signify Office Q. How are Nouns that signify Office formed A. Nouns that signify Office are usually formed by adding ship to thâ—
Preposition in with the Ablative manner and its Positive adjective as ignorantly or in an ignorant manner foolishly or in a foolish manner Q. Are not some Positive Adverbs the same as their positive Adjectives A. Some positive Adverbs are the same as their positive Adjectives as ill little much not illy littlely so well not welly Q How are Comparative and Superlative Adverbs formed A. Comparative and Superlative Adverbs are nothing else but Comparative and Superlative Adjectives taken adverbially with Verbs and Participles and for the most part they may be resolved by a positive Adverb with the Particles more most or very as I write slower or more slowly Solomon spoke wisest or most wisely of all Men. Q. How are Ordinal Adverbs formed A. Ordinal Adverbs are usually formed by adding ly to the Ordinal Adjective and they may be resolved by the Preposition in with the Ablative place and the Ordinal Adjective as secondly or in the second place thirdly or in the third place fourthly or in the fourth place First is both an Ordinal Adjective and an Ordinal Adverb for we do not say firstly Of the inseparable Particles un dis and mis. Q. Why are the Particles un dis and mis call'd inseparable A. The Particles un did and mis are call'd inseparable because they are never used but in composition with other words and they all include the negative Particle not besides their peculiar signification Q. What does the Particle un signify A. The Particle un always signifies Privation that is the absence or want of something that either was or ought to be as unmerciful unkind unholy Q. Does not the Particle in sometimes signify un A. In words derived from the Latin the Particle in or im when the pronunciation requires it is the same as the privative Particle un as ingratitude or unthankfulness impatience or want of Patience and sometimes it is an intensive Particle and then it signifies very or very much as intent or very earnest inraged or very much provoked Q. Is not the French Particle en sometimes used for the Latin Particle in A. In many words borrowed from French and Latin we use the French Particle en for in when it is not privative thus we indifferently say enraged or inraged engrave or ingrave engender or ingender embrace or imbrace employ or imploy Note The Particle un is always privative en never in sometimes privative and sometimes not yet in Verbs it is seldom ever privative but often in Participles and other words Q. What does the Particle dis signify A. The Particle dis usually signifies some contrariety as to dishonour or do something contrary to ones honour Q. What does the Particle mis signify A. The Particle mis usually signifies wrong or error as to mistake or take wrong or otherwise than it is to misuse or use ill or otherwise than we ought Of a SENTENCE Q. What is a Sentence A. A Sentence is a construction of words wherein something is said of another as man is Mortal here it is said of Man that he is Mortal Q. What are the essential parts of a Sentence A. The essential parts of a Sentence without which it cannot be are a Verb and the Nominative of the Subject all other words in a Sentence depend upon one of these two mediately or immediately Q. Why cannot a Sentence be without a Verb and a Nominative Case A. A Sentence cannot be without a Verb and a Nominative Case because nothing can be said of another without a Verb and no Verb can be without the Nominative of the Subject either exprest or understood Q. How is a Sentence distingnished in respect of Composition A. A Sentence in respect of Composition is distinguished into Simple and Compound Q. What is a simple Sentence A. A simple Sentence is that wherein there is but one Verb and one Nominative of the Subject either exprest or understood Q. What is a Compound Sentence A. A Compound Sentence is two simple Sentences joined together by a Conjunctive Particle or a Conjunctive Adjective as I read and thou playest This is the Boy who broke the Windows Of the Syntax or Construction of words in a Sentence Q. What is Syntax A. Syntax or Construction is the right joining of words in a Sentence Q. What 's the construction of the Adjective with its Substantive A. The Adjective is always of the same Gender Number and Case with its Substantive as this Man that Boy every Book all things one day not those Man those Boy every Books all thing one days Note Tho English Adjectives for the most part have no distinction of Gender Number or Case yet some have as in the instances above and many more on which Account this Rule cannot well be omitted in English Of Apposition Q. What is Apposition A. Apposition is the adding of one Substantive to another to declare and explain it the latter or explaining Substantive is called the Apposite Substantive the former or explained Substantive is called the antecedent Substantive as for Example if I say Paul the Apostle the Apposite Substantive Apostle explains what Paul I speak of and if I say the Apostle Paul the Apposite Substantive Paul declares what Apostle I mean Q. What is the construction of the Apposite with its Antecedent Substantive A. The Apposite Substantive is always of the same Case with its Antecedent Substantive as my Father loves me his only Child Of the Nominative of the Subject Q. What is the Nominative of the Subject A. The Nominative of the Subject is that of which the Verb is predicated or said and it usually comes before the Verb. Q. Must every Verb have a Nominative of the Subject A. Every Verb must have a Nominative of the Subject either exprest or understood because there can be no Action without an Agent nor Passion without a Patient nor Being without something that is in being Q. What is the construction of the Verb with the Nominative of the Subject A. The Verb is always of the same Number and Person with the Nominative of the Subject as I write thou writest he writeth not I writest thou writeth I am thou art he is we are not I art thou am he are Q. May not a whole Sentence be the Nominative Case to a Verb A. A whole Sentence is often taken as one aggregate Substantive of the Neuter Gender and third Person singular and then it may be the Nominative Case before a Verb or the Accusative after it a Substantive to an Adjective or an Antecedent to a Relative as for Example He who is vertuous is content with his Condition which is the true property of Riches Q. When does the Nominative of the Subject come after the Verb A. The Nominative of the Subject usually comes after the Verb or after its auxiliary when the Sentence is imperative or interrogative as read thou or do thou read readest thou or dost thou read 2ly When a declarative or final Sentence
is elegantly substituted for its abstract Substantive as a bushel of Wheat a yard of Cloth a foot of Ground part of the Mony most of the Time enough of Hail Note the Preposition of is sometimes suppress'd as much Wine for a great quantity of Wine more Wine for a greater quantity of Wine a little Bread for a small quantity of Bread Note The Genitive of the greater Quantity is usually Singular but not always as a barrel of Oysters Note The Genitive of the Possessor and the Genitive of the greater Quantity may both be governed of the same Substantive as my part of the Wine Of the Genitive of the Part or Property Q. Of what is the Genitive of the Part or Property governed A. When the Substantive of the Part or Property has an Adjective joined with it it is governed of the Substantive whose Part or Property it is in the Genitive and sometimes in the Ablative with the Preposition with before it as a Boy of a good Countenance a Man of a long Head or with a long Head Note In English the Adjective is sometimes supprest especially when the Genitive is a verbal Substantive as a man of Sense for a man of good Sense Of the Dative Q. Of what is the Dative governed A. The Dative is governed of some applicable Adjective or Verb or of words derived of them whether Substantives Adjectives or Adverbs Q. What Adjectives and Verbs are applicable A. Almost all Adjectives and Verbs may be applied to a thing yet some are of their own nature more applicable than others as Adjectives and Verbs that denote Profit or Loss Good or Evil or any other reference to a thing as it is agreeable to nature he is obliged to me be acted agreeably to his nature where there is no Crime there is no obligation to punishment Q. Is not the Preposition to sometimes suppress'd before the Dative A. The Preposition to or unto is often supprest before the Dative as I gave him a Bock or I gave to him a Bock like me or like to me near thee or near to thee Note We usually suppress to before the Substantive home as I came home not to home Note To or into after Verbs of Motion is a Preposition of the Accusative Case Q. Is not for sometimes substituted for to in Application A. For is sometimes substituted for to in Application as I have a Book for you or to you This is for your Profit or to your Profit Of the Accusative of the Object Q. Of what is the Accusative of the Object governed A. The Accusative of the Object is always governed of some Verb or Participle of an Active signification either exprest or understood as I call thee I call him I call them not I call thou I call he I call they Q. Is not the Accusative of the Object sometimes supprest A. When the Accusative of the Object is a cognate Substantive or of the same signification with the Verb it is usually supprest as I live viz. a Life but if it have an Adjective with it it is necessarily exprest as I live a good Life Of the Ablative Q Of what is the Ablative governed A. The Ablative is always governed of some Preposition of the Ablative Case either exprest or understood as from me from thee not from I from thou Of Passive Verbs and Participles Q. What case have Verbs and Participles of a Passive signification after them A. Verbs and Participles of a Passive signification have after them the Ablative of the Agent or Doer with the Preposition of or by as a good Child is loved of or by his Father Note There is a verbal Adjective that ends in able and sometimes in ible which signifies a Passive power and sometimes an Active power when it denotes a Passive power it is a Passive Participle and admits after it the Ablative of the Doer with the Preposition of or by as attainable by no Man but when it denotes an Active Power it is not a Participle as a forcible Medicine or a Medicine that can force Q. What 's the difference betwixt Action and Passion A. Action and Passion are the very same in sense and differ only in the manner of Expression for whatever is the Object of Action is always the subject of Passion and contrary wise whatever is the Subject of Passion is the Object of Action Q. May Intransitive Verbs be said in the first and second Persons Passive A. Intransitive Verbs cannot be said in the first and second Persons Passive because the Object of intransitive Verbs is only the Accusative of their own signification which is always of the third Person and therefore cannot be the Nominative to the first and second Persons Passive for nothing can be the Subject to Passive verbs and Participles that cannot be the Object of their Active Verbs and Participles as for Example I cannot say in good sense I am lived in the Passive Voice because the personal Substantive I cannot be the Accusative of the Object in the Active Voice but I can say a Life is lived because I can say in the Active Voice I live a Life Q. How may a Sentence be changed from Active to Passive the sense remaining the same A. A Sentence may be changed from Active to Passive the sense remaining the same by turning the Accusative of the Object after the Active Verb into the Nominative of the Subject before the Passive Verb and the Nom. of the Subject before the Active Verb into the Ablative of the Doer with the Preposition of or by before it after the Passive Verb as I call thee passively thou art called by me or of me my Father loves me passively I am loved of my Father or by my Father Q. What if there be another Accusative after the Accusative of the Object A. If there be another Accusative after the Accusative of the Object it is either the Apposite Accusative by a suppression of the Participle being or the Accusative of the Predicate after the copulative Infinitive to be or it is the Accusative of some Preposition supprest If it be the Apposite Accusative it is turned into the Nom. and put after the Nom. of the Subject before the Passive Verb as I read Paul the Apostle passively Paul the Apostle is read by me If it be the Accusative of the Predicate it is turned into the Nom. after the Passive Verb as I will make thee a Scholar passively you shall be made a Scholar by me If it be the Accusative of some Preposition supprest then it comes after the Passive Verb in the Accusative Case as I will teach thee them passively thou shalt be taught them by me Of Compound Sentences Q. Which are the principal Compound Sentences A. The principal Compound Sentences are a Relative Copulative Declarative Final Continuative Comparative and Interrogative Sentence Of a Relative Sentence Q. What is a Relative Sentence A. A Relative Sentence is that which hath in it
supprest as I desire that I may go contracted I desire to go and if the Infinitive be Copulative the Predicate after it is then the Nom. Case as I desire to be he not him Q. How shall one know when the Particle that is Declarative and when it is Final A. The Particle that is Declarative when it may in good sense be supprest as I know that he is come or I know he is come It is Final when it admits after it in good sense the Auxiliary may or might as I desire that thou read or that thou may read Q. When is the Adjective that Relative and when Demonstrative A. The Adjective that is Relative when it may in good sense be turned into who or which otherwise it is Demonstrative as I know that Man Q. How is a declarative or final Contraction resolved A. A declarative or final Contraction is resolved by supplying the Particle that and turning the Accusative into the Nom. and the Infinitive into the Verb and the Accusative of the Predicate after a copulative Infinitive into the Nominative of the Predicate after the copulative Verb. Note Every Infinitive with an Accusative before it either exprest or understood is the contraction of a declarative or final Members otherwise it is the same as the verbal Substantive in ing as to read is profitable or reading is profitable Q. Is not the Infinitive to be often supprest between the Subject and the Predicate A. The Infinitive to be is often supprest between the Subject and the Predicate especially after active and passive Verbs of calling making seeming esteeming judging and some others as I will make him to be a Man he is esteemed to be honest Q. Is not the Imperative a contraction of a Final Sentence A. The Imperative is a contraction of a Final Sentence where the Antecedent Verb is a Verb of commanding or intreating as go thou or I command that thou go give me Bread or I pray thee give me Bread Of a Continuative Sentence Q. What is a Continuative Sentence A. A Continuative Sentence is that which hath in it some continuative Particle as while whilst when after that Note We often say after by a suppression of that as after I came home Q. How is a continuative Sentence contracted A. A Continuative Sentence is contracted by putting away the continuative Particle and turning the Verb into the present or preter Participle Q. What if the Nom. in the continuative Member be the same with the Nom. in the antecedent Member A. If the Nom. in the continuative Member or the Accusative of the Object which may be turned into the Nom. be the same with the Nom. in the Antecedent Member then it is put away as when I was Sick I stay'd at home or being Sick I stay'd at home But if it be not the same with the Nom. in the Antecedent Member it is not put away as when my Father was Sick or my Father being Sick I staid at home Q. When must the Verb be turned into the present Participle A. The Verb must be turned into the present Participle when the Particle is while or when denoting that both actions were done at the same time as I stood while I was writing my Letter or I stood writing my Letter Q. When must the Verb be turn'd into the Preter Participle A. The Verb must be turn'd into the Preter Participle when the continuative Particle is after or after that denoting that one action was done after another and then the Participle having or being is put before the Preter Participle in English as I went home after I had said my Lesson having said my Lesson I went home Q. May not a continuative Member be contracted by a verbal Substantive of the Action A. A Continuative Member may be also contracted by the verbal Substantive of the Action with the Preposition in when both actions are done at the same time or with the Preposition after when one action follows the other as for example When Augustus reigned Christ was born or Christ was born in the reign of Augustus The wise men came to Jerusalem after that Jesus was born or after the Birth of Jesus Of a Comparative Sentence Q. What is a Comparative Sentence A. A Comparative Sentence is that which hath in it the Comparative Particle than Q. How many sorts of Comparison are there A. There are two sorts of Comparison viz. a Comparison of thing with thing or a comparison of action with action Q. How is the Comparison of thing with thing made A. The Comparison of thing with thing is made by a Comparative Adjective before than Q. How is a Comparative Member contracted A. A Comparative Member where thing is compared with thing is contracted by suppressing the substantive Verb after than and the Positive after the substantive Verb as I am wiser than thou art wise contracted I am wiser than thou Q. In what case is the Substantive after than to which the Comparison is made A. The substantive after than to which the Comparison is made is always the Nom. of the Subject before the substantive Verb either exprest or understood and if another Verb come after it then 't is a contraction of a Relative Sentence as I have a better Book than thou hast i. e. I have a better Book than the Book is which thou hast Q. What if the Positive Adjective to which the comparison is made be not the Positive of the Comparative Adjective A. If the Positive Adjective to which the comparison is made be not the Positive of the Comparative it cannot be supprest nor the Sentence contracted as I am stronger than thou art wise Q. How is the Comparison of Action with Action made A. The Comparison of Action with Action is made by a Comparative Adverb before the Particle than and if the Verb after than be the same with the Verb in the Antecedent Member it may be supprest otherwise it cannot as I write better than thou writest contracted I write better than thou but if I say I write better than thou readest it cannot be contracted Q. Does not the Particle than join like Cases A. No Conjunction joins any Case but always Sentences tho very often by reason of the suppression of other words in the Sentence it falls out that the like Case is before and after the Conjunction on which the Grammarians falsly grounded a Rule That Conjunctions couple like Cases Of an Interrogative Sentence Q. What is an Interrogative Sentence A. An Interrogative Sentence is that which has in it some Interrogative Adjective or Particle as who what whether or no and such like Q. How is an Interrogative Sentence contracted A. An Interrogative Sentence is contracted by putting away the Interrogative Verb with its Nominative and putting the Nominative in the Subjunctive Member after the Verb as I ask who thou art contracted who art thou Obs In a Question made with a Substantive Verb the Interrogative
into the words for which they are substituted and lastly to distinguish ambiguous words Q. What is the Natural Order of words A. The Natural or Grammatical Order is that depending words follow the words on which they depend except Relatives and Interrogatives whose Natural Order is to come before the words of which they are governed Q. How may every Sentence be divided A. Every Sentence may be divided into two parts the Subject and Predicate the Nom. of the Subject with all that depends upon it mediately or immediately is the Subject of the Sentence and must be taken first the Verb with all that depends upon it mediately or immediately is the Predicate of the Sentence and must be taken next as in the following Example Alexander the Great Son of Philip King of Macedonia the subject conquered the greatest part of the World in the space of twelve years the Predicate Q. How may one reduce words to the Natural Order A. Words may be reduced to the natural Order thus first read the Sentence deliberately to a full stop Look next for the Verb that by the Number and Person of the Verb you may find out the Nom. Case and if there be two Verbs in the Sentence the first is to be taken first unless it be the Infinitive or have a Relative or a Conjunction before it for in Compound Sentences the Subjunctive Member follows the Antecedent Member in the natural Order The Relative and its Member must come immediately after the Antecedent Substantive Adverbs and Prepositions come after their Verbs and Participles The Adjective in English comes before its Substantive but if any other word depend upon the Adjective then it must necessarily come after the Substantive to avoid confusion of the sense as for example I saw Peter writing a Letter not I saw writing Peter a Letter Resolve s or es Possessive into its Primitive Genitive made by of dilate all contracted Sentences by which you may find the true Grammar of the words and consequently the true sense of the Sentence Note Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adjectives do always belong to the Sentence immediately following them and if they be not in the middle by putting the Antecedent Member before as If thou be rich thou shalt have many Friends or thou shalt have many Friends if thou be rich If there be a Voc. Case it must be taken first because it is the Person to whom the following Speech is addrest If there be any Interjections or other exciting Particles they are next in order of nature because they excite the attention of the hearers to what follows Of the Points Pauses or Stops Q. How many Points or Stops are there A. There are four Points or Stops a Comma a Colon Semi-Colon and a Period or full stop Q. What is the use of the Points A. The use of the Points is to give time of Respiration or Breathing and to avoid the confusion of the sense in joining words together in speaking or reading which are not joined in Sense or Construction Q. Where is a Comma put A. A Comma is put between the Members of a Compound Sentence whether full or contracted and between all words that have not an immediate dependence upon one another in Sense and Construction Q. Where is a Colon put A. A Colon or Member is put between the two Members of a Period or which is the same between two compound Sentences Q. Where is a Semi-Colon put A. A Semi-Colon or half Member is put between a whole Member and a half Member that is between a compound Sentence and a single Sentence following it Q. Where is a Period put A. A Period or full Stop is put at the end of a Sentence containing full and compleat Sense and where no other words following have any dependence upon it Note A Comma is the shortest Stop a Semicolon is longer than a Comma a Colon is longer than a Semicolon a Period is longest of all as in the following Period Riches are often joined with habitual Vices in the Possessors and indifferently serve for bad or good Vses the greedy pursuit of them blasts all true worth of Spirit and turns the Soul to Earth and Corruption Of a Note of Interrogation Q. Where is a Note of Interrogation put A. A Note of Interrogation is put after a short and contracted Question to show that it is a Question but if the Interrogative Verb be express'd there 's no need of it Of a Note of Admiration Q. Where is a Note of Admiration put A. A Note of Admiration is put after words to show how wonderful strange or deplorable the Thing is Of a Parenthesis Q. What is the use of a Parenthesis A. The use of a Parenthesis is to inclose words put within a Sentence which are no part of it and without which the sense is perfect Note The mark of an Apostroph is sometimes put before s servile not because there is any Vowel omitted but to shew that s there is an additional Termination and not a part of the Theam or Primitive word this mark does not seem necessary but when s servile is added to a foreign word used in English without any alteration as great Encomium's two Comma's or when a word is taken materially that is for the Letters and Syllables or which is the same for the Sound without the Signification as yea's and no's if's or and 's FINIS