Ablativo junguntur subauditâ conjunctione quà m ut Minùs quindecim dies sunt Plùs quingentos colaphos infregit horâ ampliùs minùs nihilo Abhinc etiam jungitur Accusativo vel Ablativo ut Abhinc sexaginta annos annis Constructio Conjunctionum COnjunctiones copulativae disjunctivae cum his sex quà m nisi praeterquam an cum tum geminatum similes casus nectunt nisi casualis dictionis ratio aliqua privata repugnet Aliquoties similes modos tempora nectunt aliquoties similes modos sed diversa tempora Quae Particulae modis inserviant Subjunctivum regunt 1. Voces Indesinieae quis qualis quantus 2. Causales quin qui ut uti quo dummodi dum pro dummodo frequentiùs quomvis etsi taâ—etsâ— eâ—iamsi licet 3. Dubitativae an ne num 4. Oprativae utinam Osi 5. Dissimulativae seu simulationis perinde aesi quasi ceuvero pro quasi vero tanquam sed cum sunt semilitudinis Adverbia Indicativum amant quippequi utpote qui ubi cum ni nisi si quòd quia postquam c. utrumque modum amant at si pro quamvis subjunctivo tantùm Ne prohibendi vel Imperativis vel Subjunctivis praeponitur Sed ne an num Interrogandi particulae quando quandoquidem quoniam quippe dum donec pro quamdiu ut pro postquam quolnodo sicut Indicativo gaudent Quòd ut ne consundantur sic distingui possunt Quòd idem valet ac quia plurimùm de re gestâ sive praeteâ—itâ usurpatur Ut valet eo fine potissimùm in Fuâ—uris hoc utimur velut gaudeo quòd veneris scripsi ut venires Post has voces adeò ideò ita sic tam talis tantus tot tantùm abest c. nunquam ponitur quòd sed ut cum subjunctivo ut non sum ita hebes ut ista dicam Ut habet quoque locum post verba petendi jubendi timendi c. Item post verba quae voluntatem ac studium significant velut volo curo laboro c. post haec verba quae indicant eventum fit evenit accidit contingir Caetera de particulis Authorum sedula lectio curiósos doceat Praepositionum Constructio PRaepositio aliquando subauditur Aliquando Verbum Compositum regit casum vâ— Praepositionis aliquando repetit candem Praepositionem cum suo casu eâ—rra compositionem Quaedam Praepositiones Accusativis quaedam Ablativis inserviunt de quibus in Rudimentis Tenus gaudet Ablativo tum Singulari tum Plurali Genitivo tantùm Plurali Quaedam utâ—ique casui inserviunt ut In super sub subter casum subnectito utrumque Quartum cum motùs sextum cum voce quiet is His quoque clam jungas quod casu gaâ—det utroque In pro erga contra ad Accusativum haâ—er Am di dis re se con sunt Praepositiones quae nunquà m extra compositionem inveniuntur Praepositiones cum casus amiti ant migrant in Adverbia Interjectionum Constructio OExclamantis Nominativo Accusativo Vocativo jungitur cum vocandi est particula Vocativo tantùm ut huc ades O Galataea Heu Nominativo Dativo Accusativo ut Heu pietaâ— Heu misero mihi Heu stirpem invisam Hei Vae Dativo solùm ut Hei mihi qualis erat Vae tibi causidice Proh ah vah regunt Accusativum Vocativum Ah me miserum Ah virgo in feliâ— Ah inconstantiam Heus Ohe tantum Vocativo Heus Syve Ohe libette Ter. Mâ—rt Apage hem Accusativo ut Hem astutias Apage istiusmodi salutem quae cum cruciatu advenit Plaut in Merc. The foregoing SYNTAXIS Examin'd and Explain'd by QUESTION and ANSWER Q. WHat Part of Grammar is that which teacheth us to make and speak Latin A. It is the Third Part of Grammar called Syntaxis in Greek in Latin Constructio Q. What is Syntaxis A. It is a right and due joyning of the Parts of Speech together in speaking or writing Latin according to the Natural Manner and Rules of Grammar and this is the plain simple and analogous Syntaxis as Magna pars vulnerata But the Syntaxis which differs from the same is called the Figurative Syntaxis as Magna pars vulnerati Whence Syntaxis is two-fold 1. Perfecta called Analoga viz. the Regular Syntaxis 2. Figurata called also Anomala viz. Irregular Q. How many fold is the plain or analogous Syntaxis A. In general this plain analogous perfect or simple Syntaxis is twofold 1. Concord of Words 2. Government of Words i. e. Construction in the Agreement of Words and Construction in the Government of Words Q. Under how many Heads may Syntaxis thus divided he considered A. Syntaxis for the greater ease of Tyrocinians in making and parsing of Latin may be considered and reduced into Twelve Heads or Parts Q. Which are those Twelve Parts or Heads A. They are first the Concords 2. The Case of the Relative 3. The Construction of Nouns Substantives 4. The Construction of Adjectives 5. The Construction of Pronouns 6. The Construction of Verbs Actives Neuters or Deponents 7. The Construction of Verbs Passives 8. The Construction of Gerunds and Supines 9. Of Time and Place 10. Of Impersonals 11. Of the Participles 12. Of the undeclined Parts of Speech Q. What ease and benefit doth the considering and reducing of Syntaxis under these particulars produce A. The ease and benefit is this Consider first that every word is governed most commonly of that which goes before it in Construction for in the Construction of that foregoing word you shall find the Rule for the government of that word you last construed for if you have a word in the Genitive Case coming next after a Verb in construction I conclude that the Rule for that word is to be found in the Construction of Verbs with a Genitive Case Q. What is Concord the first of the twelve Parts A. It is the agreement of words together in some special Accidents or Qualities as in one Number Person Case or Gender Q. How many Concords or Agreements are there A. There are really but two though commonly reckon'd three the first between the Nominative Case and the Verb the second between the Substantive and Adjective the third between the Antecedent and Relative which may be referred to the second Q. Why must these six so agree together A. It is because the three latter viz. the Verb Adjective and Relative are weak and cannot be placed orderly in Speech except they be guided and holden up by the three stronger i. e. by the Nominative Case Substantive and Antecedent Q. Now before I proceed farther in Syntaxis which teacheth me to make Latin let me know when an English is given to be made in Latin what I must do A. You must look out for the Principal Verb. Q. What Verb is that you call the Principal Verb A. It is the first Verb or ought to be
the first Verb in a Sentence Q. Is the first Verb always the Principal Verb A. No For 1. if there comes an Infinitive Mood before it or 2. if it hath before it a Relative as that whom which or 3. a Conjunction as ut that cum when si is and such others then the first Verb is not the Principal Verb. Q. Why cannot the Infinitive Mood or the Verb that follows the Relative or Conjunction be the Principal Verb A. Because they do most commonly depend upon some other Verb going before them in natural or due order of Speech Q. Must not the same Way and Method be used when a Latin is to be construed or turned into English as when an English is given to be made into Latin A. Yes the very same for then the Principal Verb must be sought and mark'd carefully because that will point out the right Nominative Case that agrees with that Verb in Number and Person Q. After one hath found out the Principal Verb what must he then do A. He must seek out its Nominative Case by asking the Question who or what in the Verb for the word that answers to the Question will be the Nominative Case Q. Must one always thus seek out the Nominative Case A. Yes in Verbs Personals for a Verb Impersonal will have no Nominative Case Q. How shall the Nominative Case be set in Making or Construing Latin A. It shall be set before the Verb. Q. Is it always set before the Verb A. No For 1. if a Question be asked as Amâ—stu Dost thou love 2. If the Verb be of the Imperative Mood as Amaâ—tu Love thou 3. If this Sign It or There comes before the English of the Verb as Est liber meus It is my Book Venit ad me quidam There came one to me for them it is placed most commonly after the Verb or after the Sign of the Verb. Q. What Case shall the casual word be which comes next after the Verb and answers to the Question Whom or What made by the Verb A. It shall commonly be the Accusative Case Q. Why do you say commonly Is there any exception A. Yes for sometimes and that pretty often a Verb may properly govern another Case after it to be construed withal as Si cupis placere Magistro utere diligentiâ nec sis tantus cessator ut calcaribus indigens If you cover to please thy Master use disigence and be not so great a Truant or so slack that thou shall need Spurrs where placere goverus properly a Dative and utere and indigeas Ablatives Q. Before you examine the following Parts of the Syntaxis be pleased to tell me to how many Heads the examination of any declined word may be reduced A. It may be reduced to these â—our 1. The Knowledge of it 2. The Declining of 〈◊〉 3. The Accidents of it And 4. The Government of it The three first belong to Eâ—â—mologia and the last to Syntaxis Q. That we may return to the Examination of the twelve Heads of Syntaxâ—s let me know how the first Concord viz. a Verb Personal agrees with its Nominative Case A. It agrees with it in Number and Person Q. What mean you by this A. That the same Number and Person that the Nominative Case is the same the Verb must be of Q. What say you of the second Concord wherein is the Agreement A. That Nouns Adjectives and also Participles and Pronouns agree with their Substantives in Case Gender and Number yea tho' a Verb comes between Q. What say you of the third Concord which may be referred to the second A. That the Relative Qui agrees with its antecedent in Gender Number and Person and sometimes in Case Q. What say you of the Case or Rule of the Relative A. The Relative is either the Nominative Case to the Verb or it is governed of the Verb i. e. it will be of such a Case as the Verb will have after it or if it is not governed of the Verb it must be governed of another word but observe that it is construed alway before the Verb. Q. What sort of Nouns are those that follow the Rule of Relatives in Construing and Covernment A. Nouns Interrogatives and Indefinites as Quis ecquis quisnam c. Q. What say you of the Question and Answer to it A. I say that when a Question is asked the Answer in Latin must be made by the same Case of a Noun Pronoun or Participle and by the same Tense of a Verb that the Question is asked by as Whose Ground is this My Neighbours What do Boys do in the School They ply their Books Q. How many Exceptions have you from this Rule A. Three 1. When a Question is asked by a word that may govern divers cases as For how much have you bought this Book For little Do you accuse me of Theft or Murther or both Of neither c. 2. If a Question be asked by Cujus â—a jum as Whose Saying is this Cicero's 3. When an Answer is made by one of these Possessives Meus tuus suus noster vester as Whose House is that Not yours but Ours Whose Book is this It is my Book Q. How comes it to pass that one Substantive oftentimes agrees with another Substantive in the same Case A. It is because it signifies or belongs to the same thing or person as I have protected a Thousand Sail with my Courage the hope of your return My Father a Man loveth me a Child Q. Which is the first Rule of the Figurative Syntaxis and what 's the meaning thereof A. It is Verba Infiniti Modi i. e. Verbs of the Infinitive Mood set an Accusative Case before them instead of a Nominative as I am glad that you are returned safe I will have you act a Comedy I bid yoâ— be gone Q. How may this Mood or Figurative Way of Speaking be resolved A. Sometimeâ— by Quòd which commonly renders a Reason and is for the most part spoken of the thing gone or past as I am glad that you returned safe And sometimes by Vt which is spoken of the final cause or thing to come as I bid you be gone Also sometimes it is resolved by an ne and quin non going before as I doubt whether your Father bid you I fear that the Stranger will not abide it c. After videor it cannot be resolved for we do not say Videor quod terram video tho' I may say Videor terram videre Q. Which is the second Rule of the Figurative Syntaxiâ— A. It is Nomen multitudinis singulare c. viz. A Noun of Multitude being singular will have a Verb Plural as Part are gone Somebody open the Door Both are mocked with deceit We the People are overcome by one Q. Which is the third Rule of the Figurative Syntaxis A. It is Nominativus primae vel secundae personae c. i. e. the Nominative of the first or second
person unless it be for difference sake or the better expressing the thing to be spoken and the Nominative Case of the third Person when its signification only belongs to Men is seldom expressed Q. Which is the fourth Rule or thing to be observed in the Figurative Syntaxis A. That sometimes an Infinitive Mood sometimes a Sentence or some part of a Sentence sometimes an Adverb with a Genitive Case or a word taken 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or materâ—aliter i. e. for it self may supply the place of a Nominative Case Substantive or Antecedent as To lye is not our property To rise betimes in the Morning is the most wholesome thing in the World Add That to have learnt the Liberal Sciences faithfully makes Men to be of a better deportment and suffers them not be Clowns and Brutes To love one's Parents is just Part of the Men were slain Homo is a word of two syllables and Fur is a word of three letters c. Q. Which is the fifth Rule observable in the Figurative Syntaxis A. Two Nominative Cases two Substantives and two Antecedents Singular with a Conjunction Copulative coming between them will have a Verb Adjective and Relative Plural which Verb Adjective and Relative agrees with the Nominative Case Substantive and Antecedent of the more worthy Person and more worthy Gender except that in things without life the Neuter Gender is more worthy I and you who live in the Fields here are contented You and your Daughter who live at London do see fine Shews Both Mars and Venus were taken by Vulâ—an's Wiles Mulciberis capti Marsque Venusque dolis The Rule and Dignity which thou hast required You sleep much and drink often both which things are nought for the Body The Bow and Arrows which thou hast broken Q. Which is the sixth Observation or Rule in the Figurative Syntaxis A. A Verb Substantive placed between two Nominative Cases of divers Numbers and a Relative between two Antecedents of divers Genders may agree with either of them The falling out of Lovers is the renewing of Love A living Creature full of Reason animal plen rationis which we call a Man quem or quod vocamus hominem There is a place in Prison called the Dungeon There was one shape of Nature in the World called Chaos Q. What is the meaning of this Verse in the Figurative Syntaxis Mobile fit fixum si fixum menie subaudis A. That Adjectives taken substantively are of the same Gender as the Substantive understood is as Few are good Q. What is the meaning of this Rule Aliquando Relativum aliquando nomen Adjectivum A. That sometimes a Relative and sometimes a Noun Adjective or Participle answers to or agreeth with its Primitive understood in the Possessive as I have seen your Hand-writing All Men spoke well or did say all good things and did praise my good hap who had a Son endued with so good a Nature You have seen the Eyes of me weeping Seeing that no body readeth the Writing of me fearing to recite them to the Common People Q. What Parts of Syntaxis are we next to examine A. We are to examine those Parts of Syntaxie concerning the Government of Words Q. What is Government in Syntaxis A. It is the depending of one word upon anotherâ— and most commonly every word depends or is governed of that word which goes before it in conâ—â—â—â—ction except in the Relative Qui In Nouns Interrogatives and Indefinites which with their Substantives joyned with them are governed of the word following as Coelestis ira quos premit miseros facit humana nullos c. Q. How many fold is Government A. It is twofold the Government of Cases and the Government of Moods Q. What Parts of Speech govern Cases A. All Parts of Speech except a Conjunction Q. What is the first Part in the government of Cases A. It is the government of Nouns Substantives Q. What Cases do Substantives govern A. They govern commonly a Genitive some a Dative or an Ablative and some of old did govern an Accusative Q. What is the Rule for those that govern a Genitive A. It is Posterius â—â—orum Substantivorum c. That is the latter of two Substantives signifying divers things shall be the Genitive Case as The Love of Money increaseth as much as the Money it self Which Genitive is often changed into an Adjective Possessive and put to agree with the former Substantive in Case Gender and Number as The House of my Father My Father's House Sometimes this Genitive also is turned into a Dative He is a Father to me or my Father Q. What is the second Rule in the Construction of Substantives A. It is this A Noun or a Pronoun Adjective being put absolutely in the Neuter Gender becomes a Substantive and governs a Genitive Case â—s on the contrary a Substantive sometimes especially amongst the Greeks becomes an Adjective By this Rule also the English of the word Res being joyned to an Adjective may be omitted for an Adjective in the Neuter Gender may signifie for Res and it self too Q. Which is die third Rule in the Construction of Substantives A. It is Prius Substantivum aliquando subauditur i. e. The former Substantive is sometimes understood Q. Which is the fourth Rule in the Construction of Substantives A. Laâ—â— vituperium c. Words that denote any quality or property inhering or adhering to the praise or dispraise of a thing are commonly used in the Genitive or Ablative Case after a Noun or Verb Substantive Q. What follows next A. Opus and usus require an Ablative Case but opus governs also a Dative of the Person and sometimes it hath a Nominative Q. What say you of Nouns derived of Verbs or Verbals in iâ— A. Of old they were wont to govern the same Case as the Verb whence they were derived as Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem Plant. Quid tibi nos mendice homo tactio est Plant. Justitia est obtemperaetio legibus scriptis Cicero Traditio alteri Idem Domum reditioniâ— spe sublatâ Caesar l. 1. de Bello Gallico So Adjectives especially Verbalia in bundus ut 〈◊〉 agros vitabundus castra hostium Imaginabundus Carnisicem Gâ—atulabundus Patriae Studiosus adulcerio sâ— studere adulterio Plant. 〈◊〉 sit ignis aquae pugnax Q. What comes next or what is the second Part of Syntaxis in the Gorvernment of Words A. It is the Government or Construction of Nouns Adjectives with a Genitive Dative Accusative or Ablative Case Q. What sort of Adjectives govern a Genitive Case A. Adjectives signifying desire knowledge remembrance care fear and Adjectives contrary to them likewise Verbals in ax also Partitives Comparatives Superlatives Distributives Interrogatives and certain Nouns of Number Q. Do all these always govern a Genitive Case A. Not always for Nouns Partitives and those that are put partitively are sometimes used with these Prepositions Ab de è ex inter
patrocinor medeor faeveo grator gratulor gratificor paâ—co indulgeo consulo prospicio studeo Q. What are the second sort of Verbs that belong to this Rule A. They are Verbs of Comparing as Comparo compono consero aequo adaequo aequiparo contendo and certo pro comparo which sometimes are governed of Prepositions with their Cases Q. What are the third sort of Verbs governing a Dative A. Verbs of Giving and Restoring as Dono concedo trado reddo confero tribuo attribuo largior elarglor ministro restituo suppedito repono c. Q. Which are the fourth sort of Verbs that govern a Dative Case A. They are Verbs of Promising Paying and Owing as Promitto polliceor spÅnÌ„deo debeo solvo appendo numero c. Q. Which are the fifth sort of Verbs governing a Dative Case A. They are Verbs that signifie to command shew or declare as Impero praecipio dominor mando and sometimes jubeo nuncio renuncio dico declaro aperio expone explico monstro indico significo narro patefacio â—stendo c. Q. Which are the sixth sort of Verbs that govern a Dative Case A. They are Verbs of trusting and Verbs contrary to them as Credo sido sidem habeo dissido c. Q. What are the seventh sort of Verbs that govern a Dative Case A. They are Verbs of complying with or obeying and Verbs of resisting or thwarting as Obedio pareo obsequer obtempero moremgero cedo morigeror servio famulor ancillor velisicor blandior adulor assentior palpo pâ—gno repugno resisto adversor luctor reluctor reclaâ—o certo but adulor assentior adversor and palpâ— are read also with an Accusative Case Q. Which are the ninth sort of them A. They are Verbs of threatning or being angry with as Minor indignor iraescor succenseo minitor interminoâ— offendor Q. Which are the tenth sort of Verbs that govern a Dative Case A. They are Verbs of meeting with as Occurrâ— obvenio obviant eo obviam fis or habeo Q. Which are the eleventh sort A. They are Sum and his Compounds as Adsum praesum prosum intersum supersum desum c. except possum and also absum as absint inani sunere neniae Q. Which is the twelfth sort of them A. They are Verbs Neuters and Passives compounded with these Prepositions Prae ad con sub ante post â—b in inter but 〈◊〉 anteeo anteoede anteste anteverto praevenio praevinco praecedo praecurro praeverto prâ—vertor are joyned to an Accusative so are invideo insulto occumbo subeo sufficio illudo attendo Q. Which are the thirteenth sort of these Verbs that govern a Dative Case A. They are Verbs compounded with these Adverbs Satis benè malè as satisfacio benefacio malesacio benedico maledico Q. What other Verbs place will govern a Dative Case A. The Verb Est and Suppetit when they signifie for habeo to have Q. What observe you of Sum and some other Verbs A. That it and some others govern a double Dative Case Q. What more have you to say of this Rule Omnia Verba acqulsitivè A. That the Poets put a Dative Case sometimes to Verbs instead of an Accusative with a Proposition and also sometimes there is added a Dative Case overmuch not for necessity sake but rather for pleasure There are also certain Verbs that govern divers Cases in different respects as Ausculto tibi te Consulo tibi te in te c. Q. What Verbs govern an Accusative Case A. Verbs Transitives or rather Actives and most others as Deponents and Neuters having a transient action i. e. passing their significatioâ— into another word making no perfect sense without it Q. What other sort of Verbs may govern an Accusative Case A. Verbs Neuters Intransitives i. e. which do not transfer or pass over their signification to another word may and do often govern an Accusative of their own or a near signification as vivo vitam c. otherwise they do not for it is otherwise in Neuters and Deponents which have an absolute action or signification in them such as are sto 〈◊〉 sedeo venio surgo orior morior c. Q. What Verbs are those that will govern two Accusative Cases after them A. They are Verbs of asking teaching arraying concealing as Doceo edoceo moneo rogo exoro posco hortor induo exuo celo Of which rogo exoro posco doceo edoceo moneo admoneo do retain or govern an Accusative of the thing even in the Passive Voice Q. What Verbs govern an Ablative Case A. All manner of Verbs signifying the instrument put with this sign with before it or of the cause manner of doing or part but sometimes a Preposition is added to the Ablative of the cause manner of doing and of the part Q. What other Verbs govern an Ablative Case A. Verbs wherein the word of Price i. e. buying or selling letting or hiring is mentioned Q. Are there no Exceptions from this Rule A. Yes these Genitives being put alone without Substantives Tanti quanti pluris minoris tantidem quantidem quantivis quantilibet quanticunque are excepted but if Substantives be added to these they and their Substantives are put in the Ablative Case yet vili paulo minimo magno nimio plurimo dimidio duplo are often added tho' they be Ablatives without Substantives Q. What words are those by which the Question of the instrument cause or manner of doing are answered by A. The instrument answers to the Question made by Quocum With what The cause by Quare Wherefore for what cause or reason The manner of doing by Quomodo How or by what means The price of the thing answers to Quanti For how much or how great a price Q. Doth Valeo always govern an Ablative Case of the price A. No for it governs sometimes an Accusative Q. What other Verbs govern an Ablative Case A. Verbs of abounding i. e. of plenty filling loading and those that signifie contrary to them sc Verbs of scarceness and want emptying and unloading some of which sometimes tho' seldom govern a Genitive Case Q. What other Verbs govern an Ablative Case A. Fungor fruor utor vesâ—or epulor dignor gaudeâ— glorior laetor muto numero communico afficio prosequor impertio impertior consto creor nascor laboro for malâ— habeo to be ill Nitor supersedeo vivo pro victito to live upon Q. What say you of Mereor A. Mereor with the Adverbs benè malè meliùs pejâ—s optimè pessimè governs an Ablative Case with the Preposition De. Q. Are there any other Verbs that govern an Ablative A. Yes some Verbs of receiving of being distant and of taking away will have an Ablative with a Preposition which Ablative is turned sometimes into a Dative Q. What say you of Verbs which have the force of comparison or signifie exceeding A. They govern an Ablative Case of the word that signifies the measure of exceeding Q. Is there no other
Rule for an Ablative Case A. Yes an Ablative Case absolute with a Participle expressed or understood being put in a Comma by it self which Ablative may be resolved by any of these words Dum cum quando siquam postquam as Imperante Augusto i. e. cum or quando imperabat Q. May there not divers cases be put to the same Verb A. Yes there may divers Cases of divers Reasons as Dedit mihi vestem pignâ—ri te praesente propriâ 〈◊〉 Q. What part of government follows next A. The Construction or Government of Verbs Passives Q. What Case do they govern A. An Ablative of the Doer with the Prepositions A ab or abs and sometimes a Dative Q. What say you of the other Cases of Verbs Passives A. As for other Cases they are the same that their Actives govern except an Accusative which ought never to follow a Verb or Participle Passive except in those afore-mentioned sc Râ—go exâ—ro posâ—o doceo edoceo moneo admoneo which retain an Accusative of a thing in the Passive Voice Q. What say you of these Neuter Passives sc Vapulo vaeneo liceo exulo fio A. They have a Passive Construction or govern Cases as Passives do according to our Grammar tho' controverted by some Q. What is the Rule of Verbs of the Infinitive Mood and of what are they governed A. Verbs of the Infinitive Mood are governed or depend either on Verbs Participles or Adjectives Q. Can all Verbs govern an Infinitive Mood after them A. No for we cannot say curro ludere oâ— viva â—dere c. There are only four sorts of Verbs which govern an Infinitive Mood viz. 1. Those that signifie sense as Audio sentio intelligo doceo disco 2. Those that signifie will or desire as Cupio posco libet placet 3. Which signifie power or ability as Possum queo valeo c. And 4. these viz. Licâ—t liberum est aequum est par est contingit c. Q. Are not Verbs of the Infinitive sometimes put absolutely and figuratively A. Yes as Haeccine fieri flagitia Criminibus terrerâ— novis Q. What part of Government comes next A. The Construction of Gerunds and Supines Q. What Case do Gerunds and Supines govern A. Gerunds and Supines signifying actively govern the Case of their Verbs Q. What do Gerunds in di depend upon A. They depend upon certain Substantives and Adjectives governing a Genitive Case Q. What Case have Gerunds in di sometimes instead of the Case of their Verbs A. A Genitive Plural i. e. an Accusative Case is sometimes turned into a Genitive Novarum qui spectandi copiam faciunt pro novas Ratio scribendi literarum pro literas Q. Of what are Gerunds in do governed A. Of the Prepositions A ab abs de è ex cum in pro or else they are put without a Preposition when the cause or manner is signified as Nihil est quin malè narrando c. Q. Of what are Gerunds in dum governed A. Of these Prepositions Inter ante ad ob propter or else they are put absolutely with a Dative expressed or understood when necessity i. e. when must or ought is signified Q. May not Gerunds elegantly be turned into Nouns Adjectives A. Yes and then they must agree with their Substantives in Case Gender and Number Q. What is the first Supine governed of A. The first Supine follows Verbs or Participles signifying moving to a place Q. What part of Government falls under the ninth place A. The Construction of Time and Place Q. In what Case is the Term or Word of Time put answering to the Question When A. In the Ablative Q. In what Case is it put answering to the Question How long And in what Case is the space of a place put answering to Quantum How much or how far A. In the Accusative commonly and sometimes in the Ablative Q. How are the Proper Names of great Places used to wit of Countries Islands and Provinces And how are the Common Names of Places i. e Nouns Substantives common denoting place uttered A. They are commonly uttered or used with Prepositions Q. In what Case are the Proper Names of Towns and Cities put when they signifie in or at a City or Toâ—n and answer to the Question Vâ—i Where A. If they be of the first or second Declension and Singular Number they are put in the Genitive Case but if they be of the Plural Number or third Declension they are commonly put in the Ablative and as some say in the Dative Q. What Words follow the Rule of Proper Names A. 〈◊〉 domi militiae belli râ—â—i vel rure Q. In what Case are the Proper Names of Cities and Towns put in when they signifie moving to a place and answer to the Question Quo Whither A. They are put in the Accusative Case without a Preposition and so are Domum and Rus used Q. In what Case are the Proper Names of Cities and Towns put in when they signifie From or By a place and answering to the Question Vnde or Quâ from whence or which way A. They are put in the Ablative Case without a Preposition so are Domo and Rure Q. What Genitives of Nouns Adjectives will Domus only admit of A. None but these Meae tuae suae nostrae vestrae alienae for if other Adjectives be used with Domi they must be put with it in the Ablative Case Q. What part of Government comes next A. The Construction of Verbs Impersonals Q. What Impersonals govern a Genitive Case A. Interest and Refert most commonly govern a Genitive of the Person save that instead of the Genitive Cases of the Pronoun Primitives they govern these Ablatives Feminines of the Pronouns Possessives Meâ tuâ suâ nostrâ vestrâ cujâ— Interest and Refert govern also these Genitives of the thing viz. Tanti quanti magni parvi pluris and sometimes other Cases as Interest ad laudem meam It makes to my praise Q. What Impersonals govern a Dative Case A. Accidit certum est contingit constat confert competit conducit convenit placet displicet dolet expedit evenit liquet libet licet nocet obest prodest praestat patet stat restat benefit malefit satisfit superest sufficit vocat forotium est c. Q. What Impersonals govern an Accusative Case A. Juvat decet with their Compounds likewise delectat and oportet Q. To what Impersonals is the Preposition ad properly added A. To these Attinet pertinet spectat Q. What Cases will Paenitet taedet miseret miserescit pudet piget govern A. An Accusatâ—ve with a Genitive Q. But may not some Impersonals become Personals A. Yes as Namque decent animos mollia regna tuos Q. Have Impersonals a Nominative Case before them A. No for they are called Impersonals because they have no Person nor Number nor Nominative Case And Vossius saith they want also the Imperative Mood instead of which we use the Present Tense of the Subiunctive
Q. How are Impersonals put A. Either absolutely i. e. by themselves or they govern after them the Case of Verbs Personals as Non nocebitur ei nocturnis roribus The Dew shall not hurt it by night Q. How may a Verb Impersonal of the Passive Voice signifie A. It may signifie indifferently for every Person of both Numbers with the Preposition a or ab understood and the Ablative Cases Singular or Plural of ego tu ille as statur I stand thou standest he standeth we stand ye stand they stand Q. What Part of Government doth next follow A. The Construction of Participles Q. What Case will Participles govern A. They govern the Cases of their Verbs Q. What Case do Participles of Verbs Passives commonly govern A. They govern for the most part a Dative and Participles signifying actively for the most part govern an Accusative Case Q. What Case do Participles govern when they are changed into Nouns A. They govern a Genitive Q. But how many ways are Participles changed into Nouns A. Four 1. When a Participle is construed with a different Case then the Verb that it comes of is construed with it 2. When it is compounded with a Preposition with which the Verb it comes from cannot be compounded 3. When it forms all the Degrees of Comparison 4. When it hath no respect or express difference of Time Q. How are such Participles as are changed into Nouns called A. Nouns Participials Q. Do all other Nouns Participials require a Genitive Case A. No Exosus pertaesus perosus are excepted for when perosus and exosus signifie passively they govern a Dative Case and when they signifie actively all the three govern an Accusative And natus prognatus satus cretus creatus ortus editus oriundus govern an Ablative Q. What part of Construction comes in the twelfth and last place A. The Construction of the Undeclined Parts of Speech Q. Which of them comes first A. An Adverb according to order Q. What Case do Adverbs govern A. Some a Nominative and an Accusative as En and Ecce when they are Adverbs of shewing govern most commonly a Nominative Case seldom an Accusative but when they signifie upbraiding reproaching or disgracing they have only an Accusative Q. What Adverbs require a Genitive Case A. Adverbs of Quantity Time and Place and the Adverbs Instar and Ergo but Instar with the Preposition Ad before it is a Noun invariable Q. What Adverbs govern a Dative Case A. Certain Adverbs derived of Nouns Adjectives which govern a Dative Case as obviâ—m derived of obvius and similiter of similis Q. Are there not some Datives of Nouns Substantives used adverbially A. Yes Tempori luci vesperi Q. What Adverbs derived an Accusative Case A. Certain Adverbs derived of Prepositions serving to an Accusative as propriùs and proximè of the Preposition prope and clanculùm of clam as Clanculùm Patres Plaut Q. How many ways may Prepositions be changed into Adverbs A. Two 1. When they are set alone without their Case 2. When they do form all the Degrees of Comparison Q. What Case will Adverbs of the Comparative and Superlative Degree have A. The same as the Nouns Adjectives of those Degrees of which they come Q. What Case are plùs ampliùs and minùs joyned to A. To a Nominative Accusative and Ablative the Conjunction quà m being understood Q. What is the Adverb abhinc joyned to A. To an Accusative or Ablative Q. But do not Poets often use the Accusative Cases of Nouns Adjectives of the Neuter Gender in both Numbers for Adverbs A. Yes as Torvùmque repentè clamat Horrendùm stridens Immanè spirans Turbidùm laetatur Perfidùm ridens Hor. Transversà tuentibus hircis Acerbà sonans Crebrà fremit multà gemens Virg. The manner of these Expressions are in imitation of the Greeks Q. What Cases do Conjunctions govern being the next in order A. They govern none but they couple like Cases and sometimes like Moods and Tenses and sometimes like Moods but divers Tenses Q. What Conjunctions do couple like Cases A. All Conjunctions Copulatives and Disjunctives with these six quam nifi praeterquam an cum tum tum doubled Q. But may they not couple sometimes divers Cases A. Yes in regard of some private reason as in words that are of divers Constructions Q. What Particles are there that govern Moods A. These following govern a Subjunctive Mood 1. Indefinite words i. e. words used in a general not in a particular sense as Quis qualis quantiss 2. Causals i. e. that give a reason or shew a cause as Quin quippe qui ut uti quo dummodo and dum for dummodo and most an end quamvis ersi tametsi etiamsi and licet 3. Dubitatives i. e. when a Doubt is made as An ne num 4. Optatives i. e. Particles or Words of Wishing as Vâ—inam si osi ô. 5. These of Simulation Perinde aâ—si quasi selt vero for quasi vero tanquam but when they are Adverbs of Similitude they govern an Indicative Q. What Particles govern both Moods sc an Indicative and a Subjunctive A. Quippe qui and utpote qui ubi cum ni nisi si quòd quià postquam but si for quamvis governs a Subjunctive only Q. What say you of the Adverb ne of forbidding A. It governs an Imperative or Subjunctive Q. What Participles govern an Indicative Mood A. Ne an num being Particles of Interrogation likewise quando quandoqâ—idem quoniam quippe dum and donec put for quamdiu ut put for postquam quomodo sicut Q. How are quòd and ut distinguished in making Latin for both signifie that A. Quòd most commonly signifies the same as Quià because or it signifies that noting the efficient cause as Quòd tu rediisti Because you have returned and for the most part it is used concerning a thing done and past Ut signifies to the end that noting the final cause or effect as Ut tu fabulam agas Volo and we use it chiefly for the future and in things to come of both thus Gaudeo quod veneris scripsi ut veniÌ„res Q. Which do you put Quòd or Ut after these words viz. Adeò ideò ità sic tam talis tantus tot tantum abest c A. We never put Quòd after them but Ut with a Subjunctive Mâ—od Q. After what Verbs may Ut be also used A. After Verbs of seeking bidding fearing and after Verbs that signifie a will or study or endeavour as after volo curo laboro and Verbs that signifie an event as fit evenit accidit contingit c. He that would know more concerning Particles and the Government of Moods let him read and consult Authors Q. What say you of the Government of Prepositions A. That the Preposition In is often understood and sometimes others Q. What comes next concerning the Government of Prepositions A. That a Verb compound sometimes governs a Case by the sorce of the Preposition it
is compounded with And sometimes the same Preposition is compounded or joyned with the Verb and put before the casual word also as Amicos ad vocabo ad hanc rem where ad is put to vocabo and put before hanc rem besides Q. What Cases do Prepositions govern A. Either an Accusative or Ablative some govern both only Tenus governs an Ablative both Singular and Plural and a Genitive Case Plural but not Singular Q. Which are those Prepositions that serve to both the Accusative and Ablative A. They are In super sub subter and clam in used for erga contra and ad serves to an Accusative Officers are elegantly express'd in Latin by the Preposition A with the Verb Est and a Dative of the Possessor or Master as Est Regi à consiliis He is one of the King's Counsel or Privy Counsel A pedibus A Foot-man A manibus a Secretary or Manuensis Q. But are there not some Prepositions that are never found but when they are compounded with Verbs A. Yes these Am di dis re se con Q. What become of Prepositions when they govern no Case A. They are turned into Adverbs Q. The Construction of which of the undeclined Parts of Speech doth now remain A. The Construction of Interjections Q. What Cases do Interjections govern A. O a Particle of Exclaiming governs a Nominative and Vocative but when it is a Particle of Calling only a Vocative as O Melibaee Deus nobis haec otia fecit Hue ades O Galatea Virg. Eclog. 9. Heu governs a Nominative Dative or Accusative as Heu Pietas Heu mifero mihi Heu stirpem invisam Hei and Vae only a Dative as Hei mihi Vae tibi Causidice Q. What Cases do Proh ah and vah govern A. They govern an Accusative and Vocative as Proh Sancte Jupiter Proh Deûm atque hominum fidem Ah Virgo inselix Virg. Eclog. 6. Ah me miserum Ter. Vah mea Antiphila Vah inconstantiam Ter. Q. What Case do Heus and Ohe govern A. Only a Vocative as Heus Syre Ohe Libelle Ter. and Mart. Q. What Case do Hem and Apage govern A. An Accusative as Hem astutias Ter. Apage istiusmodi salutem quae cum cruciatu venit Plaut Observations for the Government of Words by Signs A Sign is a word which of it self-signifieth nothing but sheweth how another word signifies A An The be signs of a Nominative Case which goes before the Verb. These are also the signs of a Noun Substantive to which you cannot put the word Man or Yâ—ing as you can to an Adjective The Accusacive hath the same signs and it follows the Verb. O is the sign of the Vocative and it is known by calling or speaking to any body O is the sign of a Genitive when a Noun goes before it Except 1. Of after Adjectives signifying fulness or emptiness and before a word signifying the praise or dispraise of a thing then it is a sign of a Genitive or Ablative Except 2. Of after dignus indignus natus prognatus sutus cretus creatus ortus editus and most commonly after opus and usus signifying need notes an Ablative But of after a Verb is made by one of these Prepositions A ab e ex except after Verbs of accusing condemning warning and acquitting a Genitive or an Ablative with or without a Preposition Also of after paenitet pudet taedet piget miseret miserescit and after the Verb Sum signifying a Property or Duty notes a Genitive Of after Verbs of filling easing emptying depriving ridding spoiling unburthening notes an Ablative without any Preposition Of signifying concerning is made by De. Of after Verbals in bilis Participles of the Preterperfect Tense and Futures in dus is a sign of a Dative yet sometimes it is made by a Preposition To before a Noun is a sign of the Dative Case but after aptus paâ—atas tardur and after a Substantive not governing a Genitive Case which signisies the matter of a thing or person it 's made by the Gerund in dum or Participle in dus with ad But To after a Substantive or Adjective governing a Genitive Case is made by a Gerund in di To before a Verb is a sign of an Infinitive Mood but after attinet pertinet spectat loquor hâ—râ—o invito provoco addo voco and Verbs of motion is made by ad To also after Verbs and Participles signifying moving to a place is usually made by the first Supine or Gerund in dum with ad or by the Participle in rus About to to intend or to purpose is also made by the Fuâ—ure in rus To be is a sign of the Infinitive Mood Passive but to be after the Verb sum or a Substantive is made by the Participle in dus To be after these Adjectives facilis difficilis dignus indignus is mâ—de by the latter Supine For is sometimes the sign of a Dative Case but sometimes it 's made by a Preposition But for the cause is always the Ablative and for the price except after tanti quanti pluris minoris standing without Substantives then it notes a Genitive With the cause or manner is a sign of an Ablative Except when it signifies Society it is made by cum Except also after Verbs of comparing being angry with or at to meet with it is a sign of a Datiâ—e Case From is an Ablative except after Verbs of taking away then it 's a Dative commonly By and then after an Adjective of the Comparative Degree be signs of an Ablative Case That when it is joined with man or thing is made by is ille or iste otherwise if it cannot be turned into which it's a Conjunctioâ— to be made by quâ—d or ut How before an Adjective is to be made by quà m before a Verb by quâ—medo More most and very before an Adjective are signs of the Comparative and Superlative Degree It or there before a Verb are signs of a Verb Impersonâ—l or of a Nominative Case set after a Verb. A Parâ—iciple of the Present Tense having a sign of the Geniâ—ivâ— Câ—se is made by a Gerund in di having the sign of an Ablative is made by a Gerund in do but the Pâ—râ—iciple in ing having a or the before it is a Substantive About concerning is made by de afore a Noun of â—ime or Number with ad circiâ—er or circa otherwise with cirâ—a circum Afore or before with a Noun or alone is made by anâ—e afâ—râ— that before that afore before with a Verb antequam After with a Noun is post after that after with a Verb postquam afterwards postea with the woâ—ds mannâ—r or fâ—shion ad All viz. whole is made by totus otherwise by omnis Along before a Substantive is per along with â—nd cum At ut As being repeated or so-as when a comparisâ—n is made by tam-quam tum-tum cum-tum aeâ—ue perindeâ—aâ— tam-ac adco ut as much as as great as tantus quanius as many as so many
as tot-quot as like as such as taelis qualis as far as to as concerning as much as belongs to quantum ad quod ad quo ad But sed onâ—â— tantùm unless nisi praeterquam after cannot non after nothing else quam after I doubt not quin. Over abâ—ve is made by supra beyond by ulâ—ra through by per or trans That for this the is made by ille for which by qui. The being thus repeated the more the more the first is to be made by quo quanto the latter by tanto eo boe Till asoâ—e a Verb is made by dum or donÌ„â—c afore a Noun by ad usque ad Very afore a Substantive is made by ipse otherwise by valde Vnder above over after a Noun of Number are made by minus plus otherwise by subter supta Worth before a Verb is made by valeo being a Noun by dignitas but worth the pains operae pretium otherwise it is a sign c. Too he be never so learned or rich is not to be made by quamvis nunquam sit tam Doctus or Dives but tâ—us Doctissimus vel ditissimus licet sit c. The signs on at before a Nown of Time Age also on after nitor to lean and vescor to eat notes an Ablative Likewise at in such words at table at first sight at first coming c. Also at School at Church by iâ— with an Ablative and not by ad or apud Of the rest of the Particles coâ—sult Walker Observe what follows for making elegant Latine When this English That may be formed into this English Which it is a Relative otherwise it is a Conjunction which is called in Latine quod or ut and in making Latine it may elegantly be put awâ—y by turning the Nominative into the Accusative and the Verb into the Infinitive Mood The English must or ought that seems to be made by oportet or deâ—eo may be put in the Gerund in dum with the Verb est set impersonaily turning the Nominative into the Dative The Verb have may be made by est in Latine if you turn the Nominative into the Dative and the Accusative into the Nominative A Verb Neuter may be changed into the third Person Passive with an Ablative and a Preposition express'd or understood If a Verb Active be changed into a Passive you must turn the Nominative into the Dative or Ablative with a Preposition and the Accusative into the Nominative A Substantive with a Participle standing within a Comma by it self and that is neither the Nominative Case to the Verb nor governed of any other word is put in the Ablative Case absolute which Ablative may be resolved by one of these words dum cum quando si quanquam postquà m Rules to turn English into Latin or Latin into English BEfore you construe read the Sentence to a period observing the Proper Names that begin with great Letters and the Hard Words with the meaning of what you are to construe After that 1. Take the Vocative Case if there be any with its Interjection and whatsoever depends upon it 2. Take the Nominative or whatsoever is put instead of it and joyn with it whatsoever depends upon it 3. Take the Principal Verb and whatsoever depends on it 4. Take the Case following the Verb by asking whom or what and after it all the other Cases in order first the Genitive then the Dative and Ablative known by their signs but Relatives and Nouns that follow the Rule of the Relative together with their Substantives if they have any express'd are commonly taken before the Verb or any other word whereof they are governed and so are Conjunctions and Adverbs of likeness as quemadmodum ut sicut having sic or ita to answer them in the second part of the Sentence 5. Take the Substantive and Adjective together unless the Adjective pass over its signification unto some other word which it governs 6. Observe the Indeclinables and the Case if they require it that follows them 7. The Substantive with its Participle c. which neither agrees with the Verb nor is govern'd of any word i. e. the Ablative Case absolute which is put in a Comma by it self Lastly All the Circumstances comprehended in this following Verse are to be well weighed Quis cui causa locus quo tempore prima sequela That is 1. Who speaks in that place what he speaks 2. To whom he speaks 3. Upon what occasion he speaks or to what end 4. Where he speaks 5. At what time it was 6. What went before in the Sentence next 7. What follows next after If any thing be against Sence or Grammar cast it off till you have sound out the right Short Rules for the placing of Latine Words 1. THe Oblique Cases that is all besides the Nominative and Vocative are to be placed in the beginning unless they be Negatives then they may elegantly be put in the end so may Adjectives or Parâ—iciples that contain the chief point of the sence 2. The Nominative Case is to be placed in the middle before the Verb except a Question be asked and then the Nominative is set after the Verb or after the sign of the Verb as Amas tu 2. When the Verb is of the Imperative Mood as Ama tu Or 3. when this sign it or there cometh before the English of the Verb as Est liber mens Venit ad me quidam 4. The Adjective may be placed before the Substantive and between them may be fitly placed the Genitive of the latter of two Substantives Also between the Adjective and the Substantive of the Genitive Case the word governing the Genitive Case may be elegantly put Adverbs and Participles may be placed where they seem most to please the ear But the word governed is most commonly placed before the word governing contrary to Grammatical order De Figuris Q. QVid est Figura R. Est novâ vel novatâ are aliquâ dicondi formâ— Q. Quot â—plices sunt Figurae Grammaticae R. Sunt quadruplices Orthogrà phiae Etymologiae Syntaxis Prâ—sâ—diae Q. Quot sunt Figurae Orthographiâ— R. Sunt novent 1. Prothesis 2. Amphaeresis 3. Epenthesis 4. Syncope 5. Paragoge 6. Apocope 7. Antistoicon seâ— Aâ—ithâ—sis 8. Metathesis 9. Tâ—â—esis Sed haec omnesque Figurae Grammaticales ad Pleonasmum Ellipsin Enallagen reduci possunt Q. Quid est Prothesis R. Est appositio literae vel syllabae ad principium dictionis ut Gnatus pro Natus tetuli pro tuli Q. Quid est Aphaeresis R. Est ablatio literae vel syllabae à principio dictionis ut â—uit pro eruit teninere pro conteâ—â—ere Q. Quid est Epenthesis R. Est interpositio literae vel syllabae in medio dictionis ut relliquias relligio additâ L Induperatorem pro Imperarorem Q. Quid est Sâ—noope R. Est ablatio literae â—el syllabae è medio dictionis ut 〈◊〉 pro abivit dixti pro dix sti repostum pro
LILY Improved Corrected and Explained WITH THE Etymological Part OF THE Common Accidence By W. T. Master of a Boarding-School at Fulham near London for above Two and Twenty Years Tota domus nititur fundamento Sic in Grammaticae fundamenta fideliter jeceris quicquid superstruxeris facilè corruet Sed multarum lues est Scholarum quòd Latinarum vocum Declinationes Conjugationes vel omnino negligant vel festinantius percurrant Carpere sed noli nostra sed ede tua Quis gremio Enceladi doctique Palaemonis adfert Quantum Grammaticus meruit labor res nulla minoris Constabit patri quam filius sed culpa docentis Scilicet arguitur si in laevâ parte mamillae Nil salit Arcadico juveni Juven LONDON Printed for B. Bentley in Russel-street in Covent-garden MDCXCVI Honoratissimis ac Dilectissimis Suis Discipulis optimae spei indolis juvenibus D no. Georgio Treby D ni Georgii Trebi Equitis Aurati Communis Banci Primarii Justitiarii unico Filio D no. Thomae Powis D ni Thomae Powis Equitis Aurati maximo natu Filio Ceterisque ex suis Charissimis Discipulis gratitudinis amoris ergo haec Collectanea opusculum qualia qualia sint Dicat Dedicat Consecratque W. T. THE INTRODUCTION OF The Eight Parts of Latin Speech and a perfect succinct Explanation of the Royal and Authoriz'd commonly call'd Lilly 's Grammar with several Amendments Supplements and Animadversions I. THE Eight Parts of Speech with their Accidents explained and examined out of the Common Accidence with a supply of many Defects and an Addition and Resolution of many things necessary for Youth to know II. The Four Parts of Grammar discuss'd by Questions and Answers the first being Orthographia or rather Orthoepeia carefully to be observ'd by those that learn the Latin and English Tongue with an account of the Points or Pauses which are to be minded in Writing and Reading The Second Part being Etymologia to which all Words or Parts of Speech belong under which Propria quae Maribus Quae genus and As in Presenti are fully examin'd the Defects supplied with many Additions and the Mistakes amended The Third Part of Grammar being Syntaxis is epitomiz'd and made shorter by two Thirds with very small Alterations to the same Rules and yet many things added to which is subjoin'd an Examination thereof by Questions and Answers with a short account of the Figures of Grammar and with some hints to a School-Boy how he should be examin'd his Lesson in Latin And last of all the Fourth Part of Grammar viz. Prosodia is fully explain'd after the same manner with a supply of many Defects The whole comprising whaever Brinsley Dugard Hool Leech or Walker in his tedious Explanations and Quotations c. have attempted upon Grammar after this manner of Questions and Answers which certainly as it is asserted by the greatest Judgments and Men of Learning must be the best Method of instructing Youth in all sort of Knowledge What is contain'd under different Characters may be omitted by Tyrocinians till they come to be something more knowing III. Observations concerning the Government of Words by Signs IV. Rules to turn Latin into English or English into Latin with Directions to place Latin Words Lastly short Instructions to Tyrocinians for composing of Themes Verses Epistles Orations and Declamations THE Eight Parts of Speech Examin'd out of the Common Accidence BY Questions and Answers Q. WHAT is the Accidence and why is it so called A. It is a Book that teacheth the first Grounds of the Latin Tongue so called because it chiefly teaches the Accidents i. e. the things belonging to the Eight Parts of Speech Q. Into how many Parts is the Accidence divided A. Into two first an Introduction of the Eight Parts of the Latin Tongue or Speech secondly the Coâ—struction or joyning together of the Right Parts of Speech Q. What do you mean by Construction A. A framing or setting together of the Eight Parts of Speech to make a Discourse the examination of which part we omit in the common Accidence because it is examin'd fully in the Latin Syntaxis Q. How many Parts or how many sorts of Words are there in the Latin Tongue or Speech A. Eight and no more or less viz. a Noun a Pronoun a Verb a Participle an Adverb Conjunction Preposition Interjection for every word whereof Speech is made is one of these Eight Parts tho' there be many thousand words yet each of them is one of these Q. What things belong to all the Eight Parts of Speech A. Species and Figura i. e. Form and Figure For any of the Parts of Speech may be first Primitive or Derivative secondly Simple or Compound Q. How are these Eight Parts of Speech divided A. They are divided into Declined and Undeclined Q. How many are declined A. The four first viz. a Noun Pronoun Verb Participle Q. How many are undeclined A. The four last viz. an Adverb Conjunction Preposition and Interjection Q. Why are the four first declined and the four last undeclined A. Because the first four may change their ending or termination into divers other endings as magister magstri ego mei amo amas amatus amata amatum The four last never change their ending as Cras at que ad heus Q. How many of the Parts of Speech are declined with case and how many without case A. Three with case Noun Pronoun Participle and one without case viz. a Verb. Q. Are there not many Nouns and Verbs undeclined A. There are but it is in regard of Use that they are not declined not in regard of the Nature of Words Q. What is Speech of which you tell me there are eight parts A. Speech is properly the uttering or declaring of our Minds by Words Q. Which and what is the first part of Speech A. It is a Noun which signifies the name of any thing that may be seen fâ—lâ— heard or understood as the name of my Hand in Latin is manus c. Q. Is a Hand a Noun A. A Hand itself is not a Noun but the word signifying a Hand is a Noun Q. How comes nihil to be a Noun when it signifies nothing A. Tho' nihil signifies nothing yet it is a Noun because it is not meant properly nothing but a thing of no value having the name of hilum the black in the top of a Bean as nihil or nihiâ—um not so much as the black in a Bean. In Grammar therefore we are to consider Words not Things Q. How many sorts of Nouns are there A. Two a Noun Substantive and a Noun Adjective Q. What is a Noun Substantive A. It is a Noun that standeth by it self and requireth not another word to be joined with it to shew its signification and it may have the Signs A or The before it and cannot have the word Man or Thing after it as an Adjective hath Q. With how many Articles is a
Noun Substantive declin'd A. With one Article as hic magister a Master or with two at the most as hic haec Parens a Father or Mother Q. How many fold is a Noun Substantive according to its signification A. It is two-fold either Proper which is the proper name of a thing as Edvardus or Common which is common to all of the same kind as homo is a common Name to all Men. Q. What is a Noun Adjective A. A Noun Adjective is that cannot stand by it self in Reason or Signification but requires to be join'd with another word as Man or Thing as bonus good felix happy Q. How many fold is a Noun Adjective from its manner of signifying A. It is two-fold Proper signifying an Affection peculiar to one as Gradivus to Mars Quirinus to Romulus and Common which signifies an Affection common to many as bonus malus solers satur Q. How many-fold is an Adjective according to its declining A. It is two-fold for it is declined either with three terminations like bonus or with three Articles like felix and tristis Q. How many things belong to a Noun A. Seven in all Number Case Gender Declension Comparison Form and Figure but Comparison properly belongs to a Noun Adjective and Form and Figure to all the Parts of Speech Q. Why doth not Comparison belong to a Noun Substantive A. Because the signification of it cannot be encreased or diminished Q. What is Number being the first Accident belonging to a Noun A. Number is a separation or distinction of One from Many Q. How many Numbers are there A. Two the Singular that speaks but of one as lapis a Stone and the Plural that speaks of more than one as lapides Stones Q. Do all Nouns of the Singular Number speak but of One A. All Nouns speak but of One in the Singular Number except the Nouns Collectives such as populus grex turba c. which signifie many or a multitude in the singular Number as on the contrary there are Nouns of the Plural Number that signifie but one thing as Nuptiae Gabii Thebae Athenae c. Q. Doth Number only belong to a Noun A. No but it belongs to all the declined Parts of Speech Q. What is Case the next Accident of a Noun A. It is the diverse ending of a Noun Pronoun or Participle in the declining of them Q. How many Cases are there A. Six the Nominative the Genitive the Dative the Accusative the Vocative and the Ablative Q. How may the Cases be known one from the other A. Thus the Nominative and Accusative by their Places the other by their Signs Q. Which is the place of the Nominative A. Thus the Nominative is placed before the Verb in due order of Speech and Answers to the Question Who or What as magister docet the Master teacheth and it is known by the Signs A or The. Q. Why is it call'd the Nominative A. Because we give Names to all things in this Case from nomino Q. How know you the Genitive Case A. The Genitive is known by these Signs Off or 'S answering to the Question Whose or Whereof as Doctrina magistri the Learning of the Master and it is a Case governed Q. Why is it called the Genitive Case A. From gigno because it begets or produces all the following Cases for when I know the Genitive Case of any word I may easily know all the following Cases of that Declension Q. How know you the Dative Case A. By the Sign To and sometimes by the Sign For and it answers to the Question To whom or To what as Do librum magistro I give a Book to the Master and it is likewise a Case govern'd Q. Why is it called the Dative Case A. From Do to give for if I speak Deliver or Give to one any thing I use this Case Q. How know you the Accusative Case A. The Accusative followeth the Verb and answereth to the Question Whom or What as amo magistrum I love the Master and it hath the same Signs as the Nominative viz. A or The which are common Signs to all the Cases but more proper to the Nominative and Accusative Q. Why is it called the Accusative Case A. From the Verb or Law-term Accuso for this is the Case by which Judges do use to pronounce their Sentence Q. How know you the Vocative Case and why is it called so A. The Vocative Case is known by calling or speaking to as O magister O Master and it is so called from the Verb Voco to call or speak to any body Q. How know you the Ablative Case and why is it called so A. The Ablative Case is known either by Prepositions serving to it or else by these Signs In with through for from by and then after the comparative degree And it is called the Ablative Case from aufero to take away Q. How are the Signs of the Cases delivered in short A. Thus A The Of or 'S To and sometimes For A The O From c. Q. What Case is that which is called Octavus Casus A. It is the Dative put instead of an Accusative with a Preposition as it â—lamor coelo for ad coelum Q. What Case or where then is the Seventh Case A. The Seventh is the Ablative uttered or used without a Preposition as some will have it tho' indeed there are but six Cases according to the Declension to which every word belongs so that the Septimus and Octavus Casus are Cases by Licentiâ Poeticâ Q. What Case is that which is called the Rectus Casus A. It is the Nominative and Vocative that 's like to it the other Cases being called oblique Cases Q. Why is the Ablative called Latinus Casus A. Because it is prâ—per to the Latines for the Greeks have no Ablative Q. What follows next after the Cases in the Accidence A. Articles which are marks to know the Genders by in declining Q. How many Articles are there and whence are they borrowed A. There are three viz. Hic haec hâ—c and they are borrowed of the Pronouns Q. What do hic haec hoc signifie A. When hic haec hoc is a Pronoun it signifies this but when it is dâ—clined with a Noun it signifies nothing only it points out the Gender Q. How do you decline Articles together and severally with a Noun A. Thus  Singul. Plur.  M. F. N. M. F. N. Nom. Hic haec hoc Hi hae haec Gen. Hujus hujus hujus Hâ—rum harum horum Dat. Huic huic huic His his his Acc. Hunc hanc hoc Hâ—s has haeâ— Voc. O O O. O O O. Abl. Hoc hac hâ—c His his his Q. Why are they set before the Genders and Declensions A. Because they servâ— to note out the Genders and also decline Nouns in every Gender Q. What is a Gender A. It is the difference of Sex by Nature as they are Male and Female but by Institution and Art Words may
Person A. It is the Person or Thing spoken to either alone or with others as Tu Thou Vos Ye and these two are properly also all the words of this second Person Q. What Case is of the second Person A. Every Vocative Case Q. What is the third Person A. It is the Person or Thing that is spoken of as Ille He Illi They and of this Person are all Nouns Pronouns and Participles except the four words of the first and second Person viz. Ego Nos Tu and Vos Q. Which are the more worthy Persons A. The first is more worthy than the second and the second more worthy than the third Q. Which is the Third Part of Speech A. It is a Verb. Q. What is a Verb A. It is a Part of Speech declined with Mood and Tense and betokens or signifies doing as Amo I love or suffering as Amor I am loved or being as Sum I am Q. What is the difference between a Noun and a Verb A. A Noun signifies the Name of a Thing a Verb signifies the manner of doing suffering or being of that Thing Q. How many-fold is a Verb A. It is two-fold Personal and Impersonal Q. What is a Verb Personal A. A Verb Personal is that which is declined with three Persons in both Numbers and such as hath a Nom. Case Q. What is a Verb Impersonal A. A Verb Impersonal according to the Book is that which hath no Persons or rather it is a Verb which is declined in the third Person singular only and hath no Nom. Case Q. How many kinds of Verbs Personals are there A. Five according to the Book Active Passive Neuter Deponent and Common which is now grown out of use Q. How do these five sorts of Verbs differ one from another A. They differ three ways 1. In Termination for some end in O as Actives and Neuters some in Or as Passives Deponents and Commons and a few Neuters ending in M as sum forem inquam possum 2. They differ in signification 3. In declining or forming Q. How is a Verb Active known A. By its ending in O and betokening or signifying to do as Amo I love Q. What may a Verb Active be made A. It may be made a Verb Passive by putting to it r as Amo Amor. Q. How is a Verb Passive known A. A Verb Passive endeth in or and betokeneth or signifieth to suffer as Amor I am loved Q. What may a Verb Passive be made A. It may be made an Active by putting away r aâ— Amor Amo. Q. How doth a Verb Neuter end A. In O or M as Curro I run Sum I am Q. Cannot a Verb Neuter seeing it ends in O as well as a Verb Active take R to make it a Passive A. No for tho' I say Curro I run yet I cannot say Curror I am run Q. How doth a Verb Neuter signifie A. It signifies sometimes actively that is like a Verb Active as Curro I run and sometimes passively or like a Verb Passive as Aegroto I am sick and sometimes it signifies being as Sum I am Q. How doth a Verb Deponent end A. It ends in R like a Passive Q. How doth it signifie A. It signifies either like a Verb Active as Loquor Verbum I speak a word or like a Verb Neuter signifying actively as Glorior I boast Q. How is a Verb Deponent declined A. Like a Verb Passive but with Gerunds and Supines especially the first Supine and with Active Participles Q. How doth a Verb Common end which you say is out of use A. It ends in R like a Verb Passive Q. How doth it signifie A. It signifies both as a Verb Active and as a Verb Passive and therefore it is called a Verb Common as Osculor I kiss or am kissed Q. May I take away R from a Verb Deponent or Common whereby they may be made Actives for they both end like a Verb Passive and the one of them viz. a Verb Common signifies also like a Verb Passive A. No you cannot take away R for Loquor cannot be made Loquo nor Osculor Osculo Q. Some Verbs are said to be Transitive others Intransitive how may I know which is which A. Thus those are Transitive whose Action or Doing passeth into another thing and have not a perfect sence in themselves as when I say Amo I love I must say I love something as Amo Magistrum I love the Master Q. How may I know which are Intransitive Verbs A. Intransitives are those which have an absolute and perfect sence in their own Signification without asking the Question whom or what which may be asked in Transitives as Curro I run agroto I am sick after which I need not add or put any thing Q. How many things belong to a Verb A. There belong to it properly these fâ—ur viz. Kind Mood Time and Conjugation with â—â—rm Figure Number and Person which are Accidents câ—mmâ—n to the other declined parts of Speech as well as to a Verb. Q. What is Mood for we â—ave spâ—ke already of the kinds of Verbs A. Mood is an Accident that addâ—th to the signification of a Verb the manner of signifying Q. How many Moods are there A. Four properly and indeed tho' the Book saith six Q. What is the Indicative Mood A. It is a Mood that shews a Reason true or false as Ego amo I love or else asks a Question and doubteth as Amas tu Dost thou love Q. What is the Imperative Mood A. It is a Mood that biddeth or commandeth exhorteth or intreateth and it hath often before it except in the second Person sing and pl. this sign Let as Amato Let him love Q. Why doth the Imperative Mood want the first Person singular A. Because the first Person being the Person that speaketh cannot be said to commâ—nd himself Q. But how can it be that Passives have an Imperative Mood seeing that a Passion cannot be commanded A. Because a disposition to do belâ—â—gs to the Doer or Agent and therefore he is justly commanded as Amator ab hero i. e. So order or behave your self that you may be beloved of your Master So Docetor Be thou taught i. e. Reject not your Teacher but mark well what he saith Q. How know you the Subjunctive Mood A. The Subjunctive Mood dependeth on another Verb in the same Sentence and hath evermore some Conjunction or an Adverb having the nature of a Conjunction joyned with it as Ede ut vias Cumaâ—tarem or else it hath some Indefinite coming between as Qui quid qualis quo c. as vide quid agas Q. Why do you leave out the Optative and Potential Mood A. Because they dâ—ffer not from the Subjunctive except in the manner of signifying so that the same Mood implying wishing is called the Optative signifying a power duty or desire the Potential with a Conjunction or an Adverb having the nature of a Conjunction it is called the Subjunctive Q.
ante Q. What say you of Compos impos consors exors particeps potens impotens c A. They govern a Genitive Case Q. What say you of Reus certior sollicitus and conscius A. The three first govern a Genitive or an Ablative with de but conscius is joyned to a Genitive of the thing and sometimes to a Dative but always to a Dative of the Person Q. What sort of Adjectives govern a Dative Case A. Adjectives that signifie Profit disprofit friendship hatred aptitude ineptitude c. Likewise Adjectives compounded with the Preposition con and lastly Verbals in hilis and Participials in dus Q. But what say you of Natus commodus incommodus utilis inutilis vehemens par aequalis A. They are sometimes joyned to an Aâ—câ—sative with a Preposition Q. What say you of Communis alienus immunis A. They serve to divers Cases but most commonly to a Genitive or Dative but immunis and alienus are used sometimes with a Preposition Q. What Adjectives govern an Accusative and sometimes a Genitive or Ablative A. Adjectives of Quantity as Longus long latus broad altus deep or high crassus thick for the word signifying the measure of length breadth or thickness of any thing is put after Adjectives in the Accusative Case and sometimes in the Ablative and sometimes tho' seldom in the Genitive Q. What Adjectives govern an Ablative Case or a Genitive of the thing A. Adjective which signifie Plenty or Want Q. What other Adjectives govern an Ablative Case A. Adjectives of the Comparative Degree havin By or Then after them likewise Dignus indignus praeditus captus contentus extorris fretus vilis charus venalis Lastly Nouns signifying the cause instrument form or manner or some such thing as the Adjunct or Circumstance Q. What Case will Nouns of Diversity govern A. An Ablative with a Preposition and sometimes a Dative Q. What sort of Words are used to be added to Comparatives and Superlatives A. Tantò quantò multâ— longè eô quò paulò nimiô aetate natu Q. What say you of the Construction of Pronouns A. When Passion or Suffering is signified these Primitives Mei tui sui nostri and vestri are used but when Possession is signified Meus tuus suus noster and vester are used signifying actively as the other signifie passively Q. What Pronouns are they that may be of any Person A. Ipse and idem which idem hath after it qui â—c or atque Q. What say you of Hic ille and iste how are they distinguished A. Hic shews proximity ille shews excellency and iste contempt Iste also shews him who is next unto you and ille one remote from both Hic also is referred to the latter and nearer of two Antecedents I lle to the farther off or that which is first spoken of c. Yet it happens sometimes otherwise Q. Which is the next Part of Construction or Syntaxis A. The next is the Construction of Verbs with a Nominative Case after them with a Genitive and Dative governed of them with an Accusative following Verbs signifying actively and with an Ablative governed of them Q. What Verbs aâ—e 〈◊〉 that will have a Nominative or the â—ame Case 〈◊〉 them as they have before them A. They are 1. Verbs Substantives Sam forem 〈◊〉 â—xista so called because they signifie a Substance or Being 2. Certain Verbs Passives of Calliâ—g as Dicor vocor 〈◊〉 apâ—llor haboor existimâ—r videor 3. Verbs Neuâ—ers of Gesture so called because they signifie some Gesture or Posture of Body as Sodeo 〈◊〉 â—â—bo eo incedo câ—â—ro Q. What if Verbs Substantiveâ— and Passives have an Accâ—sative or Dutive Case before them A. Then they have an Accusative or Dative Case after them as Infinitive Moods commonly have Q. But will they always have a Nominative after them when they have it before them A. Yes because they must have such after them as they have before them Q. Which is your Rule for Verbs governing a Genitive and what sorts of Verbs are they A. The Rule is Sum significans Possessionem c. That is when Sum signifies Possession Owing Property or Duty or when you say It is one's Part or Duty to do such a thing it governs a Genitive Case Q. Is there no exception A. Yes for Meus tuus suus noster vester must be the Nominative Case agreeing with the Substantive going before expressed or understood because they are Pronouns Adjectives Q. What 〈◊〉 Verbs govern a Genitive Case A. Verbs that beâ—oken to esteem viz. signifying the value require a Genitive Case with an Accusative signifying the thing valued Q. What Genitives are those A. They are these Taâ—â—i quâ—nti with their Compounds likewise Magni maximi pluris plurimi parvi miâ—oris miâ—imi nihili â—â—ooci nanci pili assâ—s hujus teruntii Q. Which are the common Verbs of Esteeming A. They are Aestimo pendo facio habâ—o duco puto to which add consulo c. Q. What Cases else may aestimo govern A. These Ablatives Magno permagno parvo nihilo Q. What other Verbs require a Genitive Case A. Verbs of Accusing Condemning Warning Purging Quitting or Assoiling will govern besides an Accusative of the Person a Genitive of the Crime and sometimes of the Punishment Q. Which are those Verbs that signifie 1. To Accuse 2. Condemn 3. Warn 4. Purge Quit or Assoil A. Of the first sort are Accuso incuso adstringo c. Of the second Datnno condemno judico noto Of the third Admoneo commoneo commonefacio Of the fourth Absolvâ— libero purgo solvo c. Q. May these Verbs have no other Case of the Crime A. Yes an Ablative with and most commonly without a Preposition especially if Vterque nullus alter neuter alius ambe or a Superlative Degree follow Q. What other Verbs require a Genitive Case A. Satago misereor miseresco Q. What Case do Reminiscor obliviscor recordor and memini govern A. A Genitive and sometimes an Accusative but memini signifying I make mention may have an Ablative with a Preposition as Memini de te Q. What Case doth Potiâ—r govern A. A Genitive or Ablative as Potior urbis potior voto Q. What Verbs govern a Dative Case A. All sort of Verbs put acquisitively i. e. having To or For after them govern a Dative Case of the Thing or Person to whom any thing is gotten and commonly from whom any thing is taken Q. What sort of Verbs belong to this Rule A. All sort of Verbs Actives Passives Neuâ—ers and Deponents as well Transitives as Intransitives Q. What are the first sort of Verbs that belong to this Rule A. They are Verbs signifying Profit or Disprofit Q. What Verbs are there of this sort A They are Plaoeo displiceo commodo incommâ—dâ— proficio noceo officio except juvo laedo offende and dâ—leo of the thing as Tu tua damna dole Doleo vicem tuam Also Auxilâ—or opitulor opem fero subvenio
Q. What quantity are words that end in is A. They are short as Paris panis tristis hilaris except Dat. and Abl. Plu. which are long as musis mensis dominis templis as also quis for quibus with words in is that make long the last syllable save one of the Genitive Case increasing as saâ—â—is salamis and also Greek and Latin words that end in the Dipthong eis as Simâ—eis Pyroeis Parteis Omneis with all words of one syllable as Vis lis except the Nominatives Is and Quis and Bis in Ovid. Lastly The second Person Singular of the Present Tense of the Indicative Mood in the fourth Conjugation as audis dormis also sis and velis with the Compounds of both as praesis malis 〈◊〉 are long Futures of the Subjunctive Mood in ris are common tho' the Grammar saith they are long Q. What quantity are words that end in os A. They are long as hâ—â—os nepos dominos servos except compos impos and os â—ssis and Greek words by the little o as Delos Chaos â—allados Phyllidos which are short Q. What quantity are words that end in us A. They are short as Famulus regius tempus amamus except words that end in us making long the last syllable save one of the Genitive Case as salus tellus also all Nouns of the fourth Declension are long except the Nominative and Vocative Cases Singular and Dative and Ablative Case Plural of that Dâ—clension likewise words of one syllable in us are long and lastly Greek words by the Dipthong ous are long as Amanthus Supphus Clius Panthus except the Compounds of pâ—us as Oed pus Pâ—lypus which are short but Melampus and Tripus are long as also us in Jesus Q. What quantity are words that end in u A. They are all long as Maâ—u genu amatu diu Q. What quâ—ntity are words that end in ys and y A. They are short as Chelys Tiphys Capys Libys Tâ—phy Mâ—ly Instructions to Tyrocinians for the Composing of a Theme THemes or the Wise Savings of Learned Men which are used to be given to School boys for the exercising of their Faculties are two fold 1. Chreiae wherein the bare knowledge of a thing without either injunction or perswasion to it yet useful is proposed as Death is common to all Life is short but Aâ—t long if we make use of our Time 2. Gnomae wherein are enjoyned things either to be performed or omitted and avoided as Do all thiâ—gs with deliberation Go not too far in any thing or too much of one thing is good for nothing Meddle not with Edge-tools Halt before a Cripple Cut your Cloak according to your Cloth c. In these two parts to wit Chreiae and Gnomae four things especially are to be observed 1. The Propositio which plainly contains in clear words the sum of that we are about to speak of 2. The Ratio or state of the matter in hand whereby we prove the Proposition to be true by some Argument 3. The Confirmatio whereby we further back that Reason with sufficient Arguments In these two parts we use these or the like Forms of Speech Nam Enim Erenim Quippe Nimirum quid enim c. In the Consirmatio we make use of Similies Examples and Testimonies 4. The Epilâ—gus or Conclusion that consists of two parts 1. An Anacephalaeosis or brief Repetition of what was spoâ—en 2. A pathetick Conclusion urging the Truth and Necessity of what we affirmed with the praise of the Author of the Saying The Forms of Speech used in the conclusion are 〈…〉 Quare Quamobrem Quae cum ita sint c. To these four parts some add an Exordium or Preface before the Preposition also a Confutation or Answering of Objections after the Confirmation and Amplification before the Conclusion But a due observation of the pre-mentioned will prove a Task hard enough to a School-boy the rest are needless Niceties For the Composing of Verses IN the Composing of Verses we are first to observe that every kind of Verse will run better and more smooth if the Feet of which a Verse consists be link'd together as in this of Virgil Infandum regina jubes renovare dolorem But the Verse which altogether wants a Caesura at least after the second or third Foot especially an Iambick Senarius Asclepiadick Saphick and an Heroick yields a very unpleasant harmony as Aurea carmina Juli scribi maxime vatum But two Monosyllables coming together may be accounted as a Dissyllable as Qui scit quam quis amet qui per convivia currit Yet the last of the Monosyllables or a word of two short syllables must be reckon'd as part of the Polysyllables as Vinea quod primis fioret cum cana rocemis Cursorem sextâ— tibi Rufe remisimus horâ An Hexameter runs more pleasant and carries a better sound with it which begins with a Penthimimer and ends in a word of two or three syllables as In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas Omnia vincit amor nos cedamus amori But let there be as few breaches and cuttings off by the Figures Synelepha and Eclipsis as possible you can A Pentameteâ— should end with a word of two syllables and that either with a Verb as a Key shutting or concluding the Sentence or with an Adjective neither is any Adjective to be placed here unless meo tuo suo but by no means an impertinent Epithet We must also have a care that a Penthimimer ends a word for if otherwise it will be a great fault tho' we have in Catellus some of this sort as Nec speraret linguam esse nec auriculam An Adonick runs smoother and carries a greater grace with it which consists of two words of which if the one be a Substantive whose Adjective is expressed in the precedent Verse it seems the better because the whole series as it were one body is annex'd Also a single monosyllable is seldom used in the end of an Adonick unless que ne ve the enclitical Conjunctions besides one or two Examples in Horace sometimes the first syllable in an Adonick is cut off with the end of the preceding Verse sometimes it belongs to it without a Synalepha as Hor. Labitur ripà jove non probante uxorius amnis Grospe non gemmis neque purpura venale nec auro But theâ—e are not to be imitated polysyllables are commendable in the end of a Phaleusick as Horace Vitam quae faciunt beatiorem Versus â—â—enini are to be avoided viz. those that have the same sound repeated in the middle and in the end which the best Poets are branded with as Virgil Trajicit i verbis virtutem illude superâ—is Si â—rojae fatis aliquid restare putatis Lastly Words that are too long or too short too often unpâ—easant or harsh Synalepha's are not to be made use of as in these Câ—â—turbabantur Constantinopolitani Tu in me ita es hâ—m in te ut ego sum ac tu â—e â—bi ama ut te eg◠〈◊〉 hic jam A Brief Advice touching Epistles Orations and Declamations Of Epistles AN Epistle is a Writing wherein we talk with an aâ—â—ent Friend as tho prâ—sâ—nt All Epistles consist of thâ—se â—â—ur Accidents or Parts 1. Compellation 2. A Subâ—â—â—iption 3. A Date 4. A Supersâ—â—iptâ—â—n All Epistles ought to be written in â— Plain Brief and Pithy Stile without Aâ—ectation or Perâ—phraâ—s and Tautologies a oâ—ded by varying the Phrase when the same Expression is to be used Epistâ—â—s are either 1. Demonstrative consisting of the praâ—â—e or diâ—praise of a thing 2. Deliberative which â—end to persâ—â—ade or disswade 3. Judicial in which we accuse or defâ—nd Demonstrative Epistles are either 1. Narratary consisting of Relations 2. Congratulâ—tory expressing our joy for the good befallen our Friends 3. Lamentory expressing our grief for our own or Friends Calamity 4. Euchaâ—istical praising the Courtesie received 5. Officious when we offer our service to our Friend in any business unrequested 6. Disputatory propounding the Question Occasâ—on Opinion or Judgment of oâ—hers or our own 7. Deprecatory when we confess our Faults Deliberative Epistles are 1. Swasory or Hortatory when we perswade or earnestly â—xhort our Friend 2. Consâ—latory and Monitâ—â—y which consist of Comfort and Advice to our Friend 3. Commendatory containing the Recommendation of some Friend and his Worth And 4. 〈◊〉 when we infâ—â—uate our selves into one's favour tâ—llâ—ng our request Judicial Epistles are 1. 〈◊〉 or Objurgaâ—ory consisting of Reprâ—hensions 2. 〈◊〉 when we apologize for a â—rime imputed 3. 〈◊〉 when we upbraâ—d the ingratâ—â—ue of a Friend Of Orations An Oration is a Discourse wherein we praise or dispraise perswade or disswaâ—â— prove or disprove Orations like Epistles are eiâ—â—er Dâ—monstrative Dâ—lâ—berative or Judicial for which let the Philologer consult Demosthenes Taâ—ly or Livâ—'s Orations Of Declamations There be four kind of Declamations 1. 〈◊〉 when we enquire whether or by whom a Fact was committed as An Clodius occideâ—i◠〈◊〉 2. Finitive when we enquire whether the Crâ—me imputed be such as if a Persâ—â—n be slain whether the Fact be Murthâ—r Manslaughter Chance medley or Se defendenâ—o 3. Qualitative when we enquire concerning the quality of an Action whether profitable or unprofitable just or unjust This is either 1. Negotial wherein we deliberate concerning Matters publick or private 2. Judicial wherein we plead the lawfulness oâ— justice of a past Action 3. Legal wherein the state or case especially consists in the meaning of a Law 4. Quantitative wherein we enquire of the hainousness of an offence 〈◊〉 whâ—ther of the two Crimes be the greatâ—r Those that will dive farther into this sort of Exercise let them read Quintiâ—ian's Declaâ—â—tions and Seneca's Controversies FINIS
the Nom. Case which are of all the three Genders as hic haec hoc audax acis hic haec hoc vetus eris c. Q Which is the third Declension of Adjectives A. It is of Adjectives that end in is or the positive and of those that end in or of the comparative degree with two endings the first ending being of the M. and F. G. the second ending being of the N. G. as hic haec Tristis hoc Triste hic haec durior hoc durius c. Q. How is a Noun Adjective of three terminations declined A. After the first and second declension of Substantives as Bonas after Dominus Bona after Musa Bonum after Regnum Q. What Adjectives are there besides of three terminations that are otherwise declin'd A. These with their Compounds unus totus solus ullus alius alter uter newer which make the Genitive Case in ius and the Dative in i. Q. Can unus signifying but one have the Plural Number A. Vnus never hath the Plural Number but when it is joined with a word that lacketh the Singular Number as unae literae una maenia where literae signisying an Epistle or Letter cannot be of the Singular Number nor Maenia Q. What Case do ullus alius alter uter and neuter lack or want and how are they declined A. They want the Vocative and are declined in all other cases like unus Q. How are Adjectives of one ending and Participles of the Present tense declined A. They are declined after the third Declension of Substantives like felix Q. How are Adjectives of two endings declined A. They are likewise declined after the third declension of Substantives like tristls Q. What is the next Accident of a Noun after Declension A. It is Comparison Q. What is Comparison A. It is the altering the signification of a word into more or less by degrees Q. Dâ—es Comparison belong to all Nouns A. No it belongs properly to Adjectives tho' Substantives are compared 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 only by abuse not properly aâ— also some Pronouns but Adverbs coming of Adjectives may be compared and Participles when they are changed into Nouns Adjectives and some Prepositions when changed into Adverbs Q. May all Adverbs be compared A. No none but whose Signification may be increased or diminished Q. What is it to have the Signification increased or diminished A. It is to be made more or less aâ— hard harder hardest and so back again as hardest harder hard Q. What mean you by a Degree of Comparison A. I mean that every word that alters its signification by more or less is a Degree Q. How many Degrees of Comparison are there A. Three the Positive Comparative and Superlative Q. What is the Positive Degree A. It is a Degree that signifies a thing absolutely without Excess that is without more or less or without having respect to any other word as Durus hard without being compared Q. What is the Comparative Degree A. It is a Degree which somewhat exceeds his Positive in Signification i. e. when the signification of the Positive is somewhat encreased or made more Q. What is the Sign of the Comparative Degree A. The Syllable more being set before or the Syllable er being added to it as more bard or harder Q. Of what is the Comparative Degree formed A. Of the first Case of its Positive that endeth in I by putting to it or for the M. and F. G. and us for the N. G. Q. What is the Superlative Degree A. It is a Degree that exceeds iâ—s Positive in the highest in signifying so that one thing being compared with many is said to be most of all this thing or that thing Q. Whence is it formed and what is the Sign thereof A. It is formed of the first Case of its Positive that endeth in I by putting to it the Letter S and Simus as Duri Durissimus the Sign of it is most put before its English as most hard or est added to its English as hardest Q. How do you compare the said three Degrees of Comparison A. By declining altogether in eaâ—h Cafe and Gender as Nom. Durius durior durissimus dura durior durissima durum durius durissimum Gen. Duri durioris durissimi Dat. Duro duriori durissimo c. Q. How many Exceptions are there from these regular and general Rules of Comparison A. There are four which make an irregular Comparison Q. Which is the first irregular Comparison or Exception A. It is of these five Nouns Bonus melior optimus Majus pejor pessimus Magnus major maximus â—arvus minor minimus Multus plurimus multa plurima multum plus plurimum with many more in the Latin Grammar Q. Which is the second irregular Comparison or Exception A. It is of Positives that end in r which form their Superlatives of the Nominative Case by putting to it rimus as Pulcher pulcherrimus Niger nigerrimuâ— c. except Dexter dexterrimus maturus maturimus or maturissimus Q. Which is the third irregular Comparison or Exception A. It is of these six Nouns ending in lis which make the Superlative by changing lis into limus as Humilis humillimus Similis simillimus Facilis facâ—llimus Gracilis gracillimus Docilis docillimus agilis agillimus Q. How do all other Nouns in 〈◊〉 form their Superlative Degree A. They follow the general and regular Rule of Comparison Q. Which is the fourth irregular Comparison or Exception A. It is of Adjectives having a Vowel before Vs which then are compared by the two Adveâ—bs magis before the Comparative and maximè before the Superlative as Pius magis pius maximè pius assiduus magis assiduus maximè assiduus Q. Why are not Adjectives compared when a Vowel comes before Us A. Because the Câ—mparative ought to exceed the Positive by a Syllable as doctus doctior which cannot be in those Adjectives that have a Vowel before Us fâ—r I between two Vowels becomes a Consonant Or if it remain a Vowel whereby it may exceed the Positive from that coâ—course of Vowels would arise a Cacophaton or unpleasant sound Q. What is the second Part of Speech viz. a Pronoun A. It is a Part of Speech much like to a Noun or put instead of a Noun and therefore called a Pronoun but not having the Sign A or The before it Q. How many manner of ways is a Pronoun us'd A. Two manner of ways in shewing or rehearsing Q. How doth it dâ—ffer from a Noun A. Thus a Pronoun first hath reference to a Noun and after that signifies the thing but a Noun signifies the thing immediately Q. Why was a Pronoun invented A. That it might be join'd to the first and second Person of a Verb which a Noun wants Q. How many Pronouns are there A. There are fisteen Ego tu sui ille ipse iste hic is meus tuus suus noster vester nostras vestras Q. What Case do Pronouns want
But why do you chuse to call this Mood the Subjunctive rather than either the Optative or Potential A. Because the Subjunctive is far more used and it is usual for things to have their denomination from the chief and principal Q. Is not the Subjunctive used sometimes instead of the Impâ—â—ative A. It is sâ— as Tuâ quod nihil resert percontari desinas for desine Ter. Nihil incommodo valetudinis tuae fâ—â—â—ris for fac Cicero So in these Expressions Ut vidiam Let me see Cures Have a care Fiat Let it bâ—dâ—ne and in our Obligations Noverint universi fâ—r noscant Q. How are the third Persons of the Imperative Mood Active and â—assive ending in to and tor called by Grammarians A. They are called Modus Legitimus The Lawyers Mood according to Vossius because it is used by Lawyers most commonly Q. How know you the Infinitive Mood A. The Infinitive Mood signifies to do to suffer or to be and it hath neither Number nor Person to limit its signification and therefore it is called Infinitive and it hath â—o Nom. Case before him being no real Mood of it self but as it may be resolved by Quâ—d or ut an quin or ne non c. Q. What are peculiarly belonging to the Infinitive Mood A. Three Gerunds and two Supines Q. Why do the Gerunds and Supines belong to the Infinitive Mood A. Because their signification like that of the Infinitive Mood is infinite not making difference of Number or Person Q. How do the three Gerunds end A. In di do and dum Q. What significations have Gerunds A. They have both the Active and Passive signification as amandi of loving or of being loved amando in loving or in being loved amandum to love or to be loved Q. How do you decline Gerunds and what are they are they Verbs or Participles A. They are declined in the Verb yet they are not Verbs because they want Tenses which a Verb must have nor are they Participles tho' they are like those in dus for they denote no time as a Participle doth and withal they have an Active and Passive signification which a Participle hath not therefore with Vossius and others I leave thâ—m to be Nouns Verbal Substantives Pentaptots of the second Declension Q. Why may they not be Verbs seeing they retain their Construction A. That matter 's not for that is common to Nouns as Quod si est obtemperatio legibus scriptis Cicero So Plautus Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem Q. How do the two Supines end A. The first ends in um and the latter in u. Q. Why is that which ends in um called the first Supine A. Because it hath the signification of the Verb Active as Eo amaâ—um I go to love Q. Why is that which ends in u called the latter Supine A. Because it hath for the most part the signification Passive as Difficilis amatu Hard to be loved Q. What are Supines A. They are Nouns Verbal Substantives as the Gerunds are Diptoâ—s of the fourth Declâ—nsion Q. Do they change their Gender A. No for if they did they could not be said to be Substamives for we say Vitam ire perditum not perditam Q. What is the third Accident of a Verb viz. Tense A. It is the difference of a Verb according to the times past present or to come Q. How many Tenses or Times are there A. Five the Present Tense the Preterimperfect Tense the Preterperfect Tense the Preterpluperfect Tense and the Future Tense Q. What Time doth the Present Tense speak of A. It speaks of the Time that is now present known by the Signs Do or Am as Amo I do love Amâ—t I am loved Q. What Time doth the Preterimperfect Tense speak of A. It speaks of the Time not perfectly past but as it were still present known by the Signs Did or Was as Amabam I loved or did love Amabar I was loved Q. What Time doth the Preterperfect Tense speak of A. It speaks of the Time perfectly past tho' lately with this Sign Have or have been as Amavi I have loved Amatus sum vel fui I have been loved Q. What Time doth the Preterpluperfect Tense speak of A. It speaks of the Time more than perfectly past or past a long while since with this Sign Had or had been as Amaveram I had loved Amatus eram vel fueram I hâ—d been loved Q. What Time doth the Future Tense speak of A. Of the Time to come with this Sign Shall or will or shall or will be as Amabo I shall or will love Amabor I shall or will be loved Q. Which are the Root or Principal Tenses in Conjugating of a Verb Active or Neuter A. They are the Present Tense and Preterperfect Tense from which all the other Tenses called Cognatâ— Tempora allied Tenses are formed Q. How may one come to know every kind of Verb and what Tense it is of A. Bâ— their Signs for every Verb that signifies Actively is either a Verb Active or Neuter signifying Actively or else it is a Verb Dâ—ponent and every Verb thaâ— signifies Passively is either a Verb Passive or a Verb Neuter signifying Passivelâ— The Signs of which Verbs and their Tenses this Table will make plain The Signs of the Verbs and theiâ— Tenses are of the  Actives Neuters signifâ—ing Actively and Depâ—nents Passives and Nâ—uters signifying Passively Present Tense Do dost doth Am is are art and sometimes be was were wert Preterimp Did didst Preterpeâ—f Have hast hath Have been Preterplup Had hadst Had been Future Tense Shall or will and hereafter Shall or will be Q. What is Person in a Verb A. Every several word in every 〈◊〉 and Tense except the Infinitive which hath no Person Q. Why are these called Persons in a Verb A. Because one of the three Peâ—sons of the Prâ—nâ—un is understood in every one of them as Amo I lâ—ve is as muâ—h as Ego amo I love Amas thou lovest is as much as Tu amas thou lovest Q. How many Persons are there in Verbs A. In Verbs Personals thâ—re are three Persons in both Numbers like as in the Pronouns as Sing Ego 〈◊〉 I love tu amas thou lovest iâ—e amat he loveth Pl. Nos amamus we love vâ—s amatis ye love illi amant they love Q. Hatb every Mood and Tense three Persons in both Numbers A. Yeâ— in perfect Verbs except that the Imperative Mood wants the first Person Singular and the Infinitive hath no Persons at all Q. How differ your Persons in Verbs from Persons in Nouns and Pâ—â—nouns A. The Persons in Nouns and Prâ—nouns signifie who or what Person it is that doth or suffereth any thing The Persons in Verbs signifie what it is that such a Person doth or suffereth as Magister docet the Master teacheth Magister is the Person of the Noun doing something Docet the Person of the Verb signifâ—ing what he doth Q. What is the next Accident
of a Verb viz. Conjugation A. It is the varying of a Verb by its final Terminations in both Numbers in every Person in each Mood and Tense Q. How many Conjugations have Verbs A. They have four Conjugations Q. How may the four Conjugations be known asunder A. By their several Vowels which are the Marks or Characteristicks to know them by Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the first Conjugation A. It is a long before re and ris as AmaÌ„re amaris Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the second Conjugation A. It is c long before re and ris as DoceÌ„re deceÌ„â—is Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the third Conjugation A. It is e short before re and ris as LegÄ•re legÄ•ris Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the fourth Conjugation A. It is i long before re and ris as AudiÌ„re audiÌ„ris Q. Where shall one find this re and ris to know the Conjugation by A. You will find re in the Infinitive Active and ris in the second Person Sing Passive Q. What is the Forming or Conjugating of a Verb A. It is the breaking or varying the first 〈◊〉 of the Verb into sundry other words coming of it by Persons Tenses and Moods Q. In declining and conjugating of Verbs what am I chiefly to mind A. You are to mind in every Voice the first and second Person of the Present Tense and the first Person of the Preterperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood the Presenâ— Tense of the Infinitive Mood the Gerunds Supines and Participles if the Verb be Active Neuter or Deponent if Passive you must omit the Gerunds and Supines which Passives have not Q. How many Examples have you to decline and conjugate all perfect Verbs by A. I have four according to the number of the Conjugations Q. What are the four Examples of the four Conjugations A. They are Amo Dâ—cco Lego and Audio Q. How do you decline them A. Thus as in the Book Amo as vi re c. Docâ—o es ui câ—re c. Lego is gi Ä•re c. Audio is ivi iâ—e c. Q. Into how many Voices are these Examples formed A. Into â—wo Active and Passive for all regular Verbs in o are formed or declined like Amo Docco Lego and Audio And all regular Verbs in or like Amor Doceor Legor and Audior Q. What Method ought a Tyrâ—â—inâ—an to observe for the perfect understanding and learning of Verbs for I find that therein and in the declining of Nouns consists the chiefest business of a Master and the greatest task of a young Stholar A. For the Verbs I would have him always use this Method First to learn them perfectly as in the Book with the Latin before the English after that with the English before the Latin naming each Person Singular and Plural that he may know which is the first second or third after this let him say them backward with the Latin first before the English and then the English before the Latin This being done he may joyn both the Active and Passive Voice together and put first the Latine before the English and then the English before the Latin And lastly Let him say both Voices backward with the Latin before the English and the English before the Latin observing the Signs of the Verbs and Tenses in each Voice according to the foregoing Table I would have him also learn to form and run over the first Person Singular throughout each Mood and Tense and to get perfectly the Terminations of the Tenses in every Person in each Voice first in the Active after that in the Passive last of all let him get the Terminations Active and Passive both together Q. Which are the Terminations Active and Passive in each Conjugation Mood Tense Number and Person A. The Active and Passive are as followeth Indicative Mood Active and Passive Present Tense Conjugations  Pers Sing Persons Plural Persons Singular Persons Plural  1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. o as at amus atis ant or aris vel are atur amur amini antur 2. eo es et emus etis ent eor eris vel ere etur emur emini entur 3. o is it imus itis unt or eris vel ere itur imur imini untur 4. io is it imus itis iunt ior iris vel ire itur imur imini iuntur Preterimperfect Tense Conjugat 1. abam            2. ebam bas bat bamus batis bant bar baris vel bare batur bamur bamini bantur 3. ebam 4. iebam            Preterperfect Tense Conjugat 1.             2. i isti it imus istis erunt vel ere us sum us es us est ti sumus ti estis ti sunt 3. 4.             Preterpluperfect Tense Conjugat 1. eram raâ— râ—t â—amus ratis rant us eram us eraâ— us erat ti eramus ti eâ—atis ti erant 2. 3. 4. Future Tense Conjugat 1. abo bis bit bimus bitis bunt bor beris vel bere bitur bimur bimini bunâ—ur 2 â—bo 3. am es et emus etis ent aâ— eris vel ere etur emur emini entur   4. iam      iar ieris vel iere ietur iemur iemini ientur Imperative Mood Active and Passive Present Tense 1. a et emus ate ent are etur emur amini eâ—tur ato ato atote anto ator ator aminâ—r antur 2. e eat eamus ete eant ere eator eamur emini eantur eto eto etote ento etor etor eminor entur 3. e at amus ite anto ere atur amur imini antur ito ito itote unto itor itor iminor untor 4. i iat iamus ite iant ire iatur iamur imini iantur ito ito itote iunto itor itor iminor iuntor Subjunctive Mood Present Tense Conjugat 1. em es et emus etis ent er eris vel ere etur emur emini entur 2. eam as at amus atis ant ar aris vel are atur amur amini antur 3. am 4. iam Preterimperfect Tense Conjugations 1. arem res ret remus retis rent arer reris vel rere retur remur remini rentur 2. erem erer    3. erem erer 4. ierem ierer Preterperfect Tense Conjugat 1. erim ris rit rimus ritis rint us sim us sis us sit ti simus ti sitis ti sint 2. 3. 4. Preterpluperfect Tense Conjugat 1. issem isses isset issemus issetis issent us essem us esses us esset ti essâ—mus ti essetis 2. ti essent 3. 4. Future Tense Conjugat 1. ero ris rit rimus ritis rint us ero us eris us erit ti erimus ti
Which are Redditives viz. such as give an answer to the Adversatives A. They are tamen yet attamen yet notwithstanding Q. Which are Electives viz such as imply a choice A. They are quam aâ— atque as Q. Which are Diminitâ—ves viz. such as lessen the meaning A. They are saltem at the least vel even Q. What of the foregoing Paâ—ticles use to begin and what use to follow A. Those that use to begin are Et vel nam sed thâ—se that foâ—low aâ—e que ve enim autem vero quidem Q. What is a Preposition A. It is an undeclined part of Speech most commonly set before other parts either in Apposition that is when it is set before another word and is no part of it as ad Patreâ— or else in Composition that is when it is made a part of the word which it is set before as Indectus Q. Why say you most commonly A. because some Prepositions are set after their Case as Versus pâ—nâ—s tenus cum and uspâ—e others may be set also after their casual words by the Figure Anastrapâ—e as 〈…〉 Q. What use do Prepositions chiefly serve to A. They serve to govern Cases or to make Compound Wordâ— Q. What Cases do Prepositions serve to A. Some serve to an Accusative and some to an Ablâ—tive some both to an Accusative and Ablative Q. How many serve to an Accusative A. Thirty two viz. Ad to apxd at aute before c. Q. How many serve to an Ablative A. Fifteen viz. A ab abs c. Q. Do none of the Prepositions serve to a Genitive A. Yes Tenus doth when the casual word joyned with it is the Plural Number for then the casual word is put in the Genitive Case and set before Tenus Q. What Prepositions serve to an Accusative and Ablative A. In super sub subter and clam as some will have it Q. When doth in govern an Accusative Case A. When it hath the Sign inâ—â— or when it is put for erga coâ—tâ—a adâ— otherwise it serves to an Ablative Q. When doth sub govern an Accusative A. When it is put for per ad or ante that is when it signifies unto by about or before otherwise an Ablative Q. When doth super govern an Accusative Case A. When it is put for ultra beyond else an Ablative subter we use as we please with either Case Q. Have you no more Prepositions but those that serve to the aforesaid Cases A. Yes these six am di dis re se con which serve to no Case for they are only found in Composition Q. What is an Interjection A. It is an undeclined part of Speech which signifies some sudden Affection or Passion of the Mind in an imperfect Voice Q. Are all Interjections imperfect Vâ—ices A. All which are prâ—perly Interjections but masùm with a mischief infandum a thing not to be spoken of â— amabo of all fellâ—wship perii alas with several other perfect words of any part of Speech are not properly Interjections tho' they may be so used to express a sudden Passion Q. Which are the Interjections of Mirth A. They are Evax be brave vah hey day Q. Which are those of Sorrow A. They are Heu alas hei alas well-a-day Q. Which are those of dread A. Atat oâ— out alas aha Q. Which are the rest of thâ—m A. Some are of Marvelling as Papae O marvelous O strange Some of Diâ—daining as Hem ob what vah ab away Some of Shunning as Apage get thee gone Avant Some of Praâ—sing as Euge well done Some of Scâ—â—ning as hui whoo Some of Exclamation as Proh Deum atque hominum fidem O the Faith of Gods and Men O strange Some of Cursing as Vae 〈◊〉 malùm with a mischief Some of Laughing as Ha ha he ha ha Some of Calling as Eho oh â—o ho Sirrah avoy Some of Silence as Au whist Brief Examinations on the Four Parts of Grammar Q. WHat is Grammar A. Grammar is an art of speaking well Q. How many Parts of Grammar are there A. There are Four Orthographia Etymolegia Syntaxis 〈◊〉 which last part most Grammarians make to be the Second Q. What is Orthographia A. Orthographia is that part of Grammar which teacheth us the way to Write and Spell truly as Lectio with 〈◊〉 and not Lexio with an x. Q. How doth it differ from Orthoepia A. Orthographia is a true writing of Letters Orthoepia is a right pronunciation of them Q. Seeing Orthographia teacheth us with what Letters every Syllable and Word are to be writ what is a Letter A. It is the least part of a Word or an articulate Sound which cannot be divided Q. How many Letters are there in the Latin Tongue A. There are twenty two but K Y and Z tho' they are in the number are not â—eckoned Latin Letters and H is only a Note of Aspiration in the English there are twenâ—y four Letters Q. How many fold is a Letter as to it s found A. It is two fold Vowel and Consonant Q. What is a Vowel A. It is a Letter that makes a perfect sound of it self as A E I O V and Y spelt like I of which I and V become Consonants when they are put either before other Vowels or before themselves Q. What if two Vowels joyned together make but one sound and are spelt at once A. They make a Dipthong Q. How many Dipthongs are there A. The most usual in the Latin Tongue are five ae oe au ei eu the less usual are ai oi ui and the Greek yi In the English there are eight proper Vowels ai ei oi au eu ou oo ee and six improper ones to answer the first six proper ones ay ey oy aw ew ow. Q. What is a Consonant A. It is a letter that makes no sound of it self but as it is joyned with a Vowel Q. How many sold is a Consonant in Latin A. It is two sold Mute and half Vowel Q. What is a Mute A. It is a Letter which hath a very obscure sound or rather none at all unless what the Vowels do communicate Q. How many Mutes are there A. Nine according to the received Grammar b c d f g k p q t in all which the sound of the Vowel follows as in be ce de ge pe qu te except in f where it goes before as ef Q. How many half Vowels are there and what is a half Vowel A. It is a Letter which hath or makes some sound and as it were half a sound of it self of which there are seven l m n r s x z in which the sound goes before in the first six as el em en er es ex but in z the sound follows Q. How many fold are these half Vowels A. Two fold either Liquids or Doubles called Duplices in Latine Q. What is a Liquid and how many Liquids are there A. A Liquid is a Letter which being put after a Mute
in the same syllable melts away i. e. loseth its force of which there are four l m n r l and â— among the Latins only and m and n among the Greeks become Liquids i. e. liquescunt Q. May not s and u be added to Liquids A. Amongst the Ancients s in the end of a word became a Liquid as Ennius in three places Nunc seniâ— confectu ' quiescit pro confectus Faâ—it cur vâ—lito vivu ' per ora virûm for vivus Virgines nam sibi quisque domi Romanus habet sas for suas And so u if g q or s go before as 1. Lingua anguis 2. Aequâ—s linquo 3. Suadeo suesco Q. What is a Double called in Latin Duplex and how many of them A. A Duplex is that which is put for two Consonants of which there are two x and z and sometimes i between two Vowels x is put for cs or gs as dux for dacs rex for regs z is put for ds as Zephyrus for Dsephyrus but the Latins use in the middle of a word to turn z into a double s as patrish for patrizo Q. What do you mean when you say S est suae potestatis litera A. I mean that s is neither a Liquid nor a Duplex Q. What sort of Letters are r and y said to be A. R is said to be the canina litera the doggish Letter by reason of its snarlish or harsh sound Y is called the Pythagorean Letter because Pythagoras resembled Vertue to this Letter spreading up its branches Q. How many fold are Letters as to their shapes or as they are written A. They are two fold the Great and Capital Letters and the Small Letters Q. Where do we make use of great Letters A. 1. In the beginning of Periods 2. In Proper Names 3. In the Names of Arts Dignities or Honours Offices Feasts in the beginning of every Verse Titles and in words that have a great Emphasis and also in the English Pronoun I. Q. What do the Great or Capital Letters signifie when they are writ alone A. They signifie first either a Praenomen the first Name or as we term it the Christian Name as A. for Aulus C. for Caius D. for Decius or a Title as L. for Lord LL. for Lords B. for Bishop BB. for Bishops Or secondly the Great Letters signifie a Number as I for One V for Five IX for Nine X for Ten XL for Forty L for Fifty XC for Ninety C for a Hundred D for five Hundred M for a Thousand Q. Now we have done with single Letters I pray what must he do that will Spell right and Write true Orthography A. He must readily learn to distinguish or to part and to joyn Syllables Q. What is a Syllable A. It is a perfect sound and distinct part of a word being made up of as many Letters as we spell together where note that a Latin Syllable cannot exceed six Letters and that an English Syllable may arise from one Letter to eight and no more and an English Word from one Syllable to seven and not above Q. How many fold is a Syllable A. It is two fold Proper consisting of one or more Consonants with a Vowel or Dipthong or Improper consisting of one only Vowel or Dipthong Q. What Rule am I to observe concerning the right parting and joyning of Syllables A. A Consonant between two Vowels belongs to the latter as in a-mor 2. If a Consonant be doubled the former belongs to the former Syllable and the latter to the latter Syllable as in an-nus 3. Consonants which cannot be joyned in the beginning are not to be joyned in the middle as ar-duus 4. Consonants which may be joyned in the beginning of a word are joyned also in the middle as no-ster vo-lu-ptas So bd ct ps sâ— tu gm gn xi do belong to the following Vowel as in A-bdo-men do-ctus scri-psi Ae-â—â—a A-gmen i-gnis di-xi c. 5. In compound words every part of syllable is to be separated from the other as in-ers abs-condo juris-con-sultus But observe that in words compounded with a Preposition we must please the Ear and a good and pleasing Sound as oâ—â—urro rather than obcurro officio rather than obsicio aufero rather than abfero c. Between m and n we do not insert p noâ— do we commonly write s after x. Q. How is c pronounced or spelt before a e ae oe i y o u A. Before a o and u like a k before the e ae oe i and y like an s with a hissing Q. How is g spelt or pronounced before an e or i and how before a o and u A. Before e and i it sounds or is spelt softly like gh or like the Hebrew Jod age egi before a o and u hardly like the Greâ—k Gamma as gaudium gloria gula Q. What observation do you make of que and u in spelling A. That q will have u after it and u will have c before it and not k. Q. What observe you of the sound of ti A. I observe that ti when a Vowel follows sounds or is spelt like si as Oratiâ— patientia c. unless in Greek words as Politia or in the beginning of a word as Tâ—ara or in the Infinitive Mood Paragogick as mittier for mitti or if s or x goes before as Quaestio mixtio or lastly in the Genitive Case Plural of viâ—ium from vitis to distinguish it from the Nominative vitium Observe That the syllable of any Latin or English word in the end of a line is not to be disjoyned but the word is to be continued by a Hyphen called a Note of Continuation Q. But have we not many English words in which several Letters are quiescent or not pronounced A. Yes for a is quiescent after the first a in Aaron Canaan Isaac after e in the same syllable as conceal bâ—stead and after o in the same syllable as eneroach hoary e is not sounded in George heart â—earken Mâ—neth Tuesday Atheism nor is â— sounded in the end of any English word yet it alters the sound and also it makes the syllable long in many words as hau have lou love cau cave sau save mad made tam tame except that it is sounded in me ye be he we and in certain words derived of other Languages as Jesse Penelâ—pe Câ—ngè Epitomè Q. Are there any more of the Letters quiescent A. Yes both Vowels and Consonants as i and y o and u in Carriage Attorney People buy buâ—ld c. b in Lamb Debâ— c in Pack c. g in Ensign Flegm Reign c. h in Ghost John c. n in Hymn c. p in Psalm Receipt c. s in Islâ— t in catch ditch botch with many such to be observed by Use and Reading Q. How many are the Vices or Faults of Orthâ—â—peia sc of Pronunciation A. They are tive Iotacismus Lamdacismus Ischnotes Traulismus Plateasmus of which see the Grammar Q. What are
Special Rules have you to know the Gender by the encreaâ—â—ng or not encreasing of the Gâ—niâ—ive Case A. Three 1. Nâ—men nâ—n crescens genitivo c. 2. Nomâ—n 〈◊〉 is pâ—nultima si genitivi syllaba acuta sonat 3. Nomâ—n crescent is penultima si genitivi sit gravis c. Q. What is the meaning of the first Special Rule Nomen non crâ—sâ—ens A. That every Noun Suâ—stantive Common that doth not encrease in the Genitive Case i. e. that hâ—th no more syllables in the Genitive Case thâ—n in the Nominative is of the Feminine Gender as Caro caâ—nis Capra ae Nubes is Q. How many Exceptions are there under this Rule A. Four Masculine Neuter Doubtful and the Common of Two Q. How many Rules of Masculine Exceptions not encreasing are there A. Four 1. Nouns ending in a signifying the Offices of Men as Scriba assecla scurra rabula Lixa Lanista ‑ ae 2. Mascula Graecorum i.e. Greek words that end in as and es of the first Declension of the Greeks and end in a in the Latin are of the M. G. as satrapes satrapa athleâ—â—s athleta ‑ ae ex epâ— charta margarita cataracta catapulta c. which are of the F. G. 3. These Mascusines Verâ—es vatales aâ—uales ‑ is 4. Nouns compounded of as assis as â—entussis is 5. These Nouns Liâ—nis â—â—bis callis 〈◊〉 follis colliâ— mensis ensi fustis funis panis penâ—s crinis ignis caseis fascis 〈◊〉 seâ—tiâ— pisâ—is 〈◊〉 vermis vectis pâ—stis axis ‑ is 6. All Nouns thaâ— end in er as Venter tris in os as 〈◊〉 gi in us as Anmes ni Q. What kind of Rule is this to wit Faeminei generis sunt matâ—r humus c A. It is a Feminine Exception on the foregoing Rule viz. on Mascula in er c. and noâ— on the first Special Rule for a Feminine Rule cannot have a Feminine Exception â—or Mâ—ter tâ—is is an Exception of Nouns that end in er And thâ—se Nouns Humut mi domus mi or ùs alvus t coluâ— i ficus ct and cùs acus porticus ‑ cùs tribus bùs 〈◊〉 â—s nurus ùs manùs ùs Pl. Idus uum anu◠ùs vannus ni Likewise these Greek words that change oâ— inâ—o us as Paprrus ri antidoâ—us â—i costus ti dipthonguâ— gi byssus abyssus si crystaâ—lus si sâ—nâ—dus di sapphyrus ri eremus mi arctus ti are an Exception of Nouns that end in us Q. What is the Neuter Exception of Nouns not increasing A. It is first of Nouns ending in e in the Nom. Case and make is in the Gen. as Mare rete is 2. Of all Nouns in on and um as 〈◊〉 ti ovum vi 3. Of these Nouns Hippomanes 〈◊〉 is Virus invariabile Pelagâ—s â—i And lastâ—y this word Vulgus i is both of the M. and N. G. Q. What words of the Doubtful Gender are excepted under the first Special Rule A. They are Talpa dama ae canalis halcyonis F. finis clunis restis is penua 〈◊〉 or us amnis is pampinus ni corbis is linter tris torquis is specus ci or ûs anguis is Ficus ci F. phaselus li lecythus thi F. atomus mi grossus si pharus i â— paradisus si M. G. Q. What is the Common of two Exception under the first Spâ—cial Rule A. It is of Nouns compounded of a Verb and end in a as graâ—â—gena ae â—rom graius and gigno agricola ae from ager aâ—d colo and advena ae from ad and venio Likewise these Senex is auriga ae vernae ae sodalis is vates is patiuelis perduellis affinis juâ—eni testis civis canis hostis ‑ is Q. Which is the second Special Rule for the Gender and declining of Nouns Substaâ—tives common A. Every Noun Substantive common which encreaseth long and the last syllable save one is lifted up in the Gen. Case is of the F. G. but every word that thus encreaseth is not of a long quantity as in vir vÄri mas măris Q. How many Exceptions are there under this second Special Rule A. Four 1. Masculine Exceptions 2. Neuter 3. Doubtful 4. Common of two Q. How many Masculine Exceptions hath it A. 1. It hath these Monosyllables or Nouns of one Syllable Sal salis ren splen car ser ‑ is vir ri vas dis as assis mas ris bes bessis cres t is praes dis pes pedis glis gliris mos moris flos floris ras roris tros trois mus muris dens dentis mont t is pons t is sons t is seps sepis gryphs phis thrax cis rex regis grex gregis phryx gis 2. These Pollysyllables or Nouns of more than one Syllable ending in n as 1. Acarnan aÌ„nis lichen eÌ„nis delphin inis 2. Pollysyllables which end in o signifying a body as Leâ— curculio ‑ onis with these Senio ternio sermo ‑ onis 3. Nouns ending in er as Crater eÌ„ris in or as Conditer oÌ„ris in os as Heros cis 4. These Nouns ending in ens as Torrens nâ—frens oriens bidens t is 5. These Nouns ending in as as Gigas elephat adamas garamas ‑ antis And these in es as Tapes lebes cures magnes ‑ etis meridies â—i 6. Nouns compounded of as assis as Dodrans antis semis semissis Likewise these Nouns Samnis itis hydrops oÌ„pis With these ending in x as Nycticorax acis thorax acis vervex eÌ„cis Phxnix iÌ„cis hombyx bycis And Spadix volvox and esox ‑ cis But Syren eÌ„nis sorâ—r oÌ„ris and uxor oÌ„ris cos t is dâ—s t is cos eois and glos t is are of the F. G. contrary to the fâ—regoing Exceptions and mulier iÄ•ris bâ—longs raâ—her to the Feminine Exception under the third Special Rule because it increaseth short Q. What Neutâ—rs are there excepted from the second Special Rule A. 1. Words of one syllable Mel mellis fel fellis vas vasis primâ— vasorum vasa secundo os ossis and oris rus thus jus crus pu◠‑ ris 2. Nouns of many syllables in al as Capital lis and in ar as laquear aÌ„ris except salaâ— of the M. G. likewiâ—e halec eÌ„cis of the N. and F. G. in the Sing and of the F. only in the Plural Q. What is the Doubtful Exception from this Special Rule A. Doubtfuls excepted are Python onis M. scrobs obis serpens t is bubo onis rudens t is grus gruis perdix diÌ„â—is lynx cis limax aÌ„cis stirps pis calx cis dies ei which is only Masculine in the Plural Q. What words of the Common of two are excepted under this Special Rule A. They are Parens â—ntis author oris infans t is adolescens t is dux cis illâ—x â—gis haeres eÌ„dis exlâ—x leÌ„gis Also the Compounds of Frons as bifrons t is Likewise these Nouns Castos odis bos bovis fur furis sus suis sacerdos dotis Q. What is the
third sort and which is their Rule A They are these of the N. G. in the Sing and only of the M. G. in the Plur. as Coelum li li lorum Argos gi gi orum The Rule is Moscula duntaxat c. Q. What words are of the sourth sort and what is their Rule A. They are these of the N. G. in the Sing and of the F. G. in the Plur. as Nundinum ni nae arum Balneum ei ae arum Their Rule is Neutra quidem primo c. Q. What words are of the fifth sort and what is their Rule A. They are these of the M. G. in the Sing and of the N. G. in the Plur. as Maenalus li la lorum Dyndimus imi ma morum Ismarus i a orum Tartarus ri a rorum Taygetus i a orum Taenarus i a orum Massicus i a orum Gargarus i a orum The Rule is Haec maribus dantur c. Q. What are the sixth and last sort of Variants and which is their Rule A. They are these of the M. G. in the Sing and of the M. and N. G. in the Plur. as Sibilus li li la orum Jocus ci ci ca corum Locus ci ci ca corum Avernus ni ni na orum The Rule is At numerus genus his dabit alter utrumque Q. How many sorts are there of Deficient Heteroclites A. There may be said to be three sorts of these tho' the Book speaks but of two the first sort are such as are deficient in declension or not at all declined called Aptota in the Grammar tho' more properly Aclita viz. such as have no different Case but are alike in all Cases for Aptoâ—a as Priscian saith are those which are found in no other Case besides the Nominative as Expes satias 2. Such as are deficient in one of the Numbers 3. Such as are deficient in some Case or Cases in either or both the Numbers Q. Where doth the first sort of Nouns called Defectives begin and what are they A. They begin at Quae nullum variant caâ—um and they are such as vary not in any Case from their Nom. Q. What words are defective of the first sc of the undeclined sort A. They are these 1. Nom. Gen. Daâ— c. Fas nil nihil instar invariabile 2. Woâ—ds that end in u and i as Cornu genu Gummi frugi and haec tempe and cete in the Plur. with hi hae haec tot quot invariabile Likewise all Nouns from three to a hundred as Hi hae haec quatuor quinque dâ—cem viginti triginta and mille the Adjective invariabile Mille the Substantive is Hoc mille invariabile in the Sing as Mille hominum occiditur and Mille hominum occiso Cic. 6. Phil. In the Pl. N. Haec millia Mille the Adjective takes to it self an Adverb as Teâ— mille virorum But Mille the Substantive requires an Adjective as Hominum eo die caesa plus duo millia To this Rule add Nequam volupe necesse necessum Also Pondo and caepe or cepe in the Singular and Plural Likewise Hebrew Names in m as Adam Aâ—hâ—m Cheruâ—â—m c. Also the Nâ—mes of Letters as Alpha Beta c. And laâ—â—ly the Names of Towns that end in i and y as Aixi Illeâ—urgi Aepy Dâ—ri Q. Of what Number are these viz. Faâ— nil nihil instar cornu genu gummi frugi A. The four first with gummi are of the Singular Number undeclined cornu and genu with others that end in u except gelu are commonly declined in the Plural only veru makes verua verubus and not veruum But frugi is of the Singular and Plural undeclined and of all Genders Q. What are the first sort of those that are deficient in Case called A. Monoptots being so called because they are found in one oblique Case only as Abl. Hà c noctu Ut â—redo ego hâc noctu obdormivisse ebrium Plant. Amph. Abl. Hoc natu jussu injussu promptu permissu astu Pl. Acc. Hos astus Acc. Has inficias Q. How are the second sort of Defectives in Case called A. Diptots Q. Why are they so called A. Because they are said to have commonly but two Cases yet we decline Fâ—rs thus Nom. Fo rs Gen. Fortis Dat. Forti Acc. â—wtem Voc. O Fo rs Abl. Forte Gen. Spontis Abl. Sponte Nom. Acc. Plus Gen. Pluris Gen. Repetundarum Abl. Repetundis Gen. Jugeris Abl. Jugere Gen. Verberis Abl. Verbere Nom. Suppetiae Acc. Suppetias Nom. Tantundem Gen. Tantidem Gen. Impetis Abl. Impete Acc. Vicâ—m Abl. Vice Of which Verberis Vicem Plus and Jugeris have the whole Plural Number except that Vicium is not read in the Genitive Plural The Cases here are to be understood of Cases of Termination not of Cases of Signification To this Rule add Dica dicam Chaos chao Melos melo Tabi tabo Q. How are the third sort of Defectives in Case called A. Triptots tho' some of them may be called Tetraptots Q Why so A. Because they have only three or four Cases as Gen. Precis Dat. Preci Acc. precem Abl. prece Opis opem ope To which are added the Tetraptots Frugis and ditionis which only want the Nominative and the Vocative Case form'd from it Also Vis that wants the Dative and likewise those Nouns that want the Vocative Case are Pentaptots Q. What and how many are those Nouns Pentaptots that want the Vocative Case A. They are 1. Relatives as Qui quae quod c. 2. Interrogatives as Ecquis ecqua ecquid So Quis numquis uter qualis quantus quotus cujus and cujas are Interrogatives 3. Distributives as Nullus a um Neuter tra trum Omnis ne Likewise Vllus solus uter alter nemo alius aliquis quidam quispiam quilibet quisque unusquisque quotusquisque 4. Indefinites as Quilibet quaelibet quodlibâ—t Alter tera terum which is hardly an Indefinite 5. All Pronouns except these four Noster tra trum Nostras t is C. 3. Meus a um and Tu whereof some of them sometimes have a Vocative Case as Aperite aliquis ostium c. Q. What are the next sort of Defectives A. They are those that are deficient in Number Q. What is the first Rule of Deficients in Number A. It is Propria cuncta notes c. In which Rule there are six sorts of words that want the Plural Number 1. All Proper Names signifying one thing whether of Gods as Mars t is Of Men as Cato onis Of Countries Cities Hills Rivers Dogs Horses as Gallia ae F. Roma ae F. Ida ae F. Tagus gi M. Laelaps pis M. Parnassies si M. Bucephalus li M. 2. The Names of Corn or Grain as Triticum ci N. Siligo ginis F. Ador oris M. 3. Things that are weighed as Piper eÌ„ris Saccharum ri Butyrum ri Resina ae 4. The Names of Herbs as Ruta ae Salvia ae 5. Of moist or liquid things as
Lae t is Oleum i. 6. Of Metals and Minerals as Aurum i N. Argentum i N. Sulphur uÌ„ris N. Nitrum i N. Q. But may not some of them sometimes have the Plural Number A. Yes as may apprear by the clause or ending of the Rule Est ubi pluralem retinent haec est ubi spernunt For Proper Names when they are taken for Substantives Common or when there are more of the same Name have the Plural Number as when Catones are taken for Wise Men as Cato was and Maeccnates for Noble Men as Maecenas was according to the Verse Sint Maecenates non decrunt Flacâ—e Marones Q. What sort of Rule is this viz. Hordea farra â—orum c A. The words of this Rule are a particular Exception on Propria cuncta notes and they have three like Cases in the Plural Number viz. the Nominative Accusative and Vocative as Hordeum ei Far farris Forum ri Mel mellis Mulsum si Desrutum ti Thus thuris To which you may add Jus mare rus vinum aes â—s oris dans Gâ—nitivo yet aeribus and oribus are read tho' aerum and â—rum are not Q. What are the second sort of those that are deficient in Number A. They are these Masculines that want the Plural Number Hesperus ri Vesper eris Pontus ti Limus i Fimus i Penus ni ùs Sanguis iÌ„nis Aether eÌ„ris and Nemo iniâ— which commonly they say wants the Genitive and Vocative Cases and Plural Number according to the usual Verse Nemo caret genito quinto numeroque secundo To this Rule may be added Pudor sopor muscus c. Q. What are the third sort of those that are deficient in Number A. They are these Feminines that want the Plural Number viz. Pubes is Salus uÌ„tis Talio oÌ„â—is Indeles is Tussis is Acc. tussim Pix iâ—is Humuâ— mâ— Lues is Sitis is Acc. sitim Fuga ae Quies etis Cholera ae Fames is Bilis is Senecta ae Juventus uÌ„tis Soboles is Labes is Q. What Cases will all Nouns of the fisth Declension have in the Plural Number and what is the Rule A. They will have three like Cases in the Plural Number to wit the Nominative Accusative and Vocative The Rule is Vt omnia quintae tres similes casue c. Q. But what Nouns of the fifth Declension are excepted A. These viz. Res ei Species ei Facies ei Dies ei which have the whole Plural Number by this Rule Quas voces numero totas c. Q. Are there no other Feminines that want the Plural Number A. Yes these Stultitia ae invidia ae sapientia ae desidia ae with many others which are to be found in reading Authors as Castitas elegantia fides ei justitia pietas requies ira spes fama sanies supellex tabes cum multis aliis Q. What are the fourth sort of Defectives in Number A. They are these Neuters that want the Plural Number viz. Delicâ—um cii senium nii lâ—thum thi caenum ni salum li barathrâ—m thri virus invariabile vitrum tri viscum sci penum ni justitium tii nihilum li ver veris lac ctis gluten â—nis haleâ— eÌ„cis gelu invariabile solium ii jubar aÌ„ris Q. Which is the fifth Rule or fifth sort of Deficients in Number A. The fifth Rule and the two next Rules following it are of words that want the Singular Number the four first being of words that wanted the Plural Q. What is the fifth Rule of Deficients in Number and what are the words A. The fifth Rule is of these Masculines that want the Singular Number as Manes ium majores um cancelli orum liberi orum antes ium menses ium lemures rum fasti orum minores um natales ium penates ium gabii orum locri orum to which add caelites codicilli annales fasces carceres indigetes pugillares quirites primores opâ—imates gaâ—amantes nomades c. Q. What words are of the sixth sort of Deficients in Number A. They are these of the Feminine Gender that want the Singular Number viz. Exuviae phalerae ‑ arum grates in the Nom Acc. and Voc. manubiae arum idus â—â—m antiae indâ—â—iae insidiae minae excubiae nonae nugae fricae calendae quisquiliae thermae cunae dirae exequiae feriae inferiae primitiae plagae valvae divitiae â—uptiae ‑ arum lactes ctium Thebae Athenae ‑ arum to which may be added dapes Dryades Eumenides fauces minutiae parcae reliquiae alpes Symplegades ambages c. Q. What is the last Rule of Desectives in Number A. The last is of these Neuters that want the Singular Number as Maenia tesqua praecordia lustra arma mapalia bellaria munia castra justa sponsalia rostra crepundia cunabula exta effata ‑ orum bacchanalia ium etorum but mapalia makes orum and ibus so doth sponsalia orum ibus bacchanalia orum ium ibus Q. Where doth the Third Part of Quae genus begin viz. of Nouns Irregular called Redundants or that have overmuch A. It begins at Haec quasi luxuriant c. Q. How many sorts oâ— Redundants are there A. There be two sorts of Redundant Nouns viz. some Substantives and some Adjectives Q. How many sorts of Redundant Substantives are there A. Two Redundants in the Nominative as well as in other Cases and Redundants only in the Oblique Cases Q. How many sorts are redundant in the Nominative Case A. Two some according to different Terminations are of different Genders others under different Terminations are of the same Gender Q. How many are of the first sort that according to different Terminations are of different Genders A. There are two of these for some under different Terminations are still Latin words others in which one differing Termination is Greek from whose Accusative Case in a is found a new Nominative in a of a Latin Termination Q. Which is the Rule for those Redundants that under divers Terminations are of divers Genders yet both the Terminations Latin and what words are they A. The Rule is Haec quasi luxuriant c. viz. of these Nouns agreeing in their signisication tho' differing in their Gender according to their divers Terminations and they are Tonitrus ùs M. Tonitru invariabile N. Clypeus ei M. Clâ—peum ei N. Baculus i M. Baculum i N. Sensus ùs M. Sensum i N. Tygnus ni M. Tygnum i N. Tapetum ti N. Tapete is N. Tapes eÌ„tis M. Punctus i M. Punctum ti N. Sinapi invariabile N. Sinapis is F. Sinus ùs M. Sinum ni N. Menda ae F. Mendum di N. Viscus ci M. Viscum ci N. Cornu indeclinabile N. Cornum ni N. Cornus ùs M. Eventus ùs M. Eventum ti N. with many more that you may meet with in reading Authors Q. Which is the Rule and the Words of the second sort of Redundant Substantives which in their Nominative Cases have two Terminations one
originally Greek the other â—atin which comes from an Accusative Case in a of that Greek word A. The Rule is Sed tibi preterea c. as Panther eÌ„ris M. Acc. PantheÌ„ra Nom. PantheÌ„ra ae F. Crater eÌ„ris M. Acc. Cratera Nom. CrateÌ„ra ae F. Cassis idis F. Acc. Cassida Nom. Cassida ae F. Aether eris M. Acc. Aethera Nom. Aethera ae F. Q. What are the third sort of Redundants that under different Terminations are of the same Gender and Signification A. They are these viz. Gibbus bi M. Gibber eÌ„ris M. Cucumis is M. Cucumer eÌ„ris M. Stipis is F. Stips stipis F. Cinis ciner â—ris D. G. Vomer Ä•ris M. Vomis â—ris M. Scobis is F. Scobs bis F. Pulvis Ä•ris D. G. Pulver ris D. G. Pubes is F. Puber Ä•ris C. 2. Likewise word that end in or and os in the Nom. as Honor honos oÌ„ris M. Labor labos oÌ„ris M. Odor odos oÌ„ris M. To which add Apes apis is F. Plebs is F. Plâ—bes ei F. with many Nouns borrowed from the Greeks which admit of a double manner of declining as Delphin inis Delphinus ni M. Elephas antis Elephantus ti M. Congrus i. Conger gri M. Meleagrus gri Meleager gri M. Teuâ—rus cri Teucer cri M. Q. What are the next sort of Redundants and the Rule for declining of them A. They are these that are redundant in the Oblique Cases being of the 2d and 4th Declension as Laurus ri us F. Quercus â—i ùs F. Pinus ni ûs F. Ficus ci ùs F. Colus li lùs F. Penus ni nûs D. G. Cornus ni ùs F. G. Lacus ci ùs M. Domus mi ûs F. Sed Tolle me mu à Singulari mi atque mis à Plurali si declinare domus vis The Rule of them is Haec simul quarti flexus sunt atque secundi Q. Are there no Redundants of other Declensions besides those of the second and fourth Declension A. Yes for some are of the first and third as Orestes ae is Orontes ae is Laâ—bes ae t is Thales ae t is Calchas ae antis Pascha ae aâ—is And some are of the second and third as Mulciber beri beris Polypus pi podis Glomus mi eris Vesper ri ris Aedipus i podis Sequester tri tris Q. What is the Rule for Redundant Adjectives A. The Rule is this Et quae luxuriant sunt c. that is there are many Redundant Adjectives especially those derived of these Substaâ—tives viz. Of Arma jugum nervus somnus clivus animus limus cera fraenum bacillum which Adjectives may be either of three Terminations or three Articles as Of Arma cometh inermus a um and inermis me but Hilarus is very seldom read tho' Hilaris is very common As in Praesenti Explained by QUESTION and ANSWER Q. WHat doth As in Praesenti contain A. It contains Rules for the Preterperfect Tenses and Supines of Simple and Compound Verbs Q. Into how many Parts may it be divided A. Into Ten viz. 1. The Preterperfect Tenses of Simple Verbs in o. 2. The Preterperfect Tenses of Compound Verbs 3. Supines of Simple Verbs 4. Supines of Compound Verbs 5. Preterperfect Tenses of Verbs in or 6. Verbs having two Preterperfect Tenses 7. Verbs Neuters Passive i. e. which end in o and yet have a Passive Signification 8. Verbs borrowing the Preterperfect Tense 9. Verbs wanting the Preterperfect Tense And lastly Verbs wanting the Supines whereof the five first concern Râ—gular Verbs the five last Irregular Verbs which are either Redundant Variant or Defective Q. What doth the first Part teach A. It teacheth to know the Preterfect Tense of Verbs in o in all the four Conjugations Q. What is to be observed in the forming of the Preterperfect Tense of Verbs in each Conjugation A. That the first second and fourth have peculiar Terminations in their Preterperfect Tenses viz. the first in avi the second in ui the fourth in ivi but the third Conjugation forms its Preterperfect Tense variously according to the Tâ—rmination of Verbs in the Present Tense as bo makes bi co makes ci c. Q. What is the Rule for the Preterperfect Tense of all Simple Verbs in o of the first Conjugation declined like Amo A. The Rule is As in Praesenti Q. What is the meaning of the Rule A. That Verbs of the first Conjugation having as in the second Person of the Present Tenâ—e will have avi in the first Person of the Preterperfect Tense as No nas navi Vocito tus taâ—i Q. What Verbs are excepted from this Rule A. These Lavo as lavi lotum lautum lavatum Juvo as uvi utum only in composition nexo as xui xum Seco as cui ctum Neco as ui Mico as ui Plico as avi cui Frico as ui ctum Domâ— as ui itum Tono as ui itum Sono as ui itum Crepo as ui itum Veto as ui itum Cubo as ui itum Do das dedi datum Sto stas steti statum Q. What is the Rule for the Preterperfect Tense of all Simple Verbs in eo of the second Conjugation declined like Doceo A. It is this Es in praesenti perfectum format ui dans Q. What is the meaning of this Rule A. That Verbs of the second Conjugation having es in the second Person of the Present Tense will have or make ui in the first Person of the Preterperfect Tense as Nigreo es ui c. Q. How many Exceptions are there from this Rule A. There are six Q. What is the first Exception A. The first is of these Verbs viz. Jubeo es ssi ssum Soâ—beo es ui psi pâ—um Mulceo es si sum Luceo es xi Sedeo es di ssum Video es si sum Prandeo es si sum Strideo es di Suadeo es si sum Rideo eâ— si sum Ardeo es si sum Q. What is the second Exception A. Quatuor his infra c. viz. That the first syllable of the Preterperfect Tense is doubled in these four Verbs Pendeo es pependi sum Mordeo es momordi sum Spâ—ndeo es spoâ—â—â—ndi sum Tondeo es totondi sum Q. What is the third Exception A. The third is If l or r come before geâ— in the Present Tense the Preterperfect Tense shall end in si as Vrgea es si sum Mulgeo es si xi ctum And these ending in geo make xi as Frigeo es xi Lugeo es xi ctum Augeo es xi ctum Q. What is the fourth Exception A. It is of these Verbs Fleo es vi Leo es vi Deleo es vi Pleo es vi Neo es vi ‑ tum Q. What is the fifth Exception A. It is of these three Verbs that make si in the Preterperfect Tense Maneo es si sum Torqueo es si tum sum Haereo es si sum Q.
a just or right order Q. What is a Foot A. It is the setting or placing together of two syllables or more according to the certain observation of the times or measures of the syllables Q. How many sorts of Feet are there A. Two sorts Feet of two and Feet of three syllables there are also Feet of four syllables which may be omitted as needless Q. Which are the Feet of two syllables A. They are 1. A Spondee which consists of two long syllables 2. Pyrrichius which consists of two short ones 3. A Trochce which consists of the first long and the last short And lastly an lambus which consists of the first short and the second long Q. Which are the Feet of three syllables A. They are a Tribrachus which consists of three short syllables 2. A Dactile which consists of the first long and the two last short 3. An Anapest which consists of the first short and the last long The rest may be omitted Q. Of what doth a Verse consist or what is it made up of A. Of Feet trimm'd or well compos'd in a just and lawful number and order Q. What is a Verse A. It is a Speech bound to a just and lawful number of Feet Q. What must he first learn that is to make a Verse A. He must learn to measure it rightly by Feet called Scanning Q. What is Scanning A. It is the lawful measuring of a Verse into several Feet Q. How many are the Figures of Prosodia or Meter that belong to Scanning A. They are Synalaepha Eclipsis Synaeresis Diaeresis Caesura Systole Diastole Q. What is Synalaepha A. It is a certain striking out of a Vowel or Dipthong in the end of a word when the next word begins with a Vowel or Dipthong but heu and o ah in proh vah hei are never cut off or taken away as Et bis io Arethusa io Arethusa vocabit Ovid. But sometimes the Synalaepha is neglected as Et succus pecori lac subducitur agnis Virg. Post habita coluisse samo Hic illius arma But when Vowels and Dipthongs are not taken away they are common as first short Victor apud rapidum Simoenta sub Ilio alto Insulae Ionio in magno quas dira Caelaeno Long as Lament is gemituque foemineo ululatu Ante tibi Eoae Atlantides absconduntur Long and short in this Verse Ter sunt conati imponere Pelio ossam Q. What is Eclipsis A. It is a Figure when m in the end of a word with the Vowel going before it is cut off by reason of the Vowel following formerly also s was cut off as Aâ—boribus veteres decidere falcibu ' 〈◊〉 Q. What is Synaeresis called also Synecphonesis and Synâ—zesis A. It is the contraction or drawing together of two syllables into one as Seu lento fuerint alvaria vimina teâ—ta This Figure happens often in the Genitive Cases of Nouns in Eus as Thesei Achillei Vlyssei for Thesei Achâ—llei Vlyssâ—i And when the Vowels iâ— and u are chanâ—ed into j and v Consonants as parjete and tenvis for pariete and tenuis So likewise in all these words that belong rather to Synaeresis than to a Synaâ—aepha as Dii Diis iidem iisdem deinde deinceps proinde deell deero decrit anteaâ—â—bulo anteit antehac c. Q. What is the Figure Diaeâ—esis or Dialysis A. It is when two syllables are made of one cut nsunder or parted as Stamina non ulli dissoluenda Deo Tioull Q. What is Caesura A. It is when a short syllable in the end of a word and in the beginning of the foot is made long Q. What is Syâ—tole A. It is the maâ—ing short of a long syllable as Matri longa decâ—m tuleÌ„runt sastidia Menses Obstupui steterunque câ—mae c. Q. What is Diastole or Ectasis A. It is the making long of a syllable short by nature as Atque hic Priamidem laniatum corpore toto Virg. Exercet Diana choros Q. Which are the kinds of Diastole in Caesura A. They are 1. Triemimeris which after one foot doth make a short syllable long as Pectoribus inhians c. 2. Penthemimeris which after two feet makes a short syllable long as Omnia vincit amor c. 3. Hâ—pâ—hemimeris which after three feet makes a short syllable long as Ostentans artem pariter arcumque c. 4. An Enemimeris which after four feet makes a short syllable long as Ille latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho A Diastole happens often in a Penthemimer and HepthemiÌ„mer seldom in the rest Q. What is the difference between Carmen and Versus A. Carmen implies the whole whither an Epigram an Eclogue Satyr or Ode c. and Charisius interprets it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Versus signifies but one as Versibus ex multis carmen componitur unum But Carmen or a Poem may be finished in one Verse as Mart. in two places Omnia Castâ—r eâ—â—is sic siet ut emnia vendas Pauper videri 〈…〉 est pauper Q. Which are the most usual sort of Verses A. They are 1. An Hexameter or Heroick wherein the deeds done by Noble-men or Heroes are let down with praise and it consists of two sorts of feet i. e. Dactiles and Spondees and of six of these feet in number of which the fifth place must be a Dactile and the sixth a Spendee Q. What is the next more usual sort of Verse A. It is a Pentameter or Elâ—giack wherein lamentable Matters were at first used to be set forth and it consists of five fâ—et being Dactiles and Spondees of four whole ones and two long syllables in the third and sixth place which make up the fifth foot but the fourth and fifth places must always be two Dactiles Q. Which is the third usual soâ—â— of Verse A. It is an 〈◊〉 of which 〈◊〉 was the first Author and this consists of a Dactile Spondee and a long syllable and two Dactiles at last Q. Which is the fourth usual sort of Verse A. It is a Saphick which consists of a Trochee a Spondee a Dactile and at list of two Trochees to which an Adonick consisting of a 〈◊〉 and Spondee is added after three Verses Q. Which is the fifth usual sort of Verse A. It is a 〈◊〉 whereof 〈◊〉 wâ—s the first Author or a Verse of eleven syllables câ—â—sisting of a Spondee Dactile and of three Trochees Q. Which is the sixth sort of Verse A. It is an Iambick consisting of six Iambicks alone Q. Are these all the more usual sort of Verse A. Some add a Glyconick which consists of a Spondee and two Dactiles as Sic te Diva potens Cypri And some an Aâ—chilochius Versus which consists of two Dactiles and a Syllable but this and an Adonick are invented for the sake of Tyrocinians that being exercised in them they may proceed to Elegiacks Q. How is the quantity of syllables known and by how many manner of ways A. The quantity
of syllables is known two ways i. e. first by Rules secondly by Authority or Examples Q. How many fold are the Rules A. They are two-fold 1. General which may be observed in every syllable 2. Special of or concerning the last syllables Q. Which and how many are the General Rules A. They are these 1. A Vowel before two Consonants or a double Consonant in the same word and before one Consonant in the end of one word and before another in the beginning of another is every-where long by position Q. What do you mean by double Consonants and how many are there of them A. I mean by a double Consonant that which stands for two Letâ—ers or Consonants as X and Z the first standing for Cs or Gs as in Dux Ducs Rex Regs the second sc Z standing for Ds as Zephyrus Dâ—ephyrus Some also reckon J between two Vowels a double Consonant as in Major and Pejor c. except in the Compounds of Jugum as Bijuges Quadâ—ijuges Mulâ—ijuges which are short Q. Is a Vowel before two Consonants in the same word always long A. No for if a Mute and the Liquids L or R are put in the same syllable after a short Vowel that Vowel in a Verse becomes common as in Patris Volucris Locuples Tenebrae reflo repleo poples c. But the Vowel being long it is not chang'd as aratrum simulacrum Q. What if the former word end in a short Vowel the word following beginning with two Consonants A. It is sometimes tho' seldom made long as Occultâ— spolia plures de paâ—e triumphos Quid gladium demens â—omana stringis in ora Mart. Q. What is the third general Rule for knowing the first syllables A. A Vowel before another in divers syllables of the same word is every-where made short amongst the Latins as Deus meus c. but among the Greeks it is ever now and then made long Q. What other Exceptions have you besides this Greek one A. The Genitive Cases in ius of the second declension of the Pronouns as Vnius illius c. where the Letter i is found common but in alterius it is always short and in alius always long Q. What other Exceptions have you of a Vowel not being short before another in the same word A. The Genitive and Dative Cases of the fifth declension where e between the double i is made long as facieÌ„i otherwise not as reÌ„i speÌ„i fideÌ„i except also fi in fio which is long as Omnia jam fient fieri quae posse negabam but if e and r follow together fi is short as fierem fieri Di in Diana is doubtful but the syllable contracted of two is made long as exit for exiit petit for petiit so obit abit of obiit and abiit Q. What is the fourth general Rule A. Every Dipthong among the Latins is long as aurum neuter musae but prae in composition when a Vowel follows is often made short as sudibusque praeustisÌ„ Q. Which is the fifth general Rule A. Derivatives or words derived of others are allotted or have the same quantity with their Primitives as a in amator amicus amabilis is short because a in amo is short Q. Are there no Exceptions on this Rule A. Yes for some few words being derived of short ones are made long as vox voÌ„cis of voco lex leÌ„gis of leÌ„go c. and there are some on the contrary which being derived of long words are made short as Dux dÅcis of duÌ„co dicax of dico fides of fiÌ„o c. Q. Which is the sixth general Rule A. The quantity of compound words is known by the simple and likewise the quantity of simple words by the compounds as SoÌ„lâ—r consoÌ„lor leÌ„go perleÌ„go c. except InnÅba pronuÌ„ba of nuÌ„bo and degeÌ„ro pejeÌ„ro of juÌ„ro persidus persidia of siÌ„dus semisopitâ—s of soÌ„pio and videÌ„sis of videÌ„ siquidem of siÌ„ AmbiÌ„tus the Participle makes the last save one long the Noun makes it short Idem of the Masculine Gender is long of the Neuter Gender short These Compounds are also long tho' their Simples are common ubiÌ„que ubiÌ„libet ibiÌ„dem quandoÌ„que quandoÌ„cunque except quandoquidem Q. Which is the seventh general Rule A. A Preposition in composition retains its quantity unless a Vowel following or position hinder A de prae se è are long Prepositions and di unless in dirimo and disertus and also the Latin pro unless in these procella prosugus protervus c. and pro in procurro prosundo c. but in the Greek pro it is always short Re in râ—sert for interest from the Ablative re of res is long but re in resert from the Preposition is short The rest of the Prepositions besides d de prae se è di and pro are short if position doth not hinder Q. Which is the eighth general Rule A. Every Preterperfect Tense of two syllables makes the first syllable long as leÌ„gi eÌ„mi except in fidi of findo bibi dedi seidi steti tuÌ„li and every Supine of two syllables is long as moÌ„tum laÌ„tum loÌ„tum creÌ„tum except these quitum situm litum itum rÅtum rătum dătum sătum citum of cieo es but ciÌ„tum of cio of the fourth Conjugation hath the first long Q. But what say you of Verbs doubling the Preterperfect Tense A. They have the first syllable short as pependi tetendi Preterperfect Tenses and Supines of many syllables have the same quantity in the first syllable as they had in the first of the Present Tense as vocavi vocatum of voco claÌ„mavi claÌ„matum of clamo except posui of poÌ„no solutum of soÌ„lvo Q. Which is the last general Rule of knowing the first syllables A. It is the Authority and Examples of Poets which we are to bring when the quantity of words do not sall under none of these foregoing Rules Q. How may one know the quantity of the middle syllables and what syllables are reckoned to be the middle syllables A. Every syllable besides the first and last is a middle syllable as in Fortitudine For is the first syllable and ne the last the rest are middle syllables The middle syllables are known partly the same way as the first and partly by the Analogy of the Declensions and Conjugations to wit a o and e in the last syllable save one of the Genitive Case Plural are made long as musaÌ„rum dominoÌ„rum dieÌ„rum Likewise the last syllable saâ—e one in words of many syllables increasing long is made long and in words increasing short is made short according to the second and third special Rule So a and o in the last syllables save one in Dative and Ablative Cases Plural are long i and u short in them as duaÌ„bus duÌ„obus dapibus arcÅbus So also a the sign of the first e the sign of the second and i of the fourth Conjugation are made
long e of the third short Q. Are there no Exceptions but that a of the first Conjugation must be long A. Yes for do and its Compounds being of the first Conjugation doth make a short as dămus circumdămus dăbis c. And rimus and ritis in the Preterperfect Tense of the Subjunctive Mood are every-where short but in the Future Tense they are long in Prose in Verse common Q. What say you of a and e before the Tenses in bam and bo A. They are made long but e before ram rim ro is short as legeram legerim legero e in the third Person Plural of the Preterperfect Tense of the Indicative in every Conjugation is long as legeÌ„runt vel legeÌ„re c. Q. What say you of the Preterperfect Tenses in vi and si A. They produce the last syllable save one as amaÌ„vi quieÌ„vi quaeâ—iÌ„vi diviÌ„si audiÌ„vi Q. What say you of the last syllable save one of Adjectives in inus A. They make it long as ClandestiÌ„nus matutiÌ„nus vespertiÌ„nus c. except diutinus crasâ—â—Ì„nus pristinus c. Q. What say you of the Penultima of Adjectives in anus arus orus osus and of Adverbs in atim and itim A. They are all long as Mâ—ntaÌ„nus avaÌ„rus canoÌ„rus â—diâ—sus â—stiâ—tim viriÌ„tim except affatim perpâ—tim and stà tim which are short Q. Which are the special Rules of the last syllables A. The first is of words that end in a which are long as amaÌ„ contrâ— ergaÌ„ except quiă ită eiă posteă and the Adverb pută for videliceâ— but not putaÌ„ from puto putas But Nominative Accusative and Vocative Cases in a are short except Vocatives from Greek Nominatives in as which are long as Aenea but Vocatives in a from Nominatives in es are short as Thyestă Orestă Q. But of what quantity are Ablatives in a and Numerals of Nouns of Number in ginta A. The Ablatives in a are long as MusaÌ„ but the Nouns of Number in ginta are common and for the most part long Q. What quantity are words that end in b d t A. They are short as ab ad caput but words in d as David Bagud and in like words of strange Languages are rather produced Q. What quantity are words ending in c A. They are long as ac sic and the Adverb hic but three in c are always made short to wit lac nec donec two are common sac and the Pronoun hic and the Neuter hâ—c if it be not the Ablative Case Q. What quantity are words ending in e A. They are short as Mare penâ— legeÌ„ scribeÌ„ except all words of the fifth Declension in e together with Adverbs derived thereof and also the second Persons Singular of the Imperative Mood Active of the second Conjugation likewise words of one syllable in e are made long except que ve with these syllabical additions ce â—e ptâ— and ne the Interrogative but ne the Adverb is long Adverbs also in e derived of Adjectives of three Terminations are long except beneÌ„ and male but Adverbs derived of Adjectives of three Articles are short as facileÌ„ dulceÌ„ suavÄ• Lastly Words that are writ in Greek with the long e called Eta are long in every Case Gender and Number and e in Fame being of old a word of the fifth Declension is long as also e in fermè serè and ohe Q. Of what quantity are words that end in i A. They are long except the last i in mihi tibi sibi ubi ibi with their Compounds as sicubi a ibi veluti which are common i in ibiÌ„dem and ubiÌ„que are always long in utique short in ubicunque doubtful but nisi and quasi are short and all the Dative and Vocative Cases of the Greeks whose Genitive Case Singular ends in os as Phillis Phillidos Phillidi Pallas Pallados Palladi c. Q. What quantity are words that end in l A. They are short except nil contracted of Nihil and Sol and certain Hebrew words in l as Michael c. Q. What quantity are words that end in n A. They are long as Paean c. except forsăn sorsităn ăn tamèn attameÌ„n veâ—untamèn except also in with its Compounds as exiâ— subin dein proâ—n and these words which are cut off by the Figure Apocope as men vidin ' nostn ' audin nemon ' Also words in n that increase short in the Gâ—nitive Case as Carmen and Greek words in on by the little o and some that end in in as Alexin and in yn by y as Iâ—yn And lastly Words that end in an of Nominatives in a as Iphygeâ—ia Iphygenian c. but words that end in an of Nominatives in as are made long as Aeneas Aenean c. Q. What quantity are words that end in o A. They are common as amo virgo c. except Oblique Cases i. e. Datives and Ablatives in o which are always long as â—â—ic Domino ab hoc templo c. also Adverbs derived of Adjectives are long as tanto quanto c. besides sedulo mutuo crebro sero which are common Mâ—dâ— dummodo postmodo and quomodo are always short Cito illico ambo duo ego nomo scio nescio cedo for dic are scarce read long Words of one syllable in o are long as do sto ergo for the cause and words writ by the Greek Omega as Sapphâ— c. Q. What quantity are words that end in r A. They are short as Caesar torcular per vir c. but cor is read long in Ovid. Far lar nar ver sur cur and also par with his Compounds are long as Compar impar dispar and words that end in Greek in er with eta as AeÌ„r crateÌ„r characteÌ„r c. are long except Pater and Mater whose last syllable the Latins make short Q. How know you the quantity of words that end in s A. Words that end in s have as many Terminations as there are Vowels to wit as es is os us and ys Q. What quantity are words that end in as A. They are long as amas musas majestaâ— bonitas foras c. except Greek Nominatives whose Genitives ends in adis vel ados as Ilias Pallas Arâ—as to which add Anas and except also Accusatives Plural of Greek Nouns of the third Declension increasing as Crateras Heroas Phyllidas Cyclopas Troas all which are short Q. What quantity are words that end in es A. Long as Anchises sedes doces patres except Nouns in es of the third Declension increasing short as MileÌ„s segeÌ„s diveÌ„s but aries abies paries ceres and pes with its Compounds as Bipes tripes quadrupes are long Es of the Verb sum with its Compounds as potes ades prodes obes to which joyn penes and Greek Neuters Singular in es as Hippomanes Cacoethes and also Greek Nominatives Plural whose Nominatives Singular increaseth in the Obliques sc in the Gen. and Dat. as Arcades Clyclopes Naâ—ades Troades Thraces are short