man desirous of honour desiring honour which doth desire honour if he doth desire honour doth labour These Clauâ—es may be placed after the Verb. As A man doth labour if he doth desire honour R. 5. Every Adjective may have a Substantive after it with which it doth agree Except Participles and Adjectives governing Cases have their Substantives before them As God creating man c. A man desirous of honour R. 6. Every Verb may have a sign of a Mood or Tense Except the Verb is a sign of a Mood or Tense or do follow a Verb that is the sign of a Mood or Tense As God alone can create R. 7. Every Substantive may have a sign of a Case by which it is governed Except 1. Pronoun Substantives in the Accusative case As Me us thee you him her it them which will not admit a general Sign 2. Except 1. The Substantive coming after Dignus indignus opus and usus signifying need 2. After Verbal in Bilis and Passive Participles 3. After Verbs of Comparing being angry with to meet with 4. The word coming after Verbs of Esteeming 5. Proper names of Lesser places and Humi domi militiae bells 6. The word coming after Satago misereor misereseo 7. After Interest and resert 8. After Verbs of wanting and potior 9. After Fungor fruor utor 10. After certain Verbs signifying profit disprofit c. where TO is implyed 11. Apposition 12. The Ablative Case absolute 13. The word of Price These Rules for Pointing and Reading primarily intended for the English Tongue are applicable to other Languages with a little alloy When we understand these Rules and can decline Nouns and form Verbs there remains only the Propria quae maribus As in praesenti and the Syntax which are made thus short and plain First The Propria qua maribus is reduced to five special Rules thus 1. All Nouns of the first and fith Declension are of the Feminine Gender 2. All Nouns of the second and fourth Declension are of the Masculine Gender 3 All Nouns of the third Declension ending in An in on o er or os are Masculine 4. All Nouns of the third Declension in x and s are the Feminine 5. All Nouns of the third Declension in us c. are Neuter A few Exceptions will perfect these Rules Secondly The As in praesenti is reduced to three Rules 1. All Verbs in O impute are of the first Conjugation and do make Avi in the Preterperfect tense and Atum in the Supine 2. All Verbs in Eo are of the second Conjugation and do make ui and itum 3. All Verbs in Io are of the fourth Conjugation and make Ivi and itum All Verbs of the third Conjugation are enumerated All Irregular Verbs of the first second and fourth Conjugation are also enumerated and ought to be learnt by Beginners as a Vocabulary because they are generally Primatives and words of most frequent use Thirdly The Syntax is reduced to three Rules according to the number of words declined and are all contained in the Rules for reading Grammatically 1. Every Verb hath Number and Person by the Nominative Case which is a Substantive placed before it because the Verb is not determined in these 2. Every Adjective hath Number Case and Gender by the Substantive following This comprehends the Antecedent and Relative The Adjective is not determined 3. Every other Substantive is governed of the word before it on which it depends according to the Sign of the Case These Signs are Of to for with from by then in at a the which two last are onely general Signs The stress of the Syntax lies in these Rules for the government of the Substantive How easy it is by the Signs of Cases in comparison of Lilly's Rules founded upon the signification or enumerations of the preceding Word being in number Fifteen score will appear by the following comparison LILLIES Rules R. by the signs of Cases 1. Qaum duo Substantiva 2. Adjectivum in Neutro genere 3. Laus vituperium rei A Genitive is true Latin An Ablative more elegant 4. Adjectiva quae ad copiam A Genitive is true Latin An Ablative more elegant 5. Adjectiva quae desiderium 6. Adjectiva verbalia in Ax. 7. Nomina Partitiva 8. Comparativa Superlativa 9. Sum Genitivum postulat 10. Verba accusandi 11. His impersonalibus poenitet 12. Participiorum voces 13. Quadam adverbia loci Of after a Substantive or Adjective is a sign of the Genitive Case As The love of Mony Desirous of Mony 1. Pasâ—ivis additur Ablativus 2. Quadam accipiendi 3. Moercor cum Adverbâ—s 4. Diversa verbis implendi onerandi 5. Verbum impersonale passiva vocis 6. Vapulo veneo liceo Of after a Verb is made by a Preposition He is praised of the Mr. 1. Adjectiva quibus commodum 2. Huc referuntur nomina 3. Opus adjective pro neâ—essarius 4. Numeralia in alio sensis 5. Nomina diversitatis 6. Exosus perosus 7. Omnia verba acquisitive 8. Verba significantia Commodum 9. Verba Comparandi 10. Verba dandi 11. Verba promittendi 12. Verba fidendi 13. Verba imperandi nuntiandi 14. Verba obsequendi 15. Verba minandi 16. Sum cum compositis 17. Verba composita cum prae ad This is an uncertain Rule Mutant Dativum aliquoties in alium casum It is according to the Sign usually when that sails Authority is the best Rule 18. Est pro habeo 19. Huic confine est supperit 20. Sum eum compositis 21. In dativum â—erâ—â—tur hac 22. Quadam adverbia 23. Est etiam ubi in Dativum To before a Substantive and For are signs of a Dative For is sometimes made by a Preposition Hard to be determined by a Beginner For the Cause is alwaies the Ablative Do tibi pignori pro pignore causâ honoris 1. His vero attinet pertinet c. 2. Ex his quadam efferuntur 3. Quaedam variam habent constructionem 4. Nomina appellativa 5. Verbis significantibus motum ad locum 6. Ad hunc modum utimur Rus. After attinet pertinet spectat loquor hortor invito provoco addo voco and words of Motion To is made by Ad. Ambulo ad templum  To before a Verb is a sign of the Infinitive Mood Active Cupio amare 1. Except after Substantives and Adjectives governing a Genitive Case To is made by a Gerund in Di. Tempus amandi 2. After aptus paratus tardus and Verbs of Exhorting exciting and prevailing a Gerund in Dum. Aptus ad amandum 3. About To is the Future in Rus. Amaturus 4. After words of Motion the first Supine Venit amatum  To â—e is the Infinitive Mood Passive Cupit amari Except 1. After Verbs Substantives and Noun Substantives the Future in Dus Est homo amandus 2. After certain Adjectives easy hard worthy unworthy c. The latter Supine facilis amatu There are not Rules found in Lilly's Syntax
Plain and short RULES For POINTING PERIODS AND READING SENTENCES Grammatically with the great Use of them By M. LEWIS of Tottenham THE foundation of the Syntactical part of Grammar consists in these two things To divide a Period into Sentences And To read those Sentences Grammatically The Master builds upon the Sands without a basis and the Scholar learns by roat without reason who doth not bottom here I shall offer a few short Rules to both these necessary things Rules for pointing a PERIOD EVery Subject called the Nominative Case and Finite Verb expressed or understood with their Dependents must have a Point or distinction because the Verb expresses the state motion or action of the Subject and must be stopt or else we move in infinitum and cannot begin a new motion Let this Paragraph be an example Except 1. any word or clause having the import of a Sentence wherein a Verb is virtually contained may have a stop Such are 1. Interjections As Alas that is it is a sad case woe is me 2. Participles of the present and preter-tense As God creating the World made man Man created by God was placed in Paradise 3. One Substantive after another by apposition having the import of a Sentence As Man the image of God was placed in Paradise otherwise not As M.T.C. 4. An Infinitive mood having the import of a Sentence may be distinguished from the preceding Verb. As God created man in his image to be lord of the Creatures that is that he might be lord of the Creatures But when the Infinitive mood hath the nature of a Substantive and depends upon the former Verb as if it was an oblique Case it ought not to be distinguished As I desire to learn that is I desire learning 2. Except the Vocative case with the dependents which is an extraâ—entential phrase and a preparation to a motion As Son come hither 3. Except when a Word or Phrase as in Zeugma relates to several things it may be distinguished from the thing immediately depending upon it to shew its relation to be indifferent to that and to the things it affects more remotely As God hath given a law to the fire air water earth 4. When a Sentence is parted by any intercepting Clause the former part of the Sentence is distinguished from the Clause and the Clause from the latter part of the Sentence As God creating the world gave man dominion over the Creatures 5. The same Sentence sometimes hath a Point in it when it is in-grammatically placed to shew its disorder As By an almighty power God created the world I do not intend a Point must be made in all these cases I only say a Point may be and de facto many times is upon these grounds Exact Pointing is best But if we do miscarry it is better to under point then over point These things are obvious to ordinary capacities and do fully answer my end to prepare English to be rendered into Latin and Latin to be Analysed and rendered into English and therein are useful to Children But as a Point in general is absolutely necessary to rational instructing in the plain Syntactical part of Grammar so to understand the kinds of Points when and where they shall be used is as necessary to some parts of Rhetorick No man can pronounce and act Artificially out of judgment or compose Oratorically by a Rule who doth not understand the various constitutions and contextures of Periods from whence the kinds of Points do arise As therefore a Point in general arises from a Verb in general or something analogous to it so the species of Points arise from the Verbs in a Period as they do more intimately or more remotely relate to one another Where the dependence is greater the stay between them is less giving liberty for a lower tone and lesser action where the dependance is less the stay is greater the tone higher and the action more The Points distinguishing a plain Sentence are a Period a Colon a Sub-colon a Comma which may be compared to those stops in Musick a Minim a Crochet a Quaver a Semi-quaver To the Rules following I premise A Proposition Theme or Matter treated of is either Simple As God created the World Man is lord of the Creatures or it is Compounded in which there is a principal Verb expressed or suppressed and another Verb or Verbs depending upon it to explain enlarge restrain divide or confirm the principal Proposition laid down to which these depending Verbs are united by some Conjunction expressed or understood Let this Paragraph be an example The principal Sentence suppressed is Propositions are twofold All that follows relates to this The principal Verb in a Period is that which is the motion of the principal subject or doth affect the principal Object spoken of This Verb if it be expressed is the first Verb in the Natural and Grammatical order But it is often suppressed as in the former Paragraph proposed for an example The principal Theme or Matter is threefold 1. Of a Discourse or an Oration 2. Of a Paragraph usually noted by a Break 3 Of a Period strictly taken A Discourse may contain several Paragraphs A Paragraph may contain several Periods Every one of these Periods have a principal Verb that is such a Verb that doth not immediately depend upon another Verb oâ— totum Put it may depend upon the Theme of the Discourse or Paragraph This all must grant a great member or totum in a Period is distinguished from lesser members or parts by a greater rest then lesser members are distinguished from one another or from their subdividing members and exegetical expressions I mean a totum is distinguished from its parts by a Colon the parts are distinguished from one another by a Sub-colon Exegetical expressions to these are distinguished by Comma's Rules for a PERIOD A Period terminates Sense that is absolute full and perfect And so it terminates either one Sentence or categorical Proposition As God created the World Man is lord of the Creatures Or it terminates more Sentences distinguished by lesser Points for the principal motion ought to have a greater test than the less principal Any Paragraph in this discourse is an Example Rules for a COLON A Colon distinguishes Sentences that are a protasis and an apodâ—sis a Proposition and the reason a similitude and the application a totum and its members As God alone could create the World because he is Omnipotent As God hath created the World so he preâ—erves it Having Creatures are of two sorts Men and Brutes A Colon is likewise used when Sentences seem absolute but are not because the totum is either remote or suppressed As The Flint strikes fire the Load stone draws Iron the Touch stone tries Mettah the Purnice-stone smooths rough things The totum suppressed is this Stones serve for divers uses If this totum was expressed it should be distinguished from the parts by a colon and these Sentences
or parts from one another by a sub-colon The Rule of a Sub-COLON A Sub-colon is used to distinguish membra dividentra in a large sense which are opposites or at least disparates At Angels are good or bad This totum is often suppressed and many times defer'd to the close of the Period Rules for a COMMA A Comma is used to distinguish Sentences that have a nearer relation one to another and a greater dependencie one upon another then membra dividentia have Such are 1. Membra subdividentia Sentences united by any Conjunction that do not come under any of the three former Rules the Vocative Case and Interjections 2. Exegetical expressions Substantives by apposition the Infinitive mood transposed or intercepting Clauses and such like These if we would be accurate ought to be distinguished by a lesser note then a Comma if we had any such because these have a nearer relation one to another then those under the former head This whole discourse may be an Example Enumerations are many times so Oratorically digested by pairs that they seem to be membra dividentia but are not As I am perswaded that neither life nor death nor princepalities nor powers nor things present nor things to come c. If the Case be so nice that you cannot determine whether there is only an enumeration or the Clauses are membra dividentia use such a distinction as will make the sense most plain with respect to the points above and below These are all the ordinary Points Grammarians have assigned but are too few as appears by the Rules for a Comma and may be further illustrated by this example following where there is the totum distinguished from its members by a Colon the principal membra dividentia by a sub-Colon the membra subdividentia by a Comma lastly you have exegetical expressions distinguished by sub-Comma's if there was such a Point I presume to add it and assign it this Character â— As God created the world first the Heavens where there is the Sun the fountain of light the Moon borrowing her light from the Sun the Stars varying their magnitudes the earth containing the Sea the confluence of water the dry land supporting living Creatures Here you see we are necessitated to use a sub-Comma or to use a Comma promiseuously Therefore in all cases that you may be distinct begin with as great a Point as the compass of your Period will bear In some cases it is tollerable to set the Point a note or two too high though besides the Rule because the sub-divisions being numerous are more subject to confusion and the end of Points is to make the Period distinct in its parts and intelligible in its sense As God created this great and wide abyss which we call the World and all the parts of it and first the Heavens where we have the highest or third heaven the blessed aboad of Saints and Angels then the heaven or firmament in which we behold the Sun the fountain of light and heat the Moon the governess of moist things borrowing her light from the Sun the Stars and Planets differing in magnitude light and influence from each other Then secondly this terraqueous Orb we call the Earth where is the Sea the confluence of waters and habitation of Fishes and dry land the house and nurse of men and beasts Lastly there is the Airy region in which the birds do play and sport themselves and without which no breathing Animal can live In this discourse you have three sorts of Period he first is periodus pendens set above the line the two next are periodi media set in the line the last is periodus supina set below the line You have also Comma's and sub-Comma's and all little enough Such a case as this is seldome occurs The greater members are distinguished from the lesser the lesser from the least by proportionable stops Doubtless a sub-Comma would be of great use in such Periods as this and to distinguish Sentences that are under the second head for a Comma I could heartily wish some persons of authority in the world would assert it As a key to this whole discourse I only beg some point to be certain I do not much matter which from which all the other Points may take their compass As in Ringing four Bells the second is usually made and therefore called the certain according to the motion of which the little Bell below and the greater Bells above do rise fall or keep their pitch So I would choose a sub-Colon certain and to be used only to distinguish membra dividentia in ordinary cases i.e. Clauses that are opposit or disparate What ever Sentences as in the Rules for a Comma are below this shall be Comma'd what ever are above it shall be Colon'd Absolute Sentence shall terminate in a Full point ordinarily In extraordinary cases extraordinary courses must be taken as in the last Example I purposely omit to say any thing of other Points because many Grammarians have spoken plainly enough to them I offer these Rules only as an Essay submitting them to better Judgments I hope by an accurate observation of all contextures they may be made more perfect I proceed to Rules directing to read Grammatically because neither Sentences nor Periods can be rightly distinguished unless the Natural and Grammatical order of them be first apprehended Rules for reading Grammatically R. 1. EVery Sentence consisteth of a Substantive called the Nominative Case and a Verb expressed or understood with their Dependents The Dependents of the Verb are those words which it affects with its motion mediately or immediately Except a Vocative Case and any word or clause having the import of a Sentence where the Verb is virtually These are sometimes Conjunctions Interâ—ections Participles of the present and pretertense one Substantive after another by apposition the Infinitive Mood c with their Dependents You have Examples for these in the general Rules for Pointing R. 2. The Nominative Case begins the Sentence with which the Verb agrees Except a Conjunction the oblique Cases of Relatives Interrogatives or Partitives do begin the Sentence As What book dost thou read Thou didst meet with my brother whom thou didst salute he will direct what Book I shall read R. 3. The Nominative case stands before the Verb. Except it stands after the Verb to distinguish Demanding and Commanding from Shewing As Lovest thou dost thou love let a man love Love thou Except Nor neither or there do go before the Verb. As Neither can I learn how there came a man into my house R. 4. The Nominative case stands immediately before the Verb. Except a Genitive case or a Gerund in Dâ— analogous to a Genitive case do come between As The lord of the Creatures was made after God's image An Adjective governing a Case a Participle a Relative a Conjunction with their Dependents may part the Nominative case and Verb. As A man doth labour may be thus parted A
to answer these except those two prius Supinum and posterius Supinum 1. Adjectiva regunt allativum 2. Forma vel modus rei 3. Praeditus contentus 4. Verba abundandi 5. Quedvis verbum c. 6. Adverbia diversitatis 7. Tanto quanto With and by the Cause or Manner and after Comparatives and Superl is a sign of the All. 1. Nomina diversitatis 2. Numeralia in alio sensis 3. Natus prognatus 4. Diversa verbis implendi 5. Verbis significantibus motum à loco 6. Ad cundem modum usurpatur From is made by a Preposition expressed or understood 1. Nomina appellativa 2. Quibuslibet verbis subjicitur 3. Qua significant partem 4. Veâ—um si proprium nomen loci In or At a Preposition 1. Verba transitiva 2. Quin etiam verba intransitiva 3. Hac impersonalia accusandi 4. His impersonalibus subjicitur 5. Quae autem durationem 6. Magnitudinis mensura 7. Ex his quaedam efferuntur 8. Quaedam variam habent constructionem The variety is according to the Sign 9. Spatium loci c. 10. Adverbia accusandi casum admittunt 11. En ecce and cedo govern an Accusative Case and are not Adverbs but defective Verbs A or The which are not particular signs or no signs at all shall be the Accusative Do vestem Deus amat hominem Hanc Accusativum â—utant authores c. Ingens praterea adjectivorum turba nullis obstriâ—â—a regulis c. These mutations are determined by the signs of Cases commonly A Participle of the Present tense having a sign of a Genitive Case is a Gerund in Dâ— Time of loving Tempus amandi A Participle of the Present tense having a sign of an Ablative Case is a Gerund in Do. Hindred in loving Impeditus amando Consider how obscure Lilly's Rules are for Gerunds I have on purpose omitted the Exceptions because they just balance one another and are enumerated in the Rules for reading Grammatically with which you may compaâ—e Lillies Grammar If the Scholar should be instructed only in the Rules for Signs of Cases and never be troubled with more then three Exceptions he might be easily perfected in all the rest by Examples it may be better then by Rules By this Grammar one that hath lost his Latin Tongue may in a few daies after many years discontinuance recover the Grammar of it though he never had any perfection in it This I have often tried and am ready again to demonstrate 1. Consider If you peruse Lillies Grammar Whether all the fundamental Rules necessary for a Beginner to learn are not comprehended under these few Rules by the Signs of Cases The Rules for Elegancy are of a second consideration and many variations from the Signs of Cases are Grecisms and so will aptly fall in with the Greek Tongue the Syntax of which is accommodated to this method 2. Consider Whether by this Syntax it is not easy to begin to Make Latin before we begin to Perse as Lilly directs in his Preface to his Grammar There being no more in the government of Substantives to be considered then what sign the Substantive hath If it hath no particular sign it must be the Accusative Case or if it have a sign it is made according to that sign 3. Consider Whether the impossibility of using Lillies Syntax is not the reason why all neglect Lillies Directions to Make Latin before they begin to Perse 4 Consider Whether those that learn Lillies Syntax do not get the Tongue meerly by habit burdened with a huge fardle of useless Rules or at the best they make their Latin at first by signs of Cases not allowed for Rules till they have got the habit 5. Consider Whether this is not the reason that all men do forget their Grammar as soon as they have got the Tongue because the Grammar as to the Syntax being of no use in getting the Lingua is of no use in keeping it neither can it be of any use in recovering it when once lost because we do no learn the Tongue by the Rule but by a frequent application of numerous Examples to the Rules we come to understand them and that principally by the Signs 6. Consider Whether Lillies Rules understood exclusively as most apprehend them are not false Most words do govern other Cases then those the Rules assign and yet direction is seldome given such as a Child can understand when they have those other Cases 7. Consider If the Rules be understood inclusively as Lilly intends Eidem verbo diversi casus diversâ ratione apponi possunt Whether the Rules are not then impracticable because to understand this diversa ratio it is necessary to have three hundred words enumerated and Rules so perfect as to see them as it were at one look which is impossible for one of ordinary parts to do and then the whole Syntax falls to the ground Those that think this may be done let them make a tryal themselves upon that Rule in the Greek Grammar Verba incipiendi desinendi appetendi amandi c. where there are but twenty heads enumerated If Verbs named cannot be reduced readily and judiciously by a man to these twenty how shall a Child do with fifteen times so many Thus the Rules of Grammar so much contended about are made plain and short A little Grammar will serve the turn where the Tongue learnt is constantly spoken and exercised diligently Comenius hath prescribed a Method for the gaining the Copia Verborum beyond what I have seen His Vestibulum and Orbis pictus contain the primitive words His Lexicon Januale teaches to Decline Derivatives from their Primitives His Janua comprehends Primitives and Derivatives in their proper signification His Atrium teaches the Elegancy and Idiom of the Tongue The advantage a Scholar shall have from this Method will be this 1. From the Janua perfectly learnt in Latin and Greek any other Languages may be quickly attained 2. Things may be learnt with Words by shewing the things themselves from Repositories by using Maps and Globes and Pictures where the things themselves cannot be had or the things may be described as the Learner is capable This will make Learning pleasant Doubtless one thus Instructed in the knowledge of things and initiated in all Acts and Sciences especially in Arithmetick and Geometry is like to make a better progress when he is advanced to the University or probably will be a wiser man when he is otherwaies disposed of in the world then another who learns only Appellatives and a little History but knows nothing of things seeing he hath said the Foundation of real Knowledge and will improve it by his daily converse in the World The School may be made Ludus literarius by a prudent use of School-mony Those that are diligent will have most Mony Those that have most mony shall have most Honour The most honourable shall have most liberty for Play This is certain If Children can be made diligent they