commonly joyned with Verbs to explain their signification Adverbs are of many sorts as of Place as Where here there c. Of Time as now hereafter to day long ago c. Of Number as often seldom once twice c. Of Order as first secondly moreover c. Of Asking as why c. Of Affirming or explaining as yea truly to wit c. Of Denying as no not c Of Demonstrating as lo behold c. Of Exhorting or encouraging as well done go to c. Of Wishing as O that c. Of Swearing as in good sooth c. Of Doubting as perhaps c. Of Gathering or separating as together asunder Of Excluding as only Of Chusing as rather c. Of Diversity as otherwise c. Of Likeness as as even as c. Of Quantity as much little c. Of Quality as well ill c. Of Comparing as as well as better c. And many more especially ending in ly made of Nouns Conjunctions A Conjunction is a Word undeclined joyning Words and Sentences together There be divers sorts of Conjunctions as Copulatives and also c. Disjunctives either or nor c. Concessives although albeit c. Adversatives but notwithstanding c. Causâ—ls for because c. Conditionals if unles c. Illatives therefore wherefore c. Electives rather than c. Exceptives except besides c. Dubitatives whether or no c. Diminutives at least c. Expletives used only for greater Grace of Speech Ac at i st nam quare si nec quin nisi sin seu sed verum are Praepositives used in the beginning of Sentences Enim autem quoque vero quidem are Postsitives set after other Words Que ne ve are Encliticks set at the end of another Word Prepositions A Preposition is a Word undeclined commonly set before other Words either in Apposition or Composition A Separable Preposition stands before a Word and governs a Case commonly either Accusative or Ablative as to unto in into towards against before after for beside with by beyond under c. Inseparable Praepositions are only used in Composition as am di dis re se ve con Interjections An Interjection is a Word undeclined expressing some Affection or Passion of Mind as Joy Evax io Exclaiming O. Flattering eja Wondring papae Threatning vae Lamenting hei heu eheu ah Fear atat Disdain hem prob hui vah Calling heus eho Silence au st Loathing phy Laughing ha ha he c. Adjectives in the Neuter Gender are sometimes used Adverbially Adverbs may be compared which come of Adjectives which admit of Comparison Figures belonging to Words Prothesis adds to the beginning as Gnavus for navus Epenthesis adds in the middle as Alituum for alitum Paragoge adds to the end as Dicier for dici Aphaeresis takes from the beginning as conia for ciconia Syncope takes from the middle as Dixti for dixisti Apocope takes from the end as Dic for dice. Draeresis divides one Syllable into two as Aulaï for aulai or lae Crasts or Synaeresis joyns or contracts two Syllables into one as Thesci for Thesei Ingenà for ingenii Metathesis is a misplacing of Letters or Syllables as pistris for pristis Antithesis or Antistaechon puts one Letter for another as faciundum for faciendum Enallage or Antimeria puts one kind of Word Gender Number Mood or Tense for another Archaismus is an old worn out way of speaking Apostrophus is a a Note signifying the want of some Letter thus Egon ' for egone Hyphen notes two Words to be joyned as if it were one compounded Word thus ante-malorum We use the same Note in the end of a Line when part of a Word ends the Line and the other part begins the next Line Accents There be three Accents belonging to Words Acute Grave and Circumflex but these are seldom expressed in Latin An Acute Accent is thus marked dóminus a Grave thus doctè a Circumflex thus mòs Monosyllables short or long by Position have an Acute Accent In Dissyllables the former hath an Acute when the later is short and the former long by Position or when both are short Polysyllables having the last short have an Acute in the last but two or antepenultima as dóminus if the two last be long the penultima or last but one hath an Acute as Sacérdos In Dissyllables the later hath a Grave Accent so have all Syllables which have neither Acute nor Circumflex Monosyllables long by Nature have a Circumflex The former in Dissyllables hath a Circumflex if it be long by Nature and the later short So hath the Penultima in Polysyllables if it be long by Nature and the last short The Compounds of facio and sio keep the Accent of the simple Verb as calesácit calesÃt The â—ncliticks que ne ve cast the Accent on the forgoing Syllable as laurÃsque except que in constant Composition as úndique Ablatives in a Genitives in us and ergo for causá have a Circumflex for distinction's sake Contracted Syllables are circumflexed and Adverbs are accented to distinguish them from Adjectives of the same ending Sentences or Syntax of Words Of Words joyned according to Rule is made a Sentence Concordance or Agreement of Words 1. A Verb Personal must be of the same Number and Person with the Nom. Case answering to the Question who or what made with the English Verb. 2. An Adjective must be of the same Case Gender and Number with the Substantive answering to the Question who or what made with the English Adjective 3. The Relative qui must be of the same Cender Number and Person with the foregoing Substantive that may be repeated again after which Quis qualis quantus quot quotus uter follow the same Rule 4. More Substantives together noting the same thing must be the same Case and the Verb Adjective or Relative following must agree with the later except the former be a living thing and the later not or the former an Appellative and the later a Proper Name of some Game Note any Word or whole Sentence answering to what may stand for a Substantive of the Neuter Gender and third Person 5. If no Nom. Case come between the Relative and the Verb the Verb must agree with the Relative 6. Look what Case the Substantive that may be repeated after the Relative ought to be were it so expresly repeated the same Case must the Relative be 7. A Collective or Distributive Singular may have a Verb Plural 8. Two or more Substantives Singular noting divers things will have a Verb Plural agreeing with the first rather than the second and the second rather than the third Person likewise an Adjective or Relative Plural agreeing with the Masc rather than Fem. and Fem. rather than Neuter Gender but if they signifie things without life keep the Neuter Gender 9. I we thou ye he they and men are seldom expressed in Latin 10. The Word thing is seldom expressed but implied in an
Preposition Admonco commoneo commonefacio have an Accusative of the Person with these Accusatives of the thing Hoc iliud istud id idem quod quid aliquid nihil nonnihil multa pauca unum duo c. So we say Consâ—lo te hanc rem or de hà c re The Passives doccor rogor moneor poscor have an Accus of the thing 36. The measure distance or space and also length of time answering to the Question how long are the Accus sometimes Ablative and the measure sometimes Genitive 37. To into unto before ruâ— the Countrey or a Proper Name of a City or Town after a Verb of Motion note an Accusative So we use Domum home but Appellatives of Place and the Proper Names of Kingdoms or Countries are the Accus with a Preposition 38. To unto after attinâ—â— pertinet spectat and Verbs of calling provoking inviting inclining note an Accusative with ad 39. These Prepositions have an Accusative Ad to at until c. Apud at with Ante before Adversus or sum against toward Cis on this side Citra on that side without Circum circa circiter about Contra against Erga towards Extra without besides In into upon for on over against towards Inter between among Intra within Infra beneath Juxta beside hard by Ob for before Penes in with Per by or through Pone behind Post after behind Praeter beside except beyond Propter for near by Secundum according next to on the side of Secus by Sub towards about Super upon beyond Supra above beyond Trans over on the other side Vltra beyond Versus toward which is always set after the Case Subter under hath both Accus and Ablative Many Verbs have an Accusative by vertue of the Preposition wherewith they are compounded as adeo praetereo E or ex in composition for extra and prae for praetor have an Accusative The Vocative 40. The Vocative is used in calling or speaking to either with O heus hem or without The Ablative 41. A Noun signifying the Cause why the Instrument wherewith the Manner how the Price whereat the Part wherein the Disease whereof or Quality wherewith the Time when or wherein the Measure or Degree of Excess whereby the Game whereat and these by Birth Kindred Parentage Descent Nation Name Nature Degree or Quality by or at command intreaty request persuasion advice counsel at first sight c. are the Ablat Case Note the Cause manner or part may admit a Preposition The Part affected is sometimes a Genitive and in Poëts an Accusative Tanti quanti pluris minoris noting price are used only in the Gen. Valet hath an Accus of price 42. Then after a Comparative if it be not made by quà m notes an Ablative Comparatives may have before them these Ablatives or rather Adverbs tanto quanto aliquando hoc eo quo multo paulo minimo 43. In or at with a Proper Name of a City Town or private place of the Plural Number only or third Decl. or Rus the Countrey From by through with any Proper Name of City Town or private place Home or Rus the Countrey note an Ablative Appellatives of place and Proper Names of Kingdoms or Countreys with these Signs are used with a Preposition serving to the Ablative 44. Vtor fungor fruor gaudeo vescor victito nitor satus ortus editus dignus indignus praeditus captus contentus fretus have an Ablative Vescor may have an Accus Potior an Abl. Gen. or Accus Dignus indignus sometimes a Gen. Opus and usus have an Abl. sometimes a Genitive 45. Of or with after Words noting Plenty abundance want emptiness loading unloading silling easing note an Ablative but benignus sertilis liberalis prosper laetus largus prodigus profusus sterilis pauper indigus egonus expers purus will rather have a Genitive 46. Lâ—ber immunis vacuus purus nudus inops orbus extorrâ— exul have an Abl. with a or ab 47. The matter of which a thing is made or consists is the Abl. with ex or de The Person of by or from whom we hear enquire learn understand buy hire conjecture remove dissent are discant is an Ablative with a ab abs e or ex 48. The Person or thing of which after mereor with â—ene maâ—e c. is the Abl. with de 〈…〉 or doer of or by which after a Paâ—â—â— or Neuter-Passive is an Ablative with a ab or â—â—s 5â— A Noun oâ— P onoun joyned with a Participle as Casat â—â—gâ—â—â— or two Substantives with being between them as Aâ—â—sius being Emperor not agreeing with or governed of any other Word are both Ablative called the Aâ—â—â—tive absolute 51. These Prepositions have an Ablative A ab abs of by or from Absque without Coram before or in presence of Cum with De of concerning Eâ—â—ex of out of Pra before in comparison of Pro for before Sinc without In in or among Sub under Super of concerning Tenus up to is set after an Abl Singular Clam hath an Abl. or Accus Palam an Ablative Many Verbs have an Abl. by vertue of the Preposition they are compounded withal which Preposition is also sometimes repeated Before a Vowel j Consonant l or r we use ab or ex â— fore t q. we use abs Before any other Consonant we use a or e. Moods 52. A Verb immediately following a Verb Adjective or an Accusative after a Verb is the Infinitive Mood 53. The Conjuction that with a Nom. Case between two Verbs being cast away turns the Nâ—â— into the Accus and the following Verb into the Infinitive Mood That is a Conjunction when it cannot be turned into which 54. The Infinitive of Verbs which may have a Nom. after them will have the same Case after it which it hath before it But Esse and Fieri having before them a Dative after datur licet expedit and such like may have either Dative or Accusative after them 55. Participles Gerunds and Supines govern the same Cases as the Verbs they come of 56. Of with the English of the Participle in ing or the English of the Infinitive Active after Adjectives governing a Genttive Case is the â—creind in di 57. The English of the Participle in ing with the sign of an Ablative Case is a Gerund in do with or without a Preposition 58. The Engliâ—h of the Participle in ing with to or for after Words requiring an Accus with ad or after the Actor Matter or Infâ—rnment of Action is the â—â—â—â—nd in dum with ad The Gerund in dum is also used with ob propter ante inter circa 59. Mus or ouâ—â—â— between a Nom Case and its Verb turns the Nâ—â— into the Dat. and the Verb into a Gerund in dum with est 60. A Gerund with an Accus following may be turned into a Participle in dus and put both Words into the Genitive if it be a Gerund in di into the Dat or Abl. if a Gerund in do and into
Magnum IN PARVO THE English Guide TO THE LATIN TONGUE OR A Brief System OF ALL The most necessary RULES FOR THE Initiating of YOUTH IN THE Rudiments of Grammar LONDON Printed for R. Royston at the Angel in Amen-Corner Bookseller to His Most Sacred Majesty 1675. A Fevv Words TO THE READERS THe Author is no professed Grammarian nor indeed so much as a Pretender to any extraordinary skill in the learned Languages but being sensible that his mean abilities can never encourage him to hope for any such Preferment in the Church wherein he is an unworthy Minister as may enable him to give his Children Education abroad he resolves they shall not want the best he can afford them at home and that he may not rob himself of too much of that time which he is bound to improve another way to the best advantage of the Congregation wherewith he is intrusted he hath composed this short Grammar for the greater ease as to him seemeth both of Teacher and Learner His only design of printing it being to save himself the labour of transcribing it so often as Children will be apt to sully and blur it before they can perfectly learn it If any man else shall think it useful to him for the like service it may not be amiss to tell him that Examples of the Rules of Syntax are not therefore omitted because they are thought useless but partly to lessen the charge of printing yet chiefly because in teaching the Author useth to give his Scholar an English Sentence explaining the Rule by it and giving him Latin Words shews him how to turn it into Latin by his Rule and here he always makes choice of the English of such Words as are expressed in the Rules concerning Nouns and Verbs omitting no one Word necessary to be observed but bringing it into one or other of those Examples By this course the Learner hath in a short time a Paper of Latin Sentences which he often reads instead of Lessons usually taught and reaps this considerable advantage by it that whereas in reading an Author he shall often have occasion of exemplifying and repeating the same Rule many times in a Lesson and other as necessary Rules not once in a quarter of a year by going over his Paper of Examples he shall have occasion to repeat and call to mind every Rule in his Grammar once a Week for some time and afterwards when he reads Authors this will be a more profitable Exercise for the first Morning Part as 't is called then as the Custom is to repeat so much of his Grammar by Heart If any dislike this way he may follow his own and may if he please to be at no farther trouble furnish himself with store of Examples to every Rule from the most approved Authors out of Mr. Farnaby's Systema Grammaticum and the little Grammar of Ger. Jo. Vossius to which two I acknowledge my self indebted for a great part of what is here done THE English Guide TO THE LATIN TONGUE A Sentence is made of Words a Word of Syllables a Syllable of Letters There be Nineteen Latin Letters a b c d e f g i l m n o p q r s t u x. K y z are Greek Letters and h is no Letter but a Note of Aspiration Letters are either great or small The great are called Capital Proper Names Sentences and Verses all Begin with Letters Capital There be five Latin Vowels a e i o u. Y is a Greek Vowel There be fourteen Consonants b c d f g l m n p q r s t x J and V in the beginning of a Syllable before a Vowel are Consonants There be four Liquids l m n r and eight Mutes b c. d f g p q t. Three are called double Consonants x z and j when set between two Vowels Of Vowels are made Dipthongs there be four proper Dipthongs ae oe au eu and four improper Dipthongs ai ei oi ui A Syllable is either but one Vowel as a e i o or a Vowel with one or more Consonants sounded together as ab abs C before e or i sounds like s. G before e or i sounds like j Consonant Ti before a Vowel sounds like si except after s or when it begins a word A Word is either one or more Syllables A Consonant between two Vowels in a word begins the following Syllable as geâ•Œneâ•Œraâ•Œtio If two like Consonants come together the later begins the following Syllable as anâ•Œnus Two unlike Consonants which can begin the first Syllable may also begin any other Syllable in a Word otherwise the latter begins the following Syllable If a Word be compounded or made of two Words each Part shall have its proper Consonants A Line must alwayes end with a whole Syllable A Word is either Primitive or Derivative which comes from the Primitive Again a Word is either Simple or Compound made of two or more simple Words There be eight kinds of Latin Words Noun Pronoun Verb Participle Adverb Conjunction Praeposition Interjection Nouns Pronouns Verbs and Participles vary the ending or are declined the rest do not Nouns A Noun is the name of a thing Some Nouns be Substantives and some be Adjectives A Noun Substantive may have a an or the before it and cannot have the Word thing immediately after it as a man A Noun Adjective may have the Word thing immediately after it and cannot have a an or the before it except a Substantive follow as good white A Noun Substantive is Proper or Common A Noun Substantive Proper is the Proper Name of some one thing whereby it is commonly known from others of the same kind as John London A Noun Substantive Common or Appellative is a Common Name whereby we call all things of the same kind as Man City Numbers There be two Numbers the Singular noting but one as a man and the Plural noting more than one as men Persons There be three Persons The first Person I we The second Person Thou ye and every Vocative Case The third Person He they and all Nouns Pronouns Verbs and Participles not implying I we thou or ye Cases There be six Cases The Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative and Ablative The Nominative is called Casus rectus the rest are called Casus obliqui Declension An English Noun is thus declined Sing Num. No. a or the man Ge. of a man or a man's Da. to or for a man Acc. a or the man Voc. O man Ab. in with from or by a man Plur. Num. No. Men or the men Ge. of men Da. to or for men Acc. men or the men Voc. O men Ab. in with from or by men There be five Declensions of Latin Nouns distinguished by the ending of the Gen. Case thus The first ae The second i. The third is The fourth ûs The fifth ei In each Declensiâ—â— the Nom. and Voc. Plur. end alike the Dat. anâ— Abl. Plur. end alike And in Words of the Neuâ—â—
Adjective of the Neuter Gender 11. Business Work Duty Part Property Office after the Verb it is are implied in the possessive my thy c. of the Neuter Gender or in the Genitive Case of a Substantive after est 12. The Relative often agreeth with a Pronoun Primitive implied in a foregoing Possessive as meâ refert qui c. So the Genitive of a Participle Praesent and unius solius between a Pronoun Possessive and its Substantive may agree with the like implied Primitive as meâ unius operâ Nostros vidisti flentis ocollos 13. When my thy our your c may have own added they are made by Possessives If they cannot have own or may be explained by of for or towards me thee c. they are made by the Genitive of Primitives or Demonstratives 14. If him her them may have self or selves added they are made by the reciprocal sui if they may not admit self or selves they are made by Demonstratives The Nominative governed 15. A Noun or Pronoun without a Sign of an Oblique Case after a Verb Substantive or a Verb Neuter of Gesture after most Passives except rogor exoror poscor doceor after O of rejoycing commending or deriding and Heu of bewailing is the Nom. Case After en or occe the Nom. or Accusative The Genitive governed 16. A Substantive answering to the Quaestion whose or whereof after another Substantive or to the Question what after no or none made by nil or nihil or an Adjective put Substantively in the Neuter Gender as this that much little c. is the Gen. Câ—se If this Gen. signifie the Owner or Possessor it may be turned into an Adjective Possessive 17. Of before an Adjective and Substantive speaking to the praise or dispraise of a thing after a Noun or Verb Substantive notes a Genitive or Ablative 18. Of after Verbals in ax Participials in ns or us Adjectives of Desire Knowledge Rememâ—rance Care Fear or their contraries also after Partitives Interrogatives Distributives Indefinites Comparatives Superlatives and â—râ—â—nâ—lâ— or after Compos imâ—â—â— â—nops consors exors particeps or after the Impersonals pudet piget poenitet taedet miseret notes a Genitive Case Pertaesus may have an Accusative 19. A Noun or Pronoun after Satago misereor miscresco interest refert is the Genitive after miseror an Accusative But me thee him her us you whom after refert and interest are made by these Ablatives Fem. Meà tuà suà nostrà vestrâ cujâ 20. Much little less greatly c. before Interest or refert are made by the Genitives tanti quanti magni parvi pluris c. or by Adverbs 21. Of after Adjectives of guilt or Verbs of accusing condemning acquitting notes a Gen. of the Crime and sometimes of the Punishment Note The general Words of Crime as crimen scelus peccatum may be the Ablative The special Names of Crime as furtum stuprum c. may also be the Abl. with de Vter ullus alius alter ambo neuter uterque and the Superlative Degree are used after such Words in the Ablative only 22. A Noun or Pronoun after Verbs of Remembring or forgetting if it signifie a Person is the Gen. or Accusative Memini to mention hath an Abl. with de 23. Much little less so much how much greatly not a rush c. after Verbs of esteeming are made by the Genitives Tanti quanti magni maximi parvi minoris minimi pluris plurimi nihili stocci nauci assis hujus teruncii c. So we say Aâ—qui bom consulo or facio Aâ—sâ—imo admits the Ablatives magno permagno parvo nihilo We say also Pro nihilo habeo duco puto 24. In or at with a Proper Name of a City Town or less Place of the first or second Decl. and Sing Number is the Genitive So at home domi at my thy his our or your house So we use Humi belli militiae 25. Adverbs of plenty or want Partim for pars Ergo for causa Adverbs made of Adjectives governing a Genitive Vbi and its Compounds unde nusquam eo quo huc huccine nunc tunc interea pridic postridie may have a Genitive after them 26. The Praeposition â—enus up to is set after a Genitive Plural In these Expressions Minimè gentium Quoad ejus fieri potest The Genitive is redundant The Dative governed 27. A Noun or Pronoun answering to the Question To or for whom or what after words signifying to be do be done gotten or procured profit or hurt Pleasure or grief Help favour or hinderance Likeness unlikeness equality inequality Fitness unfitness Nearness easiness difficulty Trust distrust Obedience resistance giving restoring owing promising paying thanking threatning flattering being angry commanding telling shâ—wing or pardoning is the Dative Case 28. Vaco vacat nuâ—o misceo haereo voveo devoveo initior insidior invideo suadeo persuadeo expedit convenit consert constat competit accidit contingit and most Verbs compounded with Satis bene male vale ad con contra in inter ob post prae sub super also sum with its Compounds except possum and the Interjections Hei and vae have a Dative Case 29. From after Words of taking away dissenting differing notes a Dative following or an Abl. with a P eposition Juvo adjuvo lado offendo obeo adeo assicio admiror jubeo praeeo praecedo pracurro praeveniâ— praesto so excello praeverto praverto antedo antecedo antesâ—o antâ—verto have an Accusative Doleo an Accuâ—â—ive of the thing Aâ—â—â— â—ssentior assentor adversor palpo impono incessit illudo insulto invado attendo occumbo fuâ—eo suâ—â—â—cio may have an Accusative â—â—mminis proprius superstes similis par aequalis aenâ—us affinis â—â—lissimus have sometimes a Genitive Altenus hath a Gen. Dat. or Abl. with a or ab Adjectives of sitness and utilis inutilis par aequalis have also an Accus with ad Propior and proximus with their Adverbs may have an Accusative 30. To or with after Verbs of Comparing note a Dat. or Accus with ad or Abl. with cum 31. Of or by after a Passive Participle or Verbal in bilis note a Dat. of the Person 32. Have the English of hal co may be made by est or suppetit turning the Nom. into the Dative and the Accusative into the Nominative 33. Two Words noting Person and thing after Sum do duco verto puto imputo habeo and some others may be both Datives The Datives Mihi tibi sibi are often redundant The Accusative 34. A Noun or Pronoun answering to the Question whom or what after a Verb Active or of a Transitive signification or after En ecce of upbraiding and O of exclaiming is the Accusative Case A Verb Absolute may have an Accus sometimes an Abl. of like signification with its own as I live a life 35. The Person and thing after celo and Verbs of teaching or asking are both Accusative one of which may also be the Abl. with a
the Accus if a Gerund in dum The Accus Pl. after di may be turned into the Gen. Pl. 61. The English of the Infinitive Active or Participle in ing after Verbs of moving to a place is the former Supine The English of the same Participle after Verbs of moving from a place is the later Supine 62. The English of the Infinitive Passive after fas nefas opus indignus dignus foedus turpis facilis and such like is the later Supine 63. Words used indefinitely that is neither in question nor pointing out some certain particular thing after Verbs of doubting enquiring knowing or being ignorant hearing seeing observing c. cause the Verb following to be the Potential or Subjunctive Mood Vt that the Causal or of Concession or for utpote or ne non hath a Subjunctive After Verbs of fearing ne is as much as that ut as much as that not â—tsi tametsi etiamsi quanquam ubi cúm priâ—squam antequam postquam simul ut simul ac simul atque have a Subjunctive Ne forbidding hath an Imperative or Subjunctive The use of Quòd and ut That as much as quia because that or speaking of something past or done is made by quòd That as much as to the end that or speaking of something to come is made by ut Vt is commonly used after Nouns and Pronouns or Verbs of commanding intreating fearing willing desiring endeavouring wishing warning advising obtaining permitting effecting and such as note the event as fit evenit c. and the Particles adeo ideo sic ita tam tantum abest or when may might c. follow That after I think know believe judge guess say complain c. is made by quòd That not is made by nè Words which keeping the same signification govern divers Cases Dono militi phaleras or militem phaleris Medeor vitiis or vitia Moderor affectui or affectum Palpâ—r adulor tibi or te Comitor tibi or te Dominor victis or victos Loquor tibi or ad te Cratulor tibi felicitatem or de felicitate Medicor viro or morbum Praestolor tibi or te Acquiesco huic rei or in hac re Adspersit mihi labem or me labe Conducit huic rei or ad hanc rem Antceo antecedo antesco attendo tibi or te Consentio tibi or tecum Dissentio dissideo tibi a te tecum Illudo insulto tibi te in te Induo exuo tibi vestem or te veste Instravit equo penulam or equum penula Obtrecto laudibus or laudes Interdico tibi hanc rem or hac re Occumâ—it morti or morte Percontor tibi or te de hac re Praesto Praecurro praecello praverto tibi or te Prohibeo tibi domum or te domo Subeo tecto or tectum Plurima salute impertit Parmenonem Huic rei aliquid temporis impertit Mitto tibi or ad te Latet sensui or sensum Olet nardum or nardo Pluit lapides or lapidibus Words which in a different sence govern devers Cases Auseulto for obedio tibi for audio te Consulo for consilium do or prospicio tibi for Consilium à te peto te Laboro for agroto febri for anxius sum de salute publica Impâ—â—â— to piâ— finem operi impono for decipio tibi Catâ—â— for provideo tibi for declino periculum à te for ad cautionem statuo de c. So Metuo timeo sormido tibi or de te te à te Accedo to assent tibi to go unto te or ad te Aâ—mulor to envy tibi to imitate â—e Contingit it befals mihi it touches me Cuâ—to to favour tibi to desire te Deficit it is wanting mihi it fails me he revolts à me Faeneror to lend on use tibi Fanâ—ro to borrow on use aby te Incunâ—â—â— to leâ—n on baculo to fall on gladio or in gladium to plie study or endeavour in or ad aliquid iâ—â—â— iâ—io saluti I provide for Prospicio periculum I foresee or am aware of Peto mihi â—â—â—rum I ask Tetâ— te gladio I thrust at Peto dâ—mâ—â— I am going Recipio tibi I promise Recipio te I receive Reciâ—â—â— I take upon me Recipio me dâ—â—â—m I betake Pâ—â—â— tibi I relate ad te I refer â—â—nuncio â—uncâ—â— I refâ—se R nunâ—â—â—â—n sulem I declare Sâ—lvo tibi I pay Solvo te I acquit Stud◠〈◊〉 iâ— uni in hâ—c 〈◊〉 in anum hâ—c I labour for Studeo hâ—c unum I desire Tempâ—â—o 〈◊〉 I mix Mero I abstain or stine Soâ—iâ—s I apprease Soctis I refrain from Vaco Philosophiae I study Ad ineptias I am at leisure Culpa I am free Vacat locus is void Conducit tuae laudi ad ventris victum in rem tuam it avails or conduceth Conducit equum he hires Convenit illa tibi she suits with Sacis inter se convenit ursis they agree together De hoc parum inter authores convenit 't is not agreed upon Convenit mihi tecum we agree Do tibi literas i. e. to send to another Do ad to literas i. e. to read The most usual Figures in Construction Zeugma when a Verb or Adjective expresly agreeing with the nearest Substantive is reduced to others in the same Sâ—â—â—ence Syllepsis when a Word relating to many Substantives agrees expresly with the more worthy Person or Gender Synthesis when Words agree only in Sence as Centaurus magna Prolepsis when after the General expressed the Particulars follow in a differing Number or Gender as Duae aquilae volaverunt una ab ortu altera ab occasu Polysyndeton when many Conjunctions are in one Sentence Asyndeton when the Conjunctions are wanting Anastrophâ— when a Praeposition is set after its Case Synchysis when the order or place of Words is confused Pleonasmus when some Word is superfluous or redundant Elleipsis when some principal Word is wanting or only understood Synecdoche when an Accus of the part is used for an Ablative Hypallage when Words change Cases as darc classibus austros Tmesis when the Parts of a Compound Word are separated Points or stops 1. Comma thus 2. Colon thus 3. Semicolon thus 4. Periodus thus 5. Interrogatio thus 6. Admiratio thus Parenthesis this Inclosure Parathesis thus The Quantity of Syllables A Syllable is either long as aâ—dax or short as bÄ•nÄ• or common General Rules A Vowel before two Consonants or a double Consonant ending one Word and another beginning the next is long by Position A short Vowel when a Mute with a Liquid begin the next Syllable is Common 2. All Dipthongs except prae before a Vowel in composition and all contracted Syllables are long 3. A Vowel before a Vowel in the same Word though h come between is short Except e between i and i in the fifth Declension a in Genitives in aï a and e in such Vocatives as Cai Pompeï i in fio when er follows not e in eheu all
Gender the Nom. Acc. and Voc. end alike in each Number and in the Plural Number they end all in a. The first Declension Nouns of the first Declension end in a as es or e thus declined Musa Sing N. V. Ab. a. G. D. ae Acc. am Plur. N.V. ae G. arum D. Ab. is Acc. as Aenaeas S.N. as G.D. ae Acc. am or an V.A. a. In the Plural like Nouns in a. Anchises S. N. es G.D. ae Acc. en V. Ab. e. In the Plural like Nouns in a. Epitome S. N. D. V. Ab. e. G. es Acc. en In the Plural like Nouns in a. Filia nata dea equa make the D. and Abl. Plur. abus sometimes is Serva socia anima asina make is sometimes abus Liberta mula duae ambae make abus only The Ancients used the Gen. in as whence we still read Paterfamilias Materfamilias c. and sometimes in aï as Aulaï The second Declension Nouns of the second Declension end in er ir us um eus os or on thus declined Puer Vir. S. N. V. r. G. i. D. Ab. o. Acc. um Pl. N. V. i. G. orum D. Ab. is Acc. os Dominus S. N. us G. i. D. Ab. o. Acc. um V. c. Pl. N. V. i. G. orum D. Ab. is Acc. os Templum S. N. Acc. V. um G. i. D. Ab. o. Pl. N Acc. V. a. G. orum D. Ab is Orpheus S. N. eus G. ei D. eo Acc. eum or ea V. eu Ab. eo Os like us and on like um When the Nom. ends in us the Voc. shall end in c. Except Voc. Deus Filius genius and Proper Names in ius aius eius have the Voc. in i ai ei Except Delius Cynthius and such like Personal Adjectives with some Greek Words which have c. in the Voc. Deus in the Nom. Pl makes dii in the Dat and Ab. diis The Genitives arum and orum are often contracted into ûm The third Declension Nouns of the third Declension end in a e o c d l n r t x and are thus declined S. N. V. a e c. G. is D. i. Acc. em or im Ab. e or i. Pl. N. Acc. V. es the Neuters a. G. um D. Ab. ibus Names of Rivers in is and these Vis ravis sitis tussis make Acc. im Charybdis magudaris amussis make Acc. im Cannabis praesepis pelvis buris make Acc. im Mephitis sinapis and securis make Acc. im Febris clavis aqualis navis make em usually sometimes im Pulvis turris restis commonly im sometimes em Bipennis sementis strigilis cutis em or im Some Greek Words have Acc. em or a as aërem or aëra Chlamydem or da. Nom. Pan Acc. Pana Some in or im as Genesim or sin Halym or lyn Greek Feminines in o have Acc. o as Calypso Sappho Dido Comparatives Adjective Verbals in trix Nouns having Acc. em and im the Compounds of Par most Adjectives of one Termination except the Compounds of pes and senex pauper sospes dives hospes as also Affinis ignis amnis anguis unguis avis civis supellex imber make Abl. e or i. Names of Moneths Adjectives in is or er with e Neuter Nouns not increasing in the Gen. making Acc. im Memor immemor canalis strigilis mugilis sodalis triremis quadriremis rivalis Bipennis adilis annalis with Neuters in e al ar except Sal far nectar hepar jubar make Abl. i. Proper Substantives made of Adjectives and Participles in the Abl. absolute have c only Nouns having Abl. i or e and i have the Nom. Pl. Neuter ia But Vetus Comparatives and Compounds of Corpus have ra plus and aplustre ra and ria Nouns having Abl. i or e and i Substantives ending in two Consonants Nouns in er es or is not increasing in the Gen. Sing most Words wanting the Sing Polysyllables in as the Parts of a pound caro linter uter venter as mas vas vadis lis cos crux lar os ossis dis glos glis mus nix nex fex and faux make Gen. Pl. ium Comparatives and these Memor immemor inops uber Compos impos impuber puber Degener congener dives bicorpor Strigilis mugilis vetus tricorpor Senex judex celebs consors canis Cliens hiems juvenis adeps panis Supplex complex celer phalanx Sphinx Gryps opes apes Chalybs lynx Vates volucris Cyclops Lemures primores Athiops proceres and civitas make Gen. vm Plus plurium Parens apis ium and um Bos bâ—um Alites caelites littaâ—â— Neuter Names of Feasts with some others have ium and orum Greek Neuters in ma have D. and Abl. Pl. is and ibus Bos bobus and bubus Greek Words in the Acc. Pl. for es have as and some Latin Words eis The fourth Declension Nouns of the fourth Declension end in us or u. Manus S. N. G. V. us D. ui Acc. um Ab. u. Pl. N. Acc. V. us G. uum D. Ab. ibus Nouns in u are not declined in the Singular Specus lacus artus tribus arcus partus have D. and Abl. Pl. ubus Portus veris genu have ubus and ibus Jesus N. us G. D. V. Ab. u. Acc. um The fifth Declension Nouns of the fifth Declension end in es Res. S. N. V. es G. D. ei Acc. em Ab. e. Pl. N. Acc. V. es G. erum D. Ab ebus Nouns compounded of two Nom. Cases are declined in both Words as N. Respublica G. Reipublicae c. Nouns compounded of a Nom. and Oblique Case are declined only in the Word of the Nom. as N. Paterfamilias G. patrisfamilias c. N. Jurisconsultus G. jurisconsulti c. Genders There be three Genders Masculine Foeminine and Neuter Nouns of the Masculine Gender 1. All Hees or Males Moneths Winds most Rivers As a pound and all the parts or compounds of a pound not ending in a are Masculine so are Cities in o as and us from the Greek ous or in i Plur. only and spinus with trees in aster 2. As es and Nouns in a made of Greek Nouns in as or es Verbals in a and Adria a Bay of the Sea of the first Decl. are Masculine 3. Ir er us eus of the second Decl. are Masculine 4. Il ol ul an in on er or os o of the third Decl. are Masculine 5. Vs of the fourth Decl. is Masculine 6. Only Meridies of the fifth Decl. is Masculine 7. These Nouns of the third Decl. are Masculine Vas vadis adamas clephas and ren Palmes paries limes stipes splen Fomes termes trames gurges pes Cespes poples magnes lebes praes Tapes acinaces callis colis collis Glis panis penis ignis caulis follis Mugilis and amnis funis and aqualis Cucumis and vermis vomis and natalis Pecten lien lichen attagen and crinis Solar furfur turtur vultur hymen cinis Mus lepus polypus tripus fur and fascis Cenchris sentis pulvis orbis also cassis Piscis sanguis unguis prostuens and
ensis Vectis fustis postis lapis axis mensis Seps torris torrens confluens and mons Oriens and occidens chalybs grex and pons Gryps merops hydrops nefrens rudens fons Murex ramex rumex dens and bibens Apex frutex vertex latex tridens Pollex calix fornix phoenix codex Spadix volvox tradux oryx pudex Caudex coccyx bombyx culex Mystax dropax abax pulex Eryx and thorax nycticorax and storax add Harpago Nouns of the Feminine Gender 1. All Shee s or Females Countries Cities Villages and Trees are Feminine 2. A and e of the first Decl. are Feminine 3. Alvus domus ficus a Fig colus bumus vannus with many Greek Words of the second Decl. are Feminine 4. As aus es is or ys x and s after a Consonant Verbals in io and Words of more than two Syllables in do and go of the third Decl. are Feminine 5. Manus porticus tribus acus a Needle of the fourth Decl. are Feminine 6. All Nouns of the fifth Decl. are Feminine except Dies and Meridies 7. These Nouns of the third Decl. are also Feminine Caro grando Argo regio Echo portio concio legio Optio talio religio ditio Communio syndon halcyon seditio Icon arbor arctos eos and rebellio s Aedon diametros cos dos perduellio Incus subsâ—us virtus servitus and salus Senectus tellus juventus pecus palus Nouns of the Neuter Gender 1. Vm and on of the second Decl. pelagus virus and all Substantives undeclined Argos and Cities in ma l ir ur i or y Sing or a Plur. with those in e short and the River Jader are Neuters 2. A e c t al cl en ar ur us of the third Decl. are Neuter 3. These also of the third Decl. are Neuter Aes ver iter spinther verber uber Os cor aequor marmor ador tuber Vas vasis piper gingiber cadaver Cicer acer lacer atriplex papaver And many Greek Words in as es os Substantives which in the same Discourse may have an Adjective either Masculine or Feminine are of the Doubtful Gender Such are Adeps unguis canalis clunis finis torquis corbis penus specus serpens barbitus grossus phaselus scrobs limax imbrex perdex rubus stirps a Plant. Margo arrabo bubo palumbes vepres smaragdus pampinus varix cortex obex pumex silex calx a Heel are rather Masculine Linter linx sandyx onyx sardonyx forceps grus ales talpa dama rather Feminine Nouns Common to both Sexes when used for Males are Masc when for Females Fem. Such are Infans parens author vates conjux haeres patruelis affinis vindex judex augur sacerdos civis custos comes sus bos canis testis But Adolescens conviva miles hostis antistes dux nemo municeps have rarely an Adjective Feminine Dies is Doubtful Singular and only Masculine Plural Vulgus Anxur are Neuter sometimes Masculine The River Nar is Masculine and Neuter Halec is Neuter sometimes Feminine Sal is Masculine sometimes Neuter Animans is of all Genders but seldom Masculine Nouns signifying both Sexes under one Gender are called Epicoene as Passer a Sparrow Aquila an Eagle The Sex is distinguished by adding Mas or Faemina Anomalous or Irregular Nouns 1 Aclita or Aptotes are Nouns undeclined as nil nihil fas nefas instar caepe pondo volupe gausape c. Cities in i or y Singular all Numbers after Three to an Hundred Tot quot and their Compounds Names of Letters Words used Materially Hebrew Words in am or im Verbs Adverbs Sentences used as Nouns the Adjective Mille and barbarous Words as frit c. are undeclined Neuters in u and the Substantive Mille are not declined in the Singular 2. Monoptotes have one Oblique Case only as G. Dicis nauci hujusmodi D. Ostentui Acc. Inficias incitas Ab. ingratiis natu jussu promptu permissu c. 3. Diptotes have two Cases only as N. dica Acc. am so suppetiae as G. Tubi bo G. Spontis verberis jugeris Abl. e. G. Repetundarum dis 4. Triptotes have three Cases as G. sordis primoris opis Acc. em Abl. c D. preci Acc. em Abl. e. Mel mulsum defrutum hordeum far forum rus and Nouns of the fifth Decl. have only the N. Acc. and V. Plur. Except res species facies acies and dies Plus wants D. and V. Sing Nemo wants G. and V. Sing and all the Plur. Frugis ditionis proceris dapis vicis want N. and V. Vis wants D. Sing Vices the G. Pl. Interrogatives Negatives Partitives and all Pronouns want the Voc. Except Tu meus noster and nostras Some Nouns having but one Termination in the Nom. are yet of divers Declensions as these of the second and fourth S. N. Domus G. mi or mus D. mo or mui Acc. um V. us Abl. o. P. N. V. us G. orum or uum D. Abl. ibus Acc. os or us N. Laurus G. ri or rus Abl. ro or ru Pl. Acc ros or rus N. Colus G. li or lus Abl lo or lu In all other Cases they follow the form of the second Declension N. Quercus G. ei or cus Pl. G. corum or cuum In other Cases following the fourth Declension So Pinus cornus have u Sing and us Pl. Some Nouns have one Gender Sing another Plural as Sing Tartarus Avernus Dindymus Ismarus Manalus Massicus Pangaeus Taenarus Taygetus Sibilus Masc Plur. a Neut S. Locus jocus eventus Masc Pl. i Masc or a Neut S. Carbasus Pergamus Fem. Pl. à Neut So Supellex Fem. Supellectilia Neut S. Froenum rastrum capistrum Neut Pl. i Masc and a Neut S. Epulum delicium Neut Pl. ae Fem. So Balncum Pl. ae Fem. a Neut S. Coelum Neut Pl. i Masc Some Nouns are of one Decl. Sing another Plur. as S. jugerum of the second Pl. jugera of the third S. vas vasis of the third Pl. vasa orum of the second Some Masculines want the Plural as Mundus pontus sanguis cestus nemo pudor carcer limus Penus pulvis soper viscus res meridies and simus With aether aër vesper c. These Feminines want the Plural Fama fuga gaza pituita gloria Lues pestis humus prosapia and cholera Lux pubes sitis paupertas salus Plebs bilis and contagio also tellus Indolâ—s and soboles proles fames labes Tussis culpa talio nex and tabes These Neuters want the Plural Fel aevum nihilum lethum salum coenum Ver vulgus senium barathrum and penum Virus solum pelagus solium justitium Jubar album viscum gelu and delicium Lutum callum halec ebur vitrum Foenum and macellum fascinum and nitrum No Proper Names us'd in the Plural are But only such as want the Singular Many which signifie such things as these want the Plural Things sold by weight Age or Disease want the Plural Arts Trades or Sciences Vertues or Vices want the Plural Herbs Liquors
cujus D. cui Acc. quem quam quod Abl. quo qua quo P. N. qui quae quae G. quorum quarum quorum D. Abl. quibus or queis Acc. quos quas quae So quis making the Neuter quid Hic S. N. hic haec hoc G. hujus D. huic Acc. hunc hanc hoc Abl. hoc hac hoc P. N. hi hae haec G. horum harum horum D. Abl. his Acc. hos has haec The second Declension of Pronoun Adjectives Nostas vestras cujas S. N. V. as G. atis D. ati Acc. atem and te Abl. te or ti Pl. N. Acc. V. ates and atia G. atium D. Abl. atibus Compound Pronouns Aliquis nequis nunquis siquis ecquis like quis only making qua for quae Quivis quilibet quisnam quisque quicunque quidam quistiam like qui and quis Idem like is Vnusquisque like unus and quis in all Cases Istic like hic making the Neut N. and Acc. oc or uc N. Acc. Quisquis quicquid Abl. quoquo quaqua quoquo Abl. Mecum tecum secum nobiscum vobiscum Meapte tuapte suapte nostrapte vestrapte Sometimes opte Acc. Eccum ellum Hic admits the ending cine in all Cases ending with c. So we read hicce hujusce huncce hosce ejusce cujusce Ego may take the ending met so may 〈◊〉 and sui So are read tutemet tute tete Species or Kinds of Pronouns Ego tu sui ille ipse iste hic is qui. quis are Primitives the rest Derivatives Quis cujas when a Question is asked are Interrogatives otherwise Indefinites Ego tu hic ille ipse iste and sometimes is are Demonstratives Qui is a Relative Meus tuus suus noster vester are Possessives Sui and suus are called Reciprocals Nostras vestras cujas are called Gentiles Verbs A Verb is a Word which signifies to do to be or to be done A Verb Personal is formed in all three Persons a Verb Impersonal in the third Person only There be four kinds of Verbs Active Passive Neuter and Deponent A Verb Active or Transitive signifies to do something towards another and in Latin ends in o as amo I love by adding r it is made a Passive as amor A Verb Passive signifies to be done to by another and in Latine ends in or as amor I am loved and by losing r is made an Active as amo A Verb Neuter signifies an absolute doing being or suffering and in Latin ends in o or m as Sio I stand frigeo I am cold Sum I am it cannot take r to make it a Passive Sum forem existo are Neuter-Substantives Vapulo veneo sio liceo are called Neuter-Passives A Verb Deponent in Latin ends in or and signifies either Actively as Sequor I follow or Absolutely as Morior I die or both Actively and Passively as Osculor I kiss or am kissed Moods and Tenses Verbs have four Moods 1. The Indicative Mood declaring or shewing 2. The Imperative Mood bidding or commanding 3. The Potential Mood implying some possibility 4. The Infinitive without Number or Person Verbs have five Tenses 1. The Present noting the time which now is 2. The Praeterimperfect noting the time passing not quite past 3. The Praeterperfect noting the time quite past 4. The Praeter pluperfect noting a time before another time past 5. The Future noting the time to come An English Verb formed through all Moods and Tenses with their proper Signs in the Active Voice Indicative Mood Tenses Praesent S. 1. Pers I love or do love 2. Pers thou lovest or dost love 3. Pers he loveth or doth love Pl. 1. We 2. ye 3. they love or do love Praeterimperf S. I loved or did thou lovedst or didst he loved or did love Pl. We ye they loved or did love Praeterperf S. I have thou hast he hath Pl. We ye they have loved Praeterplup S. I had thou hadst he had Pl. We ye they had loved Fut. S. I shall or will thou shalt or wilt he shall or will love Pl. We c. Imperative Mood The Imperative wants the first Person Singular and hath only the Present Tense S. 2. Pers Love thou or do thou love 3. Pers Let him love Pl. Let us love Love ye Let them love Potential Mood The Potential Mood in English is like the Indicative only it hath these Signs Praes May or can mayst or canst Praeterimp Might would should ought or could Praeterp Might have c. Praeterpl Might had c. Future May or can hereafter When this Mood hath the Conjunctions If that when c. joyned with it 't is called the Subjunctive When it hath an Adverb of wishing it is called the Optative The Infinitive Praesent and Praeterimp To love Praeterper and Praeterpl To have or had loved Future To love hereafter The Verb Substantive Am formed Indicative Mood Praes S. I am thou art he is Pl. We ye they are Imp. S. I was thou wast he was Pl. We ye they were Perf. S. I have been thou hast been he hath been Pl. We ye they have been Plup S. I had thou hadst he had been Pl. We ye they had been Fut. S. I shall or will thou shalt or wilt he shall or will be Pl. We c. Imperative S. Be thou Let him be Pl. Let us be Be ye Let them be Potential Praes I may be c. Imp. I might be c. Perf. I might have been c. Plup I might had been c. Fut. I may be hereafter Infinitive Praes and Imp. To be Perf. and Plup To have or had been Fut. To be hereafter A Verb Passive Add the English of the Praeterperfect Tense Active to all the Tenses of Am and you form the Verb Passive as I am loved I was loved c. Do dost doth did didst have hast hath had will may can might would should c. am art is be were c. when set alone are Verbs but if they come before the English of a Verb they are Signs of Moods and Tenses Conjugations of Latin Verbs There be four Conjugations of Latin Verbs Verbs of the first Conjugation make the second Person Praesent as the first Person Praeter avi the Infinitive Äre with Ä long the Supines atum atu as amo as avi Äre atum Thus formed in the Active Indicative Mood Active Amo. Praes S. o as at Pl. amus atis ant Imperf abam bas bat Pl. abamus batis bant Praet S. avi avisti avit Pl. avimus averunt vel avêre Plup S. averam ras at Pl. ramus ratis rant Fut. abo bis bit Pl. abimus abitis abunt Imperative Mood S. a or ato et or ato Pl. emus ate or atote ent or anto Potential Mood Praes S. em es et Pl. emus etis ent Imperf arem res ret Pl. remus retis rent Praet S. averim ris rit Pl. rÄmus rÄtis rint Plup avissem ses set Pl. semus setis sent Fut. S. avero ris rit Pl. rÄ«mus rÄ«tis
potestis possunt Prosum dos dest prosumus prodestis prosunt Imper. S. Eram ras rat Pl. cramus ratis rant So Poteram Proderam Perf. S. Fui isti it Pl. suimus istis erunt or êre So Potui Prosui Plup S. Fucram ras c. So Potueram Profueram Fut. S. Ero ris rit c. So Potero Prodero Imperative S. Sis es esto sit esto Pl. simus sitis este estate sint sunto Possum wants the Imperative Potential Praes S. Sim sis c. So Possim Imperf Essem ses c. So Possem Prodessem and Forem Praes S. Fuerim c. So Potuerim Profuerim Plup Fuissem c. So Potuissem Profuissem Fut. S. Fuero c. So Potuero Profuero Infinitive Praes and Imp. Esse So Posse Prodesse Praet and Plup Fuisse So Potuisse Profuisse Fut. Fore or futurum esse A Verb Passive in all four Conjugations Indicative Praes S. 1. or aris or are atur Pl amur amini antur 2. cor Ä“ris or Ä“re etur Pl. emur emini entur 3. or Ä•ris or Ä•re itur Pl. imur imini untur 4. ior iris or ire itur Pl. imur imini untur Imperf 1. abar 2. Ä•bar 3. Ä•bar 4. iebar baris or bare batur c. The Preterperfect Preterpluperfect Tense Passive are made of the Participle of the Preter Tense and the Verb Sum as Praet S. tus sum vel sui es vel fuisti est vel fuit Pl. ti sumus vel suimus estis vel suistis sunt fuerunt vel fuere Plup S. tus cram vel fueram c. Pl. ti cramus vel fueramus c. Fut. S. 1. abor aberis or abere abitur Pl abimur abimini abuntur 2. ebor eberis or chere c. 3. ar eris or ere etur Pl. emur emini entur 4. iar icris or iere c Imperative S 1. are or ator etur or ator Pl. emur amini entur or antor 2. Ä“re or etor eatur or etor Pl. eamur emini eantur or entor 3. Ä•re or itor atur or Ätur Pl. amur imini antur or untor 4. Ä«re or itor iator or itor Pl. iamur imini iantur or iuntor Potential Praes 1. er eris or ere etur Pl. emur emini entur 2. ear aris or are eatur Pl. eamur eamini eantur 3. ar aris or are atur Pl. amur amini antur 4. iar aris or are atur Pl. iamur amini antur Imperf 1. arer reris or rere c. 2. Ä•rer 3. Ä•rer 4. irer c. Praet tus sim vel fuerim c. Plup tus essem vel fuissem c. Fut. tus ero vel fuero c. Infinitive Praes and Imp. 1. ari 2. eri 3. i. 4. iri Praet and Plup tum esse vel fuisse Fut. tum iri vel ndum esse Feror hath the Praeter latus sum vel fui When the Active wants the Supines the Passive wants the Praeter Verbs Defective Aio Praes aio ais ait aiunt Imperf aicham bas c Imperative Mood ai Potential aias at atis ant Participle aiens Apage apagete cedo are only Imperatives Inquam Praes quam quis quit quimus quiunt Imperf quicbat bant Praet inquisti Fut. inquies et Imperative inque quito Ave salve vale Indic Fut. ebis Imperative e eto ete etote Infinitive ere Forem Potential rem res ret rent Infin fore Quaeso Indic Praes quaeso quaesumus Indic Ovat Partic. ovans Potential Praet and Fut. Faxim or xo ausim is it in t Odi coepi memini have only the Tenses in ram rim ro sem se only Imperative memento tote Odi coepi memini novi are used for the Present Tense These first Persons Dor for der fer are not in use Infit is used for coepit Defit for dcest Impersonals It or there before a Verb having no Nominative Case to agree with are Signs of a Verb Impersonal as it becometh A Verb Impersonal is formed only in the third Person Singular as Decet decebat decuit c. So Miseret piget poenitet taedet oportet pudet libet lubet licet liquet Fulgurat fulminat grandinat tonat pluit gelat ningit lucessit vesperascit c. are used as Impersonals and are called verba exemptae significationis An Impersonal Passive is used for any Person of the Verb Active with an Oblique Case of the Person after it as Legitur à me for lego à te for legis ab ilio for legit Species or Kinds of Verbs Verbs derìvative are 1. Inchoatives or Inceptives in sco 2. Frequentatives in to xo so co tor as dictito pulso vexo veliico sector 3. Meditatives or Desideratives in urio as lecturio 4. Diminutives in illo isso as Sorbillo pitisso 5. Imitatives in isso or as Patrisso Graecor Participles A Participle is a Word made of a Verb and declined like a Noun There be four Participles two Active and two Passive Active Participles 1. A Participle of the Praes Tense Active hath its English in ing as loving and in Latin it ends in ans or ens as amans docens declined like Adjectives of one ending Iens of eo hath Gen. cuntis So its Compounds except ambientis The English of the Participle in ing with a or the before it is a Noun Substantive with a Praeposition before it commonly a Gerund 2. A Participle of the Fut. Active hath the English Sign ready or about to as ready or about to love and in Latin ends in rus as amaturus docturus Declined like Adjectives of three endings Passive Participles 1. A Participle of the Praes and Praet Passive hath its English in d t or n with the Word being expressed or understood before it as being loved taught slain and in Latine it ends in tus sus or xus as amatus visus nexus Declined as Adjectives of three endings 2. A Participle of the Fut. Passive hath its English in d t or n with the Sign to be before it as to be loved and in Latin it ends in dus as amandus Declined like Adjectives of three endings The English of a Participle Fut. Passive after a Noun or Verb Adjective is the Infinitive Mood or later Supine Verbs Neuter have ordinarily only the Particles of the Praes and Fut. in rus Deponents have usually three Participles Praes Praet and Future in rus Where the Praeter hath the English having as secutus having followed The Praes Participle is made of the Imperf by turning bam into us The Participle of the Future Active is made of the Supine by turning um into urus The Praet Participle is made of the same by turning um into us The Participle in dus is made of the Praesent Participle by turning s into dus Mortuus moriturus oriturus nasciturus pariturus sonaturus arguiturus cruiturus are irregular A Participle compared or used Substantively is turned into a Noun Adverbs Ad Adverb is a Word undeclined
which are long Genitives in ius have i common but in alïus 't is long in alterius short in Solius neutrius alterurrius seldom short O in ohe is common In Greek Words one Vowel before another is often long Rules for some first and middle Syllables Derivatives and Compounds usually keep the Quantity of the Primitives and Simples Except VÅcis lÄ“gis rÄ“gis rÄ“gula sÄ“des suspÄ«cio mÄcero hÅ«mor hÅ«manus sÄ“cius dÄ“nus jÅ«gerum jÅ«nior lÄterna lÄ«tera nÅnus pÄ“nuria tÄ“gula vÅmer jÅ«cundus long DÅcis dÄcax sÅpor săgax dÄtio fÄdes lÅcerna Ådium nÅta mÅlestus ărena năto văricosus fărina cÅrulis Åfella mămilia tÄgillum sÄgillum frăgor frăgilis păgella pÅsui innÅba pronÅba desÄ•ro pesÄ•ro cognÄtum agnÄtum praestÄturus restÄturus caussidÄcus sÄquidem â—Ådie semisÅpitus short The Particles bi tri tre du in composition are short E in the end of the former of two Verbs compounded is short I and O are long in ubÄ«que ubÄ«libet ibÄ«dem quandÅquc quandÅcunque O is short in quandÅquidem I in idem Masculine is long in idem Neuter short Ab ad ante circum in ob per sub super re are short but re in refert for interest is long A e de pro di se contra supra infra and tra for trans are long Di in dÄrimo disertus is short Pro is short in PrÅcella prÅfugus prÅtervus prÅâ—epos prÅneptis prÅfanus prÅfiteor prÅfandus prÅficiscor PrÅsuri prÅpero prÅfugio prÅfecto prÅfectus Pro is Common in pâ— cumbo procuro profundo propello propulso pâ—â—pago Praeters and Supines of two Syllables have the former long except â—Äbi dÄ•di fÄdi sâ—Ä•ti tÅli scÄdi răâ—â—â— dăâ—um cătum Ätum rÅtum lÄtum sÄtum quÄtum and câ—tum of cico The first Syllable doubled in dâ—â—â—â—ter is short The Câ—aracteristical Letters a e i of the first second and fourth Conjugations are long except in do and its Compounds e of the third is short By Analogy of Conjugation or Declension the Quantity is thus known The Vowel before bam bâ— vi si runt vel re is long e before ram rim ro is short a o e before rum in the Genitive Plural and bus in the Dative and Ablative are long i and ai before bus are short Rimus ritis in the Praet Subjunct have ri short in the Future long V in Desideratives in urio is long except parturio usÅâ—io Diminutives in olus ulus Verbals in ilis Ad verbs in itus have the Penultima short Adjectives in anus inus arus orus osus Adverbs in atim itim have the Penultima long except Ad verbials and materials in mus and assatim prafëum satim Most Words in do go li lâ—s except Verbals nus na rus aniâ— atus eâ—a etus eta etum itis utuâ— udus unis have the Penultima long Adjectives in accus have the Antâ—penultima long Rules for last Syllables 1. A i u as es os c n in the end are commonly long Except these Puta ita quia eja and Nom. Acc. Voc. Cases in a are short but Greek Masculines in as have Voc a long Numerals in ginta have a sometimes short Nisi quasi sicubi and Greek Datives which have Gen. in os short have i short Mihi tibi sibi ubi ibi have i Common Nec and donec have c short Hic the Pronoun and hoc if no Abl. have c Common In an forsan forsitan tamen attamen n' apocopated on of the second Decl. en Änis of the third and Greek Accus in in yn have n short Greek Nominatives in as making Gen. ados and Greek Accusatives of the third Decl. and anas anatis have as short The Prepostion penes the Verb eo with its Compounds Greek Neuters Sing in es and Greek Nominatives Plural in es and Latin Nouns of the third Declension increasing short in the Genitive have es short Câ—mpos impos os ossis and Greek Words in os with short o have os short 2. E y b d t l r is us and ys in the end are commonly short Except the Ablative fame and Ablatives of the fifth Declension and Adverbs made of the same quare Imperatives Sing of the second Conjugation and Greek Words in c long valde ferme fere Adverbs made of Adjectives of the second Declension Except benÄ• malÄ• magÄ• and Monosyllables except the Encliticks que ne ve and ce te pte have e long Sal sol and Hebrew Names have l long Monosyllables in r the Compounds of par and Greek Words in er with e long except patÄ•r matÄ•r have r long Monosyllables in is except is quis bis Datives and Ablatives Plural the second Person Singular of the Indic Praes in the fourth Conjugation vis the Verb and sis possis volis nolis malis the Adverbs foris gratis Nouns of the third Declension increasing long in the Genitive Greek Words in â—is have is long Monosyllables in us Cases in us except Nom. and Voc. Sing of the fourth Declension Nouns of the the third Declension increasing with u long in the Genitive and Nouns made of Greeks in ous have us long O in the end is common But Datives and Ablatives and Adverbs of Adjectives ergô for causâ and Greek Words in o long are long Sedulò mutuò erebrò have o common Citò cedò modò have o short Serò ambo duo ego homo scio nescio imo illico are usually short Eo ideo adeo usually long Monosyllables are long The last Syllable in a Verse is Common The more usual Feet in Verses 1. Spondaeus aüdÄx 2. Iambus amÄns 3. Trochaeus omnÄs 4. Dactylus mÄ«ttÄ•rÄ• 5. Anapaestus pÄÄ•tas 6. Tribrachus dÅmÄnüs The more usual sorts of Verses 1. Hexameter or Heroicus of six Feet the four first Dactyls or Spondees the fifth a Dactyl the sixth a Spondee as In nÅvă-fÄ“rt ănÄ-mÅ«s mÅ«-tÄtÄs-dicÄ•rÄ•-fôrmÄs 2. Pentameter or Elegiacus of two Penthemimers the former of two Feet either Dactyl or Spondee and a long Syllable ending a Word the later of two Dactyls and a long Syllable as RÄ“s Ä“st-solÄcÄtÄ«-plÄ“nă tÄ-mÅrÄs ămÅr 3. Adonius of two Feet a Dactyl and Spondee as GaÅ«dÄă-pÄ“llÄ“ 4. Archilochius of two Dactyls and a Syllable as DÅ«lcÄbÅs-ÄllÅqÅi-Ä«s 5. Asclepiadaeus of a Spondee a Dactyl a long Syllable and two Dactyls as MaecÄ“-nÄs ătă-vÄ«s-Ä“dÄtÄ•-rÄ“gÄbÅs 6. Phalaecius of a Spondee a Dactyl and three Trochees as VÄ«tÄm-quae făcÄ Å«nt bÄ•-ÄtÄ ÅrÄ•m 7. Sapphicus of a Trochee a Spondee a Dactyl and two Trochees as IntÄ•â•ŒgÄ“r vÄ« tae scÄ•lÄ•-rÄ«squÄ• pÅ«rÅs At the end of three Sapphicks is commonly added an Adonick 8. Iambicus Either pure of all Iambi as SÅÄ«s-Ä•t Ä«p-sâ Römă vÄ«-rÄbÅ«s-rÅÄ«t Or it may be mixt with a Spondee in the first third or fifth Places Figures belonging to Verses 1. Synalapha whereby the Vowel in the end is cut off because of a Vowel beginning the next Word as Sera nimis vit ' to est crastina viv ' hodie Heu O ah hei io cui admit not this Figure 2. Eclipsis whereby m with its Vowel in the end is cut off because or a Vowel following as Monstr ' horrend ' inform ' ingens cui lumem ademptum A Verse runs best when the Feet are made of several Words as SȳlvÄ“-strÄ“m tÄ•nÅ-Ä« mÅ«-sÄm mÄ•dÄ-tÄrÄs ă-vÄ“nÄ An Hexameter begins well with a Penthemimer and closeth best with a Dissyllable or Trissyllable A Pentameter should close with a Dissyllable or two Monosyllables Avoid many Monosyllables and use Synalaepha and Eclipsis as little as may be FINIS