it is usually a Conjunction which must bee made by quod or ut The Case of the Relative WHen there commeth no Nominative Case between the Relative and the Verb next following the Relative shall bee the Nominative Case to that Verb as Ille est miser qui amat nummâ—s heo is wretched which loveth money But when there cometh a Nominative Case between the Relative and the Verb the Relative shall bee of such Case as the Verb or some other word in the same sentence whereof it is governed will have after them as Utor libris quos hà beo I use the books which I have Dilige virtutem quâ nihil ost melius love virtue then which nothing is better c. As the Relative may bee the Nominative case to a Verb so it may bee the Substantive to an Adjective as amo pueros qui sunt boni I love boyes which are good Nouns Interrogatives and Indefinites as quis uter qualis quantus quotus c. do follow the rule of the Relative as quis loquitur who speaketh talis vir qualem nunquam audivisti priús such a man as thou never hast heard before To the Concords belong these Rules following THe Infinitive Mood or a part of a sentence is sometimes the Nominative case to a Verb the Substantive to an Adjective and the Antecedent to a Relative and then the Verb must bee of the third person The Adjective or Relative of the Neuter gender as Diluculo surgere saluberrimum est to rise early is a most wholesome thing in tempori veni quod omnium rerum est primum I came in season which of all things is the chiefest Two or more Nominative cases Substantives or Antecedents singular usually have a Verb Adjective or Relative Plurâ—ll which Verb Adjective or Relative agreeth with the Nominative case Substantive or Antecedent of the most worthy person or gender as Tu mater qui adfuistis â—stis conscii thou and thy mother who were present are guilty Here note that the first person is more worthy then the second and the second then the third The Masculine gender also is more worthy then the Feminine and the Feminine then the Neuter But in things without life the Neuter gender is most worthy and in such case of what Gender soever the Substantives bee the Adjective or Relative is usually put in the Neuter as Arcus calami quae fregisti fuerunt mea the bowes and arrows which thou hast broken were mine The Government of Substantives WHen two Substantives come together the later shall bee the Genitive case if it hath this sign of before it either expressed as facundia Ciceronis the eloquence of Cicero or understood as liber fratris my brothers book i. e. the book of my brother Pecunia â—orum their money i. e. the money of them Cujus vestis whose garment i. e. the garment of whom But if the later of two Substantives beeing joyned with an Adjective do signifie a quality tending to the praise or dispraise of a thing it may bee put in the Ablative case as Puer felici ingenio a boy of an happy wit When two Substantives come together and belong both to one thing they shall bee put both in one case as Pater meus vir amat me puerum my father beeing a man loveth mee beeing a child An Adjective in the Neuter Gender put alone without a Substantive may have a Genitive case after it as if it were a Substantive as id operis that work Opus and usus when they bee Latine for Need require an Ablative case as opus est tuo judicio there is need of thy judgement Usus est pecuniâ there is need of money The Government of Adjectives The Genitive Case ADjectives that signifie desire neglect knowledge guiltiness ignorance remembrance forgetting and such like require a Genitive case as Cupidus auri desirous of gold Ignarus omnium ignorant of all things c. Nouns Partitives Interrogatives Nouns of number and Nouns of the Comparative and the Superlative degree having of or among after them do govern usually a Genitive case as Aliquis nostrûm one of us Quis vestrûm which of you Primus omnium the first of all Eloquentissimus Oratorum the most eloquent of Orators The Dative Case Adjectives that signifie profit disprofit likeness unlikeness goodness malice mercy cruelty friendship enmity love hatred submission fitness pleasure displeasure or relation require a Dative case as Labor est utilis corpori labour is profitable to the body Aequalis Hectori equal to Hector Idoneus bello fit for war c. Adjectives in bilis signifying Passively do also govern a Dative case as Flebilis omnibus to bee lamented of all men The Accusative Case These Adjectives altus longus latus crassus do govern usually an Accusative case of the word signifying the measure of heigth depth length breadth or thickness as Altus centum pedes an hundred foot high Latus tres digitos three fingers broad Sometime an Ablative as Crassus tribus pollicibus three inches thick seldome a Genitive as Pedum denûm longus ten foot long The Ablative Case Adjectives that signifie fulness emptiness plenty or wanting do indifferently require either an Ablative case as Plâ—nâ—s spe full of hope Vacuus irâ void of anger or a Genitive as Dives pecoris rich in cattle Inops mentis void of understanding Nouns of the Comparative degree having then after them do cause the word following to bee put in the Ablative case as Frigidior glacie more cold then ice Dignus indignus praeditus fretus contentus extorris will have an Ablative case as Dignus honore worthy of honor Praeditus Virtute endued with virtue c. The Construction of the Pronoun WHen his is put for his own it must bee made by suus when him is put for himself it must bee made by sui otherwise they must both bee made by ejus or illius as Miles amisit vitam suam sed redemit vitam illius qui stetit juxtà the souldier lost his i. e. his own life but redeemed his life that stood by The Government of Verbs The Nominative Case VErbs Substantives as Sum forem fio existo and certain Verbs Passives as dicor vocor salutor appellor habeor existimor videor and such like will have after them a Nominative case as Patientia laesa fit furor patience abused is made fury Urbs vocatur Roma the City is called Rome But these Verbs beeing of the Infinitive mood if they have an Accusative before them have also an Accusative after them as Scio te esse poetam I know that thou art a Poet The Genitive Case Verbs that signifie to esteem or regard require a Genitive case of the word signifying the value as Parva gemma penditur magni pretii a little jewel is esteemed of great worth Verbs of accusing condemning acquitting warning or admonishing do govern a Genitive case of that word which signifieth the
thing that one is accused condemned acquitted or warned of as Accusatur furti hee is accused of theft Admonebatur errati hee was admonished of his fault c. This Genitive is sometimes turned into an Ablative either without a Preposition as Condemnabor eodem crimine I shall bee condemned of the same fault or with the Preposition de as damnatus est de repetundis hee was condemned of bribery c. Satago misereor miseresco require a Genitive case as Miserere mei have mercy on mee c. Reminiscor obliviscor recordor memini do indifferently govern either a Genitive as Reminiscor historiae I remember the history c. or an Accusative as Obliviscor lectionem I forget my lesson c. But memini signifying I make mention of govern's either a Genitive as Memini tui I speak of thee or an Ablative with the Preposition de as Memini de illo I made mention of him The Dative Case All Verbs govern a Dative case of the thing or person to for or from whom any thing is either gotten or taken away as Non vaco omnibus I am not at leasure to all men Habeo huic non tibi I have it for this man not for thee Subtraxit mihi hee took it away from mee Verbs that signifie to †profit disprofit help favor spare please displease obey resist trust to bee angry with or to happen require a Dative case as Nocet bonis qui parcit malis hee hurteth the good who spareth the bad Omnia parent divitiis all things obey riches c. Sum with its Compounds except Possum require a Dative case as sum Praeceptor tibi I am to thee a Master Nec obest tibi nec prodest mihi it neither burteth thee nor profiteth mee All Verbs Compounded with these Adverbs satìs benè and malè many also compounded with these Prepositions prae ad con sub ante post â—b in and inter will have a Dative case as Benefecit multis he did good to many Malefecit nulli hée did hurt to none Interdixit nobis hee forbad us c. Verbs of Comparing giving restoring lending owing promising paying commanding shewing committing or threatning do govern a Dative case of the word answering to the Question to whom or to what as Dedi Magistro I gave it to the Master Reddidi illi cui debebam I restored to him to whom I owed c. Many Verbs may have a double Dative case one of the person another of the thing as Sum tibi praesidio I am to thee a safeguard Hoc datur mihi pignori this thing is given to mee for a pledg c. The Accusative case All Verbs Actives and most Deponents signifying Actively will have an Accusative of the word answering to the question whom or what as Do librum tibi I give a book to thee Minatur mortem nobis hee threaten's death to us c. Verbs Neuters also and Deponents signifying neutrally may have an Accusative case of a Noun which is of their own or of a like signification as Vivo vitam I live a life Proficiscor iter I go a journey c. These Verbs celo doceo moneo and all Verbs of asking do govern two Accusative cases one of the person another of the thing as Rogo te pecuniam I ask thee money Doceo te literas I teach thee letters The Accusative of the person after Verbs of asking is often turned into the Ablative with the Preposition à or ab as oremus veniam ab ipso let us beg pardon of him The Ablative Case All Verbs require an Ablative case of the word signifying the instrument or manner with this sign with or by or the cause with this sign for before it as Ferit eum gladió hee striketh him with a sword Taceo metu I hold my peace for fear Superat illum multis gradibus hee excelleth him by many degrees Egit causam summâ eloquentiâ hee pleaded the Cause with the greatest eloquence Verbs that signifie to buy sell or cost do govern an Ablative case of the Noun signifying the price with this sign for before it as Vendidi auro I sold it for gold Emptum est argento It was bought for silver Except these Genitives when they bee put without Substantives tanti quanti tantivis tantidem quantivis quantilibet quanticunque pluris minoris as quanti mercatus es hunc equum for how much did you buy this horse pluris quà m vellem for more then I would Verbs of abounding and wanting require an Ablative case as affluis opibus thou aboundest with riches Cares virtute thou wantest virtue Verbs of filling emptying loading unloading and freeing require an Ablative case of the word following them with any of these signes with of or from as oneras stomachum cibo thou loadest thy stomack with meat Levabo te hoc onere I will ease thee of this burden Liberatur vinculis hee is freed from bonds In like manner be used dignor muto munero afficio prosequor as non dignor me tali honore I do not think my self worthy of such honor c. Utor fungor fruor nitor vescor victito require an Ablative case as utor rebus quibus fruor I use the things which I do enjoy c. Potior governeth either an Ablative or Genitive as potior voto I obtain my desire potior urbis I win the city Verbs Passives and others signifying Passively do govern an Ablative case with the Preposition à or ab of the word coming after them with this sign by or of set for by as Virgilius legitur à me Virgil is read by or of mee And sometime a Dative as fama petatur tibi let honor bee sought by or of thee A Noun or a Pronoun Substantive beeing neither the Nominative case to a Verb nor governed of any word shall bee put in the Ablative case absolute as rege veniente hostes fugerunt the King coming the enemies fled Me duce vinces I beeing captain thou shalt overcom The Construction of the Infinitive Mood WHen two Verbs com together without any Nominative case between them the later shall bee the Infinitive Mood as Cupio discere I desire to learn The Infinitive is also governed of certain Nouns and Participles as dignus laudari worthy to bee praised Cupiens videre desirous to see The Infinitive Mood is often used for the Indicative and the Subjunctive having this word that quòd or ut before them and then quòd and ut are left out and the word which should have been the Nominative is turned into the Accusative as gaudeo te valere for gaudeo quòd tu vales I am glad that thou art in health Jubeo te abire for jubeo ut tu abeas I bid that thou go hence The Infinitive Mood is often turned into a Gerund or Supine The Construction of Gerunds THe Infinitive Mood Active either expressed by its proper sign to or implyed
under the sign of before a word that end 's like a Participle in ing is made by the Gerund in di after Nouns Substantives or Adjectives that govern a Genitive case as Studium legendi a desire to read or of reading Cupidus eundi desirous to go or of going Also a word ending like a Participle in ing after these signs in with for from by or of except of as in the former rule is made by the Gerund in do which is usually governed of one of these Prepositions à ab de è ex cum in pro as Cogitat de edendo hee thinketh of eating But if it signifie the cause or manner of doing it is used without a Preposition as Defessus sum ambulando I am weary of walking The Infinitive Mood Active is often turned into the Gerund in dum with one of these Prepositions ad ob propter especially after Verbs that signifie moving to a place as eo ad emendum I go to buy and in such case it may also bee turned into the first Supine as eo visum I go to see or into the Participle in rus as veni petiturus I came to fetch The Gerund in dum is also used after these Prepositions ante inter as Ante domandum before they be tamed Inter coenandum at supper time When this sign must or ought come's before a Verb Neuter the Verb is elegantly put in the Gerund in dum with the Impersonall est and then the person is put in the Dative case as abeundum est mihi I must go hence The Infinitive Mood Passive after these Adjectives dignus indignus turpis foedus facilis mirabilis and such like may bee turned into the later Supine as facile factu easie to be don The Government of Participles PArticiples govern such case as the Verbs that they com of as Legens libros reading books Fruens amicis enjoying friends Diligendus ab omnibus to bee loved by all Participles when they bee changed into Nouns require a Genitive case as Fugitans litium avoiding of strifes Indoctus pilae unskilfull at ball Exosus perosus and pertaesus signifying Actively do govern an Accusative case as Exosus saevitiam hateing cruelty c. But when they signifie Passively they govern a Dative as Perosus Romanis hated by the Romanes Nouns of time NOuns that signifie part of Time answering to the Question when are put in the Ablative case as dormis Nocte thou sleepest at night But Nouns that signifie continuance of Time answering to the Question how long are usually put in the Accusative as dormis Totam noctem thou sleepest all the night and sometimes in the Ablative as Imperavit tricunio hee raigned three years Nouns of place NOuns that signifie the space or distance of place are usually put in the Accusative Case as nè discesseris pedem hinc go not thou a foot from hence But sometimes in the Ablative as Abest quingent is millibus passuum hee is distant five hundred thousand paces Names of Places THe Common Names of Places and Proper Names of Countries and Islands after these signs at in to from or by are used with Prepositions as Ludit in campis hee playeth in the fields Vivo in Angliâ I live in England Veni per Galliam in Italiam I came by France into Italy c. Proper Names of Cities Towns and Villages beeing of the first or second Declension and the singular Number are put in the Genitive case after the signs in or at as Vixit Londini hee lived at or in London Studuit Oxoniae hee studied at Oxford So also are used militiae and belli as enutritus est belli hee was brought up at or in the war Domi after the signe at onely as non est domi hee is not at home Humi after the signe on as jacet bumi hee lieth on the ground But if the Proper name of the Place bee of the third Declension or the Plurall Number it shall bee put in the Dative or in the Ablative case without a Preposition as Militavit Carthagini or Carthagine hee warred at Carthage natus est Athenis hee was born at Athens So is rus used as educatus est ruri or rure hee was brought up in the Countrey Proper Names of Cities Townes or Villages after the sign to are put in the Accusative case without a Preposition as Eo Londinum I go to London c. after the signs from or by in the Ablative usually without a Preposition as Profectus est Londino hee went from or by London Domus and rus bee likewise used as co domum I go home Rure reversus est hee is returned from the Countrey The government of Impersonals A Verb Impersonall hath no Nominative Case before him as decet it becometh These three Impersonals interest refert and est require a Genitive case as interest Magistratûs it concerneth the Magistrate estinsipientis it is the part of a fool c. But these Ablatives feminines meâ tuâ suâ nostrâ vestrâ and cujâ are used after interest and refert as refert tuâ it concerneth thee c and after est the same and some other Adjectives are used in the Nominative case and Neuter Gender as est Meum it is my duty est Humanum it belong's to a man c. Miseret miserescit paenitet pudet taedet will have an Accusative of the word answering to the Question whom or what and a Genitive of the word following the sign of as poenitet nosmet nostri it repenteth us of our selves c. Oportet juvat delectat and decet with its compounds govern an Accusative as oportet me it behooveth mee c. Attinet pertinet spectat govern an Accusative case with a Preposition as attinet ad te it belong's to thee Other Impersonals govern such cases as the Personals do whose signification they have or from which they com as licet nobis it is lawfull for us Non contingit cuivis homini it doth not happen to every man Pugnatur ab hostibus it is fought by the enemies c. The Government of Adverbs ADverbs of Quantity Time and Place require a Genitive case as Satìs lucri enough gain Tunc temporis at that time Ubique gentium in all nations Adverbs derived from other parts of speech do govern such case as the words of which they are derived as similiter huic like to this Propiùs urbem neerer to the city Optimè omnium best of all c. The Government of Conjunctions COnjunctions Copulatives and Disjunctives with these four quà m nisi praeter quà m an when they com between Nouns do commonly couple like cases as Xenophon Plato fuere aequales Xenophon and Plato were equals When they com between Verbs they couple like Moods and Tenses as Precabantur docebant they prayed and taught The Government of Prepositions THese Prepositions following govern an Accusative case Ad to at Adversùs adversùm
tense of the Indicative are formed the Preter-perfect and the Preter-pluperfect of every Mood and the Future of the Subjunctive Impersonals Impersonals bee declined throughout all Moods and Tenses in the third person singular onely as decet decebat decuit decuerat decebit deceat deceret decuerit decuisset decuerit c. Dicitur dicebatur dictum est vel fuit dictum erat vel fuerat dicetur c. Defectives Verbs Defectives are such as want either Moods or Tenses Numbers or Persons And they are these that follow Coepi odi memini cedo aio faxóque quaeso Infit ave salve sic ausim inquámque forémque Coepi odi and memini have the Preter-perfect and all other Tenses derived from the Preter-perfect tense as Coepi coeperam coeperint coepissem coepero coepisse Memini hath also the Imperative singular Memeuto Plural Mementote Imper. pr. Cedo pl. Cedite Ind. pr. Aio ais ait pl. aiunt preter-imperf aiebam c. Sub. pr. aias aiat pl. aiamus aiant Sub. fut Faxo vel faxim faxis faxit pl. faxint Ind. pr. Quaeso pl. quaesumus Ind. pr. Infit pl. infiunt Imper. pr. Ave aveto pl. avete avetote Inf. avère Ind. fut Salvebis Imper. salve salveto Pl. Salvete salvetore Infin Salvere Sub. pr. Ausim ausis ausit pl. ausint Ind. pr. Inquio vel inquam inquis inquit pl. inquimus inquiunt Preter-perf inquisti inquit Fut. inquies inquiet Imper. inque inquiro Sub. pr. inquiat Part. inquiens Sub. preter-imperf forem es et pl. forent Inf. fore The Participle A Participle is derived of a Verb. There bee four kinds of Participles one of the Present tense another of the Preter tense one of the Future in rus another of the Future in dus. A Participle of the Present tense hath his English ending in ing as loving and his Latine in ans or ens as amans docens And it is formed of the Preter-imperfect tense of the Indicative Mood by changing the last syllable thereof into †us as amabam amans audiebam audiens auxiliabar auxilians poteram potens A Participle of the Future in rus signifieth like the Infinitive Mood Active as amaturus to love or about to love And it is formed of the later * supine by putting to rus as amatu amaturus A Participle of the Preter tense hath his English ending in d t or â— as loved taught slain and his Latine in tus sus xus as amatus visus nexus and one in uus as mortuus And it is formed of the later Supine by putting to s as amatu amatus Except mortuus A Participle of the Future in dus signifieth like the Infinitive mood Passive as â—mandus to bee loved And it is formed of the Genitive case of the Participle of the Present tense by changing t is into dus as amantis amandus Participles of the Present tense bee declined like Nouns Adjectives of three Articles and one Termination as hic haec hoc amans Gen. hujus amantis c. hic haec hoc audiens Gen. hujus * audientis c. Participles of other tenses bee declined like Nouns Adjectives of three Terminations as amaturus a um amatus a um amandus a um The Adverb AN Adverb is joyned to a Verb Noun or Participle to express some Circumstance or quality thereof Some bee of Quantity as parùm satìs abunde c. Quality as benè male c. Time as nunc tunc tum intereà pridie postridie ubi cùm postquà m donec dum quoad simulac simulatque c. Place as ubi ubinam usquam nusquam eò longè quò ubivis huccine c. Shewing as en ecce Forbidding as né Likeness as acsi ceu perinde quasi tanquam c. And many others The Conjunction A Conjunction joyneth words and sentences together Some bee Copulatives as et que quoque ac atque nec ueque cum tum tam quà m c. Disjunctives as aut ve vel seu sive c. Causals as quòd quia quippe cum utpote siquidem quando quandoquidem quoniam c. Conditionals as si dummodò c. Exceptives as ni nisi praeterquà m c. Interrogatives as nè an utrum num c. Adversatives as etsi tametsi etiamsi quanquam quamvìs licèt c. and many other The Preposition A Preposition is set before other parts of Speech Prepositions are these that follow Ad penes adversùm adversùs cis circiter extra Citra apud ante secus supra ultra versus intra Per trans post praeter propter prope ponè secundùm Circum circa â—rga contra juxtá inter ob infra Abs ab à â—tenus ex è déque palà m sine coram Et super pro proe clam sub cum subter in absque There are five other Prepositions used onely in composition am con dis re se Prepositions in Composition do sometime lose their last Consonants as trajicio coëmo diduco Oft times they change them into the first letter of the word with which they are Compounded as occurro assumo intelligo sometimes into another letter as sustineo dirimo sometimes also another letter is put between the Preposition and the word compounded as redco ambigo c. The Interjection AN Interjection is used to express some passion of the minde as ô heu proh hei vae c. The Concords THere bee three Concords the first between the Nominative case and the Verb the second between the Substantive and the Adjective the third between the Antecedent and the Relative When you have a Verb Adjective or Relative you must look out the Nominative case Substantive or Antecedent which may bee found by asking the Question who or what The first Concord A Verb Personal agreeth with the Nominative case in Number and Person as Praeceptor legit the Master readeth The second Concord The * Adjective agreeth with his Substantive in Case Gender and Number as amicus certus a sure friend Manus armata an hand armed Meum brachium my arme When the word thing is the Substantive to an Adjective you may leave out thing and put the Adjective in the Neuter Gender as difficile a hard thing Pauca few things And beeing so put it may bee the Substantive to another Adjective as pauca similia a few things like c. The third Concord The Antecedent most commonly is a Substantive that goeth before the Relative to which the Relative hath reference The Relative agreeth with his Antecedent in Gender Number and Person as vir sapit qui loquitur pauca the man is wise which speaketh few things When the English word that may bee turned into which it must bee made in Latine by the Relative qui when in the same sentence it goeth before which it must be made by ille or iste otherwise