vicem Imperatoris Liu. Maestus suam vicem Curt. Caetera bonus Cic. Why are partem Illud vicem caetera the accusatiue case and by what rule of Lilly Lilly hath no rule to shewe the reason of this construction it is in truth a greeke Atticisme for the greekes put the accusatiue case after verbes and adiectiues after that manner sic 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vicem alicuius irasci 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 perdidisti nos quantum in te est 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 omnibus sapiens When is an adiectiue construed with an accusatiue case with a preposition When Aptitude propensitie respect object or finall cause is signified as Procliuis à labore ad libidinem Furtum ingeniosus ad omne Assuetus ad bellum Rudis ad arma Studio eloquentiae non aliud in ciuitate nostra vel ad vtilitatem fructuosius vel ad dignitatem amplius vel ad vrbis famam pulchrius vel ad totius imperij atque omnium gentium notitiam illustrius excogitari potest Quint. Calcei habiles ad pedes Cic. Aptus natus ad singularem dicendi facultatem Is that example of adiectiua quae ad copiam viz. at fessae referunt multa se nocte minores Crura thymo plena No the Composer of the English Rudiments and Lilly vnderstood not as it seemes Virgils Syntaxis and therefore corrected the originall suspecting it to bee faultie and the Construer of the Syntaxis so transcribes it and translates it But Virgil wrote not plena but plenae the verse is thus to be construed the lesser Bees doe returne home wearie late at night plenae crura .i. habentes crura plena thyme Hauing their shankes full of thyme in which there is a Synechdoche or figure often vsed by that excellent Poet as * Ecl. 1. Sepes Bybâ—aeis apibus florem depasta salicti .i. habens florem depastuÌ„ So likewise Os humerosque Deo similis ideÌ„ So Faciem mutatus ora .i. habens faciem mutatam or it maybe there is an imitation of the Greekes who in such speeches make an ellipsis of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Doe not adiectiues of comparing or exceeding gouerne an ablatiue case of the word which signifies the measure of exceeding as well as verbes Yes for wee may as well say Cicero praestantior est omnibus oratoribus multis gradibus as Cicero praestat omnes oratores multis gradibus May not an adiectiue of the positiue degree with magis or minus haue an ablutiue case after it as well as one of the comparatiue Yes so Terence in Eunucho Hoc nemo fuit minus ineptus nec magis seuerus quisquam .i. quam hic Virg. O luce magis dilecta sorori .i. quam lux Of the construction of Pronounes Is not Meus and Noster sometimes vsed passiuely Yes Plaut in Pen. sc Negotij Ecce odium meum Quid me vis pro odium mei twice in the same Scene Cicero pro Rosc Amer. Haec conficta arbitror à poetis esse vt effictos mores nostros in alienos personis expressamque imaginam nostram .i. nostri vitae quotidianae videremus Neque minus est spartiates Agefilaus ille prohibendus qui neque pictam neque fictam imaginem suam .i. sui passus est Idem Et digna speculo fiat imaego tua .i. tui Mart. This is to bee obserued not imitated Are not proper and appellatiue nounes sometimes put in stead of pronounes Yes Plautus in Paenul scen satis spectatum puts syncerastum pro me and Tuus amicus for Ego Milph Heus synceraste Sync. Syncerastum qui vocat Mi. Tuus amicus Is not Noster sometimes put for Meus contrà Yes as for example Nostrum consilium iure laudandum est quod meos ciues seruis armatis obijci noluerim Cicer. where nostrum is put for meum Stratique per herbam Hic meus est dixere dies Senec. in Suasor 2. where Meus is put for Noster Are not relatiue pronounes sometimes put for reciprocall contrà Yes as for example Principio generi animantium omni est à natura tributum vt se vitam corpusque tueatur declinetque quae ei .i. Sibi nociturae videantur Cic. Praeceptor amat discipulos ipsum .i. se excitantes Non petit vt illum .i. se miserum putetis Quintil. Here relatiues are put for reciprocals Plaut in Capt. scen Quo illum Is est seruus ipse neque praeter se .i. ipsum vnquam ei seruus fuit Respice Laerten vt iam sua .i. eius lumina condaâ— Non ex oratione sed suis ex moribus spectare debetis pro eius Cicer. here reciprocals are put for relatiues How are those two rules in Linacer and Lilly to bee reconciled Ipse ex pronominibus solum trium personarum significationem repraesentat And Idem etiam omnibus personis iungi potest they seeme to contradict each other Thus. Ipse onely of all those pronounes which truly and properly are pronounes or which are simple pronounes doth represent the signification of three persons but Idem is no simple pronoune but a compound not a naturall and genuine pronoune but addititious as Lilly saith one of these distinctions must be admitted or else a manifest contradiction cannot be auoided If it bee true that onely ego and nos be of the first person onely as is set downe in the English Rudiments and Idem and Ipse doe represent the signification of three persons according to your distinction How comes it to passe that we finde in Tully is in the first person as Is nullo in loco praedonibus iam pares esse poteramus and in Liuie De pace agitur agimusque ij quorum maxime interest pacem esse and Vidistis in vincula duci vniuersi eum qui a singulis vobis pericula depulerim Since the pronoune idem is vsed in three persons which is compounded of is the syllabical particle dem I am of opinion that is the simple pronoune may be vsed so likewise as appeareth by the precedent examples Since wee may very easily erre in the vse of Pronounes reciprocall what rules haue you to steare and direct vs in the right vse of them Diuers for which you are beholden to Rodolphus Goclenius in his obseruations of the Latine tongue which for memory sake I will contract 1. In a simple reciprocation .i. such as is made with one verbe a Pronoune of the first or second person is neuer added to the verbe but alwayes one of the third for we cannot say Ego fui secum but cum eo nor Tu nouisti suum fratrem but eius 2. A reciprocall pronoune reflects the action of the verbe vpon it selfe as the agent as mulier sibi nimium placet .i. sibi muliere 3. When the possessour workes vpon the thing possessed or the thing possessed vpon the possessor the possessiue suus is vsed saepe in magistrum scelera redierunt sua Senec. and sua riserunt secula Meomdem 4.
In a compound reciprocation .i. such as is made with many verbes when the action of the verbe following is reflected vpon the person of the verbe afore going it is expressed by sui as Caesar rogat vt veniam ad se .i. ad Caesarem rogantem Rogat vt ignoscam sibi .i. sibi roganti 5. When in the construction of two verbes the action of the latter verbe passeth vpon the person of the former as the possessor suus is vsed Rogat me vt suum .i. eius ipsius qui rogat instituam filium 6. The actiue construction may be changed into the passiue by a reciprocall pronoune as wee may say Antonium deseruerunt sui collegae and Aut. desertus est a suis collegis Amat patrem filius suis and Amatur pater a filio suo Of the construction of Verbes Is the construction of the infinitiue moode of a verbe substantiue the same after a verbe personall and impersonall No except an accusatiue case be expressed before the infinitiue of a verbe substantiue which is gouerned of a verbe personall the word which followes shall not be the accusatiue but the nominatiue as wee cannot say Malo esse diuitem though me be vnderstood but malo esse diues but when me is expressed wee say malo me esse diuitem but if an infinitiue be gouerned of a verbe impersonall the word that follows the infinitiue may be the accusatiue case though the word comming before it be not expressed for wee may say Iuuat esse disertos as well as Iuuat nos esse disertos In those examples Adolescentis est maiores natu reuereri and Regum est parcere subiectis is est a verb personall or impersonall It is a verbe impersonall and therefore these examples are misplaced they belong to the first rule of impersonals Interest refert est and there Lilly hath set downe a paralell example Prudentis est multa dissimulare What rule haue you for this construction Commendo te virtutis vitupero ignauiae castigo negligentiae miror prudentiae c. In these and the like there is a Graecisme causa or ergô is to be vnderstood as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 often amongst the Greekes as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Beatum te praedico propter fidem In that of Terence Rerum suarum sa tagit why doth satagit gouerne a genetiue case The genetiue case seemes to depend vpon the particle sat in composition and so the verbe being of it selfe a compound and one by reason of construction is diuided What verbes gouerne a datiue case These and all of the like or contrary signification Commodo compono noreo do comparo reddo polliceor soluo confudo obtempero dico impero indignor minor ac irascor adulor c. What kinde of datiue doe these commonly gouerne A datiue of the person not of the thing vnlesse the thing take vpon it the nature of a person as ponti indignatur Araxes What prepositions be those wherewith verbes compounded gouerne a datiue case These in this hexamiter Ad prae con ob in simul hae post ante sub inter Doth not habeo put for est gouerne a datiue case as well as est for habeo Yes as for example Est mihi ludibrio habeo illum ludibrio Habeo voluptat literarum studia literarum studia sunt mihi voluptati Doth Praeuineo gouerne an accusatiue case though it be compounded with prae as Lilly tels vs. No it is a barbarous word not found in any pure writer or Lexicographer If all verbes transitiue gouerne an accusatiue case how is it that we reade in Plautus Consequor with a datiue as Voluptati meror vt comes consequitur In this there is a grecisme for the Greekes vse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sequor with a datiue as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so they say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Plautus elsewhere decere alicui and Cicero hath the like grecisme Comitari huic viae Doe any verbes of asking gouerne an ablatiue case without a praeposition No and therefore these words cum praepositione should be added to that rule verba rogandi interdum mutant alterum c. In that example Est virtus placitis abstinuisse bonis is bonis the datiue case as Lilly informes vs Linacer de Emend struct Lat. p 267. l. 4. saith it is the ablatiue case and I rather side with him In that example Deforme existimabat quos dignitate praestaret ab ijs virtutibus superari doth either of those verbes gouerne an ablatiue case of the measure of exceeding according to the rule No those verbes doe gouerne an ablatiue case of the matter of excesse not of the measure of exceeding this or the like example would better fitthe rule Multis parasangis omnes oratores precurrit Cicero Of an Adiectiue gouerning three ablatiue cases Can any one adiectiue gouerne three ablatiue cases according to three seuerall rules in Grammer Yes as in this example Oxonia est insignior Louanio literarum studijs multis parasangis Of Verbes gouerning diuerse of the same cases by seuerall rules of Grammer Can you giue an example of a verbe gouerning three datiue cases Yes as for example Neroni .i. a Nerone probis viris crimini vertitur innocentia Can any one verbe gouerne fiue ablatiue cases according to the rules of Grammer Yes as for example Ab artifice arte fabrili summa diligentia politis pedibus ex vlmeo ligno lectulos fieri iussit Titius Can a verbe gouerne three ablatiue cases with three prepositions Yes as for example Accusatur de furto a vicino summo cum rigore Of the Construction of the Infinitiue Moode If two verbes come together shall the latter be alwayes of the Infinitiue moode No sometimes two verbes are ioyned together in the same tense and number by an Hyphen as quemnam te esse dicam-feram Varro apud Noniū Reddas-restituas amongst the Lawyers Qui fecerit sculpserit Modestinus so Vtimini-foruimini whence the substantiue vsus fructus May not sometimes two verbes of the infinitiue moode be ioyned together Yes as for example Ter. in And. Sc. Adhuc Dare bibere and dixit Iureconsultus non oportere ius ciuile calumniari neque verba captare sed qua mente quid diceretur animaduertere conuenire So Dico vti frui licere Is not the infinitiue moode sometimes vsed as well for the present tense of the Indicatiue as for the preter tense or preterimperfect tence Yes as for example Virg. Aeneid 10. Multi seruare recursus Languentis pelagi breuibus se credere saltu where seruare is put for seruant credere for credunt So Ouid. 4. Metam Rutulis collucent ignibus aedes falsaque saeuarum simulachra vlulare ferarum where vlulare is put for vtulant Salust Rursus Imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit ille probare partem alia abnuere eo modo ab vtraque missis remissisque nuntijs tempus procedere
ex Metelli voluntate bellum intactum trahi where probare abnuere procedere trahi are put for probat abnuit procedit trahitur Are not verbes of the infinite moode as also verbes finite vsed sometimes as nounes and with the same construction Yes as in these examples First Verbes finite are vsed as Nounes Tull. pro Mur. illud licet consulere perdidistis Aue mihi dixit .i. salutem Liu. l. 6. faxo ne iuuet vox ista veto .i. ne iuuet prohibitio Plaut in Paen. Sc. Negotij Si tacuisses iam istuc Taceo non natum foret Sapientia vsque ad Plaudite viuendum in Cat. Mai. Secondly verbes of the infinitiue moode are vsed for nounes Virg. in 9. Ille suo moriens dat habere nepoti Cic. Inhibere illud tuum quod valde mihi arriserat vehementer displicet Pers Sat. 1. Sed fas Tunc cum ad caniciem nostrum illud viuere triste Aspexi where wee may note also that the preposition ad is praefixed before viuere Ipsum illud peccare quoque te verteris vnum est Cic. Of construction by a Periphrasis Doe not pure latine Authors sometimes make a Periphrasis of a verbe gouerne the same case which the verbe it selfe would doe Yes as Ter. Id studiose dat operam .i. id curat Id ne estis autores mihi .i. idne suadetis mihi Idem Caesar Senatui dicto audiens futurus i. obtemperaturus Cic. Fac me has res certiorem .i. edoce me has res Idem Quid tibi hanc rem curatio est .i. quid hanc rem curas Plaut Quid malum tibi istanc tactio est .i. quid tangis eam Idem Of construction by Apposition May not the word which might be put in the same case with the word wherewith it is ioyned by apposition be put in the datiue case Yes and that very elegantly as Cui nunc cognomen Iülo Virg. Est illi nomen Capitoni Cic. Is it not necessary sometimes that in Apposition the same gender and number be obserued Yes for we must say Voluptas perpetuae comes summi boni not perpetuus Manus vltrix not vltor virtus assertrix not assertor Inuentrices literarum Athenae not Inuentores What if the diuers gender of a noune substantiue whioh is called substantiuum mobile .i. such a one as is varied in termination and sex as Magister magistra discipulus discipula be to be ioyned by Apposition with a word of the neuter gender is it to be vsed in the masculine or in the feminine gender In the masculine as the more worthy as Tempus Magister artium discipulus rerum not discipula or magistra but if the substantiue to be coupled be not substantiuum mobile sometimes a noune of the feminine gender may be added as verbum nota animi vitium labes animi Sometimes of the masculine as vinum absynthites vel aromatites .i. aromatibus conditum When may substantiues coupled in the same case by Apposition be of diuers numbers Either when one of the substantiues wants the plurall or singular number as Diuitiae gluten amicorum Passer deliciae or is a noune collectiue as Angeli agmen forte or some one single thing either ioyned with others or multiplied is signified as Nata mea vices Vxor mea gaudia Pulmones instrumentum not instrumenta respirationis for there is but one lung in a liuing creature but the ancients said pulmones in the plurall number because that part of the body which drawes in and le ts forth the breath is cleft as the hoof of an Oxe Are substantiues ioyned by Apposition alwaies put in the same case No the latter substantiue which doth explaine or declare the former is sometimes put in the ablatiue case and the word explained in the genetiue or datiue as Viuis Patauij vrbe scientiarum laude celeberrima Romae lupinari communi habitas Oxoniae Academia clarissima crematus est Cranmerus Lacedaemoni oppido insigni senibus honor maximus habebatur Of the construction of Gerunds and Supines Is that rule generally true Gerunds and Supines gouerne the same case that the verbes that they come of No it is to be vnderstood onely of gerunds signifying actiuely and the first supines for gerunds which signifie passiuely and the latter supines are scarce to be found with any cases after them How may this and the like English phrases be rendred in Latine viz. I came in dinner time Very elegantly by the gerund in dum with the preposition inter as veni inter prandendum In these formes of speech accusatum oportuit factum oportet volo datum how may it appeare that accusatum factum datum are participles not supines Thus because wee finde participles varied in all genders in this forme of speech whereas supines want all genders and flexion Ter. in Heauton Interemptam oportuit in Andr. Nonne prius communicatum oportuit Sic cupio hunc defensum hanc defensam Here the verbe esse is to be supplied What doe you thinke of these supines Do venum do nuptum which Lilly saith haue latentem motum Nuptum signifies * Nubit vxor ducit vxorem vir passiuely do nuptum I giue in marriage or to be married It is questinable whether venum be a supine of veneo or an aduerbe like to pessum the analogie seemes to insinuate so much as wee say pessundare and pessum dare so wee say venundare and venum dare sed de hoc ampliandum est In those examples Actum est Itum est Cessatum est is the first supine put absolutely with the verbe est as Lilly tels vs No herein hee is fouly deceiued hee might as well say placitum est libitum est puditum est c. are Supines which he affirms are Verbs impersonall of the passiue voyce in his rules of Etymologie touching Impersonals and such are these also Of Place Is that rule Omne verbum admittit genitiuum proprij nominis loci in quo fit actio c. true concerning all proper names of places of the first or second declension and singular number No it extends only to proper names of Cities and Townes not to vast Regions for wee may not say Numidiae acriter pugnatum est but in Numidia By what rule of Lillies Syntaxis is terra-marique the ablatiue case in that of Cicero Quantas ille res terra mariquegesserat There is not any rule for that manner of construction but it is of kin to that of ruri and rure Is domi neuer read with any other genitiue case except meae tuae c. as Lilly affirmes Yes it is read with other possessiues also we may say Domi suburbanae regiae paterna as well as Domi meae c. Of verbes Impersonall In those clauses vt videre est vt legere est apud Aristotelem Neque est te fallere cuiquam Virg. How comes it to passe that est is put for licet It is an imitation of the
Greeks who put 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 licet so Chrysost 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of Participles Are all participles changed not nounes when they cease to signifie Time So Lilly teacheth vs in his Grammar Why then doth hee in his Syntaxis put downe that exosus perosus are construed with an accusatiue case when they signifie actiuely and a datiue when they signifie passiuely and Pertaesus with an accusatiue Why are Natus prognatus c. said to be construed with an ablatiue case as participles when as none of these doe signifie Time any more then homo laudatus or puer amandus It may be those two rules of exosus perosus c. and natus c. are exceptions from that generall rule placed before them viz. Participiorum voces cum fiunt nomina c. Participles when they are made nounes require a genitiue case and they are made nounes foure wayes first when they gouerne not the same case that the verbes doe that they come of Secondly when they are compounded with prepositions that their verbs cannot be compounded with Thirdly when they are compared Fourthly when they leaue of to signifie difference of Time in this respect exosus perosus c. and natus c. it may bee are excepted from the precedent generall rule It may be so but this is onely a coniecture to saue Lillies credit Indeede I must needes confesse that Lilly is not so distinct punctuall and exact as he should bee but wee must make the best of him till some other more Grammarian shall compose vs a better Grammar and here I will adde this also that that generall of participials gouerning a genitiue is not to be vnderstood of any participials in Dus or Tus for they gouerne a datiue case as Heros celebrandus omnibus poetis Hoc est notum lippis tonsoribus The construction of Aduerbs Doth contrà being put without case and so becomming an aduerbe onely retaine and not augment the signification which it had being a preposition as other prepositions doe coram post clam c. No for it doth not onely signifie opposition as si homo est ridere potest contrà si non est homo ridere non potest but reciprocation conuersion or alternation as si ridere potest est homo contrà si est homo potest ridere where contrà is equiualent to vicissim or vicissim retro as also in this of Terence In eo oblecto me solùm carum ille vt item contrà me habeat facio sedulo Virg. Aeneid 1. Aeolus haec contrà where Aeolus in his speech doth not contradict but assent to Iuno May not an Aduerbe as well as an Adiectiue put partitiuely gouerne a genitiue case Yes as for example Manuum fortiùs se habet dextra Omnium planetarum sol splendet lucidissimè Is not the aduerbe Parum sometimes added very elegantly to an adiectiue and sometimes to a substantiue Yes as Cic. ad Att. Vide ne dum pudet te parum optimatem esse parum diligenter quod optimum est eligas Quint. Inst l. 5. Mollis parum vici signa Scal. in Exerc. Parum Philosophi parum Physici Minus vel parum firma fuit valetudine In those examples Castra propiùs vrbem mouentur and Proximè Hispaniam sunt Mauri are Propiùs and Proximè properly aduerbs gouerning an accusatiue case I thinke not they rather seeme to be prepositions compared gouerning an accus as the originall word or theame Prope doth Propiùs cannot bee deriued of propior in this Syntaxis for wee finde in Liuie propior vero propiùs vero and propior is the comparatiue of propis an absolute word as prior of pris So Goclen Problem Gram. l. 3. p. 145. May not an Aduerbe deriued of an Adiectiue which gouerneth an Accusatiue case with a Preposition gouerne the same case Yes as for example Poeta si apposite ad delectationem Orator ad fidem Philosophus ad vitam dicat implesse munus suum videntur Iust Lipsius In that clause of the fable of Esops Cocke granum hordei mallem omnibus gemmis why is gemmis the ablatiue case It is the ablatiue case by reason of the word magis which lyeth secretly couched in the word mallem which may bee resolued into magis vellem Are not sometimes nounes put for aduerbs contrà Yes first Nounes put for Aduerbes Nullus pro Non by the figure called Antemeria Philotimus nullus venit Cic. Quaerit ex proximo vicino num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent Vox hominem sonat .i. humaniter Virg. Viuunt Bacchanalia .i. Bacchanaliter Iuu vide Linac de Emend struct Lat. l. 2. p. 94. quod eos nullos videret Idem Etsi nullus diceris Terent. At tu dolebis cum rogaberis nulla Catullus This is an elegant kinde of expression Nemo pro Non. Tac. 4. Ann. Ferrum caedes quonam modo occultaretur nemo reperiebat Multus pro multum Multus in libris In opere multus Salust Totus pro totaliter Totus displiceo mihi Ter. Totus est alienus à Physicis Cicer. Plurimus pro plurimùm In toto plurimus orbe legor Secondly Aduerbs put for nounes Satis vir pro magnanimo Senec. Plusquam viri pro virorum partes excedentibus Parum fides pro parua Plaut In those examples Multò aliter paulo secus longe secus are multò paulò longè ablatiue cases Lilly did ill to surmise so that rule is altogether superfluous in like manner hee was deceiued before when in the rules of Adiectiues he affirmed that in that example Quantò doctior es tantò te geras submissius quantò and tantò were of the ablatiue case whereas they are aduerbs May not the forme or manner of a thing bee put after an aduerbe in the ablatiue case as well as after an adiectiue Yes as agit fortiter verbis factis ignauè Of Coniunctions In those Clauses of Plautus and Terence Absque hoc esset absque eo foret how come the verbes to bee of the subiunctiue moode By reason of the particle si vnderstood which is to bee supplyed to make perfect construction After what verbes are those particles vsed quod vt ne After these and the like for we say Puto quod Iubeo vt Metuo ne Doe ac and atque alwayes come before in a clause Alwayes except in composition as simulac simulatque after the greeke manner 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Doth not a coniunction sometimes gouerne a case as a noune Yes as Virg. Illius ergô Venimus Amoris Honoris Virtutis ergô Of Prepositions Is not procul when it is construed with Case a Preposition Some learned men thinke so it is read with and accusatiue or ablatiue case as in Curtius Procul vrbem in Liuie Locus procul muros and in the same Authors Procul muro Procul mari Procul discordibus armis Virg. Are not sometimes prepositions put before other prepositions Yes as Vsque sub obscurum noctis Vsque ex Aethiopia De Quinto fratre nuntij nobis tristes venerant ex ante diem Nonarum Iuniarum vsque ad Pridie Calend. Septemb. The titles of chapters amongst the Ciuilians are De in ius vocando De in diem addictione and Gell. 1. 10. In de Analogia libro scriptum est Is not a preposition sometimes put for a coniunction and an aduerbe for a preposition Yes first a preposition is put for a conjunction in Salust Praeter rerum rum capitalium condemnatis praeter for praeterquam Secondly an aduerbe for a preposition in Virg. Aen. 7. Tali intus templo diuum patriaque latinus sede sedens vide Linac de Emenâ—… struct Lat. Ser. l. 1. p. 109. Is not a coniunction sometimes put in the place of a pronounce with a preposition Yes as A me vero ita diligitur vt tibi vni concedam praeterea nemini .i. praeter te Cic. Eundem ab hostibus metui praeterea neminem i. praeter eum Idem Of an Interiection In this sentence Egregium vero Philosophum qui inter solem ignem quid interesset parum curauit intelligere why is Egregium Philosophum the accusatiue case Because therein there is an ellipsis of the interiection O. What interiections gouerne an accusatiue case besides those expressed in Lillies Syntaxe These Eheu hem apage as Eheu conditionem huius temporis Cic. Hem. being an Ironicall interiection as Hem astutias Ter. O subtile deuise Apage te Ter. Apage istiusmodi salutem Plaut Are all things that are written by the ancient Authors to be exactly examined and scanned according to rule No for some had faults which of set purpose they loued defended Tantus error est in omnibus studijs maxime in eloquentia cuius regula incerta est vt vitia quidam sua intelligant ament there is so great error in all studies especially in eloquence the rule of which is vncertaine in so much as some both know and affect their faiâ—… saith Seneca 〈◊〉 2. Contr. 20. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gâ—nâ—… â—ect Virg 〈◊〉 â—…eâ—dom ad â— Georg. versum 〈◊〉 O qui mâ— gelâ—dis in â—allibus Hemi Verbis licenter in carminibus vsus est Naso in quibus non ignorauit vitia sua sed amauit c. Ouid was somewhat bold and licentious in the vse of some words in his verses wherein he was not ignorant of the fault but liked it often would say that a Mole misbecame not a
ANIMADVERSIONS VPON LILLIES GRAMMAR OR LILLY SCANNED An Extract of Grammaticall PROBLEMES Gathered out of the Inquiries and Disputes of the most judicious GRAMMARIANS Set downe by way of Question and Answere Wherein Many difficult Knots in the English Rudiments and Lillies Grammar are vnloosed many Obscurities enlightned many Errors and Incogitancies discouered many Deficiences supplied the Originall and Reason of many Termes of Art manifested and not a few accessorie Questions discussed with much breuitie and perspicuitie Very necessarie and profitable for all those that desire to be exact Grammarians LONDON Printed by W. Stansby for Richard Hawkins and are to be sold at his Shop in Chancerie Lane 1625. Animaduersions vpon LILLIES Grammar OR LILLY scanned An Extract of Grammaticall PROBLEMES Of Grammar and the parts thereof MAy euery one that teacheth Lillies Grammar bee called Grammaticus in proprietie of speech No If he be able to teach those Rudiments onely he is rather to be called Grammatista What difference is there betweene Grammatista and Grammaticus Among the Ancients he was called Grammaticus who did not onely teach how to speake a tongue well but also did examine and discusse all the difficulties in Poets Historians Orators Philosophers c. hee that taught the Elements of Words Letters was called Grammatista Grammaticus with them was as much as Literatus a learned Scholar or Criticke whom we now call a * Philologi audiunt Ludouicus Viues Iulius Scaliger Casaubonus nec non Ben. Ionsâ—…ius Poetarum facile princeps non sine doctrinae humanitatis honorifica praefatione nominandus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ioh. Seldenus Philologer Grammatista as much as Literator an Elementarie Pedant They differ in effect as much as a Fidler and an exact Musitian Sueton. de claris Grammaticis May that speech which is compared according to the rules of Grammar bee called congrua oratio in the proprietie of the latine tongue So it is commonly called by most Schoole-masters but to speake properly loqui congruè is to speake fitly and oppositly to the purpose which is the part of a Logician an Orator a Moralist but to speake according to rule is Grammaticè loqui which is not opposed to Barbarè loqui for there may bee a rude impolisht and barbarous expression where there is no breach of rule and Priscians head is vntoucht but to castigate or tersè or emendatè loqui to speake trimly and elegantly according to the example of the purest Authors according to that saying Aliud est Grammaticè aliud latinè loqui Congruè loqui respects the fitnesse of the matter Emendate loqui the puritie of the stile Grammaticè loqui the regularitie of the construction Is that diuision of Grammar into foure parts Orthographia Etymol Syntaxis Prosop an exact diuision Priscian Melancthon and their followers so diuided Grammar but g Crassè 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rather then h Exactè 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it may more artificially and compendiously bee diuided into two parts Etymologie and Syntaxis for these two doe as integrall parts take vp the whole body of Grammar the other two Orthogr and Prosodia like Particles are contayned in these and spread through the whole Grammar Of ORTHOGRAPHIE IS Orthographie still the same No It hath beene often changed and therfore the rule of it must be custome The Hebrewes Syrians and Arabians begin to write from the right hand to the left They of China from the top of the leafe to the bottome in a direct line Other Nations from the left hand to the right which motion of the hand seemes to be most naturall Of the Letters How are diphthongs made By the diuerse dispositions of the vowels Whence haue the diphthongs their names Of the Greeke words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bis and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 loquor because there is a conflation and coalition of two vowels in a diphthong which are to bee vttered and breathed out as one entire syllable What is the meaning of that passage in the first page of Lillies Grammar S suae cuiusdam potestatis litera est Lilly hauing diuided the Consonants into Mutes as b c d c. and semi-vowels as l m n r s x z he subdiuideth the semi-vowels into liquids and double consonants and since s will not be changed in either of these rankes hee calleth it suae cuiusdam potestatis literam such a letter as is as it were of its owne head sits by it selfe will not be marshalled in that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 literarum Why are x and z called literae duplices Because they haue the force of two consonants as x may be resolued into Cs or gs as appeares by the genitiue cases of nounes ending in x Rex Regis Dux Ducis z is changed being a greeke letter originally into ss as Massa of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Patrisso of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 How many wayes is the letter I taken Three wayes as in this word ieiunium in the first syllable I is taken for a simple consonant in the second for a double one in the third for a vowell How doth it appeare that I betweene two vowels is a double consonant Because the Ancients in stead of Maior Peior were wont expresly to write Maijor Peijor Hath I betweene two vowels alwayes the force of a double consonant as Lilly tells vs here and in the rules of Quantitie No The rule is true only in simple words not in words compound for in such wee finde the syllable which comes immediately before I between two vowels made short in the Poets as in Bijugis Quadrijugus Martis equi bijuges magni currus Achillis Virg. Centum quadrijugos agitabo ad flumina currus Idem Lilly in the diuision of his letters tells vs that two is a semi-vowell how then comes it to passe that anon after he saith y z latinis dictionibus nunquam admiscentur It is very strange a man should so soone forget himselfe there is a manifest contradiction from which I cannot acquit him Are not k or y mixed amongst other latine letters as Lilly affirmes K is iudged by the modern GraÌ„marians to bee an vnprofitable letter but * Haec tribus in Latio tantum addita nominibus Ausonius saith it is prefixed before three latine wordes which some assigne to bee Kaput a Chapter Kalendae Kalumnia and as for y if it be not mixed amongst latine letters how is it that wee finde in Propria quae maribus Tybris Lybs Tybur proper names Phryx Gryps Hydrops Syren Hyems c. appellatiues nay how is it that in the very same page where hee affirmes this we finde these words Hymnus Trisyllaba Hieronymus Here as elsewhere bonus dormitat Lilius What are the literae majusculae put for when they are set alone A. for Aulus as A. Gellius Aulus G. but some Criticks write Agellius B. among the Schoole-men is put for Beatus C. V. Celsitudo Vestra C. M. Caesarea
Maiestas D. Diuus Doctor Dominus E. T. Excellentia Tua I C. Iureconsultus M. Marcus and Magister N. Nomen ignotum vel Nota. P. C. Patres Conscripti P. L. Poeta Laureatus P. C. Poeta Coronatus vel Palatinus Comes R. Rabbi R. T. D. Reuerenda Tua Dignitas S. Sanctus S. P. D. Salutem plurimam dicit S C. Senatusconsultum V.C. Vrbs condita c. vid. Lilium Is not a great decorum to bee obserued in the Poets by the repetition of diuers letters to expresse to the life the matters themselues Yes E. serues to expresse lamentation and sorrow as Lachrymae peredere humore exangues genas F. To expresse blowing as Terras turbine perflant I. To expresse thin and peircing things Accipiunt inimicum imbrem nimisque fatiscunt L. To expresse lowe and soft things Qualem virgineo demeseum pollice florem Seu mollis violae seu languentis Hiacynthi Virg. M. To expresse great things as Dorsum immane mart summo as also to expresse admiration Deum immortalem hominum fidem N. hath a contrarie vse it contracts Frangitur inque sinus scindit sese vnde reductos R. To expresse fury and anger and rough and terrible things Imprecor arma armis S. By this Virgil describes the noise of a tempest Emissamque hyemem sensit Neptunus imis stagnae refusa vadis T. To expresse slownesse as Nec nos obniti contra nec tendere tantum V. To expresse obscure things Tu plaeusu fremituque virum studijsque fauentûm What wordes are to bee written with great letters 1. Proper names and such as are thence deriued and the names of Arts. 2. Beginnings of Sentences in Prose and Verses in Poems 3. Names of Offices and Dignities Is it lawfull to mixe letters of another tongue with latine letters Yes somtimes but very sparingly as Liber phrase 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 n signum dioerése 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 s. Of Syllables Can we say that ea ei and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are words of two and three syllables when as they consist only of vowels simply and seuerally pronounced Wee may for want of a better terme but properly syllaba comming of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .i. concipere signifieth a comprehension or vniting of diuers letters in pronuntiation with one tone or spirit How many letters hath the largest syllable in the latine tongue Not aboue sixe as stirps Of the distinction of Syllables What rules haue you for the distinction or diuision of Syllables Diuers first in the diuision of a word those letters are to be ioyned together which may bee ioyned in the beginning of a word as in Magnus Aruspex the last syllables must bee gnus and spex because gn and sp may bee found in the beginnings of words as gnatus spectrum Secondly if a single consonant bee put in the midle betwixt two vowels it shall belong to the latter as Pa-ter if two consonants be geminated the first belongs to the first syllable the latter to the latter as An-nus Thirdly if the latter syllable begin with a vowell the former shall end in a vowell as De-us Doth not the second rule sometimes faile Yes in composition as ab-utor the former syllable ends in a consonant the latter begins with a vowel so abs-temius of abs and temetum Of Pronuntiation Whence hath a tone its name From the Greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to screw vp or slacken the strings of an instrument of musick As by the intention or remission of the strings the sound is flat or sharp so according to the tone or accent a syllable is shrilly or depressedly pronounced In a word whose penultima syllaba is doubtfull or common where is the accent to be put In the antepenultima as Célebris MedÃocris Vólucris Fúnebris thus in Prose but in Verse the accent is according to the measure as Pecudes pictaeque volúcres Is the accent to be plac't in antepenultima in these words Deinde proinde perinde aliquando siquando nequando hucvsque c. as Lilly would haue it No for it is an vndoubted rule receiued amongst the best Grammarians Polysyllaba quae habent penultimam positione longam penultimam acuunt vt deinceps duntáxat probléma extémplo and herein Lilly thwarts his owne third generall rule of Tones and hee is thwarted by Quint. Instit l. 1. c. 5. where he saith Duabus longis sequentibus primam acui noster sermo non patitur Haue propémodum ádmodum nihilóminus the acute accent in antepenultima for this reason only to distinguish them from prope-modum admodum nihilo-minus as Lilly beares vs in hand No but the reason why they are so accented is because these by composition being made one word haue their penultima short by quantitie Lilly tells vs that duntaxat deinceps deorsum haue the accent in antepenultima to difference them from other words Is that assertion true No for wee reade no where dun taxat dein ceps de orsum as distinct words as per inde pro inde How is amabo the aduerbe of flattering to be pronounced Some pronounce it ámabo to distinguish it from the verb amato but better authoritie teacheth vs to pronounce 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mábo as Dic verum mihi Marce dic amabo Mart. where amabo hath the penultima long by quantitie How is Ti before another vowell to be pronounced Alwayes as in the word Oratio where t doth liquescere and is to be pronounced as z as if it were written orazio except first in the beginning of a word as tiara secondly if s come before it as iustior thirdly in the poeticall infinitiues as mittier fourthly in borrowed words as PolitÃa pragmatÃa How are Greeke words being made latine to be pronounced According to their Quantitie not according to the tone or accent they had in their owne tongue as we are not to pronounce Nicódemus but Nicodémus not Demónicus but DemonÃcus not BasÃlius but BasilÃus not Caesárea but Caesaréa not Eúbulus but Eubúlus for the penultima of these is long by quantitie Of the Quantitie of Syllables Are we to write patrizo as Lilly doth in the rule concerning words long by position or patrisso I thinke we are rather to write patrisso for z is not a letter proper to the latine tongue and I find other verbes of imitation ending in sso as Platonisso Philonisso Atticisso nay Lilly himselfe saiâ—h in his rules of the species of verbes Imitatiua sunt c. vt Patrisso c. Is that rule vocalis breuis ante mutam sequente liquida communis redditur to be vnderstood indifferently and equally of all the foure liquids l m n r No but of l and r very often of m and n very seldome When of l and r In simple words or such coÌ„pounds whose mutes together with the liquids pertaine to the same syllable and this is very necessarie to bee obserued for these words obrodo obrepo obligo obrumpo c. though they haue a
short vowell before a mute and a liquid yet are they long and are neuer found short for as much as the liquid and mute in any of them being compound words doe not concurre to the constitution of a syllable for these words are to be diuided thus ob-rodo ob-repo as appeares by the rules of distinction of syllable before When of m and n In Greek words as Cygnus Progne Atlas or such as imitate greek words Giue some examples of l r put after liquids making the precedent syllables common L is put after mutes in these words Hybla Agathocles Abodlas Ciniflo Noegla Locuples Atlas R in these Celebris Volucris Exedra Africa Denigno Apri Arbitror Why is the last syllable saue one in Caï Vultei Pompei c. long in Poets whereas as one vowell comes before another Lillies Grammar doth not except these wordes from the generall rule vocalis ante alteram c. but the reason of this production is because amongst the Ancients they were written with ji and so were long by position which manner of writing though it bee not now in vse yet the quantitie of the syllable still remains Doe onely innuba pronuba compounds deriued of nubo dejero pejero the compounds of juro by composition change their long quantitie to short No diuers other words also as Omnipotens Sacrosanctus apud Buchan Bardocucullus Mart. integer ab in aeger aeuiternus ab aeuum aeternus nihilum à ne hilum the second syllables of which are short in composition long out of composition so siquidem siquidem ieiuna remansit Ouid iubeo à ius habeo whose first syllables become short by composition Is that generally true in t desinentia breuia sunt No such words are to be excepted which haue a consonant before t as amant est refert and such as are long by contraction as Nomen abît aut vnde redît maiore triumpho Lucan If all nounes ending in e haue e short by quantitie except the ablat of the fifth declension how is it that wee finde e in fame long in Virg. a noune of the third declension as Amissis vt fama apibus morboque fameque It is not so made by Caesura because it is not a syllable produced after a foot full and compleat falling any of the kinds of Caesura in Grammar specified we must therefore say that anciently fames was of the fift declension but now vsed onely in the third yet here retaines the same quantitie which it had in former times when it was of the fift Is that true which Lilly hath Pes vna cum compositis vt praepes bipes c No Praepes signifieth swift not on foot but in flying it is not compounded of prae and pes but deriued rather of praepeto to hasten to with speed it is commonly vsed in the Poets as an epithite of the Eagle which is consecrated to Icue Praepes adunca Iouis Ouid. In Tully praepes auis is the bird that first sheweth himselfe to the Augur whereby hee declares things to come it may appeare by analogie very euidently that praepes is no compound of pes bipes makes bipedis quadrupes quadrupedis in the genit case but praepes praepetis not praepedis Is that rule of Lilly true Longae sunt omnes voces quartae inflexionis in us praeter nom voc sing No for the dat and ablat plurall in us of all words of the fourth declension are short as well as the nom and voc singular Of ETYMOLOGIE WHat is the meaning of that definition of Etymologie in Lilly Etym. est ratio cognoscendi casuum discrimina The meaning of it is this that in Etymologie is handled the differences of terminations of Nounes Pronounes and Participles by declining of Verbes by their coniugating from their first themes as for example the variations of Musa in the oblique Cases are called Casuum discrimina so likewise the differences of endings of doctus whether it be varied by declining as doctus a um or by comparison as doctus ior issimus are called casuum discrimina Casus here is not to bee taken in so strict an acception as it is afterwards where it is said Casus sunt sex for it is attributed to a verbe also for the variation of the verbe Amo in all Tenses Persons and Moodes from its simple selfe are called in this definition Casuum discrimina But yet mee thinkes the definition is too narrow though wee doe stretch the words after this manner and comprehendeth vnder it onely the declineable parts of speech for though almost all aduerbs deriued from adjectiues be compared and so bee varied in termination yet they haue this nature as deriued rather then as aduerbs and some few prepositions as supra superior c. yet not any conjunction or interjection admitteth of Casuum discrimina and very hardly any aduerbe which is so primitiuely and originally Of the parts of Speech Of a Noune How are there eight parts of speech since a Pronoune and a Participle haue the same things which belong to a Noune to wit Number Case Gender and Declension A Pronoune a Participle agree and communicate with a Noune in these but yet they haue seuerall and peculiar differences by which they are distinguished and constitute seuerall parts of speech a Pronoune is distinguished from a Noune by difference of Person and from a Participle by Time and signification Why doe you say that a Noune admits not difference of persons when as Magister in the nominatiue case is of the third person in the vocatiue of the second person according to that rule The second person is spoken to as Tu Thou and of this person is euery vocatiue case A vocatiue case is said to be of the second person not because it is so of its proper signification but by reason of the pronoune Tu with which it doth agree in the same case by apposition This answere is giuen by some to make Lillies definition of a noune good but in the definitions of Frischline Melanchthon Scaliger and Finkius there is no want of difference of Person mentioned to difference it from other parts of speech 'T is true The streame of best Grammarians run that a noune hath Persons but thus is distinguished from a Pronoune which signifies a thing with difference of Person as well as a Noune a Noune signifies first a Thing secondarily a Person a Pronoune first a Person secondarily a Thing If all Aduerbs Coniunctions c. be parts indeclinable how comes it to passe that some of them are the Nominatiue Cases to their Verbes and haue Adiectiues ioyned to them agreeing with them in case gender number as in Martial Dic mihi cras istud Posthume quando venit and againe Magnum semper inane soph 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 s or thus Et est coniunctio Penes est praepositio Vah est interjectio Cras and Soph 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 s and the other
necessarie to make a seuenth or eighth Case No the seuenth which Grammarians make by an ablatiue case with a preposition is altogether superfluous for no preposition enters into the essence of a case so likewise is their eighth case for it is the datiue put for the accusatiue with the preposition ad * In coelum is not a good interpretation as It clamor coelo i. ad coelum Virg. Quaerere sibi adiumenta honoribus i. ad honores consequendos Cic. Why is the Ablatiue called Latinus Casus Because it is proper to the Latines the Greeks altogether want it How then is it that we finde in Tully lat prepositions which gouerne onely an ablatiue case construed with greeke nounes 'T is true there is such syntaxe found in Tully as 13. Ep. ad Att. Id ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 est remotissimum and elsewhere Prudentia cum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 where the words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 though they be the datiue case take vpon them the nature of the ablatiue Of Gender Doth not the feminine gender sometimes imply the masculine as well as the masculine the feminine Yes hereof are diuers examples in Authors Plaut in Cistell Scen. Nisi quid Eam rem vult suae matri patri c. vbi suae innuit suo Curtius is called Fama by Virg. in Culice Hic Fama vetus nunquam moritura per aeuum Curtius Maiestas vestra is the ordinarie title of a King Potestas doth signifie Magistrates and Iudges Fenest c. 26. De Procuratore Caesaris caeterisque Romanis potestatibus Sueton. in Claud. Caes Iurisdictionem de fidei-commissis quotannis tantum in vrbe delegari magistratibus solitam in perpetuum atque etiam per prouincias potestatibus demandauit So Saint Paul Rom. 13.1 vseth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Beza renders potestates supereminentes to signifie Kings so Nobilitaes is in Lucan put for the Nobilitie or Peeres of a Land Nobilitas cum plebe perit Are all names of Males of the masc gender of Females of the feminine and all nounes that signifie both sexes of both genders No sometimes one and the same gender doth agree to both sexes as is apparant in the names of birds fishes and other creatures whose sexe is not set forth by seuerall wordes as in Passer Aquila Ostreum So Liberi though it bee onely of the masculine gender is put both for sonnes and daughters and mancipium of the neut gender onely signifies a bond-man or a bond-woman a Hee or a Shee captiue Is that a proper speech which is set downe in the English Rudiments the masculine gender is declined with this article Hic No it is very harsh and insolent no gender being the accident of a noune can bee said to bee declined but euery noune which is declinable is declared to bee of the masculine gender hauing the article Hic prefixed Why are articles vsed in Grammar Not to point out an indiuidium or particular Thing or Person nor to distinguish sexe for Grammar considers not the natures of things but the names onely as Lilly himselfe confesseth but to difference one gender from another an article doth not make a noune of such or such a gender but demonstrates it to be so it is not the cause of the gender but the signe Vpon Propria quae maribus Is that marginall note true which the Poser of the Accidence hath in his margent vpon the first generall rule touching proper names viz. Cocytus the name of a Fenne in hell is of the fem gender No I finde it of the masc gender in the most refined Authors Visendus ater flumine languido Cocytus Hor. 2. Car. Inamaenum forte sedebat Cocytum iuxta Stat. 1. Theb. Is that exception of Stockwood to the second generall rule of proper names good viz. that Epidaurus the name of a Citie is of the masc gender No for I finde it of the fem gender in Martial Aereis imposta iugis medicamque Epidaurum How are the proper noune Opus a Citie and the appellatiue Opus a worke distinguished By their genitiue cases Opus the noune proper maketh Opuntis Opus the appellatiue Operis What is contayned in the first generall rule Thus much These all are masculines the names of Gods the names of Men of Moneths of Windes of Floods Are none to be excepted Yes Styx and Lethe which are riuers of hell found in the Poets of the femin gen Styx inde nouem circumflua campo Stat. soporiferae biberem si pocula Lethes Ouid. we need not excuse Lilly by saying they are Fennes not Riuers So Albula of the fem gen as Albula pota Deo where we neede not force a Syncheris the rule must be squared to the examples not the examples to the rule What is contayned in the second generall rule Thus much the names of women Earthly and Diuine of Regions Cities Iles are feminine Are none to be excepted Yes besides those which are expressed these Londinum Eboracum Brundusium Pergamon are of the neut gen as Virg. Miramur Troiae cineres flebile victis Pergamon Of the generall rules of Appellatiues If suber and siler be rightly placed in appellatiua arborum c. how is it that wee finde them againe in the second exception of neuters from the third speciall rule I cannot excuse Lilly herein it is a vaine exception or Tautologie Of Epicens May not the rule sunt etiam volucrum c. be spared Yes as I conceiue for first it belongs not to a Grammarian but to a Philosopher to consider the difference of sexes Secondly the genders of the names of birds wilde beasts and fishes are to bee knowne by the rules following Thirdly if this rule shew the gender of those nounes in the same specified how is that wee finde the genders of them set downe againe of birds as Halcyon Bubo Perdix Phoenix Nycticorax of beasts as Elephas Linx of fish as Halec If all nounes appellatiue ending in um be of the neuter gender according to that rule Omne quod exit in um why doth Lilly say againe in the second exception from the first speciall rule Et quot in on vel in um I thinke that part touching nounes ending in um might be spared and the rule better thus contracted Neutrum nomen in e si gignit Is vt mare rete Et quot in on sea Barbiton Et pelagus lacoethes Hippomanes virus Neutrum modo mas modo vulgus What is the meaning of Inuariabile nomen Not only euery substantiue vndeclined as the Poser of the Accidence speaks but also all nomina 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 viz. all clauses which are the nominatiue case to the verbe as in that clause didicisse fideliter artes Emollit mores didicisse fideliter artes must be conceiued to be of the neuter gender as also all verbs of the infinitiue moode vsed substantiuely whether they come before their verbe or follow after as
Velle suum cuique est Pers Videamus beate viuere vestrum quale sit Cicer. Plaut in Curc sc 1. Ita tuum conferto amare semper si sapis Ne id quod ames populus si sciat tibi sit probro Idem in Bacchid sc Iamdudum Hic vereri perdidit i e verecundiam What doe you thinke of that which is annexed to the first speciall rule Labes labis Pestes pestis Pestes is here set downe by Lilly or I know not who as the nomin case which word is not found in any pure Author nor in any Lexicon and it seemes rather to bee an error of the Composer then a slip of the Printer inasmuch as hee would haue pictis by analogie the gen case of pestes as labis of labes this hath passed in all editions that I haue seene without correction the true nomin case is pestis Doth Lilly speake properly when hee saith Scriba Assecla Lixa c. are the names of men No for in proprietie of speech they are not the names of men but of the offices or imployments of men Is that generally true Mascula graecorum quot declinatio prima fundit c. No for as learned Ramus obserues in his Grammar there be many words borrowed of the Greeks by the Latines which being of the masculine gender and first declension of the Greeks are of the feminine gender in latine Authors which I haue comprized in this Distich Foeminei generis sunt haec Graecanica Charta Gausapa Margarita Catarracta Catapulta Are funis and sentis of the mascul gender Ramus and Stephanus say they are of the Common of two so also Trebell in Prompt Sentis com g. teste Phoca asprae sentes Virg. Aeneid 2. Funis tam masc quam foem teste Gellio lib. 13. citante vers Lucret. Aurea de coelo demisit funis in arua Is rete alwayes of the neuter gender We reade both retis and rete rete is alwayes of the neuter gen retis of the masc Varro this is a noune redundant as also Barbiton for wee reade in Horace Barbitus of the fem gender Age dic Latinum Barbite carmen Carm. l. 1. Ode 32. Is Halcyonis of the doubtfull gender as Lilly beares vs in hand No in this word Lilly was foulely deceiued and by this hath deceiued others First he was deceiued in that hee tooke for a word which did not encrease in the gen case where as it is in true the genitiue case of the nominatiue Halcyon a King-fisher so called because shee buildeth her nest in the Sea and there hatcheth her yong Secondly in that he saith it is of the doubtfull gender where it is alwayes found with a femin epithite as Vir. Dilectae Thetidi Halcyones Nunc ego desertas alloquar Halcyonas Proper Maestae Halcyones lugubre dabant per littora carmen Mant. Secondly hee deceiued others amongst them the Construer of Lillies Rules who swallowed downe this flie putting Halcyonis for a King-fisher and other ordinarie Schoolemasters following him are deceiued also Is ficus for a disease of the doubtfull gender No * Mà rtial Epigr l. 1. Ep. 66. Martial who knew the gender of it better then Lilly saith it is of the a Sic quibusdam è plebe Grammaticis videtur ego autem in Thomae Farnabij viri 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sententiam pedibus eo cuius verba in Notis ad hac Epigramma operaepretium erit recensere Cum nihil hic de genere moueatur neque apud probae notae autorem quempiam reperiatur ficus pro morbo in alio quam foemineo genere vt 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Graeca exponunt è suos liberos famulos pueros delicatos masc gender Dicemus ficus quas scimus in arbore nasci Dicemus ficos Caeciliane tuos What is the meaning of the second speciall rule Nomen crescentis c. The Poser of the Accidence saith this is the meaning that euery noune substantiue coÌ„mon increasing sharpe or long in the gen case that is being lifted vp in pronouncing or pronounced long is of the feminine gender If Lilly meane by syllaba acuta a long syllable with an acute accent vpon it then many of the words put in the rules of exception are in vaine excepted for many of them increase short 'T is very true amongst the masculines excepted these encrease short Sal salis Vir viri Mas maris Pes pedis Grex gregis Phryx phrygis Amongst the doubtfull Scrobs scrobis Grus gruis Amongst the Common of two Dux ducis Bos bouis Sus suis Why doth Lilly say Glis gliris habens genitiuo To distinguish it from Glis glissis Potters clay and Glis glitis a Thistle both which words are of the feminine gender Is not that rule Mascula in er or os faultie Yes and it may bee thus compendiously amended Mascula in er or os seu Crater conditor heros In Dens quale bidens Torens nefrens oriensque Adde gigas elephas adamâ—… garamasque tapesque Atque Lebes magnes hydrops dodransque meridi Es. Phoenix bombyx thorax vervexque coraxque Sunt haec foeminea in n or Syren soror vxor Why doe you turne out of this rule Cures Quae componuntur ab asse vt dodrans semis Mulier Cures is a defectiue as Gabij and Locri. First Cures is no noune appellatiue but a proper name of a towne of the Sabines which is read onely in the plurall number Tutioque seni Curibusque seueris Virg. Secondly Dodrans and Semis are no compounds of As first Dodrans is no compound as appeares by its signification for it doth not signifie nine pounds which it should if it were compounded of dodra and as but nine ounces as also by analogie as of decem and as comes decussis of centum and as centussis so by analogie of dodra and as should result dodrassis not dodrans and herein Lilly forgot what hee had written before in the first exception of the first speciall rule that ab assenata were masculines not encreasing in the genitiue case Secondly semis is not found in any pure Writer as a simple word it is not the nom case of Semissis but semissis is it selfe the nom case compounded of semi and as which semi is alwayes found in composition as Semianimis semivivus semicircularis semipedalis Semibouemque virum semivirumque bouem Ouid. and is deriued of the greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which being turned into latine in stead of the asper spiritus doth prefixe s as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 super 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sylua Thirdly Mulier though in moderne Poets it bee made to encrease long yet in truth it doth increase short and so the best Criticks pronounce it that it increaseth short may bee thus confirmed First it is found the last word in many verses in Terence which doe commonly end in an Iambicke foote Secondly it is found in any place of Virgil or
Ouids works in any oblique case and it is more then probable that a word of such common vse would not haue beene baulked by them had not the three first syllables in the oblique cases made a tribrachus of which their verses are altogether vncapable Thirdly that Iambick Scazon in Martial where erum makes an Iambus for a Scazon neuer admits of a spondaeus in the second odde place put all out of doubt Amethystinasque mulierum vocat vestes Is perdix of the doubtfull gender It can scarce bee found in any Author of the masculine gender ordinarily of the femin as Ouid. Garrula ramosa prospexit ab ilice perdix Mart. Et picta perdix Mant. Daedala perdix c. How may that rule Sunt commune parens c. be bettered Thus Communis generis sunt haec infans adolescens Dux illex haeres exlex autorque parensque Latro cliens custos bos fur sus atque Sacerdos Why is Bifrons turned out Because though it bee sometimes vsed substantiuely yet indeed it is an adiectiue an epithite of Ianus Saturnusque senex Iunique bifrontis imago Virg. Is autor vsed onely concerning Persons No somtimes concerning Things as Multi ingenio sibi autore dignitatem pepererunt Cic. Calor autor leuitatis Cometa sideris autoris sui sequitur naturam Scal. Is Presbyter which is called in Grāmar Vox Ecclesiastica a good word or no No it hath beene vsed by modern writers but is in truth a barbarous word the true latine word is Presbyterus borrowed of the greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 What feminines are excepted from the third speciall rule Ordo though it make Dinis is of the masc gen because it is not an hyperdissyllabon and Macedo is of the masc gender because though it be an hyperdissyll yet it makes donis not dinis in the genitiue case In Do vel Go Nomina hyperdisyllaba gignunt Quae Dinis atque Ginis sicut dulcedo propago To which these may more compleatly bee added Virgo grando fides compes teges arbor amazon Bacchar hyems mulier syndon gorgon seges icon What doe you thinke of that rule Graecula in as c. caspis cassis cuspis I thinke that therein Lilly was in part deceiued for cassis and cuspis are originally latine words not to bee found in any greeke Lexicographer Is euery word signifying a thing without life ending in a of the neuter gender Yes if it encrease short in the genitiue case How is then that many Grammarians haue affirmed that polenta though it encrease not at all in the genitiue case is of the neuter gender It is true Alexander Sulpitius Nebrissensis Baptista Pius and Calepine affirme so and Mantuan being deceiued by the Grammarians of his time did vse it so saying Montibus artocreas pingue polenta comedi But in Apuleius wee finde polentae caseatae offula In Varro Obijciunt his polentam hordeaceam the error arose first from the misse-construction of that verse in Ouids Metam Dulce dedit testa quod coxerat ante polenta they coosined with a comma after ante put in by the non-intelligent Printer thought polenta the accusatiue which was the ablatiue as if the Poet had meant dedit dulce polenta which if it bee searcht into will be found non-sense for polenta signifieth dried barly with which beere is brewed but is not of it selfe any liquid thing which may bee drunke the verse is thus to bee construed Dedit dulce .i. dulcem potum Shee gaue to Ceres sweet drinke quod coxerat ante polenta which before shee had boyled with dried barly Ouid takes dulce here in the neuter gender substantiuely as afterwards liquidum Iuuenemque cum liquido mixta perfudit Diua polenta Vide Raphaelem Regium Ouidij Interp. in 5. Metam Ceres besprinkled the impudent boy which derided her with the drie barly mingled with the liquor so Niniuita If verber be read Robinson contradicts Lilly affirming that onely verberis and verbere are read It is no maruell though they disagree since in patching vp our Grammar they did not conferre their notes together Doth iter belong to the rule of neutrall words excepted from the third speciall rule since it is declined iter itineris whereas those which encrease in the genitiue case are to exceede the nom onely in one syllable and not in two The genitiue case Itineris is of an old word Itiner which is growne out of vse not of iter which is succeeded in its roome Pecus pecoris seemes to bee of the fem gender as well as pecus pecudis by that verse of Ouid. Hoc Pecus omne meum multae stabulantur in antris Multae in this verse doth not agree with pecora but pecudes vnderstood What is the meaning of Onyx cum prole That onyx with the off-spring or compound thereof Sardonyx is of the doubtfull gender Is it any where found in the feminine gender No where alwayes in the masc Et crocino nares myrrhcus vngat onyx Propert. In dextra candidus ardet onyx c. Are Augur and Aruspex vsed in the fem gender as well as in the masc I doe not thinke any example can be shewed where they are vsed in the feminine gender the Romanes had a Colledge of Augurs but wee neuer reade of any woman admitted fellow there Plautus would not vse Haruspex for a Shee-diuiner but Haraspica Is princeps alwayes a substantiue of the common of two as it is in Lilly I thinke that it is primarily a substantiuely yet vsed sometime in the roome and place of an adiectiue as in that verse of Horace Principibus placuisse viris non vltima laus est Of the first declension Doe all nounes of the first declension ending in a make the genitiue in ae No for wee reade Paterfamilias Materfamilias Filius familias in the gen euen in the best and purest Authors and in the Ancients vias terras the genitiue of via terra Why did they write so In imitation of the Greekes amongst whom all substantiues ending in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and α with a vowell before it forme the genitiue case by as It seemes that some latine words end in am as well as Hebrew in the nom case I reade in Plautus Ego patriam te rogo quae sit tua where patriam seemes to be the nominatiue case for if the sentence bee construed the words must bee placed thus Rogo te quae sit patriam tua The words cannot bee so placed but here is an Antiptosis the accusatiue put for the nominatiue patriam for patria If all nounes of the first declension in as make the vocatiue in a how is it that we reade in Terence Pythias in the vocatiue case Quid festinas aut quem quaeris Pythias in Eun. Act. 4. sc 3. In this there is an Atticisme the Atticks in all declensions make the vocatiue like the nominatiue and yet we finde regularly in the
same Scene Paululum si cessassem Pythia domi non offendissem Are à Musa à Magistro ablatiue cases The vulgar GraÌ„marians confound Syntaxis with Etymologie when in declining a noune that say in the ablat ab hac Musa ab hoc Magistro this is construction not declining if they will say the preposition is prefixed onely as a signe I answere that this signe is nor perpetuall this appeares in Siquis ecquis Nequis nunquis for none will say à siquo ab ecquo à nequo à nunquo Goclen problem Gram. l. 1. p. 24. Doth not anima sometimes make the datiue and ablatiue cases plurall in abus as well as Dea liberâ—a c. Yes and sometimes in is also for we reade in Cicero Tullius Terentiae Pater Tulliolae duabus animis suis salutem dicit Doe not words of the first declension make the datiue and ablatiue cases plurall regularly in is Yes but these which follow are to bee excepted whereof some make is and abus as nounes redundant others abus onely which for the helpe of memorie I haue reduced into this distich Filia nata anima is faciunt atque abus at abus Tantùm Ambae atque duae liberta equa sic dea mula Of the second Declension How many terminations bee there of the second declension Eight the examples of them I haue compiled in this Hexameter TemplVM annVS vIR apER SatVR OrphEVS IliON ArgOS Is there an imitation of the Attick dialect of the Greekes which formes the vocatiue like to the nominatiue in that verse of Ouid. Latmius Endymion non est tibi luna rubori as Lilly supposeth I see no reason for that supposall for Latmius Endymion is the nominatiue case to the verbe est not the vocatiue the Poet according to the true originall copie doth not direct his speech to Endymion but to the Moone the meaning is that Diana was not ashamed to descend to the louing embracements of Endymion on the hill Latmus Endymion was an Astronomer and for the cleerer sight of the starres did often goe to the top of that mountaine which gaue hint to the fable What words bee those of the second declension which make the vocatiue in e and in us These sixe which to helpe the memorie I haue comprized in this verse Haec vulgus lucus populus fluuius chorus agnus Doe not Quercus and Laurus forme the vocatiue in e or us as well as these Yes but not in the same respect for they forme the vocatiue in e as of the second declension and in us as of the fourth declension Doth vulgus make the vocatiue in e and in us as of the masc gender No it hath that double termination in a double consideration as it makes e in the voc it is of the masc gender as us of the neuter and here also may be noted that the ending of the rest of the nounes in us in the vocatiue case is an Archaisme How doe greeke words in os as Logos make the vocatiue As the latine words in us regularly What is the reason that Panthus and Oedipus make the vocatiue in u Because they come of greek words in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which make â—… in the vocatiue which is rendred in latine by u. Of the third Declension What nounes of the third declension make the accusatiue case in im onely These which for memories sake may thus rime Vim rauim sitim tussim Charybdim maguderim amussim What nounes make the accusatiue both in im and in em These Im Em. faciunt febris buris Peluis puppis securis Torquis turris aqualis nauis Et bipennis restis clauis If the genitiue case of the third declension end in is how comes it to passe that wee reade duri miles Vlyssi Immitis Achilli Concerning Vlyssi which Virg vseth in the genitine case in the second of his Aeneid and the same is to bee said also of Achilli wee must obserue that it is of the third declension of the contracts amongst the Greekes whose nom ending in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and genit in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Vlysseus Vlysseos the ancient Grammarians were wont to diuide 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into two syllables whose genitiue they made 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 diuided also as Vlyssëus Vlyssëi and the vowels so diuided they did againe contract into the diphthong 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Synecphonesis as Vlysses for Vlyssei and afterward by Synaeresis they pronounced the diphthong by i as Vlyssi for Vlyssei Doe any nounes of the third declension decrease in the genitiue case No those that imagine that Iupiter makes Iouis in the genitiue case are deceiued and those that decline it so may as well say Nom. Phoebus Gen. Apollinis saith the Grammarian Probus Institut l. 2. Iupiter is a Synonymon of the ancient nominat case Iouis which was declined Iouis in the genitiue case also but now the nominatiue is out of vse and Iupiter vsed in stead of it but the other cases keepe their ancient forme Is that rule of Lilly generally true that Adiectiues except those which end in is and en and make e in the neuter gender make the ablatiue both e and i No for adiectiues ending in ns doe not make the ablatiue promiscuously in e or i in this we must be very obseruant of the vse of authors we may say me perlubente me imprudente but we may not say me perlubenti me imprudenti neither may we say gaudenti libenti patienti absenti illo factum est for the ablatiue of the participle of the present tense being ioyned with another word put absolutely ends onely in e yet wee may say in another kinde of construction animo Gaudenti patienti laetanti faciam Goclen probl gram l. 1. pag. 16. Is that rule of Lillie generally true Comparatiua bifariam facient ablativum in e vel i No the comparatiues of the foeminine gender doe most commonly make the ablatiue in e as laetiore fame secundiore fortuna vocis contentione maiore grauitate acriore commodiore valetudine longiore via Comparatiues of the neuter gender most commonly make the ablatiue in i as a Marori a Pari a fortiori ardentiori studio Cic. vide Goclen ibid. Of the fourth Declension What words of the fourth declension make the datiue and the ablatiue cases plural in ubus These comprehended in this distich for memory sake Haec in vbus ficus portus partus specus arcus Sic lacus atque veru sic quercus acus tribus artus Of the fift Declension Is plebes plebei to be vsed by any one that would write purely No it was a word anciently vsed but now is exolete if plebs be a noune redundant as Robinson saith then plebes must be the other nominatiue case not plebis as he saith in his rules of Heteroclits plebis is no where found but in the genitiue of plebs Vpon Quaegenus c.
What doe you thinke of that rule Haec genus ac partim flexum variantia c. I thinke it might very well haue beene spared Pergama seemes to be the plurall of Pergamon found in Virg. rather then of Pergamus Some say that supellectilia is the plural of supellex but is scarce to be found in any pure author it fell not within the verge of the reading of the composer of these rules and therefore hee saith Quod nisi plurali careut c. What are nounes aptote Not such as haue no cases but such as doe not admit of difference of terminations in oblique cases they are deriued of α a priuatiue particle and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cado Are cornu and genu such Yes Yet we reade that these haue other terminations as cornuum cornibus genuum genibus The rule is to be vnderstood of these in the singular not in the plurall number What part of speech is fas A noune adiectiue vsed onely in the neuter gender and of the same natue is nefas If Instar be a noune as Robinson saith how comes it to passe that in the syntaxis of aduerbs we finde this rule Instar aequiparationem mensuram c. significat c. It is an euident contradiction and no maruell since our Grammer is a Cento made vp of the shreds of seuerall men Is not the rule touching Triptots faultie Yes first in that hee saith frugis and ditionis want their nominatiue cases whereas fruges and ditio are found in good authors and are not scrupulously to be refused Secondly in that he saith opis hath the plurall number compleate and perfect it is true opes is read in all cases in the plurall number but it hath not any respect to opis but is a fcminine plurall wanting the singular number and is to be referred to that rule Haec sunt faeminei generis numerique secundi c. Againe the significations of opis opes though they haue some kinred yet they differ much opis helpe opes riches If he will say that opis hath the plurall number hee may as well say that delicium hath the plurall number also for deliciae is euery where read and that Tricae apinae plugae hath the singular number for trica apina pluga are found frequently in the singular number in different signification Doth omnis want the vocatiue case No we read in the Poet Dijque Deaeque omnes O all ye Gods and Goddesses Haue no Pronounes the vocatiue case but onely noster nostras meus tu Yes Ipse hath the vocatiue case also as in the Poet Ipse meas aether suscipe summe preces How may Robinsons rule be mended Thus Et Pronomina praeter Quinque notanda Meus tu nostras noster ipse What Nounes want the plurall number All or the most part that for breuitie sake are comprised in this distich 1. Propria 2. Virtutes 3. Artes 4. Pensa 5. Vda 6. Figura 7. Morbi 8. Herbae 9. Vitia 10. Aetates 11. Frumenta 12. Metella 1. As Thomas Richardus 2. Prudentia Iustitia 3. Grammatica Logica 4. Piper Saccharum 5. Aromatices 6. Synecdoche Metaphora 7. Podagra Cephalalgia 8. Amaranthus Amaracus 9. Desidia Auaritia 10. Iuuenta Senecta 11. triticum 12. aurum ferrum Is not sanguis read in the plurall number Yes in ecclesiasticall writers but then the word is forced to expresse an Hebraisme as vir sanguinum Lilly saith that nemo is of the common of two Robinson that it is of the masculine gender what doe you thinke of their variance Phocas and other Grammarians side with Robinson and they adde that Homo also is of the masculine gender of which nemo is a compound Neither of these nounes are found with an adiectiue of the feminine gender it is true that Terence hath in his Andria Scio neminem peperisse hic and Virg. nec vox hominem sonat speaking of Venus and Sulpicius in an Epistle to Cicero wherein hee comforts him for the death of his daughter Tullia hath these words Quae si iam diem suum non obijsset paulo post tam ei moriendū fuit quam homo nata erat where nata doth not agree with homo but Tullia vnderstood and the deriuatiue humanus is attributed to a woman in Horace Humano capite to a womans head ceruicem pictor equinam Iungere si vellet c. as appeares by what followes mulier formosa supernè but hence cannot be any infallible conclusion drawne that Homo is of the feminine gender and so neither by consequence that nemo is of that gender in this let euery one follow what hee himselfe seeth best grounds for Is it true that Cassida ae is formed of Cassida the accusatiue case of a Greek word Cassis cassidos as Panthera of Panther as Robinson would perswade vs. No he and his brother Lilly herein draw in the same line of error cassis is primitiuely a latine word Is that true which Robinson hath in his rules of redundant nounes that ador and ados are both read in the nominatiue case No for ador is onely to be found not ados the rule may be corrected by putting odor for ador odos for ados for both these words are read in good authors Are puber and pubes of the same signification as Robinson tels vs No pubes is properly a signe of ripenesse of age in men at foureteene yeeres in women at twelue but puber signifies one that hath arriued at those yeeres May those luxuriant adiectiues which are deriued of Arma iugum neruus c. be vsed promiscuously No for though they be found in old writers yet many of them are reiected by those which haue refined the Latine tongue we must not vse inermus so frequently as inermis nor sublimus but sublimis nor procliuus but procliuis not synceris but syncerus onely not imbellus but imbellis Of Adiectiues and their Comparisons How many terminations be there of adiectiues in the positiue degree Nine all adiectiues end as one of these adiectiues SoleRS excelleNS locuplES sublimIS audAX BelligER atque satVR prefulgidVS atque Rauenn AS and here wee may note by the way that Rauennas Arpinas are declined as Nostras Is vnus neuer vsed in the plurall number except it be ioyned with a word which wanteth the singular number Yes among the Poets who for verse sake often vse the plurall number for the singular as Virg satis vna superque vidimus excidia What adiectiues be there which may be encreased or diminished in signification and yet are not compared in pure writers These Vulgaris vetulus balbus syluester equester Delirus crispus claudus canusque canorus Gallicus atque cicur memor almus caluus egenus c. What adiectiues are not compared at all by a proper comparison 1. Those that end in us purum as egregius 2. Participials in dus as colendus which is vsed by some in the superlatiue colendissimus
and Tu are onely of the first and onely of the second person Why may not Egomet Tute Isthic Illic bee numbred among the demonstratiues as well as Idem among the relatiues I see no reason to the contrarie if it had pleased the Composer of the Accidence so to haue ranked them if composition excludes them it excludes Idem also Of a Verbe No sentence or proposition can bee a part of speech how can a verbe then bee a part of speech since it is a sentence All verbes of the first or second person are sentences as also all verbes of the third person as often as a certaine person is vnderstood as pluit ningit grandinat Deus scilicet vel natura vel aliquid simile Such propositions as these the Logicians call implicite which are resolued into explicite propositions by supplying the nominatiue case and resoluing the verbe into a participle of the present tense with the verbe sum thus scribo .i. ego sum scribens pugnas tu es pugnans pluit coelum est pluens c. an explicite proposition cannot bee a part of speech but an implicite may forasmuch as it cannot bee compleate without a supplement What is a verbe deponent Such a verbe as amongst ancient Authors was a verbe Commune and had both actiue and passiue signification but now amongst purer writers deposuit hath laid off that nature and signifies onely actiuely hauing a passiue termination as meditor obliuiscor aggredior c. Is that true in the Accidence such verbes as haue no persons are called impersonals No Impersonals are not so called because they haue no persons for they haue as wee see very many of them the voyce of the third person both actiue and passiue but because they haue not any certaine signification either of number or person vnlesse some noune or pronoune be ioyned to them in an oblique case as oportet me seemes to be of the first person and singular number Oportet nos of the first person plurall Oportet te of the second person singular Oportet vos of the second person plurall So Lilly Are verbes Commune now in vse Very few we shall scarce finde any verbes in pure Writers that signifie both actiuely and passiuely there were such amongst the Ancients which in signification did answere the meane voyce of the Greekes as Linacer is of opinion Doth the Indicatiue Moode shew a reason true or false as the Accidence defines it No for when I say Amo I loue I make a simple affirmation by this word not any confirmation of ought by reason Is not there a plaine contradiction in Lilly touching the potentiall Moode Yes in his Etymologie touching the moods of a verbe hee hath these words Potentialis neque vllum aduerbium adiunctum habet neque coniunctionem In the Syntaxis of an aduerbe these Dum pro dummodo alias potententiali alias subiunctiuo nectitur In the Syntaxis of a coniunction these Vt causalis seu perfectiua coniunctio c. nunc potentiali nunc subiunctiuo iungitur an euident contradiction Is that true which is in the Accidence the subiunctiue mood hath euermore some coniunction ioyned with him as Cum amarem When I loued No in this speech there are two errors First the subiunctiue hath sometimes an aduerbe ioyned with him as Lilly affirmes in his Syntaxis of Aduerbes Vbi postquam c. interdum indicatiuis interdum subiunctiuis verbis apponuntur Againe Simulac c. ind sub adhaerent Secondly there is an errour in the example For when Cum signifieth When it is not a coniunction but an aduerbe of Time so saith Lilly Vbi postquam cùm temporis aduerbia c. Cùm canerem reges c. Virg. To what purpose are the potentiall and subiunctiue Moodes since without these there is a perfect formation of verbs made If you respect the naked manner of forming and difference of termination they doe not at all differ but if you respect the signification of which to the right interpretation of Authors there is great consideration to be had the vse of these Moodes is very necessarie If the Infinitiue Moode haue neither number nor person nor nominatiue case before it to what purpose is that first exception from verbum personale c. placed in the first Concord viz. Verba infiniti modi pro nominatiuo accusatiuum ante se statuunt I thinke that that exception is altogether superfluous for how can a verbe which hath no person nor number make an exception from a verbe which hath both number and person it is in effect as if Lilly had said from this rule can none bee excepted but such as are not capable of exception Whence hath the word Tense its originall From the French word temps which signifies Time which is pronounced Tans and so Tense The common and receiued diuision of Time is in praesens praeteritum futurum how comes it to passe then that Grammar makes fiue Tenses or Times The Philosophers speake otherwise then the Grammarians the Philosophers searching more narrowly into the truth and nature of things diuide all Time into that which is past present and to come because if wee would speake precisely all Time either is now or hath beene or shall bee hereafter but the Grammarians who doe not so strictly and exactly weigh the natures of things haue made for more facilitie in teaching fiue Tenses of latine verbes according to the proprietie of the language The Greekes haue eight Tenses not according to the truth of the matter but according to the vse and proprietie of their tongue What doe you thinke of this passage in Lilly Futurum quo res in futuro gerenda significatur Hic promissivus modus à nonnullis vocatur It is very faultie First here is confusion of termes for modus is here put for tempus Secondly the particle Hic hath reference to futurum and so there is a solaecisme or at least a solaecophanes it may bee thus corrected Hoc tempus à nonnullis vocatur promissivum If Deleo and Impleo be compound verbes whose simples are out of vse how is it that wee finde in As in praesenti this Leo les leui indeque natum Deleo deleui pleo ples pleui Lilly did not well in concealing or omitting the abrogation and extermination of these wordes out of the latine tongue we may not vse these out of composition any more then specio lacio or cumbo Doth Edormisco signifie incohation or beginning of action No it is put for a verbe incohatiue by Lilly but it doth not signifie to begin to sleepe but to sleepe so long vntill the vapours arising from wine are dispersed so in Terence in Adelp Edormiscam hoc villi like to this verb are many others which though they end in sco yet doe not signifie beginning of action or passion which is euident because the Orators Poets and Historians set before some of them the verbs Caepi incipio incepto before others the
aduerbe is a simple single word these are sentences they belong to the Syntaxis not Etymologie Of Coniunctions Is not it a contradiction in adiecto to say a coniunction disiunctiue No for a coniunction disiunctiue conioynes the words by disioyning the matter Doth Lilly speake logically when he saith sunt dictiones que nunc aduerbia nunc coniunctiones nunc praepositiones esse inueniuntur vt cum No for there is no other word of that nature except Come He herein speaks like that Grammarian who made this rule in ol masc Suut vt Sol. whereas it should haue run thus in ol vnicum masculinum est vt Sol. Is que alwayes an Encliticke No wee finde it sometimes put before the word it couples as that Epitaph of Tibullus Hic iacet immiti consumptus morte Tibullus Messalam terra dùm sequitur que mari And in Virg Ipse ego cana legam tenera lanugine mala Castaneas que nuces i. Castaneas nuces Castaneae and nuces are distinguished as saith Plinie l. 15. c. 28. and so they are here too as Scal. thinke de C. LL. l. 12. c. 177. Ouid. l. 2. de Arte alluding to this verse makes a distinction betwixt them Affert aut vras aut quas Amacillis amabit Et nunc castaneas nunc amat illa nuces Of a Preposition Did Lilly doe well to handle the regimen of Prepositions in Etymologie No herein he confounds Etymologie and Syntaxis Of an Interiection Why is an Interiection so called Quod interijciatur because it is cast in as a sodaine eiaculation expressing in an abrupt fashion some passion of the minde Of SYNTAXIS WHence hath Syntaxis its name From the Greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 con and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ordinatio because therein is set out the fit and regular coordination and structure of simple words in clauses and sentences Of the first Concord What doe you thinke of the second exception from verbum personale viz. Impersonalia praecedentem c. I thinke it might be spared as well as the first either this place is improper to treate of impersonals or else there is a tautologie in repeating the same rule afterward nay to speak truth this exception is absurd it is in effect thus much all verbes personall agree with their nom cases in number and person except verbes impersonall which are altogether vncapable of a nominatiue case before them which is plaine non-sence Are not nounes which are not collectiues sometimes construed as if they were such Yes as for example Plaut in Bacchid Scen. Meamne Et ego Chrysalus te illum mactamus infortunio the Pronoune ego here is comprehensiue as if Chrysalus being one did oppose himselfe against two and that hee might match them he speaks of himselfe as of two Scal. de Caus L. L. l. 6. c. 30. Virg 9. Aeneid Vos o Calliope precor aspicâ—…e canenti Alcmena in Plaut Amph. Sc. Satin speaking to Amphitruo alone saith Quis igitur nisi vos The person of a King represents many thence that forme Nos Iacobus Dei gratia c. mandamus Is not sometimes the number of the verbs varied in the same comma though referred to the same thing Yes so we read in Tully ad Att. l. 1. Ep. 2. Nunc fac vt sciam quo die te visuri sumus Of the second Concord May not an adiectiue put after two substantiues of diuers genders or numbers sometimes agree with the latter as well as with the former Yes the adiectiue may sometimes indifferently accord with either of the substantiues for we finde in Tully Non omnis error stultitia est dicenda and in Liuy Gens vniuersa veneti appellati Is not an adiectiue sometimes put alone as it were a substantiue whose substantiue is to be vnderstood and supplied Yes and that very elegantly so we reade tribuo tibi primas .i. primas partes Amplecti ambabus .i. ambabus manibus Aspergere frigida .i. frigida aqua it is an immitation of the Greekes who say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .i. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ad rectam .i. lineam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab vna .i. voce What if two adiectiues concur together in the same sentence Then one of them putteth on the nature of a substantiue Crudelem medicum intemperans aeger faeit here aeger is taken substantiuely If that the adiectiue is to agree with the substantiue in case gender and number what thinke you of these examples which seeme to ouerthrow that rule est quod speremus Deos bonis benefacturum Aruspices dixerunt omnia ex sententia processurum Non putaui haec eam facturum Peter Ramus in his Grammaticall Scholia's saith that in these and in such like examples those wordes which seeme to be Participles are indeed verbs of the infinitiue moode and future tense of the actiue forme hauing esse vnderstood in cuius sententiam pedibus eo Is that true latine in Plautus where he calls Venus Deum indignam In Paen. in Scen. Dij illum Yes the Heathen did thinke all their gods were both Male and Female according to that of Orpheus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iupiter mas est nescia foemina mortis So Venus and other goddesses haue the title Deus giuen to them so Virg. l. 2. Aeneid Descendo ac ducente Deo flammam inter hostes Expedior Macrob Sat. 3. c. 7. saith it is so to bee read Idem Aeneid 2. Pollentemque Deum Venerem Seruius and Acterianus doe approue of that reading Heu fortuna quis est crudelior in nos Te Deus Hor. 2. Ser. 8. Lucret. l. 2. Terram Deum matrem appellat Sequitur superbos vltor à tergo Deus .i. Nemesis Senec. Virg. Aeneid 7. Alecto Deus appellatur Nec dextrae erranti Deus abfuit In like manner Iustinian for his effeminatenesse was called Vxorius and Liuia for her wisedome was stiled Stolatus Vlysses Suet. vide Robig Lex Crit. l. 4. c. 17. Are not two or three adiectiues sometimes ioyned to one substantiue Yes as for example Crispisulcans igneum fulmen Cic. Ob egregiam insignem fidem Idem Ad domesticae eximiae eius fiduciae acta veniamus Val. Max. Sanctissimus genealis torus Idem Pulcherrima praepes Laeua volauit auis Ennius apud Cic. de Diuin Are not somtimes two adiectiues coupled together vsed for one Yes as for example Sarta-tecta praecepta Plaut Purus-putus asinus Varro apud Nonium Novum-vetus vinum bibo Varro Nouo-veteri morbo medeor Idem So Deus optimus-maximus Graio-Graeci Ennius apud Festum Ruta-caesa apud Ies Of the third Concord If the Relatiue agree with the Antecedent in Gender Number and Person how is it that we finde in Terence Vbi est ille scelus qui me perdidit Qui the Relatiue is of the mascul gender and scelus the Antecedent of the neuter Scelus is here put for scelestus as elsewhere Senium for Senex by a Metonymie of the adjunct so the sense is