absence_n of_o the_o owner_n and_o be_v either_o crand_n or_o petite_fw-fr according_o to_o the_o thing_n take_v grand_fw-fr be_v when_o the_o movable_a that_o be_v steal_v exceed_v the_o value_n of_o twelve_o penny_n petite_fw-fr be_v when_o it_o be_v under_o the_o value_n larc_n value_n westm_n l._n 2._o tit_n indictment_n s._n 58._o spec._n justice_n l._n 1._o c._n larc_n robbery_n be_v when_o it_o be_v take_v from_o the_o person_n or_o in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o owner_n 60._o owner_n west_n ib._n s._n 60._o 3._o every_o theft_n with_o we_o be_v a_o public_a crime_n for_o petite_fw-fr larceny_n though_o it_o be_v not_o punishable_a with_o death_n but_o with_o imprisonment_n and_o stripe_n be_v according_a to_o some_o account_v felony_n coron_n felony_n bro._n coron_n though_o other_o be_v of_o contrary_a judgement_n 15._o judgement_n stam._n pl._n coron_n l._n 1._o c._n 15._o wherefore_o we_o shall_v refer_v this_o â—ather_n to_o the_o order_n of_o public_a judgement_n 4._o yet_o we_o have_v think_v fit_a to_o observe_v here_o that_o it_o be_v in_o his_o choice_n who_o lose_v any_o thing_n by_o theft_n whether_o he_o will_v prosecute_v the_o party_n civil_o or_o criminal_o for_o dissemble_v the_o theft_n he_o may_v suppose_v the_o thief_n to_o have_v find_v the_o thing_n by_o accident_n and_o so_o detain_v it_o to_o himself_o and_o so_o recover_v the_o thing_n itself_o or_o its_o value_n 5._o value_n trover_n in_o book_n of_o entr._n brac._n l._n 5._o tr_fw-la 5._o c._n 31._o n._n 2._o flet._n l._n 1._o c._n 38._o dyer_n fol._n 50._o n._n 5._o but_o of_o criminal_a prosecution_n we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o of_o thing_n take_v by_o force_n tit._n ii_o the_o word_n trespass_n have_v a_o very_a large_a latitude_n and_o comprehend_v every_o violation_n of_o the_o law_n but_o our_o discreet_a lawyer_n call_v only_o private_a crime_n trespass_n and_o make_v distinction_n even_o among_o these_o for_o those_o who_o be_v accompany_v with_o force_n be_v trespass_n more_o proper_o 4._o proper_o f._n n._n b._n 85._o g._n fle._n l._n 4._o c._n 4._o yet_o they_o call_v other_o trespass_n likewise_o from_o the_o species_n of_o a_o unlawful_a act_n though_o not_o violent_a but_o accidental_a or_o to_o use_v their_o own_o word_n suâ—…_n casu_fw-la case_n casu_fw-la f._n n._n b._n foe_n 92._o e._n term_n v._o action_n sur_fw-fr le_fw-fr case_n whence_o the_o form_n of_o action_n in_o the_o first_o case_n have_v always_o these_o word_n vi_fw-la &_o armis_fw-la and_o in_o the_o second_o contra_fw-la paâ—…_n but_o the_o plaintiff_n may_v if_o he_o please_v dissemble_v the_o force_n as_o where_o he_o bring_v his_o action_n in_o the_o sheriff_n court_n who_o have_v no_o cognisance_n de_fw-fr vi_fw-la &_o armis_fw-la and_o though_o he_o feign_v a_o lesser_a trespass_n when_o real_o it_o be_v great_a yet_o he_o shall_v recover_v damage_n and_o this_o seem_v the_o reason_n why_o our_o writer_n do_v so_o often_o confound_v and_o treat_v promiscuous_o of_o these_o trespass_n which_o be_v of_o a_o different_a nature_n 92._o nature_n n._n boh_o entry_n tresp_n 85._o trespass_n sur_fw-fr le_fw-fr case_n 92._o now_o we_o have_v think_v it_o congruous_a enough_o to_o refer_v violent_a trespass_n to_o the_o title_n of_o thing_n take_v by_o force_n and_o the_o other_o to_o the_o two_o follow_a title_n for_o since_o the_o roman_a law_n make_v the_o subject_n of_o these_o trespass_n which_o our_o law_n of_o england_n divide_v only_o into_o two_o head_n if_o threefold_a lest_o it_o not_o seem_v strange_a that_o i_o refer_v some_o case_n which_o beside_o the_o force_n affix_v a_o contumely_n also_o upon_o the_o person_n injure_v to_o a_o three_o title_n 1._o now_o the_o action_n for_o good_n take_v by_o force_n or_o de_fw-fr vi_fw-mi &_o aâ—mâ—s_fw-la lie_v as_o well_o for_o thing_n take_v by_o force_n which_o be_v inanimate_a as_o cat_n plough_n etc._n etc._n as_o thing_n animate_v as_o ox_n sheep_n and_o those_o not_o only_o tame_v but_o wild_a also_o if_o they_o be_v in_o our_o custody_n and_o jurisdiction_n as_o coney_n which_o be_v in_o our_o warren_n k._n warren_n f._n n._n b._n 89._o k._n and_o pigeon_n in_o our_o columbary_n a._n columbary_n id._n 86_o a._n so_o also_o for_o our_o servant_n i._n servant_n id._n 88_o d._n i._n and_o for_o apprentice_n i._o apprentice_n id._n 91._o i._o for_o wife_n draw_v away_o with_o their_o husband_n good_n o._n good_n id._n 89._o o._n for_o the_o steal_v away_o of_o a_o son_n or_o a_o daughter_n who_o be_v a_o heir_n and_o marry_v they_o with_o any_o one_o without_o our_o consent_n h._n consent_n id._n 90._o h._n for_o quantity_n as_o many_o m._n many_o id._n 87._o m._n for_o good_n of_o felon_n take_v out_o of_o our_o liberty_n f._n liberty_n id._n 91._o f._n for_o weif_n and_o stray_v drive_v or_o carry_v out_o of_o our_o fe_n wrong_n fe_n id._n 91._o b._n new_a â—oo_o entr._n trespass_n bro._n tresp_n fulb._n wrong_n 2._o and_o this_o action_n be_v give_v for_o the_o repair_n the_o loss_n lustain_v &_o that_o not_o only_o against_o the_o party_n that_o do_v it_o but_o against_o those_o that_o command_v the_o do_v of_o it_o as_o in_o every_o trespass_n upon_o the_o case_n 9_o case_n dr._n stu._n l._n 1._o c._n 9_o but_o not_o against_o the_o executor_n of_o the_o trespassor_n 10._o trespassor_n id._n l._n 2._o c._n 10._o nor_o his_o heir_n 4._o heir_n brac._n l._n 3._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 4._o n._n 4._o because_o it_o be_v personal_a and_o penal_a of_o the_o aquilian_a law_n tit._n iii_o trespass_n upon_o the_o case_n be_v that_o which_o either_o bring_v damage_n to_o the_o person_n injure_v or_o disgrace_n and_o contumely_n with_o the_o damage_n and_o this_o the_o civilian_n comprehend_v under_o the_o title_n of_o the_o aquilian_a law_n be_v cause_n cain_n aquilius_n be_v the_o author_n be_v tribune_n of_o the_o people_n of_o this_o popular_a law_n by_o which_o these_o trespass_n be_v punish_v though_o they_o refer_v this_o to_o the_o title_n of_o injury_n 1._o now_o he_o who_o damnify_v the_o estate_n of_o condition_n of_o another_o commit_v a_o trespass_n upon_o the_o case_n as_o for_o example_n where_o a_o sheriff_n by_o a_o writ_n direct_v to_o he_o take_v a_o debtor_n and_o afterward_o let_v he_o escape_v c._n escape_v f._n n._n b._n foe_o 93._o a._n c._n or_o upon_o his_o return_n make_v false_a information_n to_o the_o court_n that_o the_o party_n have_v no_o land_n or_o any_o thing_n else_o in_o his_o bailiwick_n whereby_o he_o may_v be_v distrain_v and_o so_o become_v the_o occasion_n of_o the_o take_n of_o his_o body_n b._n body_n id._n ib_o b._n so_o also_o he_o who_o fix_v stake_n in_o any_o water_n whereby_o another_o ship_n or_o vessel_n lade_v with_o corn_n or_o other_o merchandise_n be_v overturn_v f_o overturn_v id._n 92_o f_o moreover_o a_o attorney_n or_o counsellor_n at_o law_n who_o through_o ignorance_n or_o deceit_n joose_v his_o client_n cause_n attorney_n cause_n bo_o entr._n action_n sur_fw-fr le_fw-fr case_n in_o attorney_n a_o barber_n who_o shave_v another_o beard_n ill_a or_o with_o a_o foul_a raisor_n barber_n raisor_n id_fw-la in_o barber_n a_o physician_n or_o chirurgeon_n who_o either_o ignorant_o or_o malicious_o handle_v a_o sick_a or_o wound_a person_n phisi_fw-la person_n id._n in_o phisi_fw-la a_o gaoler_n who_o use_v a_o prisoner_n more_o hardly_o than_o he_o ought_v 93._o ought_v f._n n._n b._n 93._o he_o who_o distrain_v the_o cattle_n of_o another_o plough_n where_o he_o may_v make_v other_o reasonable_a distress_n 86._o distress_n dier_n foe_fw-mi 312._o n._n 86._o or_o he_o who_o have_v just_o take_v another_o cattell_o by_o distress_n do_v not_o carry_v they_o to_o a_o open_a pound_n but_o to_o a_o place_n unknown_a the_o rectory_n of_o a_o church_n a_o fortress_n or_o into_o another_o county_n that_o they_o can_v be_v redeem_v or_o replevine_v by_o their_o owner_n 73._o owner_n f._n n._n b._n in_o the_o writ_n of_o repleg_n averâ—_n foe_o 68_o and_o the_o writ_n vetito_fw-la nannio_fw-la 73._o he_o who_o intervert_v the_o course_n of_o a_o river_n which_o shall_v drive_v a_o mill_n 38._o mill_n dier_n 248._o n._n 80._o and_o foe_fw-mi 320._o n._n 38._o a_o lessee_n or_o freeholder_n who_o commit_v waste_v 10._o waste_v id._n foe_o 36._o n._n 38._o and_o foe_fw-mi 256._o n._n 10._o but_o this_o be_v special_a in_o regard_n that_o by_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n he_o forfeit_v the_o thing_n waste_v 5._o waste_v 6_o e._n 1._o c._n 5._o but_o in_o regard_n the_o species_n which_o may_v be_v refer_v hither_o be_v infinite_a i_o shall_v rather_o remit_v you_o to_o those_o who_o be_v more_o large_a as_o treat_v express_o upon_o this_o subject_n then_o trouble_v you_o with_o too_o great_a a_o glut_n and_o multitude_n of_o example_n 40._o example_n boo._n entr._n 10._o action_n sur_fw-fr
which_o be_v as_o to_o law_n peculiar_a only_o to_o we_o english_a for_o the_o defendant_n be_v admit_v for_o the_o defeat_n of_o a_o action_n of_o debt_n which_o the_o plaintiff_n prove_v only_o witness_v without_o any_o specialty_n to_o wage_v his_o law_n i._n e._n to_o make_v his_o defence_n against_o the_o suit_n bring_v by_o the_o plaintiff_n by_o two_o compurâ—ators_n for_o every_o witness_n that_o be_v produce_v unto_o the_o full_a number_n of_o twelve_o now_o in_o this_o case_n â—e_v himself_o first_o make_v oath_n that_o he_o do_v not_o â—we_v the_o sum_n demand_v nor_o any_o part_n or_o parcel_n of_o it_o and_o the_o compurgator_n swear_v out_o of_o their_o own_o credulity_n that_o they_o believe_v the_o defendant_n to_o have_v make_v a_o true_a oath_n 63._o oath_n flet._n 1._o 2._o 63._o but_o against_o a_o instrument_n or_o specialty_n as_o we_o call_v it_o a_o wager_n in_o law_n licth_v not_o 143._o not_o dicr_n s_o 23._o 143._o 5._o genciall_a plea_n be_v those_o which_o lie_v general_o against_o all_o action_n as_o the_o plea_n against_o jurisdiction_n against_o the_o person_n of_o the_o plaintiff_n against_o the_o write_v that_o plea_n which_o arise_v from_o time_n according_a to_o the_o divers_a sort_n of_o action_n and_o that_o which_o come_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o place_n through_o the_o error_n of_o bring_v the_o action_n there_o now_o all_o these_o be_v dilatory_a as_o to_o the_o action_n and_o as_o it_o be_v beside_o the_o action_n and_o therefore_o they_o do_v not_o defeat_v the_o action_n although_o 10._o although_o brac._n l._n 5._o tr_fw-la 5._o c._n i._o â—pec_fw-la just_a l._n 3._o c._n exception_n dilatory_a fletal_n 2._o c_o 61._o l._n 4._o c._n 10._o they_o do_v defer_v it_o and_o abate_v it_o for_o a_o while_n 6._o now_o one_o may_v use_v many_o dilatory_a plea_n and_o several_a provide_v they_o come_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n but_o if_o there_o happen_v to_o occur_v more_o than_o one_o which_o be_v peremptory_a as_o to_o the_o action_n the_o defendant_n ought_v to_o propose_v and_o prove_v one_o as_o contingent_a to_o the_o action_n as_o where_o a_o man_n have_v many_o action_n one_o ought_v to_o betray_a because_o if_o the_o defendant_n shall_v fail_v in_o proof_n of_o two_o plea_n he_o may_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o rest_n and_o prove_v they_o as_o if_o he_o be_v to_o defend_v himself_o with_o many_o weapon_n which_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v if_o the_o proof_n of_o one_o be_v sufficient_a 7._o sufficient_a brac._n ib._n c._n i._o n._n 7._o of_o replication_n tit._n fourteen_o agalnst_a a_o plea_n or_o exception_n which_o seem_v plausible_a and_o full_a at_o the_o first_o sight_n the_o plaintiff_n may_v relieve_v himself_o by_o a_o replication_n as_o if_o a_o man_n bring_v his_o acton_n the_o defendant_n may_v plead_v a_o covenant_n intervening_a to_o hinder_v the_o demand_n or_o action_n against_o which_o the_o plaintiff_n may_v in_o his_o replication_n produce_v a_o covenant_n insert_v after_o that_o which_o do_v permit_v and_o enable_v he_o to_o sue_v and_o demand_v 36._o demand_v brac._n l._n 5._o tr_fw-la 5._o c._n i._o n._n 4._o fle._n l._n 6._o â—_o 36._o 1._o after_o a_o replication_n follow_v a_o duplication_n after_o a_o duplication_n a_o triplication_n after_o a_o triplication_n a_o quadruplication_n as_o the_o case_n require_v and_o so_o ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la and_o lo_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o that_o a_o action_n which_o prima_n fasie_a seem_v good_a may_v be_v defeat_v by_o a_o plea_n and_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n a_o plea_n which_o seem_v good_a by_o a_o replication_n and_o so_o in_o the_o rest_n 2._o out_o lawyer_n call_v a_o duplication_n as_o well_o in_o the_o chancerv_n as_o in_o other_o court_v a_o rejoinder_n and_o a_o triplication_n a_o sur-rejoind_a 57_o sur-rejoind_a west_n proceed_n in_o chancery_n sect._n 56_o 57_o of_o prohibition_n tit._n xv._o interdicta_fw-la be_v whole_o out_o of_o use_n among_o the_o civilian_n so_o that_o at_o this_o day_n they_o make_v no_o disterence_n between_o they_o and_o action_n the_o roman_a praetor_n use_v they_o chief_o to_o reprcsse_v tumultuary_a and_o sudden_a violence_n especial_o in_o the_o case_n of_o possession_n but_o in_o these_o case_n our_o ancestor_n be_v wont_a to_o delegate_v and_o depute_v justice_n of_o oyer_n and_o terminer_n and_o justice_n of_o assize_n and_o those_o not_o to_o determine_v all_o cause_n at_o set_a time_n as_o now_o but_o upon_o every_o particular_a emergency_n so_o soon_o as_o it_o first_o arise_v 2._o arise_v brac._n l._n 3._o c._n 7_o n._n 2._o but_o as_o thing_n now_o be_v these_o kind_n of_o business_n be_v dispatch_v by_o action_n or_o decree_n which_o we_o call_v judicial_a writ_n or_o at_o least_o by_o the_o help_n and_o assistance_n of_o the_o sheriff_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n in_o every_o county_n 1._o county_n 13_o r._n 2._o stat._n 1._o c._n 7._o 15_o r._n 2._o c._n 2._o 8_o h._n 6._o c._n 9_o 13_o h._n 4._o c._n 7._o 19_o h._n 7._o c._n 13._o 2_o h._n 5._o c._n 8._o lamb._n l._n 2._o c._n 4._o and_o l._n 3._o c._n 1._o but_o whosoever_o desire_v to_o read_v what_o our_o sage_n of_o the_o law_n have_v write_v concern_v or_o recover_v of_o a_o possession_n let_v they_o read_v bracton_n 1._o bracton_n l._n 2._o c._n 17._o &_o l._n 4._o c._n 1._o briton_n 40._o briton_n c._n 40._o and_o fleta_n 1._o fleta_n l._n 3._o c._n 15._o &_o l._n 4._o c._n 1._o in_o their_o proper_a place_n of_o the_o penalty_n of_o those_o who_o be_v rash_o litigious_a tit._n xvi_o among_o the_o ancient_a writer_n of_o our_o law_n there_o may_v be_v many_o mark_n find_v of_o the_o severity_n wherewith_o our_o ancestor_n punish_v those_o who_o the_o issue_n and_o end_n of_o their_o suit_n prove_v and_o manifest_v to_o be_v litigious_a without_o cause_n which_o although_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v at_o the_o present_a more_o remiss_a yet_o be_v it_o not_o whole_o lay_v aside_o for_o if_o any_o be_v find_v raise_v suit_n against_o other_o malicious_o they_o be_v adjudge_v to_o bring_v a_o scandal_n upon_o the_o court_n and_o be_v oftentimes_o for_o their_o offence_n commit_v to_o prison_n 114._o prison_n bro._n ent._n tit_n attomey_n f._n n._n b_o 114._o 1._o but_o this_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o custom_n at_o this_o time_n that_o the_o plaintiff_n if_o he_o be_v cast_v be_v adjudge_v to_o pay_v unto_o the_o defendant_n the_o cost_v of_o his_o suit_n 8._o suit_n 23_o h._n 8._o c._n 15_o 24._o h._n 8._o c._n 8._o and_o the_o defendant_n if_o overthrow_v pay_v to_o the_o plaintiff_n the_o thing_n in_o action_n with_o damage_n and_o cost_n of_o suit_n and_o although_o it_o be_v the_o constant_a custom_n to_o pronounce_v the_o party_n cast_v to_o be_v in_o misericordia_fw-la regis_fw-la k._n regis_fw-la f._n n._n b._n f._n 77._o k._n yet_o those_o word_n as_o to_o the_o plaintiff_n be_v of_o no_o use_n and_o as_o to_o the_o defendant_n only_o where_o he_o betray_v too_o much_o contumacy_n in_o the_o maintenance_n of_o such_o a_o cause_n which_o be_v manifest_o unjust_a but_o if_o he_o appear_v malicious_a then_o be_v he_o to_o be_v take_v and_o make_v to_o pay_v his_o fine_a to_o the_o king_n for_o his_o contumacy_n yet_o be_v this_o fine_a for_o the_o most_o part_n very_o easy_a when_o he_o be_v take_v 19_o take_v dier_n s_o 67._o n._n 19_o 2._o the_o licence_n and_o liberty_n appear_v to_o be_v very_o great_a which_o our_o ancestor_n permit_v to_o those_o who_o be_v contentious_a that_o they_o may_v mere_o through_o envy_n and_o the_o pleasure_n they_o take_v in_o be_v vexatious_a take_v man_n upon_o writ_n and_o force_v they_o to_o put_v in_o bail_n in_o the_o king_n bench_n or_o marâ—â—alls_v court_n and_o oftentimes_o to_o appear_v and_o yet_o be_v unpunished_a though_o upon_o their_o appearance_n they_o object_v nothing_o against_o they_o but_o this_o be_v prudent_o remedy_v by_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n which_o render_v all_o those_o who_o procure_v any_o one_o to_o be_v arrest_v and_o upon_o their_o appearance_n refuse_v to_o prosecute_v liable_a to_o pay_v they_o their_o cost_v and_o damage_n and_o for_o that_o the_o impudence_n of_o some_o have_v go_v so_o far_o as_o to_o feign_v sometime_o such_o person_n as_o be_v not_o in_o be_v in_o who_o name_n they_o cause_v other_o to_o be_v arrest_v that_o statute_n condemn_v such_o delinquent_n to_o six_o month_n imprisonment_n without_o bail_n or_o mainprize_n 6._o mainprize_n 8_o eliz._n c._n 1._o 17_o r._n 2._o c._n 6._o 3._o but_o for_o the_o suppress_n the_o power_n of_o such_o litigious_a man_n who_o the_o bare_a hope_n of_o recover_v their_o cost_v of_o suit_n will_v stir_v up_o to_o sue_v even_o for_o a_o trifle_n it_o be_v decree_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n that_o whosoever_o shall_v
statute_n the_o example_n of_o the_o former_a be_v that_o which_o vulgar_o we_o call_v a_o penal_a obligation_n etc._n etc._n and_o of_o the_o late_a that_o which_o we_o term_v a_o statute_n merchant_n or_o whatever_o &c_n do_v west_n symb._n l._n 1._o sect_n 156_o &c_n &c_n else_o take_v its_o original_a from_o any_o statute_n of_o this_o commonwealth_n 64_o commonwealth_n 1_o e_z 1_o stat_n 1_n 38_o e_o 3_o c_o 4_o new_a book_n of_o ent_n action_n sur_fw-fr â—e_a statute_n flet_n â—_o 6_o c_o 64_o 2._o a_o obligation_n from_o a_o precedent_a cause_n that_o be_v either_o from_o a_o contract_n or_o something_o of_o nature_n or_o from_o a_o misdemeanour_n or_o something_o of_o that_o nature_n there_o be_v former_a species_n of_o obligation_n by_o contract_n by_o a_o thing_n do_v by_o word_n by_o write_v by_o consent_n how_o a_o obilgation_n be_v contract_v by_o a_o thing_n do_v tit._n xv._o a_o obligation_n be_v contract_v by_o a_o thing_n do_v as_o by_o mutual_a give_v which_o consist_v in_o weight_n number_n and_o measure_n in_o weight_n as_o in_o thing_n which_o be_v weigh_v as_o brass_n silver_n gold_n in_o number_n as_o in_o money_n number_v in_o measure_n as_o in_o wine_n oil_n corn_n now_o these_o thing_n which_o be_v weigh_v number_v or_o measure_v be_v give_v to_o this_o end_n that_o the_o receiver_n have_v immediate_o a_o propriety_n in_o they_o make_v a_o mutual_a contract_n that_o be_v proper_o mutual_a which_o exit_fw-la meo_fw-la become_v tuum_fw-la and_o when_o thing_n of_o another_o nature_n be_v render_v to_o the_o creditor_n and_o not_o of_o the_o same_o 36_o same_o glan_n l_o 10_o c_o 3_o brabant_n l_o 3._o tr_fw-la 1_n c_o two_o new_a book_n en_fw-fr debt_n in_o approm_n 1_o 2_o 3_o flet_n l_o 2_o 36_o iâ—_n a_o man_n by_o error_n pay_v money_n to_o another_o to_o who_o it_o be_v not_o due_a he_o shall_v recover_v it_o again_o by_o his_o action_n upon_o the_o case_n and_o he_o who_o take_v what_o be_v not_o due_a be_v oblige_v 1_o oblige_v in_o tit_n this_o title_n sect_n 1_o 2._o he_o to_o who_o any_o thing_n be_v give_v for_o he_o to_o make_v use_n of_o be_v oblige_v in_o the_o thing_n lend_v but_o there_o be_v a_o great_a difference_n between_o a_o thing_n mutual_a give_v and_o a_o thing_n lend_v for_o he_o that_o receive_v a_o thing_n lend_v be_v bind_v to_o make_v restitution_n in_o specie_fw-la or_o to_o the_o value_n if_o accidental_o it_o happen_v to_o be_v lose_v or_o consume_v by_o fire_n ruin_n shipwreck_n theives_n 〈◊〉_d the_o incursion_n of_o enemy_n or_o lose_v any_o other_o way_n nor_o be_v it_o sufficient_a that_o he_o keep_v they_o with_o the_o same_o care_n and_o diligence_n as_o his_o own_o if_o any_o other_o person_n can_v possible_o have_v preserve_v it_o with_o more_o safety_n but_o no_o man_n be_v oblige_v against_o a_o great_a force_n or_o casual_a accident_n unless_o they_o happen_v by_o his_o own_o negligence_n as_o if_o one_o take_v a_o thing_n lend_v home_o with_o he_o himself_o be_v to_o go_v travel_n and_o thâ—â—_n chance_v to_o be_v lose_v by_o the_o incursion_n of_o enemy_n robber_n or_o by_o shipwreck_n there_o be_v nâ—_n doubt_n but_o in_o this_o case_n he_o be_v bind_v to_o restitution_n 56._o restitution_n brac._n ib._n brit._n c._n 28._o glan_n l_o 10._o c._n 3._o f._n n._n b._n 121._o b._n dr._n &_o stn._n l._n 2_o c._n 138._o flet._n l._n 2._o c._n 56._o 3._o now_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v lend_v be_v give_v 〈◊〉_d commodum_fw-la and_o be_v proper_o call_v rescoâ—modata_n there_o be_v no_o reward_n give_v for_o its_o use_n by_o way_n of_o hire_n and_o whatsoever_o be_v lend_v aught_o to_o be_v lend_v gratis_o for_o when_o any_o reward_n inteâ—veneth_v it_o be_v rather_o a_o locution_n or_o put_v to_o hire_v than_o a_o lend_v ib._n lend_v brac._n ib._n glan_n 30._o flet._n c._n 13._o ib._n 4._o he_o also_o with_o who_o a_o man_n entrust_v any_o thing_n be_v oblige_v &_o bind_v to_o restore_v it_o as_o also_o if_o he_o have_v commit_v any_o fraud_n or_o deceit_n in_o 63._o in_o brac._n ib._n term_n v._o garnishment_n dr._n stud._n l._n 2._o 24._o and_o 38._o d._n or_o ent._n action_n sur_fw-fr le_fw-fr case_n garder_n &_o hostler_n and_o gager_n deliverance_n v._o n._n b._n 66_o 63._o relation_n to_o it_o but_o he_o be_v not_o oblige_v under_o the_o notion_n of_o a_o fault_n as_o for_o carelessness_n and_o negligence_n for_o that_o whosoever_o commit_v any_o thing_n to_o a_o negligent_a friend_n it_o be_v to_o be_v impute_v to_o his_o own_o folly_n but_o this_o law_n seem_v now_o change_v unless_o he_o that_o receive_v the_o thing_n in_o trust_n promise_v express_o to_o keep_v it_o as_o his_o own_o case_v own_o coo._n l._n 4._o southcot_n case_v 5._o a_o creditor_n who_o receive_v a_o pledge_n o_o pawn_n be_v also_o oblige_v and_o bind_v to_o restore_v it_o and_o of_o such_o thing_n be_v give_v for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o both_o viz._n by_o the_o debtor_n for_o to_o procure_v the_o money_n to_o be_v lend_v he_o and_o to_o the_o creditor_n for_o his_o security_n it_o be_v sufficient_a to_o keep_v it_o with_o a_o due_a care_n which_o if_o he_o shall_v perform_v and_o accidental_o loose_v the_o thing_n before_o the_o debtor_n tender_v the_o money_n he_o be_v secure_v nor_o shall_v he_o be_v hinder_v from_o recover_v his_o debt_n 56._o debt_n brac._n ib._n glan_n ib._n f._n n._n b._n 86_o c._n boh_o ent._n action_n sur_fw-fr le_fw-fr case_n gage_n 1._o and_o termes_n v._o mortgage_n flet._n l._n 2._o c._n 56._o now_o we_o call_v that_o a_o due_a care_n and_o diligence_n which_o a_o man_n have_v towards_o his_o own_o good_n case_n good_n coo_o l._n 4._o southcots_n case_n of_o obligation_n by_o word_n tit._n xvi_o a_o verbal_a obligation_n be_v contract_v or_o make_v by_o covenant_n now_o a_o covenant_n be_v a_o certain_a conception_n of_o word_n which_o consist_v of_o question_n and_o answer_v as_o if_o it_o be_v say_v do_v thou_o promise_v i_o do_v promise_n will_v thou_o give_v i_o will_v give_v will_v thou_o do_v it_o i_o will_v do_v it_o will_v thou_o engage_v i_o will_v engage_v 56._o engage_v brac._n ib._n n._n 2._o brit._n c._n 28._o flet._n l._n 2._o c._n 56._o 1._o every_o covenant_n be_v either_o pure_a or_o limit_v to_o a_o day_n or_o conditional_a pure_a as_o where_o it_o be_v say_v do_v thou_o promise_v to_o pay_v so_o much_o money_n without_o add_v any_o day_n or_o condition_n in_o which_o case_n the_o money_n may_v be_v demand_v immediate_o but_o if_o there_o be_v a_o day_n add_v when_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v pay_v it_o be_v immediate_o due_a but_o can_v be_v demand_v before_o the_o day_n nor_o upon_o the_o day_n because_o the_o whole_a day_n be_v leave_v to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o debtor_n b_o nor_o be_v it_o certain_a that_o it_o will_v not_o be_v pay_v that_o day_n before_o the_o day_n be_v past_a nor_o can_v any_o one_o in_o like_a manner_n demand_v if_o one_o promise_v to_o pay_v this_o year_n or_o this_o month_n before_o every_o part_n of_o the_o year_n or_o month_n be_v past_a ib._n past_a brac._n and_o brit._n ib._n 2._o a_o covenant_n be_v make_v sometime_o conditional_o as_o if_o it_o be_v say_v if_o a._n be_v make_v alderman_n do_v thou_o promise_v to_o pay_v so_o much_o where_o observe_v that_o in_o this_o which_o be_v conditional_a there_o be_v only_a hope_n and_o expectation_n and_o condition_n which_o relate_v either_o to_o time_n past_a or_o present_a do_v either_o total_o adnull_v the_o obligation_n or_o else_o not_o at_o all_o differ_v it_o as_o if_o a_o promise_n be_v make_v to_o pay_v so_o much_o if_o a._n be_v live_v or_o be_v now_o live_v for_o if_o he_o neither_o be_v live_v nor_o yet_o be_v live_v the_o promise_n be_v void_a because_o those_o thing_n which_o in_o nature_n be_v now_o certain_a do_v not_o vitiate_v a_o obligation_n by_o their_o be_v incertain_a as_o to_o we_o 35._o we_o brac._n ib._n n._n 3._o brit._n ib._n flet._n ib._n dr._n and_o stu._n l._n 2._o c._n 35._o thing_n to_o be_v do_v may_v also_o be_v resolve_v into_o promise_n as_o a_o promise_n to_o do_v a_o thing_n or_o not_o to_o do_v a_o thing_n in_o which_o case_n it_o be_v best_o to_o add_v a_o penalty_n because_o of_o incertainty_n or_o lest_o the_o actor_n be_v force_v to_o prove_v the_o value_n now_o a_o penalty_n be_v thus_o add_v if_o this_o be_v not_o do_v than_o thou_o promise_v to_o pay_v so_o much_o nomine_fw-la peâ—e_fw-la ib._n peâ—e_fw-la brac._n ib._n n._n 4._o flet._n ib._n 4._o but_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o this_o verbal_a obligation_n be_v call_v a_o simple_a contract_n 24._o contract_n dr._n &_o stu._n l._n 2_o c._n 24._o by_o out_o author_n who_o weigh_v
156._o they_o id._n 156._o some_o prohibit_v and_o keep_v within_o compass_v those_o judge_n who_o stretch_v their_o jurisdiction_n too_o far_o 39_o far_o id._n 39_o some_o remove_v cause_n from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o 69._o another_o id._n 70._o 69._o last_o some_o inform_v and_o commence_v process_n origin_n process_n regist_n origin_n and_o other_o prosecute_v and_o bring_v to_o a_o end_n those_o which_o be_v begin_v judiciale_a begin_v reg._n judiciale_a now_o those_o which_o begin_v process_n be_v call_v original_a writ_n and_o those_o which_o promote_v and_o end_v process_n begin_v judicial_a brev._n judicial_a regist_n brev._n 1._o all_o action_n flow_v either_o from_o the_o common_a law_n or_o from_o statute_n statut._n statute_n bro._n action_n popular_a &_o sur_fw-fr le_fw-fr statut._n but_o from_o which_o soever_o they_o flow_v they_o be_v all_o either_o against_o the_o person_n or_o the_o estate_n or_o both_o 234._o both_o brac._n l._n 2._o c._n 3._o n._n 234._o 2._o personal_a action_n be_v those_o which_o arise_v against_o any_o one_o from_o a_o contract_n real_a or_o impute_v or_o from_o a_o crime_n real_a and_o proper_a or_o impute_v now_o those_o writ_n which_o be_v issue_v forth_o in_o either_o case_n upon_o contract_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n these_o a_o writ_n of_o covenant_n 145._o covenant_n f._n n._n b._n foe_n 145._o of_o account_n 116._o account_n id._n 116._o of_o debt_n 119._o debt_n id._n 119._o of_o detinue_n 138._o detinue_n id._n 138._o of_o trespass_n 92._o trespass_n id._n 92._o upon_o the_o case_n in_o which_o the_o assumption_n be_v contain_v 24._o contain_v bro._n acton_n sur_fw-fr le_fw-fr case_n 24._o 3._o those_o which_o be_v issue_v out_o in_o either_o case_n as_o touch_v crime_n be_v those_o of_o trespass_n 85._o trespass_n f._n n._n b._n 85._o deceit_n 95._o deceit_n id._n 95._o break_v of_o a_o park_n 100_o park_n id._n 100_o or_o enclosure_n rescous_a 105._o rescous_a id._n 105._o attaint_n 105._o attaint_n id._n 105._o conspiracy_n 114._o conspiracy_n id._n 114._o champerty_n 171._o champerty_n id._n 171._o 4._o real_a action_n be_v those_o who_o be_v maintainable_a against_o any_o one_o not_o oblige_v to_o we_o by_o any_o right_n because_o our_o estate_n corporal_a or_o incorporal_a which_o be_v immovable_a be_v possess_v by_o he_o or_o as_o it_o be_v in_o his_o possession_n which_o he_o may_v either_o restore_v or_o name_v the_o party_n in_o who_o name_n he_o possess_v it_o as_o if_o one_o demand_n of_o any_o one_o a_o thing_n certain_a viz._n a_o fee_n land_n a_o advowson_n pretend_v once_o self_n owner_n of_o it_o and_o sue_v not_o for_o the_o value_n or_o so_o much_o in_o the_o same_o kind_n but_o the_o same_o specifical_a thing_n and_o for_o this_o that_o the_o demandant_n suppose_v the_o thing_n his_o and_o bring_v his_o action_n against_o the_o tenant_n who_o deny_v it_o the_o action_n or_o plea_n shall_v be_v against_o the_o thing_n itself_o 3._o itself_o brac._n l._n 3._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 3._o n._n 3._o 5._o if_o the_o thing_n sue_v for_o be_v a_o moveabe_n as_o a_o ox_n a_o ass_n a_o garment_n or_o something_o consist_v either_o in_o weight_n or_o measure_n although_o the_o action_n or_o plea_n at_o first_o seem_v to_o be_v as_o well_o against_o the_o thing_n as_o the_o person_n because_o a_o certain_a thing_n be_v sue_v for_o and_o for_o that_o he_o who_o possess_v it_o be_v bind_v to_o restitution_n yet_o in_o truth_n the_o action_n be_v against_o the_o person_n because_o the_o party_n sue_v be_v not_o precise_o bind_v to_o restore_v the_o specifical_a thing_n but_o under_o a_o disjunction_n either_o the_o thing_n or_o its_o value_n and_o he_o be_v free_v by_o pay_v the_o value_n only_o whether_o the_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v have_v or_o not_o and_o therefore_o if_o any_o one_o claim_v a_o thing_n movable_n take_v away_o upon_o any_o occasion_n or_o lend_v he_o ought_v in_o his_o action_n to_o ascertain_v a_o value_n otherwise_o it_o be_v of_o no_o force_n nor_o signify_v any_o thing_n 60._o thing_n brac._n l._n 3._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 4._o n._n 4._o fleta_n l._n 2._o c._n 60._o 6._o now_o of_o action_n civil_a and_o for_o a_o particular_a thing_n as_o the_o claim_n of_o a_o particular_a thing_n some_o be_v confessory_a and_o some_o negative_a confessory_a as_o where_o one_o affirm_v a_o corporal_a or_o incorporal_a thing_n to_o be_v his_o as_o a_o fee_n also_o where_o he_o affirm_v himself_o to_o have_v a_o right_n of_o go_v through_o his_o neighbour_n fee_n or_o of_o draw_v water_n even_o whether_o his_o neighbour_n will_v or_o not_o and_o it_o be_v therefore_o style_v a_o action_n for_o a_o particular_a thing_n because_o he_o require_v his_o particular_a incorporal_a thing_n viz._n his_o right_n of_o a_o way_n through_o a_o fee_n and_o confessory_a because_o it_o be_v by_o word_n of_o affirmation_n but_o a_o action_n negative_a be_v that_o which_o the_o lord_n or_o owner_n of_o a_o fee_n bring_v against_o one_o who_o be_v accustom_v to_o have_v a_o way_n through_o his_o fee_n deny_v that_o he_o have_v any_o such_o right_n and_o this_o action_n be_v say_v to_o be_v for_o a_o particular_a thing_n because_o by_o it_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o fee_n do_v by_o it_o claim_v his_o liberty_n and_o these_o kind_n of_o action_n be_v not_o for_o the_o dominion_n or_o property_n of_o a_o thing_n but_o only_o touch_v the_o right_n of_o estate_n 40._o estate_n brac._n ib._n n._n 7._o flet._n l._n 5._o c._n 37._o 38_o 39_o 40._o 7._o we_o have_v also_o something_o parallel_v to_o that_o which_o be_v ancient_o call_v actio_fw-la rescissorla_fw-it for_o if_o any_o one_o be_v dispossess_v of_o his_o estate_n be_v in_o durance_n and_o the_o land_n descend_v to_o the_o heir_n of_o the_o disseisor_n the_o disseisee_n have_v liberty_n to_o recover_v his_o possession_n by_o his_o own_o proper_a act_n or_o as_o we_o term_v it_o to_o re-enter_v and_o if_o judgement_n be_v give_v against_o he_o he_o may_v reverse_v it_o afterward_o by_o a_o writ_n of_o error_n because_o his_o absence_n be_v not_o through_o contempt_n but_o by_o reason_n of_o durance_n and_o imprisonment_n and_o therefore_o it_o seem_v contrary_a to_o reason_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v prejudice_v by_o any_o such_o record_n and_o there_o be_v the_o same_o law_n for_o those_o who_o be_v in_o the_o king_n service_n or_o who_o be_v beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o any_o business_n which_o concern_v the_o common_a wealth_n and_o be_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n disscise_v be_v unable_a to_o make_v their_o continual_a claim_n nay_o there_o be_v some_o who_o affirm_v that_o he_o who_o be_v beyond_o sea_n about_o claim_n about_o litt._n l._n 3_o c._n continual_a claim_n his_o own_o business_n if_o he_o be_v disseise_v may_v upon_o his_o return_n upon_o his_o own_o authority_n reenter_v upon_o the_o heir_n of_o the_o disseisor_n without_o bring_v his_o assize_n ibid._n assize_n id_fw-la ibid._n 8._o and_o there_o be_v something_o likewise_o which_o answer_v to_o that_o same_o actio_fw-la pauliana_fw-la and_o which_o be_v afford_v by_o a_o particular_a act_n of_o parliament_n 5._o parliament_n 13_o eliz._n c._n 5._o which_o render_v all_o manner_n of_o alienation_n of_o land_n and_o good_n make_v by_o the_o debtor_n to_o defraud_v the_o creditor_n void_a and_o of_o none_o effect_n and_o moreover_o inflict_v a_o penalty_n upon_o all_o those_o who_o be_v guilty_a of_o it_o and_o who_o defend_v it_o as_o lawful_a 9_o nor_o do_v we_o want_v that_o which_o equal_n the_o ancient_a actio_fw-la serviana_n for_o the_o lestor_n may_v of_o proper_a right_o distrain_v upon_o good_n which_o be_v bring_v upon_o his_o fee_n and_o detain_v they_o until_o his_o rent_n be_v satisfy_v because_o we_o also_o do_v tacit_o esteem_v these_o in_o the_o nature_n of_o gauge_n or_o pledge_n although_o this_o be_v not_o without_o distinction_n 99_o distinction_n bro._n distress_n 13._o 57_o 99_o to_o this_o also_o may_v be_v add_v that_o actio_fw-la hypâ—thecaria_fw-la &_o quasi_fw-la serviana_n for_o if_o any_o one_o receive_v money_n borrow_v of_o another_o under_o a_o pledge_n or_o pawn_n and_o can_v afterward_o receive_v his_o pawn_n upon_o tender_a of_o the_o money_n the_o creditor_n refuse_v to_o redeliver_v it_o the_o debtor_n may_v in_o this_o case_n have_v his_o action_n g._n action_n f._n n._n b._n 86._o g._n and_o he_o be_v say_v to_o sue_v upon_o a_o action_n quasi_fw-la serviana_n who_o be_v seize_v of_o land_n as_o by_o way_n mortgage_n be_v disseise_v or_o elect_v out_o of_o they_o 10._o now_o writ_n which_o be_v proper_a to_o real_a action_n be_v either_o to_o recover_v a_o property_n or_o a_o possession_n 1._o possession_n flet._n l._n 6._o c._n 1._o those_o which_o appertain_v to_o a_o property_n be_v writ_n of_o right_n which_o be_v of_o divers_a kind_n 193._o kind_n f._n n._n b._n 1._o 6._o 11._o