in them is more moist thin and waterish 7. In Coats For they are covered with one only Coat because they are otherwise in a close place And that Coat sticks exceeding strongly to them and is by Galen termed Dartos Howbeit where the stones receive the seminal Vessels they are covered half over with the Peritonaeum 8. In Connexion for they are knit unto the womb by two manifest passages or rather the one of them is an obscure one out of which during carnal Copulation there is shed not a wheyish substance but the womans seed Their Use is to make seed which helps to generate after its way and manner which Aristotle against all Reason and Experience was bold to deny to women in some places of his Writings contrary to the express Doctrine of Hippocrates de Genitura where he tells us that women also send forth seed out of their Bodies somtimes into their womb whereby it is moistned and somtimes without if the Orifice thereof do gape over much Now that in the Womb it helps to the Generation he thereby demonstrates in that if after Copulation The woman shal not conceive the seed which they have both of them voided does flow out of the womb But some other Anatomists deny that these stones do make seed But they will have them to be meet Kernels to receive that moisture which needs abound in the womb which is the Opinion of Cremoninus or that they are only made for a mark and sign which was the Conceits of Rhodiginus and of Hofman since him who account them rather Carcasses of stones then true stones because they are small void of Juyce and uncompact But as for what concerns Humidity we deny that Argument and say 1. That there was no need of so much preparation to water the womb One Vessel gently carrying a wheyish Humor might have served that turn yea the Pores alone might have sufficed as it is well known to happen in a clammy humor distilling into the Knee 2. They may answer both Intents viz. Generation and Irrigation 3. Experience tells us that seed and no other humor hath issued out of the stones of women being dissected Guinterius was hindred in his Dissection by the plentiful eruption thereof The nocturnal pollutions of women testifie the same and women became barren when in ancient times they were guelded or spayed Witness Athenaeus Galen experimented the same in Sows Varro writes that Cows being guelt do conceive if they go to Bull presently after 4. The said seed is found in the Dissections of women if they are lusty and free from Dâ—â—ases In them and in Women with Child Beslerus haâ—…und the stones swelling with seed which he hath expressed by a neat Picture 5. That it is true seed we may gather from a real and sensible effect thereof like that of the seed of men as Moles and imperfect Eggs by reason of the difference of Sex to which the Male adds Life and Perfection 6. Women have sufficient heat to make seed and sufficient instruments to that end yea and some of them are better provided then men Their stones are indeed smal and little but not void of Juyce Their number does recompence their smalness even as we somtimes see more Juyce prest out of a Bunch of Grapes then a solid and whole Apple CHAP. XXVII Of the Vessels that carry away the Seed especially the Trumpet of the Womb. COncerning the Vessels which carry away the Female-seed the Doctrine of Anatomists hath been hitherto somwhat intricate partly through varity of opinions and partly the obscurity of the matter it self which nevertheless I shall endeavor to reduce and as much as may be to illustrate the same The deferent Vessels are taken either in a large or a strict signification Strictly for those same obscure Passages and Vessels only which carry part of the seed bred in the stones into the womb Largely and generally 1. For the preparatory Vessels also 2. For them and the Womb-trumpet which others refer to the servatory and jaculatory Vessel I shall speak of both briefly and distinctly The deferent Vessels are properly those small passages derived from the stones either to the bottom of the womb with a very short passage or disseminated at the trumpets of the womb with sundry and those exceeding small Twigs resembling the Venae lacteae arising from the spermatick preparatory Vessels and continued with them however here they change their name and use because they immediately pass over and lick the stones Galen conceives that the former is only inserted into the sides of the womb which are termed Cornua or the wombs horns and other Anatomists are of the same opinion who profess they could find no other Insertion But Zerbus Fernelius Laurentius found another Branch herefrom which goes not into the bottom as the former but into the Neck so that one part of this deferent Vessel which is the shorter but larger is inserted into the middle of the Horn of the same side and there poures out such seed as it hath into the Cavity of the womb but the other part being the narrower and longer is carried along the sides of the womb below the Mouth to the beginning of the Neck Varolius hath also made mention of this Part and saies it is so small in such as have never conceived that it cannot be found save by a skilful Anatomist but in Women with Child it is very large Spigelius because he could not somtimes find it did count it a sport of Nature Vestingus does seem to allow of it seeing he brings seminal Matter from the stones to the bottom and sheath of the womb this way I should willingly assent to the Opinion of Spigelius because it is seldom seen Little Branches indeed are alwaies disseminated unto the neck of the womb but the◠〈…〉 directly from the preparatory Vessels and bring blood rather then seed of which see other Anatomists especially Platerus Riolanus and my Father Bartholinus beneath The Use of these Vessels is partly to carry the seminal Matter to the Trumpets that it may be there further accomplished and better wrought and reserved for further use and partly to the bottom of the womb Where another Branch ends into the Neck the seminal Humidity is voided this way also causing greater delight by reason of the length of the way The other deferent Vessel which ought to keep the Seed before it be squirted out is the Trumpet of the Womb by Fallopius so called from the likeness it hath to a Trumpet of War which he thus describes There arises a seminal Passage small and very strait nervous and white from the Horn of the womb it self and when it hath gone a little therefrom it grows broader by little and little and crisps it self like the tendrel of a Vine till it comes towards the end Then dismissing its wrinkled Crispations and becoming very broad it ends into a certain Extremity which seems membranous and fleshy by reason
quite naked NN. Very many Veins and Arteries spred abroad into the Neck and Bottom of the Womb serving for the monthly Purgation and the Nourishment of the Child OO Nerves spred up and down through the Body of the Womb which are represented by the Graver too large FIG II. A. The bottom of the womb BB. The lowermore round Ligaments of the womb cut off C. The Region wherein the inner Mouth of the womb is placed D. The right Stone covered with its Membrane EE The deferent Vessels reaching from the Stones to the Horns of the womb F. The upper and membranous Ligament of the womb fastning the deferent Vessels to the Stones G. The Membrane of the Stone separated therefrom H. The glandulous or kernelly Substance of the Stone I. The Neck of the womb commonly called the Sheath KK Passages arising from the deferent Vessel and carried into the Neck of the womb into which they say Women with Child do squirt their Seed page 69 That Conception hath been made and a Child formed out of the womb some Examples testifie Touching the Trumpet of the womb I spake before from the Relation of Riolanus That a Child was conceived in the Stomach of a young woman the Wife of an abominable Taylor and voided by her mouth the length of a mans finger but well shaped in all Parts external and internal Salmuth informs us describing the Story from the Letters of Komelerius to Gothofredus Hofmannus nor does he doubt of the truth of the Story That the same may be performed in the neck of the womb those Superfoetations seem to demonstrate which are voided in the first place to make more room for the larger Conception in the womb But these are to be accounted very rare and praeternatural cases if true But Superfoetation whether in the womb or without depends from the virtue of the womb reaching all over the whole Body thereof The womb is therefore necessary to preserve the Species or kind Howbeit it contributes also to the health of the Individual as the emunctory or clenser of the whole Body Howbeit very many women have lived very long and happily without it witness Abenzoar Aegineta Wierus Zacutus When it hath fallen out putrified it hath been all in a manner cut off without danger according to the Observations of Rhases Carpus Mercurialis Langius a Vega Paraeus Baubinus and others Fernelius tells us he saw a childing woman who voided with her Child her whole womb pluckt away by the roots without danger of life Saxonius relates other Stories of like Nature Saronus saies that Sows are made more corpulent in Galatia by cutting out their wombs Pliny tells us that Sows were hung up by their sore Legs and had their stones and wombs cut out that so looseing the use of Venery they might become more fat and delectable to the Palate Nor is it without reason because the womb is the Mother of many Diseases by reason of the Obstruction of the narrow Vessels and the ready falling down of Humors which when the womb is away are more readily purged out by a larger passage Moreover another action of the womb is said to be a certain Natural motion whence Plate would have the womb to be a certain Animal or Live-wight and Aretius saies it is an Animal in an Animal because of its motion For in carnal Copulation and when it is poffessed with a desire to conceive it is moved now up and then down and gapes to receive the Yard as a Beast gapes for its Food And somtimes it is moved downwards to expel the Child and Secondine with so much violence that it falls out Moreover it is moved with rejoyces in and is delighted with sweet smelling things but it shuns stinking and strong smelling things as Castoreum Asafoetida c. Hence Aristotle saies that women with child will miscarry at the smell of a Candle-â—â—uff But the womb is sensible of Câ—… not under the formality of Odours but is only affected by the delicate and subtile vaporous matter conjoyned Even as we see al the Spirits recreated by sweet smelling things not in respect of the smell precisely but of the vapor conjoyned therewith which is familiar and acceptable to the Spirit And therefore the Genital parts of women are the sooner affected because they have an exceeding quick Sense And because sweet smelling things have good and pleasing Vapors joyned with them and stinking things have filthy and ugly Vapors therefore by the latter the Spirits are made more impure and because the womb is full of Spirits therefore she is delighted with sweet and fragrant things and abominates such as are stinking And nevertheless some women are found whose wombs are badly constituted who are put into Fits of the Mother by sweet smelling things and cured by such as stink because Nature being provoked to Expulsion by the latter does with the stinking Vapors expel the morbifick Matter But with the former filthy Vapors are stirred up in the womb which before lay hid so that they ascend to the Midriff Heart Brain c. whence proceed strangling Fits of the Mother Now these Vapors ascend partly by the sensible Pores and partly by the Veins running back and carrying the said Vapors with the uterine Blood for I cannot allow of the power Helmont assigns to his ruling Parts without manifest and known Passages Now the womb it self does not ascend nor is it moved out of its place unless being distended it takes up more room then ordinary nor does it roule up and down like a Bowl or Globe in the Cavity of the Belly as Hippocrates and Fernelius have imagined Nor do the horns of the womb being swelled move any more then the womb it self as Riolanus suspects for they are fastned by their Membranes and they cannot shed their Seed into the Belly the waies being stopped but Vapors have an â—asie motion which being dissipated the Swelling of the Belly presently falls Besides its Sense of Smelling Tasting Feeling it is furnished according to Helment with a kind of brutish Understanding which makes it rage if all things go not according to its desire But these things favor of the Opinion of Plato who improperly did compare the womb to a living Creature Whence that fury proceeds I have already declared As for what that same Novellist Helmont saies that it lives many times and keeps a coile after a woman is dead no man will easily believe it For its life depends upon the life of the whole Body and if it stir after death either that motion proceeds from winds or from a Child seeking its way out after the Mother is dead as sundry Examples demonstrate Sphinx Theologico-Philosophica tells us that the Mother being dead a Child suddenly issued out of her womb and cried lustily After which manner Laurentius describes the Birth of Scipio and Manilius Eberus hath two Examples of a Child born after the Mothers death as also Johannes Matthaeus and the
like cases are fresh in the memory of many here at Hafnia But in opposition to Winchlerus Sperlingerus and others that deny it we must observe 1. That the Child must necessarily be strong 2. That the Orifice of the Mothers womb must be large 3. That the Mother being dead the mouth of the womb must be widened and her Thighs spred or else the Child will be strangled before it can come forth Chap. XXIX Of the Bottom of the Womb and its Mouth WEE have treated hitherto of the Womb in General and its similar Parts The dissimilar Parts follow into which we have divided the same viz. the Bottom the Neck and the Privity with the Parts annexed The Fundus or Bottom of the womb is that part which reaches from the internal Orifice to the End upwards We divide it into the lower and narrower part and the larger upper part to which we ad a third part viz. the Mouth The lower and narrow part is that between the Mouth of the womb and the beginning largeness thereof and it may be called the short Neck to difference it from the true and long Neck For before the wideness of the womb begins between it and the inner Mouth there interceeds another Neck as it were or narrower Channel then the largeness of the Bottom and this is observed both in Man and Beast And Fallopius is of Opinion that this part was called the Neck of the womb by the Ancients as Galen Soranus c. Pinaeus reckons this part to be as long as a mans thumb I have observed it to be five fingers breadth long in a Doe The Cavity hereof is not large but such as will admit a Probe or large Quil It is rough least the Seed which hath been drawn in should flow out again as happens in some barren women which have this part slippery by reason of bad Humors This roughness arises from wrinkles which according to the Observation of Pinaeus have their Roots situate beneath and their Edg tending inwards or upwards that they may easily admit hardly let go any thing The large and upper Part is chiefly termed Fundus or the Bottom and this Part is properly called the Womb or Matrix and it is the principal Part for whose sake the rest were made being wider and larger then the rest It is seated above the Os pubis or Share-bone that it may be there dilated and widened The womb hath in a woman only one Cavity not distinguished into any Cells as some falsly attribute therunto seven Cells In Brutes it is commonly divided into two parts and therefore those parts are called the two Horns of the womb though the form of Horns is not conspicuous in all Brutes but in Cows Does Sheep Goats c. Howbeit in imitation thereof Authors have attributed horns to the wombs of women because on the sides of the bottom thereof there is on each side some protuberancy where the deferent Vessels are inserted But the womb of a woman is very seldom divided into two parts as it is in Beasts as it hath been observed in some by the Brother of Baubinus Sylvius Riolanus and Obsequens before them And I doubt whether their wombs be so divided who bear two or more Children at a Birth The last year many women at Hafnia bore Twins contrary to their custom yea and some three Children at a Birth which they never did before nor since We must not therefore account that to be proper to Families or attribute the same to the wombs being double which properly belongs to the Seed Also that they are not conceived in a double womb the womb-cake testifies which alone is sufficient for many Children only it hath so many strings fastned to it in several places as there are Children as Besterus hath lately described it in a like History Yet is it divided into the right and left part In the former Boys are for the most part ingendred in the latter Girls And it seldom happens otherwise if we believe Hippocrates and Galen Hunters have this sign whereby they known whether the Beast they hunt have a male or female in her belly for if when she is struck dead she fall on her right side they conclude she is big of a Male because the burthen she goes with is most weighty on the right side if on the left she fall they judg it is a Female T is reported that women with child of a Boy do lift their right foot higher then their left as they walk as Salmuth gives us to understand all which signs are nevertheless fallacious Hippocrates and his followers do reckon other signs which are not proper for this place The right and left side are differenced by a Line or Seam which sticks up obscurely which Aristotle termes the Median Line The like Line is seen in the lower Belly under the Navil dividing that Region into two parts which they conceive to be then more visible when women bear twins But in some women with child I have seen this Line manifest who bore afterwards only one Child The outward Surface is smooth and even and covered as it were with a watry Humor The inner part hath many Porosities which are Mouths through which in the time of a womans going with child blood easily passes out of the Veins of the womb to nourish the Infant It s Use is to receive the Seed contain the Child nourish it c. The Orifice or inner Mouth of the womb is oblong and transverse but very narrow but when it gapes it is round and orbicular which is perhaps the cause why the German Midwives call it the Rose and the French Midwives the Crown of the Mother like the Hole of the Nut of the Yard that no hurtful thing may enter in nor the Seed drawn thither easily pass out If at any time it fall out of the Privity or be turned inside out it resembles exactly the Mouth of a Tench If the Situation thereof be changed so that it be not just in the middle looking towardst he bottom t is conceived a Man cannot squirt his Seed thereinto and that the Seed will sooner flow back then the woman conceive If it be quite absent which seldom falls out an uncurable Barrenness is thereby caused As also Barrenness is caused if it be otherwise affected viz. with Cancers scirrhous Tumors Obstructions Callosity over much Fatness especially through over much Humectation and Relaxation either through over much Copulation as in Whores or through too great a Flux of Humors In women with child a glewish clammy Matter grows to the Orifice and fills the short Neck well-near that these Parts being moistned may more easily be opened in the time of Travel Within the Channel of this Mouth to the lower part thereof grows its little bunch which does more exactly shut â—…ole according to the Observation of Riolanus He also informs us that about this little bunch there are to
it happens so for the most part and ought alwaies so to happen And therefore in 22. of Deuteronomie at Marriages the bloody cloath was shewed to the Elders as a witness of the Virginity of the Bride Leo Africanus saies the same custom was used in Mauritania and I was told by a Syrian that it is observed at this very day in Syria Augenius indeed out of Rabbi Salomon and Lyranus do understand this Text Metaphorically as if the spreading of the Garment did signifie the words of witnesses by which the Chastity of the Bride was diligently enquired into and declared But the best Interpreters retain the Litteral Sense of the Words Sebizius proves that it was to them a perpetual sign because 1. Their Virgins were married very young 2. Every one was careful of himseif because of the Law of Jehovaâ— Others contrarywise conceive that it was a sign for the most part Marius excepts when the Bridegroom is impotent and a Surgeon may easily judg in such a case Sennertus saies in that Law the affirmative Inference is good but not the negative and that nothing else can be concluded but that where it is it is a sign of Virginity Therefore it may be hindred and not appear 1. If Virgins break it through wantonness with their fingers or some other Instrument Hence it is that some Nations sow up the Privities of Girls new born leaving a little way for the Urin to come forth nor do they open it till the time of Marriage and then the Bridegroom causes it to be opened that he may be sure he hath a Virgin 2. If it be the time of her Courses or she have had them a little before 3. If the Chink in the Hymen be very long for then there happens only a Dilatation and no breaking 4. If the Neck of the Womb be very wide and the Yard not sufficiently thick 5. If the Man thrust in his Yard cleverly 6. If the Virgin have had the falling down of the womb whereby the Hymen was broke 7. If the Virgin be in years before she is married 8. If by continual Deflux of sharp Humors the â—n be either moistued or fretted which frequenâ—…pens in sickly men through fault of their Conâ—… badness of the Climate 〈…〉 healthly Hebrew Virgins being in a good Climate and of a strong Constitution did easily by care avoid these Inconveniences The Use of the Hymen is to defend the internal Parts from external Injury 2. To testifie a Maids Virginity Now a Maid may conceive without hurting the token of her Virginity which Americus Vesputius relates to have been common in the Indies and Speronus and Peramatus prove the same T is reported that at Paris a certain woman in this present Age wherein we live was got with Child without any Detriment to her Virginal Parts and a like History is related by Clementina Which we may conceive to be done five manner of waies reckoned up by Plempius and Sinibaldus which for Honors sake I shall here omit Nor does this any waies prejudice the Conception of our Savior which was performed without any of these waies without the Embracement of any Man and only by the overshadowing of the Holy Spirit of which it belongs to Divines to treat If we believe Suidas the Membrance was by the Midwives found in the Virgin Mary when it was question'd whether she had lost her Virginity or no which I conceive to have been inconsistent with the Modesty of that blessed Virgin The living Simon Magus that he might be reputed for a God boasted that he was born of his Mother Rachel she being a Virgin St. Augustine conceits that in the State of Innocence the Seed of the Man might be conveighed into the Womb of the Woman her Virginity remaining uncorrupted even as now Menstrual blood comes out of the womb of a Virgin without any Detriment to her Virginity Which Opinion Vives does explain and approve But that Women can become fruitful without the Seed of a Man is incredible For Caranza judges that Story of Pomponius Mela of certain hairy women in an Island which are fruitful without any Copulation of Men to be a Fable Touching Incuboe the Question is different which I have handled in another place It was lately reported in France that Magdalena â—â— Aâ—vermont the Wife of Hieronymus Augustus de Montelione a French Knight did conceive a Son called Emmanuel only by imagination which de Lord a Professer at Monpelier made to be suspected and P. Sanchius in the same place did wish me not to believe it Old Authors relate that Mares in Portugal do conceive by the wind Ludovicus Carrius does justifie their report But Justinus the Epitomizer does more rightly explain their meaning to have been only to note the fruitfulness of those Mares and the speediness of their Conception CHAP. XXXII Of the Womans external Privity in General WHere the Neck of the Womb ends there begins the last and outmost part of the womb viz. The Womans Privity or the outward Orifice or Mouth of the Neck of the womb others call it Vulva quasi valva as if you would say a folding Door also Cunnus a cuneo from a wedg or from an Impression whence in a Manuscript of English Receipts I have found it called the Print Plautus calls it Saltus a Wood or Grove or straight Also by another Metaphor he calls it Concha the Shell-fish and Naâ—â—â— the Ship others commonly call it Natura muliebris the Womans Nature Varre tells us the Romans called it Porca the Furrow or Parsley-bed the Sow And what Experience of biting made Suidas and Eustathius call it cuneiron or cuona the Dog let those judg that can speak by Experience It is only one in Number Obsequens tells of a Woman that had two Privities and Licetus hath observed many such as Monsters It s Situation is external in the former Region of the Share-bones where very many parts are to be seen without Dissection and some without drawing open the Lips as the Hairs of the Share the Lips and the Hillocks themselves the great external Chink the Wings the Tentigo but some parts cannot be seen without drawing the Lips aside as the fossa navicularis the two smaller Chinks by the Nymphs the bodies of the Clitoris the Hole of the Neck of the Bladder with with a fleshy Valve the wrinkled Chink or immediate Mouth of the Neck with four Caruncles and as many Membranes where afterwards the Channel begins of which we have spoken The Hairs of the Share in such as are ripe break out about the Lips the better to close the Chink And they are in Women more curled then in Maids of sundry colors being produced by Nature partly the shelter and partly to cover these parts which she judges ought in decency to be covered But the Italian and Eastern Women out of a desire of cleanliness and neatness do by Art remove these Hairs as unprofitable The Lips being drawn open
had it cut off and the hardness whereof did inflame the Yards of the Lovers but as that of a mans Yard it consists of two nervous Bodies hard and thick within porous and spungy that this part might rise and fall arising distinctly from the Hip-bones about the brims of the said Bones But they are joyned together about the Share-bone and make up the Body of the Yard Its Muscles are according to Pinaeus three according to Riolanus and Veslingus four like as in a mans Yard and serving to the same Intent The two uppermost round ones rest upon longer Ligaments and proceed from one and the same place the two others being lower broad and fleshy proceed from the Sphincter of the Fundament The outmost End or Head sticking out like the nut of a mans Yard the rest lying hid is called TENTIGO having an hole as a mans Yard but no thoroughfar It seems to be covered with a Fore-skin as it were which is made of a small Skin arising from the Conjunction of the Wings Also it hath Vessels of all sorts brought unto it Veins and Arteries common to it and the Privity a Nerve from the sixt Conjugation all more large then the Nature of its Body might seem to require to cause an exact Feeling and Erection It s Use is to be the Seat of Delectation and Love And it is like the Froenulum or Bridle on the Nut of a mans Yard For by the rubbing thereof the Seed is brought away Howbeit Aquapendent conceives that the Use of the Clitoris is to sustain the Neck of the Womb in the time of Copulation Bellonius and Iovius do conceive that this is the part wherein the Aethiopians were wont to circumcise women Aetius and Aegineta do shew us how to cut it off confounding it with the Nymph And even at this day the Eastern Nations in regard of its bignes extraordinary do sear it that it may grow no more And they hire ancient women to perform this Piece of Surgery which they improperly term Circumcision And it is to those people as necessary in regard of the deformed greatness of the Clitoris as it is comely for at Alcair in Aegypt Wenches go naked after this Circumcision and when they are married they wear a Smock only Of which things is also this kind of Circumcision I have discoursed at large in my Puerperial Antiquities CHAP. XXXV Of the Wings and Lips TWo red Productions offer themselves to our view between the Lips which they term pterugia and ALAS that is the Wings Galen calls them NYMPHS either because they do first admit the bridegroom or because they have charge of the Waters and Humors issuing forth For between them as it were two walls the urin is cast out to a good distance with an hissing noise without wetting the Lips of the Privity Others call them the Curicular Caruncles They are seated between the two Lips Their Magnitude is not alwaies alike for somtimes one Wing otherwhiles both seldomer in Virgins then in women do grow so big especially being frequently drawn by the fingers or otherwise by an Afflux of Humors that by reason of the impediments thereby happening t is necessary to cut them And Galen tells us that this Disease is frequent among the Aegyptians so that they are faln to cut them in Virgins that are to marry and in other women also and Aeetius and Aegineta do speak to the same purpose which others will have to be understood of the Clitoris And they are in the right as I conceive because the Clitoris being over long may hinder the amorous Embracement and may be raised like the Yard but the Nymphs cannot be this way troublesom which are softer and in some do hang down very long yea in Whores that trade with these Parts They are in Number two the right and the left now they are in the beginning commonly joyned together where they make a fleshy Production like a Fore-skin cloathing the Clitoris Their Figure is triangular but one angle is blunter then the rest viz. that which comes without the Lips It is like a Cocks-comb and for that cause haply by Juvenal termed Crista It s Coloi◠is red like a Cocks-comb under his throat T is covered with a thin Coat rather then Skin as the Lips and other parts of the Mouth It s Substance is partly membranous soft and spungy bred peradventure of the doubling in of the Skin at the sides of the great Chink and partly fleshy Their Use is the same with that of the Myrtle-shap'd Caruncles And moreover that the Urin might be conveighed between them as between two wals Some conceive they serve as a Ligament to suspend and straiten as it were in Virgins the lower part of the external Chink which seems unlikely The Lips perform that Office and the Nymphs should rather straiten such as are defloured in whom they are longer The two LIPS between which the external Chink consists have certain risings adorned with hair which are termed Monticuli Veneris the Hillocks of Venus In women they are flatter then in maidens This Part is that which is properly termed the Privity These Hillocks are longish soft Bodies of such a Substance the like whereof is not to be found in the whole Body again for it consists partly of Skin and partly of spungy Flesh under which is placed a parcel of hard Fat 〈…〉 Juncture of the Lips is in Virgins right strait as it were a ligamentish Substance for firmness but in such as have lost their Maiden-head it is loose and in such as have had a Child yet looser as Riolanus hath found by Experience and any body else may find that covers the Glory of such Experiments The Use hath been hinted before CHAP. XXXVI Of the Membranes which infold the Child in the Womb. ALL the Parts serving for Generation both in Men and Women are explained But because my design is to discourse of what ever comes under knife of an Anatomist I must also propound some things which are contained in the Womb of a woman with child such as are I. The Infant whose Structure differs only in some things from that of a grown person Which I shall briefly recount as I did publickly not long since demonstrate the same at the Diffection of a Child Now the parts of a large Child differ from those of a render Embryo and the parts of both these from those of a grown Man 1. In Magnitude either proportionate to the whole Body or less proportionate 2. In Colour some parts are more red some more pale then in a grown person 3. In Shape as may be seen in the Kidneys and Head 4. In Cavity as in the Vessels of the Navil and Heart 5. In Number either abounding as in the Bones of the Head Breast and Sutures of the Skull or deficient as in the Call some Bones of the Back Wrist c. 6. In Hardness as in the said Bones 7. In
Membrane which cloaths the Nerves of the Yard The other is external more fleshy and furnished with transverse Nerves The middle part of its proper substance is loose spongy and black that it may be distended together with the nervous Bodies The Use of the Urethraâ—…mon passage for the Urin Seed and oâ—… The Nut or Head of the Yard is the outmost swelling part thereof roundish or pointed even and compassed with a Circle like a Crown It hath Flesh more sensible and solid then the rest of the Yard covered with an exceeding thin Membrane It is soft and of exquisite sense for Titillations sake In some Men it is more sharp in others more blunt It hath a Coat or Covering called the Fore-skin or Praeputium a putando from cutting off for the Jews and Turks cut it off and therefore they are nick-nam'd Apellae and Recutiti skinless or skin-cut In which Nations t is wonderful what Vestingus told me himself saw viz. that in young Boys it grows out so long and pointed that it resembles a tayl Hildanus observed it in a certain person very great and fleshy At the lower end it is tied to the Nut by a Membrane or Band termed Fraenum the Bridle which is terminated in the hole of the Nut. Some will have it to be made up of the extremities of the Nerves Carolus Stephanus thinks it is composed of a Combination of the Tendons of the Muscles of the Yard and a Nerve The two nervous Bodies on each side one do make up the remaining and greatest part of the Yard the whole substance whereof is like a most thick spungy Artery stuffed with flesh For the substance thereof is twofold the first external compact hard and nervous the other internal spungy thin and hollow and of a dark-red colour enclining to black and therefore Vesalius saies t is filled with a great deal of black Blood like a Pudding Now this substance is rare and pory that it may be filled with Spirit and Venal and Arterial Blood by which means the nervous substance thereof is the more stretched and the Spirits are not soon dissipated whence proceeds the hardness and stiffness of the Yard not so much for Copulations sake as that the man might squirt his seed right out as far as might be even to the Orifice of the Womb after the Yard hath been moved in the female Privity These two Bodies have their Original from the lower parts of the Hip-bones as from a firm and stable Foundation to which they are strongly tied with two Ligaments where in their Rise they keep some distance that place may be allowed to the Urethra and then they are carried upwards and grow into one about the middle of the Share-bone like the two horns of the letter y but so as they do not both remain perfect but they loose near a third part of their nervous substance Howbeit they remain distinct by the coming between of some membranous partition which consists not of a double Membrane as at the Rise of the Bodies but of one single one very thin and transparent strengthned with nervous and strong transverse fibres which fibres are ranked and ordered like a Weavers Comb. All kind of Vessels enter into the Yard Nerves Veins and Arteries 1. External ones running in the Skin very frequent from the Pudenda and also internal ones spred through its Body They are therefore mistaken that think the Yard is destitute of Veins It s internal Arteries are two remarkable ones arising from the Hypogastrica which are inserted at the beginning of the growing together of the Bodies and are spred up and down according to the length of the Yard But in the middle where the Septum or partition is thinnest they send branches up and down through the spaces of the Fibres the right Artery into the left Body and the left Artery into the right Body carrying Spirit and Blood to blow up erect and nourish the Yard The Nerves also are disseminated from the Marrow of Os sacrum through the Yard as well the external and Skin-nerves as the internal and those remarkable ones which ascend through the middle of the forked division and are thence disseminated into the Muscles the whole Body and the Nut that there might be an exquisite sense and delectation Also the Yard hath two pare of Muscles The first pare short and thick are the Yard Erectors this pare arises nervous under the beginning of the Yard from an Appendix of the Hip and growing fleshy it is carried to the bodies of the Yard into which it is inserted not far from their Original Their Use is to raise and keep the Yard up in Copulation The second Pare which widens the Urethra is longer but thinner or leaner These two fleshy Muscles arise from the Sphincter of the Fundament following the length of the Yard then they are carried beneath and inserted into the sides of the Urethra about the middle thereof It s Use is to widen the lower part of the Piss-pipe both in pissing and especially in Copulation when the bodies of the Yard are full that the Egress of the Seed may not be hindred And in these Muscles is the place where Surgeons do commonly take out stones The Line of the Cod being drawn to one side according to their length and not according to their breadth as Marianus sanctus notes against the Ancients an hollow Catheter being thrust into the Ureter upon which the Incision is to be made which manner of cutting Aquapendent describes and approves of The Use of the Yard is for Copulation which a man cannot rightly perform without the Erection of his Yard and the squirting out of the Seed which follows thereupon For the man squirts his Seed right out into the Mouth of the Womb where being afterward joyned with the womans Seed an drawn in and retained by the Womb Conception is said to be made A secondary Use thereof is to void urin yet was it not therefore made seeing women do make water without it By reason of this twofold use of the yard the Arabians make two passages as Vesalius tells us who observed such a like Conformation in a certain person In some the Nut of their Yard is not bored through in the sore part where it ought to be but in the lower part as Hofman hath noted out of Aristotle and Paulus who cannot make water if their Yard do not stand or when they sit Others and that more frequently have it imperforated in the upper part They are both unapt for Generation Somtimes the Yard hath no passage at all as Julius Obsequens hath observed Chap. XXV Of the Parts serving for Generation in Women and first of the Spermatick Praeparatory Vessels THe Parts serving for Generation in Women do some of them agree after a sort with those in Men as the spermatick Vessels the Stones and the Vasa deferentia or Vessels that carry away the Seed Others are
wholly different as the Womb with its Bottom Orifice and Neck the Hymen the Mâ—â—tle-shap'd Caruncles the Vulva with its Wings tâ—…itoris and the little Hillocks The XXV TABLE The Parts which in Women serve for Generation are represented in this TABLE in their Natural Order and Situation also the internal Structure of a Womans Dug is represented in the same TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE AA The Liver in its proper Place B. The Gall-bladder with the Porus bilarius or Gall-passage C. A Part of the Gut Duodenum DD. The Pancreas or Sweet-bread in its proper Situation through which Vessels go into the Spleen E. The Body of the Spleen FF The descendent Trunk of Vena cava with its Branchings GG The descendent Trunk of the great Artery which is variously branched beneath HH The Emulgent Vessels II. The true Kidneys KK The Auxiliary or Deputy Kidneys LL. The Ureters going down to the Bladder MM. The Bottom of the Piss-bladder N. The Insertion of the Uracbus into the bottom thereof O. A Portion of the Arse-gut PP Praeparatory Vessels from both sides Q. The Rise of the Praeparatory Vessels from the Trunk R. The Place where the Trunks of the Cava and Aorta do branch themselves where an Artery goes over a Vein SS Portions of the Navil-arteries T. The Bottom of the Womb. VV. The Womans Stones XX. Vessels which carry the Seed from their Stones to the Womb. ZZ The Trumpets of the Womb by Fallopius so called or the blind Passage of the Seed YY The two upper Ligaments of the Womb resembling the Wings of Batts or Flitter-mice aa The two lower Ligaments of the Womb round cut off from the Share bb The Hollow of the Flank-bone or Os Ilij which is in Women larger then in Men. The Characters of the Dug explained ccc Vessels spred over the Surface of the Dug d. The greatest and middlemost Kernel e. The Nipple page 62 For we must not think with Galen Archangelus Fallopius and others that these Female Genital Members differ from those of Men only in Situation Which Opinion was hatched by those who accounted a Woman to be only an imperfect Man and that her Genital Members could not be thrust out by reason of the coldness of her temper as in Men they are thrust out by vertue of their greater Heat Howbeit the generative Parts in Women differ from those in Men not only in Situation but in their universal Fabrick in respect of Numbeâ— Surface Magnitude Cavity Figure Office and 〈◊〉 sufficiently manifest to a skilful 〈◊〉 to any 〈◊〉 that will compare what follows to what went before And the falsity of their Opinion is sufficiently apparent by means of the sundry Conjectures which they bring For some liken the Womb to the Cod of a Man and some to the Nut of the Yard Some will have the Neck of the Womb to answer the Mans Yard and others will have the Clitoris Which Conceits falling to the ground by their own weakness I shall proceed to explain the Parts The Spermatick praeparatory Vessels in Women agree with those of Men in their Number Original and Office c. I must now therefore only tell you wherein they differ They differ first in Magnitude These Vessels in women are shorter because of the short way they are to go but therefore they have many turnings and windings which make up the Corpus varicosum to the end the seed may stay long enough to receive due preparation In the next place they differ in their Implantation For in women they are not totally carried to the stones but they are divided in the middle way and the greater part goes to the stone and makes the Corpus varicosum and the lesser part ends into the womb into whose sides it is disseminated especially to the upper part of the bottom for to nourish the Womb and the Child therein and that by those Vessels some part of the menstrual blood may be purged forth in such as are not with Child For the lesser branch being tripartite is below the stone divided into three branches one of which as was said runs out into the womb the other is distributed to the deferent Vessel or Trumper of the Womb and to the round Ligament the third branch creeping along the side of the Womb through the common Membrane ends near the trueneck of the womb insinuating it self also among the Hypogastrick Veins with which and the Arteries they are joyned by Anastomoses Of which see Zerbus Fallopius Platerus and others who have shewn Riolanus and my self the way That is a rare case which is figured out by Beslerus viz. for the spermatick Arteries to be joyned by way of Anastomosis with the Emulgent Artery For this cause in women these Vessels go not out of the Peritonaeum nor reach to the Share-bone because the Stones and Womb are seated within These seminal Veins and Arteries are intertwined with many wonderful Anastomoses for the preparation of seed Yea and the Veins do receive into themselves the Hypogastrick Arteries of the Womb according to the Observation of Arantius and Riolanus Yet I remember the Arteries were wanting in a woman that had bore male Children and Franciscus Zanchez relates how they were turned into stone in a woman of Tolouse CHAP. XXVI Of Womens Stones NOw the Stones of Women though as to their use they partly agree with those in Men yet in many things respecting their structure they differ from them And 1. in respect of their Situation which they have within in the Cavity of the Belly two fingers breadth above the bottom in such as are not with Child and are knit by means of certain Ligaments above the same viz. to the end they might be hotter and consequently more fruitful since they were to work a matter of which alone Mankind was to be generated the seed of the man being added not as a material but an efficient Cause 2. In Magnitude which is not so great in women as in men unless very seldom For by reason of the encrease of Heat they are contracted after a woman is past fourteen whereas they are before that time distended more largely being full of a white Juyce 3. In their external Surface which is more uneven then that of a mans stones 4. In Figure which is not so round but broad and flat on the fore and hinder-parts Also the stones are within more hollow and more full of spermatick moisture 5. In Substance which some conceive to be harder then that of mens stones but others conceive and that more truly that it is softer and if you take off the Membrane you shall find them conglomerated or knobbed together of divers little Kernels and Bladders but seldom like those of men In some great sea-fish there is no difference of the stones of the Males and Females in substance but only in the size 6. In Temperament which is commonly accounted more cold and that the seed contained
of its red Colour and at last becomes very torn and ragged like the jagged edges of worn clouts and hath a large hole which lies alwaies shut those jagged ends alwaies falling in upon it which nevertheless if they be diligently opened and widened they represent the broad end of a brazen Trumpet I shall handle the Particulars more distinctly The Trumpets arise from the bottom of the womb by one end nor do they reach with their other end to the Stones or any other remarkable Part. And therefore they are not manifestly passable in this other Part but shut up and blind so that they are like the Intestinum caecum and are as it were an Appendix of the Womb. But this shutting up may be made according to the Opinion of Fallopius which Riolanus who was since him challenges for his own by the fringes and jagged ends of the Trumpets falling together like Raggs of Cloath They are two in Number on each side one They are seated so as to compass half the Stones but they are distant from the Stones on every side near half a fingers breadth unless the womb be diseased by which they are drawn up nearer to the Stones They are ordinarily fastned only by very thin Membranes not unlike the wings of Bats or Flitter-mice through which many Veins and Arteries are disseminated carried from the Stones into these Passages and carrying Seed out of the Stones Their Substance is nervous white thick and hard Their Figure is round and hollow Somtimes their Cavity so praeternaturally widened as to contain a Mole which Marquardus relates in his Empirica Praxi somtimes a Child Examples whereof are recited by Riolanus Nor could he see any other waies for the mans seed to enter save the turning and winding Passages of those Vessels But in a living woman the mans seed full of spirits might easily be drawn thither by the widened waies of the womb misaffected which Passages being afterwards Conception being made and the Trumpets distended shut up were not seen by Dissectors Or whether hath there not been a shapeless Mole or a Child without life been shaped without the seed of a Man of the Mothers seed only contained in the Trumpets which having received no life from any Father and the passages being shut up it grew great and kil'd the Mother In the Natural Figure let us consider the Beginning Middle and End The Insertion oâ— Beginning is at the bottom of the womb large where it attains a nervous Pipe stretched out to the middle well-near of the Trumpet hollow that it may transmit the Seed to the bottom of the womb The Middle being capacious shews certain little Cells containing white seed The End is narrower though it carry some wideness with it Howbeit before the End it is wreathed and crisped like the tendrel of a Vine as is visible in Men and Beasts The Passage therefore of the Trumpets is not in all parts straight but winding because the way is short from the stones to the womb But the pleasure ought not to be short when the seed is poured plentifully out of the stones into the horns of the womb in Copulation And look what the Seed-bladders are in Men as to preserve the seed these blind passages may be the same in Women when they couple oftentimes and stil void seed For they may be so termed because they are annexed to the stones by little Membranes that by Vessels brought to them from the stones as by the milkie and mesaraick Veins they may easily draw the seed by them concocted and lay it up within themselves for future occasion and send it forth when need requires Their Use is 1. According to Fallopius to serve as Chimneys by which the sooty vapors of the womb may exhale Which I for my part cannot believe For the sooty Vapors are condensed and being resolved into water are reserved till the time of Child-birth or ascend by insensible Pores or breath out at the mouth of the womb both in Women with Child because the mouth of the womb is never so close shut as to hinder as the Examples of Superfoetation testifie as in such as are not with Child Nor can I wel tel how the sooty vapors should find way through these crooked Passages 2. According to the said Fallopius in his Observations they make seed because he alwaies found seed in them but never saw any in the stones to which I answered before 3. Their true Use is to draw seed out of the stones by blind passages of the Vessels dispersed through the Membrane and when it is drawn to perfect the same by some tarriance in the Tendrels and Cells by the irradiation of the vertue of the stones that it may be more fit for a Child to be made of finally to carry it to the womb especially in the Act of Copulation by those little Pipes implanted in the Horns of the womb that it may meet the mans seed in the Cavity of the womb or its Neck to cause Conception CHAP. XXVIII Of the Womb in General THe Womb is by the Latins termed Uterus from Uter a Bottle by reason of its hollowness in which Sense Tacitus does use Uterum Navis for the Keel of a Ship Isidorus saies t is so called because t is on each side one in a more large signification t is termed Venter in the Digests and Institutes Also t is called Matrix Utriculus and Loci muliebres where consist the beginnings of Generation according to Varro In other Animals according to Pliny t is termed Vulva especially in Sows which the ancient Romans did account a delicate Dish Of which see Plutrach and Langius in his Epistles also Martial Horace Apitius Athenaeus and among late Writers Castellanus Hofman conceives that Vulva is corrupted from Bulga and Bulga a Word used by Lucilius and Varro is originally French if we believe Festus who renders it a Bag. Nonius interprets it to be a Satchel or Knapsack hanging about a Mans Arm. See hereof Vossius But the term Vulva is approved by Celsus and the Authors formerly commended It is situate in the Hypogastrium or the lower Part of the lower Belly which is framed in the Cavity termed Pelvis by the Ossacrum and the Flank-bones And therefore that Pelvis or Basin is larger in Women and therefore they have Buttocks greater and wider Now it was requisite that it should be so placed that the Womb might be distended according to the greatness of the Child and that the Child might be conveniently excluded Moreover the Womb is placed in the middle inclining to no side save somtimes when a Woman is of Child with a Boy or a Girl for then the Child lies more to the right or left side though that be no certain Rule Now it lies between the Intestinum rectum or Arsegut which is beneath it and the Bladder which lies upon it as between two Pillows Why therefore should we be proud who are bred
between Dung and Urin It s Magnitude is considered in length depth and thickness and all these vary in respect of Bodies Age and Venery It s Length in those of a middle stature who use Venery from the external Privity to the bottoms end is commonly eleven fingers the bottom is three fingers The Breadth of the bottom is two or three fingers because in Women not with Child the latitude of the bottom and neck is one and the same And hence the amplitude may easily be conjectured But in Virgins which have not attained to ripeness of Age it is little and less then the Bladder in such as are full of Age it is greater yet if they abstain from Venery it is small enough though thick as it is also in very old Women But it is greater in such as have oft conceived and bore Children that a man may well near grasp it in his hand unless when the Women are great with Child for then it is more and more enlarged and whereas before Gravidation the bottom of the Womb did not pass beyond the beginning of Ossacrum it reaches afterward to the Navil and beyond so that it rests upon the thin Guts The XXVI TABLE This TABLE presents tâ—â— Generative Parts of Womeâ— taken out of the Body The Explication of the FIGURE A. The right side deputy-Kidney B. The left deputy-Kidney CC. The Kidney on both sides DD. The right side emulgent Veins EE The right side emulgent Arteries F. The Trunk of Vena cava G. The left emulgent Vein HH The left emulgent Arteries II. The right spermatick Vein K. The right spermatick Artery L. The left spermatick Artery M. The left spermatick Vein NN. The Trunk of the great Artery OO The Stones in Women PP A broad Ligament like the wings of Bats or Flitter-mice QQ The Trumpets of the Womb. R. The Bottom of the Womb. SS The round Ligaments of the Womb cut off at the Share T. The Neck of the Womb. VV. The Hypogastrick Veins on both sides XX. The Hypogastrick Arteries on both sides carried unto the Neck Y. The Sheath or Scabberd of the Womb. Z. A Portion of the Intestinum rectum or Arse-gut aa The Ureters cut off bb The Vasa pampiniformia or Vessels crisped like the Tendrels of a Vine cc. A Passage or deferent Vessel to carry from the Stones to the Horns of the Womb. page 66 The Figure of the Womb is by some counted round by others Pear-fashion'd But though the Womb encline to roundness that it may be of the greater capacity yet we conceive with Soranus and Fallopius that its bottom may best of all be resembled to a Gourd because it is by little and little straitned downwards But the Neck of the Womb resembles an oblong and round Pipe or Channel The Connexion is either of the Neck of the Womb or of the Bottom The Neck is tied by its own substance and by membranes but the Bottom by peculiar Ligaments On the foreside the Neck grows to the Piss-bladder and the Share-bones by Membranes arising from the Peritonaeum In the hinder part to the Ossacrum and the rectum Intestinum with some Fatness But about the Privity it grows together with the Fundament On the sides it is loosely knit by certain Membranes to the Peritonaeum The Bottom is not fastned by its Substance but is free because it ought to be moved as shall be said in its Action wâ—â—refore a Venetian woman died of pains in her womb the bottom thereof being tied by the Call but in the sides it is knit by two pare of Ligaments whose use is to hold the womb suspended or dangling One upper pare is broad and membranous and is held to arise from the Muscles of the Loins and it ends into the bottom of the womb near the horns It is loose and soft that it may be distended and contracted Aretaeus likens it to the wings of Bats or Flitter-mice And by help of this pare the bottom is fastned to the Bones of the Flank But because it is interwoven with fleshy Fibres therefore Vesalius and Archangelus have perhaps not unjustly reckon'd them to be Muscles Now they carry along the praeparatory and deferent Vessels even as they contain the Stones Now this pare of Ligaments or Muscles is somtimes loosned by violence difficult Labor in Childbed weight of the Child in the Womb c. so that the Bottom of the Womb fals into the Privity somtimes with the Neck inverted also somtimes it hangs out and is cut off in which case also it is necessary that there be a Solution of the Connexion of the Neck The other pare is lower being round like Earth-worms reddish like Muscles whereupon some have conceived them to be Muscles that perform the Office of the Cremasters in Men so that the Womb is by them moved up and down or at least is established and strengthned in carrying Burthens expelling the Child Outcries and Labors in Deflux of Humors into this Part which Opinion Pinaeus embraces Also it is hollow especially in the end It arises from the sides of the Bottom of the Womb and at its beginning touching the deferent Vessels it ascends to the Groins and as the spermatick Vessels in men so these Ligaments in Women pass along through the productions of the Peritonaeum and the Tendons of the obliquely descendent Muscles of the Belly and there they are obliterated into Fat or Membranes of the Bones near the Clitoris to which they are fastned and degenerated into a broad and nervous thinness Where two other Muscles begin without the Belly being thin and broad cloathing the whole inner face of the Lips by help of which some women move the Lips The remaining part of the foresaid Ligament runs to the Knee and afterward into a Membrane of the inner part of the Thigh Hence it is as Riolanus acquaints us that women with Child do in their first months complain of a pain in the inside of their Thighs The Use of this Part is 1. As hath been said to draw the Bottom of the Womb upwards least it should fall down in relaxations in bearing of weights and in taking off pains which nevertheless be more rightly said of the pare 2. To hinder the ascent of the womb towards the upper parts which of it self cannot happen unless wiâ—hal the Privities which are continued therewith and the sheath be drawn upwards but in the womb relaxed and distended it often happens 3. Riolanus suspects that the excrementitious Humors of the womb are somtimes carried into the Kernels of the Groins by these Ligaments where also he hath found venereous Bâ—bo's raised Otherwise Hippocrates draws the Bubo's in the Groins of Women from their Courses which Aurelius Severinus refers to critical Abscesses and Arantius seeks out their Passages in the Veins by which the turgent Humer is carried from the womb to the Groins I put the Arteries in place of Veins whereby Excrements are both
here and in other parts carried to the extremities or outmost places in the Body 4. Spigelius in a Woman kil'd with over much carnal Copulation observed these Ligaments near the Womb full of Seed Which makes me suspect that these Ligaments having received a Seminal Moisture do moisten the neighbouring Parts in Women with Child that all Parts may more easily be loosned and stretched in Virgins and barren Women they are meer Ligaments and by their Moisture defend the womb from the violence of burning Heat The Substance of the womb is membranous that it may be dilated and contracted as need shall require furnished with many pleits and folds which in Women with Child are stretched our to widen the womb but they are contracted when the Child is excluded and in aged women Besides these pleits it hath in women with child Pipes and large Cavities or Cells exceeding manifest Now the Substance of the womb is made up of a common and proper Membrane The common is doubled and grows to the sides on each hand arising from the Peritonaeum being exceeding thick and most firm for strength smooth every where save where the Spermatick Vessels enter or the Ligaments go out The proper and internal is also double though it is hard to discern so much by reason of its close adhaesion save in Exulcerations And beâ—ween both there were fleshy Fibres such as are found in the Stomach which some call the proper Substance and Parenchyma of the womb whereinto a spungie Body is here and there strewed and the use thereof is to heat the womb But these Membranes are not of the same thickness alwaies as was said before when I spake of the Magnitude The Vessels of the womb are Veins Arteries and Nerves The Veins and Arteries accompanying one another are carried between the Coats of the womb and pour forth their Blood into those membranous Pipes of the womb but are not carried into the inmost Cavity of the womb And they are twofold some arise from above others from beneath For from the upper and lower parts that is to say from the whole Body the Blood ought to come both that in the monthly terms the whol Body may be purged and also that in the time of a womans going with child her Fruit might be nourished Those which come from above do creep all the womb over but especially in the bottom thereof and they are Branches derived from the Seminal Vessels before the praeparatory Vessels are constituted and also from the Haemorrhoidal Branch whence there is so great a Consent between the Womb and the Spleen The left ends of the Veins and Arteries are joyned with the right ends that the right part may also be augmented with plenty of Blood The Menstrual blood is shed forth by the Arteries in Women not with Child and therefore according to the Observation of Walaeus if about the time of the Menstrual Flux the Pulse of the Heart and Arteries may be made greater then the blood is more vehemently forced into the womb by the Arteries and so the Menstrual Flux furthered We see also when we have given Cordials appropriate to the womb and stirring the Spirituous part of the Blood that then the Courses encline to flow Finally the colour of the Menstrual blood in healthy women declares that it is Arterial blood Now it râ—ns back again to the Heart by the Veins â—…d to the Arteries for all that Blood neither can nor must be voided out of the Body when they are obstructed because the blood cannot freely pass upward out of the lesser Veins of the womb into the greater the Menstrual blood is collected in great quantity and makes great commotions of the womb Those Veins and Arteries which come from beneath and ascend do arise from the Hypogastrick Branches of the Cava and the Aorta and creep through the neck of the womb and the lower part of the bottom where they are every where joyned with the superior ones For very broad Vessels are united through the bottom both without and in the substance of the womb which Anastomoses do more appear in menstrual women and in such as are with Child And they may be easily observed if in dead Bodies some of them be blown up For they all swell by that blast into one The Mouths of these Vessels or Pipes rather do enter into the Cavity of the bottom and are called Acetabula or Cotylidones Cups or Saucers which gape and are opened when the Menstrua are purged And in Women with Child when the womb-liver is joyned to them in Beasts the Verticilli or Tufts drawing blood for the Child And because Branches are carried into the neck of the womb from these Vessels by them women with Child that are Plethorick may void Menstrual blood in their first months when there is more blood then needs to nourish the Child For it is not probable that that blood comes out of the womb for the Child would be suffocated and through too great opening of the internal mouth of the womb Abortion might follow Now it is observable that the Vessels of the womb do in the time of a a womans going with Child so swell with blood especially about the time of Childbirth that they are as big as the Emulgent Veins or half as big as the Vena cava or Aorta Nerves very many in number are carried from the pares of the Nerves of Os sacrum and from the sixt Conjugation of the Brain to the Neck of the Womb and the parts about the Privities for pleasures sake as also to the lower part of the Bottom Whence there is a great Sympathy betwixt the Womb and the Brain To the upper part of the Bottom few Nerves are carried and they are intertwisted like a Net The XXVII TABLE The Womb taken out of the Body with the Stones and all kind of Vessels fastned thereunto and the Piss-bladder The FIGURES Explained FIG I. A. The Piss-bladder turned upside down BB. The Insertion of the Ureters into the Bladder CC. The Neck or Sheath of the Womb into which very many Vessels are disseminated D. The Bottom of the Womb. EEEE The two low and round Ligaments of the Womb cut off FF The Vas caecum or trumpet of the Womb as yet fastned to this upper and broad Ligament GG The same Vessel on the opposite side separate from the broad Ligament HH The deferent Vessels of both sides ending from the Stones to the Bottom of the Womb. II. The upper and membranous Ligament of the Womb resembled to the wings of Batts through which very many Vessels are disseminated arising from the praeparatory Vessels K. The praeparatory Vessels of one side as yet not freed from the membranous Ligament L. The praeparatory Vessels of the other side freed from the membranous Ligament that their Insertion into the Stone may be discerned MM. The Stones of which the right is covered with its Membrane and the left
there appears 1. MAGNA FOSSA the large Trench or Ditch with the outer GREAT CHINK and we may call the foresaid Ditch Fossa navicularis the Boat trench because of its likeness to a little Boat or Ship For it is backwards more deep and broad that the lower and after-end might degenerate as it were the Ditch or Trench In this Ditch the Lips being opened two Holes appear but hardly visible save in live bodies out of which a good quantity of wheyish Humor Issues which moistens the Mans Share in the time of Copulation The Orifice or Beginning of the Neck of the Womb is in the middle of this Ditch Now this Ditch with the external Chink were to be large that the Child might in the external part come out more easily seeing the Skin cannot be so stretched as the membranous Substance within may be Then we meet with two COLLATERAL CHINKS which are less the right and the left and they are between the Lips and the Wings Now in this large Ditch there are first of all to be seen certain Caruncles or little Parcels of flesh of which we are now to discourse CHAP. XXXIII Of the Myrtle-shaped Caruncles IN the Middle of the Ditch or Trench aforesaid appear four CARUNCLES or little Particles of flesh presently after the Wings They are so situate that each possesses a corner and oppose one another in manner of a quadrangle One of them is before in the circumference of the hole of the urinary Passage to shut the same it being greater then the rest and forked least after the water is voided any external thing as Air c. should enter into the Bladder The secon opposite to the former is situate behind the two remaining ones are Collateral Their Shape resembles the Berries of Myrtle Their Size varies for some have their shorter longer thicker and thinner then others Howbeit they abide til extream old Age and wear not away so much as in those that have used frequent Copulation and frequent Child-bearing They have some Membranes joyned to them which Pinaeus together with the Caruncles terms Valves so that their substance is partly fleshy and partly membranous The Hole in the middle between these Caruncles is of various size according to the age of the Party Howbeit Riolanus hath observed that in Virgins it equals a third part of the great Chink Also He conceives these Caruncles are made by the wrinkling of the fleshy sheath of the Privity that the external part being narrower then the sheath may in time of travel be widened as much as it And therefore in a Child-bed Woman after she was brought to bed he observed them for seven daies quite obliterated by reason of the great distention of the Privity nor is there any appearance of them till the Privity be again straitned and reduced to its Natural form Their Use is I. to defend the internal parts while they immediately shut the Orifice of the Neck that no Air Dust c. may enter To which end also the Nymphs and Lips of the Privity do serve II. Fortitillation and pleasure while they are swolen and strongly strain and milk the Yard as it were especially in young Lasses But Pinaeus will have their use to be far different For he saies these Caruncles whose Extremities are fleshy Membranes are so bound together as to leave only a little hole and so to make the Hymen or true Mark of Virginity Nor will he have it seated across or athwart but long-waies so that the figure of the whole Hymen should make an obtuse cone or a cone with the sharp end cut off CHAP. XXXIV Of the CLITORIS FAllopius arrogates unto himself the Invention or first Observation of this Part. And Columbus gloriously as in other things he is wont attributes it to himself Whereas nevertheless Avicenna Albucasis Ruffus Pollux and others have made mention hereof in their Writings The XXVIII TABLE This TABLE comprehends the Sheath of the Womb the Body of the Clitoris and the external Female Privity both in Virgins and such as are defloured The FIGURES Explained FIG I. AA The Bottom of the Womb dissected cross-waies BB. The Cavity of the Bottom C. The Neck of the Womb. D. The Mouth of the Neck in a woman that hath bore a child EE The rugged inside of the Neck cut open FF The round Ligaments of the Womb cut off FIG II. A. The Nymph or Clitoris rather in its proper Situation BB. The Hairs of the Privities C. The Insertion of the Neck of the Bladder near the Privity DD. The Privity EE The wings of the Privity FF The Neck of the Womb cut off FIG III. A. The Body of the Clitoris sticking up under the Skin BB. The outer Lips of the Privity separated one from another CC. The Alae or wings and the Nymphs likewise separated D. The Caruncle placed about the Urin-hole a EE Two fleshy Myrtle-shap'd Productions FF Membranous Expansions which contain the Chink FIG IV. Presents the Privity of a Girl a. The Clitoris bb The Lips of the Privity cc. The Wings or Nymphs d. The Orisice of the Urethra or Piss-pipe â— ff h. Four Myrtle-shap'd Caruncles e. The upmost Caruncle which is divided into two and shuts the Passage of the Piss-pipe â— The Hole of the Hymen or Virginity-skin â— The lowest Caruncle â— The Fundament k. The Perinaeum FIG V. Letter A. Shews the Membrane drawn cross the Privity which some have taken to be the Hymen or Virginal-skin FIG VI. Shews the Clitoris separated from the Privity A. The top of the Clitoris resembling the Nut of a Mans Yard B. The Fore-skin thereof CC. The two Thighs of the Clitoris cut off from the protuberancy of the Hip or Huckle FIG VII The Clitoris cut asunder athwart its inward spungy Substance is apparent page 76 Now the CLITORIS is a small Production It is seated in the middle of the Share in the upper and former end of the great Chink where Its Size is commonly small it lies hid for the most part under the Nymphs in its beginning and afterward it sticks out a little For in Lasses that begin to be amorous the Clitoris does first discover it self It is in several persons greater or lesser in some it hangs out like a mans Yard namely when young Wenches do frequently and continually handle and rub the same as Examples restifie But that it should grow as big as a Gooses neck as Platerus relates of one is altogether praeternatural and monstrous Tulpius hath a like Story of one that had it as long as half a mans finger and as thick as a Boys Prick which made her willing to have to do with Women in a Carnal way But the more this part encreases the more does it hinder a man in his business For in the time of Copulation it swells like a mans Yard and being erected provokes to Lust It s Substance is not boney though it was so in a Venetian Courtezan who
The Membranes which invest the Child cloath and cover it of which in this Chapter III. The Navil-vessels of which in the Chapter following The MEMBRANES which infold the Child are the first thing bred in the Womb after Conception to fence the nobler part of the Seed as may be seen with the Eyes even in the smallest Conceptions and as the Authority of all Authors well-near does testifie Their Efficient cause is the formative faculty and not only the Heat of the Womb as the Heat is wont to cause a crust upon Bread or Gruel For then I. The Crust would stick hard to the Child and could not be separated II. The Heat of the Womb is not so great as to be able to bake the substance of the Seed in so short a time whereas these Membranes are bred well near immediately after the Conception And if there were so great Heat in the Womb no Conception could be made according to Hippocrates in the 62. Aphorism of his fifth Book We conceive their matter to be the thicker part of the womans seed Others as Arantius will have them to be productions of the inner Tunicles the Chorion of the Peritonaeum and the Amnion of the Membrana 〈◊〉 Others that the Mothers seed alone makes these Memibranes others that they are made as well of the mans as the Womans seed These Membranes in Man-kind are two in brute Beasts three which being joyned and growing together do make the SECUNDINE so called 1. Because it is the second tabernacle of the Child next the Womb. 2. Because it comes away by a second birth after the Child Hence in English we call it the After-birth The first Membrane is termed AMNIOS because of of its softness and thinness also Agnina Charta Virginea Indusium c. And it is the thinnest of them all white soft transparent furnished with a few very smal Veins and Arteries dispersed within the foldings thereof It compasses the Child immediately and cleaves every where almost to the Chorion especially at the ends about the Womb-Cake united in the middle thereof where the Umbilical Vessels come forth Yet we can easily separate it from the Chorion There is in it plenty of Moisture and Humors wherein the child swims which proceeds in Brutes from Sweat in Mankind from Sweat and Urin. But Aquapendent having observed that in Brutes the Sweat and Urin were contained in several little Membranes the latter more low and externally in the Chorion the former higher and more inwardly in the Amnion he thought it was so in Mankind much more But Experience and Reason are against it because there are no Passages to the Chorion And because we do not find the Urachus open in Mankind therefore the Urin cannot be thence collected in the Amnios but is voided by the Yard if it be troublesom and the remainder is kept till the time of the Birth in the Bladder which in Children new born is for the most part distended and full but in Brutes empty Nor does the sharpness of the Urin offend the Child in the Womb because 1. It is but little in a Child in the Womb because of the benignity and purity of its Nourishment 2. The Skin is daubed with a clammy Humor and Brutes are defended by their hairiness Therefore the Use is I. That the Child floating therein as in a Bath may be higher and less burthensom to the Mother II. That the Child may not strike against any neighboring hard Parts III. That in the Birth the Membrane being broke this Humor running out may make the way through the Neck of the Womb smooth easie and slippery Part of the Amnios does ever and anon hang about the Head of the Child when it comes forth and then the Child is said to be Galeatus or Helmeted This Helmet the Midwives diligently observe for divers respects and they prognosticate good fortune to the Child and others that use it if it be red but if it be black the praesage bad fortune Paraeus Lemnius and others conceive that the happy and strong Labor of the Mother is the cause that the foresaid Helmet comes out with the child but in a troublesom Labor it is left behind Spigelius contrariwife thinks that when the Mother and child are weak it comes away Besterus makes the Reason to be the roughness of the Amnios which the child is not able to break through or the weakness of the child for which cause it seldom lives to ripeness of Age. I have seen both those that have come into the world with this Helmet and those without it miserable and by chance it comes to cleave both to the Heads of strong and weak children The second Membrane is termed Chorion because it compasses the child like a Circle This immediately compasses the former and lies beneath it in a round shape like a Pancake whose inner or hollow part it covers and invelops spreading it self out according to the measure thereof It is hardly separated therefrom and it strongly unites the Vessels to the Womb-liver and bears them up Towards the child it is more smooth and slippery but where it is spread under the Womb-cake and fastned thereto it is more rough also it is sufficiently thick and double In Brutes the Cotyledons cleave hereunto which consist of a fleshy and spungy substance But in Mankind this Membrane cleavs immediately to the womb by a certain round and reddish lump of flesh fastned to one part only of the womb commonly the upper and former part nor does it compass the whole child being framed of an innumerable company of Branches of Veins and Arteries among which blâ—â—d out of the Vessels seems to be shed and interlarded That same round Mass is called PLACENTA UTERI the Womb-pancake by reason of its Shape also the WOMB LIVER which I will now exactly describe according as it hath been my hap to see it It s Figure is circular but the Circumference unequal in which I have observed five Prominences ranked in due order and the Membrane Chorion in the intermediate spaces thicker then ordinary Where it looks towards the Womb it is rough and waved like baked bread that hath chinks in it and being cut in this part it discovers an infinite number of fibres which if you follow they will bring you to the Trunks of the Veins It is one in Number even in those who bear two or more children at a burthen For into one Womb-cake so many Cords are inserted in divers places as there are children It s Magnitude varies according to the condition of the Bodies and the childrenâ— Yet it is about a foot in the Diameter The Substance thereof seems to be a Body wove together of infinite little fibres blood as it were congealed being interposed which is easily separated Seeing therefore it hath a Parenchyma it is no wonder if like a kind of Liver it make or prepare blood to nourish the child The Nature and Appearance
eaten the night before at Supper and bran hath been seen in the Excrements of a child that only lived with sucking 4. Nurses perceive as soon as ever they have eaten and drunken the going down of the Milk and the swelling fulness of their Dugs Yea and our Nurses are extraordinary careful not to eat while they give their children suck for otherwise the children should suck undigested Milk 5. Castellus pleads their Scituation over the Stomach not near the Liver or Womb excepting in beasts 6. The Milk is colder then the Blood and leaves more Excrement in her that gives suck then blood does in the Embryo or child in the womb Howbeit we find many difficulties in this new Opinion and those of no small moment 1. There are no manifest passages from the Stomach to the Dugs which if any man can find I shall willingly acknowledg my self convinced Martianus indeed Castellus Vestingus and Horstius do talk of invisible passages like the milkie Veins which cannot be discerned in a dead body or at least they conceive the Pores of the flesh may suffice to admit a passage for milkie Vapors But the Pores seem too narrow for thick Chyle to pass through which in the Mesentery did require large milkie Veins which any body may discern A subtile Spirit and thin Vapors with smoakie steams do pass through the Pores and not the Chylus nor blood according to Nature for if so then there were no use of Vessels Nor is the Infant satisfied only with Vapors I willingly acknowledg that Nature endeavors the translation of Humors from one part to another by unknown wayes but she does it compelled and besides her customary Course whereas the breeding of Milk is a constant and ordinary thing 2. The Dugs being heated by any other cause whatsoever do not breed Milk but the action is hindred by the said Heat 3. Nurses confess that after they have drunk the Milk does manifestly descend out of their backs and from about their Channel-bones and puts them to some little pain For there the Chest-arteries are seated and not the Stomach 4. A tender Infant should be ill nourished with undigested meat having been vsed to be nourished with blood before 5. Out of the Nipples of Children newly come out of the Womb before the use of meat a wheyish matter drops like Milk before they have eaten any meat 6. What shall we say to that Aphorism of Hypocrates If a Woman want her Courses neither any shivering o Feaver following thereupon and she loath her Meat Make account that she is with Child 7. Cows when they eat grass after hay or hay after grass before the fifteenth day there is no perfect change either in the Constitution or colour of their Milk or Butter according to the Observation of Walaeus yet they perfectly change their Chyle the first day but their Blood more slowly Also our Nurses observe that after they have slept and their Meat is digested their Dugs make Milk which does not so happen if they want sleep 8. Hogeland proves by Famines and Seiges that when all the Nutriment of the Nurse is turned into perfect blood yet nevertheless Milk is bred in the Dugs Wherefore until some diligent hand shall have found evident wayes and passages for the Answering of the contrary Arguments You are to Note 1. That we admit of the Chyle as the remote matter of Milk but not as the immediate matter thereof 2. That the Blood being plentifully evacuated by the Milk is bred again by plentiful meat and drink and therefore the plenty of Milk ceases when there is little drink taken in as all Nurses do testifie Morcover such as are of a Sanguin complexion afford most Milk whereas those that are of a tender constitution grow lean by giving Suck 3. That all the blood which is poured out of the Arteries into the Dugs is not turned into Milk but only the more wheyish part a great deal running back by the Veins into the Heart 4. That Women which give suck have their Courses because the Vessels of the Womb are then more enlarged then in the first moneths of their going with Child and ever and anon they flow sparingly from Nurses and leave off by fits Also Women that give suck seldom conceive unless they be of a Plethorick habit of body that is to say full of good blood Our Women when they would wean a Boy if their Dugs swell they do by certain Medicines keep back the Milk by straitning the Vessels that the matter thereof may not enter nor be drawn that way 6. That the Breast and Dug-Arteries are large and are more and more widened by continual sucking 7. That the Milk doth drink in the faculty of Meats and Purgatives even by mediation of the Blood which conserves the color and faculty of the meats though sundry digestions have preceded though vapors alone be raised and the substance ascend not 8. That many things are performed in the body according to the singular constitution of particular persons yea and many things which rarely happen which is to be understood of the Milk which was in the Dugs of that Man at Cous and of other things thence voided Nerves are carried from the Nerves of the Chest especially the fift for to cause sense and they end in the Nipple Besides these Vessels the Dugs have also white Pipes according to the observation of later Anatomists springing from the whole Circumference of the lower part which growing narrower do alwayes meet together wherein Milk being made is preserved for use Whether or no they are nothing but widened Arteries becoming white because of the change of the milk and the bordering kernels which I am willing to believe I leave to acuter Eyes and Wits to determine They treasure up the Milk when there is occasion of omitting to give the Infant suck and when that use is over they grow as small as the most Capillary Veins Their Use is 1. General in Women and Men to be safeguards to the Heart hence Nature hath given Men of cold Complexions larger Dugs then ordinary and Women that loose their Dugs become rough-voiced according to Hypocrates Nor doth the pectoral Muscle hinder which performs the same Office which is Riolanus his Objection for the more noble parts require great fencing even by the smallest thing as the Eyes from the Eye-brows the Heart from the water in the Heart-bag or Pericardium c. II. In women their use is to breed Milk to nourish the young Infant For the Child was nourisht by blood in the Womb and milk is the same blood only whitened so that Nature seems to have put a trick upon living Creatures by obtruding upon them the gentler appearance of white milk in place of red blood as Plato hath it Which is the Cause that the People of Savoy and Daulphine did anciently prohibit their Preists the use of milk as well as of Blood Now the Efficient Cause of
is thicker and more spungie in the inside to which grow the Epiphyses and Gristles For the extream Parts of the Vertebrae excepting the first of the Neck are furnished with Appendixes between which there come thick and soft Gristles that they may be more easily moved so that above and beneath they have Gristles which in the Os sacrum are harder and drier because this Bone is immoveable The Vertebrae are knit together by Articulation in the hinder part viz. by the way of Ginglumos but in the fore part by way of Symphysis and that by very strong Ligaments or Bands Now the Ligaments of the Vertebrae are twofold Some do knit the Vertebrae above and beneath and are shaped like the half Moon thick strong fibrous and snottie Others arise from the Epiphyses as well the transverse as the sharp ones which are membranous by which the Processes are more strongly tied Chap. XV. Of the Vertebroe or Whirl-bones of the Back in Particular THe Vertebrae of the Neck are commonly seven In Brutes for the most part six only and Busbequius relates that the Hyena hath none who is confuted by the Skeleton of that Beast in the custody of P. Castellus These Vertebrae of the Neck have some Peculiarities whereby they differ from the rest I. Some of them have their transverse Processes cleft in two II. Also they have them bored for the cervical Veins and Arteries ascending into the Brain III. They have a cloven Spine or thorny Point The two first are joyned by Ligaments to the hinder-part of the Head that they may stick most close to the Head and have somwhat peculiar to themselves which the other five have not I. Is termed Atlas because it seems to bear the Head up which rests upon the two hollows thereof Some call it Epistropheus though more give that Name to the second It hath no Spine or sharp Point least the two small Muscles of the Head which arise from the second Vertebra should be hurt when the Head is stretched out It hath a thinner but more compact Substance It receives and is not received and therefore it hath its Cavity covered with a Cartilage to receive the tooth of the following Vertebra II. Is called Epistropheus from turning for out of the middle of its Body there rises an Appendix others call it a Process round and oblong like a Dogs tooth about which the Head with the first Vertebra is turned Hence that Appendix is called a tooth yea and the whole Vertebra is by Hippoerates so called by the Luxation whereof he conceives an incurable Squinzie is often caused The Surface of the Tooth is in some sort rough because thence proceeds the Ligament wherby it is bound to the Occiput or hind-part of the Head about which also is wound a solid and round Ligament like a Nerve in shape wonderous artificially twisted that the Marrow may not be compressed and hurt Now this second Vertebra is joyned with the first by a broad Ligament turned round The last does more agree with the Vertebra's of the Chest and hath its last Process not alwaies cloven The Vertebrae of the Back are commonly twelve in number to which so many Ribs on each side are articulated seldom one is wanting and there is seldomer one more They are thicker then those of the Neck less solid and full of little holes for the passage of the nourishing Vessels I. Is by the Ancients called Liphiá because it is higher and sticks out more then the rest II. Is termed Maschalister Axillaris the Arm-pit Vertebra The rest are called Costales the Rib-vertebrae The eleventh is termed Arrhepâ—s because the Spine or sharp point thereof is straight The twelfth is called Diazostér the Girder The five of the Loins are the thickest and greatest being full of little holes whose motion is looser then that of the Back that we may more easily stoop to the ground The transverse Processes are longer but thinner excepting the first and fift but the Spines are thicker and broader to which the Muscles and Ligaments of the Back are fastned 1. Is termed Nephrites from the Kidneys which reâ— thereupon The last is by some called Asphalites the stablisher or underpropper The rest agree with the others aforesaid The Os sacrum or holy Bone follows so called because it is the biggest of the Spine or Back-bone for the Ancients termed that which was great Sacred Or because it lieth under the obscaene or privy Parts which Nature herself covers and hides For Sacrum did also signifie execrable as Servius shews from Petronius commenting upon that Expression of Virgil Auri sacra fames the cursed thirst of Gold It is broad and immoveable being the Basis or Foundation of the Back It s Figure is commonly triangular It is in its fore-part hollow smooth and even behind it is bunching and rough Its Vertebrae so called not in regard of use but similitude are five somtimes six in young Children easily separable in grown persons so glewed together that they seem to be but one Bone Solomon Albertus and Pavius have somtimes observed them to be seven in Number Galen makes the Os sacrum to consist of three Bones because he comprehends the other Bones of Os sacrum under the Crupper-bone and calls that an Epiphysis which others call Os Coccygis The Holes are not in its sides as those of the former but in the fore-part which are greater because there are greater Nerves and the hinder-part because at the sides in the Os Ilion or Flank-bone In the three upper Cavities are engraven where the Ossa Ilij cleave â—o it OS COCCYGIS the Cockow-bone so called from the Shape it hath of a Cuckows-bill is under the former consisting of three or four Bones and two Gristles But I conceive there was a greater number of Bones and Gristles in that Danish Boy who had a Tail growing out at his Rump Their Connexion is loose and in Women looser then in Men that they may give way 1. In the Voidance of large Excrements 2. In the time of Womens Travel that the cavity may be more wide And therefore some conceive that this Bone only gives way in the Birth though Pinaeus be against it and that the Pains of Women in Travel depend upon the Concourse of little Nerves in that place Afterwards in sitting it comes forwards and of its own accord returns into its place This Bone in Men bends more inward to sustain the Intestinum rectum in Women outwards because of the Neck of the Womb and that the Cavity might be wider This Bone being hurt or broken exceeding great pains are raised as the Stories related by Amatus and Donatus do witness Hofman believes it is of no use but is only the mark of a tail as the Nipples in Men are only the signs or marks of Duggs But the constant Doctrine of Galen is that all Parts of the Body are made for some Use Chap. 16. Of the Nameless
Membranes Vessels Use The Error of Asclepiades and Paracelsus The Situation of the Piss-bladder It s Magnitude Its Connexion It s Substance Membranes The Crust of the Bladder The expulsive Muscle of the Bladder It s Holes It s Neck The Sphincter Muscle Its Vessels It s Use The Spermatick Vessels and their Original Their Magnitude Their Passage Their Use The Stones Their Number Why placed without in Men Their Greatness Their Figure Whether the left Stone be colder then the right The Error of Aristotle Whether Nature alwaies intends to beget Boys Their Coats Common The Cod. Why void of Fat Porper The Substance of the Stones Vessels Muscles The Efficiens cause of the Seed Without the Stones there is no Generation The Sympathy of the Stones with the whole Body The Parastatae Names Their Substance Their Rise Their Use See Fig. III. Tab. XXI Whether a Bull may ingender after he is guel Whether seed is contained in the Bladderkies Whether in the Prostatae See Tab. XXII Let. QQ Whether the Prostatae do make seed The seat of the Gonorrhaea The Prostatae do not help to make seed Its Names Situation Figure Magnitude Why the Yard is void of Fat the first Opinion Laurentius his Error It s Substance The four Parts of the Yard Urethra The Nut of the Yard â— The nervous Bodies Whence the hardness and Erection of the Yard proceeds The Muscles of the Yard Copulation Conception The Genitals in Women quite different from those in men The similitude of the Yard and of the Womb ridiculous The praeparatory Vessels in women How they differ from those in Men. How the Stones of Women differ from those of Men. Why Womens stones are placed within their Bodies Why the womb is placed in the Hypogastrium It s Magnitude The true Figure of the Womb. The Ligaments of the Womb. The upper Ligaments of the Womb. The falling down of the Womb. The Lower It s Substance Its Membranes Its Vessels Why the left Veins of the Womb are joyned to the right Anastomoses in the womb The Largeness of the Uterine Vessels A Child conceived in a womans Stomach The wombs motion Why sweet smelling things do hurt some women See Tab. XXVII The short Neck of the womb Some Cause of Barrenness The Bottom No Cavities or Cells in the womb of a woman Why Horns are said to be in the wombs of women The inner Orifice of the womb Some Causes of Barrenness The Use of the Orifice of the womb When the Mouth of the womb is opened See Tab. XXVII Wrinkles in the Neck of the womb The Orifice of the Bladder See Fig. IV. and V. of Taâ— XXVIII That there is some true sign of Virginity Why Virgins are pained in their first carnal Copulation An Exception What is the token of Virginity The I. Opinion of the Arabians The II. Opinion The III. Opinion The IV. Opinion The V. Opinion strengthned by many Authors The Confutation of such as deny it to be alwaies found in Virgins The VI. Opinion The hole in the middle of the Hymen is of several fashions A Question touching the shedding of blood in the first Copulation Whether Conception may be made without hurting the Hymen Parts of the Privitie See Fig. II. and III. of the XXVIII Tab. See Fig. IV. of Tab. XXVIII See Tab. XXVIII It s Substance Its Muscles Tentigo Its Vessels It s Use See FIG III. and IV. of the Tab. XXVIII The Lips and Venus Hillocks Wherâ—â—n the Child in the Womb differs from a grown person Whether the heat of the Womb only â—e the Efficient cause of the Membranes Sundry opinions concerning the matter of the said Membranes Their Number What the Secondine is and why so called Whence the Liquor proceeds that is in the Amnios What the Cotyledons are What the Navil is and of what parts it consists The Vena umbilicalis It s Insertion It s Use The Knots Arteries Anastomoses of the umbilical Vessels Their Twisting The length of the Rope It s thickness The binding of the Navil The Dignity of the Navil is not much Urachus The Urachus is not hollow in Mankind The Error of Laurentius The middle Venter what it is Hypocrates and Aristotle It s Figure Magnitude Substance It s Use Its Parts Common The Use of the hair under the arm-pits Why there is little Fat in the Chest The proper Parts See Tab. XXV Lib. I. Why the Dugs in Mankind are seated in the Breast Number of the Dugs Magnitude The difference of the Dugs in men and women Their Shape Their Parts How the Nipples come to have so exquisite Sense The Dug The Venae Mammariae Why Milk is bred after the child is born Their Arteries The matter of Milk is not Blood as Martianus holds But arises from the Stomach the Chyle The said Opinion refuced And the Argument of Martianus and others are answered Their Nerves Their Pipes The use of the Dugs The Efficient cause of Milk Milk may breed in Virgins Men Women not with Child c. See the Figure of the following Chapter Their Number The Error of others Their use It s Situation It s Figure It s Number Magnitude An Head and Tail in the Midriff It s substance It s Membrane It s Holes Vessels Sardonian Laughter Use How the motion of the Diaphragma is performed What the Pleura is and its Original It s Thickness The place of the matter which causes a Pleurisie It s Holes It s substance Vessels The use of the Mediastinum The Pericardium See Tab. 3. of Book 2. It s Original It s Holes Situation It s Connexion It s Surface It s Substance Its Vessels It s Use Whether all Live-Wights have this wherish Liquor in their Heart-bags Why more plentiful in dead Bodies Whence the liquor in the Heart-bag proceeds The first Opinion It s Use Why the Heart â—â— in the middest of the Body A vulgar Error that the Heart is in the left side Why the point of the Heart enclines to the left side Who have the greatest Hearts Connexion Why the Substance of the Heart is so thick It s Coat Whether Fat is found about the Heart The Coronary Vein of the Heart An Error of Fallopius Whether the Heart be a Muscle The Error of Averroes An Hairy Breast what it signifies An Hairy Heart what it signifieâ— Whether the Heart doe perfect the Blood What things are requisite to perfect the Blood In which Ventricle the Blood is perfected What the Pulse is Its Parts The Heart takes in Blood in the Diastole The Quantity of blood in the Heart The form of the Heart in the Systole The shape of the Heart in the Diastole The next Efficient Cause of the motion of the Heart Whether there be a pulsifick Faculty Remote Causes of the motion of the Heart The Earlets of the Heart why so called What pulses first in an Eg. Their Situation Number Substance Their Surface See Tab. IV. of Book II. Their Motion Their use The Ventricles of
of the sixt seventh and eight Ribs before they end in Gristles and it arises from sundry triangular beginnings or spires near the great sawshap'd Muscle of the Brest which afterward grow into one And to every triangular spire from the spaces between its Ribs and Nerve is carryed Moreover it arises also a smal space being interposed from the point of the transverse processes of the Vertebra's of the Loyns So largly is the beginning thereof spread out namely from the sixt Rib to the lowest Vertebra of the Loyns It ends in the middle of the Abdomen where a white line appears and it ends into a large Tendon an infinite company of oblique Fibres running together in that place Now the white Line which is somtimes fringed with fat is the meeting together of the Tendons of the Muscles of the Belly saving those of the right muscles For the Tendons of the oblique muscles are united and do so meet form both parts that they form as it were a coat which covers the Belly or as if it were but one Tendon It is white because void of flesh proceeding from the Mucronata Cartilago or pointed Gristle which is seated at the Sharebone and it is narrower below the Navil then above The two muscles obliquely descendent are bored through 1. At the Navil 2. At the Groyn in men that the seed Vessels may pass through in Women to give passage to the two round and Nervy Ligaments of the Womb which are terminated in the Privity near the Nymphes Now as touching the Original of the obliquely-descending muscle Aquapendant did long since hatch a contrary Opinion which Laurentius did afterwards propound as new and of his own Invention reprehending all other Anatomists who were the said miserably deceived Now this contrary Opinion will have these muscles to be rather termed external Ascendents so that their Original should be from the upper part of the Os pubis Os Ilij and from the transverse Processes of the Loins And the end in the Ribs They prove it thus 1. Because a muscle ought to arise from some quiet and immoveable part such as is the Share-bone compared to the Ribs I answer the Ribs are quiet and still being compared to the white Line 2. They say a muscle draws towards its beginning and because the obliquedescendent serves for Respiration it draws the Ribs towards the Share I answer this muscle doth not primarily serve for Respiration as I shall shew hereafter Now our Opinion which is Galens is proved 1. By the Ingress of Nerves which is about the beginning 2. By the carriage of Fibres which go here from the beginning to the white Line 3. All confess that there is a Concourse of Tendons yea of those which obliquely descend into the white Line Therefore the End is there 4. It This TABLE presents the Obliquely-ascendent Muscle of the Belly loosned from its Originals the Transverse Muscle and the she one straight Muscle in its Situation and the other with its Pyramidals removed from its place The V. TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE A The Muscle of the Abdomen obliquely ascending separated about the beginning wherein bbb Is the Beginning cc. A Portion of that tendon wch covers the right Muscle DDDD The right Muscle in its Situation E. The inner side of the right Muscles drawn out of its place f. The lower End of the right Muscle cleaving to the Share-bone gh The Epigastrick Vessels which spring from the Ramus Iliacus of which g denotes the Vein h the Artery â— The End of these Vessels which are joyned with the Mammaria Descending from above KK The Pyramidal Muscles removed from their place l. The Tendon of those Muscles which reaches to the Navil MM. The transverse Muscle nn Its first Original which is Nervous membranous OOO Its second fleshy Beginning ppp It s Tendon which grows to the Peritonaeum qqq The Nerves which come from the marrow of the Back to this Muscle rrrrr The Boughs of the Vein and Artery of the right Muscles which are sent unto the transverse Muscle cut off SSSS The Ribs TTT The Intercostal Muscles V. The Os Sternum or Breast-bone XX. T Skin separated and hanging down Y. The Spine or sharp point of Os Ilij Z. Certain Muscles which grow to the Os Ilij page 12 is proved by the common Action of which beneath The Use according to Riolanus who saith that the Os pubis or Share-bone being moveable doth move this boney structure forwards the Chest resting or being lightly moved in the Conjugal Embracement and in the going of such as want Leggs and Thighs But we daily observe the Belly to be moved in single persons that are chast nor doth Nature frame Parts to supply unexpected defects of muscles but for Natural and Ordinary Actions Spigelius suspects that from the same moveable beginning that same bone is drawn obliquely upward and enclined toward the Chest by the help of the muscles The second pare is the OBLIQUELY ASCENDENT or internal having Fibres contrarily situated It is situated next the former and hath a triangular Figure It s Original is fleshy from the Rib of Os Ilij but membranous both from the transverse Processes of the Vertebra's of the Loins from which it receives Nerves and from the sharp points of Os sacrum It grows a little by a fleshy End to each of the bastard Ribs and to some of the true Ribs but the rest its End turns by little and little into a Tendon which is double The one part goes upon the right muscles the other beneath so that the right doth rest as it were in a sheath but near the white Line it is reunited and inserted thereinto Which Riolanus hath observed to happen only above the Navil and not beneath The third pare of the right Muscles by reason of the right fibres This pare is commonly reckoned to be but one Galen doth rightly make the beginning to be fleshy arising from the Breast-bone on each side of the Sword-fashion'd Gristle and from the Gristles of the four bastard Ribs It ends in a Tendon at the Os Pubis Others contrariwise will have the beginning to be here in the Share-bone and the End above But I answer 1. That the right Muscles receive their Nerves in the upper part viz. one branch of those Nerves which were inserted into the oblique descending Muscle and others also from the last of the Back and from the first pare of the Loins 2. A Muscle uses not to have a tendinous beginning and a fleshy End Other late Anatomists will have the right Muscles to have two beginnings and two ends one beginning and one end in the Breast and another in the Share-bones Who are for this Conceit of theirs beholden to that new opinion touching the moveableness of the Share-bone of which I shall speak hereafter The Musculus rectus or straight muscle hath for the most part
three Inscriptions in Persons of a middle stature and somtimes four in tall people whose Belly is long But according to Carpus and Casserius we say that suitable to the multitude of Inscriptions there are more muscles because 1. To every Joynting there comes a Nerve 2. If it were but one being contracted into itself it could not equally compress all parts 3. There should be no such muscle in the whole body wherein nevertheless there are many long ones without such a number of Inscriptions In the internal Surface of the right muscles there are two Veins conjoyned with as many Arteries The upper called Mammaria arise from the Vena cava lying beneath the Claves the more remarkeable branch whereof reaches unto the Duggs and runs out under the right Muscle as far as to the Region of the Navil where it is terminated This is met by the other termed Epigastrica which in Women springs from the Womb in men the Vena cava goes upwards towards the upper Vein which before it touches it is for the most part obliterated Yet these two Veins are somtimes joyned together by manifest Anastomosis touching one another at their ends Hence the Consent is supposed to arise between the Duggs and the Womb the Belly and the Nostrils For when the Nose bleeds we fix Cupping-glasses to the belly and the Duggs of Women being handled it in cites them to Venery The Musculi recti receive Arteries from the Epigastrica Artery and Nerves which proceed from the last Vertebra's of the Chest The proper use of these Muscles according to Riolanus is to move the Share-bone forward in Generation which hath been already confuted Spigelius will have them to draw the Breast to the Ossa pubis or share-bones and the Share-bones to the Breast in a straight motion and so to bend the Chest whence it is that in Dogs and Apes they reach as far as to the Jugulum because their Chest did require very much bowing But these contrary motions unless they be holpen with those incisions of the right muscles do involve a difficulty Helmont suspects that they are stretched in going up hill and that from thence shortness of breath proceeds Flud saith that by a general use they make the Belly round and compress it centrally or towards the middle point thereof The fourth pare called the Pyramidal Muscles do rest upon the lower Tendons of the Musculi recti Nor are they parts of the right Muscles as Vesalius and Columbus think but distinct muscles as Fallopius proves with reasons which are partly convincing partly vain But that they are peculiar muscles is hence apparent 1 Because they are cloathed with a peculiar membrane 2. Their Fibres are different from those of the Musculi recti They rise with a fleshy beginning not very broad from the external Share-bone where also the Nerves do enter and the farther they go upwards the narrower they grow till they terminate with a sharp point into the Tendon of the transverse Muscle And from this place I have observed more then once a small and round Tendon produced as far as to the Navil Riolanus hath observed the left Pyramidal Muscle to be lesser then the right and when there is but one it is oftner left then right The Use of the Pyramidal Muscles is to assist the right muscles in compressing the Parts beneath Hereupon according as the Tendons of the right muscles are more or less strong so sometimes the Pyramidal muscles are wanting though rarely somtimes they are strong otherwhiles weak and somtimes there is but one Bauhine saith If they are absent then either the flesh joyned to the Heads of the right ones which I have often observed or the Fat performs their Office And others will have them to be as it were certain Coverings of the right muscles Fallopius will have the Pyramidal 〈…〉 to compress and squeez the Bladder when â—…e Water that the Urin may be forced out Conâ—…wise Aquapendent will have it that they raise and lift themselves up and together with them the Abdomen and Peritonaeum that the parts beneath them may not be too much burthened Now Columbus charges Fallopius that he would have these muscles serve to erect the Yard whereas that is Massa his Opinion whose Opinion is followed by Flud because of the situation of these Muscles but they cannot serve for that intent because they reach not the foresaid part and because they are found likewise in Women The fifth pare called the Transverse Muscles being lowest in situation do arise from a certain Ligament which springs out of the Os sacrum and covers the Musculus sacrolumbus also from the lowest Rib and the Os Ilij They end by a membranous Tendon into the white Line and do stick extream fast to the Peritonaeum every where save about the Share The proper Use of these Muscles is to compress the Gut Colon. The Action of all the Muscles of the Belly is as it were twofold 〈◊〉 An equable Retension and Compression of the Parts in the Belly For â—…y all act together the Midriff assistiâ—…em and this is the reason why the Fibres of all thâ—…s do meet together in one and the same Câ—…ing as they are thus described by Robert Eâ—… 2. The Second Action 〈…〉 vs upon the former viz. the â—…dance of Excrements And because the number of parts to be compressed is great as the Guts Womb Bladder one Muscle could not suffice but there was need of divers acting in divers places according to divers Angels Right transverse oblique Every part indeed hath an expulsive Power but those parts which are hollow and often and much burthened do need the help of these muscles as in the Expulsion of Excrements of Worms of Urin of a Child of a Mole c. These are their true Actions which are apparent from their Fabrick But Nature somtimes abuses the muscles to move the Chest when there is need of a great and violent Expiration as in Outcries Coughs and the like For then they do not a little compress the Chest Their Use They are of an hot and moist Temperament because flesh is prevalent in them And therefore they cherish Heat and Concoction They are moderately thick and therefore they defend the Parts and are a Safeguard to them even when they rest Also they conduce to the Comlyness of the Body And therefore extream Fat dropsied Persons such as are very lean c. are deformed CHAP. VII Touching the Peritonaeum ALl the Muscles of the Abdomen being removed the Peritonaeum comes in sight being spread over the Guts and having its Name a circumtendendo from stretchinâ—…ading about because it is drawn over all 〈…〉 which are between the Midriff and the Thighs Now the Peritonaeum is a membrane which doth cloath the Bowels of the lower Belly It is a membrane and that sufficiently thin and soft that it may not be burthensom but
pass and repass through the Pylorus The same Person beleives that it remains shut after Death which doth I conceive no otherwise happen then as other parts are then stiff with Cold. It is a little The Stomach-Nerves so called are Expressed The IX TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE A. The Stomach B. The Gullet or Oesophagus C. The left and larger side of the stomach D. The upper Orifice of the Stomach called peculiarly Stomachus and Cardia the Heart E. The right external Nerve of the sixt pare compassing the Orifice thereof F. The external left Nerve of the sixt pare G. The Gastrick Vessels creeping along the Bottom H. The lower Orifice or Mouth of the Stomach called Pylorus the Porter page â—â— bowed back and hath transverse Fibres and a thicker Circle cast about it others call them Glandulous Pustles like an Orbicular or Sphincter Muscse some call it by the Name of a Valve though it be seldom so closely shut but that both Dung and Choler and other things do ever and anon ascend But the Chylus by a Natural propension affects to go downwards nor doth it go the other way unless compelled It is called the Pylorus or Porter because it lets out the Chyle It may be exceedingly dilated even as also the left Hence it is that many examples testifie how that very great things have been swallowed down and voided out by Vomit and by Stool as Gold-rings Nut-shels small Knives Pebble-stones peices of Iron Frogs Lizards Serpents whole Eels Pipes Coins c. The Pylorus rules over all the inferior parts according to the Opinion of Helmont being Moderator of Digestion From the Indignation whereof he fetches the cause of the Palsie and Swimming Dizziness of the Head and saith that a Flint having stopped the same Want of Appetite and Death it self followed Salmuth saw Death caused by the Gnawing and Scirrhous Tumor thereof which Evils depend upon viriated Concoction or Digestion hindered The stomach hath three sorts of Fibres straight oblique transverse which are conceived to serve for Attraction Retention and Expulsion But some do peradventure more rightly determine that the Fibres conduce to firmness and strength as when we would have a peice of Cloath strong we cause more threeds to be woven into it Especially seeing many other parts without these kind of Fibres do attract retain and expel as the Liver Spleen Brain Stones Lungs Duggs And other parts as Bones and Gristles though they have Fibres yet do they not attract or expel any thing The Number of Fibres in the Membranes is uncertain through the variance of Authors That the first or outmost Coat hath more right Fibres and the second more transverse is generally agreed upon by most Anatomists The doubt is touching the third or inner Coat Galen Abensina Mundinus Sylvus and Aquapendens do allow it only right or straight Fibres Vesalius saies it hath right Fibres towards the Cavity and oblique in the outward part Costaeus allows it only oblique I with Fallopius and Laurentius being led by Experience and Reason do admit al kinds of Fibres in this Membrane The Surface is smooth without plain and whiteish within when the stomach doth purse it self it appears wrinkled and somwhat reddish It hath a triple Membrane The first common and external springing from the Peritonaeum and the thickest of all that have their Original from the Peritonaeum though otherwise thin enough which Petrus Castellus conceives doth chiefly concurre in Vomiting The second more fleshy which is the middlemost and hath fleshy Fibres to further Concoction The third is lowest and nervous into which the Vessels are terminated and it is continued with the Coat of the Oesophagus Mouth and Lipps that nothing may be received in which â— ungrateful to the Stomach and because the meat is prepared in the mouth Hence it is that when Choler is in the Stomach the Tongue is bitter and yellow And contrariwise the Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue are communicated to the Oesophagus and Sromach This Coat is wrinkled that it may be the better dilated And it hath its Wrinkles from a fleshy Crustiness sticking thereunto the better to defend it from hard meats This Crust is thought to arise from the Excrements of the third Concoction of the Stomach and it is spungy and hath passages like short Fibres from the inner Surface to the outward that the thinner Chylus may be the better detained till the End of Digestion The Substance therefore of the Stomach being membranous and cold is holpen by the Heat of the Neighboring Parts For the Liver lies over the right side and middle part thereof for it lies under the Heart-pit At the left side lies the Spleen it is covered by the fat Call Under it lies the Pancreas or Sweet-bread also near it lie the Midriff Colon-gut the Trunk of Vena cava and of the Aorta The Stomach is knit in the left part to the Midriff not to the Back-bone by its Orifice therefore when it is over full by hindring the motion of the Midriff it causes shortness of breath On the right side it is joyned to the Gut Duodenum by its other Orifice or the Pylorus At the Stomach in the left side under the Midriff is formed a remarkeable Cavity enclosod with Membranes partly from the Stomach partly from the Midriff and partly from the Call Tonching this Cavity that place of Hippocrates is to be understood in the 54 Aphorism of the 7. Section Those who have Flegm shut up between the Septum transversum and the Stomach which causes pain and can find no passage into either of the Bellies when the Flegm passes through the Veins into the Bladder their Disease is cured The Shape of the Stomach is round and oblong like aÌ„ Bag-pipe especially if you consider it together with the Duodenum and Oesophagus In the Fore-part is is equally gibbous or bunching forth in the Hinder-part while it lies enclosed in the Body it hath two bunchings that on the right hand being the less and that on the left hand the greater between which lie the Vertebra's of the Back and the descending Trunk of the Vena cava and the Artery It s Magnitude varies commonly t is less in Women then in Men that place may be made for the Womb when it swells For Women are for the most part lesser then men and yet not more gluttonous then Men as Aristotle beleives viz. being of the same size and equally healthy yea and they are inferior to men in Heat to digest and concoct Also in gluttonous persons and great Drinkers it is greater then ordinary so that when it swells it may be felt as it were naked For it is exceedingly dilated and therefore it is thinner in Drinkers in whom it is somtimes so attenuated that it can no more wrinkle it self whence follows long weakness Which Walaeus in Diffection hath observed to happen chiefly to
Now this Membrane is fastned above to that same fibrous circle which ends the Colon but it is fastned below or rather strongly held by two very little Membranes proceeding on both sides from the side of that Orifice through which the thinner Guts disburthen themselves into the wider the use of which bones is to hinder that the value do not easily totter for they bind it to the Ileum But the lower part of the value doth wave up and down loosely The use thereof is that nothing may pass back out of the thick Guts into the thin be it Wind or Excrement especially in a strong excretion or straining at stool or in costiveness of the Belly Hence it is that the matter of Clysters cannot naturally reach unto the smal Guts The Colon hath Veins and Arteries under the Stomach from the Epiplois postica But in the left side it hath the Haemorrhoidal Vein and from the lower Mesenterick the Haemorrhoidal Artery The last thick Gut is termed RECTUM because it goes straight out without any turning and ends at the Fundament for it goes streight downwards from the top of the Os Sacrum to the extremity of the Crupper-bone to which it is Knit firmly by the Peritonaeum least it fal of also it grows in men to the Pispipe in the Yard to the Neck of the Womb in Women by mediation of a Musculous substance Whence springs the consent of these parts in Men and Women especially of the Womb and this Gut in Women for the Gut being exulcerated oft-times the Excrement is cast out the female Privity It is long as it were an Hand-breath and an half and three fingers broad and Corpulent and thick having Fat Appurtenances growing thereto on the outside It hath Veins from the Hypogastrick branch of the Vena Cava and Haemorrhoidal Veins Four Nerves are inserted into the end thereof which make this Gut very sensible as is apparent in the Tenesmus It s end is termed Podex or Anus the Arse or Fundament having three Muscles of which peradventure five may be made The This TABLE sets forth that Valve which is found in the Guts The XII TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE a. The Gut Ileum b. Caecum or the blind Gut ccc Colon. dddd The valve hanging e. The entrance of the Gut Ileum ffffff The Gut Colon slit open gg The inner coat of the Gut Colon. hhh The Valve lifted up i. The beginning of the Gut Ileum kkk The Circle l. Its Connexion with the Ileum a. The Gut Ileum b. Caecum or the blind Gut ccc Colon. dddd The valve hanging e. The entrance of the Gut Ileum ffffff The Gut Colon slit open gg The inner coat of the Gut Colon. hhh The Valve lifted up i. The beginning of the Gut Ileum kkk The Circle l. Its Connexion with the Ileum page 27 I. Is termed Sphincter or Ani Constricter the shutter or contractor of the Fundament so that though some part thereof may be cut of in Fistula's or other Diseases yet is not therefore the whole use thereof quite taken away Galen and Fallopius and others do make two of this Muscle because its upper part is thicker the inferior part is inseparably annexed to the Skin as is seen in the Fore-head and Eye-lids and therefore Galen called this part the skinny Muscle or the fleshy Skin It arises from the lower Vertebra's of Os sacrum and is compassed with transverse Fibres all a long the Fundament It is fastned on the forepart 1. To the passage of the Bladder by Fibrous couplings 2. To the Yard to the Muscles whereof it gives beginning 3. To the Neck of the Womb. Behind to the Crupper-bone which lies under it At the sides by Ligaments produced from the Os sacrum into the Os Corae It s use is to purse up the Fundament that we may do our business when we please And therefore being palsied or otherwise hurt it makes the dung to come from a man whether he will or no even as the Sphincter of the Bladder being hurt the piss flows out involuntarily II. and III. Two other Muscles have insertions into the upper part of the Sphincter very much Commixed therewith They are called Ani Levatores Arse-lifters Because Their use is to draw the Fundament upwards into its own place again after the Excrements are voided especially when we have been forced to strain hard at stool And therefore when they have been weakned or slacked somtimes the Fundament is drawn up with difficulty and somtimes it continues hanging forth These Muscles are under the Bladder broad and thin arising from the Ligaments of the Share the Os sacrum and Hip from whence they are carried downwards to the right and left sides of the Fundament which they compass about But they have a certain peculiar and distinct portion growing to the Root and Neck of the Yard which may be counted a third and distinct Muscle The use of these Muscles ceases in those who have their Fundament shut up Such a Case Fernelius saw And I saw the like at Padua in one named Anna whose Fundament was so shut up that he voided his Excements by his mouth when concoction was finished having an Horn to put into his mouth for that end Chap. XII Of the Mesentery THe Mesenterium is so called because it is in the middle of the Guts not because it is the middle Gut as Cicero will have it and Macrobius who follows him for it doth not partake of the nature of a Gut save in that it is Membranous nor is there any defence for Laurembergius because we are rightly said to dwell in the middle of the world supposing the Earth to be a part of the World Spigelius doth more rightly interpret Here are described four kinds of Vessels disseminated through the Mesenterium as also the Pancreas is discovered in its Natural Situation The XIII TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE AA The Convexe part of the Liver B. The Concave part of the Liver C. The Gall-Bladder D. The passage for the Gall. E. Part of the Gut Duodenum F. The Pancreas or Sweet-bread whole in its proper place GG The Spleenic Vessels detected by opening the Pancreas H. The Spleen II. The Mesenterick branch of the Vena Portae K. The Mesenterick Artery L. A Nerve of the sixt part spred up and down in the Mesentery MMMM The Guts cleaving to the Mesentery N. The beginning of the Intestinum Jejunum OOOO The Mesentery PPPPPP The Vessels of the Mesentery of which the black ones the Veins those by the black ones the Arteries and the white ones signifie the Nerves and 〈◊〉 Veins QQQQQ 〈…〉 through 〈…〉 page 28 This TABLE expresses the Mesentery taken out of the Body The XIV TABLE The Explication of the Figure A. The Centre of the Mesentery and that part of the Back where it arises from the Membranes of the Peritonaeum which knit the great Artery and the Vena Cava in this
one and otherwhiles they have from the Trunk of the Aorta one while a single branch otherwhiles three together These Cases have Nerves also For about the beginnings of the Arteries of the Mesentery some branches of Nerves mixed together are produced one part of which goes unto the kidneys and these Cases which rest upon them The Capsulae Atrabilariae in Men and other Creatures are here described In all which FIGURES The XX. TABLE The FIGURES explained The Capsulae or Cases being round in men The Capsulae or Cases being Trianguler in men The Capsulae or Cases being square and Oâ— all in men The Capsulae or Cases in a Lambâ— The Capsulae or Cases in the fish Tuâ—sio The Capsulae or Cases in an Oxâ— A. Represents the Cases whole B. Shews them dissected that the internal Cavities may be seen which are of various Forms C. Points out their Veins and Arteries arising from the Aorta and Cava and from the Emulgents D. Is the Vena cava E. Is the Arteria Aorta F. The Vessels on both sides called Emulgents G. The Kidneys cropped off Page 5â— Chap. XIX Of the Vreters or Vrin-channels THe Ureters or Urin-carryers are round-long Vessels or Channels arising out of the Kidneys planted into the Bladder into which they carry the Urin from the Kidneys The Ureters are commonly two in Number on each side one somtimes two somtimes more yet al growing into one before their Insertion as also Carolus Stephanus observed in a certain Body But the far renowned Riolanus in a body infected with the venereal Pox saw two Ureters on either side inserted into the bladder at â—…s places the one towards the neck the other in the bottom thereof Salomon Albertus observed three on the right side and but one on the left I have frequently observed the like difference as among other things I shew in my Rare Anatomical Histories Their Situation They run through many parts in their beginning middle and end Their beginning is in the kidneys themselves what ever Hofman Riolanus Laurenberg and Plempius say to the contrary in which they rise like Roots out of the Earth and as a Vein out of the Liver Nor does their similitude with the Bladder move me because 1. The Nature of the Ureters is peculiar and distinct from them both 2. They are not much unlike the belly of the kidneys 3. All Parts do carry with them the nature and colour of their Original as we see in the Aorta and the Cava Nor does their cleaving fast to the Bladder infer any thing seeing the connexion is not greater there then in the kidneys being conveniently separable between the Membrane of the Bladder and the Muscle And therefore this Original is in the kidneys out of nine or ten little Pipes or Channels to each of which the Caruncles aforesaid are applied though the Caruncles may be also applied to their middle part being bored through Now those Pipes go into fewer and greater branches commonly into three distributed into the upper middle and lower Region of the kidney These grow afterwards into one large Cavity which goes out of the flat side of the kidney The middle part is the whole long-round Pipe or Channel resting upon the Muscles of the Loins between two Membranes of the Peritonaeum with which The Ureters are fastned above to the kidneys below to the Bladder with the inner substance whereof they make one continued Body so that they cannot be pluckt away without breaking Their End is where they are implanted being carried obliquely a fingers breadth between the proper Membrane of the Bladder and it s circumvolved Muscle not far from the Neck of the Bladder in its hinder part And besides the oblique Insertion of the Ureters which cannot at al or very highly hinder the regress of the wheyish Humor into the Ureters because it is broad two little Membranes are placed in the Implantation like the Valves in bellows shutting up the passage of the Ureters so that the Urin cannot go back Hence it is that the Bladder being blown up will not admit so much as any wind Laurentius Riolanus and Plempius deny these Valves contrary to all other Anatomists But though the passage be crooked yet is it open enough The Gut Colon is not a little wreathed and the Ileon more then that and yet they have a Valve affixed Yea they are themselves forced to confess that the two Membranes clapt together do exactly shut up the passage of the Ureters and what hinders but that they may be termed Valves As for their Magnitude They are long-round Vessels thick and hollow as big as straws But in Dissections of persons troubled with the Stone we have often seen their Cavity so wide as to admit two fingers yea and as big as the Guts As to there Figure they are round Vessels like Water-pipes a little crooked like the letter S. They have a double Membrane The one common from the Peritonaeum for strength sake the other proper like the inner substance of the Bladder and continued therewith white whence some and Celsus among the rest call them the white Veins bloodles nervous thick strong furnished with straight and crooked Fibres that they may be stretched They receive small Veins and Arteries from the neighbouring Parts They have Nerves from the sixt pare and the Marrow of the Loins Whence they have an exquisite sense and are pained when stones pass through them which sense of pain is encreased by the distention of these membranous Bodies caused by great stones Their Use is that through them as Conduit-pipes the Urin separated from the Blood by the kidneys may be carried into the Bladder and somtimes Gravel and Stones Worms Pins Haâ—â— Quittor Blood c. Now the Urin is carried by a manifest Passage formerly explained into the bladder which Passage because Asclepiades was ignorant of he would have the Urin carried into the bladder after a blind manner as if it were first resolved into a vapor and did so sweat through and afterward became an humor as before Which transudation Paracelsus likewise held Chap. XX. Of the Piss-bladder THis Bladder is seated in the lowest part of the Belly between two Coats of the Peritonaeum in a Cavity fashioned by the Os sacrum the Hip and Share-bones as it were in a little belly of its own separate from the Paunch in men above the 〈…〉 rectum or Arse-gut in women between the 〈…〉 the Womb and the Os pubis and the Sharâ—… It s Magnitude varies for the greater the Lungs are the greater is the bladder so that those Live-wights which have no Lungs have no bladder and according as it is variously distended For somtimes being full it does so strout in the belly that it may be felt by the hand and somtimes being empty it is in Dissections hardly discerned at first by reason of its
smallness being no bigger then a large Pear The XXI TABLE This TABLE expresses the Coats of the Bladder as also the Seed-bladders seated in the Hinder-part thereof The FIGURES Explained FIG I. AA The common Coat of the Bladder BBB It s middle Coat furnished with musculous Fibres C. It s inmost wrinkled Coat DD. The Neck of the Bladder E. The Sphincter Muscle of the Bladder FF The Kernels called Prostarae GG A Portion of the Ureters hh Their Insertion between the two Coats of the Bladder FIG II. A. The inner Coat of the Bladder being opened BB. Part of the Ureters CC. The Orifices of the Ureters widened in the Bladder DD. A Portion of the Vasa deferentia or carrying Vessels EE The Seminal Bladders displaid FF The Kernels called Prostatae divided G. An Hole going from the Bladders into the beginning of the Piss-pipe furnishe with a Valve H. The common Passage of Piss and Seed FIG III. A. The Hinder side of the Bladder with its External Coat taken off BB. The Ureters CC. A Portion of the Vessels which carry away the Seed DD. The Seed-cases or Capsulae Seminales dd Their End EE The Seed-bladders expressing divers Cells FF The Kernels called Prostatae G. The Piss-pipe page 52 The Bottom is fastned to the Peritonaeum also to the Navil by an intermediate Ligament called Urachus and the two Navil-arteries dried up least when a man walks upright the bottom should rest upon the Neck Hence is the Sympathy between the neck of the bladder and the Navil The neck of the bladder is fastned in Women to the Neck of the Womb and the neighboring Hip-bones in Men to 〈…〉 Rectum Intestinum It s Substanâ— â—…tly membranous for strengths 〈…〉 because of extenâ—… and wâ—…ether â—…ly fleshy because of motion For it hath two Membranes and one Muscle infolding the whole bladder which all other Anatomists except Aquapendent do make to be a third Membrane and not a Muscle The first Membrane is outmost and common from the Peritonaeum strong and thick The other is inmost and proper thin of exquisite sense interwoven with all kind of Fibres that it may admit of much distention and contraction wherein there are very many wrinkles in persons troubled with the stone and little cavities are engraven which hold stones being caused through long want of distention And it is covered with a fleshy Crust or wrinkled Coat as it were made of the Excrements of the â—…igestion least the innemost Coar should be by the sharpness of the Urine That which is in the middle betwixt this proper and the outmost Coat is by others called the second proper Membrane which nevertheless they grant to be thick and furnished with fleshy Fibres But it is rather a Muscle encompassing the whole Bladder because it hath Fibres visibly fleshy inserted into the beginning of the bladder So that as the circular Muscle called Sphincter does cloze the bladder that our water may not pass from us against our wills so this Muscle does help the voidance of our water whilest by contracting it self it squeezes the bladder And this is indeed the Opinion of my Master Aquapendent the truth whereof Walaeus was wont thus to prove in the Dissection of live Dogs having cut off all the Muscles of the Abdomen he makes a small piercing wound into the bladder out of which wound or hole the urin spins out as far as naturally it does from the Yard yet I shal not refuse to grant thus much to other Authors Viz. that the Muscles of the Abdomen or Belly do also help forward the Expulsion of Urin. It ma es nothing against us that the stomach and Guts and Womb have the like fleshy membrane for they also did need such an one that they might more easily be widened and contracted Hence though the Membrane of the Bladder be more fleshy yet in a large sense the Membrane of these other parts may likewise be termed musculous But the condition of Spirituous blood forcibly issuing forth and of a dull and lazie urin are different Moreover in the Veins the precedent blood is forced on by that which follows according to the Laws of Circulation and the inbred Faculty The Bladder hath three Holes Two a little before the Neck where the Ureters are inserted of which before the third is in the Neck to let out the Urin. Now the Neck of the Bladder is its narrower part through which the Urin is voided In Men this Neck is more long-round narrow and a little writhen because being placed under the bodies which compose the Yard it is carried upwards under the Share-bones from the Fundament to the Original of the Yard To which in the hinder part two Kernels are adjoyned called the Prostatae In Women the Neck of the Bladder is short and broad stretched forth-right downwards and implanted above into the Neck of their Womb. In both Sexes the Neck is fleshy which therefore heals being wounded whereas wounds in other parts of the bladder are deadly interwoven with very many Fibres especially such as run athwart which purse up the Neck of the bladder that our water may not pass from us against our wills and this orbicular Muscle is therefore called the Sphincter Which if it be over cooled or troubled with the Palsie or any other Disease the Patient cannot hold his water The Bladder hath Veins termed Venae Hypogastricae implanted into the sides of its Neck which being variously distributed through the bladder are mutually conjoyned one with another and with the Arteries and are penetrable by mutual holes from one to another so that the blood may easily pass out of one branch into another according to the Observation of Sylvius that the nutritive blood brought in by the Arteries may return by the Veins Now the reason why the Bladder hath Veins is because it draws a meer Excrement viz. the Urin with which it cannot be nourished It hath Arteries from the Hypogastrica in Men in Women from the Vessels which go into the Neck of the Womb. It hath considerable Nerves from the sixt pare and from the Medulla of Ossacrum It s Use is to contain Urin and to be the Bodies Chamber-pot also Stones it contains and Gravel and somtimes other things as Hairs Witness Galen Donatus Hollerius Shenkius Tulpius Worms by report of Hollerius Mundanella Dodonaeus of which there was a late Instance at Hafnia Pinns and which is most strange Pot-herbs according to the late Observation of John van Horn. And its next use is to expel the said Urin contained Chap. XXI Of the Seedpraeparatory Vessels in Men. HItherto we have handled the Organs of Nutrition those of Procrea ion or Generation come next to be spoken of which are different in Men from those in Women In Men those which first present themselves are The twofold Spermatick Vessels viz. the two Spermatick Veins and the two Spermatick Arteries The right
ordinary Course of Nature Smetius in his Miscellanies Fontanus in his Physica Cabrolius Hofmannus de Generatione and others do testifie Now the place wherein the Seed is bred is not any large Cavity in the Stone but certain very small Vessels therein formed covered with a very delicate thin Coat as Vesalius rightly teaches Now these following Authors after Aristotle have taken away the faculty of Seed-making from the Stones viz. Fallopius Cabrolius Posthius Casparus Hofmannus Caesar Cremoninus Adrianus Spigelius Regius and others because the Matter of Seed does not go into the Stones nor is there ever any Seed found in them But they wil have them principally to be Receptacles for the wheyish Humor which flows in with the Blood which they collect from their glandulous substance and the largeness of the left Stone But they are confuted by Eunuchs and gelt persons whose Stones being cut out or bruised they become unable to engender Also Seed hath been frequently observed in the Stones Witness Dodonaeus in his 39. Observation touching a Spanish Soldier Hofman de Generatione Chap. 18. Carpus and Riolanus It is indeed not to be found in some Bodies because it was not bred by reason of some sickness or Imprisonment or upon Death the Spirits being dissipated a watry Liquor appears instead thereof Nor can the Seed come to the Vasa deferentia otherwise then by the Testicles which begin at the Stones as the praeparatory Vessels end in them by the Observation of very many Anatomists and why the left Stone is greater then the right another reason is alleadged by learned men Also the Stones seems to give strength and courage to Mens bodies as may be seen in gelded persons who are changed well-near into Women in their Habit of Body Temperament Manners c. And doubtless the stones do exceedingly sympathize with the upper Parts of the Body especially with the Heart For we see that cordial and cooling Epithems in fainting Fits and bleeding at the Nose being applied to the Stones do help as if they were applied to the very Heart and Part affected The Cause hereof is hard to tell Jaccbinus Laurentius Hofmannus conceive that it comes to pass by reason of Passions of the Mind which are joyned with fleshly Lust But Eunuchs also are lustful for they are great Lovers of Women And Eunuchs are often transported with anger and other Passions of the Mind but they receive not never the more the Habit of Men. Galen seems to have been of Opinion that a Spirit was bred in the Stones and diffused thence al the Body over But glandulous Bodies of the number of which the Stones are are unfit to engender an hot Spirit nor are there any Passages about the Stones for the distribution of that new Spirit according to the Opinion of Galen Nor is therefore the Opinion of Mercatus allowable viz. that those Spirits are not indeed bred there but that the Vital Spirits are collected in the Stones in great quantity that from them they may return back into the whole Body for those which are there collected are collected to engender Seed But the Opinion of Thomas a Vega does better please me til I shall find a more probable viz. that a Seminal Air is raised up in the Generation of Seed which thus changes the whole Body The flesh truly of ungelt Creatures hath a rammish tast of the Seed which the flesh of such as are gelt hath not This Vapor or Air of the Seed is carried to the Heart either by the inner Pores of the Body or by the Veins which reconveigh to the Heart the superfluities of the generated Seed Helmont imagines the Stones do act by a ruling power at a distance as the stomach does upon the Womb the Womb upon the upper Parts and that without any right waies or marks which nevertheless an Anatomist seeks to find if it be possible Vestingus ingeniously makes the reason of the change of voice temperament strength c. in persons guelded to be the oppression of their inbred Heat by plenty of Matter which ought to turn to Seed Now their Sympathy with the Heart depends partly upon the Nerves partly for we hold the Circulation in the Stones from the foresaid Veins returning back to the Heart by which both the vertues of Cordials ascend and of cooling Medicaments even as we apply Cordials and Coolers to the Hands with like success Chap. XXIII Of the Vasa deferentia the Ejaculatoria the Parastatae Seminal Bladders and the Prostatae WEE have propounded the Spermatick praeparatory Vessels above which end into the Stones to which they carry Matter to make Seed Now there are other Vessels which begin at the Stones and end at the Root of the Yard whither they carry and there squirt out the Seed which hath been made in the Stones And these are termed Vasa deferentia or Vessels that carry away the Seed and they are two in number on each side one Now we divide these Vessels into the Beginning Middle and End The Beginning are termed Parastatae as if you would say idle attenders upon the stones ceremonious waiters also Corpora varicosa or variciformia because they are twisted and wreathed like those crooked black Veins called Varices Galen in his Interpretation of hard words used by Hippocrates calls them Epididymides because they rest upon the stones which nevertheless others distinguish by a peculiar use as that they prepare the seed and the Parastatae do add more perfection thereto Others invert the Matter and perswade themselves that the Parastatae prepare the seed and the Epididymides finish it which Opinion of theirs they have received I know not how well from the ancient Physitians And they are oblong Vessels placed upon the stones white thick and round a little depressed and solid growing narrow by little and little As for their Substance t is of a middle nature betwixt that of the stones and that of the Vasa deferentia For their substance is softer then the latter and harder then the former because they are glandulous within and fungous and externally membranous As to their Original the Opinion of Spigelius and other late Anatomists does against all former Authority thus determine viz. that they arise by continuation from the Seminary Vessels so that both the Praeparatory Vessels and the Parastatae and the Out-carrying Vessels are but one continued Body receiving divers Names according to its different Parts and their respective Offices and Situations But Walaeus conceives that it is more suitable to what appears in Dissection to say that these Vessels do not arise from the praeparatory Vessels but are rather mixed with them fastned to and opened into them and that as he supposes to the end that the blood forced in by the Praeparatory Vessels may deposite that Matter which it contains fit to breed seed into the little branches of the Vasa deferentia But the rest of the blood which is unfit for Nutrition and Generation
be seen Pores or little Holes which seem to be the ends of the deferent Vessels ending at the Neck Columbus found those Vessels implanted like the teeth of a comb full of Blood By this Orifice the womb draws the Seed into it which being conceived it is said to be shut so close that the point of a needle cannot enter And therefore Physitians do vainly squirt Liquors thereinto with a Syringe and Whores endeavor in vain to draw out the Conception But it is opened in Superfoetation in the Ejection of a bad Conception without hurt to the Child which somtimes happens in the Emission of Seed but it is especially opened after a wonderful manner at the time of Child-birth when it ought to be widened according to the greatness of the Child so that the wideness is in a manner equal from the bottom of the womb to the Privity whereout the Child passes And this saies Galen we may wonder at but we cannot understand And he admonishes us upon this occasion that it is our duty to acknowledg the Wisedom and Power of him that made us But this Orifice as well as the womb does chiefly consist of wrinkled Membranes which being smoothed out will admit of unimaginable Dilatation Chap. XXX Of the greater Neck of the Womb. IN the Bottom of the Womb we have observed three things the Bottom it self the lesser Neck and the Orifice In the greater Neck also three things are to be noted The Neck it self the Hymen and the Mouth of the Bladder Of the Hymen we shall treat in the following Chapter The Neck or Channel of the womb is by Aristotle also somtimes called Matrix and the Door of the Womb Fallopius calls it Sinus pudoris the Privity It is a long Channel being hollow even when the Child is in the womb admitting both a Probe and a mans finger as may be seen in such as are new born It is situate between the external and the internal Mouth receiving the Yard like a sheath It s Figure The Neck is somwhat writhen and crooked also it is shorter and straiter when it is loose and fals together that the internal parts may not be refrigerated But it is straight and widened 1. In carnal Copulation 2. In the monthly Flux 3. In the time of Child-birth when it is exceedingly stretched according to the Shape of the Child whence also proceeds the exceeding great pains of women in travel and then as also during their Courses women are very much cooled It s Magnitude The length thereof is eight fingers breadth commonly or seven so as to be as long as a Mans longest finger It is as wide as the Intestinum rectum or Arse-gut But the longitude and latitude of this part are so various that it is hard to describe them For in carnal Copulation it accommodates it self to the length of the Yard and this Neck becomes longer or shorter broader or narrower and swells sundry waies according to the lust of the woman And when that happens the Caruncles swell with Spirits which fill them as appears in Cows and Bitcheâ—… desire Copulation but the Channel is made narrower and less as also in the Act of Generation that it may more close embrace the Yard and therefore its Substance is of an hard and nervous flesh and somwhat spungy like the Yard that it may be widened and contracted within the upper part is wrinkled when it is not distended but being widened it is more slippery and smooth Howbeit in the Neck of the womb also when it is distended there are many orbicular wrinkles in the beginning of the channel near the Privity most of all in the fore part next the Bladder less towards the Intestinum rectum on which it rests and they serve for the greater Titillation caused by the rubbing of the Nut of the Yard against the said wrinkles And in young Maids these wrinkles are straiter and the Neck narrower through which the Menstrual blood is voided also in grown persons that are yet Virgins But the wrinkles are worn out and the sides become callous by reason of frequent rubbing 1. In old women 2. In such as have used much Copulation or have frequently bore Children 3. In those that have been troubled with a long Flux of the Courses or of the Whites And in all these the substance does also become harder so that it becomes at last gristley as it were old women and such as have born many Children But in young Maidens it is more soft and delicate The Use of the Neck is to receive the Yard being raised and to draw out the Seed Finally beyond the middle towards the end of the Neck in the fore and upper part not far from the Privity comes the Insertion of the Bladder into sight that the Urin may there be voided by the common Passage It is as long as a knucle of ones finger without fleshy or rather covered with a fleshy Sphincter Pinaeus observes that it is black within of the same substance with the Piss-pipe in Men as any man may see now Riolanus that told us so Wierus hath noted in his Observations that the outer extremity of the Neck of the Bladder does not in all women appear in the same place in many t is seen above the outer straits of the neck of the womb under the Nymph in some few it lies hid inwardly in the upper part of the Privity But the entrance into the Bladder is sound on the back-side when the Membrane called Hymen is there of which we are now to speak Chap. XXXI Of the Membrane called Hymen THe Hymen or Membrane called Eugion is by others called the closure of Virginity and the Flower of Virginity because where it is there is a sign of Virginity Now whether or no there is any sign of Virginity ought not to be doubted For all Men find that marry Virgins that there is somwhat that hinders their Yard from going in unless it be thrust forward with great force and strength Whence Terence saies the first Copulation of a Virgin is exceeding painful And at that time for the most part blood issue with great pain more or less which Blood is also called â—…er of Viro. For by reason of the widening of the strait Neck of the Womb and the tearring of the Hymen all Virgins have pain and a Flux of blood in their first Copulation Younger Virgins have more pain and less Flux of blood because of the driness of the Hymen and the smallness of their Vessels but those that are older and have had their Courses have less pain and greater flux of blood for the contrary causes But if her Courses flow or have flowed a little before the Yard is easily admitted by reason of the Relaxation of those Parts whence there is little or no pain and little or no flux of blood And therefore Maids ought not to be married at that season least the
compressed but the doubling would make it thicker But the Skin is exceeding tender easily rubbed off and apt to be pained when the Child sucks very freely Only in old women it grows thick Not is the Nipple any other where made of the Skin straitned or folded If the Nipples turn upwards a Male child is in the Mothers womb if downwards a Girl according to the Tradition of Hypocrates which hath not been as yet ratified by the confession of women with child As to Number there is one Nipple on each Dug Hollerius saw two Nipples upon one Dug which both yielded Milk Their Colour in Virgins is red in such as give suck it enclines to black and blew and in them also they are more sticking out by reason of the Infants sucking in such as are past Child-bearing the Nipples are of a black color They have a Circle round about them which is called Areola the little Parsley-bed in Virgins pale and knotty in such as are with child and give suck brown in old women black 'T is bored through the middle with very small holes for the Milk to pass through For The Use of the Nipple is to be instead of a Pipe or Funnel to put into the Mouth of the Infant whereout it may suck the Milk Secondly to serve for a pleasing Titillation whereby Mothers and Nurses are enticed the more willingly and with a certain Sense of pleasure to give their children suck The Dugs do inwardly consist of a Membrane Vessels Kernels or rather kernellish Bodies and Fat though the two last do chiefly make up the Dugs the Kernels and Fat lye concealed between the Membrane and the Skin Now the fleshy Membrane does fasten the kernellish Substance which it compasses unto the Muscles which lye thereunder The Kernels are many In Virgins more hard in old women consumed in such as are with child and give suck more swelling and pappie Yet there is one great one just under the Nipple which the other lesser ones do compass about and infinite textures of Vessels lye between them Riolanus hath observed a womans Dug to consist of one continued Kernel and not of many the contrary whereto we see in scirrhous and cancerous Tumors The Use thereof is to turn Blood into Milk And the use of the fat of the Dug is to encrease heat and to make the Dug of an even round shape And therefore such as have the Fat consumed by some Disease or old Age they hang ill favoredly like empty Bladders and are unfit to make Milk The Vessels The Dugs receive their Skin and external Veins from the Axillary which are called the Thoracicae Superiores the upper Chest-veins which in women with child and such as give suck are often black and blew visible They receive other internal Veins brought thither a long way that the Blood might be the longer therein wrought which are termed Mammariae Venae or Dug-veins which descend on each side one from the Trunk of the Axillary Vein under the Brest-bone to the Glandules or Kernels of the Dugs These are met by other ascendent Veins by the right Muscles of which before and therefore the Infant being born the Blood is carried no longer to the womb but to the Dugs and is turned into Milk And hence it is that women which give suck have seldom their Courses Hence also when the Children suck over-much Blood comes out at the nipples Yea it hath been observed that a womans courses have come away through her Dugs and Milk by her womb howbeit this is a rare chance But the Matter of Milk be it what it will cannot according to the Principles of the Bloods Circulation be carried by the Veins to the Dugs The Venae mammariae or Dug-veins do only carry back what remains superfluous after the Child is nourished and Milk made Moreover they are seldome joyned with the Epigastrick Veins and they are too few and small alone to carry so much blood from the womb as may suffice a Child that is a liberal Sucker Their Arteries proceed from the upper Trunk of the great Artery and from the Subclavian branches which are joyned after the same manner with the Epigastrick Arteries as was said of the Veins The Th racicae Arteriae or Chest arteries so plentifully and evidently that in cancerous Tumors of the Dugs a woman hath bled to death by them of which case I remember some Examples Hence it seems more likely blood is carried to the Dugs to make Milk which blood being consumed in fat and elderly women they are therefore none of the best Nurses Hence it is that women which give suck receive great damage by loosing their blood contrariwise they are advantaged by whatever may draw and provoke their blood to their Dugs as by rubbing them c. Now Prosper Martianus and Petrus Castellus do maintain out of Hypocrates that the matter of Milk is twofold viz. Blood and Chyle and that the greatest part of the matter thereof is pressed out of Meats and Drinks not yet digested in the Stomach into the Dugs by the Child swelling in the womb and after the Child is born by the passages made wide by sucking and that another small part is made of blood ascending from the womb which is rather to be reckoned as an Efficient cause by reason of its Heat then of a Material cause That Blood alone is not the matter of Milk besides the Authority of Hypocrates they prove because 1. Otherwise it were impossible that a woman should live voiding two pounds of blood every day in the form of Milk 2. When a woman gives suck her Courses flow which in the first moneths of her going with child are suppressed 3. When a woman left breeding Milk she would fall into a dangerous Plâ—thory or fulness of Blood 4. There would be no Child-bed Purgations at all the Milk being so violently carried into the Dugs the second day after Child-birth that it causes a Feaver 5. Nature would then have framed greater Vessels from the womb unto the Dugs 6. The Milk would not retain the smell and vertue or operation of the Meats eaten because these things are changed in the blood 7 The Blood collected into the Dugs does breed Madness Aphor. 40. Sect. 5. But that it depends upon the Stomach and the Chyle these following Reasons evince 1. The force and efficacy of Purgatives is after some hours violently carried into the Dugs as divers Experiments do teach Yea and our Country-women when children that have the cough suck at their breasts they drink pectoral Decoctions and believe that the sucking child does presently draw them 2. If a Nurse do swallow an hair in her meat and drink it comes into her Dugs according to Aristotle and sticking in the Nipples it causes the Disease Trichiasis or Hair in the Nipple 3. A branch of Cichory according to the Observation of Martianus hath come out of a womans Dug which she had
muscles which some confound the first is the Abductor arising from the first Interjoynting of the Thumb and terminated into the bones of the Forefinger wherewith the said Fore-finger is drawn from the rest of the Fingers towards the Thumb The other is the Indicis extensor the stretcher of the Forefinger which Riolanus calls Indicatorem the pointer as also Veslingus though he confound it with the Abductor It arises from the middle and external part of the Cubit and ends with a double tendon into the second interjointure of the forefinger There are also two muscles proper to the smallest finger the Abductor and Extensor The former may be parted into many It arises in the hollow of the hand from the third and fourth wrist bones of the second rank and ends externally into the side of the first joint of the said finger Aquapendent and others that have since followed him do hold that it draws the little finger outwardly from the rest Extensor proprius which Riolanus exactly seperates from the great one arising from the upper part of the radius and carryed along Cubitus and the Radius is externally inserted into the finger with a double tendon Chap 10. Of the Legg and Thigh in generall PES the Leg and Thigh is all between the Buttocks and the Toes of the Feet Others call it magnus pes the great Foot and Crus It is divided into its parts as the Arm in a manner not unlike viz. Into the Femâ— Tibia and Parous Pes. Again the Parous Pes is divided into Pedium Metapedium and Digiti The Use of the Leg and Thigh is to be the Instrument of walking which is performed by stirring and sitting For one Leg being firmly set upon the ground we move and bring about the other and our Foot being firmly fixt keeps us from falling and so we come to walk The setting therefore of our Leg is the Motion of the whole Body but the motion proceeds from the Leg which the length or shortness of the Leg does either help or hinder and therefore birds because they were to flie that their bulk might not hinder them they have a short Thigh and long Feet which makes the going be slow But Men go slower then Dogs bcause the successive putting on of their Foot from the Heel to the Toes slackens their motion whereas Dogs with one motion of their little Feet do pass along Some do conceive that the length of a womans Leg helps to generation Now there iâ— an Incision made into our knees and heel that we might not go leaping This Motion is variously made by the muscles of the Thigh Leg and Foot We are therefore now to treat of the Muscles of the whole Leg. Chap 11. Of the Muscles of the Thigh THe Thigh is bended by two Muscles The first is in the Belly and is termed Psoa or the Musculus Lumbaris it arises with a fleshy beginning from the upper Vertebraes of the Loins and is inserted into the forepart of the small Trochanter with a round and strong tendon The other muscle called Psoas minor I found in a strong fleshy body at Hafnia 1651. differing from that which Riolanus brags to have seen For the greater part iâ—â—ay under but outwardly inclined more to the sides The beginning was fleshy and the whole muscle was three fingers broad It was inserted fleshy into the upper brim of Os Ilij backwards where the Iliacus internus arises I conceived that its use was to spread as a pillow under the greater muscle because the Os Ilij is of it self immoveable or to hold the Os Ilij upright that it might not burthen a man too much when he stands Michael Lyserus a most expert Anatomist can witness the same with me The Ilia us secundus is inserted in the same place with a tendon which grows to the tendon of the precedent muscle arising from the whole internal cavity of the Os Ilij by a small and fleshy beginning The Thigh is extended by three muscles of the Buttocks termed Glutaei I. Is the Major externus amplissimus beginning at the Crupper the spina of Os Ilij and the Os sacrum and ends into the Os Femoris under the great Trochanter II. The other is the medius or middlemost in Scituation and Magnitude It arises from the inner side of the Spina of Os Ilij ending into this great Trochanter with a broad and strong tendon III. The third called minimus the smallest lies concealed under the middlemost It arises from the back of Os Ilij near the Acetabulum with a broad and strong tendon and Ends into the great Trochanter These three do make up the fleshy Substance of the Buttocks The Thigh is drawn to and wheeled about inwards by three muscles which many do reckon for one and call it triceps triple headed because of its threefold beginning 1. Is from the upper joynting of the Os pubis 2. Is from the lowest joynting of Os pubis 3. Is from the middle part of the said bone They are inserted first of all into the inner head of the Thigh bone near the Ham with a round tendon or into the rough line of the Thigh 2. To the upper partly 3. Partly to the lower at the Rorator minor Riolanus has other insertions For he will have the first to be inserted into the middle of the Thigh the second to be produced with a very strong Tendon as far as to the End of the Thigh the third below the neck of the Thigh-bone To these Spigelius and Veslingus do add one which they call Lividus arising at the joyning of Os pubis near the Gristle and implanted with a short tendon into the inner side of the thigh but they grant that this is a portion of the Triceps But they do ill to reckon it among the bending Muscles But Riolanus calls it Pectineus and reckons it for a bender yet acknowledges that it is the uppermost and fourth portion of the triceps which with Fallopius he divides into four Muscles and indeed it seems to have so many parts It is drawn away and turned about outwards by six Muscles the Quadrigemini and the two Obturatores The Quadrigemini are in a manner one like another and little placed as it were athwart arising from the lower and outer part of the Os Sacrum the bunch of Os Ischij and the Appendix of the Hip-bone They are inserted into that space which is between the two Trochanters The first Quadrigeminus is called Pyriformis Pear-fashioned because of its shape and Iliaeus externus from its Scituation the rest want names save the fourth which is called Quadratus The Obturatores stoppers take up the wide hole between the Os pubis and Os Isehij And they are external or internal the former arising from the outer Circle of the hole of the share the latter from the inner and they are inserted into the great Trochanter the inner may be termed Bursalis or purse-fashioned
Bone or Os Innominatum THe OS INNOMINATUM or NAMELESS BONE which some term OS COXAE or ILIUM the Flank-bone consists of three Bones Ilium Pubis and Ischium joyned together by Gristles till the seventh year it appears distinguished by a threefold Line but in grown persons t is one The Os Ilion so called because it contains the Gut Ilium is the first part which is the uppermore and broadest knit to the Os sacrum by a common membranous and most strong Ligament although a Gristle also comes between It s semicircular and uneven Circumference is termed Spina Ossis Ilij whose inner part hollow and broad is termed Costa the Rib the outer part formed with unequal Lines is termed Dorsum the Back This Bone is larger in Women and its Spine is drawn more out sidewaies that the Womb of a Woman with Child may better rest upon it And therefore women with Child do a little complain of this Part as if it were pulled asunder from the Os sacrum and other neighbouring Parts to which it cleaves Os pubis or Pectinis the Share-bone is the second middlemore and foremore Part which Bone is joyned to the Bone of the other side by way of Sunchondrosis that is to say by a gristle coming between which in Women is twice as thick and loose or wide as in Men that these Bones in Child-birth may be not dislocated or disjoynted but loosned and made to gape when the Child strives to come forth But now and then when the Childs greatness or the narrowness of the place requires the Share-bones are pulled asunder as besides the Authority of the Ancients Paraeus and Riolanus have observed in the Dissections of Childing-women c. and it is largely proved in the Anatomical Controversies of my Father Bartholinus But this is not alwaies so namely when the Child is soft and apt to bend it self and comply with the straitness of the place when the way is slippery the Bones much widened c. for then the loosning of the Gristle does suffice But whether the Share-bones are moved is another question Joh. Cajus affirms they are moved by help of the right Muscle of the Belly Spigelius also saies they are moved after a peculiar manner upwards whiles the Body roules in the bed the Legs being lifted upwards Riolanus proves that the Share-bones are moved not alone but with the Hip-bone by help of the same Muscles this I say he proves by the Venereal Embracements in which these Parts are moved by the going of such whose Legs are cut off and lastly by dancing But some doubts do as yet make me scruple this Motion 1. Because Cajus himself confesses that the Share-bones I add the rest are not moved of their own Nature but by the bending of the Back-bone 2. These Bones being joyned together by Symphysis can have no motion which Riolanus himself confesses 3. I have assigned another Use for the right Muscles above in Book the first 4. These seeming Motions of the Bones are not proper to them but are motions of the Thigh or Back whose motion they follow For in the Examples alleadged any man may experiment in himself that both his Thighs and Back are moved also he may by his hand perceive that both the Muscles of the Thigh called Glutaei and the other adjacent Muscles are moved 5. They ought to be immoveable because the upper Parts rest upon them as on a Foundation and we rest by sitting upon this Part. In Women that have been lately delivered these bones may be separated with the back of a thin knife which they cannot be in others Moreover though the Share-bones are joyned by a Gristle yet they have likewise two Ligaments 1. compasses them about circularly 2. Is membranous which possesses the hole They are thin and for highness sake furnished with very great Holes which in women are more large and capacious because of the Womb and Child for the inner and lower Processes do bunch more outwards With the Os sacrum they constitute that Cavity which is termed Pelvis the Basin or Bowl wherein are seated the Bladder the Womb and Part of the Guts OS ISCHION or the Hip-bone is the third part which is lower and more outward wherein is a large and deep Cavity they call it Acerabulum the Saucer and Pixis the Box to receive the large Head of the Thigh-bone which if it fall out either by reason of some internal humore or outward chance a Luxation or Semiluxation is thereby caused The gristley Process of this Cavity is termed Supercilium the Brow The lowest Parts of this Bone are more distant in women then in men and therefore their Pelvis or Basin is larger then that in men This Bone is knit to the Os sacrum with a double Ligament growing out of the Os sacrum The one is inserted into the sharp Process of the Hip the other behind into its Appendix that the Intestinum rectum and its Muscles may be thereby sustained Chap. 17 Of the Ribs AS the Os Innominatum or Nameless Bone is at the sides of the Os sacrum so at the sides of the Vertebrae of the Back are the RIBS And therefore ascending in the Explication of the Skeleton these are now to be explained as being the lateral Parts of the Chest TABLE V. The FIGURES Explained This TABLE presents some of the Vertebrae the Os sacrum Os innominatum the Ribs and Shoulder-blade peculiarly and their Particles FIG I. AAA The foreside of the first Vertebra of the Neck termed Atlas B. The hole through which the Spinal Marrow descends CC. The transverse or lateral Processes dd The lateral Holes through which the Arteries ascend to the Brain EE Two Cavities receiving the Occiput FIG II. AA The back-side of the second Vertebra of the Nick. B. Its Appendix or Process like a Tooth C. Its forked Spine FIG III. AA The hinderside of the Backvertebra B. It s upper Surface less solid and full of small Holes CC. It s transversal Processes D. It s hinder Process or Spina FIG IV. AA The foreside of the Vertebra of the Loins B. It s lower Surface for the most part covered with a Gristle C. An Hole for the Marrow to pass through DD. The transverse or Literal Processes E. The latter Process or the Spina II. It s oblique Processes FIG V. AAAA The hinder-side of Os sacrum conspicuous by reason of its Knobs and Roughness B. The Hole for the descent of the Spinal Marrow CC. It s oblique Processes ddd It s hindermore Processes eeee It s Holes for the going out of the Nerves ffff It s hinder Process which is forked FIG VI. Shews the Os coccygis or Crupper-bone consisting of four little Bones or Gristles FIG VII Shews the Os Innominatum or Nameless Bone AA Os Ilium one part of the Nameless Bone bbb The Spine thereof C. It s Back DDD Os Pubis the Share-bone another part of Os Innominatum
abated by little and little of their pulse yea and sometimes intermitted and afterward the red colour of the bound Arm was changed into black and blew and therefore I presently undid the Ligature being frighted with this Example A certain Country-man being wounded in the inside of his Arm about the Cubit when the Village Chirurgeon could not stop the blood he bound the Arm extream close about the Wound whence followed an exceeding Inflammation of the lower part of his Arm and such a swelling that deep pits were seen in the place of his fingers joynts and within eighteen hours the lower part of his Arm was gangrenaâ—ed and sphacelated which Christianus Regius an expert Chirurgeon did cut off in the presence of my self and Eâ—aldus Screvelius an excellent Physitian Moreover they object if the venal Blood comes out of the Arteries how can the arterial Blood differ so much from the venal But we must know that it differs less from the venal Blood then most men imagine who from the violence wherewith the arterial Blood leaps forth do collect the great plenty of Spirits therein and the great rarity or thinness thereof whereas that Leaping proceeds from the Force wherewith the Heart drives the Blood through the arteries for an Arterie being opened below or beyond the ligature the Blood comes out only dropping And the difference between these two bloods is caused by the greater or less quantity of Heat and Spirits according as the Blood is more or less remote from the Heart the fountain of Heat For the Blood which is near the Heart differs much from that which is far off in the smallest arteries which you can hardly distinguish from that which is in the small veins And the smaller veins have more thin and hot Blood then the great ones which any one may easily try in opening veins of the Arm and Foot Yea and if the Vein be opened with a double Ligature on each side the orifice as I said before the Blood will come out hotter then with a single Ligature Now that the Blood does not go out of the smaller veins into the greater they endeavour to prove by womens monthly purgations which according to their judgment are gathered one whole month together in the Veins about the Womb and if they are carried from the Womb unto the Head they conceive that they do not pass through the Vena cava and the Heart Howbeit the common and true opinion is that about the time of the usual flux the blood begins to be moved to the Womb from which motion of the humors pains of the sides and loines are wont to arise about that time And I know by Experience that about the time of the menstrual Flux if the Pulse of the Heart and arteries can be made greater the Courses will flow the better because the Blood will through the arteries be driven more forcibly into the Womb. It may nevertheless fall out that the Courses may be collected and make an Obstruction in the Womb and that then the Blood may not return into the greater veins that motion being stopped but that is besides nature And when the menstrual blood is carried out of the Womb into the Head the way is not inconvenient through the Vena cava the Heart and the ascending branch of the Arteria Aorta and that they do indeed pass through the Heart those palpitations and light faintings do seem to argue which are wont to attend upon the Courses stopped But should we not conceive it to be a dangerous thing if all the ill humors in our bodies must pass into and through the Heart But we must know that our bodies are so framed as that they may be most convenient for us when we are in Health and not when we are sick Moreover the Humor which putrifies by reason of obstruction and is very bad comes not to the Heart because its way is stopped up Nor is the Heart so weak as to be corrupted by an evil Humor which stayes not long therein for those great Physitians Galen Hollerius Laurentius have observed that the Quittor of such as have an Empyema and other sharp and stinking Humors do critically and without any bad symptomes pass through the left ventricle of the Heart which many times makes for the good of the sick Persons in whom that bad Humor passing through the Heart is often vanquished by the Vigour and Vertue hereof The other Objections which they make do only respect the Causes of this motion or certain Circumstances wherein men are wont more freely to dissent yet let us breifly consider whether or no they have in them any weight wherewith to burthen our Opinion They say that at every contraction of the Heart the blood is not driven out by half ounces nor by drams nor by scruples out of the Heart of a Man for three Causes first because that blood is too spirituous but I have already shewed that it is not so spirituous as men imagine commonly secondly because those little Valves of the Heart do only gape a little and then are close shut again which also doth not agree with experience for an Arteric being cut off from the heart great streams of Blood do issue from the Heart Thirdly that the Arteries are too full then to be able to admit half an ounce a dram or a scruple of Blood But that is too inconsiderately avouched for when the Heart contracts it self all the arteries in the body are enlarged and that on all sides as I have divers times perceived with my hand holding the naked arterie betwixt my fingers And who will now say that all the Arteries of the Body being dilated cannot admit of a Scruple a Dram yea half an Ounce of blood more then they have Also they deny that in the child in the Womb the blood out of the Vena Cava does through the Vessels of the heart united enter into the Arteria Aorta and go from thence out of the umbilical Arteries into the umbilical Vein and return back by it into the Heart because they think this great absurdity will follow that one Vein should carry the mothers blood and withal so much blood as the two umbilical arteries do bring in As if Rivers did not frequently carry as much water in one Channel as many Brooks are able to bring in And here the umbilical Vein when it is but one is much greater then the Arterie There is often but one arterie or there are two veins that the arteries may as much as may be answer to the veins In brute Beasts sayes Fallopius a rare Anatomist there are allwayes two Veins and two Arteries which with the Vrachus or pis-pipe do reach as far as the Navil and the Veins do presently grow into one before they enter into the Abdomen which does reach to the Gates of the Liver as I have observed in all Sheep Goats and Cows whose young ones I have
dissected But if they speak of the Child in a Womans Womb I avouch that sometimes I have not seen the two umbilical Arteries but only one Arterie and one Vein ascending together with the Vrachus to the Navil where the Arterie is again divided into two which afterwards go unto the sides of Os sacrnm And that indeed those Vessels of the Heart are united in a Child in the Womb that the blood may pass that way out of the Vena Cava into the Aorta Waterfowl as the Duck Goose and such like do seem to teach us which because they cannot often breath under the water noâ— dilate their Lungs nor consequently admit the blood that way they have those unions of the vessels of the Heart when they are grown up Which also Harvey notes in his 6. Chapter Also they deny the frequent Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries for if such there were they say tumors would not arise by Fluxion and Congestion of Humors As if Rivers though they have outlets receiving over-great plenty of water may not overflow the neighbouring fields nor can the blood shed out of the Vessels because it congeals easily return into them again Moreover Tumors are many times caused for as much as by reason of Obstruction the bloods passage is stopped and because by heat and pain it is drawn into the flesh Now those Tumors seem rather to favour the Doctrine of the bloods circular motion because they happen through cold bruising and all stoppage of the passages of the Body and because with Aqua vitae or some such medicine the Humors and the Tumors being often made fluid it is by this motion of the blood drawn into the Veins and the Tumor by that means sooner cured then by repulsion revulsion concoction or dissipation Touching the Cause of the Bloods motion difficulties do also present themselves unto us and when we deny that the blood according to the Course of Nature is so suddenly and vehemently rarified in the Heart as to be able to move the Heart the blood of the whole Body and the Arteries themselves those famous men the Ring-leaders of this opinion do suppose that they do hereby prove it In that while we are cold all the Veins of our Body are contracted and can hardly be seen where as afterwards when we grow hot they do so swell that the blood contained in them seems to take up ten times so much space as before it did As for me this truly is my Opinion and thus I perswade my self that seeing they have now divers times so diligently endeavored in Publick to perswade men to embrace this their Opinion of Rarifaction and have diffected and lookt into the Hearts of Living Creatures nor have yet dared to say that they could sensibly perceive any such Rarifaction of the blood in the Heart I say my Opinion is that they could not indeed and in truth observe any such Rarifaction of the blood in the Heart and as they would in this place maintain And it will be easie for him that is a little verst in live Dissections to see that there is no such rarifaction And therefore though it might be proved that such a Rarifaction of the blood does sometimes happen praeternaturally yet ought not the cause of the Natural motion of the Heart Blood and Arteries be therefore attributed thereunto Yet in the Example which they propound I do not see what certainty there is that the blood by reason of its Rarifaction does possess ten times more space then before For might not that same Tumor of the external Veins easily arise because whereas before the veins were contracted and straitned through cold they could not receive much blood and therefore they could not swell Which cold and straitning of the vessels being afterwards taken away and the Veins being loosned by heat they might admit much blood which is driven into them by the heart and so appear full and swelling That this is not the least cause of the tumor of the Veins persons that are feauerish seem to teach us who if they thrust their arms into the cold have not their Veins so swelling but if they keep them warm under the cloaths they have them very full and swole which tumor if it came from Rarifaction it ought to be in both cases alike seeing that in them the bloods Rarifaction proceeds from an internal cause Nor do I conceive that it is also void of Question and undoubted that when we are first cold and afterwards grow hot the inner Veins as well as the outer do swell For it is much to be suspected that the inner parts do possess less blood and heat before because by that cold wherewith before they were not hurt if when we are so heated we drink cold drink they are wonderfully weakened Doubtless as the inner veins are oftentimes the treasury of the blood wherein the blood is stored up for future uses so may the external Veins be the like treasury and they appear to be when they so swell as aforesaid These men themselves when they observed that this also was much against their Opinion that we asserted that the blood was manifestly poured out at the constriction of the Heart they avouch that that is not the constriction but the dilatation of the heart which we mean But that we were deluded by a certain appearance because in our constriction there was a constriction only at the Basis but about the tip a true Dilatation which Invention when others saw that it could not hold least they also should seem to desert their cause they invented that there is a constriction indeed in the Cavity of the whole Ventricle but in the pits and passages of the sides especially in Dogs there is a certain kind of Extension and true Dilatation But truly the upper part of the Heart is not seen to be dilated when the lower is contracted save when the Creature is dying and that the waving motion of the Heart is caused by the impulse of the blood Nor can we observe one Dilatation or Constriction of the Pits another of the â—avity of the Ventricles Only a certain progressive motion is observed in a large Heart because the Dilatation or constriction doth evidently begin at the basis and sensibly proceeds to the tip although 't is performed all welnear in a moment And that I might be perfectly assured that the Heart was contracted within likewise on all sides having cut off the tip of each Ventricle â— put my thumb and fore-finger into the living heart of a Dog and a Rabbit and I manifestly felt the sides of the Heart to press my fingers to the middle partition equally in the middle tip and Basis and that the pits in greater Beasts became to Sense not bigger but lesser And soon after the Constriction abating that the sides of the heart above beneath and in the middle were loosned and the pits did feel evidently larger But in