might be secured from him whereupon we answered that therefore they were to beleeue in him who is mightier then Aygnan But although as hath beene said in the present danger they promised that they would doe it yet they presently returned to their owne disposition of nature Therefore although our Americans confesse not God with the mouth seeing among themselues they are conuinced that there is some diuine power therby I gather that they shal neither be excusable nor iustly take occasion to pretend Ignorance But besides those things which haue beene spoken by mee concerning the immortalitie of the Soule which they beleeue of the Thunder whereof they are horribly affraid and Deuils by whom they are tormented which three things are first of all to be noted I will moreouer adde a fourth principall matter That they haue Prophets or certaine Priests among them which they call Caraibes who going from Village to Village perswade those miserable men that they because they haue familiaritie with Spirits giue not onely fortitude and courage to whomsoeuer they please whereby they might ouercome their enemies in warre but also that through their helpe all fruits and those great Roots growe which we haue said that the American soile produceth Moreouer as farre as I vnderstood by the Neustrian Interpreters who had liued many yeeres in those Countries the Tououpinambaultians haue this custome that euery third or fourth yeere they assemble together At which assemblie as shall immediatly be declared I was present vnawares concerning which I am to report that which followeth I with a certaine Frenchman named Iacobus Ruffus and also a certaine Neustrian Interpreter trauelling farre from home turned in to a certaine Village to lodge the next day after wee prepared our selues early in the morning for our Iourney at which time we saw the Borderers come flocking thither from all places So the Inhabitants of that Village ioyned themselues with them that came and presently wee saw sixe hundred gathered together in a cerraine voide plat of ground We demand the cause of that meeting and saw that multitude diuided into three parts All the men went into a certaine Cottage the women into another and the children also went into the third I who had seene certaine Caraibes intermingled with the men suspecting that some vnaccustomed and strange thing should be done by them earnestly entreated my companions that they would stand still there with me to obserue the whole matter which I obtayned of them The Caraibes before they departed from the women and children with great care forbid the women to goe out of their Cottages but diligently to attend to the singing and also charged vs to keepe our selues close in that Cottage where the women were Being earnestly busied about our break-fast and ignorant of those things which they purposed to doe we heard a certaine lowe and soft muttering noise breaking out of the house into the which the men had seuered themselues for that Cottage was almost thirtie paces distant from ours the women which were about two hundred in number standing and giuing eare gather themselues as it were on an heape But the men lifting vp their voices by little and little so that their distinct words were heard of vs exhorting and likewise repeating this Interiection He he he he he he he he he he we heard the women presently with a trembling voice singing the same Interiection againe he he he c. And they lifted vp their voices with so great vehemency of minde and that for the space of one whole quarter of an houre that they drew vs who were the beholders into admiration And surely they did not onely horribly howle but also leaped forth with great violence and shaked their paps and fomed at the mouth nay some of them not vnlike vnto those that are troubled with the Falling-sicknesse fell downe dead So that I thinke that the Deuill entred into their bodies and they suddenly became possessed with the Deuill Moreouer hauing plainly perceiued those things which Bodinus writeth in the Booke which he called Daemonomania concerning the extasie of Witches which hee affirmeth to bee common to all Witches who haue made an expresse couenant with the Deuill and who are often violently carried away in spirit the bodie remayning voide of all sense although also they are sometimes carried away both in bodie and minde Adde saith he that they neuer meete together in any place but they danse among which as farre as he could gather by the confession of certaine Witches they all crie cut together Har har which very well agreeth with He he of our Americans the Deuill crieth Danse hither danse hither and others answere Sabbath Sabbath that is A festiuall day or day of rest lifting vp their hands and the crops of herbes or trees which they haue in their hands that they may shew a most assured token of ioy and signifie that they serue the Deuill with all their heart and so that they imitate the adoration due vnto God For in the Law of God it was prescribed to the Israelites that they should lift vp their hands vnto the Lord and shew themselues cheerefull before him These things I say being certainly knowne I gather that Satan is Lord of them both and that they are led by the same spirit so that the distance of places hindereth not but that the Father of lyes may worke here and there vpon them who through the iust iudgement of God are deliuered vnto him Likewise when I heard the children crying altogether although I had now liued halfe a yeere with the Barbarians and was almost acquainted with their manners yet not to dissemble I was then somewhat afraid especially seeing I knew not what should be the end of that matter At length those cries were ended the men being somewhat silent the children and women also altogether holding their peace presently the men began to sing so sweetly and with so great harmonie that I was wonderfully desirous to see them But when I would haue gone out of the Cottage I was both kept backe by the women and also admonished by the Interpreter that he who had already liued seuen yeeres among the Barbarians durst neuer come to those solemne meetings and lastly that if I went vnto them I should not doe wisely Whereby he caused me to stay a while for feare of danger yet because hee alledged no probable reason thereof the women and Interpreter somewhat resisting I went forth relying vpon the friendship of certaine ancient men Inhabitants of that Village Going therefore vnto that place where I heard that Musicall harmonie I made an hole through the roofe of the Cottage that I might the better perceiue what was done within For they are somewhat long and round after the manner of our Countrie garden Arbours and couered with grasse from the top to the bottome Then making a signe with my finger I called my companions and at length wee entred
whom hee loueth goeth to her Parents or if she haue none to her next Kindred and asketh them whether they will marrie their Daughter vnto him If they consent he presently bringeth her home without giuing her any assurance of Dowrie and so keepeth her for his lawfull Wife And if he suffer the repulse he giueth ouer his Sute without any perturbation of mind But it is to bee noted that Polygamy is vsuall with them and therefore it is lawfull for a man to marrie as many Wiues as he shall think good Nay the more Wiues that any one hath the more valiant and generous hee is esteemed Among the rest I saw one who had eight at home and hee often spoke very much of them in commendation of himselfe But this is chiefly to be wondred at that in so great a multitude of Wiues although one be beloued of the Husband aboue the rest the other meaner take it grieuously or become jealous or openly murmur Therefore they liue most quietly and with great agreement weauing their Cotton beds looking to the affaires of the house making Gardens and planting Roots They so hate adulterous women that it lyeth in the Husbands power either to kill the adultresse or at the least to put her away with great ignominie and reproach This surely is true that they are not very carefull of preseruing the chastitie of vnmarried women nay they easily prostitute them to any man So that as I haue alreadie said I haue seene very many in diuers Villages deflowred by the Neustrian Interpreters who yet were not reprochfully disgraced for the same I haue obserued that the younger sort both men and women are not very much giuen to lust and I would our Countrey people could moderate themselues aswell in this behalfe But that I may attribute no more vnto them then is meete I remember that often in their brawling they vsed to object this reproach Tyuire that is Buggerers one vnto another whereby we may conjecture that that hainous and abhominable wickednesse raigneth among them The women great with childe abstaine only from the greater burthens and performe the other accustomed duties And surely the women much exceed the men in labour for the men saue that sometimes in the Morning neuer at noone they place certaine Trees to make Gardens spend the time in warfare hunting fishing making of woodden Clubs Bowes Arrowes and other things of that kinde As touching the trauell of women I and another Frenchman lodging in a certaine Village about midnight heard a great out-cry of a woman and supposing she had beene surprized by the cruell beast Ian-ouare we arose and ran vnto her and found the woman in trauell to whom the Husband performed the office of a Midwife he receiuing the Infant in his armes cut the nauell string asunder with his teeth but pressed downe the Nâ—se for they esteeme the beautie of children to consist in the flatnesse of the Nose the new borne Infant is presently washed and painted by the Father with colours blacke and red then not being wrapped in swadling-clouts at all it is put into a Cotton hanging bedde But if it bee a Male childe the Faâ—her will giue him a little woodden Sword a small Bow and little Arrowes presently after his birth and lay them in the bedde with the childe and kissing the little Babe will speake vnto him in these words My Sonne when thou art come to mans estate be valiant to take reuenge of thine enemies As touching the giuing of names I remember that hee of whom I now spoke was named by the Father Orapacen which word signifieth a Bow and Bow-strings for the word â—s compounded of Orapat which is a Bow and Cen which signifieth a stringe The same manner also is obserued in others Their nourishment beside the Mothers Milke is chewed Meale and euery most tender kinde of meate The woman lately deliuered lieth downe two daies only or three daies at the most Afterward putting the little childe in a Cotton Scarffe shee either goeth to the Garden or to dispatch her other businâ—sse This opinion hath preuailed with vs that little children would haue crooked legges vnlesse they were carefully wrapped and bound in swadling clouts But I â—ffirme that the Barbarians nothing regard these things who pâ—t the new borne Infants naked and vnswadled in their Cotton beds whose children notwithstanding goe most straight and vpright of all the men in the World The Mothers who both want linnen and also vse not the helpe of leaues for these seruices whereof not withstanding they haue great plentie so diligently wipe the hinder parts of the Infants with small chips of wood that they are continually free from all filth The elder sore also obserue the same manner whom also digressing a litle into this filthy matter I thought good to mention that they vse to make water in their houses and yet no euill nor stinking sauour ariseth from thence although they shine bright almost continually with often fires and are strewed with sand but as often as they doe their easement they vse to goe apart farre from the Houses Moreouer proceeding to speake of the Marriage of the Tououpinambaultians as far as shame and modestie will permit I affirme contrarie to that which some haue forged that the men obseruing naturall shamefastnesse doe no where openly company with their Wiues This is especially worth the noting that for the space of an whole yeere while we liued in those Countries we neuer saw any woman hauing the flowres I thinke that they diuert that Fluxe by some meanes vnknowne to vs. For I saw Maidens of twelue yeeres olde whose sides were cut by their Mothers from the arme-hole downe to the knee with a very sharpe tuske of a certaine beast And the young Girles gnashing with their Teeth through extremitie of paine bleed very much I conjecture that they preuented their monthly Fluxe by this remedie As touching the Policie of the Barbarians it is scarce credible how well they agree among themselues being guided only by the light of Nature Nor may this be spoken but to their great shame who are instructed in diuine and humane Lawes which yet is to bee vnderstood of them who are of the same kindred or of the Confederates for how they behaue themselues towards their enemies it hath beene alreadie by vs declared Yet if any contention arise betweene certaine persons among them which very seldome happeneth for in the whole space of a yeere while I liued among them it was my chance twice only to see them brawling the beholders care not to pacifie the strife but suffer them to doe their pleasure although they bee readie to put out one anothers eies But if the one wound the other and that hee can bee taken hee is wounded in the same part of the bodie by the Kinsmen of him that is wounded Nay if peraduenture death follow the wound the Murtherer is slaine by
fauour to seeke and discouer new Countries But the greatest and most notable discouery that hath beene from those parts now of late was that of the Isles of Salomon which were found in manner following The Licenciate Castro being gouernour of Peru sent forth a Fleete of Ships to discouer certaine Islands in the South Sea vpon the coast of Peru appointing as Generall of the same Fleete a kinsman of his called Aluares de Mendanio and Pedro Sarmiento as Lieutenant and in the Viceadmirall went Pedro de Ortega This Fleete departing forth of the hauen of Lima and sailing 800. leagues Westward off the coast of Peru found certaine Islands in eleuen degrees to the South of the Equinoctiall inhabited with a kinde of people of a yellowish complexion and all naked whose weapons are Bowes and Arrowes and Darts The Beasts that they saw here were Hogs and little Dogs and they found some Hens Here also they found a muster of Cloues Ginger and Sinamon although the Sinamon were not of the best and here appeared vnto them likewise some shew of Gold The first Island that the Spaniards discouered they named Santa Izabella and here they built a small Pinnace with the which and with their Ships Boate they found out betweene nine and fifteene degrees of Southerly latitude eleuen great Islands being one with another of eightie leagues in compasse The greatest Island that they discouered was according vnto the first finder called Guadalcanal on the coast whereof they sailed 150. leagues before they could know whether it were an Island or part of the maine land and yet they know not perfectly what to make of it but thinke that it may be part of that continent which stretcheth to the Streights of Magellan for they coasted it to eighteene degrees and could not finde the end thereof The Gold that they found was vpon this Island or maine land of Guadalcanal whereas they landed and tooke a towne finding small graines of Gold hanged vp in the houses thereof But because the Spaniards vnderstood not the language of the Countrey and also for that the Indians were very stout men and fought continually against them they could neuer learne from whence that Gold came nor yet what store was in the Land These Indians vse to goe to Sea in great Canoas that will carrie one hundred men a piece wherein they haue many conflicts one against another howbeit vnto the Christians they could doe no great hurt for that with a small Pinnace and two Falcons a few may ouercome one hundred of them At this place foureteene men mistrusting nothing rowed to land to take in fresh water whom on the sodaine certaine Indians in foure Canoas set vpon tooke the Ships Boate and slew all the men therein wherefore a man cannot goe on shore too strong nor yet be too warie in a strange land Hereupon the Spaniards went on shore in their Pinnace and burnt the Towne and in this towne they found the small graines of Gold before mentioned They were discouering of these Islands from one to another about foureteene moneths at the end of which time because that vpon the coast where they were the winde continuing still in one place might be an occasion of longer tarrying they consulted which way to returne Southward they durst not goe for feare of great tempests which are that way vsuall wherefore sayling to the North of the line they fell with the coast of Nueua Espanna on which coast they met with such terrible stormes that they were forced to cut their maine masts ouer-boord and to lye nine moneths beating it vp and downe in the Sea before they could get into any harbour of the Christians In which time by reason of euill gouernment and for lacke of victuals and fresh water most of the men in their Admirall dyed for fiue whole dayes together they had neither water nor meate but in the other Ships they behaued themselues so well that the greater part of them came safe vnto the land He that passeth the Straits of Magellan or saileth from the coast of Chili directly for the Malucos must needes runne in sight of some of these Islands before spoken of At which Islands lying so conueniently in the way to the Malucos you may furnish your selfe with plenty of victuals as Hogs Hennes excellent Almonds Potatos Sugar-canes with diuers other sorts fit for the sustenance of man in great abundance Also among these Islands you shall haue some quantity of Gold which the Indians will giue you in trucke for other commodities For the Spaniards in their discouery of these Islands not seeking nor being desirous of Gold brought home notwithstanding 40000. pezos with them besides great store of Cloues and Ginger and some Sinamon also which is not so good as in other places The discouerer of these Islands named them the Isles of Salomon to the end that the Spaniards supposing them to be those Isles from whence Salomon fetched Gold to adorne the Temple at Ierusalem might be the more desirous to goe and inhabit the same Now the same time when they thought to haue sent colonies vnto these Islands Captaine Drake entered the South Sea whereupon commandement was giuen that they should not be inhabited to the end that such Englishmen and of other Nations as passed the Straits of Magellan to goe to the Malucos might haue no succour there but such as they got of the Indian people CHAP. XII Briefe extracts translated out of IEROM BENZOS three Bookes of the New World touching the Spaniards cruell handling of the Indians and the effects thereof ANno 1641. Ierom Benzo went from Millaine to Siuill in Spaine and thence to the New World where he was entertained of the Spaniards and practised with them the huntings of the Indians which they did by lurking in couerts till some of the Natiues came within their reach by bribing the Cacikes with trifles to procure captiues and other meanes Peter Chalice came while we were there to Amaracan with aboue 4000. slaues and had brought many more but with labour wearinesse hunger and griefe for losse of their Countrie and friends many had perished in the way Many also not able to follow in the Spaniards swift march were by them killed to preuent their taking armes A miserable spectacle to see those troopes of slaues naked with their bodies rent maimed starued the mothers dragging or carrying on their shoulders their children howling the neckes of all armes and hands chained not any growne Maide amongst them which the spoilers had not rauished with so profuse lust that thence grew contagion and pernicious diseases The Spanish horsemen in those warres vsed quilted Iackes with Launces and Swords the footemen Sword Shield and Crosse-bow with lighter Iackes The moisture and great dewes made Peeces vnseruiceable in those parts The Islanders in Hispaniola seeing no hope of better or place for worse killed their children and then hanged themselues The women
Subiects and for better execution of Iustice by his Officers and Iudges in which he spent foure yeeres This done he leuied forty thousand Souldiers to proceed in the course of his Fathers which palliated their ambition of Souereigntie and Dominion with reducing men from Barbarisme and beastiality to Ciuility and Religion He marched to Cassamarca and entred the Prouince of Chachapuya Eastwards from Cassamarca a Countrey of valiant men and very faire women They worshipped Snakes and the bird Cuntur was their principall God It then contayned aboue fortie thousand Families Their chiefe Armes were slings and they wore a kinde of sling-net for their head tyre hee cals both by the name honda Beyond them are the Huacrachucu a fierce and warly Nation which weare on their head a blacke leash of Wooll with white flyes here and there and for a feather a piece of a Deeres horne these worshipped in those times Snakes and kept them pictured in their Temples and houses These lay in the way to the former and much bloud was lost in fight on both sides whereupon the Inca after their ancient custome sought to reduce them by faire meanes intimating that hee came more to doe them good as they had done to other Nations suffering the Curacas to rule still then to rule ouer them seeking no more but that they should worship the Sunne and leaue their barbarousnesse He diuided his Armie and sent some to take the most commodious places so that they were forced to seeke peace He stayed there the Countrey being rainy till the next Summer and sent for twenty thousand men more instructing the Huacrachucus meane while in his deuotions and Lawes and to conuay away the waters and make the grounds fit for seed to their great benefit The next Summer hee entred the Prouince Chachapuya where notwithstanding the wonted gentle message he was incountred with a cruell warre This Prouince was fiftie leagues long and twenty broad reaching to Muyupampa which is thirtie leagues long The Hils were craggie and in places very steepe and snowie three hundred which he sent to spie were drowned in the snow not one escaping The prowesse and numbers of the Inca brought all by degrees to subiection Pias Charmac cassa an open passage of the snowie Hill very dangerous where the three hundred were lost Cuntur Marca Cassa Marquilla all Mountaynous and craggie places till hee came to Raymipampa so called of a Feast which he solemnized there to the Sunne in his Campe being a faire Valley and thence to Muyupampa where Ancohualla entred as is before said in Viracochas time rather then he would bee a subiect to the Inca these and Cascuyunca now yeelded The next Summer hee marched on to Huancapampa a great Nation but diuided amongst themselues naked and warring not for wealth but women worshipping Birds Beasts Plants euery one as himselfe pleased These he tamed by hunger staruing such as came not in and gaue them Masters to instruct them in husbandry and how to clothe themselues to water their fields and to plant Townes so that it became one of the best Prouinces in Peru. More to ennoble it hee after built there a Temple and house of Virgins prohibiting the eating of mans flesh and gaue them Priests and men learned in the Lawes to instruct them Afterwards he added three great Prouinces Cassa Ayahuaca and Callua to his Signory which liued ciuilly hauing Townes and Fortresses and a kind of Republike or free State hauing their meetings and choice of Gouernours These Conquests ended he spent long time in visiting his Kingdom and buâ—lding Temples Nunneries Store-houses Aquaeducts especially taking care of the Fortresse at Cozco Some yeeres this way spent hee marched Northward to Huanucu which containeth many disunited Nations whom he easily conquered and planted Townes there being a fertile Countrie and temperate making it the chiefe Prouince of many others in those Confines He built there a Temple for the Sunne and a house of chosen Virgins twenty thousand Indians performing seruices in course to those two houses He went next to the Prouince Cannari which ware their haire long tied on a knot in the Crowne By these head-tires in the time of the Incas each Indian was knowne of what Nation he was which in my time they continued but now they say all is confounded These Cannaris before this worshipped the Moone as chiefe Deity and great Trees and Stones in the second place but now were brought to the Incas Sunne-religion and their Countrie ennobled with a Temple Nunnerie Palaces Water-passages c. The Nation Quillacu is belowe the Cannari the most miserable of Nations neither hauing good land nor aire nor water whence grew a Prouerbe applied to couetous misers hee is a very Quillacu on these the Inca imposed a tribute of Lice that so they might learne to be cleanly Tupac Inca Yupanqui and his sonne Huayna Capac much ennobled those Prouinces of the Cannaris and of Tumipampa with building Royall houses adorning the Lodgings in stead of Tapestry with counterfeits of Herbs Plants and Creatures of gold and siluer the Porches chased with Gold and inlayed with Emeralds and Turquesses a Temple also of the Sunne enchased with Gold and Siluer the Indians custome being to make oftentation of seruice to their Kings and to flatter them filling their Temples and Palaces with all the treasures they were able in Pots Pannes and other vessels of gold and siluer and much costly raiment Hauing returned to Cozco his ambition not long after brought him backe to Tumipampa where he gained many Prouinces vnto the confines of the Kingdome of Quitu viz. Chanchan Moca Quesna Pumallacta that is the Land of Lions by reason of the store there being also worshipped for Gods Ticzampi Tiu cassa Capampi Vrcollasu and Tincuracu barren and barbarous Regions which he sent Masters to teach Ciuilitie and Religion After that he made another expedition with fortie thousand men to Quitu the name of the Kingdome and King It is seuenty leagues long and thirtie broad fertile and rich They worshipped Deere and great Trees The warre continuing long he sent for his sonne Huayna Capac to come with twelue thousand men more to exercise him in warre Huayna Capac signifieth from a childe rich in magnanimous exploits Capac was a title giuen to things of greatest eminence And this seemed praeeminent in him that he neuer denied any woman any sute vâ—ing to them gentle compellations of Mother Sister Daughter according to their age c. Tupac Inca returned to Cozco and left his sonne to dispatch the warre which was three yeeres before Quitu was reduced beside two yeeres which his father spent the reason whereof was the Incas custome to gaine not by fire and sword but as they could make the Natiues forsake it which had this effect that their conquest was more durable and their vassals bare them better affection At the
or so much as one man alone borne of woman within thirtie leagues of the Land which was before notably peopled and gouerned by diuers Lords There is no reckoning able to be made of the murders which this Caitiffe with his companie committed in these Realmes which he so dispeopled Of the Prouince of Nicaragua THe yeere 1522. or twentie three this Tyrant went farther into the Land to bring vnder his yoke the most fertile Prouince of Nicaragua and so in thither he entred in an euill houre There is no man which is able worthily and sufficiently to speake of the fertiltie healthsomenesse prosperitie and frequencie of those Nations that there were He sent fiftie Horsemen and caused to slay all the people of this Prouince which is greater then the Countie of Rossillon with the Sword in such sort as that hee left aliue nor man nor woman nor old nor young for the least cause in the World as if they came not incontinent at his command or if they did not bring him so many load of Maiz which signifieth in that Countrie bread Corne or if they did not bring him so many Indians to serue him and others of his company for the Countrie lay leuell as was said and no creature could escape his horses and deuillish rage He sent Spaniards to make out rodes that is to say to go a theeuing into other Prouinces and gaue leaue to those Rouers to carrie with them as many Indians of this peaceable people as they listed and that they should serue them whom they put to the chaine to the end they should not giue ouer the burdens of three or fourescore pounds weight wherewith they loaded them whereof it came to passe oftentimes that of foure thousand Indians there returned not home to their houses six aliue but euen fell downe starke dead in the high way and when any were so wearie that they could march no farther for the weight of their burdens or that some of them fell sicke or fainted for hunger or thirst because it should not need to stand so long as to vnlocke the chaine and to make the speedier dispatch hee cut off the head from the shoulders and so the head tumbled downe one way and the bodie another Now consider with your selues what the other poore soules might thinke the whiles He was the cause that the Indians sowed not their grounds one whole yeeres continuance So as now when they wanted bread the Spaniards tooke away from the Indians their Maiz which they had in store for prouision to nourish them and their children whereby there died of famine more then twentie or thirtie thousand soules And it came to passe that a woman falne mad with the famine slue her Sonne to eate him They haue discomfited and oppressed in this Prouince a great number of people and hastened their death in causing them to beare boords and timber vnto the Hauen thirty leagues distance to make ships with and sent them to go seeke Honie and Wax amiddest the Mountaines where the Tigres deuoured them Yea they haue laden women with childe and women new deliuered or lying in with burdens enough for beasts The greatest plague which hath most dispeopled this Prouince hath beene the licence which the Gouernour gaue to the Spaniards to demand or exact of the Cacicks and Lords of the countrie slaues They did giue them euery foure or fiue moneths or as oftentimes as euery one could obtaine licence of the Gouernour fiftie slaues with threatnings that if they gaue them not they would burne them aliue or cause them to be eaten with Dogges Now ordinarily the Indians doe not keepe slaues and it is much if one Cacike doe keepe two three or foure Wherefore to serue this turne they went to their subiects and tooke first all the Orphelins and afterwards they exacted of him that had two children one and of him that had three two and in this manner was the Cacicke faine to furnish still to the number that the Tyrant imposed with the great weeping and crying of the people for they are people that doe loue as it seemeth tenderly their children And for because that this was done continually they dispeopled from the yeere 23. vnto the yeere 33. all this Realme For there went for sixe or seuen yeeres space fiue or sixe ships at a time carryiâ—g forth great numbers of those Indians for to sell them for slaues at Ioanama and Peru where they all died not long after For it is a thing proued and experimented a thousand times that when the Indians are transported from their naturall Countrey they soone end their liues besides that these giue them not their sustenance neither yet diminish they of their toile as neither doe they buy them for ought else but to toile They haue by this manner of doing drawne out of this Prouince of the Indies whom they haue made slaues being as free borne as I am more then fiue hundred thousand soules And by the Deuillish warres which the Spanish haue made on them and the hideous thraldome that they haue laid vpon them they haue broughâ— to their deaths other fiftie or threescore thousand persons and do yet daily make hauocke of them at this present All these slaughters haue beene accomplished within the space of fourteene yeeres There may be left at this day in all this Prouinces of Nicaragua the number of about foure or fiue thousand persons which they also cause to die as yet euery day through bondages and oppressious ordinarily and personall hauing beene the Countrey the most peopled in the World as I haue alreadie said Of New Spaine IN the yeere 1517. was New Spaine discouered at the Discouerie whereof were committed great disorders and slaughters of the Indians by those which had the doing of that Exploite The yeere 1518. there went Spanish Christians as they terme themselues to rob and slay notwithstanding that they said they went to people the Countrie Sithence that yeere 1518. vnto this present yeere 1542. the vniust dealings the violencie and the Tyrannies which the Spaniards haue wrought against the Indians are mounted to the highest degree of extremitie those selfe-same Spaniards hauing thorowly lost the feare of God and of the King and forgotten themselues For the discomfitures cruelties slaughters spoiles the destructions of Cities pillages violences and Tyrannies which they haue made in so many Realmes and so great haue been such and so horrible that all the things which we haue spoken of are nothing in comparison of those which haue beene done and executed from the yeere 1518. vnto the yeere 1542. and as yet at this time this moneth current of September are in doing and committing the most grieuousest and the most abominablest of all in such sort that the rule which wee set downe before is verified That is That from the beginning they haue alwaies proceeded from euill to worse and haue gone beyond themselues in the most greatest disorders and deuillish doings In
Tyrant which had sent him distant from the Realme of Guatimala foure hundred leagues keeping the way by him traced as he went slue robbed burned and destroyed all the Countrey wheresoeuer he became vnder the shadow of title aboue mentioned saying that they should submit themselues vnto them in the name of the King of Spaine who was vnto them vnknowne and of whom they had neuer heard speake and which those Nations there esteemed more vniust and more cruell then they his men were And the Tyrants giuing them no respite of time to deliberate they fling vpon the poore folke in a manner as soone as the message was done putting all to fire and bloud Of the Prouince and Realme of Guatimala NO sooner arriued hee into this said Realme but that hee beganne with great slaughter of the Inhabitants This notwithstanding the chiefe Lord came to receiue him being carried in a Lighter with Trumpets and Tabours reioycings and disports accompanied with a great number of the Lords of the Citie of Ultlatan head Citie of the whole Realme doing them also seruice with all they had but specially in giuing them food abundantly and whatsoeuer they demanded besides The Spanish lodged this night without the Citie forasmuch as the same seemed vnto them strong and there might be thereby danger This Captaine called to him the next morrow the chiefe Lord with other great Lords who being come as meeke sheepe he apprehended them all and commanded them to giue him certaine summes of gold They answering that they had none forasmuch as the Countrie yeelded none he commandeth incontinent to burne them aliue without hauing committed any crime whatsoeuer and without any other forme of Processe or sentence As the Lords of all these Prouinces perceiued that they had burned their soueraigne Lords onely because they gaue them no Gold they fled all to the Mountaines commanding their Subiects to goe to the Spaniards and to serue them as their Lords but that they should not discouer them nor giue them intelligence where they were With this loe all the people of the Countrey presenting them and protesting to be theirs and to serue them as their Lords The Captaine made answere that he would not accept of them but that he would kill them if they told not where were their Lords The Indians answered they could not tell ought but as touching themselues they were content that they should employ them to their seruice with their wiues and children and that they should vse their houses and that there they might kill or doe whatsoeuer them pleased It is a wonderfull thing that the Spaniards went to their Villages and Burrowes and finding there these silly people at their worke with their wiues and children neither misdoubting any thing they pierced them with their Boare-speares and hackled them to pieces They came to one Burrow great and mighty which held it selfe more assâ—red then any other because of their innocency whom the Spanish laid desolate in a manner all whole in the space of two houres putting to the edge of the sword children with women and aged persons and all those which could not escape by fleeing The Indians aduised betweene them to digge certaine ditches in the middest of the wayes to make their Horses tumble into and piercing their bellies with Pikes sharpâ—ed and brent at one end there bestowed of purpose and couered ouer so orderly with greene turfe that it seemed there was no such matter There fell in Horses once or twice for the Spaniards afterwards could beware of them But now to auenge them they made a Law that as many Indians as might bee taken aliue should be slung into the same pits Hereupon they cast in women with child and women new deliuered of child-birth and old folke as many as they could come by vntill that the ditches were filled vp It was a lamentable thing to behold the women with their children stabbed with these pickes All besides they slue with thrust of Speares and edge of Sword They cast of them also to flesh fraunching Dogs which tare them and deuoured them They brent a Lord at a great fire of quicke flames saying they would herein doe him honour And they persisted in these butcheries so vnnaturall about seuen yeeres from the yeere 24. vntill the yeere 31. The Indians which escaped with all other of the Countrie seeing all the mischiefes of the Spanish began to assemble and put themselues in Armes whereupon the Spaniards worke great discomfitures and slaughters returning to Guatimala where they builded a Citie the which God of a iust iudgement hath reuersed with three ouerwhelmings falling all three together the one was with water the other with earth and the third with stones of the bignesse of ten or twentie Oxen. By such like meanes all the Lords and the men that were able to beare Armes being slaine those which remayned were reduced into the Diabolicall seruitude aforesaid being made tributary slaues or villaines regardant but giuing for their tribute sonnes and daughters for they will haue none other kinde of bond-men And so the Spaniards sending whole ships laden with them to Peru to sell them with their other slaughters haue destroyed and laid desart an whole Realme of an hundred leagues square or aboue a Countrie the most blessefull and peopled the most that might be in the world For the Tyrant himselfe wrote hereof that it was more peopled then Mexico and herein he said the truth He hath done to death with his consorts and confreres more then foure or fiue millions of soules in fifteene or sixteene yeeres space from the yeere 24. vnto the yeere 40. and yet at this houre they slay and destroy those that remayne This Tyrant had a custome when as he went to make warre vpon any Citie or Prouince to carrie thither of the Indians already vnder-yoaked as many as hee could to make warre vpon the other Indians and as he gaue vnto a ten or twentie thousand men which hee led along no sustenance he allowed them to eate the Indians which they tooke And so by this meanes hee had in his Campe an ordinary shambles of mans flesh where in his presence they killed and rosted children They killed men onely to haue off from them their hands and their feete which parts they held to be the daintiest morsels He was the death of an infinite sort of the Indians in making of ships the which hee transported after this rate great store of Artilerie which hee loded vpon the shoulders of these poore folke going naked whereby I haue seeue very many fall downe in the high way by reason of their great burdens He vndid whole housholds by taking from the men their wiues and daughters the which afterwards he dispersed in gifts to his Mariners and Souldiers to please them withall who led them along with them in their Nauies Hee stuffed all the ships with Indians where they died for thirst and hunger He made two Nauies
bare sway and ruled that was nine yeares there was no more care of teaching or bringing the Indians to saluation neither was there any more labor employed or once thought of to that purpose then if they had beene Trees Stones Dogs or Cats He wasted great townes and fortresses he gaue to one Spaniard a hundred Indians to another fiftie to another more or lesse as euery man was in liking or fauour and as it pleased him to grant He gaue children and old men women with childe and in childebed men of countenance and commons the naturall Lords of the Townes and Countries he parted them among those to whom hee wished most wealth and commoditie vsing in his Letters of command this speech following To you such a man are giuen so many Indians with their Cacique them to vse in their Mines and affaires So as all great and small yong and old that could stand on their feete men women with childe or in childebed one or other trauailed and wrought so long as they had any breath in their bodies He gaue leaue to take away married men and to make them draw Gold tenne twenty thirtie fortie or eightie leagues or farther The women remained in farme houses and granges in great labours So that the man and wife should not see one another in eight or ten moneths or a whole yeare And at their meeting they were so worne with labour and hunger that they had no minde of cohabitation whereby their generation ceased and their poore children perâ—â—hed because the mothers through hunger and trauaile had no milke wherewith to nourish them This was a cause that in the I le of Cuba one of vs being there there perished in the space of three moneths for hunger 7000. children some desperate women strangled and killed their owne children others finding themselues with childe did eate certaine hearbes thereby to loose their fruit so that the men died in the Mines the women perished in the farme houses their whole generation in a short space decayed and all the Countrey lay desolate The said Gouernour to the end without release to keepe them in continuall labour still gaue them away and yet besides their great labors he suffered them rigorously and very austerely to be misused For the Spaniards that had them in command appointed certaine hangmen ouer them some in the Mines whom they tearmed Miniero others in the Farmes that were called Estanciero vnnaturall and pittilesse persons that beate them with staues and cords boxing them pricking them with needles and still calling them dogges neither did they euer shew any signe of humanity or clemencie but all their dealings did consist of extreame seueritie riot and bitternesse The Gouernour had also in the Spanish Townes and Forts certaine of the most honorable and principall persons about him whom he called Visitors vnto whom also besides their other ordinary portions that he had giuen them he gaue in respect of their offices one hundred Indians to serue them These in the Townes were the greatest executioners as being more cruell then the rest before whom Athuaziles del camoo brought all such as had bin taken in this chase The accuser he that had them in command was present and accused them saying This Indian or those Indians are dogs and will doe no seruice but doe daily run to the Mountaines there to become loyterers and vagabonds and therefore required that they might be punished Then the Visitor with his owne hands bound them to a Pale and taking a pitched cord in the Gallies called an Eele which is as it were an iron rod gaue them so many stripes and beate them so cruelly that the bloud running downe diuers pâ—rts of their bodies they were left for dead God is witnesse of the cruelties committed among those lambs Throughout the yeare they neuer knew holiday neither might be suffered from labour little or much Besides that during all this toyle they neuer had sufficient food no not of Caçabi Some therâ— were that through niggardlinesse wanting meate to giue them would send them two or three dayes abroad into the fields and Mountaines to feede where they might satisfie themselues with such fruite as hang on the trees and then vpon the force of that which they brought in their guts would force them to labour two or three dayes more without giuing them any one morsell to eate The Gouernour commanded they should be paid their day wages and expences for any labour or seruice that they should doe to the Spaniard and their wages was three blankes euery two dayes which in the yeare amounted to halfe a Castelin Thus grew they into sickenesse through long and grieuous trauailes and that was soone caught among them When the Spaniards perceiued the sickenesse increase so as there was no profit or seruice to be looked for at their hands then would they send them home to their houses giuing them to spend in some thirty forty or eightie leagues trauaile some halfe dozen of Radish or Refortes that is a kinde of nauet roote and a little Caçabi wherewith the poore men trauailed not farre before they should desperately dye some went two or three leagues some ten or twenty so desirous to get to their owne home there to finish their hellish life that they suffered that they euen fell downe dead by the wayes so as many times we found some dead others at deaths doore others groning and pittifully to their powers pronouncing this word hunger hunger Then the Gouernour seeing that the Spaniard had in this wise slaine halfe or two third parts of these Indians whom hee had giuen them in command he came a fresh to draw new lots and make a new distribution of Indians still supplying the number of his first gift and this did hee almost euery yeare Pedrarias entred into the firme land as a Wolfe that had long beene starued doth into a flocke of quiet and innocent Sheepe and Lambs and as Gods wrath and scourge committing infinite slaughters robberies oppressions and cruelties together with those Spaniards whom he had leuied and laid waste so many Townes and Villages which before had bin replenished with people as it were Ant hils as the like was neuer seene heard of or written by any that in our daies haue dealt in Histories He robbed his Maiestie Subiects with those whom he tooke with him and the harme that he did amounted to aboue foure yea six Millions of Gold hee laid aboue fortie leagues of land desart namely from Darien where he first arriued vnto the Prouince of Nicaraga one of the fruitfullest richest and best inhabited lands in the world From this cursed wretch sprang first the pestilence of giuing the Indians in command which afterward hath infected all those Indies where any Spaniards doe inhabit and by whom all these Nations are consumed so that from him his commands haue proceeded the certaine waste and desolation that your Maiestie haue sustained in these so great lands and dominions
seeing the eminent ensuing danger should I haue left this multitude not yet fully refined I am resolued to stay till haruest be got in and then settle things according to my poore vnderstanding and returne if in the interim there come no authorised Gouernour from England Consider I pray you since things be brought to this passe as you see and that I should haue come away if then through their factions humors mutinies or indiscretion of the Chiefes I had left behinde this should fall to ruine I then should receiue the imputation and incurre the blame for quitting the Plantation although I might doâ— it both with my honour my promised stay of time being expired and hauing warrant from my Soueraigne the Kings Maiesty but the precedent reasons moued mee and that this astion of such price such excellency and assured profit to mine owne knowledge should not dye to the scorne of our Nation and to giue cause of laughter to the Papists that desire our ruine I can assure you no Country of the world affords more assured hopes of infinite riches which both by mine owne peoples discouery and the relation of such Sauages whose fidelity we haue often found assureth me Oh why should so many Princes and Noblemen ingage themselues and thereby intermedling herein haue caused a number of soules transport themselues and be transported hither Why should they I say relinquish this so glorious an Action for if their ends be to build God a Church they ought to perseuere if otherwise yet their honour ingageth them to be constant Howsoeuer they stand affected here is enough to content them let their ends be either for God or Mammon These things hauing animated me to stay for a little season to leaue those I am tied in conscience to returne vnto to leaue the assured benefits of my other fortunes the sweete society of my friends and acquaintance with all mundall delights and reside here with much turmoile which I will constantly doe rather then see Gods glory diminished my King and Countrey dishonored and these poore people I haue the charge of ruined And so I beseech you to answer for me if you heare me taxed for my staying as some may iustly doe and that these are my chiefe motiues God I take to witnesse Remember me and the cause I haue in hand in your daily meditations and reckon me in the number of those that doe sincerely loue you and yours and will euer rest in all offices of a friend to doe you seruice To my very deere and louing Cosen M. G. Minister of the B. F. in London SIr the Colony here is much better Sir Thomas Dale our Religious and valiant Gouernour hath now brought that to passe which neuer before could be effected For by warre vpon our enemies and kinde vsage of our friends he hath brought them to seeke for peace of vs which is made and they dare not breake But that which is best one Pocahuntas or Matoa the daughter of Powhatan is married to an honest and discreete English Gentleman Master Rolfe and that after she had openly renounced her Country Idolatry professed the faith of Iesus Christ and was baptised which thing Sir Thomas Dale had laboured a long time to ground in her Yet notwithstanding are the vertuous deedes of this worthy Knight much debased by the Letters which some wicked men haue written from hence and especially by one C. L. If you heare any condemne this noble Knight or doe feare to come hither for those slanderow Letters you may vpon my word boldly reproue thom You know that no malefactors can abide the face of the Iudge but themselues scorning to be reproued doe prosecute with all hatred all those that labour their amendment I maruaile much that any men of honest life should feare the Sword of the Magistrate which is vnsheathed onely in their defence But I much more muse that so few of our English Ministers that were so hot against the Surplis and subscription come hither where neither spoken of Doe they not either wilfully hide their Tallents or keepe themselues at home for feare of loosing a few pleasures Be there not any amongst them of Moses his minde and of the Apostles that forsooke all to follow Christ But I referre them to the Iudge of all hearts and to the King that shall reward euery one according to the gaine of his Talent But you my cosen hold fast that which you haue and I though my promise of three yeeres seruice to my Countrey be expired will abide in my vocation here vntill I be lawfully called from hence And so betaking vs all vnto the mercies of God in Christ Iesus I rest for euer Part of a Tractate written at Henrico in Virginia by Master ALEX. WHITAKER Minister to the Colony there which then gouerned by Sir T. DALE 1613. THey acknowledge that there is a great good God but know him not hauing the eyes of their vnderstanding as yet blinded wherefore they serue the Diuell for feare after a most base manner sacrificing sometimes as I haue here heard their owne Children to him I haue sent one Image of their god to the Counsell in England which is painted vpon one side of a toad-stoole much like vnto a deformed monster Their Priests whom they call Quiâ—kosoughs are no other but such as our English Witches are They liue naked in body as if their shame of their sinne deserued no couering Their names are as naked as their body they esteeme it a vertue to lye deceiue and steale as their Master the Diuell teacheth them Much more might be said of their miserable condition but I referre the particular narration of these things to some other season These men are not so simple as some haue supposed them for they are of body lusty strong and very nimble they are a very vnderstanding generation quicke of apprehension suddaine in their dispatches subtile in their dealings exquisite in their inuentions and industrious in their labour I suppose the world hath no better marke-men with their Bowes and Arrowes then they be they will kill Birds flying Fishes swimming and Beasts running they shoote also with meruailous strength they shot one of our men being vnarmed quite through the body and nailed both his armes to his body with one Arrow one of their Children also about the age of twelue or thirteene yeeres killed a Bird with his Arrow in my sight The seruice of their God is answerable to their life being performed with a great feare and attention and many strange dumbe shewes vsed in the same stretching forth their limbes and straining their body much like to the counterfeit women in England who faine themselues bewitched or possessed of some euill spirit They stand in great awe of the Quiokosoughs or Priests which are a generation of Vipers euen of Sathans owne brood The manner of their life is much like to the Popish Hermits of our age for they liue alone in the woods
not exceeding twenty six yeares of age but very personable gentle courteous and faire conditioned indeed not like a Sauage saue for his attyre his entertainment was answerable to his parts and his cheare plentifull and various One thing was very grieuous vnto vs at this place There was an old Woman whom wee iudged to be no lesse then an hundred yeares old which came to see vs because shee neuer saw English yet could not behold vs without breaking forth into great passion weeping and crying excessiuely We demanding the reason of it they told vs she had three Sonnes who when Master Hunt was in these parts went aboord his Ship to trade with him and he carried them Captiues into Spaine for Tisquantum at that time was carried away also by which meanes shee was depriued of the comfort of her children in her old age We told them wee were sorry that any Englishman should giue them that offence that Hunt was a bad man and that all the English that heard of it condemned him for the same but for vs we would not offer them any such iniury though it would gaine vs all the Skins in the Countrie So we gaue her some small trifles which somewhat appeased her After dinner we tooke Boate for Nauset Iyanough and two of his men accompanying vs. Ere we came to Nauset the day and tide were almost spent in so much as we could not goe in with our Shallop but the Sachim or Gouernour of Cummaquid went ashoare and his men with him we also sent Tisquantum to tell Aspinet the Sachim of Nauset wherefore we came After Sun-set Aspinet came with a great traine and brought the Boy with him one bearing him through the water he had not lesse then an hundred with him the halfe whereof came to the Shallop side vnarmed with him the other stood aloofe with their Bowe and Arrowes There he deliuered vs the Boy behâ—ng with Beades and made peace with vs wee bestowing a Knife on him and likewise on another that first entertained the Boy and brought him thither So they departed from vs. Here we vnderstood that the Narrohigansets had spoyled some of Massasoyts men and taken him This strucke some feare in vs because the Colony was so weakely guarded the strength thereof being abroad But we set forth with resolution to make the best haste home we could yet the winde being contrary hauing scarce any fresh water left and at least sixteene leagues home we put in againe for the shoare There we met againe with Iyanough the Sachim of Cummaquid and the most of his Towne both men women and children with him Hee being still willing to gratifie vs tooke a runlet and led our men in the darke a great way for water but could finde none good yet brought such as there was on his necke with them In the meane time the women ioyned hand in hand singing and dancing before the Shallop the men also shewing all the kindenesse they could Iyanough himselfe taking a Bracelet from about his necke and hanging it vpon one of vs. By Gods prouidence we came safely home that night CHAP. V. Good newes from New England Or A Relation of things remarkeable in that Plantation written by E. WINSLOVV and here abbreuiated THe good Ship called the Fortune which in the Moneth of Nouember 1621. blessed be God brought vs a new supply of fiue and thirty persons was not long departed our Coast ere the Great people of Nanohigganset which are reported to â—e many thousands strong began to breath forth many threats against vs notwithstanding their desired and obtained peace with vs in the fore-going Summer Insomuch as the common talke of our neighbour Indians on all sides was of the preparation they made to come against vs In reason a man would thinke they should haue now more cause to feare vs than before our supply came but though none of them were present yet vnderstanding by others that they neither brought Armes nor other prouisions with them but wholly relied on vs it occasioned them to sleight and braue vs with so many threats as they did At length came one of them to vs who was sent by Conauacus their chiefe Sachim or King accompanied with one Tokamahamon a friendly Indian This Messenger inquired for Tisquantum our Interpreter who not being at home seemed rather to be glad then sorry and leauing for him a bundle of new Arrowes lapped in a rattle Snakes skinne desired to depart with all expedition When Tisquantum returned and the Arrowes were deliuered and the manner of the Messengers cariage related he signified to the Gouernour that to send the rattle Snakes skinne in that manner imported enmitie and that it was no better then a challenge Hereupon after some deliberation the Gouernour stuffed the skin with Powder and Shot and sent it backe returning no lesse defiance to Conauacus assuring him if he had Shipping now present thereby to send his men to Nanohigganset the place of his abode they should not neede to come so farre by Land to vs yet withall shewing that they should neuer come vnwelcome or vnlooked for This message was sent by an Indian and deliuered in such sort as it was no small terrour to this Sauage King insomuch as he would not once touch the Powder and Shot or suffer it to stay in his House or Countrie Whereupon the Messenger refusing it another tooke it vp and hauing beene posted from place to place a long time at length came whole backe againe In the meane time knowing our owne weakenesse notwithstanding our high words and loftie lookes towards them and still lying open to all casualty hauing as yet vnder God no other defence then our Armes we thought it most needfull to impale our Towne which with all expedition we accomplished in the moneth of February and some few dayes taking in the top of the Hill vnder which our Towne is seated making foure Bulwarkes or ietties without the ordinary circuit of the Pale from whence we could defend the whole Towne In three whereof are Gates and the fourth in time to be This being done Captaine Standish diuided our strength into foure squadrons or companies appointing whom he thought most fit to haue command of each And at a generall Muster or Training appointed each his place gaue each his Company giuing them charge vpon euery alarum to resort to their Leaders to their appointed place and in his absence to be commanded and directed by them That done according to his order each drew his Company to his appointed place for defence and there together discharged their Muskets After which they brought their new Commanders to their houses where againe they graced them with their shot and so departed Fearing also least the enemy at any time should take any aduantage by firing our houses Captaine Standish appointed a certaine Company that whensoeuer they saw or heard fire to be cryed in the Towne should onely betake themselues to their Armes
paces broad one hundred persons keepe together in one of those houses they are most artificially builded and thetched so that no raine commeth into them although in Aprill May and Iune and most of Iuly very extreame raine doth fall there Also they make Pots of earth which shew as if they were guilded and some of them will hold thirtie or fortie gallons of liquor they are very faire to behold and very sweete to keepe any thing in They make Baskets of diuers sorts most artificially and their beds which they call Hamakes they are some of them made of Cotten wooll and some of barkes of trees they vse to lye in them hanging They haue a great delight to paint themselues both men and women and especially when they goe to any Feast The women against their day of trauell in childe bearth make for that time a roome apart in the house whereunto they goe all alone and are deliuered without any helpe at all and presently after the childe is borne she calleth for her husband and deliuereth him the childe who presently washeth it in a pot of water and painteth it with sundry colours which seemed very strange vnto me that I did not heare the women once so much as to groane or to make any moane at all in all her time of her trauell if any one of them dieth they doe vse to make great moane for them some ten or twelue daies together after his death or longer according as the partie was beloued in his life time And touching such kinde of Beasts as are in the woods as well about Wiapoco as in other places of the Countrie There are great store of Deere Hares and Conies Hogges and many Monkies great and small blacke and greene which sorts are called Marmosites and great red ones as bigge as Baboones those the Indians doe kill and eate and there are Leopards and Porcupines and Lyons for in one place we did see a Lyon which the Indians had killed they brought all their boyes they had and did lay them on the Lyons backe and with a whip did giue euery of them three lashes wherefore they did so we could not learne but imagined it was because they should remember the place where the Lyon was killed also there are great store of Otters and a beast which is called an Aligator he hath a cod that smelleth like the Muske cod Of Foules I haue seene Cockes Hennes Duckes and Geese Partridges Wood-doues Herneshaws Shouellers and a foule of a crimson colour called Passeray Fiemingo great store of white foules which the Indians call Wakcrouses great store of Parrats and Parrakeits which flye there in sholes like Starlings here in England also there is a Parrat there as bigge as a great Hen blew and red very beautifull to behold and multitudes of foules of other sorts and Hawkes of diuers sorts in the woods and Riuers And of fish there are great abundance of all sorts both of fresh water fish and Sea fish and Crabbes great store and the Indians take their fish with a kinde of wood which they beate against some stone or other tree vntill one end thereof be all bruised and putting that into the Riuer presently the fish become drunke and run themselues on the shoare and swim aboue water as our Haddockes doe in England There are store of good Rootes and Plants with Fruites as the Pina and Plantine Potatoes Nappoyes and a fruite called of the Indians Poppoyes it is bigger then an Apple and very pleasant to eate and sundry sorts of Plums and other sorts of fruites whereof they make drinke very pleasant to be drunke There are these commodities at Wiapocco and in other places of the Countrie where I haue trauelled Woods of blacke red and yellow colours Tobacco Guinie pepper Cotten wooll Carow of vs called Flaxe Anoto Berrieâ— which dye a very faire Stammell colour Spignard whereof a precious Oyle may be made Gummes of diuers sorts Bee-waxe Feathers of the best sorts such as Ladies doe weare in their hats and other Feathers abundance There grow naturally in many places Sugar Canes and great abundance of Carow of it selfe called of vs Flaxe and of the Spaniard Pero Also they make Oyle which they paint themselues with of a kinde of Nut bigger then a Chestnut whereof are great abundance growing and the Manety stone is to be had in the Aracores Countrie and in no other place of the Indies that I haue heard of These things I noted but if so we had expected certainely for to haue had a Ship of our owne Nation to haue come vnto vs I my selfe and the rest of vs should haue beene encouraged to haue obserued more then I haue done Neither had we any store of commodities to trade vp in the Maine as the two Hollanders hath which are there and were left there at our comming from thence by Iohn Sims Master of a Ship called the Hope of Amsterdam of the burthen of one hundred tuns Fraughted by the Merchants of Amsterdam and by their Charter partie was bound to lye in the Riuer of Wiapoco and of Caliane six moneths time which he did for he lay with vs at Wyapoco from the twentieth of December vnto the twentieth of May following trading with the Indians and sought most after the Manitâ— stone and Carow which we call Flaxe They furnished there two Factors very well with Commodities which they left at Wyapoco They dealt very kindely with vs for he shipped all our whole company which were nine of vs. Taking our leaues of the Indians who were as vnwilling to part from our companies as we were willing to goe into our owne Countrie saying vnto vs that if any of vs euer came to them againe to trade with them No other Nation should trade there but we And after they knew of our departure whilest we remained amongst them they brought their children vnto vs for to name after our great mens names of England which we did They had often speech of Sir Walter Rawleigh and one came farre out of the Maine from Orenogâ—e to enquire of vs of him saying he promised to haue returned to them before that time After we had prouided our necessaries and such commodities as we had and had giuen the Indians great charge of the Hollanders Factors we shipped our selues and departed from Wiapoco on the last of May 1606. And from thence we went into the Riuer of Caliane where our Master Iohn Sims traded some thirtie dayes with the Caribes and other of the Indians This Sims was Masters mate of the Holland Shippe which Captaine Lee found in the Riuer of Wiapoco at his first arriuall there also he was Master of the Ship which the Indians aduertised vs was in the Riuer of Amazons and according to their saying God be thanked he came to vs to our Comforts After his departure out of the Riuer of Caliane he sailed vnto Trinidado
Rats and such like wormes they eate also all manner of Fruites sauing some that are poisonous This sustenance is ordinarily of that which the Countrie yeeldeth without husbandrie as wilde fowle flesh and fruites but they haue a certaine kinde of foode of a good substance and healthfull and many other pulses whereof hereafter shall mention be made Ordinarily they drinke not while they eate but after meate they drinke water or wine which they make of many kindes of fruites and rootes as hereafter shall be said of the which they drinke without measure or order euen till they fall downe They haue some particular daies wherein they make great feasts and all ends in drinking and they last two or three daies in the which they eate not but onely drinke and there be men that emptie a whole great vessell of wine That these drinkings may be more festiuall some goe about singing from house to house calling and inuiting all they finde for to drinke and be merrie These dancings last with musicke all the time of the drinking in the which they sleepe not but passe it all in drinking and when they are drunke they play many disorders and they breake one anothers head and take other mens wiues c. They giue no thankes before nor after meate to God nor wash their hands before meate and after meate they wipe them at their haire on their body or a poste They haue no towels nor tables they eate fitting or lying in their nets or cowring on the ground they eate their meate throwing it with their hand into the mouth and I omit many other particularities that they haue in their eating and drinking because these are the principall All this people haue for their beds certaine nets made of Cotten wooll and they sleepe in them hanging in the ayre These they make some wrought others of sundry colours and as they remaine in the ayre and haue no other couering or cloathes al waies in summer and winter they haue fire vnder them they rise not very early and goe to bed by times and in the mornings there is one chiefe man in their houses that lying in his net doth preach vnto them for the space of an houre how they are to goe to labour as their forefathers did and he appointeth them the time telling them what they are to doe and after he is vp continueth his preaching running through the Towne They tooke this custome from a bird which is like a Hawke which singeth in the morning and they call it the King and Lord of the other Birds and they say that euen as that Bird doth sing in the mornings to be heard of the rest so the principall should make those preachings and speeches to be heard of theirs All of them goe naked as well men as women and haue no kinde of apparnll and are nothing ashamed rather it seemeth that they are in the state of innocencie touching this behalfe by the great honestie and modestie they doe keepe among themselues and when any man speaketh with a woman he turneth his backe to her But to make themselues gallant they vse diuers inuentions painting their bodies with the iuice of a certaine fruite wherewith they remaine black making in their bodies many white stroakes after the fashion of round hose and other kinde of garments They enplume themselues also making Diadems and Bracelets and other very fine inuentions they esteeme very much all manner of fine Feathers they let no haire grow in the parts of their body but they pull them out onely the head excepted which they cut in many fashions for some weare them long with a halfe Moone shauen before and they say they tooke this vse from Saint Thomas and it seemeth that they had some notice of him though confusedly others make certaine kinde of crownes and circles that they seeme Friers the women all doe weare long haire and ordinarily blacke and the haire of the one and of the other is smooth when they are angrie they let their haire grow long and the women when they mourne doe cut their haire and also when their husbands goe a farre iourney in this they show their loue and loyaltie to them the vanitie they haue in their poling is so much that by the head the Nations are knowne Now alreadie some doe weare apparell as well men as women but they esteeme it so little that they weare it rather for fashion then for honesties sake and because they are commanded to weare it as it is well seene by some that sometimes come abroad with certaine garments no further then the nauell without any other thing and others onely with a cap on their heads and leaue the other garments at home the women make great accompt of Laces and Combes These Indians doe vse certaine Cottages or houses of timber couered with Palme tree leaues and are in length some of two hundred and three hundred spans and they haue two or three doores verie little and low They shew their valour in seeking timber and verie great posts and of great continnance and there be houses that haue fiftie sixtie or seuentie roomes of twentie or fiue and twentie quarters long and as manie quarters long and as many in breadth In this house dwelleth one principall man or more whom all the rest doe obey and ordinarily they are kinfmen In euery roome of these dwelleth a houshold with their children and family without any repartition betweene the one and the other and to enter in one of these houses is to enter into a laberinth for euery roome hath his fire and their nets hanging and their â—stuffe so that comming in all that they haue is in sight and some house hath two hundred persons and more The women when they are brought to bed they are deliuered on the ground doe not take vp the childe but the Father taketh it vp or some other person whom they take for their Gossip and in friendship they are as the Gossips among the Christians The Father doth cut the Nauell string with his teeth or with two stones knocking the one with the other and then they set themselues to fasting vntill the Nauell string falleth off which is ordinarily to the eight day and till it doth fall they leaue not their fasting when it falleth if it bee a man childe he maketh it a Bow with Arrowes and tieth it at the end of the Net and at the other end manie handfuls of hearbes which are the enemies which his sonne shall kill and eate These ceremonies being ended they make drinkings where with they all are merrie The women when they are deliuered doe presently goe and wash themselues in the Riuers and they giue the childe sucke ordinarily a yeere and an halfe not giuing it any other thing to eate They loue their children extraordinarily and beare them in certaine pieces of Nets which they call Tupiya
a continuall stamping with the feet standing still or going round about or stirring their bodie or their head and they doe it all by such compasse and pleasantnesse as can be desired at the sound of a Timbrell made after the fashion of those which the children vse in Spaine with manie smal stones within or certaine seeds whereof they make also verie good beads and so they sing dancing altogether for they doe not one thing without the other in such compasse and order that sometime an 100. men dancing and singing together in a row one behind the other doe end all at one stroke as if they were altogether in one place The singers aswell men as women are much esteemed among them in so much that if they take an enemie a good singer and an Inuenter of Verses they therefore spare his life and doe not eate him nor his children The women doe dance together with the men and make many gambolls and gestures with their armes and bodies especially when they dance alone They keepe among themselues differencies of voices in their Consort and ordinarily the women doe sing the Treble Counter and Tenours They are verie wicked especially in weeping for the dead for when any one dieth the Kindred doe cast themselues vpon him in the Net and so suddenly that sometimes they choake him before he dieth seeming to them he is dead And those that cannot cast themselues with the Coarse in the Net doe cast themselues on the ground with such falls and knockes that it seemeth a Miracle they doe not end their liues with the dead and of these falls and mournings they remaine so feeble that sometime they die When they mourne they speak manie pittiful and dolorous words if he die at euening all night long they weep with a high voice that it is a wonder they are not wearie For these mournings they cal the Neighbours kinsmen and if he be one of the principall all the Towne doth meete to mourne and in this they haue also their points of honour and they curse with plagues those which weepe not saying that they shall not bee mourned for After he is dead they wash him and paint him verie brauely as they paint their enemies and after this they couer him with Cotton Yarne that nothing is seene of him and put a couering ouer his face and sitting they put him in a great tinnage or vessell that they haue vnder the Earth for that purpose and doe couer it in such manner that no Earth may come to him and the vessel they couer with earth making him a house where euerie day they carrie him meat For they say that when he is wearie with dancing he commeth thether to eate and so they goe for a certaine time to bewaile him euerie day all his Kindred with him they burie all his Iewels or Brooches that none may see them and grieue thereat But if the dead had any Peece as a Sword c. that had beene giuen him it returneth to him that gaue it and hee taketh it againe wheresoeuer he findeth it therefore they say that when one dieth he loseth all the right of that which was giuen him After the Coarse is buried the Kinsmen are in continuall weeping night and day the one beginning as the other endeth they eate not but by night they hang their Nets neere to the roofes and the women after twentie daies doe cut their haire and this lamenting lasteth a whole Moone the which being ended they make great Wines or Drinkings to put away their mourning The men doe cut their haire and the women doe paint themselues with blacke and these Ceremonies and others being ended they beginne to communicate the one with the other aswell the men as the women After their companions are dead some neuer doe marrie againe nor enter into the Feast of Wines neither paint themselues with blacke but is verie seldome among them because they are much giuen to women and cannot liue without them Before they had any knowledge of the Portugals they vsed tooles and instruments of stone bone wood Canes and teeth of Beasts c. and with these they hewed downe great Woods with wedges of stones helping themselues with fire and they digged also the ground with certaine sharpe stakes and they made their Brooches Beades of Wilkes Bowes and Arrowes as well as now hauing Instruments of Iron but they spent a long time in making of whatsoeuer thing wherefore they esteeme the Iron verie much for the facilitie or ease which they finde in making their things with it And this is the reason wherefore they are glad of Commerce with the Portugals or white men The weapons of this people ordinarily are Bowes and Arrowes and they boast themselues of them and they make them of verie good wood and verie faire interlaid with Palme-tree of sundrie colours they die their strings greene or red and they make their Arrowes verie faire seeking for them the fairest feathers they can find They make these Arrowes of sundrie Canes and fasten in their points the teeth of beasts or certaine verie hard Rushes or sharpe stickes with many snagges and many times they empoison them with herbes These Arrowes to ones sight seeme a thing of mockerie but are verie cruell Weapons and pierce quilted breast-plates or curates and striking in a sticke they cleaue it asunder and sometimes happen to goe through a man and sticke on the ground They doe exercise themselues in these Weapons verie young and are great Archers and so certaine that no Bird can escape them be it neuer so little or any vermine of the Woods and there is no more but if they will shoot an Arrow through the eie of a bird or a man or hit any other thing be it neuer so small they doe it with great facilitie and with their owne safetie and for this they are greatly feared They are stout also and fierce and dreadfull to others They are as vermine of the Woods for they goe a hunting into the Countrie naked and barefoot without any feare They haue a maruellous sight for at a league off they see any thing and in the same manner they heare They guesse verie right ruling themselues by the Sunne they go to all parts they list 200. or 300. leagues through thicke Woods and misse not one â—ot they trauell much and alwaies runnig a gallop especially with some charges no Horse is able to hold out with them They are great fishers and swimmers they feare no Sea nor waues continue a day and a night swimming and the same they doe rowing and sometimes without meate They vse also for Weapons Swords of wood and interlay the ends of them with Palme-tree of sundrie colours and set Plumes on them of diuers colours chiefly in their feasts and slaughters And these Swords are verie cruell for they make no wound but bruise and breake a mans head
Nations of Indians These liue on the Sea Coast and in a great part of the Land all of one Speech though they differ in some words This is that which the Portugals doe vnderstand it is easie eloquent pleasant and copious the difficultie of it is in hauing many comparisons but of the Portugals almost all those that came from the Kingdome and are seated here and doe communicate with the Indians do know it in a short time and the children of the Portugals borne here doe speake it better then the Portugall as well men as women chiefly in the Captainship of Saint Vincent and with these ten Nations of Indians haue the Fathers communication because they know their Language and they more tame and well inclined These were and are the ancient friends of the Portugals with whose helpe and armes they conquered this Countrie fighting against their owne kindred and diuers other Nations very barbarous and those of this generation were so many that it seemed an impossible thing to extinguish them but the Portugals haue made such haste that they are almost dead and they vse such meanes that they disinhabit the Coast and flie the Land inward some three hundred some foure hundred The first of this Language are called Pitiguaras Lords of Parayba thirtie leagues from Pernambuco and haue the best Brasill woode and are great friends to the Frenchmen and did contract with them vntill now marrying their Daughters with them but now in the yeere 1584. Parayba was taken by Iames Flares his Maiesties Generall driuing out the Frenchmen and he left a Fortresse with 100. Souldiers besides the Portugals which also haue their Captaine and Gouernour one Fructuoso Barbosa that with the principall men of Pernambuco carried an Armie by Land wherewith he ouercame the enemies for from the Sea those of the Armada fought not Neere vnto these liued a great multitude of people which they call Viatan of these there are are none alreadie for they being friends with the Pitaguaras and Kindred the Portugals made them enemies among themselues giuing them to be eaten that by this meanes they might warre against them and hold them for slaues and finally hauing a great dearth the Portugals in stead of releeuing them tooke them Captiues and did send ship-loades to bee sold in other places There was ioyned with this a Magician Portugall Priest that with his deceits conueighed them all to Pernambucò and so ended this Nation The Portugals remained without Neighbours to defend them from the Pitiguaras which vntill now that they were ouercome persecuted the Portugals setting on a sudden vpon their Corne Goods and Sugar-mils burning and killing many of the Portugals because they are verie warlike but now by the goodnesse of God they are freed from this incumbrance Others there be that they call Tupinaba these inhabit from the Riuer Royall till ye come neere the Illeos these were also among themselues contrarie those of the Bay with them of Camamâ— and Intrare Along the Riuer of Saint Francis dwelt another Nation called Caaete and among these were also contrarieties with them of Pernambuco From Illeos or the little Ilands and Port Secure vnto the Holy Ghost inhabited another Nation called Tupinaquin these proceeded from those of Pernambuco and scattered themselues in a Countrie of the Maine multiplying exceedingly but now they are but few These were alwaies great enemies of the things of God hardened in their errours verie reuengefull and would reuenge themselues as soone as they see their enemies and louers of many women of these alreadie are many Christians and they are firme in the faith There is another Nation a kinne to these which runneth off the Maine from Saint Vincent to Pernambuco called Tupiguae these were without number they doe diminish for the Portugals doe goe to seeke them to serue themselues with them and those which escape doe flee verie farre off that they may not be slaues There is another Nation Neighbour to this called Apigapigtanga and Muriapigtanga There is also another Nation contrarie to the Tupinaquins which are called Guaracayo or Itati Another Nation dwelleth in the Holy Ghost called Timimâ—uo they were contrarie to the Tupinaquins but they are now verie few Another Nation which is called Tamuya inhabitors of the Riuer of Ianuarie these the Portugals destroyed when they inhabited the Riuer and of them there be verie few and some that are in the Maine are called Ararape another Nation inhabiteth beyond Saint Vincent about eightie leagues enemies of the Tupinaquins of Saint Vincent of these there are infinite multitudes and doe runne along the Sea Coast and in the Maine vnto the Paraguai which the Castilians doe inhabite all these Nations abouesaid though different and many of them enemies one to another they haue the Language and their conuersion is in hand and they haue a great respect to the Fathers of the company of Iesus and in the Maine they sigh for them and call them Abare and Father desiring they would come to their Countries and conuert them and such is their reputation that some Portugals of badde consciences doe faine themselues Fathers apparelling themselues in Gownes shauing their crownes and telling them they are Abares and that they came to seeke them for the Churches of the Fathers which are theirs aswell as ours Thus they seduce them and assoone as they come to the Sea they diuide them among themselues sell and marke them making first a great slaughter of them in the Countrie robberies and assaults taking away their Daughters and their Wiues c. And if it were not for these and other like hinderances all those of this Language had beene conuerted to our holy Faith There be other contrarie Nations enemies to these of diuers Languages which in a generall name are called Tapuya and they are contrarie also among themselues In the Maine first neighbouring to the Tupinaquins inhabit the Guamures and they occupie some eightie leagues of Coast and toward the Mayne all that they list They are Lords of the wild Woods very great bodied and by the continuance and custome of going through the Woods they haue their skinnes very hard and for this effect they beate their children being young with certaine Thistles to accustome them to goe in the wilde Woods They haue no Husbandrie they liue by rapine and by the point of the Arrow they eate the Mandioca raw and it doth them no hurt they runne verie swiftly and to the White men they come not but on a sudden They vse verie great Bowes they carrie certaine stones made a purpose verie bigge that wheresoeuer they hit they may presently breake the heads in pieces And when they come to fight they hide themselues vnder shrubs and from thence they play their part they are greatly feared there is no power in the world that is able to ouercome them They are great cowards in the fields and dare not
come forth neither passe they any waters vse any shipping nor are giuen to fishing all their liuing is from the woods They are cruel as Lions when they take any enemies they cut off his flesh with a Reed whereof they make their Arrowes and flea them that they leaue them no more but the bones and the guts if they take any child are followed that they may not take it away aliue they strike off his head against a post They disbowell the women with child to eate their children roasted These annoy the Port Secure verie much the little Ilands and Camamû and these Countries goes to decay because of them their speech cannot be vnderstood Besides these towards the Maine and the fields of Caatinga doe liue many Nations of Tapuyas which are called Tucanucu these liue in the Maine of the great Riuer opposite to Port Secure they haue another Language Others doe liue in the Maine before yee come to Aquitigpe and are calle Nacij Others which they call Oquigtâiuba others which are called Pahi these weare course Cotton-clothes wouen like a Net with this they couer themselues as with a sacke they haue no sleeues they haue a different speech In the Ari are others which also liue in the field going toward Aquitigpe Others which are called Larahio it is a great people of a different speech Others which are called Mandeiu also of another speech others called Macutu others Napara these haue husbandrie Others called Cuxare these liue in the middest of the field of the Maine others which liue in the same field that are called Nuhinu others doe liue toward the Maine of the Bay which is called Guayaua they haue a speech by themselues other there about called Taicuiu these dwell in houses they haue another speech others in the same Countrie called Cariu of a different tongue These three Nations and their Neighbours are friends of the Portugals others which they call Pigru they dwell in houses others which are called Obacoatiara these liue in Ilands in the Riuer of Saint Francis they haue Houses like vnto Caues vnder the Earth These when the enemies come against them flie to the water and by diuing escape they continue long vnder water they haue great Arrowes like halfe Darts without Bowes and with them they fight they are verie valiant they eate humane flesh they haue a different tongue Others there are that liue farre within the Maine are called Anhelim they haue another Language others that liue in Houses called Aracuaiati they haue another Speech others called Caiuari they liue in Caues Others called Guaianaguacu they dwell in Caues and haue another Speech others farre within the Maine called Camucuiara these haue paps that reach vnder their waste and neere to their knees and when they runne they binde them about their waste they are neuerthelesse great Warriours eate mens flesh and haue another Speech Others which they call Iobiora Apuayara Lords of sharpe Staues for they fight with tosted staues and sharpe they are valiant and eate humane flesh they haue another Speech Others called Anuacuig they dwell in Houses they haue another Speech but they vnderstand themselues with these abouesaid their Neighbours Others they call Guaiacatu and Guaiatâ—ú these haue another Speech and dwell in Houses Others called Cumpehe these eate no humane flesh when they kill the enemie they cut off the head and carrie it for a shew they haue no Houses and are like Gipsies Others called Guayo dwell in Houses they fight with venomed Arrowes they eat humane flesh they haue another Speech Others called Cicu haue the same Speech and customes of them abouesaid Others called Pahaiu eate humane flesh and haue another Speech Others called Iaicuiu haue the same Speech that these aboue Others called Tupijo dwell in Houses haue Husbandrie and another Speech Others called Maracaguacu are Neighbours to these aboue and haue the same Speech Others called Iacuruiu vse Husbandrie dwell in Houses and haue another Speech Others called Tapecuiu are Neighbours of these aboue and haue the same speech Others called Anacuiu haue the same Speech and customes that those aboue and all of them doe fight with venomed Arrowes Others called Piracuiu haue the same Speech that those aboue and venomed Arrowes Others called Taraguaig haue another Speech they fight with venomed Arrowes Others called Pahacuiu can speake the Language of them abouesaid Others called Tipi are of the field and fight with venomed Arrowes Others called Guacaraiara haue another Speech and haue Husbandries and dwell in Houses Others Neighbours to these aboue called Camaragoa Others called Curupija were enemies of the Tupinaquis Others called Aquirino haue another Speech Others called Piraguayg Aquig liue vnder the Rockes are enemies to these aboue Others celled Piuacuiu Others called Parapoto these can speake the Speech of them of the Coast. Others called Caraemba haue another Speech Others called Caracuin haue another Speech Others called Mainuma these joine themselues with the Guaimures enemies to them of the Coast they vnderstand themselues with the Guaimures but they haue another Speech Others called Aturari enter also in communication with the Guaimures others called Cuigtaio doe also communicate and enter with the Guaimures Others called Cuigpe these were the Inhabitors of Port Secure Others called Guigraiube are friends with them aboue Others called Augarari these dwell not farre from the Sea betweene Port Secure and the Holy Ghost Others called Amixocâ—ri are friends with the former Others called Carata doe liue in the Maine toward Saint Vincent and went flying from the North thither they haue another Speech Others called Apetupa liue in the Maine toward Aquitipi Others called Caraguatijara haue another Speech Others called Aquiguira these doe conuerse with the former Another Nation liueth in the Maine enemies to the Muriapigtaâ—ga and of the Tarape it is a Dwarfish people low of bodie but bigge legged and backed the Portugals call these Pigneos and the Indians call them Taepijguiri because they are little Others called Quiriciguig these doe liue in the Maine of the Bay verie farre Others called Guirig these are great Horsemen and friends of the former Others called Guaiere doe liue in the Maine of Port Secure verie farre off Others called Aenaguig these were Inhabitors of the Countries of the Tupinaquins and because the Tupinaquins remained Lords of the Mountaines they are called Tupinaquins Others called Guaitaca doe liue in the Sea Coast betweene the Holy Ghost and the Riuer of Ianuarie they liue in the fields and will not liue in the Woods they goe to eate to their Husbandries and come to the houses to bed they haue no other treasures They liue as the cattell that feedeth in the fields and come not to the Houses but to sleepe they are so swift in running that by footmanship they catch the game Others called Igbigraâ—pan are enemies to the Tupinaquins they communicate with the Guaimures when they fight with
them wee came to another Nation called Surucusis 90. leagues distant from the Bascherepos the people out of this Countrey louingly and friendly entertained vs. Euery Housholder of these Surucusis dwelleth in a peculiar and proper house of his owne with his wife and children The men haue a round piece of wood hanging at their eares like a Calecut Die The women haue Christall of a Skie colour of a finger thicke hanging at their lips they are wel-fauoured to behold and goe altogether naked These people abound with Turkish Corne Mandeoch Manduis Padades fish and flesh And it is a very populous Countrey Our Captaine commanded to inquire of them concerning a Nation called Carchacaris and also of the Carios They could tell vs nothing of the Carchacaris but concerning the Carios they said that they were with them at their houses But it was not true hauing learned this out Generall commanded to prepare our selues for the journey for hee determined to goe further into the Countrey He appointed an hundred and fiftie Souldiers to stay with the ships to whom he gaue prouision of victuall for two yeeres Taking the other three hundred and fiftie together with the eighteene horses and twenty thousand Indians or Carios who came from the Assumption with vs he went further into the Countrey but with little benefit to vs. For our Generall was not a man fit for so great an attempt besides all the Captaines and Souldiers hated him for his peruerse and rigorous carriage towards the Souldiers Hauing trauelled therefore eighteene dayes journey they neuer set eye neither vpon the Carios nor any other people and food also failed them so that our Generall was of necessitie to returne againe vnto the shippes But yet our Generall chargeth a certaine Spaniard Franciscus Rieffere with tenne other Spaniards to goe forward commanding them that if after ten dayes iourney they found no people they should returne vnto the ships where they would stay for them It happened therefore that they light vpon a populous Nation which had plentie of Turkish Corne Mandeoch and other Roots But the Spaniards durst not come in their sight and returning to vs signified this vnto our Generall who was very desirous to haue gone into this Countrey againe but he was hindered by the waters that he could not proceed He therefore commandeth a ship to be furnished againe wherein he put eighty Souldiers and making Ernandus Rieffiere Captaine inioyneth him to goe vp the Riuer of Parabol to discouer the Nation called Scherues and therein two dayes iourney and no more to enter into the heart of the Countrey and after that to make report vnto him of the Countrey and the Inhabitants thereof Departing by ship from our Generall the first day we came to a certaine Nation called Guebuecusis on the other side of the Countrey whose people inhabit a certaine Iland contayning thirty leagues in length which the Riuer Parabol compasseth They feed vpon Mandeoch Maiz Manduis Padades Mandepore Porpe Bachkeku and other Roots and also vpon flesh and fish The men and women are like the former Surucusis in Phisnomy and fauour Wee staâ—ed this day with them When we were to depart the next day they accompanied vs with ten Canoas or Boats twice in the day time they fished and caught Venison which they gaue vs. Spending nine dayes in this iourney wee arriued after at the Nation called Achkeres where a great multitude of people were gathered together The men and women are of a great and tall stature the like whereof I saw not in all the Countrey of the Riuer of Plate and these Achkeres are thirty leagues distant from the foresaid Surucusis they liue by no other thing saue fish and flesh the women couer their secrets We staied one day with these Achkeres and from hence the said Surucusis returned with their ten Boats or Canoas to their Village Afterward our Captaine Ernandus Rieffere requested the Achkeres to shew him what way they might goe to the Scherues whereto they were very readie and sent eight Canoas or Boats from their Village with vs and twice euery day they caught fish and flesh that so we might haue sufficient plenty of food 36. The ninth day after our departure from them we came to the Scherues vnto whom from the said Achkeres are thirtie sixe leagues This Nation is very populous yet they are not true and naturall among whom the King himselfe hath an house But these Scherues maintaine a Priest expâ—rt in the Mysteries of Religion and haue a ring of wood hanging at their eares These men also weare a blue Christall in their lips of the shape and bignesse of Dice they are painted with a blue colour from the paps to the priuities with that excellency that I thinke a Painter is not to be found in all Germany which could performe the like so finely and artificiâ—lly They goe naked and are beautifull after their manner We stayed therefore oneday with these Scherues and after going fourteene leagues forward in three dayes journey at length wee came to the place where their King dwelleth from the which the Inhabitants are called Scherues His Country containeth only foure leagues in length Yet hath he a Village situate vpon the Riuer of Parabol Therefore leauing our ships heere we committed the custodie thereof to twelue Spaniards that returning wee might vse them for our defence Wee also intreated the Scherues dwelling there that in the meane space they would friendly conuerse with the Christians and intreate them courteously which also they did with necessariâ—s for our journey passing ouer the Riuer Parabol wee arriued at that place where the seate and house of the King was Who when we were almost yet a league from him commeth forth to meete vs guarded with more then 12000. men in a Champion plaine yet friendly and peaceably The path wherein they marched was eight paces broad strewed with flowres and grasse on euery side and made so cleane that not so much as any little stone stick or straw appeared The King had also with him his Musicians whose Instruments were like our crooked Trumpets which wee call Schalmes Hee gaue commandement also that they should hunt Stags and other wilde beast on both sides of the way which hee went so that they tooke about thirtie Sâ—ags and twentie Estridges or Iandu which spectacle was very pleasant to behold When we were entred into the Village he alwaies appointed one lodging for two Christians But our Captaine together with his Seruants or followers was brought into the Kings Palace He is wont to haue Musicke at the Table and at his meate whensoeuer he pleaseth For then they play vpon the Flutes or Pipes men leading the dances and skipping with most beautifull women which dances and skippings seemed so strange vnto vs that looking vpon them wee had almost forgot our selues In the rest the Scherues are like those pâ—ople of whom
by reason of the want of prouision For we had scarce victuall for one moneth In performing this Iourney we spent a yeere and an halfe doing nothing else but making continuall warre And in this Iourney we had brought into our subiection about twelue thousand men women and children who were compelled to serue vs as bond-slaues as I for mine owne person did possesse about fiftie men women and children 50. Wee with our Generall Martin Don Eyollas came vnto the Citie Assumption but Abriego a Captaine which had rebelled against Captaine Mendoza and slaine him would neither open the Citie to our Generall nor yeeld it vp vnto him nor acknowledge him for Generall and his Gouernour But the said Diego Abriego being forced to forsake the Citie with fiftie Christians who ioyned themselues with him fled thirtie leagues from vs so that we could atchieue nothing against him This warre continued two whole yeeres space betweene vs the two Captaines so opposing themselues one against the other that neither was safe from danger of other 51. In the meane season while these things were thus done I receiued Letters out of Spaine and shewed to Martin Don Eyollas I presently desired a friendly and curteous dismission from him I tooke my Iourney in the name of God vpon Saint Stephens Day which was the sixe and twentieth of December in the yeere 1552. and departing from the Assumption of Marie carried vpon the Riuer of Plate with my twentie Indians in two Canoas or Boats when wee had now gone sixe and fortie leagues we first arriued at a certaine Towne called Iuberic Sabaie In that Towne foure others also together with two Portugals ioyned themselues with vs hauing gone fifteene leagues we came to a Towne called Gaberetho After this hauing gone sixteene leagues further in foure dayes we came to a certaine Village called Barotij Whence departing againe hauing gone foure and fiftie leagues in nine dayes wee came to a Towne called Barede where staying two dayes we sought prouision and Boats to carrie vs for wee were to goe one hundred leagues vp the Riuer Parana by Boat At length being brought to a certaine Towne called Gingie wee abode there foure dayes And thus farre the Countrie and Empire of Caesars Maiestie extendeth it selfe all which places in former time were subiect to the People Carios 52. After this therefore all the Nation Toupin beginneth the Countrie and Iurisdiction of the Portugall and we were compelled leauing Parana and our Boats to trauell by land vnto these Toupin which continued sixe whole moneths in which Iourney we were to goe ouer Desarts Mountaines and Valleyes and for the feare waxed of wilde and rauening beasts we durst not safely take our sleepe c. Wee wandred eight whole dayes through Woods and Thickets so that although hauing trauelled farre and wide yet in all my life time I had neuer gone so rough troublesome and tedious a way nor had we any thing which we might eate so that wee were compelled to sustaine our selues with Honie and Roots wheresoeuer we could get them and for the danger also to wit that we feared lest our enemies would pursue vs we had not so much time as to take any venison After this wee came to a Nation called Biesaie where staying foure dayes wee prouided our selues againe of victuall but durst not come neere their Towne because we were so few In this Countrie there is a Riuer called Vrquam wherein we saw Water-snakes and Serpents called Tuesca in the Spanish Tongue Scheue Eyba which were sixteene paces long and foure fathome thicke These Serpents doe much hurt for if a man wash himselfe in that Riuer or any beast swim ouer forthwith such a Serpent swimming to them windeth his tayle about the man or beast and drawing them vnder water deuoureth them Proceeding further hence we trauelled about one hundred leagues in a continued Iourney of a whole moneths space and at length came into a large Towne called Scheuetveba and rested there three dayes Going againe further we came into a certaine Towne of Christians whose Captaine was Iohn Reinueill 53. Moreouer proceeding further thence we came to the Towne of Saint Uincent From the Citie of the Assumption of Marie to the Towne of Saint Uincent in Brasill are reckoned three hundred and seuentie leagues Setting sayle from the Towne of Saint Uincent on Saint Iohn Baptists Day which was the foure and twentieth of Iune in the yeere of our Lord 1553. wee arriued at Lisbon the third of September in the yeere 1553. and while wee abode fourteene dayes there two of my Indians died which I brought with me out of those Countries I had thought here to haue added the Voyages of Iohannes Stadius another German which serued the Portugals in Brasill about Schmidels later time published in Theodore de Bry and had the same by me translated But contayning little light for the Countrie and People and relating in manner onely his owne Tragedies in his taking by the Sauages and often perils of being eaten by them as some of his friends were before his face with other like Sauage arguments wherewith wee haue glutted you alreadie I being alreadie too voluminous haue omitted the same and hasten to other Relations CHAP. V. The Obseruations of Sir RICHARD HAWKINS Knight in his Voyage into the South Sea An. Dom. 1593. once before published now reuiewed and corrected by a written Copie illustrated with notes and in diuers places abbreuiated §. I. What happened in this Voyage before they came neere the Aequinoctiall Line with diuers accidentall Discourses vsefull for Nauigators WIth the Counsels consent and helpe of my Father Sir Iohn Hawkins Knight I resolued a Voyage to be made for the Ilands of Iapan of the Philippinas and Moluccas the Kingdome of China and East Indies by the way of the. Straites of Magelan and the South Sea For this purpose in the end of the yeere 1588. returning from the Iourney against the Spanish Armado I caused a Ship to bee builded in the Riuer of Thames betwixt three and foure hundred tunnes which was finished in that perfection as could be required For shee was pleasing to the eye profitable for stowage good of sayle and well conditioned On the day of her lanching shee was named The Repentance The Repentance being put in perfection and riding at Detford the Queenes Maiestie passing by her to her Palace of Greâ—nwich commanded her Barge-men to rowe round about her and viewing her from Post to Stemme disliked nothing but her Name and said that shee would Christen her a new and that thenceforth shee should bee called the Daintie which name shee brooked as well for her proportion and grace as for the many happie Voyages shee made in her Maiesties seruices Hauing taken for her Maiestie a great Bysten of fiue hundred tunnes loden with Iron and other Commodities vnder the conduct of Sir Martin Furbusher A Carack bound for the East
sayings in my heart In old times all this region was vntilled and ouergrowne with bushes and the people of those times liued as wilde beasts without religion or policie without towne or house without tilling or sowing the ground without raiment for they knew not how to worke Cotten or Wooll to make them garments They liued by two and two or three and three in caues and holes of the ground eating grasse like beasts and rootes of trees and wilde fruits and mans flesh They couered themselues with leaues and barkes of trees and skins of Beasts and others in leather Once they liued as wilde beasts and their women were in common and brutish Our Father the Sunne this was the Incas manner of speech because they deriued their pedegree from the Sunne and for any besides the Incas to say so was blasphemie and incurred stoning seeing men liue in this fashion tooke pittie on them and sent from heauen a Sonne and a Daughter of his owne to instruct men in the knowledge of our Father the Sunne and to worship him for their God to giue them lawes also and precepts of humane and reasonable course of life in ciuill fashion to dwell in houses and townes to husband the earth to sowe and set to breede cattle With these ordenances our father the Sunne placed these his two children in the lake Titicaca eightie leagues from Cusco and gaue them a barre of Gold two fingers thicke and halfe a yard long for a signe that where that barre should melt with one blow on the ground there they should place their residence and Court Lastly hee commanded that when they had reduced the people to serue him they should vphold them in iustice with clemencie and gentlenesse behauing themselues as a pittifull Father dealeth with his tender and beloued children like as he himselfe gaue them example in giuing ligh and heate to all the world causing the seedes and grasse to grow and the trees to fructifie the cattle to encrease the seasons to be faire and encompassing the world once euery day that they should imitate him and become benefactors to the Nations being sent to the earth for that purpose Hee constituted also and named them Kings and Lords of all the Nations which they should instruct and ciuilize After these instructions he left them and they went vp from Titicaca trauelling to the North still as they went striking with that barre of Gold which neuer melted Thus they entred into a resting place seuen or eight leagues Southwards from this Citie Cusco now called Pacarec Tampu that is morning sleepe and there slept till morning which he afterwards caused to be peopled and the inhabitants boast greatly of this name which the Inca imposed Thence they trauelled to this valley of Cusco which was then a wilde wildernesse and staid first in the hillocke called Huanacanti in the midst of the Citie and there making proofe his Golden Barre easily melted at one stroake and was no more seene Then said our Inca to his Sister and Wife In this Valley our Father the Sunne commands vs to make our aboade and therefore O Queene and Sister it is meete that each of vs goe and doe his endeuour to assemble and draw hither the people to instruct and benefit them as our Father the Sunne hath enioyned vs. From the hillocke Huanacauri our first Kings went each to gather together the people And because that is the the first place on which they were knowne to haue set their feete and thence to haue gone to doe good to men wee builded there a Temple to worship our Father the Sunne in memorie of this benefit to the world The Prince went to the North and the Princesse to the South to all the men and women which they found in those wilde thickets they spake saying that their Father the Sunne had sent them fromheauen to become instructers and benefactors to all that dwell in that land to bring them from a brutish life to ciuilitie with many other words to like purpose Those Sauages seeing these two persons attired and adorned with ornaments which our Father the Sun had giuen them and their eares bored and open as their descendants haue continued and that in their words and countenance they appeared like children of the Sun and that they came to giue them sustenance they gaue them credit and reuerenced them as children of the Sun and obayed them as Kings and calling other Sauages and acquainting them herewith many men and women came together and followed our Kings whether they would conduct them Our Princes gaue order that some should be occupied in prouiding victuall in the fields least hunger should force them backe to the Mountaines others in making cottages and houses the Inca instructing them how they should doe it In this manner this our Imperiall Citie began to be peopled being diuided into two halues Hanan Cozco and Harin Cozco that is the high and the low Cozco those which the King drew thither dwelling in the high those which followed the Queene in the low One halfe had not more priuiledges then the other but they were all equall but those names remained as a memoriall of those which each had attracted onely those of high Cozco were as the elder and the other reduced by the Queen as the second sons of the same parents or as the right hand and left In like sort the same diuision was held in all the great townes and small of the Empire by the high linages and the low the high and low streetes or wards Moreouer the Inca taught the men to doe the offices pertaining to their sexe as to till the Land to sowe seedes shewing them which were profitable teaching them to make instruments for that purpose to make trenches for the water c. The Queene on the other side taught the women to worke in Cotten and Wooll and to make garments sor their husbands and children with other houshold offices These Indians thus ciuillized went thorow the hils and wilde places to search out others and acquainted them with these affaires telling them what the children of the Sun had done for them shewing for proofe thereof their new garments and meates and so brought much people hither that in sixe or seuen yeares the Inca had trained many to armes for their defence and to force those which refused to come to him He taught them Bowes and Arrowes and Clubs c. And to be short I say that our first Father Inca reduced all the East to the Riuer Paucartampu and Westward conquered eight leagues to the great Riuer Apurimac and nine leagues Southward to Quequesana In this Region our Inca caused to people aboue a hundred Townes the greater of them of one hundred houses These were our first Incas which came in the first ages of the World of whom all the rest of vs haue descended How many yeares haue passed since our Father the Sunne sent these his first
the King These were Incas legitimate of great experience in Warre and Peace And these foure only were Counsellors of State Roca succeeded his Father Manco he was called Sinchi that is valiant excelling in manly feates of Actiuity Running Leaping casting stones or Darts Wrestling any of his time His Fathers Obsequies beeing finished hee sought to augment his Empire assembled his Curacas to that end and put them in minde of that which his Father had said to them when he would returne to Heauen commanding the conuersion of the Indians to the knowledge and worship of the Sunne whereunto he was now obliged by his place and for the profit of the bordering Nations which had need thereof They promised all readinesse and he made his expedition to Collasuyu and perswaded with faire words the Nations Puchina and Chanchi being simple and credulous of euery noueltie as are all the Indians and so proceeded without violence twentie leagues that way to the people Chuncara in all things following his Fathers example Hee also brought in other Nations on each hand some affirme a great many He is thought to haue reigned thirtie yeeres and then professing that he went to rest with his Father the Sunne hee left Lloque Yupanqui his sonne to succeed him and a numerous Issue besides His name Lloque signifieth left handed for so he was Yupanqui was added for his vertues and signifieth thou shalt account or reckon to wit his great exploits and good parts If any thinke the word may imply aswell the recounting of vices let him know that in that Language it is not so the same Verbe not beeing flexible to euill transition which is vsed to good nor to good which may be applyed to euill but their elegance enforceth a change of the Verbe in change of the obiect The name Yupanqui as that of Capac were for their merits giuen to three other Incas He reduced vnder subiection proceeding by the Collasuyu the people Cama by perswasions The Ayavari refused and fought with him and after fortified themselues and indured many skirmishes but by siege and famine were subdued After that he went to Pucara which was a Fortresse builded by him and sent to the Pancarcolla and Hatuncolla which listned to his proposition being a great Nation or rather a multitude of Nations which had many fables of their originall some from a Fountaine others from a Caue others from a Riuer They worshipped a white Ramme as their principall God being Lords of much cattell They said that the first Ram in the world aboue made more reckoning of them then other Indians and had multiplied their Cattell They offered to that Ram Lambs and tallow in Sacrifice All of them agreed in this Ram deitie in other their gods differing but now exchanged all for the Sunne Afterwards Titicaca and Chucuytu and Hurin Paâ—â—ssa were subdued by him Now to intermixe somewhat of the Sciences which the Incas had Their Astrologie and and naturall Philosophie was little by reason their Amautas or Pphylosopher wanted letters They betâ—er vnderstood mortall learning and left it written in the practise of their lawes They obserued the solstices and equinoctials by certaine towers The Moone and Moneth they called Quilla the yeare huata The eclipses of the Moone they attribâ—ted to her sicknesse fearing that she would dye and fall from heauen and kill all below and therefore they sounded Trumpets Cornets Drums and such Instrumencs as they had beating and making their Dogs also to houle thinking her affectioned to Dogges for a certaine seruice which they fable done by them and therefore imagine she would respect them and awake out of her sleepe caused by sicknesse The ecclipse of the Sunne they say happeneth for some offence done against him for which he is angrie The spots in the Moone they fable to haue come of a Foxe which being in loue with the Moones beautie went to heauen and touching her with his forefeete left those foule memorials They make their children to cry Maâ—â—a Quilla Mother Moone doe not dye lest all perish The men and women cry likewise in her ecclipse with horrible noise when she recouers her light they say Pachacamac hath cured her and commanded her not to dye that the world should not perish and giue her great thankes All this I haue seene with mine eyes The lightning and thunder they adore not for gods but honour and esteeme them as the Sunnes seruants resident in the ayre not in heauen Like account they make of the Rainebow which the Kings Incas placed in their armes and scutchion In the house of the Sunnâ— was a roome for each of them They made no Prognostications nor Predictions by signes of the Sunne Moone Comets but by their dreames often and strange and by their sacrifices The Sun euery euening set in the Sea and with his heate dried vp much of the water and swam vnder the earth thorow it to the East For Phisicke they vsed purging and bleeding but had no skill of Vrines or Pulse some rootes and hearbes they made medicinable vse of especially of Tobacco In Geometrie they had some skill for partitions of their grounds but nothing for speculation and so much Geographie as with plats or pictures to expresse the Nations I haue seene one of Cusco and the confines admirably artificiall Arithmeticke they practised with knots as is said and with graines of Maiz and small stones making perfect accompts Musicke they had in some ruâ—es of art with diuers Instruments as Pipes proportioned to a consort and flutes and songs The Amautas also had some practise of Poetrie and composed Comedies and Tragedies The Actors were not base persons but Incas and the Nobilitie sonnes of the Curâ—â—as The argument was the acts of their ancestors These were represented before the King and Lords at Court They had no base or dishonest parts intermixed They made Verses short and long with measuring the syllables without rimes I haue giuen an instance the argument is like that of Iupiter and Iuno in our Poets the daughter of a King had a pitcher full of water to moisten the earth which her brother brake and with the blow caused thunders and lightnings They were found in knots and particoloureâ— threads being very ancient The words are thus in Peruan and English the syllables also in like number and meeter Cumac Nusta Totallay quim Puyunuy quita Paquir Cayan Hina Mantara Cunun numum Ylla pantac Camri Nusta Unuyu Quita Para Munqui May 〈…〉 piri Chich◠〈…〉 qui Riti munqui Pacha rurac Pacha camac Vira cocha Cay hâ—â—apac Châ—rasâ—nqui Cama sunqui Fairest of Nimphes Thine owne Brother This thy Pitcher Now is breaking Whose hard striking Thunders lightens And throwes fire-bolts But thou sweet Nimph Thy faire Pitcher Powring rainest Sometimes also Thou sendst forth haile Thou sendst forth snow The worlds maker Pachacamac Viracocha To this office Hath
These words which our Inca said vnto vs being the last that euer he spake to vs were more powerfull to subiect vs and quite our Empire then the armes which thy Father and his companions brought into this Land Thus died Huayna Capac his body was embalmed and carried to Cozco his heart interred in Quitu His funerall solemnities and mourning continued a yeare according to the custome of the Inca Kings Hee left aboue two hundred sonnes and daughters some Incas affirme aboue three hundred to exaggerate the crueltie of Atahuallpa which slew them almost all who therefore was so odious that the Spaniards hauing put him to death were thought men sent from their God the Sun to take vengeance on the destroyer of his seede And when they brought Cockes and Hens with them into Peru they hearing the Cockes crowing said that in perpetuall infamie of that tyrant and abhominable memory of his name they pronounced it in their crowing saying Atabuallpa and would answer the Cockes crowing with reckoning the name Atahuallpa wherein the children imitated them in those times so that if they had heard a Cocke crowe they would recrow in like tune the name of Atuhallpa a thing which I my selfe and other boyes my Schoolefellowes children of Spaniards by Indian women haue often done together with the Indian children They named likewise on such occasion his principall Captains whose names were of so many syllables Challcuchima Quilliscacha and Ruminnaui The Spaniards thought they did this for his honour saying the Cockes made this honorable mention of him so Blas Valera writeth which receiued it of the Indians of Quitu his naturall subiects which applied to a good mention that which those of Cozco deuised in euill for his cruelties there done Huayna Capac being dead his two Sonnes Huascar and Atahuallpa raigned quietly for the space of foure or fiue yeares one in Cozco the other in Quitu After which Huascar began to thinke with himselfe that he had done ill in consenting to his father in the matter of Quitu which now was his brothers whereby he was barred vp also from further conquests the other three waies being locked vp by the Antis the Sea and Chili so that his brother might by new conquests make himselfe greater then he and whereas now his stile was Capa Inca onely Lord in time the other might both equall and exceede him These things more and more troubling him hee sent a Messenger to his brother saying that by the ancient constitution of the first Inca Manco Capac the Kingdome of Quitu and all the Prouinces which he possessed belonged to the crowne and Empire of Cozco which howsoeuer he had quitted to him vpon his Fathers command yet was it more by force then iustice being to the losse of the crowne and preiudice of the successors and therefore neither ought his Father to command it nor was he obliged to fulfill it Yet seeing he had giuen consent he was content vpon these two conditions first that he should adde nothing to his Empire secondly that hee should doe him homage and fealtie as his vassall and feudatarie Atahuallpa receiued this message with great humilitie and seeming submission and three dayes after returned answere that in his heart he had alwayes reknowledged vassallage being returned to the Inca by Post he was much content sending reply that he againe confirmed that estate to his Brother conditionally that by such a time he should make his personall homage at Cozco Atahuallpa answered hee was a happy man to vnderstand such the Incas pleasure that he would doe it by the time set him but for greater solemnitie he did beseech his Maiestie to giue him leaue that all the Prouinces of his estate should come with him to celebrate in Cozco the obsequies of Huayna Capac his Father with rites agreeable to those of Quitu and the other Prouinces which ended hee and his would doe their due homage All this did Huascar grant and Atahuallpa made vse of to his proiect of soueraigntie He sent proclamation to all his Prouinces that all men seruiceable should in such a space make ready to goe to Cozco to celebrate his Fathers obsequies and to performe the homage to the Monarch Huascar Inca and that therefore they should set forth in their best ornaments and brauery for greater solemnitie But priuily he sent to his Captaines to leuie the best Souldiers which should carry their armes closely for he more minded executions then exequies He commanded them â—o march in bands fiue or sixe hundred together one band two or three leagues after the other and when they came within ten or twelues dayes iourney of Cozca that they should ioyne together the last doubling their iournies to ouertake the former In this manner Atahuallpa sent aboue 30000. men most of them old Soldiers of his Fathers with choise Captaines and appointed two Camp-masters or Generals Challcuchima and Quizquiz Huascar relying on the loyaltie of his Subiects and his Brothers faire promises not onely suspected no treason but prouided them necessaries Atahuallpa vsed this dissimulation knowing himselfe of vnsufficient power to warre openly on his brother But some of the experimented Gouernors and Captaines as they passed could not but resent and disgust this course and signified so much to the Inca who thus awakened out of his dreame sent to gather forces in the South parts and East and West to Chinchasuyu he sent not which were the best Soldiers because of these forces marching thorow their Countrie The other through long peace were vnaccustomed to armes of which were leuied aboue 30000. the rest being too remote for a sudden businesse Atahuallpas men passed the Riuer Apurimac without contradiction and embattelled themselues in three squadrons so marching to Villacunca within six leagues of Cozco He himselfe abode still in the confines of his Kingdome there to obserue the successe of this battel wherein he placed his chiefe trust by reason of the negligence of the other side the courage of his old souldiers These thought the shortest way the surest before more forces might be assembled by Huascar and within two or three leagues Westwards from the Citie was the battell fought in which one side fought to get the other to keepe the Inca whose vnhappy fate made him prisoner to Atahuallpas men as he was fleeing thence with 5000. which were all in manner slaine in presence some by the enemies some by themselues seeing their Lord prisoner Many also not willing to enioy liberty after he was taken offered themselues prisoners They set a sure guard about the Emperours person and sent to proclaime his taking thorow all the Empire lest other forces should come to his succour sending word also to their Master Atahuallpa Hee vsed his victory most cruelly for dissembling that he would restore Huascar to the Kingdom he summoned all the Incas in the Empire and all the Rulers and Officers
signes how that we went to Apalachen and by those signes which he made vs it seemed he ment to signifie that hee was an enemy to them of Apalachen and would aide vs against them We gaue him Crownes Bels and such other things and he gaue the Gouernour the skin which he wore vpon him and so turned backe againe and we followed presently after him That euening we came vnto a Riuer which was very deepe and very broad and ran very furiously and not presuming to passe ouer it vpon rafts we made a Canoa and staied one whole day to passe ouer it so that if the Indians would haue iniured vs they might easily haue disturbed our passage and yet although they holped vs the best they could wee had much trouble One of our Horsemen called Iohn Velasquez a natiue of Cuellar because he would not stay tooke the Riuer with his Horse and the current of the Riuer being very strong cast him from his Horse who catching hold on the raines of the bridle drowned himselfe together with the Horse And those Indians of that Lord called Dulcancellin found the Horse and told vs where we should finde him in the Riuer below and so they went to search for him whose death much discontented vs because vntill that time there was not one man of our company wanting The Horse gaue many their suppers that night And so hauing passed that Riuer the day following we came vnto the people of that Lord who sent vs some of their Maiz. The next day we departed the Indians being fled The Gouernour left by the way an ambuscado of certaine Horsemen which as those Indians passed by issued out vpon them and tooke three or foure who before serued vs for guides and they brought vs through a very troublesome Countrey to trauaile and maruelous to behold where were huge Mountaines and very high Trees whereof so many were fallen to the ground that they intangled and stopped the way in such sort that we could not passe without going farre about to our great trouble and of those trees that were fallen the greater part were cleft from one end to the other through the thunderbolts that fall there great tempests being alwayes in that place with this trouble wee marched vntill the six and twentieth day of Iune at which day we came within the sight of Apalachen before they of the Towne perceiued vs. We rendered great thankes vnto God seeing our selues so neere vnto that place and supposing that to be true which had been spoken and hoping we should there end our great trauailes which wee had passed as well for the long and euill iourney as for the great famine which we had sustained Because although we sometimes found Maiz yet for the most part we went six or eight leagues without finding any And there were many amongst vs that through hunger and wearinesse had wounded their shoulders with continuall wearing of their armes besides the other calamities they daily incountered The Gouernour commanded me to take with me nine horse and fiftie foote and enter the towne which the Controler and I did and found none but little children and women because at that time the men were not there but going a little way from those places the Indians came and began to fight and shoot at vs and slew the Controulers horse but in the end they fled and left vs There we found great quantity of Maiz which stood ready to be gathered and had sufficient of which was dry romeining We found there many skinnes of wilde beasts taken by hunting and some garments of thred little and nought worth wherewith the women couer some parts of their person They had many Mils to grinde Maiz. Among these people there were forty little houses low built and in close places for feare of the great tempests to which that Countrey continually is accustomed The houses are made of straw of stubble and compassed about with Mountaynes standing thicke together and great Trees and many Seas of water where so many and so great Trees are falne that they trouble euery thing and cause that no man is able to trauell there without great incumberance The land from the place where we di barked vnto this people of Apalachen for the most part is plaine and the soyle consisteth of hard and solid sand and throughout all the same many great Trees and famous Mountaines are found where Nut trees are and Labrani and other which they call Laquidambares there are also Cedars Sauine-trees Holme-trees Pines Okes and low Palme-trees like those of Castile Throughout all that Countrey there are many great and little Lakes and some are very troublesome to passe as well for the great depth thereof as also by reason of the many trees which are fallen there The ground or bottome of them is sand and those Lakes which we found in the Prouince of Apalachen are much greater then all the other which we had found vntill then There are many fields of their Maiz in this Prouince and the houses are scattered through the Plaine like those of Gerbe The beasts which we saw there are Deere of three sorts Conies Hares Beares and Lions and other among which we saw one that carrieth her young in a bagge which shee hath in her belly where shee carrieth them all the time that they are little vntill they be able to goe and seeke their meate themselues And if by chance the young stand seeking food without the damme and people come vpon them shee flyeth not before she haue gathered them into her bagge The Countrey is very cold there and there are many good pastures for flockes There are also many sorts of Fowle Goâ—â—ings in great abundance Geese Duckes Herons Black-birds and others of diuers sorts and there we saw many Falcons Ger-falcons Sparrow-hawkes and many other sorts of Birds Two dayes after we came to Apalachen the Indians that were fled returned vnto vs in peace demanding their children and we gaue them all except one Cazique of theirs whom the Gouernour retayned which was the occasion to cause them to depart offended who the day following returned as enemies and assailed vs with such fury and suddennesse that they came to set fire to the house where we were but so soone as wee came forth they fled and retired themselues vnto the Lakes which were very neere thereunto Whereupon by reason of them and the Corne which was very thicke there we could not doe them any hurt saue that we killed one man only The day following other Indians of another people which was on the other side came to vs and assailed vs after the same manner that the other had done before and fled likewise and one of them also was slaine We abode there fiue and twentie dayes in the which we caused three to enter within the Land and found it very poorely peopled and hard trauelling in respect of the troublesome passages
borne of themselues to become their enemies Wee demanded of them why they married them not among themselues who answered that it was a beastly thing to marrie them vnto their kindred and that it was much better to kill them then giue them for wiues vnto their kinsfolke and enemies And they obserue this custome and other of their Neighbours also called Iaguanes and no other of that Countrie but they obserue the same And when they take wiues they get the women of their enemies and the price which they pay is the best Bow that they can get with two Arrowes And if peraduenture they haue not a Bow they giue a Net of the widenesse of a mans arme and as much more in length Dorante abode with them and not long after fled from them Castiglio and Esteuamico came into the firme Land to the Iaguanes All they are Archers and well â—et although they be not so great as the other which we left behind and haue all their paps and their lips pierced like them Their food principally are roots of two or three sorts which they seeke throughout the whole Countrie which are very harsh and puffe vp such as eat them They stay two dayes to roast them and many of them are very bitter and withall they dig them with much paines but the famine in those Countries is so great that they cannot liue without them and they goe two or three leagues to seeke them They sometimes kill any wilâ—e beast whatsoeuer and at certaine times take fish but this is so little and their hunger so great that they eat Frogs Ants Egs Wormes Lizards Salamanders Serpents and Vipers which with their stinging kill men they also eat earth wood and whatsoeuer they can get the dung of wild beasts and other things which I leaue to report and I certainly beleeue that if there were stones in that Country they would eat them They keep the sharpe bones of fishes and Serpents which they eat to grind them all afterwards and so eate that powder The men load not themselues nor carrie burdens but the old men and women do all this who are least esteemed among them they beare no such loue to their children as the other doe whereof I haue spoken before There are some among them who vse that sinne which is against nature Their women are very sufficient and able to indure labour for of the foure and twentie houres of the day and night they haue but sixe houres of rest and all the greater part of the night they spend in heating their Ouens to dry those Rootes which they eate And when the day beginneth to appeare they beginne to draw water and carrie wood vnto their houses and giue order for other things which they want The greater part of them are great Theeues because although among them they are well diuided yet if the Father or the Sonne turne but their heads about the one taketh from the other whatsoeuer he can get They are great and monstrous Liers and great Drunkards and for that purpose they drinke a certaine kind of drinke They are so well vsed to runne that without resting themselues or standing still at all they runne from Morning vntill the Euening following a Deere and in this manner they kill many following them vntill they tire them and sometimes take them aliue Their houses are of Mats set vpon foure Arches and they take them vp and remooue them euery two or three daies to seeke food They sow nothing at all to be able to haue fruit thereof and are a very pleasant and cheerefull people and notwithstanding the great hunger they indure they cease not to dance and sport themselues The best time which they haue is when they eate Tune because then they haue no hunger and passe all that time in dancing and eate day and night all the time they haue them They wring them open them and set them to dry and beeing thus dried they hang them vp in Garlands like figges and keepe them to eate by the way when they returne thence they also dry their Pils and make powder of them Many times while we were with them it so fell out that we continued foure daies without eating any thing because it was not there to be had to make vs merrie they told vs that wee should shortly haue Tune and should eate many of them and drinke their juice and fill our bellies very well and that wee should be verie cheerefull and contented and without any hunger And when they told vs this it was fiue or sixe monethes to the time of Tune And when the time came wee came to eate Tune and by the way wee found many flies of three sorts very mischieuous and noisome and all the rest of the Summer they put vs to much trouble And to defend vs from them we made fires of rotten and moist wood that it might not burne but make a smoake but this defence put vs to another trouble for all the night wee did nothing else but complaine of the smoake which came into our eyes and also of the great heate which the much fire gaue vs and wee went out to sleepe by the side thereof and if at any time we could sleepe they remembred vs with their bastinadoes to returne and make the fires burne They who dwell further within the Land vse a remedie for these flies as intollerable as this and worse that is to say they goe with fire-brands in their hands burning the Fields and the Woods wheresoeuer they meete with them to make the flies to flie away and so also they vse to digge vnder the earth for Lizards and other such like things to eate them they vse also to â—ill Decre compassing them with many fires Which they also doe to take away food from the beasts that they might be constrained to goe from thence to find it where they would haue them For they neuer settle themselues to dwell but where wood and water are and sometimes they load themselues all with this prouision and goe to seeke Deere which most commonly abide where there is neither water nor wood and the day they came thither they killed Deere and some other hunting game such as they could get and consumed all the water and wood in preparing them to be eaten and in the fires which they made to hunt the flies and tarried till the next day to take some thing to carrie with them by the way When they depart they goe so miserably vexed with flyes that they seeme to haue the disease of Lazarus and in this manner they expell hunger two or three times in the yeere with so great paines as hath beene said and because I haue proued it I dare affirme that there is no trauell in the World found like vnto this They found Oxen there and I saw them three times and eate of them and as I thinke they are of the bignesse of those of Spaine
perceiue their women to be great with childe they lye not with them vntill two yeares be passed after the children be borne to the which they giue sucke vntill they be of the age of twelue yeares that they are now of vnderstanding to prouide foode for themselues We demanded of them for what reason they did thus nourish them who answered vs that they did it for the great famine which was in that Countrey where as wee our selues saw they were faine to continue sometimes three or foure dayes without eating and therefore they let them sucke that in that time they might not dye through hunger and if notwithstanding some should escape they would become too delicate and of little strength If by chance it happen that any among them be sicke they let them dye in those fields if he be not a childe and all the rest that cannot goe with them remaine there but for a childe or a brother of theirs they lay them vpon their necke and so they carry them They haue all this custome to be seperated from their wiues when there is no agreement betweene them and that both they and she may marry againe with whom they please And this is vsuall among the yonger sort but such as haue children neuer forsake their wiues And when they contend with other people or be at variance one with another they buffet and beate each o 〈…〉 r with cudg 〈…〉 ls vntill they be very weary and then they part and sometimes the women part them going betweene them because the men come not in to part them and what choller or passion soeuer they haue they fight not together with their Bowes and Arrowes And after they haue â—â—ffetted and cudgelled each other the braule being ended they take their houses and women and goe to liue in the fields seperated from the rest vntill their anger and choller be past and when they are now pacified it is not needefull that others interpose themselues to make peace and friendship because in this manner they make it themselues And if they who be at variance haue no wiues they goe to other of their neighbours who although they were their enemies receiue them courteously and doe them much flattering kindnesse and giue them such as they haue so that when their choller is past they returne rich vnto their people They are all warlike people and vse as great subtilty to defend them from their enemies as they would doe if they had bin brought vp in Italy and in continuall warre The horses are they that onely ouercome them and which the Indians generally feare They who are to fight with them must be very wary that they know not that they be faint or cowardly and while the battaile continueth they are to vse them the worst they can For if they perceiue them to be timerous or cowards it is a people that very well knoweth the time to auenge themselues and to take courage and strength from the feare of their enemies When they are shot in the warres and haue spent Arrowes they returne euery one their way without any pursuit of the enemy although the one part be few and the other many and this is their custome They goe many times away shot cleane through with Arrowes and dye not if they touch not the bowels or heart nay they quickely heale them They see and heare and haue the sharpest sences I thinke of any men in the world They are very well able to endure hunger thirst and cold as they who are more acquainted there with then any other In the Iland of Malhada there are two languages the one called Canoques and the other Han. In the firme land afront that Iland are others called Carruco who take their name from the Mountaines where they liue Further vpon the Sea coast are others called Deguenes and afront them are others called Mendica Further vpon the coast are the Queuâ—nes and afront these within the firme land are the Marianes and going further vpon the coast are other called Guaicones and afront those within the firme land the Iegunzes at the end of them are other called Ataâ—â—s and behinde them other called Acubadaos and of these there are many along this banke further Other called Quitoles liue on the coast and afront them within the firme land are the Auauares and with these the Maliacones vnite themselues and the Cultalculebes and other called Susolus and other called Comos and further vpon the coast abide the Cumoles and on the same coast beyond are others whom we called them of the Figtrees All these Nations haue habitations and people and diuers languages Among them there is one language in the which when they say vnto men looke there they say arraca and to the Dogs they say Xo and in all that Countrey they make themselues drunke with a certaine smoake and giue whatsoeuer they haue to get it Likewise they drinke another thing which they take from the leaues of trees like vnto the Mulberry trees and boile it in certaine vessels on the fire and after they haue boyled it they fill the vessels with water and so keepe it ouer the fire and when it hath beene twice boiled they poure it out into certaine vessels and coole it with halfe a goord and when it gathereth much â—ome they drinke it as hot as they are able to suffer it and while they put it out of the vessell and vntill they drinke it they stand crying who will drinke And when the women perceiue these exclamations they presently settle themselues not daring once to moue although they finde that they are very well beloued And if by chance any of them moue they accompt her shamelesse and cudgell her and with much choller and anger cast away the water or drinke which they haue made and if they haue drunke it they vomit it out againe which they doe very easily The reason of this their custome they say is this that if when they will drinke of that water the women moue themselues from the place where they heare that voyce some bad thing might be put into that drinke which entring into the body in short space would cause them to dye And all the time that that water is boyled the vessell must be well closed and shut and if peraduenture it should stand vncouered and any woman should come and passe by they cast it away and drinke no more of it It is of the colour of Saffron and they drinke it three dayes without eating and euery day they drinke one amphora and an halfe And when the women haue their naturall purgation they prouide no meate but for themselues because no other person will eate of that which she carrieth In the time that I continued among them I saw a most brutish and beastly custome to wit a man who was married to another and these be certaine effeminate and impotent men who goe cloathed and attired like
all an hilly Countrie Cutifachiqui and Xuala stand both in plaine ground high and haue goodly Medowes on the Riuers From thence forward to Chiaha Coça and Talise is plaine ground dâ—ie and fat and very plentifull of Maiz. From Xuala to Tascaluça may be two hundred and fifty leagues From Tascaluça to Rio Grande or the Great Riuer may be three hundred leagues the Countrie is lowe and full of Lakes From Rio Grande forward the Countrie is higher and more champaine and best peopled of all the Land of Florida And along the Riuer from Aquixo to Pacaha and Coligoa are an hundred and fifty leagues the Countrie is plaine and the woods thinne and in some places champaine very fruitfull and pleasant From Coligoa to Autiamque are two hundred and fifty leagues of hilly Countrie From Autiamque to Aguacay may bee two hundred and thirtie leagues of plaine ground From Aguacay to the Riuer of Daycao an hundred and twentie leagues all hilly Countrie From the Port de Spiritu Santo vnto Aâ—alache they trauelled from East to West and North. west From Cutifachiqui to Xuala from South to North. From Xuala to Coça from East to West From Coça to Tascaluça and to Rio Grande as farre as the Prouince of Quizquiz and Aquixo from East to West From Aquixo to Pacaha to the North. From Pacaha to Tulla from East to West and from Tulla to Autiamque from North to South to the Prouince of Guachoya and Daycao c. This Relation of the discouery of Florida was printed in the house of Andrew de Burgos Printer and Gentleman of the house of my Lord Cardinall the Infant It was finished the tenth of February in the yeare one thousand fiue hundred fiftie and seuen in the Noble and most loyall Citie of Euora CHAP. III. Diuers expeditions from Mexico and other parts of New Spaine and New Biskay especially to the more Northerly parts of America by diuers Spaniards in a hundred yeares space §. I. The Relation of NVNNO di GVSMAN written to CHAREES the fift Emperour translated out of RAMVSIOS third Tome and abridged I Writ from Mechuacan to your Maiestie after I had written from Mexico that I went thence with one hundred and fiftie horsemen and as many footemen well armed and with twelue small Peeces of artillery and 7. or 8000. Indians our friends and all necessaries for the discouery and conquest of the Countrey from the Terlichichimechi which continue with New Spaine I arriued at the Riuer of the purification of Saint Mary so called for passing it on that day And because that Countrey was of the enemies I determined to plant there three great Crosses which I had carried with me well wrought and of good proportion which after Masse said in Procession with Trumpets the Captaines and I carried on our shoulders and planted one on the Riuer and the second before a Church of the Purification then begun to be builded and the third before the way which I was to passe to the which Crosses with all deuotion wee after made due prayer This done the standerds of the Crosse began to be directed in the land of those infidels which had not beene done since the Christians entred those parts Incontinently some people met vs in peace yeelding themselues and promising seruice Meane while the Church was finished and walled about that fifteene or twenty horsemen might lodge within There Masse was said and a Sermon was preached after which certaine ordinances were red for good orders to be kept in the Armie After this on the seuenth of February possession was taken in your Maiesties name of that New Discouerie and on the foureteenth was made the request which is accustomed to be made In regard of accusations made against Caconci Lord of Mechuacan for rebellion and conspiracie to haue slaine vs I marched against him and found the information true besides other inormities in sacrificing Indians and Christians as he had vsed to doe before he was a Christian whereupon I condemned him to the fire as may be seene in the processe made against him Hauing executed this man and pacified the Countrie I left a Spaniard in a fortresse there built by the Indians and trauelled six daies in a Countrie not inhabited three of them downe the Riuer leauing at euery lodging place a Crosse. On the sixt day we came to the Prouince Cuinao full of good Townes and abounding in victuals The people had at first armed themselues for resistance but when I sent Barius against them they were all fled to the Mountaines The light horse tooke some of the slowest not without making some defence I sent them word not to be afraid but to returne to their houses and giue their obedience which they refusing I marched against them with three squadrons and sent the Ouerseer on one part and Captaine Ognate on the other and I was at their backes The Ouerseer found none but women and children Ognate incountred with about one hundred men with their Bowes and Arrowes wounded sleightly two horses and three men but many of them were slaine others taken with women and children about fiue hundred which I caused to be kept together lest the Indians should sacrifice them after their wont The Cacique was fled to the next Prouince called Cuinaquiro of another signiorie and language Because hee came not at my sending I went to seeke him Entring that Prouince where were many Townes and great store of Maiz and Fruites wee found many people dead sacrificed which had out of the former Prouince retired thither for feare of vs with many peeces of flesh which they vse to eate I sent many prisoners to their friends to let them see that I came not to slay them The language of this people none of ours could vnderstand The Ouerseer encountred three hundred armed with Bowes and Arrowes which the day before had killed foure of our Indians they set vpon ours singing and killed a Horse but hauing lost one hundred of their company the rest escaped I found my men cutting the Horse in peeces that the enemies might see no signe of him whereby they might know that a Horse could dye I sent the Campe Master to discouer the foord three Indians set on him one of which had a two hand sword of wood which gaue him two blowes but the Indian was slaine I moued forwards and discouered many inhabited places Another skirmish happened with the Indians wherein aboue one hundred of them were slaine All the Countrie is full of Maiz Kidney-beanes Hens Parrats Palmitos there growes much Cotten and some shewes appeared of Gold and Siluer found with some of the inhabitants I procured the Cacique to come to me with all his principall men whom I entertained with much kindnesse and made a speech to them giuing them to vnderstand what God was and the Pope and what they ought to doe to be saued and how the King of Castile was the
the American parcels the particular relations of which you haue had already and yeeld you the totall summe for a conclusion to our Spanish-Indian Peregrinations §. III. Extracts out of certaine Letters of Father MARTIN PERâ—Z of the Societie of Iesus from the new Mission of the Prouince of Cinoloa to the Fathers of Mexico dated in the moneth of December 1591. With a Letter added written 1605. of later Discoueries SInce my last Letters dated the sixth of Iuly among the Tantecoe on which day wee came into this Prouince of Cinoloa being guided by the Gouernour Roderigo del Rio we passed and trauelled through diuers Castles Countrie Villages Mines of Metall Shepheards houses Townes of Spaniards and certaine Signiories helping our neighbours by our accustomed duties so that wee were alwaies full of businesse Wee passed ouer in eight dayes the rough and hard and painefull Mountaine Tepesnan seeing no liuing creature saue certaine Fowles The cause whereof is the force of certaine Muskitos which trouble Horses whereof is exceeding abundance in all the Mountaine which were most noisome to our Horses There met vs certaine Cuimecht which are warlike Indians which offered vs bountifully such as they had without doing vs any harme There are almost an infinite number of these which wander dispersed vp and downe doing nothing else but hunt and seeke their food And it was told vs that three thousand of them were assembled in a part of the hill which besought the Gouernour that he would cause them to be taught and instructed in the Christian Faith Their Minister which was but onely one came to visite vs. There met vs also a certaine Spanish Captaine which had the gouernment of six Castles or Countrie Villages in a part of the Mountaine who knowing well enough what the societie ment by these missions wrote vnto the father Visitor requesting him to grant him one of the Fathers by whose trauell twenty thousand soules might be instructed which he would recommend vnto him These and other Villages we passed by not without griefe because it was resolued already among vs that we should stay in no other place but in this Prouince A few dayes before our comming thither we wrote to six or seuen Spaniards which dwell there without any Priest and heard Masse onely once a yeare to wit when any Priest dwelling thirtie or forty leagues off came vnto them to confesse and absolue them being penitent who being accompanied with most of the chiefe Indians met vs with exceeding great ioy and gladnesse aboue twenty leagues distant from their dwellings and accompanied vs vnto the second Riuer of this Prouince wherein the towne of Saint Philip and Iacob standeth This Prouince is from Mexico aboue three hundred leagues and is extended towards the North. On the right hand it hath the Mountaines of the Tepesuanes on the left hand the Mediterrane Sea or the Gulfe of California on another part it stretcheth euen to Cibola and California which are Prouinces toward the West very great and well inhabited On one side which regardeth the North new Mexico is but two dayes iourney distant from the vttermost Riuer of this Prouince as we were enformed by the Gouernour which is so famous and renowned and so full of Pagan superstition whereof diuers haue often written They measure and diuide the Prouince of Cinaloa with eight great Riuers which runne through the same The reason of that diuision is this because all the Castels and Villages of the inhabitants are setled neere the bankes and brinkes of the Riuers which are replenished with fish and which in short space doe fall into the Mediterranâ— Sea or Gulfe of California The soyle is apt for tillage and fruitfull and bringeth forth such things as are sowne in it The ayre is cleere and wholesome The Pesants and husband men reape twice a yeare and among other things store of Beanes Gourds Maiz and such kinde of Pulfe whereof wee and they eate so plentifully that there is no speech of the rising of the price of things or of Famine nay rather a great part of the old crop perisheth oftentimes and they cast away their old Maiz to make roome for the new They haue great store of Cotten Wooll whereof they make excellent cloathes wherewith they are apparelled Their apparell is a peece of cloath tyed vpon their shoulders wherewith as with a cloak they couer their whole body after the manner of the Mexicans True it is that though they be all workemen yet for the most part of the yeare they are not couered but goe naked yet all of them weare a broad girdle of the said Cotten cloath cunningly and artificially wrought with figures of diuers colours in the same which the shels of Cockles and Oysters ioyned artificially with bones doe make Moreouer they thrust many threds through their eares whereon they hang earerings for which purpose they bore the eares of their children as soone as they be borne in many places and hang eare-rings round Stones and Corall in them so that each eare is laden with fiftie of these Ornaments at least for which cause they alwayes sleepe not lying on their sides but with their face vpward The women are decently couered from their waste downeward being all the rest naked The men as well as the women weare long haire the women haue it hanging downe their shoulders the men often bound vp and tyed in diuers knots they thrust Corals in it adorned with diuers feathers and cockle shels which adde a certaine beautie and ornament to the head They weare many round Beades of diuers colours about their neckes They are of great stature and higher then the Spaniards by a handfull so that as wee sate vpright vpon our horses without standing on tiptoe they easily could embrace vs. They are valiant and strong which the warres which they had with the Spaniards doe easily shew wherein though they sustained no small damages yet were they not vnreuenged nor without the bloud of their aduersaries When they would fight resolutely for their vttermost libertie they denounced and appointed the day of battell Their weapons are Bowes and poysoned Arrowes and a kinde of clubbe of hard wood wherewith they neede not to strike twice to braine a man They vse also â—ertaine short iauelins made of red wood so hard and sharpe that they are not inferiour to our armed speares And as fearefull and terrible as they be to their enemies so quiet and peaceable are they among themselues and their neighbours and you shall seldome finde a quarrellour or contentious person The Spaniards after certaine conflicts at length made friendship with them leauing their Countrie to them but those eight Spaniards whom I mentioned before liue quietly among them and though they be called Lords yet are they contented with such things as the Indians giue them offering no violence nor molestation to any man Vpon our comming into these Countries the
the Spaniards arriued began the great slaughters and spoyles of people the Spaniards haâ—ing begun to take their wiues and children of the Indies for to serue their turne and to vse them ill and hauing begun to eate their victuals gotten by their sweate and trauell not contenting themselues with that which the Indians gaue them of their owne good will euery one after their abilitie the which is algates very small forasmuch as they are accustomed to haue no more store then they haue ordinarily neede of and that such as they get with little trauell And that which might suffice for three housholds reckoning ten persons for each houshold for a moneths space one Spaniard would eate and destroy in a day Now after sundry other forces violences and torments which they wrought against them the Indians began to perceiue that those were not men discended from heauen Some of them therefore hid their victuals others hid their wiues and children some others fled into the Mountaines to separate themselues a farre off from a Nation of so hard natured and ghastly conuersation The Spaniards buffeted them with their fists and bastonades pressing also to lay hands vpon the Lords of the Townes And these cases ended in so great an hazard and desperatenesse that a Spanish Captaine durst aduenture to rauish forcibly the wife of the greatest King and Lord of this I le Since which time the Indians began to search meanes to cast the Spaniards out of their lands and set themselues in armes but what kinde of armes very feeble and weake to withstand or resist and of lesse defence The Spaniards with their Horses their Speares and Lances began to commit murders and strange cruelties they entred into Townes Borowes and Villages sparing neither children nor old men neither women with childe neither them that lay In but that they ripped their bellies and cut them in peeces as if they had beene opening of Lambes shut vp in their fold They laid wagers with such as with one thrust of a sword would paunch or bowell a man in the middest or with one blow of a sword would most readily and most deliuerly cut off his head or that would best pierce his entrals at one stroake They tooke the little soules by the heeles ramping them from the mothers dugges and crushed their heads against the clifts Others they cast into the Riuers laughing and mocking and when they tumbled into the water they said now shift for thy selfe such a ones corpes They put others together with their mothers and all that they met to the edge of the sword They made certaine Gibbets long and low in such sort that the feete of the hanged on touched in a manner the ground euery one enough for thirteene in honour and worship of our Sauiour and his twelue Apostles as they vsed to speake and setting to fire burned them all quicke that were fastened Vnto all others whom they vsed to take and reserue aliue cutting off their two hands as neere as might be and so letting them hang they said Get you with these Letters to carry tydings to those which are fled by the Mountaines They murdered commonly the Lords and Nobility on this fashion They made certaine grates of pearches laid on pickforkes and made a little fire vnderneath to the intent that by little and little yelling and despairing in these torments they might giue vp the Ghost One time I saw foure or fiue of the principall Lords roasted and broyled vpon these gredirons Also I thinke that there were two or three of these gredirons garnished with the like furniture and for that they cryed out pittiously which thing troubled the Captaine that he could not then sleepe he commanded to strangle them The Sergeant which was worse then the Hang man that burned them I know his name and friends in Siuil would not haue them strangled but himselfe putting Bullets in their mouthes to the end that they should not cry put to the fire vntill they were softly roasted after his desire I haue seene all the aforesaid things and others infinite And forasmuch as all the people which could flee hid themselues in the Mountaines and mounted on the tops of them fled from the men so without all manhood emptie of all pitie behauing them as sauage beasts the slaughterers and deadly enemies of mankinde they taught their Hounds fierce Dogs to teare them in peeces at the first view and in the space that one may say a Credo assailed and deuoured an Indian as if it had beene a Swine These Dogges wrought great destructions and slaughters And forasmuch as sometimes although seldome when the Indians put to death some Spaniards vpon good right and Law of due Iustice they made a Lawe betweene them that for one Spaniard they had to slay an hundred Indians There were in this Ile Hispaniola fiue great principall Realmes and fiue very mighty Kings vnto whom almost all other Lords obayed which were without number There were also certaine Lords of other seuerall Prouinces which did not acknowledge for soueraigne any of these Kings One Realme was named Magua which is as much to say as the Kingdome of the plaine This Plaine is one of the most famous and most admirable things of all that is in the world For it containeth fourescore leagues of ground from the South Sea vnto the North sea hauing in breadth fiue leagues and eight vnto ten It hath on one side and other exceeding high Mountaines There entreth into it aboue thirty thousand Riuers and Lakes of the which twelue are as great as Ebro and Duero and Guadalqueuir And all the Riuers which issue out of a Mountaine which is towards the West in number about fiue and twenty thousand are very rich of Gold In the which Mountaine or Mountaines is contained the Prouince of Cibao from whence the Mines of Cibao take their names and from whence commeth the same exquisite Gold and fine of foure and twenty Karrets which is so renowned in these parts The King Lord of this Realme was called Guarionex which had vnder him his Vassals Lieges so great and mighty that euery one of them was able to set forth threescore thousand men of armes for the seruice of the King Guarionex Of the which Lords I haue known some certain This Guarionex was very obedient and vertuous naturally desirous of peace and well affectioned to the deuotion of the Kings of Castile and his people gaue by his commandement euery housekeeper a certaine kinde of Drumfull of Gold but afterwards being not able to fill the Dâ—um cut it off by the middest and gaue the halfe thereof full For the Indians of that I le had little or none industrie or practise to gather or draw Gold out of the Mines The Cacique presented vnto the King of Castile his seruice in causing to be manured all the lands from the Isabella where the Spanish first sited vnto the Towne of Saint
disciphered of a thousand parts one I will onely in that which concerneth the warres aboue mentioned conclude auerre and iustifie in conscience and as before God that of all others which I ouerpasse to speake of or shall be able to speake of the Indians neuer gaue no more occasion or cause then might a conuent of good religious persons well ordered why they should be robbed and slaine and why those that escaped the death should be retained in a perpetuall captiuitie and bondage I affirme yet moreouer for ought that I can beleeue or coniecture that during all the time that all this huge number of these Islanders haue beene murdered and made away vtterly they neuer committed against the Spaniards any one mortall offence punishable by the law of man And concerning offences of the which the punishment is reserued vnto God as are desire of reuengement hatred and rancour which these people might beare against enemies so capitall as were the Spaniards that very few persons haue beene attached with the blemish and lesse violent and forcible did I finde them by the good experience I had of them then children of tenne or twelue yeares of age And I know for certaine and infallible that the Indians had euermore most iust cause of warre against the Spaniards but the Spaniards neuer had any iust cause of warre against the Indians but they were all diabolicall and most vnrighteous more then can be spoken of any tyrant that is on the whole earth And I affirme the selfe same for all their other acts and gests by them done throughout all the Indies The warres atchieued and all the men done to death thereby reserued commonly the yong folke women and children the which they departed among them in giuing to one thirtie to another fortie and to another an hundreth or two hundreth according as euery one had the fauour of the head tyrant whom they called the Gouernour they gaue them to the Spaniards vpon that condition and colour that they would teach them the Catholike faith they themselues who tooke vpon them this charge of soules commonly all idiots or vtterly ignorant persons barbarous men extreamely couetous and vicious Now the carke and care that these had of them was to send the men vnto the Mines to make them dreine them out Gold which is an intollerable trauell and the women they bestowed into the Countrie to their Farmes to manure and till the ground which is a sore trauell euen for the very men the ablest and mightiest They gaue to eate neither to one nor other nought saue grasses and such like things of no substance in such sort as the milke of the breasts of the wiues new deliuered of their childebirth dried vp and thus dried vp in a small season all the little creatures their yong children Further by reason of the separation and not cohabiting of the men with their wiues the generation ceased betweene them The men died with toyle and famine in the Minerals these the women died of the same in the fields By these meanes were consumed and brought to their ends so huge a number of the folke of this Island By the like might be abolished and exterpate all the inhabitants of the world As touching loding they laid vpon them fourescore or an hundreth pounds waight which they should carrie an hundreth or two hundreth leagues The Spanish also causing themselues to be carried in Lyters vpon mens armes or beds made by the Indians in fashion of Nets For they serued their turnes with them to transport their carriages and baggage as beasts whereby they had vpon their backes and shoulders whailes and gals as poore galled beasts Also as touching whippings bastonading buffeting blowes with the fist cursing and a thousand other kindes of torments which they practised vpon them during the time that they trauailed of a truth they cannot be recounted in a long season nor written in a great deale of paper and they should be euen to affright men withall It is to be noted that the destruction of these Iles and lands began after the decease of the most gracious Queene dame Isabel which was the yeare one thousand fiue hundred and foure For before there were laid wast in this I le but certaine Prouinces by vniust warre and that not wholly altogether these for the more part or in a manner all were conceiled from the knowledge of the Queene vnto who it may please God to giue his holy glory forasmuch as she had a great desire and a zeale admirable that those people might be saued and prosper as we do know good examples the which we haue seene with our eyes and felt with our hands Further note here that in what part of the Indies the Spanish haue come they haue euermore exercised against the Indians these innocent peoples the cruelties aforesaid and oppressions abominable and inuented day by day new torments huger and monstrouser becomming euery day more cruell wherefore God also gaue them ouer to fall headlong downe with a more extreame downfall into a reprobate sense Of the two Iles Saint Iohn and Iamayca THe Spanish passed ouer the I le of Saint Iohn and to the end of Iamaica which were like Gardens for Bees 1509. setting before them the same end which they had in the I le Hispaniola and committing the robberies and crimes aforesaid adioyning thereunto many great and notable cruelties killing burning rosting and casting them to the Dogs furthermore afterwards oppressing and vexing them in their Minerals and other trauell vnto the rooting out of those poore innocents which were in these two Iles by supputation six hundred thousand soules yea I beleeue that they were more then a Million although there be not at this day in either I le two hundred persons and all perished without faith and without Sacraments Of the I le of Cuba IN the yeare 1511. they passed to the I le of Cuba where were great Prouinces and great multitudes of people they both began and concluded with them after the fashion afore spoken yea worse and farre more cruelly There came to passe in this Iland matters worth the noting A Cacique named Hathuey which had conueied himselfe from the I le Hispaniola to Cuba with many of his people to auoide the calamities practises so vnnaturall of the Spanish when as certain Indians had told him tidings that the Spaniards were comming towards Cuba he assembled his men and bespake them Now you know that the Spaniards are comming on this side and yee know also by experience how they haue entreated such and such and the people of Hayti meaning thereby Hispaniola hither they come to doe the like here Wot yee why they doe it they answered no vnlesse it be that they are by nature voide of humanitie He replied They do it not onely for that but because they haue a God whom they honour and doe demand very much and to the end to haue from vs as well as
care which they should haue for the conuersion and saluation came to that passe as to command orders to bee set downe vnto the Indians to receiue the faith and render themselues vnto the obedience of the King of Castile or otherwise to bid them battle with fire and Sword and to slay them or make them slaues he commanded or peraduenture the theeues whom he dispatched to doe the execution did it of their heads when they were purposed to goe a rouing and robbing of any place where they knew that there was any gold the Indians being in their Townes and dwelling houses without mistrusting any thing the wicked Spaniards would goe after the guize of Theeues vnto within halfe a league neere some Towne Borough or Village and there by themselues alone and by night make a reading publication or Proclamation of the said Ordinances saying thus Oyes Caciques and Indians of this firme Land of such a place Be it knowne vnto you that there is one God one Pope one King of Castile which is Lord of these Lands make your appearance all delay set aside hereto doe him homage c. Which if you shall not accomplish Be it knowne vnto you that we will make warre vpon you and we will kill you and make you slaues Hereupon at the fourth watch in the morning the poore Innocents sleeping yet with their wiues and children these Tyrants set vpon the place casting fire on the houses which commonly were thatched and so burne vp all quicke men women and children more suddenly then that they could of a great many be perceiued They massacred at the instant those that seemed them good and those whom they tooke prisoners they caused them cruelly to die vpon the Racke to make them to tell in what places there were any more Gold then they found with them and others which remained aliue they made them slaues marking them with a hot Iron so after the fire being out and quenched they goe seeke the gold in their houses This is then the deportment in these affaires of this person with all the bond of his vngodly Christians which he trained from the fourteenth yeere vnto the one and twentie or two and twentieth yeere sending in these Exploits sixe or moe of his Seruants or Souldiers by whom he receiued as many shares ouer and besides his Captaines Generals part which hee leuied of all the Gold of all the Pearles and of all the Iewels which they tooke of those whom they made their slaues The selfe-same did the Kings Officers euerie one sending forth as many seruants as he could The Bishop also which was the chiefe in the Realme he sent his seruants to haue his share in the bootie They spoiled more gold within the time and in this Realme as farre forth as I am able to reckon then would amount to a Million of Ducates yea I beleeue that I make my reckoning with the least Yet will it be found that of all this great theeuing they neuer sent to the King ought saue three thousand Castillans hauing thereabout killed and destroyed aboue eight hundred thousand soules The other Tyrant Gouernours which succeeded after vnto the yeere thirtie and three slue or at least wise consented for all those which remained to slay them in that tyrannicall slauerie Amongst an infinite sort of mischiefes which this Gouernour did nor consented vnto the doing during the time of his gouernment this was one To wit that a Cacike or Lord giuing him either of his good will or which is rather to be thought for feare the weight of nine thousand Ducates the Spaniards not content withall tooke the said Lord and tied him to a stake setting him on the earth his feet stretched vp against the which they set fire to cause him to giue them some more gold The Lord sent to his house whence there were brought yet moreouer three thousand Castillans They goe afresh to giue him new torments And when the Lord gaue them no more either because he had it not or because he would giue them no more they bent his feet against the fire vntill that the verie marrow sprang out and trilled downe the soles of his feete so as hee therewith died They haue oftentimes exercised these kinde of torments towards the Lords to make them giue them gold wherewith they haue also slaine them Another time a certaine companie of Spaniards vsing their thefts and robberies came to a Mountaine where were assembled and hid a number of people hauing shunned those men so pernicious and horrible whom incontinent entring vpon they tooke about three or fourescore as well women as maids hauing killed as many as they could kill The morrow after there assembled a great companie of Indians to pursue the Spaniards warring against them for the great desire they had to recouer their wiues and daughters The Spaniards perceiuing the Indians to approach so neere vpon them would not so forgoe their prey but stabd their Swords thorow the bellies of the wiues and wenches leauing but one alone aliue of all the fourescore The Indians felt their hearts to burst for sorrow and griefe which they suffered yelling out in cries and speaking such words O wicked men O yee the cruell Spaniards doe yee kill Las Iras They terme Iras in that Countrie the women as if they would say to kill women those be acts of abominable men and cruell as beasts There was about ten or fifteene leagues from Ioanama a great Lord named Paris which was very rich of gold The Spaniards went thither whom this Lord receiued as if they had beene his owne brethren and made a Present vnto the Captaine of fiftie thousand Castillans of his owne voluntarie accord It seemed vnto the Captaine and the other Spaniards that he which gaue such a great summe of his owne will should haue a great treasure which should be the end and easing of their trauels They pretend in words to depart but they returne at the fourth watch of the morning setting vpon the Towne which mistrusted nothing set it on fire whereby was burnt and slaine a great number of people and by this meanes they brought away in the spoile fiftie or threescore thousand Castillansmoe The Cacike or Lord escaped without being slaine or taken and leuied incontinent as many of his as he could And at the end of three or foure daies ouertaketh the Spaniards which had taken from him an hundred and thirtie or fortie thousand Castillans and set vpon them valianâ—ly killing fiftie Spaniards and recouering all the gold which they had taken from him The others saued themselues by running away being well charged with blowes and wounded Not long after diuers of the Spanish returne against the said Cacike and discomfite him with an infinite number of his people Those which were not slaine they put them to the ordinarie bondage in such sort as that there is not at this day neither tracke nor token that there hath beene liuing there either people
he approued that which I said I asked him what ceremony they vsed in praying to their God He told me that they vsed none other ceremonies but that euery one praied in his heart as he thought good This is the cause why I beleeue they haue no law among them neither doe they know how to worship or pray to God and liue for the most part like brute beasts and I thinke in short space they would be brought to be good Christians if their Countrie were planten which they desire for the most part They haue among them certaine Sauages which they call Pilotoua which speak visibly with the Diuell which telleth them what they must doe as well for the warre as for other things and if he should command them to put any enterprise in execution either to kill a French man or any other of their Nation they would immediately obey his commandement Also they beleeue that all the dreames which they dreame are true and indeede there are many of them which say that they haue seene and dreamed things which doe happen or shall happen But to speake truely of these things they are visions of the Diuell which doth deceiue and seduce them Loe this is all their beliefe that I could learne of them which is brutish and bestiall All these people are well proportioned of their bodies without any deformitie they are well set and the women are well shapen fat and full of a tawnie colour by abundance of a certaine painting wherewith they rubbe themselues which maketh them to be of an Oliue colour They are apparelled with skins one part of their bodies is couered and the other part vncouered but in the winter they couer all for they are clad with good Furres namely with the skins of Orignac Otters Beuers Lea-boores Stagges and Deere whereof they haue store In the winter when the Snowes are great they make a kinde of racket which is twice or thrice as bigge as one of ours in France which they fasten to their feete and so goe on the Snow without sinking for otherwise they could not hunt nor trauaile in many places They haue also a kinde of Marriage which is that when a Maide is foureteene or fifteene yeares old shee shall haue many seruants and friends and she may haue carnall company with all those which she liketh then after fiue or six yeares she may take which of them she will for her husband and so they shall liue together all their life time except that after they haue liued a certaine time together and haue no children the man may forsake her and take another wife saying that his old wife is nothing worth so that the Maides are more free then the married Women After they be married they be chaste and their husbands for the most part are iealous which giue presents to the Father or Parents of the Maide which they haue married loe this is the ceremonie and fashion which they vse in their marriages Touching their burials when a man or woman dieth they make a pit wherein they put all the goods which they haue as Kettels Furres Hatchets Bowes and Arrowes Apparell and other things and then they put the corps into the graue and couer it with earth and set store of great peeces of wood ouer it and one stake they set vp on end which they paint with red on the top They beleeue the immortality of the Soule and say that when they be dead they goe into other Countries to reioyce with their parents and friends THe eleuenth day of Iune I went some twelue or fifteene leagues vp Saguenay which is a faire Riuer and of incredible depth for I beleeue as farrâ— as I could learne by conference whence it should come that it is from a very high place from whence there descendeth a fall of water with great impetuositie but the water that proceedeth thereof is not able to make such a Riuer as this which neuerthelesse holdeth not but from the said course of water where the first fall is vnto the Port of Tadousac which is the mouth of the said Riuer of Saguenay in which space are fortie fiue or fiftie leagues and it is a good league and a halfe broad at the most and a quarter of a league where it is narrowest which causeth a great currant of water All the Countrie which I saw was nothing but Mountaines the most part of rockes couered with woods of Fâ—r-trees Cypresses and Birch-trees the soyle very vnpleasant where I found not a league of plaine Countrey neither on the one side nor on the other There are certaine hils of Sand and Isles in the said Riuer which are very high aboue the water In fine they are very Desarts voide of Beasts and Birds for I assure you as I went on hunting through places which seemed most pleasant vnto mee I found nothing at all but small Birds which are like Nightingales and Swallowes which come thither in the Summer for at other times I thinke there are none because of the excessiue cold which is there this Riuer commeth from the North-west They reported vnto me that hauing passed the first fall from whence the currant of water commeth they passe eight other sants or fals and then they trauaile one dayes iourney without finding any then they passe ten other sants and come into a Lake which they passe in two dayes euery day they trauaile at their ease some twelue or fifteene leagues at the end of the Lake there are people lodged then they enter into three other Riuers three or foure dayes in each of them at the end of which Riuers there are two or three kinde of Lakes where the head of Saguenay beginneth from the which head or spring vnto the said Port of Tadousac is ten dayes iournee with their Canowes On the side of the said Riuers are many lodgingings whither other Nacions come from the North to trucke with the said Mountainers for skins of Beuers and Marterns for other Merchandises which the French Ships bring to the said Mountainers The said Sauages of the North say that they see a Sea which is salt I hold if this be so that it is some gulfe of this our Sea which disgorgeth it selfe by the North part between the lands and in very deede it can be nothing else This is that which I haue learned of the Riuer of Saguenay ON Wednesday the eighteenth day of Iune we departed from Tadousac to go to the Sault we passed by an I le which is called the Ile dulieure or the I le of the Hare which may be some two leagues from the Land on the North side and some seuen leagues from the said Tadousac and fiue leagues from the South Coast. From the I le of the Hare we ranged the North Coast about halfe a league vnto a point that runneth into the Sea where a man must keepe farther off The said point
and straight of a comely proportion and of a colour browne when they are of any age but they are borne white Their haire is generally blacke but few haue any beards The men weare halfe their heads shauen the other halfe long for Barbers they vse their women who with two shels will grate away the haire of any fashion they please The women are cut in many fashions agreeable to their yeares but euer some part remaineth long They are very strong of an able body and full of agilitie able to endure to lye in the woods vnder a tree by the fire in the worst of winter or in the weedes and grasse in Ambuscado in the Summer They are inconstant in euery thing but what feare constraineth them to keepe Craftie timerous quicke of apprehension and very ingenious Some are of disposition fearefull some bold most cauteloâ—s all Sauage Generally couetous of Copper Beads and such like trash They are soone moued to anger and so malicious that they seldome forget an iniury they seldome steale one from another least their Coniurers should reueale it and so they be pursued and punished That they are thus feared iâ— certaine but that any can reueale their offences by coniuration I am doubtfull Their women are carefull not to be suspected of dishonesty without the leaue of their husbands Each houshold knoweth their owne lands and gardens and most liue of their owne labours For their apparell they are sometime couered with the skins of wilde Beasts which in winter are dressed with the haire but in summer without The better sort vse large mantels of Deare skins not much differing in fashion from the Irish Mantels some imbrodered with white Beades some with Copper other painted after their manner But the common sort haue scarce to couer their nakednesse but with grasse the leaues of trees or such like Wee haue seene some vse mantels made of Turkie-feathers so prettily wrought and wouen with threds that nothing could be discerned but the feathers That was exceeding warme and very handsome But the women are alwayes couered about their middles with a skin and very shamefac't to be seene bare They adorne themselues most with Copper Beads and paintings Their women some haue their legs hands brests and face cunningly imbrodered with diuers works as Beasts Serpents artificially wrought into their flesh with blacke spots In each eare commonly they haue three great holes whereat the hang Chaines Bracelets or Copper Some of their men weare in those holes a small greene and yellow coloured Snake neere halfe a yard in length which crawling and lapping her selfe about his necke oftentimes familiarly would kisse his lips Others weare a dead Rat tied by the taile Some on their heads weare the wing of a bird or some large feather with a Rattell Those Rattels are somewhat like the chape of a Rapier but lesse which they take from the taile of a Snake Many haue the whole skin of a Hawke or some strange fowle stuffed with the wings abroad Others a broad peece of Copper and some the hand of their enemy dried Their head and shoulders are painted red with the roote Pocone braied to powder mixed with Oyle this they hold in summer to preserue them from the heate and in winter from the cold Many other formes of paintings they vse but he is the most gallant that is the most monstrous to behold Their Buildings and habitations are for the most part by the Riuers or not farre distant from some fresh Spring Their Houses are built like our Arbors of small yong sprigs bowed and tied and so close couered with mats or the barks of trees very hand somely that notwithstanding either winde raine or weather they are so warme as stoues but very smoakie yet at the top of the house there is a hole made for the smoake to goe into right ouer the fire Against the fire they lye on little hurdles of Reedes couered with a mat borne from the ground a foote and more by a Hurdle of wood On these round about the house they lye heads and points one by thother against the fire some couered with Mats some with Skins and some starke naked lye on the ground from six to twenty in a house Their Houses are in the midst of their Fields or Gardens which are small plots of grounds some twenty some forty some a hundred some two hundred some more some lesse sometimes from two to a hundred of those houses together or but a little seperated by groues of trees Neare their habitations is little small wood or old trees on the ground by reason of their burning of them for fire So that a man may gallop a horse amongst these woods any way but where the creekes or Riuers shall hinder Men Women and Children haue their seuerall names according to the seuerall humour of their Parents Their women they say are easily deliuered of child yet doe they loue children very dearely To make them hardy in the coldest mornings they wash them in the Riuers and by painting and ointments so tan their skins that after a yeare or two no weather will hurt them The men bestow their times in fishing hunting warres and such manlike exercises scorning to be seene in any womanlike exercise which is the cause that the women be very painfull and the men often idle The women and children doe the rest of the worke They make Mats Baskets Pots Morters pound their corne make their bread prepare their victuals plant their corne gather their corne beare all kinde of burdens and such like Their fire they kindle presently by chasing a dry pointed sticke in a hole of a little square peece of wood that firing it selfe will so fire mosse leaues or any such like dry thing that will quickly burne In March and Aprill they liue much vpon their fishing wares and feede on fish Turkies and Squirrels In May and Iune they plant their fields and liue most of Acornes Walnuts and fish But to mend their diet some disperse themselues in small companies and liue vpon fish Beasts Crabs Oysters land Tortoyses Strawberries Mulberries and such like In Iune Iuly and August they feede vpon the rootes of Tocknough Berries Fish and greene Wheate It is strange to see how their bodies alter with their diet euen as the Deere and wilde Beasts they seeme fat and leane strong and weake Powhatan their great King and some others that are prouident rost their fish and flesh vpon hurdles as before is expressed and keepe it till scarce times For fishing and hunting and warres they vse much their Bowe and Arrowes They bring their Bowes to the forme of ours by the scraping of a shell Their Arrowes are made some of straight yong sprigs which they head with bone some two or three inches long These they vse to shoote at Squirrels on trees Another sort of Arrowes they vse made of reedes these are peeced
say they haue conference with him and fashion themselues as neere to his shape as they can imagine In their Temples they haue his image euilfauouredly carued and then painted and adorned with Chaines Copper and Beads and couered with a skin in such manner as the deformitie may well suite with such a God By him is commonly the sepulcher of their Kings Their bodies are first bowelled then dried vpon hurdles till they be very dry and so about the most of their ioints and necke they hang Bracelets or Chaines of Copper Pearle and such like as they vse to weare their inwards they stuffe with Copper Beads and couered with a Skin Hatchets and such trash Then lap they them very carefully in white Skins and so rowle them in mats for their winding-sheetes And in the Tombe which is an arch made of Mats they lay them orderly What remaineth of this kinde of wealth their Kings haue they set at their feete in baskets These Temples and bodies are kept by their Priests For their ordinary burials they dig a deepe hole in the earth with sharpe stakes and the corpes being lapped in Skins and Mats with their Iewels they lay them vpon sticks in the ground and so couer them with earth The buriall ended the women being painted all their faces with black cole and oyle doe sit foure and twenty houres in the houses mourning and lamenting by turnes with such yelling and howling as may expresse their great passions In euery Territory of a Werowance is a Temple and a Priest two or three or more Their principall Temple or place of superstition is at Vitamussack at Pamavuke neere vnto which is a house temple or place of Powhatans Vpon the top of certain red sandy hils in the woods there are three great houses filled with images of their Kings and Diuels Tombes of their Predecessors Those houses are neere sixty foot in length built arbot-wise after their building This place they count so holy as that none but the Priests and Kings dare come into them nor the Sauages dare not goe vp the Riuer in Boates by it but that they solemnly cast some peece of Popper white Beads or Pocones into the Riuer for feare their Oke should be offended and reuenged of them In this place commonly are resident seuen Priests The chiefe differed from the rest in his ornaments but inferior Priests could hardly be knowne from the common people but that they had not so many holes in their eares to hang their Iewels at The ornament of the chiefe Priest were certaine attires for his head made thus They tooke a dosen or sixteene or more Snake skins and stuffed them with mosse of Weesels and other vermine skins a good many All these they tye by their tailes so as all their tailes meete in the top of their head like a great Tassell Round about this Tassell is as it were a cown of feathers the skins hang round about his head necke and shoulders and in a manner couer his face The faces of all their Priests are painted as vgly as they can deuise in their hands they had euery one his Rattell some base some smaller Their deuotion was most in Songs which the chiefe Priest beginneth and the rest followed him sometimes he maketh inuocations with broken sentences by starts and strange passions and at euery pause the rest giue a short groane It could not be perceiued that they keepe any day as more holy then other but onely in some great distresse of want feare of enemies times of triumph and gathering together their fruits the whole Country of men women and children come together to solemnities The manner of their deuotion is sometimes to make a great fire in the house or fields and all to sing and dance about it with Rattles and shouts together foure or fiue houres Sometime they set a man in the midst and about him they dance and sing he all the while clapping his hands if he would keepe time and after their songs and dancings ended they goe to their Feasts They haue also diuers coniurations one they made when Captaine Smith was their prisoner as they reported to know if any more of his Country-men would arriue there and what hee there intended The manner of it followeth in his story They haue also certaine Altar stones they call Pawcorances but these stand from their Temples some by there houses others in the Woods and Wildernesses Where they haue had any extraordinary accident or incounter As you trauell by them they will tell you the cause of their erection wherein they instruct their children so that they are in stead of Records and memorialls of their Antiquities Vpon this they offer bloud Deare suet and Tobacco These they doe when they returne from the warres from hunting and vpon many other occasions They haue also another superstition that they vse in stormes when the waters are rough in the Riuers and Sea Coasts Their Coniurers runne to the water sides or passing in their Boats after many hellish outcries and inuocations they cast Tobacco Copper Pocones or such trash into the water to pacifie that God whom they thinke to be very angry in those stormes Before their dinners and suppers the better sort will take the first bit and cast it in the fire which is all the grace they are knowne to vse Euery Nation in seuen or ten yeeres vseth a kind of solemnity Such a one was at Quiyoughcohanock some ten miles from Iames Towne and thus performed Fifteene of the properest young Boyes betweene ten and fifteene yeeres of age they painted white Hauing brought them forth the people spent the forenoone in dancing and singing about them with Rattles In the afternoone they put those children to the root of the tree By them all the men stood in a gard euery one hauing a Bastinado in his hand made of Reeds bound together This made a lane betweene them all along through which there were appointed fiue young men to fetch these children so euerie one of the fiue went through the guard to fetch a child each after other by turnes the guard fearlesly beating them with the Bastinadoes and they patiently enduring and receiuing all defending the children with their naked bodies from the vnmercifull blowes that pay them soundly though the children escape All this while the women weepe and cry out verie passionately prouiding Mats Skins Mosse and drie Wood as things fitting their childrens Funeralls After the children were thus passed the guard tore downe the trees branches and boughs with such violence that they rent the bodie and made wreathes for their heads or bedecked their haire with leaues What else was done with the children was not seene but they were all cast on a heape in a Valley as dead where they made a great feast for all the company The Werowance being demanded the meaning of this sacrifice answered That the children were not
in but they hold all of their great Werowance Powhatan vnto whom they pay tribute of Skins Beads Copper Pearle Deare Turkies wild Beasts and Corne. What hee commandeth they dare not disobey in the least thing It is strange to see with what great feare adoration all these people do obey this Powhatan For at his feet they present whatsoeuer hee commandeth at the least frowne of his brow their greatest spirits will tremble with feare and no maruell for hee is very terrible and tyrannous in punishing such as offend him For example hee caused certaine malefactors to bee bound hand and foot then hauing many fires gathering great store of burning coles they rake these coles round in the forme of a cock-pit and in the midst they cast the offenders to broyle to death Somtimes hee causeth the heads of them that offend him to bee laid vpon the altar or sacrificing stone and one with clubs beat out their braines When he would punish any notorious enemy or malefactor hee causeth him to bee tied to a tree and with Muscle shels or Reeds the executioner cutteth off his ioynts one after another euer casting what they cut off into the fire then doth hee proceed with S 〈…〉 els and Reeds to case the skin from his head and face then doe they rip his belly and so burne him with the tree and all Thus themselues reported they executed George Cassen Their ordinary correction is to beat them with cudgels Wee haue seene a man kneeling on his knees and at Powhatans command two men haue beat him on the bare skin till hee hath fallen senselesse in a sound and yet neuer cry nor complained In the yeere 1608 he surprised the people of Payankatank his neere neighbours and subiects The occasion was to vs vnknowne but the manner was thus First he sent diuers of his men to lodge amongst them that night then the Ambusacodes inuironed all their houses and at the hour appointed they all fel to the spoile twenty foure men they slew the long haire of their one side of their heads with the skinne cased off with shels or reeds they brought away They surprised also the women the children and the Werowance All these they present to Powhatan The Werowance women and children became his prisoners and doe him seruice The lockes of haire with their skins he hanged on a line vnto two trees And thus hee made ostentation of as great a triumph at Werowocomoco shewing them to the English men that then came vnto him at his appoitment they expecting prouision he to betray them supposed to halfe conquer them by this spectacle of his terrible crueltie And this is as much as my memory can call to mind worthy of note which I haue purposely collected to satisfie my friends of the true worth and qualitie of Virginia Yet some bad natures will not stick to slander the Countrey that will slouenly spit at all things especially in company where they can find none to contradict them Who though they were scarce euer ten miles from Iames Towne or at the most but at the Falls yet holding it a great disgrace that amongst so much action their actions were nothing exclaime of all things though they neuer aduentured to know any thing nor euer did any thing but deuoure the fruits of other mens labours Being for most part of such tender educations and small experience in martiall accidents because they found not English Cities nor such faire houses nor at their owne wishes any of their accustomed dainties with Feather-beds and Down-pillowes Tauernes and Ale-houses in euery breathing place neither such plentie of Gold and Siluer and dissolute libertie as they expected had little or no care of any thing but to pamper their bellies to fly away with our Pinnaces or procure their meanes to returne for England For the Countrey was to them a misery a ruine a death a hell their reports here and their owne actions were there according Some other there were that had yeerely stipends to passe to and againe for transportation who to keepe the mystery of the businesse in themselues though they had neither time nor meanes to know much of themselues yet all mens actions or relations they so formally tuned to the temporizing times simplicitie as they could make their ignorances seeme much more then all the true actors could by their experience And those with their great wordes deluded the world with such strange promises as abused the businesse much worse then the rest For the businesse being builded vpon the foundation of their fained experience the planters the Money Tin and meanes haue still miscarried yet they euer returning and the Planters so farre absent who could contradict their excuses which still to maintaine their vain-glory and estimation from time to time they haue vsed such diligence as made them passe for truths though nothing more false And that the aduenturers might be thus abused let no man wonder for the wisest liuing is soonest abused by him that hath a faire tongue and a dissembling heart There were many in Virginia meerely proiecting verball and idle contemplators and those so deuoted to pure idlenesse that though they had liued two or three yeeres in Virginia lordly necessitie it selfe could not compel them to passe the Pninsula or Pallisadoes of Iames Town those wittie spirits what would they not affirme in the behalfe of our transporters to get victuall from their ships or obtaine their good words in England to their passes Thus the clamors and the ignorance of false informers are sprung those disasters that sprung in Virginia and our ingenious Verbalists were no lesse plague to vs in Virginia then the Locusts to the Egyptians For the labour of thirtie of the best only preserued in Christianitie by their industry the idle liuers of neere two hundred of the rest who liuing neere ten months of such naturall meanes as the Countrey naturally of it selfe afforded notwithstanding all this and the worst fury of the Sauages the extremitie of sicknesse mutinies faction ignorances and want of victuall in all that time I lost but seuen or eight men yet subiected the Sauages to our desired obedience and receiued contribution from fiue and thirtie of their Kings to protect and assist them against any that should assault them in which order they continued true and faithfull and as subiects to his Maiestie so long after as I did gouerne there vntill I left the Countrey since how they haue reuolted the Countrey lost and againe replanted and the businesses haue succeeded from time to time I refer you to the relations of them returned from Virginia that haue beene more diligent in such obseruations gathered out of the Writings of diuers of that Plantation by Doctor William Simons CHAP. IIII. The proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia taken faithfully out of the writings of THOMAS STVDLY Cape-Merchant ANAS TODKILL Doctor RVSSELL NATHANIEL POWELL WILLIAM PHETIPLACE and RICHARD POT
the order of watch renued the squadrons each setting of the watch trained The whole Company euery Saturday exercised in a field prepared for that purpose the Boates trimmed for trade which in their iourney encountred the second supply that brought them backe to discouer the Countrey of Monacan How or why Captaine Newport obtained such a priuate Commission as not to returne without a lumpe of Gold a certainty of the South-Sea or one of the lost Company of Sir Walter Rawley I know not nor why he brought such a fiâ—e pieced Barge not to beare vs to that South-Sea till wee had borne her ouer the Mountaines which how farre they extend is yet vnknowne as for the Coronation of Powhatan and his Presents of Bason Ewer Bed Cloathes and such costly nouelties they had bin much better well spared then so ill spent For we had his fauour much better onely for a poore peece of Copper till this stately kinde of soliciting made him so much ouerualue himselfe that he respected vs as much as nothing at all as for the hiring of the Poles and Dutch to make Pitch and Tarre Glasse Mils and Sope-ashes was most necessary and well But to send them and seuenty more without victuall to worke was not so well considered yet this could not haue hurt vs had they bin two hundred though then we were one hundred and thirty that wanted for our selues For wee had the Sauages in that order their haruest being newly gathered that we feared not to get victuall sufficient had wee bin fiue hundred Now was there no way to make vs miserable but to neglect that time to make our Prouision whilst it was to be had the which was done to performe this strange Discouery but more strange Coronation to loose that time spend that victuall wee had tire and starue our men hauing no meanes to carry victuall munition the hurt or sicke but their owne backes how or by whom they were inuented I know not But Captaine Newport we onely accounted the author who to effect these proiects had so gilded all our hopes with great promises that both Company and Councell concluded his resolution I confesse wee little vnderstood then our estates to conclude his conclusion against all the inconueniences the foreseeing President alleadged There was added to the Counsell one Captaine Waldo and Captaine Winne two ancient Souldiers and valiant Gentlemen but ignorant of the businesse being newly arriued Ratcliffe was also permitted to haue his voyce and Master Scriuener desirous to see strange Countries so that although Smith was President yet the Counsell had the authority and ruled it as they listed as for cleering Smiths obiections how Pitch and Tarre Wanscot Clapboord Glasse and Sope-ashes could be prouided to relade the Ship or prouision got to line with all when none was in the Countrey and that which we had spent before the Shippes departed The answere was Captaine Newport vndertooke to fraught the Pinnace with Corne in going and returning in his Discouery and to refraught her againe from Werowocomoco also promising a great proportion of victuall from his Ship inferring that Smiths propositions were onely deuises to hinder his iourney to effect it himselfe and that the cruelty Smith had vsed to the Sauages in his absence might occasion them to hinder his designes For which all workes were left and one hundred and twenty chosen men were appointed for his guard and Smith to make cleere these seeming suspitions that the Sauages were not so desperate as was pretended by Captaine Newport and how willing hee was to further them to effect their proiects because the Coronation would consume much time vndertooke their message to Powhatan to intreate him to come to Iames Towne to receiue his Presents accompanied onely with Captaine Waldo Master Andrew Buckler Edward Brinton and Samuell Collier with these foure hee went ouer land against Werawocomoco there passed the Riuer of Pamaunke in the Sauages Canoaes Powhatan being thirty miles off who presently was sent for in the meane time his women entertained Smith in this manner In a faire plaine field they made a fire before which he sitting vpon a Mat suddenly amongst the woods was heard such a hideous noise and shriking that they be tooke them to their armes supposing Powhatan with all his power came to surprise them but the beholders which were many men women and children satisfied the Captaine there was no such matter being presently presented with this anticke thirty yong women came naked out of the woods onely couered behinde hefore with a few greene leaues their bodies all painted some white some red some blacke some party colour but euery one different their leader had a faire paire of Stagges hornes on her head and another Skinne at her girdle another at her arme a quiuer of Arrowes at her backe and Bowes and Arrowes in her hand the next in her hand a Sword another a Clubbe another a Pot-sticke all hornd alike the rest euery one with their seuerall deuises These Feinds with most hellish cries and shouts rushing from amongst the trees cast themselues in a ring about the fire singing and dancing with excellent ill variety oft falling into their infernall passions and then solemnely againe to sing and dance Hauing spent neere an houre in this Maskarado as they entred in like manner they departed Hauing reaccommodated themselues they solemnly inuited Smith to their lodging but no sooner was hee within the house but all these Nimphes more tormented him then euer with crowding and pressing and hanging vpon him most tediously crying Loue you not mee This salutation ended the feast was set consisting of Fruite in Baskets Fish and Flesh in woodden Platters Beanes and Pease there wanted not for twenty Hogges nor any Sauage daintie which their inuention could deuise some attending others singing and dancing about them this mirth and banquet being ended with Firebrands instead of Torches they conducted him to his lodging The next day came Powhatan Smith deliuered his Message of the Presents sent him and redeliuered him Namontacke desiring him to come to his Father Newport to accept those Presents and conclude their reuenge against the Monacans whereupon the subtill Sauage thus replyed If your King haue sent mee presents I also am a King and this my land eight dayes I will stay to receiue them your Father is to come to mee not I to him nor yet to your Fort neither will I bite at such a baite as for the Monacans I can reuenge my owne in 〈…〉 ies and as for Aaquanuchocke where you say your Brother was slaine it is a contrary way from those parts you suppose it But for any salt water beyong the Mountaines the relations you haue had from my people are false whereupon he began to draw plots vpon the ground according to his discourse of all those Regions many other discourses they had yet both desirous to giue each other content in Complementall curtesies
finding your loue and kindnesse our custome is so far from being vngratefull that for your sake onely we haue curbed our thirsting desire of reuenge else had they knowne as well the crueltie we vse to our enemies as our true loue and curtesie to our friends And I thinke your iudgement sufficient to conceiue as well by the aduentures wee haue vndertaken as by the aduantage we haue by our Armes of yours that had we intended you any hurt long ere this wee could haue effected it your people comming to me at Iames Towne are entertained with their Bowes and Arrowes without exception we esteeming it with you as it is with vs to weare our Armes as our apparell As for the dangers of our enemies in such warres consist our chiefest pleasure for your riches wee haue no vse as for the hiding your prouision or by your flying to the Woods wee shall so vnaduisedly starue as you conclude your friendly care in that behalfe is needlesse for wee haue a rule to find beyond your knowledge Many other discourses they had till at last they began to trade but the King seeing his will would not be admitted as a law our guard dispersed nor our men disarmed he sighing breathed his mind once more in this manner Captaine Smith I neuer vsed any Werowances so kindly as your selfe yet from you I receiue the least kindnesse of any Captaine Newport gaue me swords Copper Clothes a Bed Tooles or what I desired euer taking what I offered him and would send away his Guns when I intreated him none doth deny to lay at my feet or doe what I desire but onely you of whom I can haue nothing but what you regard not and yet you will haue whatsoeuer you demand Captaine Newport you call father and so you call me but I see for all vs both you will doe what you liâ—t and wee must both seeke to content you But if you intend so friendly as you say send hence your Armes that I might beleeue you for you see the loue I beare you doth cause me thus naked to forget my selfe Smith seeing this Sauage but trifled the time to cut his throat procured the Sauages to breake the Ice that his Boat might come to fetch both him and his Corne and gaue order for his men to come ashore to haue surprised the King with whom also hee but trifled the time till his men landed and to keepe him from suspition entertained the time with this reply Powhatan you must know as I haue but one God I honour but one King and I liue not here as your subiect but as your friend to pleasure you with what I can by the gifts you bestow on me you gaine more then by trade yet would you visit mee as I doe you you should know it is not our customes to sell our curtesie as a vendible commoditie Bring all your Countrey with you for your guard I will not dislike of it as being ouer iealous But to content you to morrow I will leaue my Armes and trust to your prâ—mise I call you father indeed and as a father you shall see I will loue you but the small care you had of such a child caused my men to perswade me to shift for my selfe By this time Powhatan hauing knowledge his men were readie whilst the Ice was breaking his luggage women and children fled and to auoid suspition left two or three of his women talking with the Captaine whilst hee secretly fled and his men as secretly beset the house which being at the instant discouered to Captaine Smith with his Pistol Sword and Target hee made such a passage amongst those naked Deuills that they fled before him some one way some another so that without hurt hee obtained the Corps du-guard when they perceiued him so well escaped and with his eight men for hee had no more with him to the vttermost of their skill they sought by excuses to dissemble the matter and Powhatan to excuse his flight and the sudden comming of this multitude sent our Captaine a great Bracelet and a Chaine of Pearle by an ancient Orator that bespoke vs to this purpose perceiuing then from our Pinnace a Barge and men departing and comming vnto vs. Captaine Smith our Werowance is fled fearing your Guns and knowing when the Ice was broken there would come more men sent those of his to guard his Corne from the pilfry that might happen without your knowledge now though some bee hurt by your misprision yet he is your friend and so will continue and since the Ice is open hee would haue you send away your Corne and if you would haue his company send also your Armes which so affrighteth this people that they dare not come to you as he hath promised they should Now hauing prouided Baskets for our men to carry the Corne they kindly offered their seruice to guard our Armes that none should steale them A great many they were of goodly well appointed fellowes as grim as Deuills yet the very sight of cocking our matches against them and a few wordes caused them to leaue their Bowes and Arrowes to our guard and beare downe our Corne on their owne backes wee needed not importune them to make quick dispatch But our owne Barge being left by the ebbe caused vs to stay till the midnight tide carried vs safe aboard hauing spent that halfe night with such mirth as though we neuer had suspected or intended any thing we left the Dutchmen to build Brinton to kill Fowle for Powhatan as by his Messengers he importunately desired and left directions with our men to giue Powhatan all the content they could that we might inioâ— his company at our returne from Pamaunke VVE had no sooner set saile but Powhatan returned and sent Adam and Francis two stout Dutch men to the Fort who faining to Captaine Winne that all things were well and that Captaine Smith had vse for their Armes wherefore they requested new the which were giuen them they told him their comming was for some extraordinary tooles and shift of apparell by this colourable excuse they obtained sixe or seuen more to their confederacie such expert theeues that presently furnished them with a great many of Swords Pike-heads Peeces Shot Powder and such like they haue Sauages at hand ready to carry it away The next day they returned vnsuspected leauing their confederates to follow and in the interim to conuay them a competencie of all things they could for which seruice they should liue with Powhatan as his chiefe affected free from those miseries that would happen the Colony Samuell their other consort Powhatan kept for their pledge whose diligence had prouided them three hundred of their kind of Hatchets the rest fiftie Swords eight Peeces and eight Pikes Briton and Richard Sauage seeing the Dutch-men so strangely diligent to accommodate the Sauages these weapons attempted to haue got to Iames Towne but they were
them will chase almost an hundred men for they account it death for whomsoeuer stand in their way These are highly esteemed of all sorts of people and are of the Sachims Councell without whom they will not warre or vndertake any weightie businesse In warre their Sachims for their more safetie goe in the midst of them They are commonly men of greatest stature and strength and such as will endure most hardnesse and yet are more discreet courteous and humane in their carriages then any amongst them scorning theft lying and the like base dealings and stand as much vpon their reputation as any men And to the end they may haue store of these they traine vp the most forward and likeliest boyes from their child-hood in great hardnesse and make them abstaine from daintie meat obseruing diuers orders prescribed to the end that when they are of age the Deuill may appeare to them causing to drinke the juyce of Sentry and other bitter Hearbs till they cast which they must disgorge into the platter and drinke againe and againe till at length through extraordinary pressing of nature it will seeme to bee all bloud and this the boyes will doe with eagernesse at the first and so continue till by reason of faintnesse they can scarce stand on their legs and then must goe forth into the cold also they beat their shins with sticks and cause them to run through bushes stumps and brambles to make them hardy and acceptable to the Deuill that in time he may appeare vnto them Their Sachims cannot bee all called Kings but onely some few of them to whom the rest resort for protection and pay homage vnto them neither may they warre without their knowledge and approbation yet to be commanded by the greater as occasion serueth Of this sort is Massassowat our friend and Conanacus of Nanohiggenset our supposed enemy Euery Sachim taketh care for the widdow and fatherlesse also for such as are aged and any way maymed if their friends be dead or not able to prouide for them A Sachim will not take any to wife but such an one as is equall to him in birth otherwise they say their seede would in time become ignoble and though they haue many other wiues yet are they no other then concubines or seruants and yeeld a kind of obedience to the principall who ordereth the family and them in it The like their men obserue also and will adhere to the first during their liues but put away the other at their pleasure This Gouernment is successiue and not by choyce If the father dye before the sonne or daughter bee of age then the childe is committed to the protection and tuition of some one amongst them who ruleth in his stead till hee be of age but when that is I know not Euery Sachim knoweth how farre the bounds and limits of his owne Countrey extendeth and that is his owne proper inheritance out or that if any of his men desire land to set their Corne hee giueth them as much as they can vse and sets them in their bounds In this circuit whosoeuer hunteth if any kill any venison bring him his fee which is foure parts of the same if it bee killed on the Land but if in the water then the skin thereof The Great Sachims or Kings know not their owne bounds or limits of land as well as the rest All Trauellers or Strangers for the most part lodge at the Sachims when they come they tell them how long they will stay and to what place they goe during which time they receiue entertainment according to their persons but want not Once a yeere the Pnieses vse to prouoke the people to bestow much Corne on the Sachim To that end they appoint a certaine time and place neere the Sachims dwelling where the people bring many baskets of Corne and make a great stack thereof There the Pnieses stand ready to giue thankes to the people on the Sachims behalfe and after acquainteth the Sachim therewith who fetcheth the same and is no lesse thankfull bestowing many gifts on them When any are visited with sicknesse their friends resort vnto them for their comfort and continue with them oftentimes till their death or recouery If they die they stay a certaine time to mourne for them Night and morning they performe this dutie many daies after the buriall in a most dolefull manner insomuch as though it bee ordinary and the Note Musicall which they take one from another and altogether yet it will draw teares from their eyes and almost from ours also But if they recouer then because their sicknesse was chargeable they send Corne and other gifts vnto them at a certaine appointed time whereat they feast and dance which they call Commoco When they bury the dead they sowe vp the corps in a mat and so put it in the earth If the partie be a Sachim they couer him with many curious mats and bury all his riches with him and inclose the graue with a pale If it bee a childe the father will also put his owne most speciall Iewels and Ornaments in the earth with it also he will cut his haire and disfigure himselfe very much in token of sorrow If it bee the man or woman of the house they will pull downe the mats and leaue the frame standing and bury them in or neere the same and either remoue their dwelling or giue ouer house-keeping The men imploy themselues wholly in hunting and other exercises of the Bow except at some times they take some paine in fishing The women liue a most slauish life they carry all their burdens set and dresse their Corne gather it in and seeke out for much of their food beate and make readie the Corne to eate and haue all houshold care lying vpon them The younger sort reuerence the elder and doe all meane offices whilst they are together although they be strangers Boyes and girles may not weare their haire like men and women but are distinguished thereby A man is not accounted a man till he doe some notable act or shew forth such courage and resolution as becommeth his place The men take much Tobacco but for boyes so to doe they account it odious All their names are significant and variable for when they come to the state of men and women they alter them according to their deeds or dispositions When a maide is taken in marriage shee first cutteth her haire and after weareth a couering on her head till her haire be growne out Their women are diuersly disposed some as modest as they will scarce talke one with another in the company of men being very chaste also yet other some light lasciuious and wanton If a woman haue a bad husband or cannot affect him and there bee warre or opposition betweene that and any other people shee will runne away from him to the contrary partie and there liue where they neuer come
of Codfish it is well knowne vnto you Salmons Eeles Mackarell Herrings Lance Caplin Dog fish Hollibuts Flowkes Lobsters Crabs and Muskles All and more then all these are here in great plentie very good and sweet meat The wild fruit and berries are small Peares Cherries Nuts Resberries Strawberries Barberries Dewberrics Hurtleberries with others all good to eate Many faire Flowers I haue seene here which I cannot name although I had learned Gerrards Herball by heart But wild Roses are here both red and damaske as fragrant and faire as in England All our Corne and Seedes haue prospered well and are already growne almost to perfect maturitie c. THE SECOND PART OF THE TENTH BOOKE CHAP. X. Diuers Warlike Fleets set forth to Sea against the Spaniards by our English DEBORA Queene ELIZABETH of Glorious memory Her manifold Deliueries and Victories LOI the Man whose Mâ—se 〈…〉 s'd on Plantations New England Virgin Bermude Newfound-landed Lawrell for oliue take and make Relations Of Armes Harmes Fights Frights Flights Depopulations Romes Buls Spaines broyles Irelands 〈◊〉 Traitors branded GOD Angels Winds Seas Men Elizas Glory Conspire Shee outlines Death â—n Heauen in Story HAile greatest of English Names Glorious ELIZABETH Nor may wee after thy voyage and peregrination out of this World vnto thy true and heauenly home Country forget the great Acts of thy earthly Pilgrimage Thou wast indeed the Mother of English Sea-greatnesse and didst first by thy Generalls not salute alone but awe and trrrifie the remotest East and West stretching thy long and strong armes to India to China to America to the Peruvian Seas to the Californian Coast and New Albions Scepters Thou mad'st the Northerne Muscouite admire thy Greatnesse Thou gauest name to the North-west Straits Meta Incognita and the Southern Negros and Ilands of the South-vnknowne-continent which knew not humanitie were compelled to know Thee Thou imbracedst the whole earthly Globe in thy Maritime Armes thou freedst England from Easterlings and Lumbards borrowed legs and taughtst her not onely to stand and goe without helpe but become helpe to our friends and with her own Sea forces to stand against yea to stand vpon and stampe vnder feet the proudest of her foes Thou wast a Mother to thy Neighbours Scots French Dutch a Mirrour to the remotest of Nations Great Cumberland twelue voyages before recited are thine and the fiery vigor of his Martiall Spirit was kindled at thy bright Lamp quickened by the Great Spirit of ELIZABETH Drake Candish Iohn and Richard Hawkins Raleigh Dudley Sherley Preston Greenuile Lancaster Wood Raimund Leuison Monson Winter Frobisher Daâ—â—es and other the Star-worthies of Englands Sphere whose Planet-courses we haue before related acknowledge ELIZAS Orb to be their First and highest Mouer How many Royall Fleets did shee set forth In the yeeres 85. and 87. those vnder Sir Francis Drake before mentioned as that also in 95. vnder him and Sir Iohn Hawkins another Fleet 1590. vnder Sir Iohn Hawkins and Sir Martin Frobisher to the Ilands also 1591. the Iland Fleet vnder the Lord Thomas Howard now Earle of Suffolke that 1592. by Sir Iohn Burroughs and Sir Robert Crosse when the Madre de Dios was taken and another Carrike burnt An. 1594. Shee sent forth a Fleet to Brest where Frobusher was slaine Another 1599. vnder the Lord Thomas Howard A. 1600. vnder Sir Richard Leuison a Fleet to the Ilands 1601. another to Ireland A. 1602. vnder Sir Richard Leuison and Sir William Manson and another vnder the same Commanders 1603. as bequeathing in her fatall extreames Marine Actions and Glory to her Successour These and other her Sea-glories I purpose not here to dilate hauing already handled some of them but haue singled from the rest the actions of 88. 89. 96. and 97. praemising somthing as a Preface of the great deliuerances which God vouch safed that Virgin Queen That Church which is mystically called The woman drunken with the bloud of Saints had begun to persecute her from her birth Pope Clement the sixt decreeing against her Mothers mariage and Pope Paul the third thundring a terrible sentence against her Fathers Soueraigntie And although King Henry had first enacted against his daughters and after for them by Parliamentary authoritie yet when King Edward which vsed to call her his sweet sister Temperance was dead there wanted not some which extruded both the sisters and obtruded another succession Queene Mary dispersing that storme raised another wherein shee was exposed to the columnies of fairesoule-mouthed sycophants which would haue stained the reigne of that Queene otherwise branded as short bloudy vnfortunate with the slaughter of that Royall Virgin Story and others saying That in vaine the boughs of Heresie were lopped off if the Root were suffered to continue Long and straight imprisonment shee indâ—red and was forced by them to Masse Confession and externall profession of that Romish Catholiâ—â—sme which perhaps had not diuerted her enemies designe had not the peruersâ—st of her enemies Gardiner beene auerted by his owne death and had not also King Philip with the Spaniards enuied to the French so rich an Inheritance as by Queene M 〈…〉 death without â—ssue which could scarsly from her sicke and aged body be expect was likely to fall vpon Queene Mary of Scotland betrothed to the Dolphin of France whereby the Spanish greatnesse already embroyled enough was likely to bee ouermatched by the French increased with addition of three mightie Kingdomes Queene Mary dying and Cardinall Poole with many Prelates as it were attending her exequies with their owne with generall applause Shee was acknowledged Queen Her first care was to restore Religion notwithstanding the dangers thence incompassing her shee also reiected the mariage with King Philip whereof hee had treated with her by the Earle of Feria his Embassadour promising to procure thereunto the Popes dispensation neither admitted shee the offered match of Charles sonne to Ferdinand the Emperour and when Henry the French King by the Guisians was perswaded to challenge England to his sonne and daughter in law causing them to vse her title Francis Mary by the Grace of God King and Queene of Scotland England and Ireland and prepared Warres against her God tooke him out of the world being s 〈…〉 e at a Talt sport The new King and Queene continued their former challenge Title and Ensignes which gaue no small occasions of those euills which afterwards inuolued her breeding a great d 〈…〉 gust betwixt those two greatest Ladies which Christendome had both Heires to an absolute Souereigntie Shee expelled the French out of Scotland stablished the affaires of Ireland procured armour and weapons out of Germany caused much Artillery to bee cast of Brasse and Iron new Mynes of Brasse being sound at Keswicke and the stone Calammaris vsefull for Brasse-workes found here also prouision for Gunpowder was first at her commandement made here at home Barwicke fortified the Nauie furnished the Sea Townes imitating her example and increasing
mountaines 1284 Wages detaining how turbulent 〈◊〉 a yoyage 1â—96 Want of water in New-England causing some of our men to famish 1844 Waratiua a riuer in Brasile its description for Navigation 1440 Want of bread in the English Army 1921 Io. Want a schismaticall and seditious fellow in the Bermudas 1743 Wareteena a place in America 1212 Warooca a towne of the Arwacca 〈◊〉 Savages in the Indies 1285 Warraskoyat Indian-Virginians 1692 Warres between the Portingals and the Indians its effects 1321 Warres made for the water 1364 Warres betweene the Indians and Spaniards in Chili 1443 Warriers that haue killed men among the Savages of Tuppan haue as many holes board through their visage in token of honour 1189 Warlike Fleets set forth by the English Deborah the Q. Elizabeth 1891 Water that is salt dangerously drunk 1143. Strange kinde of watering 1146. Water-drinking endangereth many 1178. Want of fresh-water 1188. Water too much drunke kils Will. Pitcher ibid. Salt-water cureth sores 1207 Water vnwholsome and deadly 1248 Water burning and tasting like brimstone 1â—75 Water venemous 1379. Water very hot in a lake of Florida 1549. Bad waters breeding sundry diseases 1623. Waters that being drunke caused teeth to fall in two houres space 1624. Watry ground the supposed cause of vnhealthinesse in Port-royall among the French 1632. Water sacrificed to by the Virginians in time of tempest 1702. Water want in Virginie 1712. Water wanting in the English armie 1966 Watry iourneys 1359 Wayanasses Savages so called in the West-Indies 1211. Their complexion cowardlinesse painting lodging Tobacco chiefe towne 1228 Waanawazons Canibals in America 1213. Their simplicity stature feeding lazinesse women 12â—0 Waymores Savages in Brasile their stature valour rudenesse swiftnesse man-eating 1227. Wayâ—â—quazons called by the Indidians Iocoex are Brasilian Savages their habitation stature women-warriours lodging iarres man-eating 1228 Weaknesse of the English in New-England causing the Indians to insult 1848 Wealth bred ambition among Captaines 1145 Weannocks Indians in Virginia their number of fighting men 1692 Weeaâ—opona a towne of the Arwaccas in America 1285 Weeping in salutation an expression of obedience in some Indians of Florida 1553 Three Wels one very hot another scalding hot a third temperate neere a cold Hill 1243 Werowances the title of a King in Virginia 1692 Werawocomoco River in Virginia 1692 West-winds constanâ—ly 1658 Master Wests plantation at the Fals in Virginia 1730 West-country voyage in twelue ships with a good returne 1840 Westons men abuse the Savages of Massacheusets which caused much vnkindnesse to the English 1857. Their misery among the Savages 1863 Capt. Weymoths voyage to Virginia 1659. seq His danger by sandy and rocky Shoales escape and ariuall at Pentecost harbour 1659 1660 A Whale very great eaten by Anthony Kniuet 1207. Whales haue open heads whereat they breathe their battaile with the Sword-fish 1313 1376 1377 1685 A Whale worshipped 1471 Whale-fishing in the Bermudas and its benefit 1797 Whitson-Bay in Virginia 1654 Capt. Rich. Whitbornes Voyages to the New-found-land 1882. His voyage to Lisbone is taken by a French Pirate 1883 Whelps drest and eaten 1202 Whittingtons communication with the Indians 1881 Wia a River in Guiarâ—a 1261 Wiapogo River 1250. Its commodities 1261 1263 1264. at large threescore leagues broad supposed the biggâ—st in the world 1267 1268. It s situation and strength 1270. English plant there ibid. Wiaumli a River to the North of Orenoco 1249 Wiawia a towne in the West-Indies 1280. Or Wia Wiam 1283. T is inhabited by the Yaios and other Savages 1283 Wighcocamoco river in Virginia 1694 Wighsacan a medicinable plant in Virginia 1695 Wikeries are Indians that inhabite the Plaines of Samia 1248 Mr Will. Strachy his relation of Sir Tho Gates voyage and of the Colony of Virginia 1734 seq William Morgan his happy most strange deliverance 1943 Wild-geese in great Shoales 1845 Willowes 1316 Mr Wilsons relations at large 1661 1262. seq Wine ouerthroweth more then the enemy 1349. The Wine of the Nauy in 88. 1991 Wine causeth ambition dissention 1151 Extreame winds 1175. In the straits of Magellane 1194. An exceeding winde by Sea and Land 1500. Winds that piâ—â—â—â— iron and stone 1671 Winter not durable by Christians Witawamack an insulting slaue among the Savages opprobrious to the English 1859 Wines connted a dignitie among the Savages the hauing of many of them only permitted to the King and those that haue proved themselues braue fellows 1188 1217. Wiues and children sold for Hatchets and Kniues 1208. Wiues put away for adultery 1870 Sir Io. Winkfield dyeth at the fight in Cadiz in warlike manner buried 1932 Wolues in New-England pursuing our English Dogs 1849. Wolues in the New-found-land faning and playing with English masty dogs 1885 Womens strange entertaining straners among Savages 1717. Women dancing starke naked 1618. Indian womens modestie yet familiaritie 1158 1159. Women got by valour among the Savages 1209. Women Archers 1226. 1228. Women with vgly bodies and good faces 1228. Eight women bought for a red-hasted knife 1249. A woman roasied 1272. Women starke naked 1268 Women goe before men in Brasile 1292. Their agreement there among themselues their chastitie if maried but â—oosenesse vnmaried 1341. A womans price amongst the Carios of the West Indies 1357. Women toile among some Indians 1382. Women that revenge the wrong of their husbands not solitarily by themselues called Amazons 1437. Women nâ— not Kings daughters might not enter the Temple of the Sunne among the ancient inhabitants of Peru 1465. Womens vsage and habite among some Indians of Florida 1524. Women amongst the Indians put to vile slavery 1869. Women not suffered to enter any of the Ships of the King of Spaines Armada 1901 Wonders of the new World 1477. Wood-bind a plant running on trees like a Vine that causeth a vehement and harmlesse purging 1801 Wood that maketh fish drunkâ— 1â—72 Wood of all colours 1670 Wood as hard as iron ibid. Words of the Savages language in Virginia 1667 Wormes how killed in the bodie 1311 Wormes breeding great-torment 1251. Very pernicious in Brasile but killed by Garlicke 1382. Wormes poysoning water 1286. Wormes deuouring the flesh 1365. Wormes very preiudiciall to ships without sheathing vnder the Aequinoctiall 1387 Wounds how cured 1310 1311 Wyanesses a towne in the West-Indies 1208 Wyapocoories inhabitants in a Province of Guiana 〈…〉 1 Wywaypanami Indians with 〈…〉 ulders higher then their heads 〈…〉 85 X XAlisco a Province neere the South Sea 1559. The great losse of inhabitants in it by the Spanish inhumane cruelty 1581. Eight hundred townes burned in those Realmes by Spaniards ibid. Xalpa Province discouered by the Spaniards 1559 Xaltenango Province 1559 Xaqua a harbour in the Iland of Cuba 1500 Xaragua a dominion in the I le Hispaniola its King and Lords traiterously burnt by the Spaniards thâ— Queene hanged the youths thrust through or having their legs cut off they that fled condemâ—ed to perpetuall slauerie 1572 Xualla a Province in Florida 1539 Y. YAes
Peter of Candy Cap. 2. Fifth Voyage Puna now Saint Iago Cap. 3. Atabaliba of Atabualpa Saint Michaels Frier Vincents embassage not in Gods name * So he calls his Breuiary Cap. 4. Atabalibas ransome Cap. 5. Pizarros perfidious cruelty Quisquiz Cap. 6. Chili Mango Inga his acts * The Citie some say they held the Castle Spanish disasters Cap. 7. Almagro put to death Cap. 8. Ferd. sent to Spaine where he is thought to haue died in prison The Marquesse slaine Cap. 9. Vacca de Castro cuts off Diego Cap. 10. Vice-roy Vela Cap. 11. Cap. 12 Cap. 13. Gascas acts in Peru. Cap. 14. Cap. 15. Cap. 1â— Peru â—onceit of S 〈…〉 rds Cap. 21. L. 8. c. 2. Ex Praesatione O 〈…〉 e cusco Tongue Three pronunciations Accent b. d. f. g. i. x. l. rr wanting Monie Pâ—zos The first Book of the first part This Spanish report some of themselues conceale others deny see sup ca. 1. §. 4. To. 1. l. 2. I haue here giuenthis voyage or fable because the particulars are so full and plaine in this author whereas Gomara saith neither in the man nor time hor place c. is agreed on see Gâ—m p 2. c. 13. Name of Peru whence and how The like you may before read of China a name noâ— ther knowne c. Iucatan Sir F. Drake teacher of nauigating the S. Seato the Span. C. 15. Atahualpa or Atabalipa his cruelties Indian fables of their Originals Temple to the Sunne Cusco or Cozco first inhabited Vse of Arts. Vse of Armes The Incas Empire dured about 400. years Valera hath 5. or 600. The Floud See sup p. 1060. Fables and allegorisers Conceits of the originals of all chiefe families c. 20. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Spanish alterations Mancos lawes Suns Nunnery Poled heads Wide bored eares Fillets Ensignes of dignitie Cusco and the Neighbours Incas by priuiledge which none elsewere except of the Royall bloud Royall Diademe Câ—â—a and Huaccharuyak peculiar titles to the King Manco dieth Sinchi Roca succeedeth Curacas Mancos Funerall Titles of honour The second Booke Amautas the learned Peruans Pachacamac the name of God Ignoto 〈◊〉 August in Zâ—râ—t l. 〈◊〉 〈…〉 i th that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vâ—â—cent de valle virâ—â—i that they held the Sun for God the earth for Mother Pachacamac for Creator of all Acosta cals him Uiraroâ—ha and saith â—hey had no proper name for God A Crosse in Cozco before the Spaniards came No swearing Acosta by this will bee better vnderstood corrected Huaca and the diuers significations thereof vnknowne to the Spaniards occasione 〈…〉 〈◊〉 in their stories Twins rare * He seemeth also to make a difference twixt the adoration to the Sunne worship or reuerence of the Inca. Acosta taxed See before in Acosta pag. 1041. c. Their beliefe of the soule Three Worlds Resurâ—â—ctioâ— Ha 〈…〉 superstition Sacrifices Peru diet * Dauâ—â— dos o tres besos â—l ayre Peruans no Man-eaters or Officers Acosta and others taxed Incas conceit of sicknesse Eybrow-rite Priests of Peru. Cozco Metropolitan others had as it were 7 Bishops and Priests All Ordinances attributed to Manco Diuision of the Empire Anti called by Acostâ— Arides Tithings and Tithingmen See the like with vs in Lamb. peramb. of Kent Orders of Officers Chunca Camayu Penalties No fines Nothing more merciâ—ull then seueritie vnpartiall which makes all to feare so Guns haue prooued sauers oâ— mens liues the generall feare of Ordnance causing few battels and consequently â—â—wer slâ—ine in warres then when where they haue not beene No auricular confessiâ—n in Peru as Acosta c. Iudgements examined Quippos Monethly and yeerely accounts But foure priuy Counsellors Roca Inca his acts Indian credulitie Lloque Yupanqui the third Inca. Strange Grammer See Acosta Of the Peruan Aâ—â—s Astrologie Dreames of Ecclipses Thunder and lightning Rainbow Dream-diuinations Medicine Geometry Chorography Arithmeticke Musicke Poetry A Peruan hym in spondaike verses Handicrafts Goldsmiths Carpenters Masons Note The third Booke * This lesson the Spaniards haue learned too well since Admirable buildings Pedro de Câ—eaza c. â—05 han 〈…〉 th this 〈…〉 m his owne 〈…〉 t more largely Men-stones Capac Yupaâ—qui the fiâ—th Inca. Osyer Bridge Bul-rush bridg See Acosta of their waies to passe Riuers Remouing of people from one place to another Many children Religious reputation of Cozco and the superstitious holies therein The Temple of the Sunne Rich hangings Sunnes image Bodies of Kings deceased Huayna Capac A rich Cloister Fiue Chappels Moone Chappell Chappell of Venus Stars Chappell of Starrie skie Chappell of thunder lightning and bolt Chappell of Rainebow Priests Women might not enter Moueable weekes Seruitors Sacrifices Fountaines Garden of gold and siluer Golden counterfeits All vessels and instruments of Gold Rich Temple at Titicaca Spanish vndertaking for treasure Supâ—â—stâ—tious corne The fourth Bâ—â—kâ— Hoâ—â—es of Virgins 1500. Nuns Exceeding stâ—â—ktnesse Men Porters Nunâ—workes Robes for perfume Golden Garden Pâ—rpetuall virginitie Other Nunneries Mamacumas when Spanish authors deceiued Another sorâ— of Nunnes Widowes Marriages Tribes towns wards not intermarrying Lawes of Inheritance Diuers customes Care of Infants Inca Roca the six King 〈◊〉 conquests Acosta and other say that it was thorow griâ—â—e of captiuiâ—ie Cuca Steep deepe descent of fiue leagues Yahuar Huaeac the seuenth Inca. Apophthegâ—â—es Yahuarhuâ—â—ac acts Feare of his Sonne A vision of the Prince The fift Book Great battle Aduantage by Faâ—les Acosta taxed See sup 1060. Their dealing with the Sun Why the Spaniards were called Viracocha b Acosta saith they were so called because they came by Sea Benzo as the froth or scumme of the Sea in contempâ— Viracochas Temple Condores or Contors huge birds * Cuero perhaps it should be cuerâ—â— the borne Huge Aquaeducts Tucma Bodies of 〈◊〉 Kings seene See sup Acostâ—â— Manner of iâ— prouing and allotting lands The Sunne Inca and pâ—ople sharers Andenes Order of tillage Care of Widowes Poore and Souldiers Workes in common done with festiuall alacritic Incas labour Spade Women Tributes of labour Lowse-tribute Scotfree-men Gold and Siluer no money Presents Repositories No beggars Innes and trauellers Hospitals Course in new conquests The Sixth Booke Sâ—upendious buildings and riches of the Incas Their houses Garments Cieça Zarate Gomera and oâ—her Spanish writers testifiâ— the same of thâ—se prodigious tâ—easures in Peru. Gardens Orchards and Bathes Seruants and Officers Huntings Posts Pachacutec the ninth Inca. Sausa Dogworshippers Benefite and prerogatiue of Nunneries anâ— Sun-temples Peruan Knight Forme of Peruan triumph Shoo câ—remonie Riuer turned out of the courâ—e Sea worshipped Pachacamacs Tâ—mple and Oracle â—t 〈◊〉 â—ac o◠〈◊〉 Rites of Pachacamacs Temple Exchâ—nge and succâ—ssion of Idols Other Vallies subdued Common Tongue See of their Feasts in Acosta Cozco as Reme mother of superstitions Raymi that is the Feast Generall assembly The King was chiefe Priest at that Feast Brauerie and Deuises Fast of three dayes Bread festiual Adoration of the rising Sun Festiuall and consccrsted Drinke Procession bare-foot Oblations Strange
Estâ—tes discourse of that Voiage is at large in Ramuâ—â— here omitted Herera saith that in their sharings the Spaniards valued gold of 14. carats at 7. and by the abundance thereof grew to great excesses in gaming pride other vices he saith that the three sent to Cusco were fooles â—heir behauior causâ—d the Indians to vndeâ— value the Spaniards * A Maâ—ke is 8. ounces and a Castilian is a Pezâ— which containeth in this Peru acconnt after Inca Uega 450. Marauediz euery 5. Peâ—â—s or Caste 〈…〉 s being six Duckers about seuen shillings English Golden Age. Miserable comforters b Other Incas made one called Atabalipa to serue the Spaniards turn Without them as in the conclusion they confesse they could being so few neuer haue perfected their coÌ„quest But first they vsed the Cuscoans against those of Quito and lastly to pacifie all to the Spanish subiection After which they performe nothing but falshood and cruelty Piâ—arros purpose being alway by any way to erect the Spanish Empire Second sharing Garitico slaine for as the war had bin begun by Atabalipa the first against Cusco so after his death it was by his Captaines continued against the Iucas there seeking to aduance Quito aboue Cusco the seed of Atabalipa to the Souereigntie Chilichuchima burned Manco Inca made Lord. Third sharing of gold and siluer at Cusâ—o Images of beasts men in gold Cusco a Spanish Colonie Other Spaniards enter Peru. Countrey described c Immatonare d Scaloni Description of Cusco as it was when the Spaniards first came thither For after the Indians burnt the most part of it in Mancos wars with Piçarro The Fortresse e Gironi f See sup pag. 1056. Acosta saith he measured some aboue 38. foot long c. g Voltati h Sguincio de igironi Note this * See sup l. 7. c. 〈◊〉 Ramus vol 3. The Gouernor of the Fleete The officers ouer the Fleete The Iland of S. Dominico The hauen of S. Iames. The Trinitie An hauen called the Cape of Saint Cruz. An Huracano or tâ—â—pest notable both at Sea and Land Presages Boate placed vpon trees by the tempest Fifth of Nouember The hauen of Sagua or Xaqua Sands of Cunarreo Guaniguanico The Cape of S. Anthony The Hauana Martes Great houses without hous-keepers Golden Bell. The first towne taken in Florida in the Emperors name * Samples The Prouincâ— Apalachn â—aâ—iqueâ—gniâ—eth â—gniâ—eth 〈◊〉 Lord among the Indians Strong stream Dulcancellin a King or Cazique among them Toublesome Countrey Trees cleft with thunderbolts Apâ—lâ—chen Caccoagoâ—â—o Great tempests in those parts Lakes Beasts Beast which carrieth her yong in a bag Fowles Indian fight Strong archers Men of tall 〈◊〉 ture good archers The Riuer Madalena Hard shift Ockam of Palmiti No stones Strong shot Crosse shoare Miserable successe of the Spaniards in this Voyage Spiaggia de Caualli The Strait of Saint Michael R. of Palmes Miserable thust Rich Furres sweete Mardole Zibelline Desription of thâ—se Indians Current Three drowned Humanitie of Sauages Panuco The Christians eate one another for hunger Indian sicknesse and mortalitie Iland Malhado Pierced paps with canes for gallantry The Indians poore life Mourning for children Age diâ—esteemed Physicians burned Filthie and foolish customes They are made Physicians Learned argument Manner of curing Lamentable salutations The Indians of Carruco Queuenes and Dragnanes Indians Tune fruits of India Marianes Iguâ—bes The Spaniards cate one another A cruell custome of the Indians who vse to kill their male children while they sleep and cast their female children as soone as they are borne to the dogges to eate them because they would not marrie them to their enemies nor to their kindred Penutious die The Indians in this Prouince eate Serpents Vipers and other beastly things by reason of the famine which continually is thâ—re Women Theeuâ—s Indians which runne a whole day to take a Deere and tiring him with running estsoones take him aliue in the chase Natures nurâ—lings Dogs life Tune-time Flies troublesome Noisome remedie Decre hauâ—â— dry places to auoid Huntmen Oxen of that Countrie Caâ—agâ—di Indians Pastures Camâ—â—i Indians What became of their fift Boat Aâ—â—uares In Cures very wonderfull yet true Benzo which trauelled fourteene yeeres in the Indies with the Spaniards from 1541. saith that of six hundred of Naruaez his company searsly tâ—n returned which at Mexico reported that they had by breathing on them cured the sicke raised to life three dead men c. But saith hee Let their holines pardon me I will easier beleeue that they killed foure liuing men th en thâ—t they raised halfe one deâ—d man to life Ben. l. 2. c. 13. I permit some of these relations more for knowledge of the Countrey then for credit of Spanish cures in the Indies which you shal find in Casâ—s of another nature These here challenge no Diuine end to conuert the people to God and therefore are not like to haue any diuine beginning but â—re either falsly told or falsly done or falsly intended by the Father of falshood And why may they not be ascribed to the Deuill either as lies if neuer done or if done as deuillish Arts to maintaine rapine and superstition which are here mentioned the effâ—cts thereof Acosta tells of a great miracle-worker in the Indies a vicious man and hanged for knaueries This Cowes-Head the Author is also by Schmidel before recorded for a bad man in his acts at the Riuer of Plate I will conclude with S. Aug. de vnit Ecc. 〈◊〉 16. Remoueantur ista vâ—â— figmentâ— mendac 〈…〉 hominum vel porâ—enta fallacium spirituum c. Cacalcuches Maticones Coaios Susolas and Ataios Indians A dead man raised If Benzos opinion be not rather to be embâ—aced that they killed the liuing as this author also reports of his Country-men in the end of this booke Children of the Sunne All become Physitians An euill thing of spirit of the Indians Diabolicall appatition Their computation of times Maticones Arbadaâ—â— Hungers perambulation Appareli Famines Discoueries Sine Cerere liberâ— frâ—gâ—t Venus The Indians let their children sucke 〈…〉 ll the age of twâ—lue yeares No deadly fights Vse of Horses Quicke senses Names of the Nations of those parts Maâ—hada Cauoques Ca 〈…〉 uco Deguenes Mâ—ndica Quâ—uenâ—s Marianâ—s Gâ—aiâ—ones Iâ—guâ—zes Ataios and Acubadaâ—s Quiâ—oles Auauares and Matiaconâ—s Culia'culches Susolus Comos Camoles Fichâ— Foolish drinkrites * A vessell containing diuâ—rs gallons Sodomy Mesquiquez a fruite of India The Toupin Erasilians vse such Marakas or Raeles and haue like conceits thereof Blinde and â—quint-eyed people Copper Bell ingrauen Plates of Plate South Sea Pleasant huâ—ung Superstitious sanctifying their meat Desert Countrey A riuer Many garments Foolish liberalitie Womenâ—reaters No lamenting for the dead Houses artificially built Mays Other strange behauiour Goodly people Old fashion of boiling pulse They come to the South Sea Barren Countrey People which liue on the powder of straw A plentifull Countrey with houses and corne Corall and Turkesses Emeralds
last but a yeere Corne buried G 〈…〉 O 〈…〉 Called by their names Brimstone Hot Springs Gualua Spring 〈…〉 ing wood into stone Cedars common Sanguinbo wood White and yellow woods Teixo a kind of wood as hard as iron Inhabitants Souldiers Strangers The ayre a disease Strong windes S. Michael Saint Mary Gratiosa Earle of Cumberland Sâ—â— sup l. 6. c. 1. Saint George Fayael Fayael taken taken by Earle Cumberland Pico High Hill Pleasant Oranges C. 98. Flores Coruo C. 99. 40. Millions if the number be true Fiue Millions 〈◊〉 Sir M. Frobisher 1589. Note 1590. 280. men die in one ship in one Voyage by one mans vanitie 1591. Earthquake most terrible Prodigies Sir Richard Greenuile See Haâ— Tom. 2. This Storie penned by Sir Walter Raleigh There were but six of these Shippes the Queenes and Sir Richard Greenuile staid to recouer his men on shore 93. of his men were sicke He scorned to flye as the Master counseiled which had beene better and thought to made way thorow their squadrons and made some spring loose till the greatnesse of the S. Philip of 1500 tuns being in the winde of him becalmed his sailes so that the Reuenge could not feele her sailes nor helme and was boorded by the S. Philip and foure others These were beaten off and fifteen seuerall Armadas assailed her All her Powder was spent to the last barrell nor had first aboue 100. sound men to sustaine to the brunt Yet she endured fifteene houres fight fifteene Armadas by turne 800. shot many entries 53. sailes of men of warre and 10000. men to doe this After all this Sir R. Greenfield now wounded commanded to 〈◊〉 vp the Ship but the Captaine intreating to the contrary the Master was sent vnknowne to Sir R Greenfield to treat a composition with â—â—zan the Generall who yeelded their liues to be saued and to be sent for England the better soâ—t to pay ransome but free meane time fromprison and Gallie Almost 1000. of the enemies were slaine in this sight Thus haue I giuen you the briefe of Sir Walters report also to make this storie compleate Great storme Great hurts Reuenge reuenged with the losse of aboue 100. other ships of the Spaniards attending her fates as great a blow as 88. Note Caiaphas prophesieth God taketh part wiâ—h Lutherans So then the gates of hell preuaileth against their faith Two Ships of treasure taken by the English and 20. others of the Indian Fleete 1592 The first Colony to bee planted betwixt 34. 41. degrees of North latitude They to haue all the Lands c. for the space of fiftie miles West South-west from the place of their first plantings and all Mynes c The like East North-east with all Ilands for 100. miles in the Sea ouer against them 100. 〈…〉 hin the Land c. None to inhabit on the backside without their speciall licence in writing c. The next day Cap. Smith was suspected for a suppoâ—ed Mutinie though neuer no such matter Trade at Dominica Brutishnâ—sse of the Dominicans Fight betwixt a Whale the Thresher and Sword-fish Margalanta Guadalupa Bath very hot Meuis Bath at Meuis Commodities there Aprill Tortoises Meuis water vnwholsome Ed. Brookes faint with thirst Moneta Store of fowles We were driuen to try that night and by the storme were forced neere the shoare not knowing where we were They land in Virginia Strawberries Point Comfort Kecoughtan Tobacco Singing and Dancing A long oration A Flute made of a Reed Archers Hope Their Plantation at Iames Towne Land giuen These Sauages are naturally great â—hetues Their arrowes Yellow haired Virginian Riuer of Pohatan * Low Marshes Wee came downe the Riuer Bread how made Distinct habit of Maids and Wiues Sauage 160. yeeres old Bearded Cap. Newports departure The Sauages vse to sacrifice to the Sunne Death of Cap. Bart. Gosnold Miserable famine Gods goodnesse He was a made man * The rest is omitted being more fully set downe in Gap Smiths Relations * By later Patents this is extended further to the â—0 degrees c. The Latitude The temperature The winde The entrances Cape Henrâ— Cape Câ—arâ—es Cap. Smiâ—h The Country The Bay The Mountaines The soâ—â—e The Vallies Plaines The Riuer Powhatan Fals The branches Iames Towne The seuerall Inhabitants Free State R. Pamaunke The Inhabitants K. Pohatan Payankatank R. Toppahanock R. The Inhabitants Patawomeke R. Pawtuxunt R Bolus R. The head of the Bay Sasquesahanock Giantly people The description of a Sasquesahanough See the Map Long Spoone to eate with the Deuill Tockwhogh R. Rapahanock R. Kusk 〈…〉 awaock R. 〈…〉 ghcocomoco R. Accomack R. Chawonock The seuerall Languages Why there is little grasse Woods with their fruits Elme Walnuts Supposed Cypresse Mulberies Chesnuts Plummes Cheries Crabs Vines Chechinquamins Rawcomenes How they vse their fruits Walnut milke Gums Cedars Saxafras trees Berrics Mattoume Strawberries and other berries Herbes Wighsacan a medicinable root Pocones a small root Musquaspenne a root Parietarie Sassafras Onions See insâ— c. 14. of certaine Oxen found by Cap. Aryoll Their chiefe beasts are Decre Aroughcun Squirrels Assapanick a Squirrel flying Opassom Mussascus Be res The Beauer Otters Vetcunquoyes Foxes Doâ—s Martins Polcats Weesels and Mâ—â—kes Note Birds Fish hawkes â—â—sh Strange forme The Rocks How they diuide the yeere How they prepare the ground How they plant How they vse their Corne. How they vse their fish and flesh Planted fruits The commodities in Virginia or that may bee had by industry A proofe cattell will liue well The Commodities The numbers 700. men were the most seene together when they thought to haue surprised Captaine Smith A description of the people The Barbara The constituâ—on The disposition The possessions Their attire Fether Mantels Their ornaments Their buildings Their lodgings Their gardens How they vse their children The industry of their women How they strike fire Their order of diet How they make their Bowes and Arâ—owes Their Knife Their Targets and â—words Their Boats How they spirt Their Fishoo 〈…〉 Hunting labours How they hunt Hunting houses One Sauage hunting alone Their consultations Their enem 〈◊〉 Massawomekes Their offer of subiection Their manner of battell Their Musicke Their entertainment Their trade Their phisicke Their chirurgery Their charmes to cure Their God How they bury their Kings Their ordinary burials Their Temples Their ornaments for their Priests Their times of solem 〈…〉 Their Coniurations Their Altars C. Smith Sacrifices to the water Their solemne making of black-berries C. Smith Their resurrection A description of Powhatan His attendance watch His treasurie His Wiues His Successors The title of succession Their authoritie The tonor of their lands His manner of punishments Vanitie of Effeminate Planters Vanitie of self-seeking gloriosos Miserie of base idlenesse * I haue many written Treatises lying by me written by Capt. Smith and others some there some here af ter there returne but because these haue alreadie seene the light and containe a full relation of Virginian affaires I was