Hydatides full of a clear liquor through whose Membranes the Nerves and Vasa praeparantia run and are obliterated in them The liquor contained in these Bladders had always been supposed by the followers of Hippocrates and Galen to be Seed stored up in them as if they supplied the place of the Vesiculae seminales in Men. But from Dr. Harvey downwards many learned Physicians and Anatomists according to Aristotle have denied all Seed to Women Of which the said Dr. Harvey thus discourses De ovi materia Exercit 34. Some Women send forth no such humour as is called Seed and yet is not conception thereby necessarily frustrated for I have known several Women says he that have been fruitfull enough without such emission yea some that after they begun to emit such humour though indeed they took greater pleasure in copulation yet grew less fruitfull than before There are also infinite instances of Women who though they have pleasure in coitu yet send forth nothing and notwithstanding conceive I greatly wonder that they that think this emission necessary to generation have not observed that the humour is cast out and issues most commonly from about the Clitoris and orifice of the Privity very seldom from any depth within the neck of the Womb but never within the Womb it self so as that it should there be mixed with the Man's Seed and that it is not ropy and oyly like Seed but serous like Urine Now to what purpose should that be cast out whose use is necessarily required within Ought that humour to be sent to the mouth of the Privity bidding farewell as it were to the Womb that it might be drawn back again with the greater kindness and welcome And indeed whatever that humour be that the more salacious Women emit in copulation of which afterwards it cannot be that which is contained in these Vesiculae both because it is sent forth in greater quantity than that it can be supplied from them and also the Vesiculae are destitute of any such pore or passage whereby the liquor contained in them might issue out for if you press them never so hard unless you burst them there will nothing pass out of them We must therefore subscribe to that new but necessary opinion that supposes these little Bladders to contain nothing of Seed but that they are truly Eggs analogous to those of Fowl and other Creatures and that the Testicles so called are not truly so nor have any such office as those of Men but are indeed an Ovarium wherein these Eggs are nourished by the Sanguinary Vessels dispersed through them and from whence one or more as they are fecundated by the Man's Seed separate and are conveyed into the Womb by the Tubae Fallopianae of which by and by That these Vesiculae are analogous to the little Eggs in the Ovarium of Fowl de Graef evinces by this Experiment That if you boil them their liquor will have the same colour taste and consistency with the white of Birds Eggs. And their difference in wanting shells is of no moment for Birds Eggs had need of a shell because they are hatched without the Body and therefore are exposed to external injuries but these of Women being fostered within their Body have no need of other fence than the Womb by which they are sufficiently defended Having compared these Vesiculae to the Eggs of Fowls I might here follow the method of Doctor Harvey and de Graef and describe the Ovarium c. in Hens c. that from thence these in Women might the better be conceived of and apprehended but to the curious and learned Reader I shall recommend the said Authors for satisfaction and avoiding all unnecessary and to this Epitome unsuitable excursion I shall only further note two things First that these Eggs in Women are commonly towards the number of twenty in each Testicle or Ovarium of which some are far less than others And secondly that the objection of the Galenists against the Aristotelians viz. that the Testes of Females must needs make Seed because when they were cut out barrenness always follow'd will be sufficiently obviated by this new Hypothesis that agrees to the necessity of the Testicles so far as to affirm that the Vesiculae contained in them become when they are impregnated by the Masculine Seed the very conceptions themselves which therefore it would be in vain to expect if the Female were castrated Besides the Vasa praeparantia and Nerves of which in the 27th Chapter they have also Lympheducts according to Dr. Wharton CHAP. XXVI Of the Vasa deferentia in Women or their Oviducts GAlen with most of the Ancients reckoned those short processes that go streight from the Testes to the bottom of the Womb to be Vasa deferentia and that the Seed was emitted from the Stones through them into the Fundus uteri And Fernelius Riolanus c. thought they found a small Pipe passing on each side out of these processes by the sides of the Womb to its neck into which they were inserted and opened near its orifice By the former it was supposed Women not with Child did emit their Seed into the bottom of the Womb and by these latter such as were already impregnated for that if it should have issued into the Fundus where the conception was it would there have corrupted to the great prejudice of the Foetus But as to these latter ducts Veslingius Diemerbroeck de Graef and many other accurate Anatomists have not been able to find the least footstep of them And as for the former seeing they are not pervious nor have any Cavity and therefore can have nothing of Seed in them we must conclude with de Graef that they are only Ligaments of the Testicles to keep them in their place which he evinces further by observing that they come not to the inner Cavity of the Vterus but are knit only to its outer Coat for he says there are only two holes in the Fundus uteri that admit a Probe and those lead to the Tubae Fallopianae and not to these Ligaments Seeing therefore that those which have been accounted Vasa deferentia either are not to be found at all or are found uncapable of such an office and having withall rejected the opinion of Womens having Seed and affirmed that that which makes the conception is one of those Vesiculae in the Testes dropping from thence and conveyed into the Womb we must inquire by what way they can pass For if the abovesaid Ligaments reputed Vasa deferentia have no passage whereby even the Semen if there were any might pass much less could one of these Vesiculae be conveyed that way And therefore for Vasa deferentia we assign those ducts that Fallopius in his Anatomical observations calls Tubae and describes thus They are very slender and narrow ducts nervous and white arising from the horns or sides of the Womb and at a little distance from it they become
Peritonaeum They have a membranous loose and soft substance and for their shape are resembled to Bats wings They tie the sides of the Fundus the Testes and a good part of the Tubae together and are fasten'd to the Ossa Ilii whereby the Womb is kept from falling down But if they be either immoderately relaxed or by any violence broken then the Womb descends and sometimes falls out turning inside outwards if the substance of the Womb happen to be relaxed also The second pair arise nearer to the inner orifice of the Vagina about where the Tubae do and are called the round Ligaments or worm-like From their origine which is broad they ascend on each side between the duplicature of the Peritonaeum towards the Groins and running out of the Cavity of the Abdomen become round and then pass obliquely above the Os pubis towards the fat that is plentifull there and makes the Mons Veneris in which they terminate near the Clitoris being divided into many parts They consist of a double Membrane the inner whereof has all sorts of Vessels Nerves Arteries Veins and Vasa lymphatica and are about a span long Vestingius Diemerbroeck c. say that they receive a small Seminal vessel from the Testes and Tubae which they conduct to the Clitoris into which they are inserted and ought rather to be accounted Vasa deferentia than Ligaments So that what Women emit from about the Clitoris in copulation they think to be true Semen conducted hither by those seminal ducts But de Graef denies any such ducts and affirms that these Ligaments reach not the Clitoris but are terminated in the aforesaid fat And that humour which Women emit sometimes he thinks doth issue out of the Lacunae in the orifices of the Vagina and urinary passage or also from the Meatus's in the neck of the Womb. Which humour is supplied to the former parts from the thick and membranous body that is about the urinary passage and to the latter from the nervose-membranous substance of the neck of the Womb. And indeed who can think Nature so prodigal of so spirituous and noble a liquor as Seed as to ordain it to be shed at the orifice of the Pudendum and so to be quite lost and never mixed with the Mans which is ejected into the bottom of the Womb But we have above denied all Seed to Women and therefore believe that the liquor they emit is only for the lubricating of the Vagina to cause the greater pleasure in coitu But to this purpose more before It s substance is whitish nervous or rather membranous dense and compact in Virgins but in Women with Child a little spongy and soft It hath two Membranes The outer is strong and double arising from the Peritonaeum the inner being proper is fibrous and more porous Betwixt these Membranes there is a certain carnous and fibrous contexture which in Women with Child together with the said Membranes does imbibe so much of the nutritious humours that then slow thither that the more the Foetus encreaseth the more fleshy fibrous and thick doth the Womb grow so that in the last months it becomes an inch thick and sometimes two fingers breadth though it be extended to so much greater compass than it has when a Woman is not with Child And yet which is strange within sixteen or twenty days after a Woman is brought to Bed it becomes as thin as before viz. about half a fingers breadth and the whole contracts into so little a compass as to be held in ones hand In Virgins it is about two fingers breadth broad and three long In those that have lain with a Man it is a little bigger and something larger yet in those that have born Children In shape it is something like a Pear only a little â—lattish above and below But in Women with Child it becomes more round In Maids its Cavity is so small that it will hardly hold a large hazel nut In those that have had Children it will hold a small walnut It is divided into no Cells as it is in most viviparous Brutes but only into the right and left side by a Suture or line that goes lengthways much like that in a Man's Cod. Its Cavity is not quite round but jets out a little towards each side which jetting some call its Horns but improperly for though Galen and many after him having never dissected any Woman presuming that their Womb was like that of other viviparous Creatures attributed Cornua thereto yet in truth they have none but the Tubae Fallopianae as was noted before answer to them and do their office Only in Brutes viz. such as have Cornua the conception is always formed in the Cornua as being the greatest part of the Vterus which from the very orifice of its Fundus is presently divided into them as when one parts the forefrom the middle finger as wide as one can but very rarely in the Tubae in Women but most an end in the Fundus it self Of which more in Chap. 30. Its Arteries spring partly from the Spermatick or Praeparantes and partly from the Hypogastrick These two Arteries do on each side by a notable branch inosculate one with the other And both their branches that run on one side the Womb do inosculate with those of their own stock on the other Which may plainly be seen by blowing into the trunk of either of them on which side you will for then the branches on the other side will be puffed up as well as those on that side you blow They run along the Womb not with a streight or direct course but bending and winding that they may be extended without danger of breaking when the Womb is enlarged to so great a bulk by the Foetus By these Arteries it is that the monthly Courses flow in greatest quantity out of those that open into the Vterus it self but in lesser out of those branches that reach and open into the Cervix or neck of the Womb and in least if at all out of the Vagina Now whether the Bloud be sent forth this way at such times only from the two great quantity of it or whether at such stated seasons there is also a fermentation of the Bloud whereby the orifices of the Arteries are unlocked is a controversie of two large consideration for this place We will only say that the latter is more probable because when a Woman feeds high and so breeds much Bloud they flow never the sooner though it may be in greater quantity and when she uses the greatest abstinence and spareness of diet if she be healthfull they will be never the longer of coming So that when through such effervescency the Bloud flows plentifully into the Uterine vessels and the Veins of the Womb being too few for they are fewer than the Arteries to return it all back again by the circulation it bursts forth
Guts All which in those that we dissected afterwards had acquired only a greater bulk and perfection And therefore to prevent tediousness by repeating the same things we will on purpose pass by all the other dissections we made in this kind of Creature excepting only one which we made the day before the kindling that those things that in the former were only confusedly discerned may appear plain in this At length on the twenty ninth day after the coitus we inspected another that had kindled six weeks before and in the coitus by which she was impregnated had voided all the thicker part of the Seed of the Male which in some measure did resemble the consistence of a most limpid jelly In her Ovaria we found eleven little whitish Folliculi and besides these others far less little or nothing differing from the substance of the Testes The Folliculi of the Ova in the Testes seem not to vanish wholly but to leave a certain speck in them whence it certainly comes to pass that Conies the oftner or the more young ones they bring forth have the greater and whiter Testicles so that one may guess by only viewing the Testes whether they have had many young ones or often Having view'd the Ovarium we past to the Vterus which we found no longer distinguish'd into Cells but all along distended like a Pudding which was so agitated with a wave-like motion like the peristaltick of the Guts that the young ones nearest the Vagina as yet included in their Membranes were excluded and that so hastily that if we had not cut out the whole Vterus they had all certainly gone the same way The Womb was no thicker than when they are not with young otherwise than we have said it to be in Women In its Cavity we saw eleven Foetus sprawling which were all so closely coupled together by the Membrane Chorion wherein all are severally involved as if they had all been included in one and the same Chorion Thus much I thought fit to translate of that accurate Anatomists observations concerning the generation of this sort of Animal because it gives so very great light into the manner of the generation of a humane Foetus For there is an exact analogy betwixt them abating some circumstances as First that in Women the Conception is not formed in the Cornua seeing her Womb has none nor in the Tubae very seldom and according to Nature for they are only the Infundibula or Oviducts to convey the Ova from the Testes to the Fundus uteri though they bear some resemblance to the Cornua in Brutes I say the Conception is not formed in these but in the Fundus uteri or Womb properly so called whereinto the Ovum being received presently begins to swell and grow bigger and there appears as it were an Egg within an Egg by means of the two Membranes with which it is cloathed which Membranes are originally in the Ovum while it is in the Testicle and imbibe the moisture that is sent now plentifully into the Womb even as the little Yelks in Hens c. gather the white about them in the Oviduct and Vterus which they have none of in the Ovarium or as Seeds in the Ground do imbibe the fertile moisture thereof to enable them to sprout Another considerable circumstance wherein they differ is the slow procedure of the formation of the Foetus in Women in comparison of that in Conies now described For seeing these go with young but 29 or 30 days and Women nine months we must imagine that the Embryo is as perfectly formed in the former on the tenth day as in the latter in the tenth week or longer But I say abating these or if there be any other such like circumstances there is so great a likeness betwixt the one and other that without insisting more on the matter or manner of the Conception we shall pass on to the description of the parts that encompass the Foetus then shew how it is nourished and lastly what parts there are in a Foetus that differ from those in a Child born CHAP. XXXI Of the Placenta Uterina or Womb-liver and Acetabula IN dissecting the Womb of a Woman with Child the first thing that offers it self is the Placenta uterina or Womb-cake otherwise called Hepar uterinum or Womb-liver from the likeness of substance and also use according to those that imposed the name It s substance is very like that of the Spleen only that is more brittle and this more tenacious so that it cannot so easily be separated from the Vessels It is soft and has innumerable Fibres and small Vessels It s Parenchyma is partly glandulous by means of which Glands the separation of humour that is made in it is performed It is of very different shapes in several Creatures but in Women it is circular yet with some inequalities in its circumference It is two fingers breadth thick in its middle but thinner near the edges and a span or a quarter of a yard over from one side to the other when the Foetus is come to maturity ready for the birth On that side next the Foetus it is smooth and something hollowish like Navel-wort and is knit to the Chorion but on that next the Womb it is very unequal having a great many tubercles or bunchings whereby it adheres fast and immediately to the Womb. But to what part of it is not agreed among Anatomists some affirming it to grow to the fore-part some to the hinder-part some to the left side others to the right Dr. Wharton assenting to Fallopius says it always adheres to one of the two corners of the Womb that answer in some manner to the Cornua in Brutes whereinto the Foramen of the Tuba opens so that he says the said Foramen is as it were the centre to the Placenta De Graef thinks it is most commonly fasten'd there but not always because the Ovum for a while being loose in the Cavity of the Vterus may be tumbled to this or the other part and wherever it fixes there is it join'd to the Womb by the Placenta When there is but one Foetus in the Womb it is but one but if there be Twins then according to Dr. Wharton c. are there two Placentae either distinct in shape or if they appear in the shape of one then are they separated by a Membrane one from the other and a particular rope of Umbilical vessels is inserted into each from each Foetus It grows not out of the Womb originally but its first rudiments appear like a woolly substance on the outside of the outer Membrane that invests the Embryo called Chorion about the eighth or ninth week upon which in a short while a red carnous and soft substance grows but unequally and in little knobs and then it presently thereby sticks to the Womb and is very conspicuous about the twelfth or thirteenth week
of the extremities of the Arteries so long till the too great quantity of the Bloud be lessen'd and the fermentation ceases which it does after three or four days and so the flux stops till the next period In Women with Child they seldom flow because then the redundant Bloud is bestowed on the nourishment of the Foetus and it is the wanting of the Menses at the usual season that commonly gives Women the first Item of their having conceived But of this also more in Chap. 30. The Veins do likewise spring from the Praeparantes and from the Hypogastrick There are many anastomoses of these Veins one with another as there was noted of the Arteries but especially in the sides of the Vterus which do more readily appear by blowing of them up than those of the Arteries above spoken of The Bloud brought hither by the Arteries that is not spent on the ordinary nutrition of the Womb or is not cast out when the Menses flow returns by these Veins back to the Heart It has Nerves from the Plexus mesenterii maximus of the Intercostal pair and from the lowest Plexus of the same As also from the Nerves of Os sacrum And the same run also to the Testes or Ovaria Now it is these Plexus of Nerves that are chiefly affected in the Hysterical passion or Fits of the Mother For these Fits are meerly Convulsive and often happen without any fault of the Womb at all And that symptom that in such Fits is usual namely when something like a Ball seems to rise from the bottom of the Belly and to beat strongly about the Navel which is usually taken by Women for the rising of the Womb or Mother is nothing but the convulsion of these Plexus of Nerves which one will the rather believe when he considers that some Men are afflicted with the same symptom Of which see more in Dr. Willis in Cerebr anat p. 201. who derives the pain of the Colick also from the same cause De Graef says there are many Lympheducts that creep through the outer substance of the Vterus which one after another meeting into one empty themselves into the common Receptacle And these he says Bartholin mistakes for Venae lacteae The use of the Womb is to receive into its capacity the principles of the formation of the Foetus to afford it nourishment to preserve it from injuries and at length when it is grown to maturity and requires the light and a freer air to expell it forth The Cervix or Os internum of the Womb being contiguous to it and coming betwixt it and the Vagina we will treat of it in this Chapter It seems to be a part of the Fundus or of the Womb properly so called only it is much narrower for its Cavity is no wider in Virgins than a small Quill and in Women with Child its inner orifice doth either quite close its sides together or is daub'd up with a slimy yellowish humour so that nothing can then enter into the Womb unless in very lustfull Women it be sometimes open'd in superfoetation It is an inch or more in length It s Cavity as it opens to the Vagina is compared to the mouth of a Tench Galen likens it to the Glans of a Man's Penis for its Cavity is not round but long and transverse It is wrinkled and has many small ducts opening into it out of which one may press a pituitous serous matter It has the same Membranes and the same Vessels with the Vterus it self De Graef says that amongst its wrinkles he has often observed Hydatides or little watry Bladders and thinks that abovesaid serous matter serves only to moisten the Vagina c. and to excite to Venery CHAP. XXVIII Of the Vagina and its Contents viz. the Hymen and Carunculae myrtiformes IT has its name Vagina or Sheath because it receives the Penis like a Sheath It is called also the door of the Womb and its greater Neck to distinguish it from the lesser just now described in the foregoing Chapter It is a soft and loose Pipe uneven with orbicular wrinkles of a nervous but somewhat spongy substance which lust causes to puff up a little that it may embrace the Yard more closely about seven fingers breadth long and as wide as the streight Gut all which yet both length width and looseness differ in respect of age c. and as a Woman is inflam'd more or less with lust So also the aforesaid wrinkles are much more numerous and close set in Virgins and in Women that seldom accompany with a Man and that have never born Children than in those that have born many Children and in Whores that use frequent copulation or those that have long laboured under the fluor albus for in all these three sorts they are almost obliterated It has very many Arteries and Veins some of which inosculate one with another and others not By the Arteries that open into it do the Menses sometimes flow in Women with Child that are plethorick for they cannot come from the Womb it self unless abortion follow as sometimes it does These Vessels bring plenty of Bloud hither in the venereal congress which heating and puffing up the Vagina encreaseth the pleasure and hinders the Man's Seed from cooling before it reach the Vterus They spring not only from the Hypogastrick but also from the Hemorrhoidal but these latter run only through the lower part of the Vagina Its Nerves spring from those that are inserted into the Vterus but most from those of Os sacrum De Graef says that all along the Vagina there are abundance of pores out of which a serous pituitous humour always flows to moisten it but especially in coitu when it is sometimes offensive to the Man through its quantity but encreases the pleasure of the Woman and is that which is taken for her Seed as has been noted already Near its outer end under the Nymphae of which in the next Chapter in its fore and upper part it receives the neck of the Urinary bladder encompassed with its Sphincter opposite whereto in its hinder or lower part it is strongly knit to the Sphincter of the streight Gut In Virgins its duct is so strait that at their first congress with a Man they have commonly more pain than pleasure through the extension of it by the Penis whereby some small Vessels break out of which Bloud issues as out of a slain Victim to speak with Diemerbroâ—ck unless we should rather think that the Bloud proceeds from the rupture of the Hymen which we now come to describe The Hymen is a thin Nervous membrane interwoven with carnous Fibres and endowed with many little Arteries and Veins spread across the duct of the Vagina behind the insertion of the neck of the Bladder with a hole in the midst that will admit the top of ones little finger by which the
the Glands many do take for true Lacteals and therefore do believe that there are some Venae lacteae that conduct the Chyle directly to the Mammae But from whence those Lacteals have their origine is not agreed among the defenders of that opinion Some affirm them to rise from the Stomach some from the Pancreas and some from the Ductus thoracicus The truth is it is no wonder they should not agree concerning their rise seeing the opinion is grounded more upon rational conjecture than ocular discovery For as was said in the former Book Chap. 32. discoursing of the Venae lacteae their being said to convey the liquor into the Amnios That that were a plausible opinion if such could be demonstrated by Anatomy so we may say as to their conveying the Chyle to the Breasts where it comes to be called Milk But with all due respect and deference to the Espousers of this Hypothesis such as the most learned Sir George Ent Caspar Martianus Diemerbroeck c. we must crave leave to dissent therefrom with Doctor Wharton Doctor Needham c. till there shall be observed more certain footsteps of such Vessels The use of the Breasts in Women is to prepare or separate Milk for the nourishment of the Child Which how it is done we shall shew in as few words as may be It was an old opinion that Milk was made of Bloud sent from the Womb by the Epigastrick vessels ascending and as was thought inosculating with those branches of the Mammariae that descend towards the Navel But as later Anatomists have found those anastomoses only imaginary invented to serve an Hypothesis so it is generally denied that either Bloud sent from the Womb or from wheresoever is the true matter out of which Milk is made For not to mention which yet is very considerable that it is incredible that the Mother could every day endure the loss of so much Bloud suppose a pound and half as the Child sucks daily Milk from the Breasts I think the argument urged by Dr. Wharton may satisfie any Man Viz. Nature does nothing in vain she goes not forward and backward by the same path But if she make Bloud of Chyle which is certain and then make Chyle of Bloud again she goes so For Chyle is a sort of Milk as appears by the opening of the Lacteal veins If therefore that Chyle be first excocted into Bloud and then return again to the nature of Milk Nature should certainly frustrate her first work We shall not therefore spend further time to refute so improbable and now obsolete an opinion but shall avow that Chyle is the true matter out of which Milk is made which is done after this manner The Chyle being received into the common receptacle from the Venae lacteae of the Mesentery ascends up by the Ductus thoracicus and by it is conveyed into the subclavian Veins where it is mixed with the Bloud and from whence it is circulated with it through the ventricles of the Heart And when it comes out of the left Ventricle by the Aorta a good part of it as yet not assimilated to the Bloud is sent to the Breasts by the Mammary and Thoracick arteries whose Capillaries are inserted into the Glands through which it is strained or filtrated into the Tubuli lactiferi even as the Serum of the Bloud is separated from it by the Glands of the Kidneys into their Tubuli or Syphons And as those Syphons of the Kidneys carry the Serum into the Pelvis so do these of the Mammae the Milk into the common duct of the Nipple As for the Bloud that came along with the Chyle to the Glands that returns back again into the Subclavian and Axillar veins and so to the Heart Besides this matter of the Milk viz. Chyle Dr. Wharton suitable to his Hypothesis of the Succus nutritius of the Nerves thinks that the Nerves contribute their share which he calls spermatick for the nourishment and encrease of the spermatick parts of the Child But if it should be supposed that the Nerves have such Succus in them which we do not believe what weakness must it needs induce upon the Mother to have so much of it with the animal spirits daily drain'd out of them whereas we see that many Women are more chearfull and healthfull when they give suck than at other times We cannot therefore consent to that opinion And here a most difficult question may arise why the Chyle whether it be brought by some Venae lacteae or by the Arteries flows only to the Breasts at some certain times and not always seeing the Vessels that carry it are not obliterated nor it self exhausted They that taught that the Milk was made of Bloud and that that Bloud was sent from the Womb by the Hypogastrick vessels inosculating with the Mammary these I say deriving the Milk from the Menstrual bloud as its matter out of which it is made thought that the stopping of the Menses as commonly happens to Nurses unless very plethorick occasioned the regurgitation of the Bloud by the said Vessels up to the Breasts where so free a vent was found for it after it was first changed into Milk by their Glandules They assigned the same bloud for the nourishment of the Foetus in the Womb and that after the birth it ascended up to the Breasts But having in the former Book Chap. 33. shewn that the Foetus is not nourished at all by the Mothers bloud as also in this Chapter that Milk is not made of it we need not though it were easie to shew how ill this Hypothesis would satisfy the question if Bloud should be supposed the material cause of the Milk And indeed it is far easier to invalidate the reasons that have been urged for it than to produce any new ones that are more satisfactory For as above in Book I. discoursing of the manner and matter of the nourishing the Foetus in the Womb we scrupled not to expose our selves to the smiles of our so oversagacious Virtuosi in resolving all into the wise disposal of the Creatour so we shall not be ashamed to profess our I think invincible ignorance in this also and acquiesce in the wise providence of Nature However we will not omit to give Diemerbroeck's opinion which if it cannot satisfy may for its ingeniousness delight The cause of it says he is a strong imagination or an intense and often thinking of Milk Breasts and their Suction which worketh wonderfull things in our Bodies not indeed simply of it self but by mediation of the appetitive power or of the passions of the mind which induce various motions on the spirits and humours So the imagination and thinking of a great danger maketh a Man tremble fall be cold fall into a swoon yea hath sometimes turn'd all the hairs grey in a short time The imagination of a joyfull matter causeth heat and animosity of the Body thinking on a
bladâ—â— and Porus bilarius 72 XV. Of the Pancreas 77 XVI Of the Spleen 81 XVII Of the Kidneys and the Glandulae renales 90 XVIII Of the Vreters 100 XIX Of the Bladder 103 XX. Of the Vasa praeparantia in Men. 106 XXI Of the Stones or Testicles and the Epididymidae 109 XXII Of the Vasa deferentia Vesiculae seminales and Prostatae 1â—8 XXIII Of the Yard 124 XXIV Of the Vasa praeparantia in Women 134 XXV Of Womens Testicles or Ovaria 136 XXVI Of the Vasa deferentia in Women or their Oviducts 140 XXVII Of the Uterus or Womb and its Neck 145 XXVIII Of the Vagina and its Contents viz. the Hymen and Carunculae myrtiformes 152 XXIX Of the Pudendum muliebre or Woman's Privity 156 XXX Of a Conception 163 XXXI Of the Placenta uterina or Womb-liver and Acetabula 175 XXXII Of the Membranes involving the Foetus and of the humours contained in them 179 XXXIII Of the Vmbilical vessels and of the nourishing of the Foetus 185 XXXIV What parts of a Foetus in the Womb differ from those of an adult person 199 XXXV Of the Birth 204 Book II. Of the Breast CHAP. I. Of the common containing parts of it Page 209 II. Of the proper containing parts and first of the Dugs 211 III. Of the proper internal containing parts 222 IV. Of the Pericardium and the humour contained in it 231 V. Of the Heart in general and of its motion 233 VI. Of the Pulse and the circulation of the Bloud 241 VII How Bloud is made of Chyle of its Colour and whether the Body be nourished by it 247 VIII Of the parts of the Heart viz. the Auriculae the Ventricles and the Septum that divideth them 253 IX Of the Ascending trunk of Vena cava 257 X. Of Vena arteriosa and Arteria venosa 266 XI Of the great Artery or Aorta 269 XII Of the Aspera Arteria and Lungs 284 XIII Of Respiration 293 XIV Of the Neck and the parts contained in it viz. the Larynx Pharynx Tonsillae c. 296 Book III. Of the Head CHAP. I. Of the Head in general and its common containing parts Page 301 II. Of the Hair 303 III. Of the proper containing parts 305 IV. Of the Brain in general 310 V. Of the parts of the Brain properly so called viz. Cortex Corpus callosum Septum lucidum Fornix three Sinus Infundibulum Glandula pituitaria Plexus choroides Rete mirabile Nates Testes Anus and Glandula pinealis 312 VI. Of the Cerebellum and the fourth Ventricle or Sinus 318 VII Of the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis 320 VIII Of the Processus mammillares 322 IX Of the Action of the Brain and the supposed Succus nutritius of the Nerves 324 X. Of the Nerves arising within the Skull and first of the first and second pair 330 XI Of the third and fourth pair 332 XII Of the fifth sixth and seventh pair 333 XIII Of the eighth and ninth pair 337 XIV Of the Nerves of the Spinalis medulla and first of the Nerves of the Neck 345 XV. Of the Nerves of the Vertebrae of the Breast 349 XVI Of the Nerves of the Vertebrae of the Loins 350 XVII Of the Nerves which come from the marrow of Os sacrum 352 XVIII Of the Face and its parts 354 XIX Of the Eye in general and its outward or containing parts 356 XX. Of the Tunicles of the Eye 359 XXI Of the humours and vessels of the Eyes 361 XXII Of the Auricula 364 XXIII Of the inward part of the Ear. 366 XXIV Of the Nose 371 XXV Of the Lips 373 XXVI Of the inner parts of the Mouth 375 Book IV. Containing a description of the Veins Arteries and Nerves of the Limbs CHAP. I. Of the Veins of the Arm. Page 379 II. Of the Arteries of the Arm. 381 III. Of the Nerves of the Arm. 382 IV. Of the Veins of the Thigh Leg and Foot 383 V. Of the Arteries of the Thigh Leg and Foot ibid. VI. Of the Nerves of the Thigh Leg and Foot 384 Book V. Containing a Treatise of all the Muscles of the Body CHAP. I. The description of a Muscle Page 385 II. Of the differences and actions of the Muscles 389 III. Of the Muscles of the Eye-lids 391 IV. Of the Muscles of the Eye 393 V. Of the Muscles of the Nose 395 VI. Of the Muscles of the Lips and Cheeks 397 VII Of the Muscles of the lower Jaw 400 VIII Of the Muscles of the Ear. 403 IX Of the Muscles of the Tongue 405 X. Of the Muscles of the Bone of the Tongue called Os hyoides 406 XI Of the Muscles of the Larynx 408 XII Of the Muscles of the Uvula and Throat 410 XIII Of the Muscles of the Head 411 XIV Of the Muscles of the Neck 413 XV. Of the Muscles of the Breast 414 XVI Of the Muscles of the Back and Loins 416 XVII Of the Muscles of the Abdomen 418 XVIII Of the Muscles of the Genitalâ— both in Men and Women 421 XIX Of the Muscles of the Bladder and Anus 422 XX. Of the Muscles of the Scapula or Shoulder-blade 423 XXI Of the Muscles of the Arm. 425 XXII Of the Muscles of the Ulna 428 XXIII Of the Muscles of the Radius 430 XXIV Of the Muscles of the Wrist 431 XXV Of the Muscles of the Palm of the Hand 433 XXVI Of the Muscles of the four Fingers 434 XXVII Of the Muscles of the Thumb 436 XXVIII Of the Muscles of the Thigh 438 XXIX Of the Muscles of the Tibia or Leg. 441 XXX Of the Muscles of the Tarsus or Instep 444 XXXI Of the Muscles of the Toes 447 Book VI. Of the Bones CHAP. I. Of the Nature of a Bone Page 451 II. Of the natural affections of Bones 453 III. Of the differences of the joining of Bones together 455 IV. Of the Sutures of the Head 457 V. Of the proper Bones of the Skull 459 VI. Of the Bones common to the Skull and upper Jaw 463 VII Of the Jaws 465 VIII Of the Teeth 468 IX Of the Bone of the Tongue called Os hyoides 471 X. Of the Bones of the Neck 472 XI Of the Vertebrae of the Thorax 474 XII Of the Ribs 475 XIII Of the Breast-bone or Sternum 477 XIV Of the Vertebrae of the Loins 479 XV. Of the Os sacrum and Os coccygis or Rump-bone 480 XVI Of the Hip-bone 481 XVII Of the Scapula or Shoulder-blade 483 XVIII Of the Os humeri or Shoulder-bone 484 XIX Of the Bones of the Cubit 486 XX. Of the Bones of the Hand 487 XXI Of the Thigh-bone and Patella 490 XXII Of the Bones of the Shank 492 XXIII Of the Bones of the Tarsus 493 XXIV Of the rest of the Bones of the Foot 496 XXV Of a Cartilage 499 XXVI Of a Ligament 500 XXVII Of the Nails 502 The end of the Contents The description of Anatomy The Regions of the whole What the whole and a part signifie Things required in a part being strictly taken The differences of
seed begins to be generated At the sides of the pubes appear 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Inguina the Groins Under this lowest region in its middle are contained the Bladder and the Matrix in Women Behind it is terminated by the os sacrum CHAP. III. Of the common containing parts of the Belly THE common containing parts of the Belly are four the skarf-skin the skin the fat and the membrana carnosa The skin in a Man is called cutis but in Beasts aluta in Greek it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is easily flea'd off or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 seeing it is the end and superficies of the whole Body Of all the membranes of the Body it is the thickest It hath a double substance the one is external called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is placed upon the Skin as a cover It is termed cuticula in Latine and is as large as the Skin and more compact for waterish sharp humours passing through the Skin are stayed by the thickness of this and so pustules are caused In Man it is as the peeling of an Onion It is without bloud and without feeling The material cause of it is a viscous and oleous vapour of the bloud raised by the natural heat of the subjacent parts and dried and condensed by the external cold as most Anatomists have taught but Dr. Glisson not improbably thinks it to be a soft slippery viscid and transparent juice like the white of an Egge issuing out of the capillary extremities of the Nerves which end in the outer superficies of the true Skin where it is coagulated and by its viscosity sticketh upon it like glue so that it can hardly be separated therefrom by a knife but easily in living creatures by a vesicatory and in dead persons by fire or scalding hot water It sometimes also almost wholly peels off in burning fevers and the small pox but a new one presently succeeds it The use of it is First to defend the Skin which is of an exquisite sense from external immoderate either heat or cold In cold weather it breaketh the cold that the perspiration should not be altogether hindred In hot weather by its compactness it hindreth too great perspiration Secondly to be a middle between the Skin and the object to be felt for when it is rubb'd off the true Skin cannot endure the touch of other Bodies without pain Thirdly to stay the ichorous substance from issuing from the Arteries for this we see when the cuticula is rubbed off by any means Fourthly to make the Body more beautifull which it does by smoothing the asperities of the true Skin and inducing a comely colour of white and red Whiteness is natural to this part and the redness is owing to the bloud that is affus'd to the outward superficies of the true Skin which being seen through the Skarf-skin makes that florid colour The true skin is six times thicker than the Skarf-skin in Children Women and those which are born in hot Countries it is thinner but in Men and in those who inhabit cold Countries it is thicker It is naturally white as other membranes but in living and healthfull persons and such as live in a temperate or somewhat cold climate from the afflux of the bloud towards it it is of a reddish rosie colour But in those that live under the Aequinoctial Line and in excessively hot climates it appears black in the outer superficies because they having a softer Skin and large pores and loose many vapours of the adust humours are raised with the sweat the grosser substance whereof being stopt by the Scarf-skin and by reason of the excessive heat being dried and burned causeth that blackness for their infants are not born black but reddish It is made up of nervous fibres very closely interwoven one with another and of a parenchyma that fills up the interstices and inequalities thereof That it has such a parenchyma may appear by this that when a Sheep-skin for instance has been some while steept in water one may with an ivory knife or the like scrape a great deal of mucous slimy matter off it whereby it becomes much lighter thinner and in some measure transparent as we see in Parchment The Skin in the Fore-head and Sides is thin thinner yet in the palm of the Hand but thinnest of all in the Lips and Cods In the Head Back and under the Heel it is thickest Under the Heel the cuticula in some will be as thick as a barley corn and may more truly be called a callus than a cuticula and such it is in the palms of the Hands of such as much handle hard things as Smiths and the like It is thinner in Children and in Women than in Men in those that live in hot Countries than those that live in cold And this as Spigelius observes is the reason why those that are born in cold Countries when they come under the Aequinoctial Line are often taken with fevers because that great heat that is there excited in the Body by the outward air cannot exhale through the too thick Skin but being retained induces a preternatural heat and so a fever The pores will appear in the Skin in the winter time it being bared for where they are the cuticula will appear as a Gooses Skin The Skin hath an action to wit the sense of feeling It s use is first to cloath the whole Body and defend it from injuries Secondly to be a general vent or emunctory to the Body by which all its exhalations may fitly transpire Which whether it be done onely through its pores as most Anatomists have affirmed or also through its very substance as Dr. Glisson has of late asserted is a controversie hardly worth the insisting on In the next place appears the fat which is commonly taken to be something distinct from the membrana carnosa that lies under it but is indeed onely a part of it for in its outer part it is full of membranous cells which are fill'd with a yellowish fat But however having noted this errour we shall speak after the manner of former Anatomists and consider it as separate and so define it to be an oleous humour of the Body elevated by the moderate heat of the parts lying under it and concreted betwixt the carnous membrane and the Skin in membranous cells Now though in Men this fat is immediately next to the Skin yet in Beasts the membrana carnosa comes between and is indeed musculous and so close joyned to the Skin that by the help of it they can many of them move the Skin so as to shake off flies or any thing that offends them but it is not so in Men in any place save the Fore-head which therefore they can move in like manner This Fat is properly called pinguedo whereas that of
the Caul c. is called sevum Suet or Tallow And they differ in this that pinguedo is easily melted but not so easily congealed but sevum is not easily melted but is easily congealed Besides pinguedo is not brittle but sevum is The uses of it are these First it defendeth the Body from the air so Apothecaries when they mean to preserve juices pour oyl upon them Secondly it preserveth the natural heat Thirdly it furthereth beauty by filling up the wrinkles of the Skin Fourthly in the Muscles it filleth up the empty places rendreth the motion thereof more glib and easie so it do not abound too much and keepeth all the parts from driness or breaking Hence it besmears the extremities of the Cartilages the joyntings of the greater Bones and the Vessels that they may pass safely Fifthly in a special manner it helpeth the concoction of the Stomach whence the Caul being taken out there follow flatus and belchings and in such case it is necessary to fence the Stomach extraordinarily with outward warmth Membrana carnosa or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so called in Man not that it is in him fleshy but nervous and so should rather be called Nervea but because in Beasts which the Ancients used most commonly to dissect it is endued with fleshy Fibres In the birth it is red but in those of ripe age white in the Fore-head and Neck it is more fleshy Within it is bedewed with a viscous humour to further the motion of the Muscles by keeping the superficies of them from desiccation which otherwise might fall out by reason of their motion It is of an exquisite sense wherefore when it is pricked with sharp humours it causeth shiverings such as are felt in the beginning of Ague-fits First it preserveth the heat of the internal parts Secondly it furthereth the gathering of the fat Thirdly it strengtheneth the Vessels which pass between it and the Skin In the next place according to the usual method of Anatomists we should come to speak of the Muscles of the Abdomen with their Membranes c. But we have thought it more convenient to treat of the Muscles of the whole Body in a particular Book and so shall but onely name the Muscles of the lower Belly here as they appear one after another to the dissector And first there shew themselves the obliquely descending pair secondly the obliquely ascending thirdly the Recti fourthly the pyramidal and lastly the transverse All these being removed there appears the peritonaeum of which in the next Chapter CHAP. IV. Of the proper containing parts THE proper containing parts are the Muscles of the Belly and the Peritonaeum Of these Muscles we shall speak Book 5. Chap. 17. The Peritonaeum or inmost coat of the Belly derived 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from its office of encompassing is tied above to the Midriff below to the Share and Flank-bones in the fore-part firmly to the transverse Muscles but chiefly to their Tendons about the Linea alba behind to the fleshly heads of these Muscles loosely The end of this firm connexion is to press equally the Belly for the expulsion of the Ordure and for respiration If this connexion had not been the Peritonaeum would have become wrinkled the Muscles being contracted If it had not been loose tied to the fleshly parts the contraction of them in the compression of the Belly had been hindred It s figure is oval its substance is membranous the inner superficies of it which respects the Guts is smooth equal and slippery bedewed with a kind of watery humour contained in the Abdomen but the outer superficies whereby it cleaves to the Muscles of the lower Belly is rough and unequal As for the origine of it Fallopius will have it to proceed from that strong plexus of Nerves from whence the Mesenterium is said to have its beginning Some will have it to proceed from the Ligaments by which the vertâ—brae of the Loins and of Oâ—s sacrum are tied together Picolhomineus will have it to be framed of those Nerves which spring out of the spinalis medulla about the first and third Vertebrae of the Loins But Fallopius's opinion seems the most probable for there it cannot be separated without tearing and is very thick It is double every where but appears so to be chiefly about the vertebrae of the Loins where between the duplications lie the Vena cava the Aorta and the Kidneys In the Hypogastrium two Tunicles are also apparently seen between which the Bladder and Matrix lie The umbilical Vessels also are placed in the duplicature of the Peritonaeum that they may march the more safely Above where it is tied to the Midriff it has three faramina or holes the first on the right side whereby the ascending trunk of the Vena cava passes the second on the left side for the Gullet with the Nerves inserted into the mouth of the Stomach to descend by the third by which the great Artery or Aorta and the Nerve of the sixth pair may pass Below it has passages for the strait Gut for the neck of the Bladder and in Women for the neck of the Womb also for the Veins Arteries and Nerves that pass down to the Thighs Before in the foetus for the umbilical Vessels and the Vrachus But the most remarkable are its two processes placed before near the os pubis on each side one They are certain oblong productions of its outer Membrane passing through the holes of the Tendons of the oblique and transverse Muscles and depending into the Cod there bestowing one Tunicle on the Stones There are also two processes in Women but they reach onely to the inguina or Groins and terminate in the upper part of the Privity or the fat of mons Veneris The inner Membrane of the peritonaeum in Men reaches but to the very holes which it makes very strait but being either relaxed or broken the outer gives way and so there follows a rupture either the Caul or the Guts or both descending thereby By the holes of the processes there descend in Men the Vessels preparing the seed and the Muscles called cremasteres and by them ascend the Vessels bringing back the seed In Women there pass by them the round ligaments of the Womb which after growing somewhat broadish are joyned to the clitoris or else terminate in the fat of Mons Veneris The peritonaeum is thickest below the Navel for that when one either sits or stands his Intestines bear down heavy on that part so that unless it were there stronger than ordinary it would be in danger of breaking In Women with child also it is very much extended in this region And thus far of the parts containing The Explication of the Figure AA The coverings of the Abdomen dissected and turned back that the inner parts may come to view B The sword-pointed Gristle or cartilago ensiformis CC The gibbous part of the Liver DD
the longest of all the Guts for in length it containeth 21 hand-breadths but it is the narrowest of all for it is not an inch in breadth It hath fewer wrinkles than the jejunum and lesser which about the lower end of it scarcely appear It beginneth where both smaller and fewer Veins appear and endeth about the place of the right Kidney where it is joyned both with the intestinum caecum colon It is easily distinguishable from the colon for it is not joyn'd to it by a streight duct but transverse For the colon and caecum are so united as to make one continued canal whose lower side the ileon ascending pierceth and into which its inner coat hangs loosely the length of half an inch at least making the valve it self of the colon and is the very limit that divides the caecum from it This ileum oft falls down into the Cod whence such a rupture is called Intestinal And in this Gut happens the distemper called Volvulus or Iliaca passio wherein there is often vomiting of the dungy excrement This distemper is caused herein either when one part intrudes into another or when 't is twisted and twined like a Rope or when it is stufft with some matter that obstructs it or lastly when it falls out of its place into the scrotum as was noted before And thus much of the first sort of Intestines viz. the small or thin Now follow the intestina crassa the great Guts they are three in number also The first is called caecum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the blind Gut because one end of it is shut so that at the same orifice the chylus or faeces rather passeth and returneth In Man it is about as thick and but half as long as your larger earth-worms stretched out at length but its mouth that opens towards the colon is pretty large It owes its origine rather to the colon than the ileum and seems to be as it were an appendage to it It is bigger in an Infant than in a Man It is not tied to the mesenterium but being couched round it is knit to the peritonaeum and by its end it is joyned to the right Kidney the peritonaeum coming between In sound persons it is generally empty In four-footed Beasts it is always full of excrements Apes have it larger than a Man Dogs larger than Apes but Conies Squirrels and Rats largest of all if you consider the proportion of their Bodies It s use is very obscure in Men being so very small and commonly empty But in grown foetus's or Infants new born it is full of excrement for which it serves as a store-house till after the birth that they go to stool And in such Animals as have it large according to Dr Glisson it serves for a bag or second Ventricle wherein the prepared aliments may be stored up and so long retained till a richer thicker and more nutritive juice may be drawn from them The second is colon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cavum because it is the hollowest or widest of the Guts or else 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab impediendo because it detaineth the excrements It hath its beginning from both the ileum and caecum transversely from the ileum but directly from the caecum It ariseth at the os ileum on the right side and ascending by its Spine it arrives at the right Kidney to which parts it is annex'd by a membranous connexion From thence bending left-ways it creeps under the Liver by the Gali-bladder which tinges it there a little yellowish to the bottom of the Stomach to the whole length whereof it is tied only the Caul coming between as also to the pancreas and Loins Then it comes to the lower part of the Spleen and is knit to it Then touching the left Kidney and adhering firmly to it by Fibres it comes to the left os ileum from which descending by the left Groin to the pelvis it embraceth the bottom of the Bladder behind on each side Afterwards it ascends upwards by the right Groin near the place from whence it first took its rise and thence marching back again towards the left side and running it self in betwixt the ileum and Back-bone it reaches to the top of os sacrum and there unloads it self into the rectum It s length according to Dr. Glisson is about seven feet others reckon it shorter It goeth almost quite about the abdomen next to the Muscles that it may be the better compressed by them for avoidance of the excrements Diemerbroeck has an ingenious reason why it should pass under the Stomach viz. That as Chymists judge no digestion more natural than that which is performed by the heat of dung so the heat of the excrements in the colon does help the coction of the Stomach It hath cells which spring from the internal Tunicle of it These cells are kept in their figure by a Ligament half an inch broad which passeth through the upper and middle part of it all along this being broken or dissolved the cells stretch out and appear no more Their use is to hinder the flowing of the excrements into one place which would compress the parts adjacent as also for the slower passage of the faeces that we may not have a continual and hasty need of going to stool On its outside from its passing by the Spleen to its joyning to the rectum it has a great many fatty knots which serve to moisten and lubricate it that the faeces may pass the more glibly The rectum also has such like for the same reason It hath a valve where it is joyned with ilium as was noted before like to the sigmoides in the sinus of the Heart as Spigelius compares it This valve so stoppeth the hole which is common to the ileon and colon that flatuosities cannot ascend to the ilium much less excrements regurgitate If one would find this out let him pour water into the intestinum rectum and hold up the Guts The water will stay when it comes to the valve if it be sound If this valve be relaxed or torn by any means excrements may regurgitate and be expelled by vomit and clysters also ascend up to the Stomach as hath often happened in the Iliacal passion The third is intestinum rectum the streight Gut it hath its beginning at the first vertebra of the os sacrum where the colon endeth and passeth streight downwards to the extremity of the coccyx and is fast tied on its back-side to both by the peritonaeum to keep it from falling out and on its fore-side it grows in men to the neck of the Bladder whence in the pain of the Stone there there often happens a tenesmus or continual inclination to go to stool and in women to the neck of the Womb but in both there is a musculous substance that comes between It is a span in length not
Cava from the Veins that go out of these Glandules But this says he is but a conjecture And in truth all the other opinions are no more nor very probable ones neither so that we must still acknowledge our ignorance of their true use CHAP. XVIII Of the Vreters THE Ureters in Latin Meatus urinarii are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to piss or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they keep the Urine They arise out of the inner Sinus of the Kidneys whose various Pipes nine or ten uniting into one make the Ureter There is one in each side They are white Vessels like to Veins yet they are whiter thicker and more nervous They reach from the Kidneys to the Bladder not in a direct line but something crooked like an Italick s They have been thought to have two Coats the one common from the Peritonaeum the other proper but indeed it is but one and that proper It is strong nervous strengthned with oblique and streight Fibres having small Veins and Arteries from the neighbouring parts As to their Nerves Dr. Willis saith that after the Intercostals have sent forth all the Mesenterick nerves each Trunk descending sends forth three or four several slips that are carried into the Ureters which makes the pain so very exquisite when some viscid matter or stone sticks in them TAB IV. pag. 101. As they go out of the Kidney they pass over the Muscles Psoae which bend the Thigh between the two Membranes of the Peritonaeum and descending as abovesaid they are inserted in the Back and lower part of the Bladder not far from the Sphincter running between the two proper Coats of it about the length of an inch and continued with its inner substance This insertion is oblique to hinder the regurgitation of the Urine when the Bladder is either compressed or distended with Urine for here is no Valve as some have affirmed Although the Ureter doth not ordinarily exceed in compass a Barly-corn yet when stones do pass it becometh sometimes as large as a small Gut Their use is to receive the Urine separated from the Bloud in the Kidneys and to convey it into the Bladder thence at discretion at certain times to be emptied out of the Body The Explanation of the Figure AAA The simous or hollow part of the Liver B The Gall-bladder C The Ductus bilarius turn'd upwards D The Vena cystica E The Artery distributed both into the Liver and Gall-bladder F The Vmbilical vein turn'd upwards GG The descending Trunk of Vena cava HH The descending Trunk of the great Artery II The Emulgent veins KK The Kidneys in their natural situation LL The Emulgent arteries MM The Renes succenturiati with the propagines sent to them from the Emulgents NN The Vreters descending from the Kidneys to the Bladder O The bottom of the Bladder PP The insertion of the Vreters into its sides QQ A portion of the Urachus R A portion of the streight Gut cut off SS The Venae praeparantes the right whereof springs out of the trunk of the Cava the left out of the Emulgent vein T The Corpus pyramidale exprest on the left side V The rise of the Arteriae praeparantes out of the trunk of the Aorta XX The Testicles the left whereof is divested of its common Coat YY The Vasa deferentia ascending from the Testes to the Abdomen Z The Yard aa The Cod that cover'd the left Testis separated from it bb The Ossa ilia cc The Ossa pubis dd The Loins CHAP. XIX Of the Bladder THE Bladder is called in Latin Vesica urinaria in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from its office It is membranous It is seated in the Hypogastrium betwixt the two Coats of the Peritonaeum in that Cavity that is formed of the Os sacrum Hips and Ossa pubis and is called Pelvis In Men it lies upon the Intestinum rectum in Women it adheres to the neck of the Womb which is placed betwixt the Bladder and the streight Gut in both it is tied before to the Ossa pubis Moreover it is knit to the Navel by the Vrachus The Membranes of it are three The first is from the Peritonaeum for it is contained within the reduplication of it This in Man is besmear'd with fat but not in Beasts The second is thicker and endued with carnous Fibres which Aquapendens and Bartholin will have to be a Muscle serving for the compression of the Bladder to squeeze out the Urine as the Sphincter serveth for constriction to retain it The third and innermost is white and bright of exquisite sense as they can witness who are troubled with the Stone It hath all sorts of Fibres Within it is covered with a slippery mucous Crust which is an Excrement of the third concoction of the Bladder This doth defend it from the acrimony of the Urine It is perforated in three parts to wit in the Sides where the Ureters are inserted to let in the Urine and before to let it out The Bladder hath two parts to wit the bottom and the neck The bottom comprehends the upper and larger part of the Bladder to which the Vrachus being tied reaches to the Navel which together with the bordering Umbilical arteries becomes a strong Ligament in the adult hindering the Bladder to press upon its neck Of the Vrachus see chap. 33. The neck is lower than the bottom and straiter In Men it is longer and narrower and being carried to the rise of the Yard opens into the Vrethra in Women it is shorter and wider and is implanted into the upper side of the neck of the Womb In both it is carnous woven of very many Fibres especially transverse or orbicular which lie hid within the streight Fibres that surround the whole body of the Bladder and these make the Sphincter muscle which constringes the neck of the Bladder so as no Urine can pass out against ones will unless when it is affected with the Palsie or other malady by which there sometimes happens an involuntary pissing As the neck opens into the Vrethra there is hung before it a little Membrane like a Valve which hinders the flowing of the Seed into the Bladder when it is emitted into the Vrethra This Membrane is broken by putting up a Catheter into the Bladder and sometimes corroded by a Gonorrhoea The Bladder is oblong globous and round in shape like unto a Pear It s Cavity is but one ordinarily yet sometimes it has a membranous partition that divides it into two which yet has a hole in it for the communication of each Cavity Such a partition was observed in the Bladder of the Great Casaubon It hath Arteries and Veins from the Hypogastricae which are inserted into the sides of its Neck where they are immediately branched into two whereof one is
towards the Belly is called the Pubes and its lateral parts are called the Groins both which places in the Mature are covered with hair whereby Nature would in some measure veil the Privities seeing natural modesty requires it The Explanation of the Table Figure I. AA Parts of the Vasa deferentia which appear thick but have only a small Cavity BB The parts of the Vasa deferentia of a thin substance and large Cavity being widened CC The extremities of the Vasa deferentia narrowed again and gaping each with a little hole into the neck of the Seed-bladders DD The neck of the Seed-bladders parted from each other by a Membrane going between so that the Seed of one side cannot be mixed with that of the other before it come to the Urethra EE The Vesiculae seminales or Seed-bladders blown up that their wonderfull widenings and narrowings may be seen FF Vessels tending to the Seed-bladders GGG The Membranes whereby the Seed-bladders and Vasa deferentia are kept in their places HH The Sanguinary vessels running by the sides of the Vasa deferentia I A Caruncle-resembling a Snipe's head through whose eyes as it were the Seed issues out into the Urethra KK The Ducts of the Corpus glandosum or Prostatae opening into the Urethra by the sides of the Caruncle LL The Corpus glandosum divided MM The Urethra opened TAB VI. Figure II. A The upper or fore-part of the Bladder B The neck of the Bladder CC Portions of the Vreters DD Portions of the Vasa deferentia EE The Vessels running to the Seed-bladders FF The Vesiculae seminales or Seed-bladders GG The fore-part of the Prostatae or Corpus glandosum H The Urethra adjoining to its spongy part KK The Muscles called the Erectors or Extenders of the Penis LL The beginnings of the Nervous bodies separated from the Ossa pubis which puff up like Bellows when the Yard is erected MM The Skin of the Penis drawn aside NN The duplicature of the Skin making the Praeputium OO The Skin that was fasten'd behind the Glans PP The back of the Penis R The urinary passage whereby the Glans is perforated in its fore-part SS The Nerves running along the back of the Penis TT The Arteries running along the back of the Penis U The Nervous bodies meeting together WW Two Veins which unite together and run along the back of the Penis in a remarkable branch X The Vein opened that the valves in it may be seen Of the GENITALS in Women CHAP. XXIV Of the Vasa praeparantia THough it has been the method of divers Anatomists to begin with the description of the outer parts of the Privity yet because we would observe as much as may be the same order in Women as we have in Men we shall first begin with the Spermatick vessels which are of two sorts Arteries and Veins The Arteries are two as in Men. They spring from the great Artery a little below the Emulgents very rarely either of them from the Emulgent it self and pass down towards the Testes not by such a direct course as in Men but with much twirling and winding amongst the Veins with which tho' they have no inosculation as has been generally taught But for all their winding when they are stretcht out to their full length they are not so long as those of Men because in them they descend out of the Abdomen into the Scrotum but in Women they have a far shorter passage reaching only to the Testes and Womb within the Abdomen The Veins are also two arising as in Men the right from the trunk of the Cava a little below the Emulgent the left from the Emulgent it self In their descent they have no more bendings than in Men and therefore are considerably shorter Both the Arteries and Veins as they pass down are cover'd with one common Coat from the Peritonaeum and near the Testes they are divided into two branches the upper whereof is implanted into the Testicle by a triple root and the other is subdivided below the Testes into three twigs one of which goes to the bottom of the Womb another to the Tuba and round Ligament the third creeping by the sides of the Womb under its common Membrane ends in its neck where it is woven with the Hypogastrick vessels like a Net By this way it is that the Menstrua sometimes flow in Women with Child for the first months and not out of the inner Cavity of the Vterus but yet that Bloud does not flow at that time so much by the Spermatick Arteries as by the Hypogastrick The use of these Spermatick vessels is to minister to the generation of Seed according to the ancient doctrine but nutrition of the Eggs in the Ovaria or Testes according to the new the nourishment of the Foetus and of the solid parts and the expurgation of the Menses inasmuch as Bloud is conveyed by the Arteries to all those parts to which their ramifications come in which parts they leave what is to be separated according to the law of Nature the remaining bloud returning by the Veins CHAP. XXV Of Womens Testicles or Ovaria WOmens Testicles differ much from Mens both in their situation figure greatness covers substance and also use First their situation is not without the Body as in Men but in the inner Cavity of the Abdomen on each side two fingers breadth from the bottom of the Womb to whose sides they are knit by a strong Ligament that has us'd to be called and accounted the Vas deferens as if the Seed were carried by it from the Testes to the Womb. Of which afterwards They are flat on the sides in their lower part oval but in their upper where the Bloud-vessels enter them more plane Their superficies is more rugged and unequal than in those of Men. They have no Epididymides nor Cremaster Muscles They differ in bigness according to age In those newly come to maturity they are about half as big as those of Men but in those in years they are less and harder Preternaturally they sometimes grow to a vast bigness from Hydropical tumours in which several quarts of serous liquor have been found to be contain'd They have but one Membrane that encompasses them round but on their upper side where the Vasa praeparantia enter them they are about half way involved in another Membrane that accompanies those Vessels and springs from the Peritonaeum When this cover is removed their substance appears whitish but is wholly different from the substance of Mens Testicles For Mens as was said above are composed of Seminary vessels which being continued to one another are twenty or thirty Ells long if one could draw them out at length without breaking But Womens do principally consist of a great many Membranes and small Fibres loosely united to one another amongst which in the outer superficies of the Testes there are several little Bladders like to
larger and twist like the tendrel of a Vine till near their end where ceasing their winding they grow very large and seem membranous and carnous Which end is very much torn and jagged like the edge of rent Clothes and has a large Foramen which says he always lies closed because those jags fall together but yet being opened they are like the utmost orifice of a Brass Trumpet But de Graef says though they grow very large towards their end yet of a sudden the very extreme part is narrowed before it is divided into the aforesaid jags which he resembles unto leaves Who also appeals unto experiment for these Tubae's being pervious affirming that if one put a little Tube into the beginning of one of these same Trumpets and blow it the wind will presently break through it which he saith he has observed in all the kinds of Animals that he has dissected These Tubae according to Dr. Harvey are the same in Women that the Cornua or Horns of the Womb are in other Creatures For they answer to those both in situation connexion amplitude perforation likeness and also office for as other Animals always conceive in the Cornua so it has been sometimes observed as by Riolanus from others and by himself that a conception has in a Woman been contained in one of the Tubae Which must have happened when the Ovum being received out of the Testis into it has been stopt in its passage to the Womb either from its own bigness or some obstruction in the Tubae Their substance is not nervous as Fallopius in the above-recited description affirms but membranous For they consist of two Membranes the outer and inner The inner springs from or at least is common with that which covers the inner substance of the Womb but whereas it is smooth in the Womb it is very wrinkled in the Tubae The outer is common with the outmost of the Womb and this is smooth The capacity of these ducts varies very much for in the beginning as it goes out of the Womb it only admits a bristle but in its progress where it is largest it will receive ones little finger But in the utmost extremity where 't is divided into jags it is but about a quarter so wide They are very uncertain also in their length for from four or five they sometimes encrease to eight or nine fingers breadth long Their use is In a fruitfull copulation to grant a passage to a more subtile part of the Masculine seed or to a seminal air towards the Testes to bedew the Eggs contained in them which Eggs one or more being by that means fecundated or ripened as it were and dropping off from the Testis in the manner as shall be described Chap. 30. are received by the extremity of the Tubae and carried along their inner Cavity to the Vterus For Dr. Harvey affirms that they have a worm-like or peristaltick motion like that of the Guts de Cervarum Damarum Vtero Exercit. 65. And the same is affirmed by Swammerdam Not. in Prodr Against this use two objections may be made First that the end of the Tuba not adhering close to the Testis when one of the Vesiculae or Ova as we think they are shall drop off from the Testis it would more probably fall into the Cavity of the Abdomen than light just pat in the mouth of the Tuba Secondly That when it is received by it its duct is so narrow that 't is hard to conceive how it can pass by it As to the first the same objection may lie against the use of the Oviduct or Infundibulum in Hens for neither in them does it join quite close to the Ovarium as Swammerdam c. truly observes and yet it is certain that the Vitelli or little Yelks or rudiments of the Eggs do all pass by them to the Vterus The same Swammerdam observes also in Frogs in one of whom there are many hundreds of Eggs which all pass one after another from the Ovarium by the Oviduct or Infundibulum and yet the mouth of the Oviduct is almost two fingers breadth from the Ovarium and besides is immovable whereas the Tubae in Women are at liberty and are more than long enough to embrace the Ovarium with their orifice and we must believe that they do so when a conception is made for it is not improbable that when all the other parts of the Genital are turgid in the act of Copulation these Tubae also may be in some measure erected and extend their opened mouth to the Testicle to impregnate the Ova with the Seminal air steaming through their duct and if any one be fecundated and separate to receive it afterwards by its orifice As to the second objection which urges the narrowness of these Tubae He that considers the straitness of the inner orifice of the Womb both in Maids and in Women with Child and yet observes it to dilate so much upon occasion as to permit an egress to the Child out of the Womb cannot wonder that to serve a necessary end of Nature the small duct of the Tubae should be so far widen'd as to give passage to an Ovum seeing its proportion to their duct is many times less than of the Child to the usual largeness of the said orifice CHAP. XXVII Of the Uterus or Womb and its Neck HAving treated of the Vasa praeparantia so called that bring nourishment to the Testes or Ovaria as also of these and their Ova and lastly of the Tubae through which the Ova pass to the Vterus we now come to the Vterus it self which receives the Ova and in which the conception is formed and the Foetus nourished till it acquire its due maturity and be fit for the birth The Vterus or Womb is usually divided into four parts the Furdus or bottom Os internum or Cervix the Vagina and the Sinus pudoris or outward Privity Of each of these in order And first of the Fundus This in a special manner is called the Womb because all the rest seem to be made for its sake It is also called the Matrix from its being as a Mother to conserve and nourish the Foetus and likewise Vtriculus from Vtris a Bottle It is seated in the Hypogastrium or lowest part of the Abdomen in that large hollow that is called Pelvis and is formed out of the Ossa Ilii the Hip the Ossa pubis and the Os sacrum In this Cavity it is placed between the Bladder and the streight Gut so that Man being bred betwixt piss and dung if he would but consider his origine might hence draw an argument of humility It s hindmost part is loose that it might be extended as the Foetus encreaseth But its sides are tied fast by two pairs of Ligaments The first pair are further from the Os internum and are broad arising from the
Menses flow It is otherwise called the Zone or Girdle of Chastity Where it is found in this form described it is a certain note of Virginity but upon the first admission of a Man's Yard it is necessarily broke and bleeds which Bloud is called the Flower of Virginity and of this the holy Text makes mention in Deuteron 22. verses 13. 21. And when once it is broke it never closes again But though a Bridegroom when he finds these signs of Virginity may certainly conclude he has married a Maid yet it will not follow on the contrary that where they are wanting Virginity is also wanting For the Hymen may be corroded by acrimonious fretting humours flowing through it with the Menses or from the falling out or inversion of the Vterus or the Vagina at least which sometimes happens even to Maids Or if a Maid be so indiscreet as to become a Bride while her Courses flow or within a day after then both the Hymen and the inner wrinkled Membrane of the Vagina are so flaggy and relaxed that the Penis may enter glibly without any lett and so give suspicion of Unchastity when indeed she 's unblameable saving for her imprudence to marry at that season Sometimes in elderly Maids the Hymen grows so strong that a Man is glad to make many essays before he can penetrate it Yea in some naturally it is quite closed up and these by this means having their Menses stopt are in great peril of their life if they be not relieved by Surgery viz. opening it with some sharp Instrument Close to the Hymen lie the four Carunculae myrtiformes so called from their resembling Myrtle-berries The largest of them is uppermost standing just at the mouth of the urinary passage which it shuts after water is made Opposite to this in the bottom of the Vagina there is another and on each side one so that they stand in a square But of these there is only the first in Maids the other three are not indeed Caruncles but little knobs made of the angular parts of the broken Hymen roll'd into a heap by the wrinkling of the Vagina according to Riolanus and Diemerbroeck These three when the Vagina is extended in a Womans labour lose their asperity and become smooth so that they disappear untill it be again contracted to its natural straitness De Graef affirms that the Vagina near its outer orifice has a Sphincter muscle almost three fingers broad that upon occasion constringes or contracts it So that he says Men and Women need not be solicitous concerning the Genitals being proportionable one to the other for the Vagina is made so artificially affabrè is his word that it can accommodate it self to any Penis so that it will give way to a long one meet a short one widen to a thick one constringe to a small one so that every Man might well enough lie with any Woman and every Woman with any Man Thus he Having thus described the parts of the Vagina its use is easily declared to be to receive the Man's Yard being erect to direct and convey the Seed into the Womb to serve for a Conduit by which the Menses may flow out and to afford a passage to the Foetus in its birth and to the After-birth CHAP. XXIX Of the Pudendum muliebre or Woman's Privity THE parts that offer themselves to view without any diduction are the Fissura magna or great chink with its Labia or Lips the Mons Veneris and the Hairs These parts are called by the general name of Pudenda because when they are bared they bring pudor or shame upon a Woman The great Chink is called Cunnus by Galen à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to conceive by Hippocrates Natura It is also called Vulva Porcus Concha and by many other names that fancy has imposed upon it It reaches from the lower part of Os pubis to within an inch of the Anus being by Nature made so large because the outward Skin is not so apt to be extended in travail as the membranous Vagina and Collum minus are It is less and closer in Maids than in those that have born Children It has two Lips which towards the Pubes grow thicker and more full or protuberant and meeting upon the middle of the Os pubis make that rising that is called Mons veneris the Hill of Venus which all those that will war in the Camp of Venus must first ascend It s outward substance is Skin covered with Hair as the Labia are which begins to grow here about the fourteenth year of age The inner substance of this Hill which makes it bunch so up is most of it fat and serves for a soft Cushion as it were in copulation to hinder the Ossa pubis of the Man and Woman to hit one against the other for that would be painfull and disturb the venereal pleasures Under this fat lies that Muscle that we spoke of from de Graef in the last Chapter that constringes the orifice of the Vagina and springs from the Sphincter ani By a little drawing aside the Labia there then appear the Nymphae and the Clitoris The Nymphs are so called because they stand next to the Urine as it spouts out from the Bladder and keep it from wetting the Labia They are called also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Wings They are placed on each side next within the Labia and are two carnous and soft productions beginning at the jointing of the Ossa pubis or upper part of the Privity where they are joined in an acute angle and make that wrinkled membranous production that clothes the Clitoris like a Praeputium or Foreskin and descending close all the way to each other reaching but about half the breadth of the orifice of the Vagina and ending each in an obtuse angle They are almost triangular and therefore as also for their colour are compared to the thrills that hang under a Cock's throat They have a red substance partly fleshy partly membranous within soft and spongy loosly composed of small Membranes and Vessels so that they are very apt to be distended by the influx of the Animal spirits and Arterial bloud The Spirits they have from the same Nerves that run through the Vagina and Bloud from that branch of the inner Iliacal artery that is called Pudenda Veins they have also from the Venae pudendae which carry away the Arterial bloud from them when they become flaccid They are larger in grown Maids than in younger and larger yet in those that have used Venery or born Children They never according to nature reach above half way out from between the Labia Their use is to defend the inner parts to cover the urinary passage and a good part of the orifice of the Vagina And to the same purposes serve the Labia above described Above betwixt the Nymphae in the upper part of the Pudendum does a part
The Kidneys are bigger and unequal in their superficies and look as if they were compounded of a collection of very many Glandules 11. The Renes succenturiati are exceeding large they do not only border upon the Kidneys as in the adult but lie upon them and embrace their upper part with a large Sinus as it were 12. The Ureters are wide and the Bladder distended with Urine 13. In Females the Vterus is depressed the Tubae long and the Testes very large The difference in the Limbs consists 1. In the tenderness and softness of the Bones 2. The little bones of the Wrist and Instep are gristly and not firmly joyned together XXXV Of the Birth THE Foetus swimming in the liquor of the Amnios and the Navel-rope being so long it must needs have scope enough to change its situation and that is the reason that Anatomists differ so much about it But according to Doctor Harvey its usual posture is thus Its Knees are drawn up to the Belly its Legs bending backwards its Feet across and its hands lifted up to its Head one of which it holds to the Temple or Ear the other to the Cheek where there are white spots on the Skin as if it had been rubb'd upon The Back-bone turns round the Head hanging down towards its Knees It s Head is upwards and its Face commonly towards the Mothers Back But towards the birth sometimes a week or two before it alters its situation and tumbles down with its Head to the neck of the Womb with its Feet upwards Then the Womb also settles downwards and its orifice relaxes and opens And the Foetus being now ill at ease sprawls and moves it self this way and that way whereby it tears the Membranes wherein it is included so that the Waters as they call them flow into the Vagina which they make slippery for the easier egress of the Infant though sometimes the Membranes burst not but come forth whole as they do commonly in Brutes At the same time the neighbouring parts are loosened and become fit for distension the joyntings of the Os sacrum and Pecten with the Coxendix as also of the Ossa pubis are so relaxed that they yield very much to the passage of the Foetus And its motion gives that disturbance to the Vterus that presently the animal spirits are sent plentifully by the Nerves to its constrictory Fibres and the Muscles of the Abdomen which all contracting together very strongly expell the Foetus which in the most natural birth goes with the Head foremost and if the Feet or any other part besides the Head do offer it self first the travail is always more painfull and dangerous The several sorts of Creatures have sundry terms of going with young The stated and most usual time of Women is nine months though some bring forth some weeks sooner and others later But when it is given out that perfect and sprightly Infants are born at seven months end it is either to hide the faults of some new-married Woman or from the mistake of the ignorant Mother As also when sometimes the Mother has affirmed her self to go eleven months or upwards it is either through mistake or to keep fast some fair Estate when the pretended Father's dead without an Heir for which the cunning Widow plays an after-game Divers reasons are given why the Foetus at the stated time of birth is impatient of staying any longer in the Womb. As the narrowness of the place the corruption of its aliment or the defect of it the too great redundance of excrements in the Foetus and the necessity of ventilation or breathing All these are plausibly defended by their several Authors But without blaming ingenious Men for exercising their wits on such a Subject we choose however rather to be content with resolving all into the wise disposal of the great Creatour whose power and wisedom were not more eminent in creating Man at first out of the Dust of the Earth than out of those principles and in that method whereby he is produced in ordinary generation The Explanation of the Table Figure I. Representeth the usual situation of the Foetus in the Womb. A It s Head hanging down forwards that its Nose may be hid betwixt its Knees BB Its Buttocks to which its Heels close CC It s Arms. D The Vmbilical rope passing by its Neck and wound round over its Forehead Figure II. Sheweth the Foetus taken out of the Womb and as yet tyed to the Placenta the Umbilical vessels being separated at their rise AAA The Abdomen opened B The Liver of the Foetus C The Vrinary bladder DD The Intestins Tab. VIII p. 206. Fig 1. Fig 2. E The Vmbilical vein FF The Vmbilical arteries G The Urachus H The Vmbilical vessels united and invested in their common Coat I The Funiculus umbilicalis reaching to the Placenta KKKK The Veins and Arteries dispersed through the Placenta LLL The Placenta of the Womb. The end of the First Book The Second Book OF THE BREAST CHAP. I. Of the common containing parts of it HItherto of the Lower Belly or Abdomen and of the parts contained in it whether appointed for Nutrition or Procreation Now it followeth that we describe the middle Cavity called Thorax which containeth the Organs of elaborating the Bloud and Vital spirits and the rise of the Vessels whereby they are distributed into all the parts of the Body for their instauration and the preservation of their natural heat It is bounded above by the Claviculae or Chanel-bones below by the Diaphragm or Midriff whereby it is severed from the Abdomen in the fore-part by the Breast-bone and Cartilages in the Sides by the Ribs behind by the vertebrae of the Back The figure of it is in a manner oval somewhat flat before and behind whereas in Beasts it is somewhat sharp So that only Man lieth on his Back The parts whereof it is composed are either containing or contained The parts containing are either common or proper The common containing parts are in number four Cuticula Cutis Pinguedo and Membrana carnosa Of which having at large discoursed in Book I. Chap. 3. when we treated of the common containing parts of the Lower Belly we shall not here repeat what is there delivered but only shew some small matters wherein they differ As First the Skin and Scarf-skin are hairy under the Arm-pits and above the pit of the Heart the Skin of the Back is both closer and thicker and so is less hairy Secondly the Skin of the back-parts is of a more exquisite feeling first because many twigs of Sinews are bestowed upon it from the Nerves proceeding from the Spinalis medulla secondly by reason of the Muscles of the Thorax that lie under it which being tendinous are very sensible As for the fat it is not so plentifull here as in the Belly first because the natural heat here
is sufficiently preserved without it secondly because it would have hindred the motion of the Breast Only here it is somewhat yellowish The Membrana carnosa hath nothing peculiar saving that in the fore-part of the Neck it is more fleshy and assumes the nature of a Muscle where the Musculus quadratus is framed which pulleth aside the Cheeks and Lips according to Spigelius CHAP. II. Of the proper containing parts and first of the Dugs THE proper containing parts are either external or internal The external are in number three the Dugs the Muscles the Bones The internal proper containing parts are three in like manner the Pleura the Mediastinum and the Diaphragm Dugs are granted to both the Sexes and are seated in the middle of the Thorax on each side one upon the pectoral Muscle that draweth the Shoulder forwards In Men they are framed of the Cutis the Membrana carnosa Fat and the Nipple and serve only for beauty and are called Mammillae In Women besides these parts they have remarkable Vessels Glandules and Pipes to contain the Milk separated by the Glandules and are called Mammae They differ much as to their bigness in several Women and in the â—ame Woman in regard of age and other circumstances for before they have their Menses and when they are very old they bunch out but very little And in the middle or flower of their age when they give suck or are with Child they are bigger than at other times They are made up of many glandulous bodies of a different bigness and are not of one continued glandulous substance as Dr. Wharton affirmeth lib. de Gland p. 236. there is one in the middle just under the Nipple that is bigger than the rest The spaces between the Glands are filled up with fat and there are abundance of Vessels that go from one to another They are all inclosed by the Membrana carnosa and make up as it were an half globe They are whiter of substance in Women than in Brutes Through these Glands the Milk is separated from the Bloud being nothing but the Chyle issuing out of the left Ventricle of the Heart with the Bloud to which it is not as yet assimilated and driven hither along the Thoracick arteries Unless we will admit Venae lacteae to come hither which opinion we shall examine afterwards Upon the middle great Gland standeth the Papilla or Nipple which is round and of a spongy substance covered with a very thin Skin and has many little holes in it for the Milk to distil out by when the Child sucketh it It is of an exquisite sense and resembles something the Glans of a Man's Penis in that by handling or sucking it becomes erect or stiff being otherwise commonly â—laggy It is red in Virgins livid in those that give suck and blackish in old Women All the Tubuli lactiferi or Milk-conduits end in it It differs in bigness being as big in some as a Mulberry in others as a Raspberry in others less when Women give suck it is longer than at other times It s use is to be like a Pipe or Tunnel which the Child taking in its Mouth may suck the Milk through out of the Breast And it is of so exquisite sense that the Milk passing through it may cause a kind of titillation whereby Mothers and Nurses may take the greater delight and pleasure to suckle their Infants There is a little circle that surrounds it called Areola which in Virgins is pale and knotty in those that are with Child or give suck brown and in old Women black The Breasts have all sorts of Vessels Veins Arteries Nerves Lympheducts which are common to them with other parts and Tubuli lactiferi proper to themselves and according to some Venae lacteae Of all these in order The Veins are of two sorts for some are external some internal The external spring from the Axillar branch and run only under the Skin which covereth the Dugs and are called Thoracicae superiores or the uppermost Breast-veins And these are they that look so blue in the Breasts of fine-skin'd Women The internal called Mammariae spring from the Rami subclavii They are in number two on each side one These enter in among the Glands of the Mammae where they send forth a great many branches but descending thence by the Mucronata cartilago they pass out of the Breast and go downward under the Musculi recti When they are come to the umbilical region almost they are said to be joyned by sundry inosculations with the Venae epigastricae which meet them there though most late Anatomists deny any such inosculation These Venae epigastricae spring from the external Ramus iliacus and by a streight way pass upward under the aforesaid Muscles And from the internal branch of the said Ramus spring the Venae hypogastricae which are inserted into the neck and bottom of the Matrix Of which in Book I. when we treated of the Womb. They have the same number of Arteries as Veins and of the same denomination viz. Arteriae thoracicae superiores which are sent forth from the Axillar and Arteriae mammariae in like manner which spring from the Subclavian and from the Breasts descend to about the Navel Whither when they are come they are said but erroneously to be united by inosculation with the Arteriae Epigastricae ascending The use of both Veins and Arteries shall be shewn by and by when we come to the use of the Breasts They have Nerves according to Spigelius from the fourth Intercostal nerve springing out of the vertebral marrow of the Thorax which about the middle of the Rib perforating the Intercostal Muscle is divided into four branches which are sent afterward to the pectoral Muscle and so into the Breasts the thickest passing to the Nipple They have very many Lympheducts Doctor Wharton saith they are very conspicuous and numerous in the Vbera of Cows but one can hardly trace them into the Parenchyma Wherefore saith he 't is likely that they carry back all the exhalations resolved into sweat by help of the Membranes which they rather minister to than to the Parâ—nchyma Besides these four sorts of Vessels that are common to them with most other parts of the Body they have proper to themselves certain â—actiferons or milk-carrying Pipes which are the Store-houses wherein the Milk is reserved and through which as by Conduits it flows to the Nipple when the Child sucks Bartholin has observed ten or more of them full of Milk in Women giving suck with their outer ends encompassing the Papilla circular-wise each of which as they pass further into the Breasts are divided into sundry branches which end in the Mammary glands above spoken of from whence they bring the Milk and pour it into the common duct of the Papilla The several branches of these Tubuli amongst
shamefull thing or a view of it causeth blushing thinking on a terrible thing paleness on a sad thing cold Lustfull thoughts make the Body hot relax the strict Genitals of Women erect the Penis and do so open the seminary ways that are otherwise invisible that Seed issueth out of its own accord in involuntary or nocturnal pollution The same intense imagination adds he and a desirous cogitation of suckling the Infant is the Cause that the Chyliferous vessels by which he means Venae lacteae properly so called are loosened and opened towards the Breasts especially if some outward causes tending that way favour and further incite that strong imagination as wanton handling of the Breasts the moving of the Foetus in the Womb the sucking of the Papilla c. For according to the different influx of the Animal spirits the parts are sometimes straitned sometimes relaxed as every one knows and according to that different constriction or relaxation the Bloud and other impelled humours flow sometimes more sometimes less into the parts and sometimes beget heat softness redness sometimes constriction cold and paleness Amongst these impelled humours is the Chyle c. To confirm this opinion he gives several instances wherein nothing but imagination could move the Chyle to tend to the Breasts His first is that known story of Santorellus That a poor Man's Wife dying and not having Means enough to hire a Nurse for the Infant she had left behind her he used to still it a little often to lay it to his Paps without doubt says Diemerbroeck with a great desire to yield it some Milk and so at length by that intense and continual thought and often repeated sucking of the Papillae his Breasts afforded Milk enough for the suckling the Infant Which by the way seems to make much against his opinion of the Chyle's being conveyed to the Mammae by the Venae lacteae for seeing Men according to Nature give no suck to what purpose should Venae lacteae be distributed to their Mammillae and yet here is an instance of a Man giving suck and therefore the Chyle is more likely to be brought by the Arteries which Men have as well as Women unless we will grant that force to imagination to make Venae lacteae as well as to send the Chyle by them which would be an equal force of imagination to imagine But to proceed He tells another story of an old Woman that came to give suck and he delivers it with such circumstances as may create a belief of the truth of it At Vyanen a Town not far from us viz. from Vtrecht in which Province it is about thirty years agoe there was an Hostess that kept the Bores-head Inne without the Gate who was brought to bed a little after her Husbands death and died in Child-bed or very soon after leaving a healthfull Child behind her and having left very little Estate her Mother whose name was Joan Vuyltuyt being also poor and not able to put it out to Nurse yet had such pity on her Daughters Child as to undertake to nourish it and she was now threescore and six years old Now having sometimes used with the greatest commiseration to hold it to her Breasts when it cried and offered it the Nipple to suck by that strong imagination and desirous cogitation of nourishing the Infant her Breasts began to give Milk and that in a few days so plentifully as was abundantly sufficient to feed the Child so that it had scarce any need of other sustenance and so to the admiration of all the Infant was well nourished with the Milk of this old Woman whose Breasts for many years had been wither'd and flaggy but now became plump and full like a young Woman's There are many still alive in that City that remember the thing very well I confess the story is very odd but whether to be resolved into the force of imagination I leave the curious to meditate However he very plausibly answers several objections that may be made against it which it will be worth the while for the Latine Reader to peruse in his Anat. corp human lib. 2. cap. 2. p. 409 411 c. The two other proper containing parts of the Thorax are the Muscles and the Bones As for the Muscles they are set down in the Treatise of Muscles Book 5. cap. 15. The Bones are set down in the Doctrine of Bones Book 6. cap. 11 12 13. CHAP. III. Of the proper internal containing parts THese are in number three the Pleura the Mediastinum with the Thymus growing to it and the Diaphragm The Pleura hath its denomination from the Ribs under which it is placed for a Rib is in Greek called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so it may be termed in English the Costal membrane It is a Membrane white thin hard resembling the Peritonaeum and lining all the cavity of the Thorax Spigelius de human corp fabr lib. 6. cap. 3. will have it to be thicker and stronger than the Peritonaeum contrary to the opinion of Riolanus who affirmeth the Peritonaeum to be thicker and stronger because it is appointed for the sustaining the weight of the Guts It is every where double The inner part is thickest smoothest and as it were bedewed with a waterish humour that it should not offend the Lungs by its roughness This waterish humour doth spring from the vapours raised from the Bloud condensed by the respective coldness of the Membrane The outer part is thinner yet is rougher that it should cleave the more firmly to the Ribs and Muscles As for its figure without it is arched within hollow above it is narrower below broader chiefly towards the Sides From it sometimes spring some sinewy Fibres by the which the Lungs are tied to it If these be too strait the motion of the Lungs is hindred and so an incurable difficulty of breathing procured Above it is perforated in six or seven places to give way to the Vena cava and the Aorta ascending the Gula the Wind-pipe Lacteals Lympheducts and Nerves Below where it covereth the Midriff it is perforated in three places to give way to the Vena cava and the Aorta descending as also to the Gula. It is said to be framed of the Membranes covering the Spinalis medulla from whence it comes forward on each hand by the sides to the Breast-bone under which the Membranes of each side are joyned together and so being doubled it goes back again streight from the middle of the Breast to the Back dividing the cavity of the Thorax and the Lungs also into two parts like a partition-wall and this is called Mediastinum of which by and by Its Veins spring from the superiour Intercostal branch and from the Vena sine pari The Arteries in like manner proceed from the superiour Intercostals which arise from the Subclavian and these descend to about the fourth Rib below which it has its
Arteries from the hinder part of the Aorta descending It hath twelve Nerves according to the number of the vertebrae of the Thorax from betwixt each of which there springs a pair of Nerves and each pair is immediately divided into the fore and hinder-branches The fore-branches are they which serve the Intercostal muscles external and internal and also the Pleura as for the hinder they are bestowed upon the Muscles which are placed upon the Back The Veins and Arteries according to Spigelius run between the two Membranes of the Pleura and therefore he thinks that when an inflammation of the Pleura called a Pleurisie imposthumates the matter is rather gathered betwixt its Membranes than betwixt the Intercostal muscles and it The second proper internal containing part is the Mediastinum so called because it standeth in the middle of the Breast and divideth the right side from the left It springeth from the Membranes of the Pleura meeting at the Sternum as was said before so that at its rise it consists of four Membranes because the Pleura of the duplicature whereof it is made consists of two But as the Mediastinum tends from the Sternum through the middle of the Thorax towards the Back it s duplicated Membranes are so severed that the Heart with its Pericardium are contained in its Cavity Yet when they arrive near the Back they join again as close as they did at the Breast though they presently part again saith Diemerbroeck and make another narrower Cavity but as long for the Gullet c. to descend by Some have formerly imagined a third Cavity at its origine under the Sternum wherein they thought there were sometimes collected corrupt humours that were the cause of many occult Distempers And indeed if the dissection be begun at the Sternum when one has pull'd it off from the Mediastinum one would think at first sight that there were as great a distance betwixt the Membranes of the Mediastinum as the Sternum is broad But it is a great errour for if one begin the Section at the Back and loose the Ribs there and so come to the Sternum he will see the Pleura doubled knit close to the Sternum without any Cavity The substance of it is membranous where it is parted it is thinner and softer than the Pleura The outer side towards the Lungs is smooth and hath fat about the Vessels but the interiour is rougher by reason of the Fibres whereby it adheres to the Pericardium in some places and its own two Membranes at their meeting are united It reacheth from the Throat to the Midriff As for its Vessels Veins and Arteries it hath from those called Mammariae internae but small and Veins besides from Vena sine pari It hath moreover one special Vein called Mediastina which springeth from the lower part of the Ramus subclavius The Nerves called Phrenici and Stomachici springing from the sixth pair Dr. Willis's eighth descend betwixt its Membranes and send forth small twigs into it Bartholin says it has Lympheducts which rising here and there in many Rivulets enter the Ductus thoracicus at last in one channel These imbibe the water that is condensed betwixt its duplicature and convey it into the said duct It hath three uses First it divideth the Breast and Lungs into two parts that one being wounded or any way hurt the other might perform the task of respiration Secondly it holdeth up the Heart inclosed in the Pericardium so that it may not rest upon the Back-bone when we lie upon our Back or fall upon the Breast-bone when we bend our selves towards the ground or touch the Ribs when we lie upon our Sides Thirdly it giveth a safe passage to the Vessels which pass by it and holdeth up the Diaphragm so that it is not pulled too much down by the weight of the Bowels that hang by it viz. the Liver and the Stomach To the upper part of the Mediastinum at the Throat there groweth a Kernel called Thymus seated between the divisions of the Subclavian veins and arteries It is a whitish soft spongy glandulous body in shape resembling a Tyme-leaf from which it has its name It is larger in Children and Women than in Men. In Infants it consists of three Glands and is in substance something like the Sweet-bread but in adult persons it dries up and contracts into one continued substance The Jugular Veins and Arteries pass through it as they go up to the Neck but if they send forth any twigs into it they are so small as not to be discovered in dissecting it Dr. Wharton says it has Nerves from the sixth pair and from the subclavian Plexus which deposite their Succus nutritius in it whose superfluous or impurer parts are separated from it in this Gland and conveyed away by the Lympheducts and the refined liquor is resumed by the Nerves dispersed in it for the use of the nervous parts of the whole Body And because he foresaw how open this opinion which himself calls scruposa sententia lay to the objection that it is very improbable that the Nerves should bring the Succus nutritius to this part and after depuration should resorb it he answers that either the Nerves must do it or it cannot be done at all seeing there are no other Vessels fit for the resuming of it But he had better have suspected his supposed office of the Thymus when he saw himself so hard set to maintain it For it is more probable that when there is found any whitish liquor in it as there is in Infants and in Calves c. that liquor is Chyle which is brought thither by Lacteals and descends from thence into the Subclavian veins seeing if one kill a Calf about two hours after it has been plentifully suckled the Thymus abounds with this juice as Diemerbroâ—ck affirms who also denies that there are any perceptible Nerves inserted into it but grants Lympheducts Its uses are first to prop and strengthen the divisions of the Vessels namely of the Vena cava and great Artery and secondly to defend them from compression by the Claviculae in stooping forward In adult persons it seems to be of little other use but in Infants in whom it is larger and has liquor like Chyle in it it seems to contribute something towards the reâ—ining or depuration of it The third and last internal proper containing part is the Midriff or Diaphragm derived 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to distinguish because it divides the trunk of the Body into two Ventricles the Abdomen and Thorax It is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the mind because when it is inflam'd or otherwise much distempered the mind and senses are disturbed through the great consent it has with the Brain as being a very nervous part The Latines call it Septum transversum for the same reason as the
which is called Splenicus sometime springing immediately from the Aorta is larger than the right and as it goeth towards the Spleen it sendeth forth of its upper side Gastrica major which after it hath bestowed a slip on the higher and middle part of the Stomach is divided into two others the first whereof is called Coronaria stomachica which encompasses the upper orifice of the Stomach like a Garland and sends many twigs to the body of the Ventricle it self The other is called Gastrica sinistra and this is carried towards the right hand into the upper part of the Stomach and the Pylorus Out of its lower side spring first Epiplois postica which runs to the lower leaf of the Omentum and the Colon annexed to it secondly Epiplois sinistra which is bestowed on the lower and left side of the Omentum Just as this splenick branch is entring into the Spleen there arise out of its upper part Vas breve arteriosum which goeth streight to the left part of the bottom of the Stomach and the Gastro-epiplois sinistra which being sustained by the upper leaf of the Omentum sends some twigs thereto and also to the left part of the bottom of the Stomach and to both its fore and hinder sides Then it enters into the Spleen whose branchings therein we described in the former Book Chap. 16. of the Spleen All these Arteries spring from the Coeliaca and accompany the Veins of the Porta of the like denomination The next that arises out of the trunk of the Aorta is the upper Mesenterick which springs from the fore-part of it as the Coeliack did It accompanies the Vena mesaraica of the Porta and runs through all the upper part of the Mesentery and bestows many branches on the Guts Jejunum Ileum and that part of Colon that lieth in the right Hypochondre Immediately below this about the second vertebra of the Loins there go out of each side of the descending trunk of the Aorta an Emulgent artery each of which being after its rise divided into two and sometimes three branches enters the Kidney of its own side The right springs out of it a little lower than the left Both are subdivided into innumerable twigs in the Parenchyma of the Kidneys and their Capillaries end in the Glands wherein the Serum that these Arteries bring with the Bloud is separated therefrom and carried from them by the urinary Siphons into the Pelvis of which more in the former Book Chap. 17. of the Kidneys Next to these arise the Spermaticae called Arteriae praeparantes These go out of the fore-part of the Trunk very near together very seldom either of them out of the Emulgents as the left Spermatick vein does and the right passes over the trunk of the Vena cava About two fingers breadth from the Emulgents they are each joined with the Vena praeparans of their own side and descend with them in Men through the process of the Peritonaeum to the Stones being divided into two branches a little before they arrive at them one of which runs under the Epididymis and the other to the Testis In Women when they come near the Testes they are divided also into two branches one whereof goes to the Testis and the other to the bottom of the Womb. Next below the Spermaticks springs the lower Mesenterick out of the Trunk a little before it is divided into the Rami iliaci This entreth the lower region of the Mesentery and distributes many branches to the left part of the Colon and to the streight Gut and lastly descending to the Anus makes the internal hemorrhoidal Arteries Very near to this out of the Trunk still arise the Lumbares reckoned four in number These go out of the backside of the Aorta and are distributed not only to the neighbouring muscles of the Loins and to the Peritonaeum but enter in at the holes of the vertebrae of the Loins and run along the Membrane that involves the spinal marrow and penetrate into the marrow it self Besides these some reckon other two on each side one called Musculae superiores which run to the Muscles of the Abdomen unless these be two of the four called Lumbares When the Trunk is descended as low as the last or fifth vertebra of the Loins and the top of Os sacrum it begins to climb upon the Vena cava under which it passed thus far But as it begins to get upon it it is divided into two equal branches called Rami iliaci and at its very division there springs out of it Arteria sacra whose small twigs entring in at the holes of Os sacrum penetrate into the marrow contained in it The Trunk of the descending Aorta being divided into the Rami iliaci these are subdivided presently into the interiour and exteriour branches From the interiour which is less proceed three others First the inferiour Muscula called otherwise Glutea which is bestowed on the Muscles named Glutei that make the Buttocks and also on the lower end of the Iliack muscle and the Psoas Secondly the Hypogastrick which is large and at the lower end of Os sacrum runs to the Bladder and its Neck and the Muscles that cover the Ossa pubis In Men it goes also along the two nervous bodies of the Penis as far as the Glans and in Women it is distributed in numerous branches into the bottom of the Womb and its Neck out of which for the greatest part issue the Menses in their monthly purgation It goes also to the Podex where it makes the external hemorrhoidal Arteries Thirdly the Umbilical artery which ascending by the sides of the Bladder and being inserted into the duplicature of the Peritonaeum proceeds to the Navel out of which it passes in a Foetus in the Womb and runs into the Placenta uterina of which before Book 1. Chap. 33. But after the Infant is born when there is no more use of it it closes up and hardens into a Ligament sustaining the Bladder and hindring it from pressing on its Neck From the exteriour branch of the Ramus iliacus two Arteries arise First the Epigastrick which turning upwards on the outside of the Peritonaeum runs betwixt it and the Musculi recti of the Abdomen as high as the Navel where the Mammary artery meets it and according to tradition though false inosculates there with it Of which before in this Chapter Secondly Pudenda which sends forth a notable Artery on each side into the nervous body of the Penis in Men and into the Clitoris in Women Hence it is carried inwards by the jointing of the Ossa pubis to the Pudenda and Groins and their Glands and is spent on the Skin of those parts and of the Yard When all these pairs of Arteries have arisen out of the Rami
towards the Sternum and bestoweth twigs on the Musculus subclavius and those Muscles which arise from the top of the Sternum and another that goes to that Muscle which fills up the hollowness of the Shoulder-blade The hinder branch creeping under the Muscles which cleave to the Vertebrae is bestowed upon the Muscles of the Neck Head and Shoulder-blade The second issueth out of the space between the first and second vertebrae of the Breast and its fore branch is united with the first of the Thorax and together with it is joined to the sixth and seventh of the Neck which all together make one Plexus that sendeth forth all the Nerves to the Arms that they have as shall be further explained Book 4. Chap. 3. But besides that branch by which it unites with these it sends a twig also to the Intercostal nerve or ninth pair descending down the Thorax as also does every one of the remaining ten pair and from that twig before it join with the Intercostal there proceed small slips to the Muscles that lie upon the Breast The hinder branch hath the same distribution with the hinder of the foregoing pair The rest of the ten pair come out of the lateral holes of the Vertebrae and are all immediately divided into two branches whereof the formore being larger always sendeth one twig to the Intercostal nerve and the remainder of it is bestowed on the Intercostal Muscles internal and external and on those that lie on the Thorax as also on the obliquely descending Muscles of the Abdomen c. The hinder bend backward to the Spine and are spent upon the Muscles and Skin of the Back CHAP. XVI Of the Nerves of the Vertebrae of the Loins ALthough there be but four lateral holes in the vertebrae of the Loins yet there are five pair of Nerves The fore branches being greater go to the Muscles of the Belly The hinder to those which rest upon the Vertebrae The formore are joined together the first with the second the second with the third the third with the fourth and the fourth with the fifth as the two last of the Neck and two first of the Breast were The first cometh out of the lateral hole between the last vertebra of the Breast and the first of the Loins The fore branch is bestowed upon the fleshy part of the Midriff especially it s two processes and on the Muscle Psoas This Nerve being compressed by a Stone in the Kidney there is caused a numbness in the Thigh of the same side It sendeth also a twig along with the Arteria praeparans to the Stone according to Spigelius From whence it is partly that too immoderate Venery causeth a weakness in the Loins The hinder is bestowed upon the Musculus longissimus of the Back Sacrolumbus c. The second cometh out between the first and second vertebrae of the Loins under the Muscle Psoas which is the first of those that bend the Thigh The formore branch is bestowed upon the second Muscle of the benders of the Thigh that fills up the cavity of Os Ileum and on the Musculus fascialis and the Skin of the Thigh The hinder is bestowed upon the Musculi glutaei and the membranous Muscle which stretcheth out the Leg. That twig which from this pair joineth with the Intercostal goeth to the Testis of its own side according to Vesalius c. The third marcheth out between the second and third Vertebrae under the Psoas also The formore sendeth one twig to the Knee and Skin thereof and another which doth accompany the Saphoena The hinder turneth back and is bestowed upon the Muscles which rest upon the Loins The fourth being the largest of the Muscles of the Loins marching under the Psoas and Os pubis doth accompany the Vein and Artery which pass to the Leg. The fifth cometh out between the fourth and fifth Vertebrae It s fore branch passeth through the hole that is between the bones of the Coxendix Pubes and Ileum and is bestowed upon the Obturatores musculi of the Thigh the Muscles of the Penis and on the neck of the Bladder and of the Womb. The hinder is bestowed upon the Muscles and Skin which are above the Vertebrae CHAP. XVII Of the Nerves which come from the marrow of Oâ— sacrum FROM the marrow of Os sacrum six pair of Sinews spring The first issueth out between the last vertebra of the Loins and the first of Os sacrum in the same manner as those that spring out of the vertebrae of the Loins and like them is divided into two branches The fore branch is a great part of it mixed with those other of the Loins that go towards the Legs yet it sends one twig to the Muscles of the Belly and the second which bendeth the Thigh The hinder is bestowed upon the Skin of the Buttocks and the greatest Glutaeus The other five pair spring after a different manner from the foregoing For before they come out of the Os sacrum they are every of them double on each side and so from each on either side there arise two Nerves one of which is carried into the fore or inner and the other into the hinder or outer side The three uppermost formore Nerves go towards the Leg as the greatest part of the first pair did The two lower to the Muscles of the Anus and Bladder in Men to the Penis in Women to the neck of the Womb and in both to the external Privity All the five hinder Nerves are distributed to the Muscles of Os Ilium and Sacrum towards the back part which are Longissimus Sacrolumbus Sacer and the Glutaei And thus we have done with all the thirty pair of Nerves that arise out of the Spinal marrow having shewn which way they pass and to what parts they are distributed which should be diligently noted and well remembred that we may the better know to what place to apply remedies when from any outward cause as from a fall bruise or the like any part has lost either sense or motion or both For the Medicine is to be applied always to the beginning or rise of that Nerve that passes to that part and not to the place in which the symptom appears And the same thing is to be observed in Palsies when the use of some particular Limb is taken away from an inward cause CHAP. XVIII Of the Face and its parts IN the former Chapters we have discoursed of that part of the Head that is decked with Hair of the Brain c. contained within it of the Medulla oblongata arising out of it and prolonged into the Medulla spinalis with the Nerves that spring out of the same both within the Skull and in the Spine of the Back all which we have considered as appendages to the Brain seeing both the marrow out of which they arise springs out of it and also all the Nerves have