name they take their basis from the Os Pubis from which rising and growing more slender by degrees they admit their tendon into the white Line they are auxiliary to the right Muscles and compress the lower parts the more strongly the ends of the right Muscles Being fleshy and broad supply the defect of these But the four greater pairs which we mentioned bind in the Abdomen for the expulsion of excrements and also help the breast to avoid its flegm An use also may be given of each of them severally and no obscure one neither seing they cherish the heat of the Bowels and ad comliness to the part we might mention the two Lumbal Muscles here saur and quadratus but they more rightly belong to the Muscles of the back Amongst the containing parts of the Abdomen the last is the Peritonaeum a Membrane so called which compasseth the Bowels about neither doth it only compass them and keep them in but also by the consent of no small Authors investeth them with their common skin by reason of the variety of its Scituation it hath veins and arteries from the Phrenici the Muscles of the Loyns the Mammaries and Epigastricks it hath Nerves from the Vertebrae of the Breast and Loyns neither is this Membrana single for about the Reins Ureters and Bladder it is manifestly double the forepart of it is thinner it is thickest towards the back in both places it is strong also by affluxion of humors it sometimes swells to the thickness of the skin shewing a double tunicle every where by reason of the humors within being then alike in thickness to the Membranes which compass the bowels about The Peritonaeum passeth not only to the Gula of the Vessels above and beneath and such as outwardly compass about the child in the womb but also to the worm-like Ligaments of the womb Also in the Body of man its processes are considerable for it gives two tunicles in which the Spermatick Vessels and Testicles are wrapped It is joyned in many places both to the parts under it and the Muscles neer it to the Diaphragma and the upper Vertebrae of the Loyns from whence it is held to take its beginning Place here the Table of the first Chapter which hath the Number 1. at the corner of the brass Plate THE TABLE OF THE SECOND CHAPTER UNFOLDED This Table laies open the Bones of the Abdomen in seven Figures two others to wit the eighth and ninth shews the Muscles of the Abdomen The tenth gives you a cleer sight of the Parts the Peritonaeum being removed FIG I. Expresseth the five Vertebrae of the Loyns as they are observed on the fore part a a a a The Transverse Process FIG II. Laies open to your view the Vertebrae of the Loyns as are presented on the back Part. a The hole for the Marrow of the Back b b The transverse Process c c c c The oblique Process d The acute Process FIG III. Represents the internal face of the Os Coxae as it is united in such as are grown up A Os Ilium B B Os Coxendix C Os Pubis FIG IV. Demonstrates the external face of the Os Coxae A Os Ilium a a The Spine of the Os Ilium B Os Coxendix C C Os Pubis FIG V. Gives the internal view of the Os Sacrum divided into six parts a a a a The holes which give passage to the Nerves b The three parts of the Coccyx FIG VI. The same Bone externally to be seen a The hole for the Marrow of the Back b b b Lesser holes for Nerves c Os Coccyx FIG VII The Figure which deciphers the Os Coxa as it is observed to be distinct in Children A Os Ilium a little taken from the rest B B Os Coxendix C C Os Pubis a a The cleft distinguishing the Os Coxendix and Os Pubis The connexure of all the Bones of the Abdomen see in the Table to Chapter 17. FIG VIII A The Muscle of the Abdomen obliquely descending in which a a Are the toothed beginnings b b The Tendon sticking to the white Line E The Muscle of the Abdomen obliquely ascending in which c c c Its beginning d d A portion of its tendon which covers the right Muscle e e The right Muscle of the Abdomen FIG IX A The transverse Muscle loosed about the beginning in which a a a The beginning b b A portion of the Tendon B The right Muscle of the Abdomen in which c The Beginning d d d The Nervous inscriptions e The end C The back part of the other right Muscle in which d Shews the Vein and mammary Artery descending e The Epigastrick vein and artery ascending f The Anastomosis of the veins g g The Peritonaeum laid bare from the muscles D D The Pyramidal Muscles E E The Process of the Peritonaeum descending to the Cods FIG X. A Part of the Pectoral Muscle detected B The Sternum C The Stomach being something hid by the Liver D The Liver E The Omentum in its Scituation b A portion which sticketh to the Liver c c A portion which is knit to the bottom of the Stomach d d d The remainder of the Omentum as it lies upon the Bowels F F The Bowels in their scituation G The Navil Vein H The Ligament of the Bladder composed of the Urachos and the two Navil arteries I The bottom of the Bladder a a a a The Peritonaeum divided CHAP. 3. Of the Omentum Stomach and Guts HItherto of the external part of the Abdomen we come now to the internal parts of which some perform the office of publick digestion others the labor of begetting and conceiving the Child Those dedicated to publick digestion are the Stomach Sweet-bread Liver and Spleen Subservient to these are the Guts Omentum Gall Reins and Bladder The Vessels which respect the Generation are the Spermatick Vessels of both Sexes the Privities of Men the Womb of Women of which we shall speak severally as they come to Anatomical view The first of the internal parts that comes to view is the Omentum which the Ancients called Epiploon it is a double Membrane filled with fat which is joyned to the Stomach about the bottom and spread over the Guts that it may cherish those bloodless parts by its gentle heat Authors deduce its inferior wing immediately from the Peritonaeum its superior from the common tunicle of the Stomach it hath Veins from the Vena porta and the superiour wing hath the Gastroepiploica both right and left which are common to the stomach also the inferior wing hath the right Epiploica and the Postica Its Arteries are derived from the Coeliacal branch and the Mesenteriack Its Nerves are few and smal and come from the plexure of the sixt pair of the costal Nerves and all this is that it might not be destitute of nourishment life and sence It hath Glandulae scattered here and there sometimes more sometimes fewer which like
the perfecting vessels to which those that cast it out are joyned The Womb is for the Conception of the Child The preparing vessels are two Veins and as many Arteries as they are in Man the right of the Veins proceeds from the Trunk of the Vena Cava the left from the Emulgent The original of the Arteries is from the great Artery and yet in the beginnings of those the work of Nature is various as it is in those of Men these vessels joyn themselves in their progresse and yet still remain within the Abdomen and are carried partly to the Testicles partly to the Tubae of the Womb its bottom and Neck in which turning themselves upwards by the Hypogastrick vessels they joyn by Anastomosis and so they subminister matter not only to breed the Child but also to nourish the parts The Testicles of Women are of a Glandulous substance softer and fuller of juyce then Mens are in such as are young but lesser and harder in such as are Ancient they have only one single Skin but that is very strong and fastened to the Ligaments of the Womb about the bottom of it they have an evident passage to the bottom of the Womb though it be but short and another more slender and not so easie to be seen to the Neck of the Womb. There are neither Epididymides nor yet Parastatae about the Testicles of Women for the Seed of Women needs not that exquisite digestion that the Seed of Man doth for the constitution of it is perfect seeing it gives fit matter to make the Fruit. Neither yet doth Womens Testicles stand only for ciphers neither for they receive the matter from the preparing vessels and turn it into a watry milky substance as is copiously found many times in their dissection especially in such as were young and flourishing when they died This Siminal juyce is carried from the Testciles partly to the Tubae by small passages like the Venae Lacteae that there it may be perfected partly to the bottom and Neck of the Womb that it may keep them soft and moist and as the Ancients think to stir the Women up to Venery although this is only in hotter Natures and such whose passages are streighter To the bottom of the Womb which toucheth the Testicles the portion of Spermatical moisture the Child being now conceived is of farre Nobler use for it bears up the Child and keeps it from the violent heat of the Womb and sustains it that the umbilicar vessels which at first excel a Hair not much in bigness be not broken by the shaking of the Mothers Body The vessels which keep the Seed and cast it out are called Tubae they are two round Bodies joyned to the bottom of the Womb on each side they are called Tubae because of their crooked bowing like a Trumpet they are composed of two Membranes which are common also to the Womb its self they have Veins Arteries from the Spermaticals which are divided into small branches and Nerves from the same which creep to the bottom of the Womb. Lastly as we shewed before there is a Nervous passage inserted into the bottom of the Womb which is very seldom extended beyond the longitude of the Tubae About the Womb are no Prostatae nor needs there because they are no divided Bodies but joyned by the Tubae and the Seminal moisture passeth easily into the Womb as you may easily perceive if you do but crush one of them with your Finger Obstructions are freequent in the Tubae as well as in the Womb as also swellings which out of question are causes of Barrenness Such Women as are fuitful have a twofold Spermatical matter the one watry which moistens and refresheth the Womb and Fruit in it the other which is thick in the Tubae which is mixed with the Seed of Man to make the Conception To receive and preserve both Seed and Fruit is the Womb ordained it is a part of the inferior Ventricle composed of two Membranes that so it may be stretched wide when the Child is in it and contracted again when it is Born the exterior Membrane it hath from the Peritonaeum which is strong and out of danger of breaking the interior which is propper to the Womb is full of strings and pores between these Membranes a fleshy contexture compasseth both the bottom and Neck of the Womb which in the time of Conception like a Sponge drinks up the superfluous moisture and is of a wonderful thickness when the Woman is with Child but else very compact Also it sometimes happens that when the Womb is narrow and the Child great or a Mole bred together with the Child with mighty pain in Child-bearing not only the thick but also the thin substance of the Womb with its Membranes is broken and the child breaks out with its Head Feet and Hands wheresoever there is way made into the Abdomen and sometimes it falls down with its whole Body upon the Mothers Bowels The Womb hath a numerous company of vessels of which the Veins which accompany the Arteries on the upper part of it descend from the vessels which prepare the Seed the middle and inferior parts are supplied from the Hypogastricks which creeping upwards again joyn themselves by inosculations to the fore mentioned vessels the Nerves which come to the superior part of the Womb are the extream branches of the costal Nerves of the sixt pair the middle and inferior part is supplied from the Os Sacrum Not only age but also the Sports of Venus and breeding Children alters the bigness of the Womb the intertexed flesh and the plenty of Blood flowing thither alters the cold and dry temper of the Membranes which is so plentiful that it administer nourishment to the Child and flows out monthly at other times Its scituation is in the lower Region of the Abdomen where by the concourse of the Os Sacrum Ilium Coxendix and Pubis the Pelvis is framed and for this intent it is larger in Women than it is in Men and gives way about the Os Sacrum and Pubis though the Ligaments be very strong in the time of travail forward it is joyned to the Bladder and the Os Pubis by the help of the Peritonaeum backwards with the right Gut Above it hath singular Ligaments and very strong but loose least they should be detrimented by the swelling of the Belly when the Woman is with Child the first of these which is in the sides seems to be a stretching out of the Peritonaeum it is Membranous and broad so that it bends the Tubae Testicles and womb to the Os Ilium and is like the wing of a Bat or Flitter mouse this being immoderatly loosned or broken by violence the bottom of the womb falls down upon the Neck or else into one of the groynes The other Ligament is round and Nervous produced forwards from both sides of the Bottom and having pierced the Peritonaeum and joyned
it self to the Tendons of the Muscles of the Abdomen above the Os Pubis it dilates its self into a Membrane joyns its self to the Clysteris and loosly binds the bottom of the Womb to the foreparts but indeed this round worm like Body is something else besides a bare Ligament for if you diligently mark its structure it consists of a double Membrane even as the Womb it self doth it takes its original at the bottom of the Womb where the Tubae and Testicles are It is porous within and towards the end it is evidently hollow and moist with a watry Seed in such Women as die a violent death and therefore it is more probable that this Worm-like vessel when the mouth of the Womb is shut gives passage to the Seminal Matter from the Testicles to the Neck of the Womb and casts out excrements by those passages from both Groyns The office of the Womb is to receive the Seed which is the principal of Generation to keep and cherish it being received and to bring forth the child into the world all which it doth by its proper faculty this will appear more cleerly if we consider the parts of the womb distinctly It is divided into the bottom the Neck the passage the extremity of which is the Womans Privities The uppermost part of the Womb is called the Bottom it is thicker and harder in those that are not great with child the hand will easily grasp the bigness of it outwardly it resembles the form of a Guord being rather compressed than exactly round if the Woman hath never been with Child it hath a small Cavity within and but one which is divided into the right and left by a very small line and yet in this secret little shop the Eternall Creator of all things begins and furnisheth the admirable Structure of Man only by a few drops of Seed Where the Womb begins to grow narrower that is called the neck and this usually Authors confound with the passage in this is the Orifice of the Womb called internal very smal it is broadish in Virgins and Women which never had child but round in such as have this opens to receive the Seed and shuts close when it is received and it stretcheth to an extream wideness to give passage to the Child To the bottom of the Neck is joyned the passage which is usually called the Neck of the Womb it is a soft and loose channel with unequal wrinkles that so it may the better give intromission to the Yard of Man and extromission to the Child at the end of it on the forepart it receives the neck of the Bladder behind it is strongly bound to the Sphincter of the right Cut. The remainder of it is terminated in the Privities in which the two lips are external then the fleshy and soft productions which Authors call Nymphae and Alae by these it is defended from external injuries between these Alae is the Clystoris a small round Body made up of two Nervous portions spongy within it is endewed with two Muscles on both sides they are very small but their office is the same with those that dilates the passage in males it hath plenty of vessels of all sorts and is very exquisite in sence that so by tickling it may cause pleasure in the act of Copulation It s unprofitable excrement which the Arabians call Endemium the Egyptians Malum which sticks out immoderately in young Girls they cut off and scar Under the Clystoris toward the internal part of the passage is the passage of Urine which is short in Women and hath a smal Caruncle to defend it from cold Such Virgins as keep themselves from playing the wantons with themselves from the use of Venus and other external injuries have a fleshy skin that covers the passage guarded with Caruncles which Ancients called Hymen it hath a cleft in the middle through which the Terms monthly flow the form of which quite ceaseth after they have had to do with a Man and born Children this as it is in Infants and such Virgins as are not Marriagable we give to the view of such as have chast minds in the fift and seventh Scheam of the next Table In these whatsoever is extended upwards by the sides from the inferior angle of the Privities contains the cleft and is a laying open of the internal tunicle of the passage which is Membranous with many very smal Veins and Arteries which in Virgins makes up that fleshy circle like a flower it is more fleshy in some than it is in other some so that it represents the form of two Caruncles It is commonly thin and the weaker by reason of the defluxions of humors so that it is broken without much ado Two fleshy Productions like mirtle Leaves are neer this skin or else like Almonds which make the passage the narrower in Virgins by which the Caruncle which compasseth about the passage of the Urine is seen These things by the Law of Nature being thus constituted Nature being careful for the defence of Virginity sometimes frames another thin skin from the inferior angle of the Privities and the sides which is stretched cross the chink like a zone neither gives it any passage save only neer the passage of Urine where it is loose and severed from the parts of the Privities This men very skilful in Anatomy have formerly described for the Hymen this is but in few and many Midwives tear it away for an unprofitable excrement See its form in the sixt Figure of the following Table Place here the Table of the seventh Chapter which hath the Number 7. at the corner of the brass Plate AN EXPLICATION OF THE TABLE OF THE SEVENTH CHAPTER This Table shews the Genitals of Women First of all in their Natural Scituation then their several Parts out of their Scituation Lastly the Hymen and Zone FIG I. a The right preparing Vessels b The left preparing Vessels c A portion of the right Gut d The bottom of the Womb sticking up above the Bladder e The Bladder FIG II. A The right Glandulae renalis B The left Glandulae renalis CC The Kindneys on both sides DD The right emulgent veins EEE The right emulgent arteries FF The trunk of the Vena Cava divided into the right and left Iliack branches G The left emulgent vein H The left emulgent arteries II The right Spermatical vein K The right Spermatical artery L The left Spermatical artery M The left Spermatical vein NN The trunk of the great artery divided into the right and left Iliack OO Womens Testicles PP A portion of the broad Ligament QQQQ The Tubae of the Womb depressed on both sides with the Ligament that so the Testicles may appear R The bottom of the Womb. SS The round Ligaments of the Womb cut off below T The neck of the womb V In the right side the Hypogastrick vein distributed in the Womb. V In the left side the Hypogastrick artery distributed in
divideth them into lesser branches It doth the like in vegetables whose roots come not from the Earth to the Plants but the Plants send them to the Earth for nourishment and this is abundantly proved in Bulbous roots that grow out of the Earth neither comes this opinion neer the truth that the Arteries umbilicar vein are framed before the Heart and Liver for neither Heart nor Liver is made of Blood but of Seed and the whole Systeme of the Body is made before any vessels passe from it for before the Bowels are formed there is no need of vessels as the Conception of living Crearures and the Seeds of Plants evidently demonstrates The Vrachus is added to the Umbilicar vessels being a Membranous Body round and porous within arising from the Basis of the Bladder and attenuated towards the Navil it delivers the Urine from the Bladder to the Amnios and yet this seems doubtful to these who behold the solidity of this vessel the smalness of its pore and the obscurity of its passage out by the Navil but so soon as the Infant is born whatsoever of the Navil string is left to the Body after it is cut off its former use ceasing is turned into a Ligament The Membranes which compass about the Child in the womb are two of which that which is next the Body of it is called Amnios being soft light and cleer gently joyned to the Chorion where the Placenta is from the very beginning of the Conception it contains a watry Liquor which defends the tender Limbs of the Embrion in the violent motions of the Mother and in the labour of the Mother the Membranes being broken it mollifies the passages and gives the easier extramission to the Child that this is gathered together between the Membranes Amnios and Chorios the connexion of the Tunicles and dilligent observation denies neither can there come any detriment to the Child from the sharpness of this humor seeing the Cuticula easily defends it The other Membrane they call Chorion and it compasseth the whole Child round on the outside of the Amnios and is the thicker of the two by odds it is smooth on the inside and is furnished with abundance of the Umbilicar Veins and Arteries In which place the Child encreasing the Liver or Placenta of the womb ariseth in Figure it is a soft and Spongy peice of flesh and hath many branches of the Umbilicar vessels both to cherish its heat and nourish its substance To these they add the Allantoes or Skin in which the Urine is kept although this appears in the Anatomy of Bruites rather than of Women To these Membranes Ancient Authors defend and prove mightily and as mightily disagree about certain vessels called Acetabula and Cotyledones which some say are some say are not joyned some hold them to be the mouths of the vessels swelled with Blood other pieces of flesh between the Chorion and the Womb which prop up the Umbilicar vessels and receive the Blood when it flows too fast to the Child which is conspicuous in the Wombs of Sheep and the like Creatures If we search out what answers to this in women you must look to Placenta before described which being hollow on that part next the Chorion convex on that part which is next the womb represents the same form only it is far bigger and by the softness of its substance and multitude of its vessels performs the same office These are the parts of the Child which are useless after Birth and are called the After-birth or Secundine The parts of the Body which continues still in office the Child being born are the same which are in the Ventricles the unlikeness of which the child in the womb to a mans of age is here to be spoken off the Ventricle of the Child in the womb though it be contracted yet is it never Empty but alwaies white and covered over with the Liver The Guts are seven times as long as the Body and the Gut called Caecum is filled with excrements the excrements of the small Guts are Flegmatick and yellow those in the great Guts solid and hard which the Ancients called Meconium The Liver appears great and stretched out even to the left Hypochondrium the substance of it before it grows red may be seen full of purple Veins and the Gall under it appears yellow and swelled The Sweet-bread is large and by its bright colour evidently shew the diduction of Chyle and yet it shews it more cleerly after the Child is born whilst it sucks The second Table of this Chapter presents you with its delineaments The Glandula of the Kidneyes are of a wonderful bigness and lye not in the Reins as they do in such as are grown up but lye upon them and embrace the superior part of them the reins themselves are great and have very many Glandulae the Ureters are wide and the Bladder full of Urine the bottom of the womb in young Wenches is compressed and the Tubae stretched out the Testicles great al which the Second Figure in the forementioned Table Specifies The Bowels of the Abdomen which are allotted for publique digestion do not want private digestion but manifestly operate for the common profit of the Infant for that the Stomach makes Chyle is manifest by the matter contained in it and by the various excrements in the foldings of the Guts Although the Sence of Man cannot yet perceive by what passages the substance to be converted into Chyle comes to the Stomach The fancies of the Ancients that the Child sucked in at its mouth being exploded for many difficulties yet is it agreeable to reason that as in Men the Liver and Spleen receive whatsoever is to be turned into Blood so whilst the Fruit is nourished in the womb the passage of the throat being denied the Stomach should draw that from the Liver and Spleen which it digesteth and turneth into Chyle that the Liver makes Blood in the Fruit is cleer by the separation of the Chollerick and watry excrement for although the Blood of the Mother by which the Embrion is nourished be pure yet is it unlike to the temperature of the Fruit and therefore stands in need of another separation and change About the Breast the Veins are very full of Blood but the most notable thing in the Heart is there is a large passage out of the Vena Cava into the Arteria Venosa or an anastomosis defended with a Membrane also a small channel out of the Vena Arteriosa into the great Artery so that the Blood may readily passe from the right ventricle of the heart into the left these passages as age comes Nature stops up by degrees unless some great obstructions of Flegm as somtimes happens stop up the vulgar passages the Heart it self is great and its ears and vessels large the Lungues seem Bloody neither have they as yet obtained their rariety because of their rest and yet their Birth being neer and the
the Diseases of the Body every one can tell you and therefore I may hold my peace and not spend time in proving the Crow to be black or the Swan white Only this I desire you to take notice of and so I conclude That whereas I have been vituperated many times for being Critical in my Writings I have altogether for born it here though I confess I shall not please every body in this Translation whether a man go at one side of the street or the other the dogs will bark at him and the man in Aesops Fables whether himself rid or his boy or both of them or neither of them could not please the next he met As for Veslingus the Author of this Work which I have here Translated he was and for ought I know or can hear is still the publick Reader of the Anatomy Lecture at the famous Vniversity of Padua in Italy I confess I differ in Opinion from him in some few particulars and but in few especially where he makes the Heart the fountain of Blood as also the Veins that carry it wherein it is apparent that he drank too deep of Aristotles spittle I confess I passed it by in silence diverse are of that Opinion let them give me leave to use mine as I have given them to use theirs As for the Brass Cuts they are performed very exactly far exceeding any that ever were printed in the English Tongue inferior to none in the world Truly I wish this poor Nation much good by this Work that the Lord would open their eyes that they might see the truth and themselves and let them rest confident That whilst I am amongst the Living I shall never cease to do them good according to my power Nich. Culpeper The Contents of the CHAPTERS CHAP. 1. Of the common Coverings of the Body Page 1 CHAP. 2. Of the Bones and Muscles of the Abdomen and of the Peritonaeum Page 5 CHAP. 3. Of the Omentum Stomach and Guts Page 9 CHAP. 4. Of the Mesenterium Sweet-bread Liver and Spleen Page 15 CHAP. 5. Of the Kidneys Ureters and Bladder Page 11 CHAP. 6. Of the Instruments of Generation in Man Page 23 CHAP. 7. Of the Instruments of Generation in Women Page 26 CHAP. 8. Of the Fruit in the Womb Page 30 CHAP. 9. Of the external parts of the Breast Page 35 CHAP. 10. Of the Heart and Lungues Page 39 CHAP. 11. Of the organs of Voyce and Speech Page 44 CHAP. 12. Of the Muscles of the Scapula Back and certain of the Head Page 48 Chap. 13. Of the external parts of the Head their Bones and Muscles Page 51 Chap. 14. Of the Brain and Cerebellum Page 58 Chap. 15. Of the Eyes Page 64 Chap. 16. Of the Ears Page 69 Chap. 17. Of the Bones of the Extream Parts Page 75 Chap. 18. Of the Muscles of the Hands Page 180 Chap. 19. Of the Muscles of the Foot Page 184 Chap. 20. Of the Veins Arteries and Nerves of the Extream Parts Page 188 Joh. Veslingus to the Reader DEmetrius sacked Rhodes and the Suburbs being taken he threatned the City with Fire and Sword they sending an Embassador entreated him that he would not burn the Table of Protogenis placed upon the Wall he readily answers That he would sooner burn the Image of his Father than such a piece of Workmanship for the Workman had painted Jalysus one of the Heroes of Rhodes in a Table to wit the Image of the Body drawn with a Pensil What place then my Reader should the Context it self of the Body of Man his inward Parts and Adornments have in our minds when Demetrius was so chary of only the Shadow Truly the very same which the VVorkmanship of God ought to have he being a delicate Epitome of the whol world by which alone the Eternal God shewed what he was able to do in the Vniverse Men famous for VVisdom in Ancient times were ravished with contemplation of this although from the Age of Alcmaeon even to Diocles they were content with the curious Inspections only and buried the Mystery in silence and left nothing to posterity till the exquisite Knowledg of Mans Body inflamed Man with a greater desire of Study brought it out of darkness into light as the most solid Foundation of that part of Physick called Physyology Amongst the Ancients Galen bears away the Bell in this part of Study which is to be found in his Praise-worthy Works of Dissection afterwards in this latter Age the Precepts of this Art being rectified diligent men encreased the Art of Anatomy of the Body of Man with profitable Observations then it came into great Volumns explaining the Functions confusedly and answering needless Questions also Figures were added cut in Copper to feed the Eyes of those that had not opportunity to see the Dissection In this so famous Anatomical Light I have known not a few profit but little by so great Labors being wearied out with the bulk of the Books and miserably intangled in the snares of Controversies another spends all his time in contemplating the Figures as though he were beholding the Siege of Troy and being ignorant of the Substance rejoyceth in the Image of things To recal those Errors I framed this smal VVork in the manner as we shew it in publick Dissections of the Body of Man I avoided Controversies which belong rather to Contemplatists than the Theaters of Anatomists which were built to behold not to dispute in I was least of all solicitous about the Figures for although very many ingenuous men have been very exact in them yet he labors in vain that labors to find the natural position of Parts their magnitude order hardness softness and as Celsus saith their smoothness process recess insertion into another or reception of another into themselves accurately by them What ever it be we would have it brief and not enlarge it with many words imitating that of Salustius of the Carthaginian Law it is better to speak few things here then to pass by many things with silence seeing such things as are prescribed to yong men of the Body of Man are scarce better done any where than what here is laid down to faithful Eyes and yet if you regard only the speech you will deny as Apelles did of the Table of Protogenis that the work hath any grace or if you regard the novilty of the stile both of them I easily grant you being not desirous of Popular applause I propound the History of the Parts of the Body shewed in Dissections for what profits it to garnish it with flourishes which appears without spot in its Native Beauty being the naked Workmanship of Nature Neither thought I good to abstain from the words already in use lest I should seem to draw a cloud over other Mens Works and darken the way to the Temples of Wisdom and Aesculapius Most of it I drew out of the common Fountain but the Manuduction is drawn out of my own Vessel I
the fore part they are not necessary least they should hinder the distention of the belly These be the Vertebrae of the loyns the os Sacrum Coccix that which the Ancients called the Bone without a name vulgarly called Ischium or Coxa which containeth the Ilium Coccendix and the Bones of the Pubis The Vertebrae of the loyns are in number five ordained for the safe passage of the Marrow of the back and the descending of the Nerves the inferior are larger than the superior that they may the better hold up the back they have various processes which Authors call Apophyses of which two are transverse four oblique two superior and as many inferior and one acute the oblique processes especially strengthen the joynts the transverse and acute are for the convenience of the Muscles In the middle cavitiy of the Vertebrae the Marrow of the back descends other lesser cavities are found about the sides where the Vertebrae are joyned to give passage to the Nerves of the loyns they are joyned backwards by their oblique processes by that juncture which the Greeks call Ginglymos when there is a mutual reception between them forwards by Hormonia the rest are joyned by Syndesmos or by the benefit of Ligaments although they stick but loosly together least immoderate rigor should make the bowing of the loyns difficult but this being common to the rest of the Vertebrae I shall passe it by in few words Under the loyns is the os Sacrum being notable above all the rest for its thickness and strength being the Basis of so many Vertebraes which are above it for the most part it consists of six parts which aemulate the Vertebrae growing narrower by degrees from abroad beginning all of them being immovable and in aged Persons seeming to be but one Bone Like an appendix to the os Sacrum is the os Coccix composed of three small bones bowed forward for the more convenient sitting of the man their joyning together by Cartilages is but loose so that they are somewhat moved out of their places by the hard travail of women On both sides of this follows the os Ilium which is the superior part of the Coxa or Bone without a name It is large strong and with a broad back The gut called Ilium gave the name to this Bone either because its manifold circulations are neer it or else because it seems to be propped up by this Bone To this is committed the os Coxendix which others call Ischium another part of the Coxa being also thick and firm it hath a large Cavity like the saucers of the Ancients into which the globous head of the thigh is placed and it is joyned to the sides of the os Sacrum firmly with a doubletye Forwards from this on both sides is stretched out the os Pubis compared to the former it is thin and hath a great hole through it least its weight should hinder the nimbleness of the body on its extream parts it hath a Cartilage and it is strongly knit to the next bone of the side both with a circular and membranous Ligament neither yet is this knitting so tith but it may like the former bones we mentioned give way a little in the strong travail of women But this Description of Bones according to the consent of most Authors must be otherwise propounded if we regard their Natural distinction as they are in the Bodies of Children for in such even tiâ— seven years of age they are manifestly divided and may be taken asunder therefore that portion which is the lower broader and larger even to the middle of the Acetabulum makes the Os Ilium the other portion stretched forward from the Acetabulum divided two waies the superior part makes the Os Pubis the inferior the Os Coxendix which not alone but with the other two joyn'd with it make the Sinus for the head of the Thigh and with the Os-pubis makes that foremost large hole Urgent necessity requires Muscles in the Abdomen for the expelling of excrements to wit Organical parts endewed with fibrous flesh and strong tendons by which Nature endeavor the compression of the belly and the parts therein contained Of the Muscles there are five pair which by reason of the diversity of their Operations have obtained a diversity of names The first are Obliquely descending and are larger than the rest and have a very broad Tendon which goes like two other subjects viz. the Peritonaeum in men and the worm-like Ligament of the womb in women neer to the Groyn They take their beginning under the great Musculus Serratus of the Breast by unequal or toothlike productions then they fall back where the transverse processes of the Vertebrae of the Loyns end in the middle of the Abdomen a concourse of tendons being made they end there in a certain white line they are furnished with Veins Arteries and Nerves from the branches of the intercostals where they come to the breast The next pair of the Muscles of the Abdomen is termed Obliquely Ascending arising neer the transverse processes of the Vertebrae of the Loyns and the utmost brim of the Os-Ilium rising thence they joyn themselves to the eleventh and twelfth ribs and after by a doubled tendon they come to the right Muscles of the Abdomen they also end in the white line they have their Veins and Arteries from the branches of the Veins and Arteries which are called Musculae whose original is from the Vena cava and the great Artery about their division into the Iliack branches they have their Nerves from the Lumballs and the lowermost intercostals The third pair are Transverse Muscles and have a Membranous beginning from the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Loyns and passing by the Os Ilium they stick to the Peritonaeum and end where the other did they participate of the same Veins Arteries and Nerves with the Muscles obliquely ascending The right Muscles make the fourth pair in which by excellent workmanship of the Creator the Epigastrick Veins and Arteries ascend then these carriers of nourishment and vital heat descend by the internal mammaries neer the Cartilage called Mucronata or through its cleft The Anastomosis of these Veins is very conspicuous in women with child and therefore the womb being much stopped or compressed with great swellings being stretched from the Groyn up to the Breasts they resemble a channel sometimes of the thickness of a finger They have their Nerves from the intercostals stretched all along the middle of the Abdomen they are divided into two three and sometimes into four inscriptions as it were into so many Muscles at the Cartilages of the Ribs and the Cartilage of the breast called Mucronata where they rise they are fleshy and they end in the Os Pubis where they are fastened by a strong and tendinous body The Muscles called Pyramidales make up the fifth pair the figure of which especially joyned together being like a Pyramide gave them their
french Bean which from them were called Kidney Beans outwardly bowing inwardly unequally hollow It is monstrous when both of them stick together or when they are so bowed that both ends touch or when either of them is double yet their surface is often unequal by reason of Glandulae that stick to them in the conception and remains even in age The copiousness of water that continually flows to the Reins mitigates their hot and dry quallity the right Kidney lies under the Liver the left under the Spleen neer the Muscles of the loyns called Psoas The right Kidney lies lowest by reason of the bigness of the Liver both of them are joyned to the Diaphragma and loyns by the outward Membrane The Ureters receive the urine being separated by the Reins and carry it to the Blader they are round channels composed of a double Membrane the exterior of which they have from the Peritonaeum for their strength sake the interior is propper to themselves strong and Nervous endewed with many right and oblique strings they have small Veins and Arteries from the next descending vessels and small Nerves from the Plexure of the sixt pair and from the loyns they are usually in number two sometimes more the third descending from the left Kidney neer the second They take their beginning from that loose and membranous Sinus which Authors call Infundibulum renum from which they pass within the small pores of the Reins and their extremities being opened they take in those fleshy knobs called Papillares which we spake of before to which they are usually equal in number then contracting themselves they descend and pass above the Muscles Psoas and pass into the Bladder toward the lower part thereof between the Membranes The Bladder is an organical part of the inferior Ventricle which keeps the Urine it receives from the Kidneys and expels it when the weight or acrimony of it makes it troublesom it consists of a three-fold Membrane the external of which the Peritonaeum bestows the other two are proper to its self of which the middlemost is thickest and full of fleshy strings and is of great concernment for the expulsion of the Urine the innermost is thin and quick of sence and defended from the sharpness of the Urine by a mucous crust It hath veins and arteries from the Hypogastricks Nerves from the lower internal branches of the sixt pair which touch not the plexure of the Mesenterium and also from the Os Sacrum not only age but also its violent stretching alters its magnitude It is divided into the bottom and the neck the bottom is the superiour and wider part of the Bladder from which the Vrachos passeth to the Navil which is wider towards the bottom but grows slender by degrees towards the Navil this when man grows to any age together with the Umbiliar Arteries makes that strong Ligament of the bladder by help of which the bottom of it is detained which else would be depressed by the Bowels lying upon it which see more at large in the Tenth Figure of the Second Chapter and yet sometimes it happens even in ancient people that the Vrachos being loosned by some violent means gives way to the Urine by the Navill The neck of the Bladder is the inferior part more narrow more fleshy The strings of this being cast in a circle makes the Sphincter which shuts the passage that the Urine may not flow from us whether we will or not The Bladder hath three passages of which two are obscure by which the Urine passeth into it by the Ureters one greater by which it passeth out It is in form like a Pear and possesseth the bottom of the inferior Ventricle the bottom of it is fastened by the Vrachos the Neck in Men to the right Gut and the Glandulae prostatae in Women to the Neck of the Womb and the Os Pubis Between the Bladder and the Reins in the publick order of Dissections there is worth the observation the descending Trunks of the Vena Cava and the great Artery although Nature seldom keep the same order in the number magnitude and scituation of the branches The Vena Cava after it hath sent out the Emulgent under the Diaphragma and the Spermatical veins passing downwards it sends out three or four Lumbals and distributes them to the Vertebrae of the Loyns and the marrow included in them the superior of which passing upwards are joyned by Anastomosis to the descending branches of the internal Jugular about the Os Sacrum the Trunk of the Vena Cava being placed under the great Artery is divided into two great branches which are called Iliacks to wit the internal and external from which the superior Vena Muscula and Vena Sacra proceed From the internal Iliack branch which is the least ariseth the Muscula Glutea and the famous Hypogastrick vein which gives branches to the longitude of the neck of the Womb to the Muscles of the bladder and right Gut and to the Os Sacrum from the external Iliack branch which is the greatest after the internal Iliack the Epigastrick vein which is double in Women and proceeds to the neck of the Womb and the Privities the remainder of it after it hath passed the Abdomen makes the Crural branch which we shall speak to hereafter The progress of the great Artery is not much unlike to this for after it hath brought forth the former Mesenterick Artery then the Coeliacal afterward the Emulgent Spermatick and inferior Mesenterick the Lumbals and that which is called Sacra It is divided about the Os Sacrum into Iliack Branches of which the interior produceth the Arteries Muscula and Hypogastrica which keep the same pace with the Veins the exterior brings forth the Epigastrick and the Pudenda that which is remaining descends to the Legs and makes the Crural Arteries Of these Veins and Arteries see more in the last Chapter of the Book Place here the Table of the fifth Chapter which hath the Number 5. at the corner of the brass Plate AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE FIFT CHAPTER The present Table laies open the Reins with their Glandulae the Emulgent Vessels Bladder andVreters Also the rise and progress of the Spermatick Vessels FIG I. AA The Glandulae of the Reins or the Capsula of Melancholly B The right Kidney uncovered of the Membrane C The left Kidney D The descending trunk of the Vena Cava E The descending trunk of the great artery FF The right Ureter GG The left Ureter HH The right Vessels preparing the Seed II The left Vessels preparing the Seed K Part of the Bladder besides which the Vessels carrying the Seed are turned in the Abdomen L Part of the right Gut cut off FIG II. AA The common Membrane of the Reins which is bespred with fat BB The Glandulae of the Kidneys C The right Kidney D The left Kidney E The proper skin of the Kidneys partly separated F The trunk of the Vena Cava descending
the Womb. X In the right side the Hypogastrick artery distributed in the Womb. X In the left side the Hypogastrick vein distributed in the Womb. Y The passage of the Womb. Z The Bladder depressed above the Privities aa A portion of the Ureters cut off about the Bladder bb A portion of the Vreters descending cut off about the reins cc The preparing Vessels dilated about the testicles dd The Vasa deferentia FIG III. AA The bottom of the Womb dissected cross BB The cavity of the bottom C The neck of the Womb. D The hole in the neck of the Womb of a Woman which hath brought forth EE The wrinkled face of the passage of the womb FF The round Ligaments of the Womb cut off underneath FIG IV. A The right testicle BB The right Tubae depressed C The left testicle bb The passages of the testicles of the womb DD The left Tubae of the Womb. E The bottom of the womb FF the round Ligaments of the womb cut off below G The Bladder inserted to the passage of the womb and stretched upwaâ—ds HH Portions of the Ureters II The two musculous parts of the Clytoris K The body it self of the Clytois FIG V. A The head of the Clytoris stiking out under the skin BB The external Lips of the Pivities drawn aside CC The Alae or Nymphae drawn aside D The Caruncle of the passage of Vme besides a EE The two fleshy prodixtions like Myrtle Leaves FF The Membranous containing of the chink FIG VI. A The Membrane drawn cross the Privities vulgarly taken for the Hymo FIG VII A The Privities of a yong Girl â—n which the signification is the same as in â—he fift figure CHAP. 8. Of the Fruit in the Womb. TO the Body of the Mother we adjoyn the contemplation of the fruit in the Womb because it is a part of it though temporary as not only the community of substance and nourishment but also the nexure of the Secundine and Umbilicar vessels to the Womb witnesseth this Fruit we consider as genuine and nourished by the Womb and as being fitting to breath the air it breaks out from that narrow inclosure The small Body of the Embrion is formed by the vital vertue of the Seed of the Man from which office it is called Plastica of which by the appointment of God himself by his infinite wisdom goodness and power he hath left not only obscure foot-steps but also cleer arguments to this the heat of the Seed and Nourishment from the Mother administers the Compendium that doth this great work is very small not exceeding the bigness of a great Emmet from which that is first formed without which life cannot be preserved to wit the Heart and from it the veins and arteries as from their Basis afterwards the Liver and then other parts which come first into use That the Heart is first formed before any other part your eyes will witness if you dilligently contemplate the framing of the Embrion in Eggs and although the Heart be very little and altogether white yet by reason of the blood contained in each Ventricle it hath a transparent redness to be distinguished from the other parts The motion of the Heart helps and confirms this for so soon as any blood is to be seen in the Veins of the Embrion the Heart being full of blood moves with a swift yet ordinary pulse so often as it is dilated it receives blood into its Ventricles so often as it is compressed it casts it out and this appears in the Heart whilst it is white though something increased Besides it must first be formed by reason of its singular plenty of heat which no other part of the Body is equally endewed with Lastly necessity requires its first formation that so by its motion the vital Spirit may be stirred up increased and distributed to the Body The matter of which the first forming sisteme of the Body is produced is the Seminal substance in the Body of the Mother which passing from the Tubae to the bottom of the womb to which the Seed of the Man ads heat and Spirit and to the increase and maintaining of it is the Blood of the Mother required this comes not at all to that first mixture from the Seed neither doth it make any Parenchyma but after an interval of time the Umbilicar vessels and Heart being framed it is drawn and takes its redness with the Muscles Of the parts procreated some lose their use others retain it so long as life lasteth such as lose their use are the Navil and its Vessels the the Membranes which compass the Child in the womb and the Placenta the use of these ceaseth so soon as the Child is brought forth to light The Navil is a Membranous ducture by which the Vein and Arteries arise from the child to the Mothers Womb both this and the Secundine wants Nerves because they have no use of sence It is of a famous length even in the very beginning of the Formation although the bigness of the Embrion at beginning be no bigger than a great Emmit or a small Bee but when the Fruit is ready for extramission the Navil-string is three spans long and as thick as ones finger both for the strength of the Vessels the perfecting of the blood by its long passage the commodious motion of the Child and the easier drawing out the Secundine it hath no distinct nodes yet is it wreathed and unequal for the easier bowing of the included vessels The rise of the Navil is from the middle of the Abdomen that the inclination of the Head and Breast of the Child might be the readier towards the mouth of the Womb at the biginning of the Embrion it swims in the Liquor of the Amnios but when it is more perfected it is bowed for the most part above the Breast and produced backwards by the hinder part of the Head to the Fore-head and joyned to the womb by Membranes and the contained Vessels The Vessels contained in the Navil are one vein and two arteries the vein is largest and takes its Original from the Foundation of the Vena porta within the Liver therefore it descends by the Arteries of the Liver to the Navil and being divided into very many branches above the Chorion it joyns its self to the Womb and carries Blood for the nourishment of the Infant The Umbilicar Arteries take their Original from the Iliack branches of the great Artery from which place being stretched upwards by the sides of the Vrachos they enter the Navil and are manifoldly distributed above the Corion with the Veins they carry vital Spirit and communicates it to the Child It is farre enough off from the truth that these vessels passe to the Child from the Mothers womb and the Membranes adjacent for in the young ones of Birds it is easie to be seen that Nature deduceth the Veins and Arteries from the Fruit it self inclosed in its Secundines and by degrees
The Mesenterium stretched abroad MM c. The Guts knit to the Mesenterium aaaa Certain Lacteal veins stretched from the Sweet-bread to the Liver whereof few and those the least of them are here expressed bbb c. Lacteal veins distributed from the Sweet-bread to the Guts and those bigger ccc c. The Meseraick branches of the Vena porta dd c. Branches of the Meseraick arteries FIG II. A The right Renal Glandula B The right Kidney C The left Glandula of the Reins D The left Kidney E The Vena Cava descending FF It s internal Iliack branches GG The external Iliack branches of the Vena Cava HHH The great artery with its external Iliack branches II The internal branches of the great artery KK c. Both Umbilicar arteries bent downwards L The bottom of the womb compressed M The neck of the womb N The bladder turned downwards O The Urachos P The node of the Navil cut off a The vein of the right Renal Glandula b The artery of the right Renal Glandula c The right emulgent artery d The right emulgent vein e The right spermatical vein f The right spermatical artery g The left artery of the Renal Glandula h The left vein of the Renal Glandula i The left emulgent vein k The left emulgent artery l The left spermatical vein m The left spermatical artery nn The Vessels preparing the Seed oo The testicles of a great magnitude pp The broad Ligaments of the womb qq c. The Tubae of the womb bowed down rr The round Ligaments of the womb cut off below ss Portions of the Vreters cut off FIG III. AA The Lungues diducted on both sides B The Heart whol C The trunk of the great artery coming from the Heart D A portion of the same artery passing downwards E The Vena Arteriosa stretched from the Heart aa The channel between the Vena Arteriosa and the great Artery b The beginning of the right subclavian artery c The beginning of the right Carotides d The beginning of the left Artery Carotides FIG IV. AA The Lungues diducted B The Heart cut towards the right Ventricle C The Vena Cava opened neer the Heart D Anastomosis between the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa E The shutter in the Anastomosis FIG V. A The Corpus Thymium separated from the Vessels of the Heart CHAP. 9. Of the external parts of the Breast THe lower Ventricle and the parts in and about it being already spoken of the middle ventricle follows which is called Thorax in English the Breast which is round about circumscribed with the Pleura In which we will consider First the external parts then the vitals themselves To the external parts of the Breast belong the common coverings of the Body of which we have spoken already also the Pectoral Muscle the Serratus Anticus both greater and lesser and of Bones the Claviculae and Scapulae The Pectoral Muscle is so called because it is spread abroad the Breast and much encreaseth its bigness its original is from the middle Clavicula the Sternum the Cartilages of the sixt seventh and eight Ribs it hath a short yet strong Tendon inserted into the Bone of the Shoulder between the Muscles Deltois and Biceps and holds it stoutly to the Breast The Muscle called the greater Serratus anticus ariseth obliquely to the Basis of the Scapula from eight Ribs five of the true ones and three of the Bastard ones and draws it down forwards The lesser Serratus anticus lies hid under the Pectoral and proceeds from the second third fourth and fift Ribs and passeth to the process of the Scapula called Ancyrois or Beak-like which moves the Scapula obliquely forwards of the Clavicula and Scapula because they belong especially to the Shoulder shall be treated of in the seventeenth Chapter And yet properly to the Thorax belong the Breasts the Bones the Breast is composed of the intercostal Muscles the Pleura the Mediastinum and the Diaphragma The office of the Breasts in Women is to breed Milk if you consider them in Women that give suck they consist of very many small glandulous Bodies diverse in bigness that they may not only receive the Blood from the small Vessels but also the vapors and milky moisture which is largely distributed to them from the Stomach and Sweet-bread by instinct of Nature these small Bodies are contained together with a Membrane with diverse cavities which contain milk the foundation of which remain when the milk is gone they have much fat which serves not only to ad comliness to them but also to conserve vital heat in them They receive two veins one derived from the axilliar branch which is distributed by the external part of the Breast the other is called Mammaria and is distributed by the internal part from the subclavian branch of the Vena Cava they have also so many Arteries as veins arising from the same roots namely from the Subclavian branch of the great Arterie and the axilliar which are distributed in the same manner to give them vital heat they have Nerves from the fourth Branch of the Marrow of the Back In the middest of the Breasts are the Nepples round and rare endewed with a Membrane from the glandulous Bodies they have a thin skin full of holes and stick out that the Child may the better suck round about them is a red circle like a Halo The bigness of the Breasts is varied not only by years and their performing their office but also by the humors that flow thither and the diversity of the climate In the Women in Europe they are more contracted but in the Arabian and Indian Women they are so long that they can give their Children suck over their shoulders They are in number two that so the woman may give two children suck in temperament they are hot and moist and are placed in the middest of the Breast that so they may be the neerer to the Fountain of Vital Heat and the readier to give the Child suck as the Mother carries it in her arms Their proper action is the Generation of Milk although it be not yet very cleer by what waies it is done because in Carkasses the passages are hid as the passage of Chyle is in the Mesenterium and of Seed from the Testicles to the Parastatae and from the Prostatae to the Vrethra and other like passages in living Creatures and yet the Dissection of living Creatures that give suck gives some light to it For Bones The Breast is defended with the Sternum before on the sides with the Ribs and behind with the Vertebrae of the Back the substance of the Bones of the Sternum is spongy and red usually divided into three parts although in age it grow into one Fone the first and largest of them resembles the knob of a Cup the other two are joyned to them by Cartilages it hath a Cartilaginous apendix which by reason of its form is called