of the parts thereof and first I will begin with the nether parts as that was placed first aboue the ground The height of the Plinthus vnder the Base of the Pedestall is one foot although that vnder it there lieth another of much more height but it is vnder the earth the height of the Cimatie turned about aboue it with the Astragalus is 4. ounces the flat of the Pedestall is 3. foot high the Cimatie aboue it is 4. ounces so much also is the vnder-Base aboue the Cimatie the height of the Base of the Columnes is 10. ounces and is very well cut and grauen and although the forme is Dorica yet the delicate works thereof shew that it is Corinthia the Columnes are fluited or chaneled from the top to the bottom and there are also many hollowings without the Pilaster as the Figure hereafter doeth shew The height of the Capitall with the Abacus is two foote and one ounce the which Capitall is higher then the thicknesse of the Columne beneath Neuerthelesse it is very well and sheweth pleasing to sight it is also richly wrought as it is here shewed in the Figure thereof and alwayes as the Capitall of Corinthia is in such proportion against the Columne I would thinke it better to the view of workemen then if with the Abacus it had but the height of the Diameter of the Columne and although Vitruuius writeth thus as is before sayd yet may his text be falsified The height of the Architraue is one foot and one ounce the height of the Fréese is one foote and two ounces the height of the Cornice is a foote and ten ounces which Cornice is very licencions although it be rich of worke because such richnesse of worke confoundeth it but that which is most vnséemely in it is the Echine with the Ouale aboue the Seima a thing in trueth much vnsightly and that which is more worthy laughter is that the said Echine in the vpper part is cut through without being couered with any list that it might not bee consumed with the water But there hath alwayes béene licencious workemen as there are yet in our dayes who to please the people make much grauing in their workes without respecting the qualities of the orders and will also in Dorica worke which should bee fast and strong vse much grauing and cutting as in Corinthia worke which by their folly asketh many ornaments But wise and iudicious workemen will alwayes obserue Decorum and if they make worke after Dorica maner they will follow good Antiquities which for the most part agrée with Vitruuius precepts If they make any worke after the Corinthia maner then they couer them with Ornaments as that kind of worke requireth This I haue set downe to aduertise those thereof that know it not for they that know it néede not my aduice Now to come to the purpose agayne Aboue this Cornice there is a Basement which maketh out thrée Pedestals the Plinthus vnder the Basement which is there set against the proiecture of the Cornices for otherwise in looking vp it would darken the Base is a foot high aboue it standeth the Base whereof the height is 10. ounces the flat of the Basement is 2. foot 1. ounce high the Cornice aboue it is halfe a foote high which Cornice is very seemely and the parts thereof deuide themselues very well from each other for that betwéene the two carued members there standeth one playne aboue the Cornice is that member or part called Corona lisis as I vnderstand Vitruuius whereof the height is 5. ounces Aboue these there are some stones that shew to no end at all but it may be thought that some things stoode vpon them the height of these stones is 10. ounces the height of the Impost of this Arch is 10. ounces the which Impost is very licenciously made and although those 3. members one aboue the other are diuers yet they are like each other in proiecture and therefore in the worke they stand to no good effect the other parts you shall know by the Caracters in the great Arch. IN Verona there are many tryumphant Arches among the rest there is one Gate called Castel Vecchio the which truely is of good proportion this Arch as men conceaue was wrought both before and behind and also on the sides it had two goings in as you may perceaue by the ground which is yet séene although I shewed but one side onely This building was measured by the same foot wherewith the Arch of Pola aforesayd was measured The widenes of this Arch is ten foote and an halfe the thicknesse of the Columnes is two foot and two ounces the intercolumnes are 4. foot and 3. ounces the Pilaster or Pillar of the Arch is 2. foote and 2. ounces broad The thickenesse of the Arch in the sides inward is 4. foot and an halfe the widenesse of the Tabernacle betwéene the Columnes is two foot and ten ounces and thus much for the widenesse and thickenesse but comming to the height the Base of the Pedestall of the Columnes together with the Plinthus is one foote and thrée ounces high the flat of the Pedestall is foure foot thrée ounces and an halfe the Cornice is ten ounces and an halfe the height of the Base of the Columnes is one foot the height of the body of the Columne without Base or Capitall is 17. foote and thrée ounces the height of the Capitall is two foot foure ounces and an halfe The height of the Architraue is one foot and an halfe the height of the Fréese is one foote 7. ounces and an halfe the height of the Cornice is one foot and ten ounces and although that in this Figure there is the Frontispice yet you sée it not in the Arch for from the first Cornice vpwards there is nothing at all neuerthelesse although the wall is this yéere consumed yet you may sée there some signes whereby a man may conceaue that the Frontispice hath béene there The vppermost Cornice is not there and therefore I set no measures according to all Antiquities but I haue made one with such measure and formes as my selfe would haue made it hauing for a common rule that the vppermost things stand the fourth part lesse then the nethermost this Cornice therefore shall be the fourth part lesse then that which standeth vnder it and is thus deuided that the whole height should be set in foure parts and an halfe the halfe part shall be for the Astragal with the list and the fourth part shal be for the Scima The Proiecture must be like the height so shall this vppermost Cornice be made in maner aforesaid Betwéene the Columnes stand Tabernacles wherein there were Images whereof the widenesse is two foot and ten ounces the height is seuen foote and the depth thereof in the wal is one foote and ten ounces the height of their Basement is 4. foot with the Base and Scima the little Pillars on
this Arch séeeth but foure places where Histories are grauen and 5. Columnes in this third story in the second story but 4. windowes and 5. Pilasters and aboue them 5. Columnes the third Cornice you cannot come vnto HAuing spoken of many Antiquities and placed them in Figure it is requisite that I also shew some of those that were made in these dayes and specially of Bramants worke although I haue not altogether omitted it hauing shewed the wonderfull worke of S. Peters Church and other things belonging to holy Temples And in truth a man may well say that he restored good and perfert Architecture as yet by the meanes of Iulio P. M. many fayre pieces of worke were made by him in Rome do witnesse of the which this set here is one this is a Gallery made in Beluedere in the Popes Court wherein are two fayre things to be séene the one is the strength thereof the which for that the Pilasters are of so great bredth and thicknesse will last while the world endureth the other for that there are so many accompagments so well set out with good inuention and excellent proportion this worke is measured with the ancient Palme The bredth of the Arches is 18. Palmes and so much are the Pilasters the bredth of the Pilasters is deuided into 11. parts one part on eyther side of the Pilaster which beareth the Arch shall haue which is two parts other two parts shall be giuen vnto one Columne that is 4. parts 2. parts shall be giuen to the little Pilasters of the Niches or hollow seates and 3. parts to the Niches themselues so are the 11. parts distributed The height of the Pedestals shall be halfe the widenesse of the Pilasters The height of the Base of the Pedestals shall haue one part of the before sayd 11 parts The Cornice is the 9. part lesse then the Base The height of the Columnes with Bases and Capitals are of 9. Diameters and thereunto also the seuenth part The Base is halfe the thickenesse of the Columnes The Capitall is of the same thickenesse and the seuenth part for the Abacus The height of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice is as much as the Pedestall without his Base And this height is deuided into 11. parts foure for the Architraue 3. for the Freese because it is vngrauen and 4. for the Cornice as the halfe Circle of the Arch is drawne then the heights of the lights will be double after that the imposts being drawne in their places the which are of halfe a Columne thicke and so the Niches or seates and the Quadrans aboue them haue their certaine proportion BEcause I could not by reason of the smalnesse of the Figure perfectly shew the parts of the Gallery aforesayd therefore I haue shewed them hereunder in greater forme the part C. is the Pedestall of this Gallery and vpon it the Base of the Columne slandeth proportioned according to the great the part B. sheweth the impost of the Arch with a part thereof The Figure marked A. sheweth the Architraue Fréese Cornice aboue the Columnes The generall measures touching the height are already shâ—wne therefore not to be mentioned againe for they are proportioned after the great In this Cornice the workeman was very iudicious that he suffered the Corona to go through vnbroken and suffered the other parts of the Corona to beare outwards which is very séemely and the crowne the stronger and kéepeth the whole worke from water with which inuention the workeman may helpe himselfe in diuers accidents for the reaching out of Cornices stand not alwayes well but in some places well and in some places ill and the bearings out vntolerable where the Columnes on the sides haue no Pilasters of these bearings out I will say more in the fourth Booke in the handling of foure maner of Simmetrie of Columnes IN the leafe before I shewed a piece of worke of Bramants making and now I will shew another of his workes from whence a wise workeman may helpe himselfe much by meanes of the diuers and sundry ornaments that are in it In this Gallery the workeman would shew thrée stories or orders one aboue another viz. Dorica Ionica and Corinthia and in trueth the orders were faire well set out and placed notwithstanding that the Pilasters of the first story or order being Dorica were somewhat too weake and the Arches too wide to the proportion of the Pilasters and therewith the weight of the wall of the Ionica order standing vpon it was an occasion that it was broken ruinated and decayed in short time But Balthazar of Sciene a skilfull workeman repayred the decayed ruines making counter Pilasters with vnder-Arches therefore I haue said wise workemen may learne of this building not onely to imitate fayre and well made things but also to beware of errors and alwayes to consider what wright the nethermost story is to sustaine therefore I counsell a workeman rather to be timerous then ouer-bold for if he be timerous he will alwayes chuse the surest way and make his worke with consideration and will vse counsell yea of such as are lesse skilfull then himselfe of whom sometime men often learne but if he be high-minded and trusteth too much to his own skill and knowledge then he will scorne another mans counsell whereby oftentimes he deceyueth and ouer-shooteth himselfe so that oftentimes his worke falleth out badly Now I will turne to speake of this Gallery and set downe some notes of the proportion thereof The widenesse of the Arch shall bee deuided into eyght parts whereof thrée parts shall be for the bredth of the Pilasters and the height of the Arch shall containe 16. of such parts The forepart of the Pilasters shall be deuided into foure parts whereof two parts shall be for the Pilasters of the Arches and the other two shall be for the thicknesse of the Columnes the height of the Pedestals shall containe halfe the widenesse of the lights the height of the Columnes shall bee eyght parts of their thicknesse with the Bases and Capitals The height of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice is a fourth part of the length of the Columne The second story shall bee lesse then the first by a fourth part viz. That from the Pauement of the Dorica story to the highest of the Cornice shall be deuided into 4. parts and 3. of them shall be for the whole story of the Ionica worke and so shall all the parts particularly bee lessened in themselues a fourth part The like also shall be done with the third story which is Corinthia in regard of the second order although it standeth not here because the Figure is drawne too great but not to put the Reader in a maze or doubt at the Columnes which stand here in the middle as desirous to know how they end at the top you must vnderstand that you shall finde such inuention in the fourth Booke in the Order of Dorica in the side H 2. that although
would first serue for a place to stand drie in making the walking place aboue broader and easily for defence in time of warre and for more securitie it might within be filled vp with earth It might also be the workemans chance to build about an Hill and to frée himselfe thereof from the waters that alwayes with the rayne fall from it make the earth to â—â—nke it is therefore necessary for the workeman to set the like buildings against such an Hill whereby he shall be assured from such suspicion and it will also be a great strengthening to the worke The like inuention Raphael Durbin vsed at Monte Mario a little aboue Rome in the Vineyard of Clement the seuenth by him begun in the time of the Cardinall Ieronimi Genga and without Pisera for the defence of water against a Hill was made the like ANcient workemen in this kind of rusticall worke haue vsed many and seuerall kinds of Buildings as you may sée hereunder wherewith a workeman may helpe himselfe in many things as necessitie requireth the measure shall be that the light shall be a perfect fouresquare and the wall betwéene both shall be a fourth part lesse That Supercilie or Architraue shall haue the fourth part of the light and shall be made of Pennants which run vpon the Center in vnequall numbers and aboue the Supercilie shall be layd an halfe Circle deuided in nine equall parts the lines being also drawne vpon the Center The Cunei or Arch-stone being formed and the thrée pieces layd betwéene it with the Facie aboue it will in this sort be an euerlasting worke But for that the Cunei of the Architraue must lye fast it shall be needfull to fill the halfe Circle with Brickes And for the more beautifying you may vse Rootes as the ancients vsed to doe as you may at this day sée in Rome at S. Cosmians and Damian which although the stones be old yet it is very strong AS in the beginning I said the workeman may vse this Gate in diuers places but not for Fortresses for the passage through serues not for Artillerie or other great preparation for wars neuerthelesse this part may well serue for the outtermost Port or Gate The proportion shall be that the light or opening shall be twice so high as the bredth The Arch-stones of the halfe Circle shall be nine drawing vpon the Center of the Circles The Facie vnder the Arch shall be the seuenth part of the Gates from the Facie downewards to the Pauement shall bee deuided into seuen parts and an halfe and shal be sixe stones broad thrée whereof shal be each a part and an halfe the other thrée of one part and thus the seuen parts and an halfe are deuided The height of the middlemost Arch-stone or the closing stone which you will shall be halfe as broad as the Gate The Facie aboue the Arch-stone must bee as broad as a foot that is the thinnest part of the sayd Stone but the middlemost Arch-stone and also the foote vnder shall be a fourth part broad THe proportion of this Gate viz. the opening is twise as high as broad the Pilaster and the Arch are a fift part of the bredth of the light the great Pillar shall be once so broad againe and the height of sixe bredths The height of the Base shall be a fourth part and the Capitall a third part and so great the Capitall or impost vnder the Arch shall bee The Facie in the place of the Architraue shall be as high as the Capitals the Fréese also as much and also the Cornice following the rule aforesayd the rest may bee found with the Compasse a imposte ALthough the Gate hereunder set downe is much different from the fashion of the rest yet for that it is Thuscan worke and ancient I thought good to set it here the which in former time was in Rome En Capo de la militia Traiana although by the decayes thereof now not to bee séene the two Niches or seates that stand by it on the sides are out of their places with which the ingenious workeman may serue his turne withall if he place them where they should stand The proportion of them by the rule aforesayd may easily be found touching the gate it selfe I will set downe no measure for it is very easie to be found THis maner of Gate is couered by the sixt part of the Circle and is very strong worke yet the Peunants will not agrée with other Buildings of Stone therefore it a man will make such worke it would stand well in a wall of Bricke Touching the proportion I will not speake for that it is easie with a Compasse to find the measure thereof But the Niches or seates placed by it to fill vp the place the workeman may at his pleasure set where he thinketh best and they may not onely serue for Niches but also for windowes if they should bee vsed for Niches to place Images therein it is necessary that the height should excéed the double proportion of the bredth or somewhat more that they may be more fit and correspondent for Images to stand in which is alwayes referred to the workeman IN times past the Romanes vsed to mingle Dorica Ionica and sometime Corinthia among their rustical buildings but it is no errour if a man mixe one of them in a piece of rude worke shewing in the same nature and Arte for that the Columnes mixed with rough stones as also the Architraue and Fréese being corrupted by the Pennants shew the worke of nature but the Capitals and part of the Columnes as also the Cornice with the Frontispicie or Geuell shew works of Art Which mixture in my conceyt is a good sight and in it selfe sheweth good strength therefore sitter for a Fortresse then for any other Building neuerthelesse in what place soeuer the rusticall worke is placed it will not doe amisse In such mixtures Iulius Romanus tooke more delight then any other man as Rome witnesseth the same in sundry places as also Mantua and without Rome the fayre Palace called vulgariter El. Te. Which in trueth is an example in these dayes both of good Architecture and paynting The proportion of this Gatâ— is to bée made thus the widenesse must be of double proportion that is twice so broad as high iust vnder the Arch. The Pilaster shall be the seuenth part of the widenesse and the Columnes twice as thicke as the Pilasters the height with the Capitall shall be eyght parâ—s The Capitall Freese Achitraue and Cornice shall bee made as iâ— sayd before also the Fastigium Frontispicium or the Geuell shall also bee shewed in Dorica order The halfe Circle of the Arch shall bee deuided in eleuen parts for the stones of the Arch but the closing-stone shall bee greater the which stone the workeman may at his will hang somewhat out The Facie which doâ—th vphold the Arch shall bee halfe the thicknesse of the Columnes from thence downewards you
be made thus Vnder the sayd Cornice the Supercilie shal be also made of the like height and from thence downewards there shal be 2. equall parts made to the Stayres whereof one shal be the bredth of the light and likewise the Cornice of the doore as the eyes shall come with the windowes and the Cimatie of the Pedestall shall also come in like sort vnder the windowes The light of the windowes shal be taken Diagonall wise and the Antepagmentum a sixt part of the light The particular members of the Pedestall Base and Capitals shal be made as in the first part of this Order it is sayd Aboue the Columnes the Architraue Fréese and Cornice shal be set deuided in such maner as is shewed in the beginning The height of the second Story shal be a fourth part lesse then the first and all the members lessened accordingly as you may sée and measure it in the figure she eleuation aboue this I estéeme not for a whole Story but much lower the height thereof is as much as the widenesse of the Arch below and the Cornice which serueth for Architraue and Fréese shal be the fift part of the height of that Story which measures you may take from the Capitall Dorica and for more Ornament a man may set a Fastigies aboue but setting it in the middle it would hardly agrée with the two small aboue the Niches vnlesse it ran round whereby the worke should be changed and shew better to the sight WHen a workeman will build a Temple the higher the ground or Pauement is eleuated so much statelyer the building will shew for so right ancient workemen haue done although they vsed other formes of Temples much different from this here set downe for they made a body alone but wee that are Christians make our Temples in three parts setting one part in the middle and 2. parts on the sides and sometimes the Chappels are made without the sides as you sée in the ground The widenesse of this Facie shall be of 32. parts one whereof shal be the thicknes of a Columne the middlemost inter-Columnes shall containe 7. parts the greatest inter-Columnes on the sides shall bee 4. parts and an halfe The inter-Columne with the Niche shall be 2. parts and so the 32. parts shal be distributed The Arches with the Pilasters shall be halfe a Columne broad the widenesse of the Doore shal be of 3. parts and an halfe the height of 7. parts the Impost vnder the Arch is as broad as the Arch. The height of the Pedestall is 3. parts the height of the Columne with Capitall and Bases is 9. parts and a halfe The Architraue Fréese and Cornice shal be the fourth part of the height of the Columnes and so for the particular members and parts resting the first rule shal be obserued The windowes Niches and other ornaments a man may conceaue in the figure and measure The second storie shal be a fourth part shorter then the first and all the members lessened accordingly but the Architraue Fréese Cornice shal be placed in 3. equall parts as I sayd of the other The Fastigies shal be made as Vitruuius hath shewed in the order of Dorica The 2. sides that stand for beautifying and vpholding shall bee the fourth part of a Circle whereof A. and B. is the Center and aboue each Arch that parteth the Chappels a man may set such things which will be a great vpholding to the middlemost worke and also along vpon them the water may fall from the vppermost toofe to the nethermost THe deuiding of this worke ensuing shal be thus that the Pillar shal be the third part of the widenesse of the Arch but the thickenesse of the sixt part the thickenesse of the Columne also as much The height with Base and Capital of ten parts and an halfe the Arch Pilaster and impost of the halfe Columne the measure of the Impost a man may take from the Dorica Chapter altering the members the same shall also serue for a Cornice aboue the doore and for supporting of the windowes aboue the shops the height of the Arch for sometimes vpon occasion a man shall be forced to haue it so low as you sée shall be of 3. parts in the bredth and 5. in height and the doore also shall haue the same proportion The Antepagmentum shall be the sixt part of the light and if the workeman will make the height of the Arch of double proportion the doore also will be of such proportion but the Columnes should néed a great stone vnderth Bases with which things ancient workemen holpe themselues The height of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice are of 2. Columnes thickenesse as it is said in the first part of the rules or in maner of some Antiquities aforeshewed And for that the space vnder the Arch to the soller which is euen with the flat of the Cornice should be too great to make crossewise in such case my aduice should be to make an Arch right behind the Columne and to make each space kettlewise as you sée in the ground The height of the second story shal be one 4. part lesse then the first deuided in this maner the Podium shall bee as high as the thickenesse of two of the lowest Columnes and from thence vp wards shall be made 5. parts one for the Architraue Fréese and Chrnice and 4. for the Columnes the Arches with the Pilasters shall be of halfe a Columne and for the rest you shall obserue the generall rule and if the Facie standeth in any place or market as it is shewed by the winkels or shops it will be easie and comely to make a leaning aboue the vppermost Cornice but for safety from rayne snow and frost aboue all other things it shall bee requisite to make a roofe or pauement well closed and leaning forward because of the water but it will be surer if it be couered with lead And although good workemen condemne and shun the setting of a Columne in an emptie place which I also commend not neuerthelesse for that I haue séeme the like matter vpon the Porticus of Poâ—pcy in Rome but made after the Dorica maner therefore I haue presumed to set the like if it may serue any mans turne FOr that the Venetians in their buildings vse much Corinthia worke and also many windowes and Podiums therefore I haue made one here which is full of windowes Podiums haue also made Story vpon Story which is more commodious then bearings out and leanings ouer are and the building will haue a better shew for that all the things which a man may sée within will be séemely The Compertition of this Facie shall be thus The bredth shal be deuided in 30. parts and one of those parts shal be the thicknesse of a Columne the middlemost Intercolumnes shalke of 4. but all the rest of 3. and so the 30. parts shal be distributed The height of the Columnes shal be of
this is done as I sayde to shew in generall rules for an Introduction onely the better to be vnderstood of euery workeman and in the beginning will obserue Vitruuius order and termes marked on the sides with A. B. C. that euery workeman may name them according to his country spéech And first the Stilo bato or Thuscan Pedestall I meane the flat without Crowne or Base shall bee a perfect fouresquare The perfect Dorica shall be as much more as the drawing of a liue from corner to corner of the perfect fouresquare placing it vpright The Pedestall Ionica shall be of one fouresquare and an halfe the Pedestall Corinthia shall be a fouresquare and two third parts thereof The Pedestall Composita shall bee of two perfect fouresquares Also wonder not that the Chapter next ensuing is the fist which others would estéeme the first for that the first Booke doeth contayn◠a Chapter of Geometry the second of Perspectiue shall be of two Chapters the third of Antiquities shal be of one Chapter which maketh foure Chapters so that this considered the next shall be the fist Of the order and maner of Thuscan workes and the Ornaments thereof The fist Chapter IN Vitruuius fourth Booke and seuenth Chapter we find that a man should make a Thuscan Columne of seuen parts high with Capitall and Base which measure should be taken from the thicknesse of the Columne below The height of the Bases or Basement should be the halfe of the thicknesse of the Columne which shall bee deuided into two equall parts whereof one shall be the Plinthus the other deuided in three two parts thereof shall bee the Thorus the third the Circle The Proiecture you shall make in this maner First make a Circle as great as the Columne is thicke below placing it 〈◊〉 a fouresquare without the fouresquare drew another Circle close about the corners of the fouresquare which shall bee the Proiecture And although all other Bases haue their Plinthus fouresquare yet this of Thus can must beround as Vitruuius teacheth The height of the Capitall must bee like the Base that deuide into three parts one part shall be the Abacus the other shall bedeuided in foure parts three for the Echino the fourth for the Annulo or Cintho which may be called a Girdle Band or List in English The third part resting shall bee for the Hypotrachalium or Freese The Astragal with the Cincta is halfe the Freese but that deuided in three two shall be for the Round the third his List the hearing out must bee as the height and although this List is there named with the Capitall yet it is a part of the Columne which Columne ought to be made thinner aboue a fourth part also the Capitall in the vppermost part shall not be greater then the Columne below The maner to lessen the Columne is thus Let the body of the Columne be deuided in three parts the third part below shall hang at the leade and the other two third parts you shall deuide into as many equall parts as you will then at the third part of the columne draw halfe a Circle and from the liues that hang there from the outtermost corners of the Capitall inwards measure the eyght part which in all shall be a fourth part from vnder the corner where the Columne is thinnest you shall draw two lines by a leade to the halfe circle and those parts of the circle outwards you shall set below in as many euen parts as the two third parts of the Columne holdeth which being done on both sides then there shall be as many Paralels or crosse lines drawen from the one poynt of the halfe circle to the other each line being marked with number from the top downewards and the like vpon the lynes that deuide the Columnes which numbers being orderly placed then it is certayne that the first line shall agree with the thinnest part of the Columne aboue after take the second line of the halfe circle and set it vpon the second line of the Columne then the third vpon the third and the fourth vpon the fourth when that is done there must be a lyne drawne from the Base of the halfe circle to the lyne 4. and from the lyne 4. to the lyne 3. and from the line 3. to the lyne 2. and from the line 2. to the lyne 1. also a lyne and so from the second side of the columne and although that the lynes in themselues are right yet they make a crooked lyne which the iudicious workeman knoweth how to regeire and moderate at his will on all sides in the gathering of the lynes And although this rule is made for the Thuscan Columne which is lessned aboue a fourth part yet it may serue for all sorts of Columnes and the more the deuiding of the Columnes and the halfe Circle are in number so much the lessening will dimynish A. Abacus or tailloer B. Echinus C. Annulus or Cincta D. Hipotrachelium or Fréese E. Astrogalos F. Annulus or Cincta G. The thickenesse of the Columnes aboue H. The thicknesse of the Columne below I. Cincta K. Torus L. Plinthus M. Proiecture or bearing ou◠of the Base N. The thicknesse of the Columnes below O. The thicknesse of the Columnes aboue THe Columne being finished with the Capitall and Base then the Architraue Fréese and Cornice are to bee set thereon That Episiolum or Architraue must be as high as the Capitals and the Tenia or List the sixt part thereof That Sophorus or Fréese of the some height The Cornice also with her members must bee the like and the same being deuided in foure parts one part shall be for the Cimatie two parts for the Corona and the last for the Facie vnder the same The Proiecture or bearing out of them all must be at least so much as their height And vnder in the Corona you may cut channels or hollowings great or small as the worke is at the pleasure of the workman But for that this worke is grosse and plaine of members a man in my opinion may take vpon him to adde some parts vnto it which may séeme to belong vnto the same which must be done when men desire to moke the worke shew batter as you sée in this herevnder set downe I commend also those crownes that haue most Proiecture or bearing out without their fouresquares especially when the stones are fit to beare it Which Proiectures are both commodious and beautifie the worke commodious in this that the walking place vpon them will bee broader and it will also kéepe the worke from water beautifying in this that when men behold the worke with conuenient distance from it it will shew the greater and where the stones bee scanted by reason of their smalnesse the Proiecture will supply that want by shewing greater Cimatiuus Corond Cimatiuus Zophorus Fenid Epistilius ALthough I said before that the Thuscan Columne according to Vitruuius rule ought to be of seuen
shall deuide it into nine parts whereof two parts shall bee for the nether part of the Columnes the other seuen deuided inâ—o equall parts shall be the stones which bind the Columnes drawing crosse ouer them And the rudelyer this workâ— is bosseâ— out yet artificially it would in that case shew more workemanlike especially the stones that bind the Columnes and also the Pennants IT is not sufficient that the worke should be strong but it must also be made artificially to please mens sight Wherefore this building of stone is not onely very strong but also ingenious and pleasing with which inuention the workman may serue his turne in many things The proportion shall be that the opennesse in the bredth shall be once and halfe as much as in height the halfe Circle is deuided into 9. parts and an halfe because the middlemost stone is one fourth part broader then the rest The height of the closing stone is halfe the opennesse of the light The flat Facie vpholding the Arch is the sixt part of the light from the Facie downewards are 7. parts made the Facie aboue the Pennants shal be as broad as the closing stone vnder it is which may be made hanging out vnderneath the eyght part of his bredth Touching the binding of the other stones with the Pennants you sée it playnely in the Figure FOr that pleasure is sometimes turned into beautifying and sometimes to ornaments surpassing necessitie to shew â—rt according to the wealth of the builder This inuention is made for pleasure strength and beautie for pleasure in regard of the opennesse thereof strength for that betwixt both there is good store of wall well bound together and for beautie because it is rich of ornaments with which inuention a workeman may helpe himselfe much in diuers things as I haue sayd The proportion thereof shall bee that the closed or massie worke shall bee as broad as the opening which opening shal be of twice so much height The Pilasters shall be the eyght part of the widenesse and the Columnes the fourth part The inter-Columnes that is the widenes betwéene the two Columnes shall be the thickenesse of one Columne The height of the Columnes with Bases and Capitals shall be of eyght parts In the Architraue Fréese Cornice Base and Capitall the rule aforesayd shal be obserued The Pennants and other bindings are seene in the Figure and although the Columnes surpasse the rule two parts yet because they stand néere together and are made fast in the worke more for beautie then strength it may passe well inough by the authoritie of ancient workemen IT is an excellent thing in a workeman to be full of inuention in regard of the diuersitie of accidents which belong vnto building for sometimes a man shall find store of Columnes but so low or short that they serue not for that purpose for which men would vse them vnto vnlesse the workeman deuise some meanes to helpe them Therefore if the Columne be not so high as it will reach to the Facie that lyeth like the roofe of this Gallery then with those maner of Pennants a man may rayse it higher if on both sides it hath good strong shoulders touching the wayght aboue it will be very chargeable therefore to make it without binding of iron barres it would not be sure but it is lesse to be feared if the Gallery were not so broad but that it might be couered with stones that were all of one piece or else to make strong beames therein The proportion hereof shall be that the widenesse of the Arches shal be the thicknesse of 4. Columnes and the height twise as much The least space betwéene the Columnes shall be of the thicknesse of 3. Columnes and the height of the thicknesse of 6. Columnes and each widenesse shall be once agayne as high as broad The Columnes if they be ouer-burdened with wayght should be of the measure before set downe the rest are clearely to be séene in the Figure but touching Bases and Capitals I haue sayd sufficient at the first in the treaty of the first Columne AS this Arch is very strong considering the concordence of the binding so also it is ingenious and pleasing to view Which inuention shall not onely serue for Galleries of such worke but for Bridges ouer Riuets Conduits to carry water from one Hill vp to another and so to a Conduit The proportion is that the widenesse from one Pilaster to another and also the height shall be to the Facie that beareth the Arch. The Facie shall be the seuenth part of that widenesse or height from the Facie downewards is deuided into sixe parts the halfe Circle into nine parts and a quarter for the closing stone is the fourth part more then the other the rest may be found with the Compasse IT may sometimes fall out that a workeman should néed many holes in great walles for the building of his House whereunto this worke belongeth to carry the wayght for strengthening thereof and were there not so much need of light some of them might be filled vp with Bricke The proportion shall bee this that the space of the lights and the massie wall shall be both of like bredth and twice so high as broad although all such things are to bee increased and diminished at the workemans pleasure The like worke is yet to be séene in Rome being not very old made but such as are in these dayes made and stronger The example whereof is at S. Cosmas and Damianus IT is said that sight preserues memory whereby oftentimes that is made which workemen would not haue made it it had not beene made before in some other place and so at some times you shall sée in a Court or elsewhere a side of a Wall that shall haue neyther Doore nor Windowes in it and yet it is well set out in this rude maner and booâ—ish kind of worke by which inuention a workeman may helpe himselfe In which places a workeman may set Images or other reliques of Antiquitie Touching the measures and proportion thereof I will not set it downe for I leaue it to the workeman for to heighten or make broad as occasion serueth FOr that the most part of the Supercilies or Architraues as we call them that are set ouer Gates or other things by reason of the widenes if the stones be not of a good bignesse may yéeld to the waight whereby in time they breake and decay as you may sée in many places Therefore you shall although it bee in great distance so that the shoulders on the sides be strong make such worke of péeces as hereunder are in diuers wayes set downe which without doubt will be very strong and the heauier the waight is aboue the longer it will last ALthough that in Vitruuius writings there is no mention made in what maner men in ancient times made places in Palaces and common houses to make fire in yet men find in olde buildings some shew
Columnes may haue a fast foundation the height of this Gate is a 4. square and of two 3. parts the Arch-stones and the rest you shall see sufliciently in the Figure from below vnder the Arch vntill you be aboue the Facie shall he 2. Colummes thicke And although that all other stories or buildings being one story aboue another would alwayes bee shortened a fourth part yet in this case by my aduice for that the compartition of the Columnes being aboue this rusticke worke and that the rough worke should not take too much place when it is of sufficient strength it is requisite that it should bee of the same height Aboue the first order as you shall make a Podium of a Columne an halfe high whereon you must set the Columnes in order as it is taught the height without the Podium shall be deuided in 5. parts whereof 4. shall bee for the Columnes the other for their ornaments whereof the Trigliphes shal be deuided as you sée obseruing the rule aforsayd The middlemost shal be dealt thus that the small Columues shall be the halfe of the greater and the middlemost inter-Columne shal be as broad againe as those that stand on the sides which shall be like eyes of the windowes Aboue the windowes to make more light you shall make the eyes and aboue the smallest spaces in the middle you shal make that you sée héere in the Figure for to accompany the same eyes And although there rest particular parts you shall alwayes seeke them forward where you shall be assured to find them The third order or story and that which belongeth thereunto shall also be made lesse a 4. part but the windowes as broad as the lowest as also their heights and all other things you may easily find with the Compasse The raysing vp in the middle without the Frontispicium shall bee halfe the third order in height for the rest a workeman may adde and diminish at his pleasure BEfore I hane shewed in two figures how to make the Facies or forefronts of Houses after the Venetians maner but for that in such works men would willingly haue some places bearing out which are for the most part made ouer the water for fresh ayre of the water whereon the most part of buildings haue their fayrest forefronts or Facies as also to sée the tryumphes oftentimes made there in Boates and Ships to which purpose the sayd bearings or iuttyings out serue well and yet neuerthelesse are vnséemely things and haue no other supporters but the Mogdilions Now such things as haue not their foundation strongly layd and made hurt the walles of the house or building whereof ancient workemen were very carefull and made no such bearing out but onely Cornices therefore I say if a man will make any such things in any building with good aduice it is necessary that the first wall should bee so thicke that it may stand so farre out as the flat of the bearing out requireth as may bee perceyued in the round and for that the middlamost wall standeth out more then the sides if you will not make it so thicks then you may make a strong Arch within to vphold the middlemost although it be hollow and of small weyght This bearing out is to bee vnderstood aboue the Facies of the rusticall worke which being made then the compartement of the Facies shall bee aboue this so that the middlemost part shall be of thrée portions and the sides of thrée and an halfe I meane within the walles as the ground sheweth The height of this second order or story shall be like the vndermost according to the rules aforesayd and first you shall make the Podium of an indifferent height to leane vpon then that which resteth shall be deuided in fiue parts one of those shall bee the Epistilium with the rest of his parts The widenesse of the middle most part must be thus the opennesse with the Arch must be as great agains as the sides and the height doubled so the Architraues being set vpon the Columnes for the vpholding of the Arch all the Windâ—â—â—â—s shall bee vpon a rome likewise also for more commoditie of light and ornament the eyes of the Windâ—â—â—â—â— shall bee made These ornaments together with many other things if a man in regard of cost will not make them of Marble or of other stones they may be set foorth with painting The third order or story shall also bee a â—â—â—â—th partlesse then the second and so euery other part thereof accordingly following the rule aforesayd and although the Ionica be set before the Dorica which ancient worknen some time haue done you shall find the proportioâ—◠〈◊〉 roof 〈◊〉 in his place ALthough the workeman hath séene so many inuentions in this Dorica worke yet they will not further him for ornaments of Chimneyes but I will set two sorts thereof here in Figure one indifferent whole in the thickenesse of the wall for a small round Chamber or House the other for a greater place without the wall drawne with Mogdilions for if a small Chamber should be cumbred with a Chimney it is requisite to make it wholy within the thicknesse of the wall and the height of the opening being made according to the situation of the place shall be deuided into foure parts and an halfe and shall be the bredth of the Pilaster but the Architraue shall containe the halfe the Tenia or List going round about shall bee a seuenth part and all his other Lists of the same bredth the Trigliphes and Mogdilions shall be halfe the bredth of the Architraue but their height you shall take in this manner that the Mutiles stand aboue the Pilasters and the Trigliphes deuided betwéene both the Methopes may haue their fouresquare of the bredth of the Architraue but yet the Methopes or spaces betwixt the Mogdilions shall not bee fouresquare The Capitals of the Mutiles and Trigliphes shall bee so high as halfe the bredth of the Trigliphes The Corona with the Scimatie and Scima shall bee so high as the Architraue and being deuides in two parts one part shall be for the Corona of the other you must make thrée parts one for the Cimatie with the List the other shall be for the Scima with his List The bearing out of the Corona shall be so great or little that the spaces betwéene the Capitals of the Trigliphes in the ground of the Corona may be fouresquare for that if men will sit round about it they may haue their place of sight The Prdiecture of the Scima with the Cimatie shal be made like that height which standeth aboue at the discretion of the workeman But if the Chimney be very small for a little roome or Chamber then a man shall make the Pilaster of the seuenth part of the height of the opening THis other Chimney without the wall shall be made thus when the height and widenesse of the place according to the situation is
to the pleasure of the workeman it may also serue for windowes Aneenes or Pâ—olâ—â—â—â—â—des THe light of the Gate following is more then of double proportion viz. of two fouresquares and a quarter the flat of the Pilasters shall be the 8. part of the bredth of the light and the Columnes shall be twice as thicke the same Columne shall be lessened aboue a sixt part the height shall be of 9. parts with Bases and Capitals according to the measure aforesaid And although these Columnes hold a part more then the rule aforesayd yet it is not therefore trueth for that the 2. third parts stand onely without the wall bearing no other waight then the Frontispicium further if by any accident these Columnes should excéed 9. parts yet were it not to be blamed for they are onely set for an ornament being made fast in the wall The height of the Architraue shall be like the Supercilies ouer the doore the Fréese shall be cut and shall be made higher as is before if it be not cut you may lessen it so much lower the Cornice shall be higher like the Epistilium or Architraue with the other parts you must handle as it is said in the beginning of this order The Frontispicie shall bee referred to the will of the workeman eyther to make it higher or lower by any of the aforesayd rules By this inuention a workeman may helpe himselfe in many things making the light high or low as need shall require as sometimes of a fouresquare or of two third parts but if the workeman bee not otherwise compelled I should best commend the double proportion that is of two fouresquares ALthough I haue set this rusticall Gate in the order of Thuscana and not onely in many places applyed it to the Thuscana but also mixed it with the Dorica yet I haue placed it here with the Ionica although it is not therefore to be set in all buildings that are made after the Dorica neuerthelesse to good intent and purpose as without in the countrey in such a case also it is not to bee discommended in a Citie or Towne for a Marchants or Lawyers house in which places it is tolerable But in what place soeuer a man will make it in a maner of bearing ouer then the proportion of this worke shall be thus the light vp to the Arch shal be two fouresquares and the Pilaster the 8. part of the bredth of the light the Columne shall hold the fourth part thereof but the height shal be 9. parts with Bases and Capitals The Arch of the halfe shal be deuided in 13. parts and a quarter because the middlemost stone shall holâ— a quarter more then the rest The Architraue Fréese and Cornice are together the fifth part of the Columnes of which thrée pieces the workeman shall make 11. parts 4. for the Architraue 3. for the Fréese and 4. for the Cornice The height of the Podium shal be the bredth of the light The Cornice and the Base may be taken out of the aforesayd Stilobato but the other Base Capitall Architraue and Cornice shal be made as it is sayd in the beginning The Arch-stones and the other that bind the Columnes you may sée in the Figure ALthough the height of this Arch is not of double proportion as the most part of those which I haue shewed yet it is not false but is made by good discretion for that it may sometime fall out that in the compartition of a Facies vpon occasion of any necessary height and to make the Arches vnequall which should be so to place the principall gate in the middle which in such case should not attayne to such height but if we be not constrayned by any necessity I more commend the double height then any other proportion The widenesse then betwéene one Pilaster and the other shal be 3. parts and the height 5. but afterwards the widenesse being deuided in 5. then the whole Pillars which stand before the 2. Pilasters haue 2. parts and the thicknesse of the Columnes shal be of one part the Pilasters shall each of them be of halfe a Columne in thicknesse likewise the Arch and the Impost which vpholdeth the Arch are of the same height made as it is shewed in the Theater of Marcellus marked T. The Columnes shal be 9. parts high with Bases and Capitals made according to the rule in the beginning of this Chapter set downe the doore in the middle shal be halfe the widenesse betwéene the Pilasters the height shal be found in this maner The Pilaster being made of the sixt part of the light the Cornice like the eyes of the Impost placed aboue it and the Scima vpon that making afterward the Fréese the fourth part lesse then the Antipagmentum then the height will find it selfe which will be little lesse then two fouresquares The Frontispice shal be made according to a rule set downe in the Dorica the Architraue Fréese and Cornice shal be made in height of the fourth part of the heights of the Columnes by the rule aforesayd The Story aboue shal be lower by one fourth part so shall the Architraue Fréese and Cornice bee of the fift part of that height which shal be the fourth part of the height of the Columnes but touching the deuision of the particular members you shall find them in full measure in the Order of Composita The windowes being made with Arches shal be in bredth like the doore likewise the Pilasters and the Arches but their height shal be two fouresquares and a halfe which is to giue more light in the chambers The Columnes shal be flat and one fourth part shorter thâ—n the lower The bredth of the Niches betwéene the Columnes and the windowes is one Columne and a halfe the height of foure Columnes thicknesse Thus of any parts or members that bee resting you shall find meanes to make them by the prescription of the aforesayd rules of that order for of this Corinthia you shall find the measure in the beginning of that order Aboue this story he that will may make a walking place well defended from water and that the height of this Podium were of reasonable height to leane vpon or to rest vpon with a mans armes these Facies would bee a great beautifying to the building and much ease to the inhabitants SOmetime as is sayd a workeman shall find a great number of Columnes but so low that they will not reach high inough for his worke if he cannot helpe himselfe therewith and apply such members to serue the building which he hath in hand therefore if the height of the Gallery riseth higher then the Columnes then in the middle of the Facie you may make an Arch being vpholden by the Architraue which shal be aboue the Columnes which Architraue shall bee the Impost or vpholding of a round roofe But where the Arch shall be there shall be a Crociere as the workeman may see in this ground and for