Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	ounce_n	put_v	strain_v	3,543	5	10.9000	5	false

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A94194	Graphice. The use of the pen and pensil. Or, the most excellent art of painting : in two parts. / By William Sanderson, Esq;	Sanderson, William, Sir, 1586?-1676.	1658 (1658)	Wing S648; Thomason E1077_2; ESTC R208648	74,435	105

if too little it worketh ill and dries too fast if too much it will be bright and glister like oyl-colour which by any means avoid The five perfect Colours with their Lights and Shaddowes THe best for Limning is a Lake of it self of a Murray colour which is best made and to be had at Venice or in Flenders at Antwerp for if you make shift with other Lake adding blew to make it Murray it can never be good The former Lake is to be ground with Gum-Arabick water onely although when it is once dry in the shel it is hardly reduced into a condition to work well again Then grinde more and fresh 2. Red or Ruby IF you will make a fair Red for Limning take India-Lake with breaks of a Scarlet or Stammell-colour there are sundry Lakes which will shadow one upon another and some â—o black that they must be ground generally with Sugar-candy amongst the Gum and others with Sugar onely You cannot grind them too much nor need they washing Vermilion also is another Red which must be ground and wash'd 3. Blew or Saphire THe darkest and richest is of Ultra Marine of Venice but that is very dear in the place thereof we use Smalt of the best Blew Bises also of severall sorts paler then other of five or six degrees They may be ground but better to be beaten in a Morter of flint like Ammel very smooth with a Pestill likewise of flint or Aggat well stirred till it be fine with gum-water onely and well wash'd So have you many sorts and all good shaddowing Blewes or Litmus Indico blew Flory These need no washing nor Litmus any grinding but steeped in the lees of Soap-ashes Use Gum with discretion as aforesaid 4. Green or Emrauld GReen the best is Cedar-green in the place thereof take Tripall to draw with Pink is also needfull for Landskips mixed with Bise-ashes makes another Green so likewise with Masticoâ—e and Ceruse as you see cause For light-greens sap-greens flour dâ— Bise tauny-green needs nothing but steeped in water which is best 5. Yellow or Topas YEllow the best is Masticote whereof there are divers forts paler or deeper yellow Oker for want of better is another also and these wash'd not ground do best and must have a little Sugar amongst the Gum in tempering them Shadowing Yellowes are of the stone found in an Ox-gall ground with gum-Gum-water not washed And yellow Oker made with white Roses bruised with a little Allom and strained neither of them needs grinding nor washing nor Gum You may make shift with fair Oker de rouse and Saâ—â—ron water Shadow your Masticote with yellow Oker deepen it with Oker de rouse And so have we done with the five perfect Colours An excellent Receipt to make Vltra-Marine TAke the broken pieces of Lapis Lazarilli the deeper blew or between black and blew with as little grains of gold upon them as may be put it into a Goldsmith's meltingpot covering it with a potsheard heat it hot about an hour upon a fire of charcoal then quench it with urine vinegar or water in some pot well leaded dry it in a fire-shovell upon coals the moisture quite dry then lay it upon a table and with pinsers nip off the hard part from it being gray and whitish Then boyl two spoonfulls of Honey in a pot of clean water and take the Lapis Lazarilli and grind it out with this water as fine as may be and so let it dry for use To make a Varnish TAke a pound and half of oyle Aspeck the best five ounces of Mastick as many of Sandrose put these together in a glasse boyling them in a pottle of water and putting a cloth in the bottom stir it often for three hours the longer the better and after it is cool let it stand in the Scum for ten daies An excellent Water for the preserving white-Colours and recovering them being dead or starved and generally for all Colours TAke Rosemary-water distilled and with a few drops thereof temper a shell of White so starved or dead and it shall instantly become perfect for a truth try one half of the colour and see the difference It hath also this quality of goodnesse that whereas all colours especially Whites and Umber in the grinding and tempering arise in bubbles very troublesome to an Artist a little of this water clenseth the colour and disperseth the bubbles and being tempered with your colour in the shell makes it flow and to work exceeding sharp The draught of a Landskip Mathematicall they that have leasure and desire thereto may make experiment SEt up a little black Tent in a field made easie portable and convertible as a Wind-mill to all quarters at pleasure capable of no more then one man with little ease exactly close and dark save at one hole an inch and half diameter to which apply a long prospective Trunck with a convex glasse fitted to the said hole and the concave taken out at the other end which extendeth unto about the middle of this erected Tent through which the visible radiations of all the objects without are intermitted falling upon a paper which is accommodated to receive them and so trace them with your pen in their naturall appearance turning this your little Tent round by degrees till you have design'd the whole aspect of the place There is good use hereof in Chorography but to make Landskips hereby were too illiberall Surely no Painter could exceed the precisenesse of these To make clean a fonl or old Picture in Oyle MAke clean the Picture with a spunge dipt in warm beer and then let it dry and afterwards wash it over with the liquor of the whitest Gum-dragon steeped or dissolved in water which will set a glare or freshnesse upon the Picture If you use blew starch or glare of eggs or other such trash as is very common it will take off the heightning and spoil the grace of the work Light bad for the eyes LEt not the aire be too lightsome excessive light scatters the spirits and causeth the sight to be lost Xenophons souldiers passing a long time in the snow became almost blind Dionysius the Tyrant shut up his prisoners in dark holes and sodainly bringing them to sun-shine took away their sight Some colours are not profitable for the sight which diffuseth the spirits drawing them to it Black makes them too grosse Not any colour does much comfort the eyes but Green Blew Violâ—t Saphir and Emerauld Flowers of Burrage and leaves of Burnet put into French-wine the colours comfort the eyes the property of the Herbs represse the vapour of the Wine and this Wine is most due to be drunk by an excellent Painter in which other persons may have leave to taste onely unlesse to drink his health unto The END Pen and Pensill described Of the five Senses Sight the best sense Sight compared with other senses Excellency of

good quantity together in water without Gum then have in readiness a piece of thick white chalk make therein certain furrows or troughs in which instantly put the White-lead ground from the stone wet let it remain there till it be very dry the chalk will suck and drain up the filth salt and grease in the Colour Preserve it for use in a paper or clean Boxes When you intend to worke with it Take as much as conveniently will lye in a shell of Mother of Pearle neatly cleaned and burnisht wherein as in all Colours be curious and neat not to have the Room troubled with company where you grind for avoiding dust or Atomes which you will find troublesome in your working Put to this as to all Colours a little Gum-Arabick the best and whitest which you must have ready in powder very fine in a box or else dissolved in water and with a few drops of running water temper it with your finger to dissolve and mixe with your Colour Discretion and Practice will direct you Leave not your Colours too dry and liquid in your shell but somewhat thick and clammie cover them from dust till it be dry in the shell then draw your finger gently upon the Colour if none come off it is well if it do add a little more Gum-water if it be too much it will glister and shine in the shell then wash off the gumme with fair water or temper a new shell Observe in each particular what is directed in this Colour of washing grinding tempering A Rule for all the other Colours that are to be ground Some Colours are to be washt and ground and they are these Ceruse White-Lead India-Lake English-Oker Pinke Indico Umber Spanish-brown Colens-Earth Cherry-stone and Ivory black Other to be washt only are these Red-Lead or Mene. Masticote Blew-Bise Green-Bise Cedar-Green Smalt Ultra-marine Only Sap-green to be steeped in fair water The reason why these Colours are not to be ground as the others are because of a sandy substance loose gravelly and so heavy ponderous and solid bodies hardly to be reduced unto such firmness as is to be required in this Art for if you think to make them fine by grinding they instantly loose their beauty starve and dye Besides some of them as Masticote and Red-Lead become of a greasie and clammye thicknesse by reason of the agitation and tampering upon the stone and so utterly unserviceable to refine them therefore they must be washed There are but five perfect Colours white and black being none like the five precious stones perfect and transparent severall Colours The hard Topas for Yellow the Amethyst orient for Murray the Rubie for Red Saphire for Blew Emrauld for Green All which Colours are perfect different from mixture of white and are thus distinguished by Heraulds in blazoning of Arms of Princes Bearings And although what hath been said for grinding Ceruse and VVhite-Lead may serve for a direct order in all other grinding Colours Yet I shall for full satisfaction speak of them severally before I come to those that are to be washed Colours to be grinded THe next in order is India-Lake the dearest and most beautifull grinde it as the VVhites with the help of the Sun and with your finger spread it about the shel sides After it is dry you will find this Colour and some other as Amber subject to crackle and fall from the shell in pieces take care that this anâ— all others be fast smooth and firme which to effect take a little quantity of VVhite-Suger-candy with a few drops of fair water temper the Colour againe as it is in the shell with your finger till the Colour and Sugar-candy be throughly dissolved which being dry will lye fast and eeven English-Oaker is a very good Colour and of much use for shadows in Pictures by the Life for Haires and Drapery Rocks High-wayes in Land-skips and commonly lye eeven and fast in the shell and works beyond any other being well ground Get the fairest because with it and Blew you make the fastest Greens for Land-skips or Drapery for the Green-Bise and Sap-Green though good in their kind the first is of so coorse and gross a body and the other so transparent and thinne that in many things they will be unserviecable espetially where you have occasion to use a beautifull fair Green by mixing a little Indico with Bise and Pinke this Colour being ground fine worketh very sharp and neat of exceeding use if ground as the rest The next in Order is Umber a Colour greasie and foule hard to work with you must burn it in a Crusible or Goldsmiths Poâ— and being ground as the rest it works sharp and neat It is exceeding coorse and full of gravell of no great use for a little Umber Red-Lead or Mene mixed makes the same Colour Is easie to work when it is new ground very good to close up the last and deepest touches in the shadowed places of Pictures by Life and also very usefull in Landskips Are both to be burnt in a Crusible and so ground the first is very good especially for Drapery and black Apparrell but but if you make Sattin temper it with a little Indico only to make it appear beautifull glassshining lightned with a little mixture of more white In strong touches and deep hard reflections deepned with Ivory will shew marvellous fair this was the way of that famous Hilliard the English Limner in Queen Elizabeth's dayes Serves only for a deep Ivory black nor is it easie to worke without well tempering with Sugar Candy to prevent crackling and peeling And so much for Colours to be ground Colours to be washed and not to be ground I Shall follow the former Order by shewing how one Colour is to be prepared which will demonstrate all the rest Put an ounce thereof into a Bason or clean earthen dish full of fair water stir it sometime together with your hand or spoon till it be coloured then let it stand till the greasie scumme arise upon the superficies which with the water pour out fill it again with fresh water stir it often untill it be thick and troubled which presently pour out into another clean Bason or Vessell reserving behind in the first Bason the dreggs of the Colours which haply will be the greatest part and to be cast away for you are to seek the best not the most A little good Colour goes far in Limning and if a handfull of Red-Lead yield a shell or two in goodness it is enough so it be fine The troubled water being in the second Bason add more water wash them well together as before let it settle till it become almost clear but if you perceive a scumme to arise again upon the water pour it out and put in fresh till the Colour be clearer for the skumme is Chalk and other filth which washes out by

lines upon Parchment or paper The Colour Crimson is most difficult to worke It is made of Lake which of it self is light and hard therefore instead of that use India Lake or Russet observing alwayes to mixe white Ceruse with all the other Colours or shadows whatsoever And when you are to mixe a Colour that is hard to worke as this Crimson which commonly you shall find brittle and hard then temper it with another Colour neer the same in Colour but more soft and gentle As if you mixe a little Vermillion with a good quantity of Lake it will take not much from the Colour and make it work very well In this manner you may make all manner of beautifull Greens for Landskips and all other Colours requisite for Rocks Waters Skyes and tempering the Greens with white Pinck Bise Masticoate Smalt Indico and to make them high deep or light as you please remembring where you are to temper fast and firm colours as Umber Oke Indico take the less plaister of Paris But where your colours are loose and sandy they bind the stronger and faster by adding more plaister And when your colours are dry before you begin your work sharpen them with a pen-knife according to the large or little proportion of your designe Having ground the white-lead to a sufficient finenesse put it together with the water with the which you ground it being sweet water distilled into a Silver or China-dish wherein hath been dissolved a good quantity of Gum-Arabick and strained The water becoming clear and the colour become setled poure the water away and let it dry inthe dishes and so receive it to your use The second washing will serve well to work withall and temper and mix with the shadowes The third and last is good for heightnings lights and high touches and strong reflections But the first and coorsest in the bottom reserved in the first dish must be ground again and tempered with gum-water and is very good for laying grounds and carnations and complexions for Picture by the life It is good to mix Spanish White with your white-lead for it will bind it together and it is good to be heightned upon If you have no Spanish White make this mixture Take two parts of ordinary Chalk and one part of Allom grind these together to a good finenesse which being made up to a lump burn it in the fire and reserve it for use And so much for the work by Croyons or Pastills Of Frescoe THe way of Painting upon walls to endure weather the Colours must be ground with lime-water or milk or whey tempered and mix'd in pots as in Size-colouring Take the powder of old rubbish stones mixed with well-burnt flint-stones or lime and water wash out the saltnesse of the lime by often pouring out the water and put in fresh the oftner the better which makes the plaister or compost Avoid moist weather which hath influence upon the walls To do the work lasting strike into the brick or stone-wall stumps of head-nails about six inches assunder which will keep the plaister firm from peeling Then with this compost plaister the wall a good thicknesse letting it dry and your colours prepared ready and mingled plaister again over the former the thicknesse of half a crown of silver very fine and thin so much as you intend presently to work upon whilst it is wet Work your colours therein which will co-operate and corrob o rate into the plaister and so dry together as a perfect compost Work your painting quick with a free hand for there cannot be any alteration after the first painting and therefore make your painting high enough at the first You may deepen but not easily heighten Avoid Minâ—rall colours Earth colours are best as all Oker s Brown of Spain Terre-vert Spanish-white and such like Your Brushes and Pensills must be long and soft otherwise they will â—ake the work and raise the painting Your Colours must be full and flowing from the Brush your Designe perfect in the Image or paper-copy for in this work you cannot alter or add upon any colour To make excellent purâ— White-Lead PUt into a gallon pot certain plaits of clean fine leâ—d cover them with white-wine vinegar glewing the pot with clean Lome bury it in a Cellar a months space or six weeks then you shall find very good white-lead upon the plates which take off for use To make severall Colours BReak the best Verdigreeâ—e into fine powder in a mortar then having laid the ground with liquid silver and burnisht temper the Verdigreece with Varnish it makes an Emerauld as also with Florence-Lake it makes a fair Ruby and with ultra-Marine it makes a Saphire Let it rest a while upon your hand that the varnish thereof may diâ—solve the stone Make it little eeven and smooth upon the Card and it will dry â—n a day A Crimson-Velvâ—t TAke Indico-Lake well ground and strongly bound with Gâ—m and a little white-Sugar-candy Temper these with a little Turnsoil then lay it full and when it is wet with a dry Pensill wipe away the colour where you will have the heightning of the Crimson-velvet appear and the strong reflections will this way expresse it Excellent Receipts from Mr. Hilliard that old famous English Limner PEarl must be laid with a white mixed with a little black and a little India blew Mastick but ye ta very little in comparison of the white not the hundred part which being dry give the light of the Pearl with silver somewhat more to the light side than to the shaddow Then take White allayed with Mastick and underneath the shadow-side give it a compassing stroak which shewes the reflection then without that a small shadow of sea-coal undermost of all But note that the silver must be laid round and full Note that all Stones besides the Diamond must be glazed upon silver with their proper colours with a varnish An excellent Black THe best Black is black-Ivory burnt in a Crâ—cible well stopt with a tyle-shard or iron-plate and luted that the aire enter not Mix therefore the luting with a little salt heat it red hâ—r a quarter of an hour then being set by let it cool of it self the pot still close then open it grind it with Gum-water onely wash it in this manner from the Gum pouring water into it by little and little in some deep glasse stirring it with a feather and when it is as thin or thinner than Inck let it settle an afternoon then poure it from the uppermost of the matter which is but the scâ—m and foulnesse good to put into Inck the rest being very dry take it out of the glasse and keep it in paper or boxes for use But you must soft grinde it again or temper it again upon the stone with water adding Gum beaten fine into it with discretion for by use you will find the fault

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