simple purging medicines are mingled in purging decoctions the manner of preparing is the same for purging medicines convenient for the evacuation of the humours are taken and that for one and more doses yet because in seething their strength will decay or waste they ought to be taken in a greater dose then in the substance the strongest for the most part double but of the milder purgers four-fold Of which before in the doses of medicines Other things are added to these which may either resist and correct the malignant and noxious qualities of the purge or may prevent the mischeives which may befall nature by theuse of strong purgers or which may increase and stir up the dull faculty of a medicine or extimulate them to worke more speedily or may bridle them if they worke too strong and quick or such as have regard to some private part and may leade and direct the purging medicine thither Aromatick powders or species are added to the decoction strained for to please the palate halse an ounce or an ounce of Syrup is appointed and prepared 2. Oftentimes something that purges is added to the decoction as Syrup and Honey of Roses and Violets solutive also Cassia Manna which are dissolved in the decoction which is againe strained 3. Sometimes purging electuaries are mixt and dissolved in the concoction in such quantity that they make one dose when they are mingled with many things that are boyled together 4. But because decoction by the mixture of electuaries become thicker t is not inconvenient if they are strained againe and also clarifyed but then the Electuaries may be used in a larger quantity 5. Sometimes some of the purging powders are added to the Liquor or decoction 6. Or some quantity of a purging extract is dissolved in it 7. Lastly decoctions are oftentimes made of purging and altering medicines together Hereunto belongs decoctions to cause vomits Vomiting things c. sweates Urine examples whereof are extant every where CHAP III. Of Infusions and other purging Potions INfusions are next unto decoctions Infusions and differ only from decoctions simply so called in that they are wont to be prepared only by boyling without macerating them before hand but these are when the medicines are broken or beaten before and put into a convenient Liquor for some certain time that they may leave their vertue in it The mâ—nner of preparing They are prepared of medicines of all sorts but most commonly of Purgers which should be given in somewhat a greater weight then in the substance namely halfe so much in the substance and double in the Infusion with their correcters and directers being cast in also in a due quantity sometimes in a nodule or little bagg of fine linnen shut in a Liquor convenient for the purpose of the Physitian the Chymists at this day that the extract may be made the easier put to the menstruum or prepared matter some drops or spirit of Salt of Vitrioll or Oyle of Vitrioll is added which is made by draining which they call per deliquium The quantity of the Liquor ought to be such as may cover those things that are macerated and may be something higer then they being infused in this manner fix twelve or twenty foure hours in a warme vessell stopt or shut they being beaten or cut in peices should so long lye in it untill the Liquor hath extracted all their strength which may be known by the taste and smell But if which often happens there be urgent occasion the medicines cannot be macerated for want of time that defect may be supplyed by gentle boyling of them afterwards that which is strained with or without squeazing is appointed for use and indeed without squeazing or pressing that which is strained is more cleansing and pleasing to the taste but weaker but with expression t is more troubled and thicker but more efficacious You may add to the infusion things that sweeten it or other purging things as t is said before of decoctions Sometimes Decoctions and Infusions are given together namely a Decoction is prepared in the same manner as is said before In a sufficient quantity of that decection are infused purgers with their correcters and the rest of the things are afterwards mixt as in other infusions Another way also a Potion is made of insusion and decoction mixt or an infusion with a decoction namely the decoction is prepared by its selfe and the insusion by it selfe both of them according to the method formerly described and these two Liquors are afterward mingled together To these purging decoctions A purging Potion The menner and infusions by reason of their fimilitude we add a purging Potion peculiarly so called by some which is prepared in this manner first a sufficient quantity is taken of any sort of Liquor decoction distilled water Whey water and Honey mixt Broath Wine Juleps of Violets sufficient for a draught namely two 3. or 4. ounces in the Liquor a sufficient quantity of Cassia Manna or a sufficient quantity of any one purging electuary or more is to be dissolved for one dose sometimes of some Syrup half an ounce or 6. drachms or some of the Aromatick powders are added and these potions are taken as the rest which we have spoken of heretofore hot in the morning fasting 2. Secondly as t is spoken of puâ—ging things so here also straining and Clarifying may be appointed but then the electuaries are to be taken in a greater quantity then if they are given without straining 3. Thirdly purging Potions may be prepared of purging extracts but seeing that extracts are wont to be given in a smaller dose they require lesse quantity of Liquor and thâ—rfore are more gratefull to the affected sometimes two or three ounces of other Liquors are taken instead of Muskadine and the extract is dissolved in them and if there be danger of being too hot some Sorrell or Lemons or some other convenient things may be added 4. Lastly purging Potions are prepared of powders as well simples as of compound purging medicines as also with purging Roles but the dose of such powders ought not to be much more then a drachm otherwise the Potion will be too thick and ungratefull and sometimes some powder is mingled with dissolved electuaries In the same manner also Potions and infusions for vomits Infusions and Potions for vomits sweates and medicines provoking of Urine may be prepared CHAP. IV. Of Medicinal Wines drinks of honey and Water sodden together of Wine mingled with Honey of Oxymel of Medicinal Vinegar Decoction or Barley-water also of Clarified Juices OUT of those things which have bin hitherto spoken of Infusions and Decoctions Medicinall wines it will easily appear how medicinal wines are prepared and they are either altering â—r purging and altering together They are prepared either of Must or of Wine that is reâ—ined those that are prepared of Must have a more pleaâ—ant taste and they are thus done The dry
may seeth to the consistence of a Syrup If Honey be added it ought to bee boyled lesse because being cooled it easily becomes thick Syrups also like an concoctions may be made with Aromaticks or Aromaticke Powders 2. Seconldy they are prepared of clarifyed Juices to which is added half the quantity of Sugar and boiled to the consistence of a Syrup 3. These Syrups are better if fresh flowers are infused 24. hours in the expressed juice in Bal. Mariae and are again expressed and that repeated as often as it is fit Then the juice is to be clarified by digestion and half the quantity of Sugar to be mixt with it 4. Others boil the juice till half be consumed then they strain it and suffer the decoction to stand and settle that the juice may be the purer the which when Sugar is added they settle to the consistence of the Syrup 5. Sometimes the juice pressed out is poured into hot clarifyed Sugar and exposed to the heat of the Sun to consume its aqueous humidity But if the heat of the Sun be not sufficient it may be performed by gentle boiling 6. Syrups are also made of Infusions Sugar being added in the same manner as of Decoctions 7. And sometimes other things are infused in juices and afterwards when 't is strained Sugar is put to it and the Syrup is made according to art 8. Syrups may be made of extracts also if a little Sugar be added to the extract being thickned by abstraction of the Menstruum 9. Syrups may also be made of soft Electuaries if the Electuary be dissolved in six times or eight times the quantiny of warm liquour and strained and half so much Sugar added thereto by a gentle heat without boiling the liquour should evaporate to the consumption of the third part 10. Also Syrup is prepared of Sugar and Vineger onely namely four pound of Sugar and two of Vineger and according to some five Pints of water and 't is called Syrup of Vineger simple 11. Moreover Syrrups are made much more artificially especially of hot and dry Plants if onely so much water is poured off as that so much of the liquour may be left after straining without concoction as otherwise useth to be left after concoction is made and the matter infused on this manner in a Glass or other convenient vessel such as Fire-vessels or earthen vessels whose orifices may be fitted with a cover made for it that is round and channelled which should be put into the Balneum three or four days to digest and afterwards should be strained and that which is strained should again be put alone in Balneo or because of straightness of time it should be clarifyed with the white of an Egg what ever is feculent in it Afterwards Sugar should be taken and clarifyed and boiled to such a consistence as is observed in the Confection of Penides and it should be mingled with the clarifyed infusion The nearest to this is Oxymel Oxymel which is to be had in the Shops which is prepared of one part of Water one of Vineger and two parts of Honey whereof divers compositions may be made also Syrups are seldom given alone in Diseases of the Breast and Stomack The manner of administration but oftentimes are mixt with double the quantity of distilled waters or decoctions and an Ounce or an Ounce and an half of Syrups may be drank with two or three Ounces of Water or Decoction at one time To Syrups and Juleps belong Rosated water A Potion of Roses and water which is a Potion compounded of Roses and Water and Honey or Sugar Oribacius put into sixty Pints of warm water ten pound of Rose-leafs he shut the Vessel till they were perfectly boiled afterwards the Roses being taken out he infused of boiled and clarifyed Honey thirty pound and put it into a Cellar Actuarius took ten Pints of water and five pound of Sugar and boiled them together to a convenient thickness afterwards he infused a pound of the juice of Roses The likest to Syrups are Juleps and Zulaps Juleps as they are called from the Arabick word Sialaba which is to heal or make sound without doubt it is derived from thence so that indeed Physicians often times take them for the same Medicine and Potions that are mixt of Water and Syrups called Juleps but the name of Juleb is often extended farther now than with the Arabians who invented this Medicine to be made for the name of Juleb was absolutely given by them when Sugar onely is dissolved in rose-Rose-water and boiled as Julep of Roses is otherwise called Alexander's Julep But a Julep if there be any difference betwixt it and a Syrup is a Medicine clearer than a Syrup and therefore more delicate and gratefull and it is made of distilled waters clarified Juices and Sugar They are made with The manner of preparing of Juleps and without boiling without boiling on this manner Common or distilled water is taken or a decoction of Barley to the which some Juice also of Citrons Limmons Pomegranates Quinces or Vineger may be added and white and clarified Sugar is poured in or instead thereof common Juleps of Roses and Violets which being boiled to the cosistence of a Syrup are kept for use and are diligently mixt together and if there be need are drained through Hippocrates's sleeve But the proportion of Sugar or usual Juleps which is observed to the waters and juices is various as the present occasion requires it For the most part the Palate of the sick is their guide and sometimes the proportion of water and Juices to Syrups and Sugar is threefold sometimes fourfold sixfold eightfold or twelvefold Sometimes Juleps are made with Aromatick Powders or convenient little Tabulets are dissolved in them 'T is most convenient also in some Diseases to add Spirit of Vitriol 2. Moreover Juleps are prepared of Conserves and medicinal Juices if distilled waters that are proper or a Decoction of Barley be poured into them in a sufficient quantity and are stirred with a Pestle in a Morter or are mingled together over a gentle fire and strained 3. But those Juleps which are said to be prepared with decoction are nothing else but the pure and finer decoctions of Syrups and the same manner of preparing of them which is of decoctions and Syrups onely that they are removed from the fire before they receive a thicker consistence CHAP. VIII Of Emulsions and other Mixtures bringing or causing milk and of strengthning things AN Emulsion is so called Emulsion because it is like Milk and is prepared as it were by milking for 't is a potulent Medicine prepared of the pith and strength of seeds and certain fruits especially of sweet Almonds Which Emulsion in particular by some is called Amgydalatum by the affusion of convenient waters or of some other liquour and by pounding and pressing of them to which the Pulpe of a Capon or Pullet may also be added
quantity is taken of simples agreeable to every ones disease Way of preparing t is boiled and three or foure ounces of the decoction or instead thereof distilled water is taken and two or three ounces of Oyle are added and powders to the quantity of three drachms and of those mixt together three ounces are injected into the Womb. For the same causes Pâ—ssaries for the most part for which Clysters as they call them are injected into the Womb Pesses and Pessaries barbarously called Nascalia are put in 1. The manner of preparing There are many waies of preparing Pessaries the first is cotten or wooll that is shore and well carded and are mixt with a juice or some liquor either alone or with some convenient powders mixt twisted or wreathed about the bignisse and length of a finger t is wet in it and applied to the generative parts of women the quantity of Medecines that are pounded for the most part is an ounce 2. Moreover Medecines that are pounded are taken in convenient liquors as with oyl fat wax Galbanum Storax honey and are made up and mingled into a masse and fashioned in the figure of a Pessary to which a thred is tied which also may be covered with fine linnen or a thin peece of silk 3. Sometimes green herbs and such as are full of juice are a little bruised and tied about with a thred and bound in the form of a Pessary 4. There is a time also when Powders onely being taken in fine wooll or cotten being made round are put into a thin bagg made of a fine ragg Nascalies Nascasia as they are barbarously called are compounded of the same Medecines which are taken with cotton or soft wooll and applied to the externall orifice of the womb especially in Virgins to whom you may not give Pessaries CHAP. XVI Of those things which are injected into the Yard and Bladder INjections into the Bladder Injection into the Bladder are liquid Medecines which are injected into it through the urinary passage in the use whereof the whole art consists in injecting for sometimes t is sufficient to cast in this Clyster by a Squirt sometimes a Catheter which opens the way as it were and t is necessary to precede It happens also sometimes that there is need of injection into the Yard namely when it is either hurt by the stone Into the Yard or troubled with paine or the passage within is ulcerated t is prepared of those things which are agreeable to the scope of the Physitian But not onely fluid Medecines are injected but Unguents are cast in in this manner Take a wax Candle to which some Turpentine may be added of that thicknesse and length which may answer to this passage and chanell this Candle is bedaubed with an Oyntment and is thrust in but you must be carefull that the candle may be so prepared and stick so long that it may not melt with the heat of the yard you may boyle also some convenient Plaister and put the wax candle or a little Instrument made of lead into it CHAP. XXVII Of washings of the mouth and Gargarismes COllutions of the mouth with the Greeks Diaclysmata Mouth-waters they are fluid Medecines which are contained in the mouth and without swallowing by the help of the tongue are agitated up and down being principally appointed for paines of the teeth and diseases of the Gumms Next unto these are Gargarismes to wit liquid Medicines Gargarismes by which the Chaps are washed without swallowing namely whilest the humour contained in the mouth flowes towards the top of the Wind-pipe by its gravity the head leaning backward the breath breakking out is repelled and is agitated by a reciprocall motion Gargarismes are administred for divers purposes Use of gargarismes some to repell others to resolve and discusse others to ripen others to absterge or wipe oft others to consolidate But of all medicines for what purpose soever they are intended those are to be chosen which are not ungratefull to the smell or taste nor have any venemous and malignant qualitie since it may easily come to passe that any thing may be swallowed contrary to the will Some are prepared with distilled waters Manner of preparing others with decoctions wherein Juices or Syrups are dissolved under a three-fold foure-fold or six-fold quantitie so that to a pinte of distilled waters or of a decoction two three or foure ounces are taken to which sometimes some of the Aromaclck Species are added and being mixt all are exhibited together luke-warme CHAP. XXVIII Of Medicines that draw away Phlegme APophlegmatismes Apophlegmatismes are Medicines also which are held in the mouth and draw out Phlegme from the head and neighbouring-parts from whence they have their name for the most part they are called Diamassemataes or Masticatories But they are not all made alike Manner of preparing for first Apophlegmatisms are used in the forme of Gargarisms which how they are made is newly shewn Moreover Medicines may be made by bearing and with a convenient liquor reduced into the forme of an Electuarie wherewith the Palate should be annointed Masticatories The third are called Masticatories which are retained and masticated longer in the mouth partly by their heat they dissolve Phlegme draw it out and intice it forth partly by the strength wherewith they are endued of stimulating the expulsive facultie of the braine they irritate it to eject what ever troubles it which againe may be done three waies For first simple Medicines either whole The way of making or a little cut onely are detained and chewed in the mouth Secondly The same medicines pounded and with a sufficient quantitie of Honey or Wax which is taken are made into Troches like Lupine seeds or Hazel-nuts being in weight a scruple Thirdly The same medcines stamped being put in a linnen cloath which may be bruised and chewed with the Teeth CHAP. XXIX Of Medicines to rub and cleanse the Teeth DEntifrices which the Greeks call Odontrimmata Dentifrices and Smegmata Odonton are principally prepared to whiten cleanse and strengthen the teeth The way of making and fasten the Gumms when they are loose But there is not one sort of them onely for first they may be washed with convenient liquors or rubbed with cotton or a linnen ragg wet in a convenient liquor 2. Moreover the forme of an Oyntment may be used if the powders are taken in honey simple Oxymell with Squills honey of Roses or syrup of Roses 3. The Teeth may be rubbed with powders 4. Troches or Penfills may be made in the forme of suppositers which being dried and hardned the Teeth may be rubbed 5. After Dentifrices t is convenient that the mouth he washed principally with Wine wherein Orice roots or some other convenient thing is first macerated CHAP. XXX Of Medicines put into the Nose and to provoke sneezing ERrhines Errhines as the name shews
if you have a desire to nourish They are prepared for severall purposes or uses The use according to the variety of the matter namely to quench thirst to cause sleep to provoke sweats and other things and sometimes externally in stead of Epythems and may be exhibited for the heat of the braine and to mitigate paine and cause sleep They are prepared in this manner Manner of preparing Sweet Almonds are blanched so are the foure great cold Seeds and other things the Kernels also are beaten in a stone or marble Morter pouring in by degrees some fountaine water or of Roses and other convenient distilled waters or clarifyed with a convenient decoction that is pleasant to the taste The proportion of the liquour is uncertaine sometimes more sometimes lesse according to the strength of the seeds and fruits and according as the Emulsion is required to be thicker or thinner But at the least a threefold oftentimes a six-fold eight-fold ten-fold c. quantity of the liquour is required being beaten they are strained and if convenient Syrups or Julips that are proper as of Violets or Roses are added The Emulsion being made sometimes it is to be sweetned with Sugar or Rowles of Diamarg frig manus Christi perlati or the Juleps lately mentioned Sometimes there may be added some Cinamon water if the disease will suffer it and sometimes conserves Comfits and liquid Electuaries may be added from halfe a drachm to a drachm two drachms or more Pearles also Corall Harts horne burnt and other powders and Spices may be added to Emulsions Sometimes potulent Medicines may be made of Pearles onely Corall Harts horne and such like with convenient waters which also by reason of the colour of Milke which they have are called Emulsions and are very frequent with moderne Physitians Oftentimes Juices also that are drawne out by expression as of Pomegranates Lemmons or other liquours also are mixt with those waters yet so that the distilled waters for the most part exceed the rest in quantity sometimes but seldome some convenient Syrup But because Physitians for the most part desire a white colour in this water for the most part they omit all those things that may discolour it CHAP. IX Of Tinctures and Extracts and liquid dissolutions AN Extract is nothing else but the pure essence of a thing separated from its grosser body by a fit menstruum whence they are also called Essences by many which whilst it is as yet in a more liquid substance An Extract and joyned with the menstruum it hath also the colour of the thing and therefore is called a Tincture alth ough sometimes they are called Tinctures also when the essence of a thing is now separated from its menstruum which extracted it Essences or Tinctures that are liquid Essences are prepared either of green Plants or of Juices when they are prepared of green things the Hearbs are bruised and a little spirit of Wine is put in for the preservation of them and the juice is pressed out which being cleansed is called an Essence Those that are properly called Extracts are prepared of dryed Plants from whence if the whole menstruum be not separated it is called a Tincture or liquid extract But menstruums that is Liquours exhibited for the drawing out of the essence of a thing are various according to the diversity of the matter and use they of spirit of Wine distilled Waters Whey Vinegar and such like are exhibited In choosing a menstruam first you are to consider whether you desire a liquid tincture or an extract or a thicker or grosser body For if a liquid tincture be desired a menstruum is to be taken which is of the same kind and faculty But if the menstruum ought to be separated it is no matter although it be of another kinde then the Tincture is of But since it is required in a menstruum that by the subtility of its substance it may penetrate the matter and by its familiarity intice out the purer parts and without spoyling and corrupting of the Extract it selfe may againe be separated from it Spirit of Wine may easily be esteemed the best amongst them and take the first place but May-dew distilled Vineger Spirit of Salt of Turpentine c. are used also according as some present occasion may require If compound Extracts are prepared The manner of preparing Extracts and the simples be of divers natures each of them severally or those which are nearest one to the other are drawn off by their Menstruum and afterwards the Extracts are mingled The way of preparing Extracts is plain of it self namely the Menstruum is poured into the matter that is beaten and poudred which sometimes by the help of an external heat when the essence of a thing is drawn out and the Menstruum coloured enough 't is poured out and another is put in and that so often repeated till all the strength and virtue is extracted afterwards the Menstruum is separated by heat which if it be not separated whole 't is called a Tincture or liquid Extract but if almost whole and of the consistence of Honey 't is called a simple extract examples may be seen in the Institutions Nor are such Extracts as well liquid as thicker prepared simply alone but also compounded to these belong Eâ—ixir of propriety purging Extracts and universal purgers Laudanum opiated To Extracts belong those Rosins also which are prepared of Scammony Mechoacam Jalep and such like containing in them a kinde of gummy substance Of Tinctures of Gemms Coralls Metalls as of Balsum of Venus may be seen in the Institutions CHAP. X. Of Conserves Preserves and medicinal Juices THe name of Conserve is given principally to Flowers The manner of making Conserves and sometimes to Herbs and certain soft and tender Roots which being made up with Sugar are kept many years they are prepared in this manner the Flowers or Herbs newly picked or cleansed and if they abound with too much humidity first a little dried in the shade let them be mingled and brayed in a stone-morter with a woodden Pestle with twice or thrice the quantity of Sugar and afterwards the mixture is to be put up in a Glass or glased vessel If the Plants are moister 't is profitable to heat the Conserves when they are made by a gentle Fire 2. Others take a Glass and cover the bottom of it with Sugar then they put in the Flowers to be condited the depth of three Fingers breadth and then they put in Sugar again and in this manner heap upon a heap and the Glass close shut they expose it to the Sun some certain weeks 3. Sometimes the Roots are boiled untill they can be pounded or without boiling are washed and cleansed and are beaten very small to them so pounded or to the Decoction strained through a Hair-sieve the Sugar is added as it use to be for Syrups The name of Condite although it may be taken for
the roots of Grass Sparagus Fennel Maidenhair red Parsnips Bindweed flowers of Camomil and Wormwood are convenient But principally the Physitian ought to imitate nature Sweats which at the end of the paroxisme useth to move sweats and should discuss the Reliques of the vitious humours by fudoriferous medicines given either before or after the paroxism and indeed in pure Tertians wherein nature usually causes sweat in the end of the fit it often sufficeth that the sick drink only Barley water or the water of Sorrel or Carduus benedictus may be given with the Syrup of the juice of Citron or Limmon In spurious hotter medicines are to be used such as hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers which being given some hours before the paroxism often prevents or cures the same If the Fever be not cured with these remedies Coroloratives and that there be any signe of viscous matter and that the Liver and Spleen are likewise affected regard thereunto must also be had and since the Liver for the most part in bastard Tertians is obstructed by thick choler or choler mixed with thick humours which pollutes the blood those things which cleanse the body from choler are to be used to which purpose Wormwood is very good to be used which hath a force of deterging choler and bringing away the same by stool and urine as also hath century the lesser Troches also of Wormwood of Rhubarb Gentian and such like are also profitable care also must be taken of the Spleen and Stomack if they are debilitated There are certain other medicines given somtimes Febrifuga which are called Febrifuga of which 't is spoken in the fore-going chapter And besides these Topical Medicines there are yet others which are externally applyed to the body to cure Fevers namely a plaister of cobwebs with unguento populio the leaves of Shepherds pouch nettles crowfoot and other vesiccatories Concerning Diet Diet. in a pure intermitting Tertian the same diet useth to be kept for the most part as in a continued Tertian they are to abstain from honey sweet things and all those things which ingender choler wine is not to be drunk before concoction but when the notes of concoction have appeared you may use it so it be thin and watry meat is to be given when the paroxism is past unless Syncope imminent perswade the contrary Galen 10. Meth. Med. c. 5. In bastard Tertians two things are principally to be observed concerning diet first that the disease by too plentiful a diet may not be increased Secondly that the strength by too slender a diet may not be debilitated which should hold out most in a long disease and therefore the magnitude of the disease and the greatness of the strength are to be compared one with another and in case the strength be greater and the matter harder to be concocted the thinner diet is to be used but the larger diet if the strength be weak and the matter easier to be concocted The drink should not only cool and moisten but also cut and therefore it may be mixed with Hysop and wilde Marjerom and if water sweetned with honey be exhibited Vinegar being thereunto added that Choler may be thereby corrected CHAP. XIX Of a Quotidian Intermittent THe second sort of intermitting Fevers is that which proceeds from Flegm A Quotidian Fever which because it takes them every day is called a quotidian Fernelius writes that this is the rarest of all Fevers and that which scarce happens once amongst six hundred Nay there are some who plainly deny it and although many are affected every day yet they are sick of a double Tertian or treble Quartan The cause of this Fever sithence it is Flegm putrifying in the meseraick veins all those things may be causes of this Fever The cause which conduce to the generation of Flegm namely weakness of the bowels especially of the stomack heat cold and moist aliment and too great plenty of them This Fever is known by the causes generating Flegm which went before Diagnostick signs and also by the signs of Flegm abounding in the body explained in lib. 3. of Institutions part 2. cap. 2 This Fever chiefly comes to invade in the night only with coldness of the extreme parts and trembling The heat after refrigeration slowly invades so that somtimes heat somtimes cold is perceived and the heat at the first doth not seem sharp but habituous yet if the hand put thereunto continue some time it appears a little sharp and when it is diffused over the whole body it doth not burn much so that the sick do not breath extraordinarily neither are they very thirsty The face is not very red but for the most part yellowish or a little puffed up the eyes in the beginning are white thin and crude afterwards when the matter is concocted they become thick troubled and oftentimes also red In the first paroxisms also they sweat not but in the progress of the disease they sweat a little the Pulse also is exceeding little thin and more then in Quartans but equally slow the paroxism is extended to eighteen hours and the interval which is six hours is seldome pure and free nay 't is often extended to four and twenty hours But how long this Fever shall continue Prognosticks may be conjectured by the signs of concoction appearing sooner or later in the Urine and by the longitude and brevity of the paroxism for if nature timely aim at some evacuation it affords hopes of shortness of the disease But this Fever as being that which ariseth from a pertinacious humour is long and continueth unto forty days three moneths or more and is not without danger and when the Stomack and Liver are much affected with it the sick are often cast into a Dropsie and Cachexy The cure for the most part is the same with a Quotidian continued The Cure for the pituitous humour is to be prepared and evacuated to wit the first passages are to be opened with Clisters accommodated to the pituitous humour breathing a vein is scarce used but a Vomit is more useful then in any other sort of Fever because the stomack is principally affected but 't is to be occasioned by seed of Radish Orach of Dill flowers of Broom in those that are strong with Spurge and others that are every where known The Flegmatick humour is to be prepared with convenient medicines Preparers the opening roots Hysop wilde Marjoram Betony Mayden hair Agrimony Groundpine Camomil and other things convenient for Flegm Syrup of Sorrel simple and compound Syrup of the two and of the five Roots Honey of Roses Syrup Byzant simple and compound of Hysop Oxymel simple and compound with Squills spirit of Salt and Vitriol The matter in the first place being prepared Purgers it should be evacuated with Agarick Mechoachan Turbith Troches of Alhandal Elect. Indo Diaphaenico Diacarthamo pills of Hieca with Agarick
out of things generated in the body according to nature but retained in the body beyond the limits of nature p 343 Of taking away the corrupt parts of the body p 344 Of freeing and taking away things generated in the body contrary tâ— nature p 345 Of restitution of parts that are lost or of the Chyrurgery of imperfect parts p 346 Book 5. Part 2. Sect. 1. OF the method of healing and of Indications in general p 348 Of Indicants p 350 Of the concord and discord of Indicants p 353 Of Indicants p 354 What mâ—râ—istâ—ue causes indicate and peculiarly of purging a juice in the body which causes ill digestion p 360 Of the time fit for the purging of a disease p 363 Of the preparation and concoction of humours p 365 Of the quaâ—tity of purgation p 371 Of the plâ—â—e by wâ—â—ch purgation ought to be made p 372 Of the â—â—ue administration of purges p 374 Whether it be lawful to sleep having taken a purge Ibid Whether it is beâ—â— after purging to use cleansing and abstergent meâ—â—oines p 375 Of evacuation by â—rine Ibid Of evacuation by sweat p 376 Of particular evacuations p 378 Of the abating abundance a blood with Leaches Cuppinglasses Scarrifications c. p 379 Of opening a Vein p 382 Of revulsion p â—85 Of derivation p 3â—8 Of repulsion ibid Of interceptings p 389 Of discussing p 390 Of softning and ripning of matter p 391 Book 5. Part. 2. Of shewing how to Cure OF diseases of Intemperature p 392 Of curing diseases of the whole substance p 394 The cure â—f diseases of confirmation p 395 Of the cure of diseases of number p 397 Of curiâ—g of diseases of magnitude p 398 Of curing diseases in sâ—ituation and connexion p 3â—9 Of the cure of solution of continuity p 400 Of the cure of oppressing and urging Symptomes p 402 Book 5 Part. 2 Sect. 3. Of the Vital Indication WHat doth indicate Dyet in those that are sick p 404 What things belong to Dyet p 4â—5 How many sorts there are of Dyet and which agrees to which â—â—seases p 406 Of the right administration of a dict of sick persons p 407 Book 5 Part. 3 Sect. 1. OF preparing and compounding of Drugs in general of necessity and profit of preparing and compounding of simple Medicines p 409 What things are necessary for the Artificial preparatîon and composition of Medicines p 411 Of the weights of Medicines p 412 Of Physical measures p 414 Of Dozes of Medicines p 416 Of the Dozes of Purges p 417 Book 5. Part. 3. Sect. 2. OF operations necessary for the preparation and composition of Medicines Of the parts of Pharmacopaea p 419 Of the kinds of heat p 420 Of the first rank or form of operations of breaking sleeking or making plain shaving and filing p 421 Of the second rank and form of operations p 424 Of the third manner of operations p 428 Sect. 3. OF the forms of Medicines p 429 Of the division of medicines ibid Of Decoctions p 433 Purging decoctions p 436 Of infusions and other purging potions p 437 Of medicinal wines drinks of Honey and water sodden together of wines mingled with honey of Oxymel of medicinal vinegar decoction or barley-water also of clarified juices p 439 Of distilled water and spirits p 443 Of oyles p 444 Of Syrrops and Julops p 445 Of Emulsions and Ahes mixtures bringing or causing milk and of strengthning things p 448 Of tinctures and extracts and liquid dissolutions p 450 Of conserves preserves and medicinal jûices p 451 Of Electuaries p 453 Of Eclegmays and Lohochs p 455 Of Boles p 457 Of Powders and Trags or Comfits p 458 Of Salts p 459 Of Crosses p ibid Of flowers and sublimates p 460 Of precipitates ibid Of Glasses Regons of certain chymical powders p 461 Of Comfits little round cakes and morcels and such like ibid Of Troches p 464 Of Pills p 465 Of Suppositors p 468 Of Clystors p 470 Of Injections into the womb and of Pessaries p 472 Of those things which are injected into the Yard and Bladder p 473 Of the washing of the mouth and Gargarismes ibid Of medicines that draw away flegm p 474 Of medicines that rub and cleanse the teeth p 475 Of medicines put into the nose and to provke sneezing p 477 Of sweet smells perfumes and odcrifierous Balsomes p 478 Of those things which are put into the ears p 479 Of liquid medicines for the eyes ibid Of oyles and balsomes p 480 Of linements and oyntments p 481 Of Cerots and Emplaisters p 482 Of Cataplasmes p 485 Of medicines to take away hair Salves made of Mustard and medicines causing wheales or pustles in the body Vesitatories or medicines that cause blisters p 486 Of Epithems which are something moister then Plaisters Medicines made of Vinegar and Roses and of medicines applied to the Temples to stop fluxes of Rheume from falling to the eyes p 427 Of medicines applied plaister-ways to mitigae paine and of little bags p 489 Of Embrocations Lotions and Baths p 490 Of Sopes p 491 Of Cauteries p 492 THE FIRST GROUND OR FUNDAMENTALS Of the whole Art of PHYSICK AND CHIRURGERY BOOK I. CHAP. I. Of the Nature of Physick THE word Medicina The name of Physick sithence it is derived 〈◊〉 Medendo that is helping such as are sick doth properly belong indeed to the Therapeutical part only which part being the most necessary was first invented and garnished and in this sense the word was formerly taken The Definition of Physick Yet afterwards when that part was added which shewed the preservation of present health the same ancient Appellation was still retained and is now attributed to the whole Art Physick is an Art as far as it is possible of preserving mans present health and restoring it when it is lost Physick is most properly set down amongst the Arts The Genus of Physick because it propounds to it self not knowledge onely but effecting somewhat namely gaining of health For the distinction betwixt Disciplines are taken from their next end neither doth Physick observe the other principles that are requisite in a Science The Subject of Physick is mans Body The Subject of Physick as it is indued with health and obnoxious to diseases And this Subject hath one excellency peculiar to it self beyond the Subjects of all other Arts in that they do nothing onely they perform obedience and undergo the operation of the Artificer but this hath a certain in-bred power striving for health of its own accord The End of Physick is Health The End of Physick and that is the true and last aim of it the first mover and that for which it is but the scope or means and that to which it aims is to heal as J. C. Scaliger in his first Book of Plants teacheth for although the Physitian do not alwaies obtain his chief end since it is impossible to cure all that are sick yet the â—hysitian hath performed his
to be so exact and happening by some occasion from the external air or the heat vanishing of its own accord the vitious matter is separated from the other humors But if Vrine be made thick Troubled which grows clear and afterwards become thin that happens because the natural heat begins to perform and concoct the matter and to stir it and mingle it which notwithstanding since it is not exactly mingled the heat afterwards ceasing the Heterogeneal parts are separated of their own accord and the thicker reside in the bottome The same comes to pass if the Vrine be thin but some matter may be mingled therewith in its passage but since it is not exactly mingled with it but only confused afterward of its own accord it settles in the bottom Lastly Troubled which remains so if the Vrine be made thick and remain so it signifies great confusion of humors is made in the Veins by the heat stirring the humors but not rightly concocting them nor is there good concoction made which the excrements elaborate to make after their manner and indeed if such a Vrine appear in the beginning of such a disease wherein no concoction seems hitherto to be made by the natural heat it is a token that 't is caused by the fiery heat contrary to nature agitating and troubling the humors in the veins but if the Vrine in the beginning is not made thick but clear and afterwards becomes turbulent it is a sign that the disease grows worse and that the heat acting upon the matter contrary to nature is encreased yet always this and also other signs must have regard to the rest of the conditions of the Vrine and hence it is to be collected whether such signs be made by the strength of nature working upon the vitious humors or by the encrease of the preter-natural heat and putrifaction or debility of strength CHAP. V. Of the causes of colours in Vrines COncerning the causes of colours in Vrine The causes of a golden colour in Vrine a golden colour which agrees to the Vrines of sound men proceeds according to the vulgar opinion from some portion of yellow choller or rather from a serous and salt excrement yet that also something tinctured with choller which is mixt with the Vrine A white Water is made Of a whit either because nothing is mingled with it which may colour it which is properly called aqueous or because some white body is mixed therewith The first cause of aqueous Vrine is Crudity and weakness of the native heat by reason whereof this excrement is left Of an aqueous as it were imperfect Secondly obstructions of the passages through which the matter useth to flow to the Vrine Thirdly if choller and therewith that salt humor be carried to another place as happens for the most part in acute Fevers and Phrensies with them Fourthly much drink Fifthly heat of the Reins and Liver which plentifully draw drink to them but do not concoct it Sixthly Gravel in the Reins or Bladder too much of that which is salt and thick adheres but the aqueous flows out Vrines of another kind are made by the mixture of some white substance whether it be flegm or quitture or seed Of milky and these Vrines we call milky yet for the most part they are made thick and afterwards become clear and the matter setling in the bottome of what kind it is may be easily discerned A Vrine is somewhat pale Of palish Of pale when pale choller in a sufficient quantity or a little of yellow is mingled with the Urine but if much pale choller or yellow in an indifferent quantity be mingled with the Vrine a pale colour ariseth If yellow be mixed in greater quantity Of yellow the Vrine becomes yellow yet some times other causes besides internal external may give a tincture to the Vrine as Rhubarb Saffron the leaves of Senna and such like A ruddy colour in Vrine is caused by choller and blood Of blood red and indeed if the Vrine be coloured with blood it doth not look clear and is properly called Vrine dyed with blood and has a colour like water wherein the flesh of animals newly slain have been washed and is made either in some open vessel for what cause soever or by the weakness of the Liver and Reins by reason whereof they cannot contain blood and assimulate it to themselves or because nature at set times evacuates the blood abounding in the whole body with Vrine but the blood which is mingled with the Vrine is either thin and the Vrine is made red or reddish or thick which if much be mingled the Vrine is made exceeding red but if little either simply red or of a pale red but that Vrine which is coloured by store of choller the choller colouring it and and making it redder it shineth and is as it were like flame sometimes also it is made red and thick by plentiful mixture of adust choller like wine of a blackish or deep red Wine like Vrine is made by the mixture of ceruleous choller Of Vine colour Of grape colour or representing the colour of Woad as also by the mixture of plenty of red choller Grapy by the mixture of yellow choller exceedingly dryed and as it were changed into a Violet colour and degenerating towards black A green Vrine is caused by plenty of Aeruginous Of green and Leck-like colour Yellow and black Vrine are sometimes caused by the mixture of external things Of yellow and black as for what belongs to the internal causes the Vrine is made black when either the melancholy humour is evacuated with it which happens in those which cumulate melancholy humours in the Spleen or black choller is mixed with the Urine or when the heat and spirits are extinguished in the veins the blood is corrupted and becomes black CHAP. VI. Of the causes of an oyly Vrine and of other differences O Leaginous Urines either have only fat swimming in the superficies Of oyly Vrines or represent Oyl in substance and colour the first difference proceeds from a melting of the fat and is rather to be referred to the differences in the Contents but that Vrine which seems like Oyl in substance and colour and yet is nor truly fat hath its beginning from the mixture of excrementitious humours especially of pale and black Choller as also of Flegm from whence proceeds a crudity with a certain greenness like Oyl Black Vrine always thick but when the difference in substance and colour are joined a black Urine cannot be thin but if the black humor makes it black it is necessary that there is so great plenty thereof mixt with the Vrine that the Vrine must become thick A light red Vrine is thin from the small portion of blood mingled therewith A light red thin but if it be made of a pale red 't is by choller which cannot happen unless there be so great
water The Fountaine is the best which hath these notes of good water Fountain that which spreds towards the East and runs towards the rising of the Sun and thrickles through sand and gravell that carries no mud with it that is hotter in Winter and colder in Summer River water for the most part is Fountaine water River and ariseth from many Fountains flowing together and therefore is of a mixt nature and receives also a mixt nature from the earth through which it flowes and somtimes also they are mingled with Snow melted in the Mountaines and great Showres of water collected together yet its crudity is corrected by the beames of the Sun whilst it runs through many parts of the Earth before the use of it it should stand and setle in water-tubs that whatsoever it carries with it that is impure may settle in the bottome Rain water which falls in the Summer time with thunder is the thinnest Raine and lightest but since many Vapours are lift up by the heate and mingled with the Showres these waters are not very pure whence they are obnoxious to putrifaction Well waters Well waters since they are not raised above the Earth and are lifted up on high only by the benefit of Art they are thick and heavy whence they continue long in the bowels and offend them Lakes and marish waters are the worst Lake waters they easily become purred they are thick and crude and often times malignant and Pestilent from whence the stomack is offended by them the bowels obstructed and humours corrupted and often times putred and malignant feavers and Pestilentiall do thence arise Waters of Snow and Ice are condemned Of Snow and Ice for they are thick and hurt the stomach and stirr up greivous diseases of the joynts nerves and bowels But the malignancy of waters are corrected by boyling Boyling of waters whereby not only the crudity and frigidity is amended but also the terrene and vitious parts are separated which afterwards when the heate vanisheth settles in the bottome Wine hath a heating Wine and drying power which even the Spirit which is drawn out of it teacheth yet because it easily nourisheth and increaseth moisture and blood fit to nourish the body t is said to be moist namely Wine is a medicinall aliment hot and dry some in the first some in the second and some in the third degree for this reason the use of it is forbidden boyes and by reason of this drying faculty many use to mixe water therewith yet there is not a little difference in heating and drying not only according to age but also according to the nature of the Wine it selfe for some is very little suffering because in mixture it will indure but little water but other Wine is called winy Wine because it may indure more water to be mixt with it But Wines differ according to taste smell colour Differences of Wines Savour and manner of subsistance as for what belongs to the taste sweet Wines properly so called nourish best and are not only most gratefull to the palate but to the bowells but because they are thicker they easily produce obstructions in the Liver and Spleen inflame the Hipocondries and are easily turned into choler they are profitable for the Lungs Chops and Throate nor do they so hurt the head nor offend the nerves Austere or harsh wines have the weaker heat tarry longer in the belly nor doe they easily passe through the veines and penetrate through the passages of the urine whence they are good for a loosenesse of the belly but hurtfull in diseases of the brest and Lungs for they detaine spittle the best wines are the middle sort which are neither very sweet nor sowre A fragrant smell is a token of the best Wine Smell because it can increase Spirits restore decayed strength and recreate and suddenly refresh those that are languishing even by its smell and can exhilerate the mind and strengthen the whole body and all its faculties and principally t is good for old men only that it fills the head and hurts the nerves but Wines that have no smell are base and neither received so greedily by the stomach nor are they so easily concocted nor do they afford matter nor so fit aliment to engender Spirits nor do they add so much strength to the heart nor do they so much refresh the body but those which have a strange smell whencesoever contracted are all nought White or pale Wines heate lesse Colour then full and yellow Wines and are weaker especially if besides their whitenesse they are of a thin substance all black wines are of thicker substance and for the most part sweete and nourish very much yet they beget thick blood and not so laudable they cause obstructions and continue long in the bowels and fill the head with many Vapours between the white and red there are middle colours yellow reddish yellow a pale red and perfect red a pale red are necrest to the white and if the substance be thin are the best such as are Rhenish Wines the most apt to strengthen the heart and to renew strength Greek Wines also strengthen the heart and are beneficiall to to those that are troubled with cholick paines and with the flatus of the stomach red Wines for the most part have not so great a force of heating they generate good blood and do not load the head but if they are of a thicker substance they are not so good for the Liver and Spleen by reason of the obstructions which they occasion between the white and red is a Wine of a mixt colour which also doth not heat so much nor offend the head As for the manner of subsistence The manner of subsistance tenuity is in the first place in that which is watry hence that which is of a pale red and yellow crassitude is in that which is black red sweet and sowre and thin wines easily penetrate and soon refresh the strength they open passages move sweates and urine yet they nourish more sparingly but the thick nourish more and are longer detained in the parts and heat and dry them more and often times bring forth obstructions Wines also differ according to age Differences of Wines according to age new Wine is thick and flatuous begets the cholick impeads excretion of urine yet it loosens the belly and unlesse it doth so t is the more hurtfull new Wine and that which it as sweet as Wine new prest is not easily distributed into the body but old Wine does work too much upon the nerves and offend the head That which is middle aged is more commodious for all uses in which thing neverthelesse there is a great difference according to the nature of the Wine for some will indure age others sooner loose their strength and consume away and loose all their Spirits In places towards the Septrentrionall Strong drinke wherein there is
haire Liver-wort Ceterash Ground-pine common Germander Bind-weed Hore-hound Calamints Penny-royall Scurvygrasse Brooklime Water-Cresses Anniseed Fennell seed seed of Ammi of Agnus Castus red Parsnibs Lupines bitter Almonds Capers Kernells of Peaches and Apricocks Cinnamon Cubebs Sorrell Ammoniack the juice of Lymons To these are opposed Iucrassating Incrassating things which make the thinner and more liquid juices thicker such are cold or temperate without sharpnesse of a thick and terrene substance whereby whilst they mingle themselves with thinner humours they make them become of a thicker consistence as Bolearmenack Poppy Sorrell Rice Lentills Quinces wild Pares Amylums t is a food made of Corne without grinding Chalybeate milke the juice of Pomgranets Emplasticks Playster-like things and those which have a clammy and Plaister-like force are such as adhere close to the passages of the body and Plaister up the pores as it were fills them and stops them and they are certaine dry and earthy things yet without mordication and acrimony and if they are bedaubed over the passages of the body they are hardly taken away but some are also mixt with an aqueous and acrious humour yet are tenacious as sweet oyle such are Amylum Pompholix which is the soile that runs off Brasse Cerusse Chalke Bole armenack Irish slat Parget Litharge burnt lead the Rootes of Marsh Mallowes Lillies seed of Fenegreek all mucilages and bran of wheate Kernells of Pine nuts bruised in water Gume Arabeck Sarcocolla Tragacanth fresh Grease and Marrowes fresh butter new cheese whites of an egg wax To these are opposed detergent things Detergent things and such as open obstructions and such as open obstructions whereof these cleanse filth in the superficies of the body or skin but those are of a more subtil substance penetrate into the pores also and open obstructions and moreover have a drying faculty with tenuity of substance whether they be hot or cold for there are both hot and cold abstergent things such as are all salt things bitter things nitrous things as Hore-hound Century the lesse smallage Wormewood Southernwood Hyssop Cresses the bread of Lupines and of a kind of Pulse called Orabus Agrimony Beets Germander Tansey Bitter Almonds Roots of Birthwort Orice Gentian Solomons Seale Barley Bran Iuice of Lymons Nettle-seed Rootes of Tamariske Bark of Capers Spleen-wort Squils Nitre Hony Sugar all Lixuviums or Lee Whey the Galls of living Creatures Verdy-grease CHAP II. Of Medicines easing paine and causing rest Lastly in this forme are Anodunes Narcotticks Anodunes and Hypnoticks those are properly Anodunes which doe not take away the cause of a disease or dull sence of paine but such as mitigate the paine the cause stil remaining and they are temperate and gentle and endued with mild heat and are soft to the touch and bring forth a pleasant and sweet pleasantnesse and those performe that which are endued with a luke-warme and gentle heate and are most like to our bodies in temperature and for the most part are soft and fat and loosen and mollifie the part that it may be the lesse apt to be sensible of paine such are Camomil Melilot Dil Elder Mallowes Marsh-mallowes Seeds of Fenegreek Flax wheat Barley sweet Oyle of middle age Oyle of sweet Almonds and other things prepared with those above fresh Butter Hens grease Goose-grease Whites of Eggs the pulpe of White-bread warme Milke and Hoggs grease Narcoticks or stupefactives and Hypnoticks Stupefactives which also cause sleep but neither take away the cause of paine but stupifie the part and benumes it least it should perceive that which is painefull but this power depends on a hidden quality such like are Lettice Water-lillies Poppey Nightshade Henbane Mandrake and Opium CHAP. VIII Of drawing and Repelling Medicines IN the second forme Things drawing are drawing Medicines which attract the humours and Spirits out of the body into the superficies but that attraction is made by heate concurring with tenuity of substance and some are hot and dry in the second degree which draw moderatly others in the third degree which draw more others in the fourth which draw most of all and with their heate raise a tumour in the skin with rednesse and lastly raise blisters from whence medicines to take away haire Synapismes Rubifying medicines are prepared such are the Rootes of both kinds of birthwort selandine sow-Breed little Dragon Gentian wild Pellitory or sneezing-wort Crowfoot mustard-seed Cresses Garlick Onions Leaven an Indian fruit like a Birds heart and the juice like blood Gum Amoniack Galbanum sagapenum Opoponax dry Pitch Propolisâ— or that in a Hony-combe like wax Goose dung Pidgeons dung Hen dunge and Cantharides Repelling Medicines Repelling are opposed to attracting and prohibit the Flux of humours or represseth and casteth back that humour which hath newly flown in and moves therein and is not as yet settled they performe this either because they are cold or astringent or because they have both a cold and astringent faculty astringents are two-fold some are cold others not and indeed they doe most powerfully bind which are both cold and astringent those things which repell only by frigidity and are aqueous or humid are cold water life for ever Purslan Ducks-meate Endive Lettice Night-shade Coltrops of water Venus Nauell Fleawort the white of an egg cold things astringent are Plantine narrow leaved Solomons seale Mouseare Daizes Horsetaile the leaves of service or sherve Tree Oake Mirtle Medler Tree the Flowers of Rosemary Pomgranates Mirtle-berries Oake Apples swallow Peares Barberries Mirtles the Barks of Pomgranates the Rootes of wild Damsons the Rootes of Barberries the Rootes of Cinqfoile Snake-weed or small Bistort Tormentill the juice of Pomgranates Acacia Hypocistis or sap of the Rootes of Cystus of Mulberries not ripe sorrell Irish slat Bolearmenack sanguis Draconis Tutty hot astringents are spike Aloes Frankencense Mirrh Cypresse Wormewood Cyprus Nuts the Barks of Frankencense sweet Garden Flag Allom CHAP. IX Of Ripening things and such as generate quitture also of such as generate flesh and Brawny flesh of such as dry and cleanse green wounds and cause Cicatrizing and of such as generate seed and milke IN the third forme are ripening and concocting things Ripening and concocting of quitture and moving purulent matter so called because without them the generation of matter cannot be easily performed by nature to wit such which by the similitude they have with our bodyes defend and increase the substance of the native heat for they are temperately hot and together moist and emplastick which shutting the pores or passages keep in and retaine the spirits and heat such are sweet Oyles Oyle mixed with water Butter Hogs grease Calves grease the seed and Bran of Wheate Wheaten Bread the seed of Fenugreek Flax Leaves and Rootes of Marsh Mallowes Mallowes Beares breech the Rootes of white Lillies boyled Onions dry Figs Fat 's liquid Pitch or Tarr liquid storax Turpentine whereof some if they seem either too dry or too moist
was distilled is powred off and again and again is drawn and distilled in the same Vessel where the matter was left Sublimation Sublimation which is performed sometimes by fire that is open sometimes by some intervening body as Sand Ashes c. T is the nearest to distillation by ascent and differs from it only in this that as in distillation vapours which are exalted come together into a liquour so in sublimation exhalations ascend dry and being carried up on high stick to the sides of the Alembick like attomes Praecipitation seems to be contrary to this Praecipitation which is done when bodies dissolved by waters and corroding liquours are again separated from the liquour that the form of chaulk or dust may remain which commeth to passe when any thing is cast or powred into the solution by whose force the dissolving liquour or that which was the cause of solution in the liquor is seperated from the dissolved body Drying By Exsiccation the superfluous moisture is taken away whether in the shade or in the Sun or whether it be done in an Oven or in a Frying-pan over Coales both for that the Medicines may the better be preserved and may not contract thirst by their superfluous humidity and putrifie and be corrupted and also that they may the easier be contained and made into powder By Evaporation the aqueous humidity expires Evaporation Exhalation as by exhalation dry exhalations are elevated by heat as that which is superfluous in the thing being dissolved into vapours and exhalations may go out and the more useful part only may be left To these operations is added Coagulation Coagulation which is nothing else but a reduction of a liquid thing to a sollid substance by the privation of moisture CHAP. V. Of the third manner of Operations THe third forme comprehends those operations which are appointed them The third forme of operations for alteration immutation and perfection of a thing and aime at this that a thing may be reduced to a better state and more noble degree But although some do reckon more such operations and perhaps there are more yet in this place all of them are properly called by the name of Digestion Digestion and as it is distinguished from the two higher kinds of digestion whereby a new quality of a thing newly elaborated is introduced so that if the thing containes any thing that is hurtfull it puts away that or if any thing is wanting to it it begets that and if there are any others to be here repeated they ought to be accounted for certaine wayes of Digestion Institution Chap. 15. and 16. Circnlation For all of them for the most part in the same manner by a gentle externall heat exciting the internall force of a thing are performed which here is the primary agent But amongst the manners or kinds of digestion the cheife is Circulation t is called by some Pelicanation from the vessell wherein it is performed where by a gentle externall heat being exhibited the matter which is circulated is exalted continually in the forme of vapours and is againe condensed and so by that continuall concoction and this circular motion of refolution and condensation it attaines to the highest degree of perfection in its kind Hitherto belongs conditing Conditing preserving and confecting fruits flowers roots are condited or pickled with Honey Sugar Vinegar Salt not onely that they may be preserved the longer but that they may be the more pleasant to the taste In confecting Confecting fruits roots seeds sweet smelling spices are preserved and candied with Sugar more for the taste sake then preservation or augmentation of the strength Nutrition of medicines is a certaine humectation but such whereby the thing is presently wet Nutrition or moystned and immediately dryed againe by the Sun or fire and is to be wet and moistened againe which labour is to be repeated thrice sour times or so often until the medicine hath sufficiently imbibed that humour which we desire THE FIFTH BOOK PART III. SECT III. Of the Formes of Medicines CHAP. I. The Division of Medicines AFter we have finished the operations necessary for an Apothecary The Division of Medicines It remaynes that we now come to the preperations themselves of Medicines which are perfected by those operations The differences of Medicines are taken either from the substance or from the parts to which they are applyed Medicines being considered the former of these wayes are some full of Vapours others Corpulent Corpulent are either fluid or having a consistance Fluid are various as distilled waters Spirits Liquid tinctures Vineger Medicinal wine Hydromel or Hony and Water clarifies Juyces Oyles Emulsions Decoctions Infusions Julebs Syrrups Baths Clystets c. Again those that have a consistance some of them are actually moyst others dry Of the former sort are Conserves Electuaries Eclegmas Juices Extracts Boles Muscillages Fat Lineaments Balsomes Unguents Cataplasmes Those that are actually dry are either continuous and the parts cohaere together or else they are discontinued Of the former kind are Pills Troches Rotuleâ— Morsels Plaisters Cerates Suppositers Glasses Regulus and certain things sublimed Of the latter sort are several Species and Powders Meal or brann Flowers things praecipitated But in respect of the parts to which they are applyed some are called internal Internal others external The internal are those which are taken into the body that common and usual way as we take in meat and drink all the rest whether they are applyed to the body or spread over the body or any other way applyed to the bodieâ— or if they are cast into the body any other way External as at the fundament ears nostrils wombe we call them externals The formes of Internal Medicines are various The difference of internal Medicines for some are fluid others not fluid and these are either soft and liquid or altogether dry The fluid are Decoctions Infusions Medicinal VVines Honey and VVater mixt and boiled together wine mingled with honey vineger and honey and barley-water Juices distilled waters Spirits tinctures and Liquid extracts Oils Sirups Julips Emulsions Soft and not fluid are Extracts Conserves Preserves Medicinal Juices thickned Electuaries Eclegmaes or Medicines to be licked or supt Boles Not fluid and plainly dry are powders Sweet meats Salts Saffron-flowers Precipitates Comfits little round Cakes Morsels or little snips march-paines And those which belong to these as Troches and Pills But externals are either sent into certain parts of the bodie Of Exterternal or they are only applyed or exhibited to the superficies of the bodie or they are only hung about as Ammulets and Periapticke medicines or medicines to hang about ones bodie Suppositers and Clysters are injected and cast into the body Clysters and pessaries are also injected into the womb also certain Liquours are injected into the yard and bladder into the mouth are put gargarismes to wash the mouth
or throat with Apophlegmatismes to draw away Phlegme Dentifrices to rub and cleanse the Teeth To the nose Erhines Sneezing-wort Odours Suffumigations peculiar injections into the Ears Collyries or medicines applyed to the eyes To the outside of the bodie only are exhibited and applyed oiles balsomes ointments linements cerots plaisters Cataplasmes Dropases or ointments to take away hair Sinapismes Phaenigmaes or medicines causing the bodie to break out in blisters or Pustules Epithems or medicines some what softer then plaisters to be applied to the bodie fomentations or any thing applied plaister-waies to aswage pain little baggs powders embrocations washings of the extream parts baths washbals searing irons or cauteties Some others do best agree with certain other parts What Medicines are are applyed to the Head all external things for the most part communicate their strength to the head as distilled waters and spirits oils extracts decoctions infusions syrups conserves preserves comfits electuaries little round cakes morsels pills powders But external medicines applied to the head in the form of powders little baggs round balles oiles balsoms ointments unguents plaisters cerots cataplasmes oxyrhods that is medicines with vinegar and roses epithemes or the softest plaisters embrocations suffumigations perfumes of divers sorts as also washings of the Feet are profitable for the Head To the eyes To the Ears Externally waters and Collyries ointments fomentations unguents cataplasmes are convenient for the eyes Into the ears distilled waters Juices decoctions oiles and other liquours are infused and dropt and other Medicines in the form of evaporation and fumes are sent into the ears also liniments ointments fomentations epithemes Cataplasmes are applied For the teeth are convenient lotions for the mouth To the Teeth liniments small pills to be put into hollow Teeth unctions for the Jawes powders for rubbing the Teeth and also troches and pensills made in the form of suppositers are convenient for the Teeth and being dryed and hardned the Teeth are rubbed therewith Medicines applied to the mouth and Chopps are lotions For the mouth and Chopps For the Breast and gargarisines ointments made of hony of syrups and juices lohocks Most internal things are good for the Breast but especially lohocks troches and litle rolles such as they use to hold under their tongues the thicker sort of syrups vapours and fumes drawn in with aier externally the samemedicines may be applied in the form of oiles ointments unguents cataplasmes plaisters and cerots little baggs fomentations and epithemes Medicines are applied to the Heart To the Heart for the most part after the same manner and moreover fumes or steames which are profitable for the recreating and refreshing of the spirits Internal Medicines may be conveyed to the Stomack in all formes To the Stomack but principally those which are taken in at the mouth but externally in the form of oils unctions fomentations liniments unguents cataplasmes plaisters epithemes baggs Moreover To the Liver all internall things may penetrate to the Liver But externall in the forme of Ointments Fomentations Linements Cataplasmes Unguents Plaisters little bags Epithems are applyed In the same manner Unctions are exhibited to the Spleen To the Spleen Reiues and Bladder and Bladder Bathes also and Tubs of waters to fit in are usefull for the Reins Bladder and spermatick Vessells and Clysters injected are good for diseases of the Reines All the same things are convenient for the wombe and moreover injections into the wombe Pessaries Errhines or medicines to put into the nose fumes and Evaporations Lotions of the feet And all these sorts of medicines shall now be explained in their order as far forth as this compendium will admit of CHAP. II. Of Decoctions DEcoctions which the Greeks call Apozemes are potulent medicines prepared by the boyling of plants and of their parts Decoctions what How many fold are potulent medicines prepared by the boyling of plants and of their parts seldome of Animalls all Decoctions may conveniently be reduced into two formes namely into Decoctions altering and purging under Decoctions altering we will comprehend all those that have any other verrue besides purging and do alter the body whether they are given in regard of themselves only or for some following purge which Decoctions are then called Preparatives Digestives or Apperatives that is opening things But the matter to be decocted is taken out of the rank of Vegetables The matter of them wherein are variety of parts of plants or herbs seldome of living Creatures But as for the quantity of the materialls to be decocted Quantity if a weight be to be assigned generally to what ever is to be boyled it begins from an ounce or two ounces for the most part and ascends sometimes to halfe a pound nay sometimes to a pound a pound and halfe and two pound but as for the dose of the several kinds Decoctions are prepared Of the Roots and Barks â„¥ 2. â„¥ 3. and â„¥ 4. Of Leaves 3.4.5 or 6. handfulls Of seeds 3.4.5.6 drachms Of Fruires in number 1.2.3 couples or paires 5.6 Of flowers pugills 4. or 5. Halfe an ounce five drachms or six drachms answers to a little handfull two drachms or three to a pugill but it is not necessary to mixe all those together in every decoction and to heape up a mixture of them all but when a few will performe the intentions t is in vaine to put in many yet if the decoction be provided to be given at many severall times such a quantity of materialls ought to be taken as that the decoction made of them may be powerfull to performe the aime of the Physitian But in the seething Preparation of the matter Or of boyling the preparation of the things to be boyled and the manner of seething is to be observed for first if the materialls are too thick or hard they are first to be cut or gently bruised or fyled or beaten in a mortar In the manner of seething order is to be observed in putting in the things to be decocted the fire and instruments and Liquor which is decocted and time also is to be observed Order of boyling is to be observed that all the things may not be put in together but the Roots Barkes Woods which are the more sollid things and without smell should be put in first then the Leaves and seeds last of all flowers and Aromatick things and all those things which smell strongly and those things which may disperse their strength by much boyling but this cannot be observed except the vessell be opened but if the decoction be made in a thing that is covered it matters not much to put in all the things altogether and if any of them are more difficult to be seethed those should first of all be bruised by themselves The fire should be cleare and equall but very gentle since the vertue is easily called forth but stronger when there is need of much boyleing But decoctions are made by the Apothecaries
commonly when the vessell is open and the fire also but t is more convenient least the strength of the medicines should vanish in boyling to make a decoction in a Biploma as they call it or a double vessell the vessell being shut or if a decoction be made the fire being open t is convenient to set on it a close Alembick or if it hath a beake oâ— snout to fit it with a receiver to take the liquor and to mixe it with the strained decoction The Liquor in which the things are boyled ought to be such as may performe the intentions of the Physitiâ—â— Liquor for the De coction as water of the Fountaine distilled water Barly-water Chaly-beate Water Whey water mixt with Honey called Hydromell sometimes Wine is taken seldome strong Beere is used sometimes some Vineger is put in that the viscid and tough humours may more powerfully be cut thereby and the medicine may penetrate the more sometimes Roots alone before the decoction is made are brayed in Vineger Distilled waters also are often used for decoctions with no great profit but with great charge unlesse the decoction be made in a close vessell since so long boyling takes away all their strength The quantity of the Liquor ought to be such as may satisfie for the decoction The quantity of Liquor and ought to cover the medicines three or foure fingers breadth which for the most part is left to the discretion of the Apothecarie But if the proportion be appointed by the Physitian the Liquor is for the most part foure-fold six-fold eight-fold in proportion to the medicines according as the Herbs are dry or full of juice thick or thin and may imbibe more or lesse of the Liquor and they ought to seeth a little or long Sometimes before boyling the medicines are somewhat cut or bruised and sometimes they stand a while after decoction before they are strained But they are boyled to the consumption of halfe or of a third part or of a fourth part only of Liquor or till but a third part remaines according as the medicines and the scope of the Physitian requires for those whose vertue easily vanish and are in a thin and seperable substance are to be boyled the lesse time but those whose substances are thicker the strength cannot be drawn forth without longer boyling the decoction is strained with or without squeazing according as there is need of the thinner parts only or thicker and such as lye deeper A decoction is prepared either for one dose or more for one three four or five ounces may suffice if for more the decoction should be made that the remainder may be a Pint or a Pint and an half and afterwards of things making it pleasant for one Dose an Ounce or an Ounce and an half may be added yet more than a Pint or a Pint and an half of a decoction at one time is seldom made except the decoction of Guiacum and such like since that if more should be prepared it would easily be spoiled before it would be taken by the sick Unto three four or five ounces of the decoction strained are added of Sugar which often is â—used or Honey six drachms or an ounce or of some convenient Syrup in every dose an ounce or an ounce and halfe Sometimes the juices that are most convenient of Herbs or Fruits and often other Liquors as Aqua vitae Spirit of Vitrioyle Copper Salt-peter some drops thereof are added and indeed only one of these is added sometimes to an Apozeme but of lenitives more as more Syrups or juices Syrups or of juice and Sugar when juices are adminiistred for the most part Sugar or Syrup is mixed with them and sometimes pleasant things that they may be the better mingled a gentle ebullition is appointed at a weak fire if it be convenient the white of an egg may be added that the Sugar and Honey and decoction also may be clarifyed or if that clarification doth not suffice the decoction is to be put into the Balneum Mariae till the thick dregs settle in the bottome and they by setling in the bottome and powring off of the cleare Liquor are seperated and that is to be repeated sometimes if it be needfull sometimes the decoction is to be made pleasant either for the acquiring of a good taste or smell or some other vertue namely the Aromaticks a little before the end of boyling being reduced into into powder or Aromatick species fitted for the disease halfe a drachm or a drachm thereof in each pint is to be hung in a thin skin or bladder in the decoction and are often pressed out or else a little after the decoction is removed from the fire the decoction being as yet hot they may be cut or bruised more grossely and so injected and after they have stood together some time in a vessell well covered it is strained againe Muske also and Amber-greaze if it be convenient may be also given to the dose of a graine of each or a drachm or two of Cinamon water may be added If Wine or Vinegar be necessary t is more convenient to add them after the boyling or a little before they have done boyling They are given for the most part in the Morning The time of giving or Evening or two or three hours before dinner or supper the stomach being empty and the decoction being first warmed three foure or five ounces thereof is given at a time and that is often performed two three foute or five dayes following and either once only or twice a day if the decoction are prepared for many doses they are to be kept in cold places under ground for they will scarce continue above a weeke although it be in the Winter but in the Spring and Summer for the most part they are renewed every way Hereunto belong restorative Broathes as they call them Restorative broaths which are made of Hens or Capons to which Veale or Goates flesh may be added and there are of three sorts the first they call a compleat Jus Consum matum or a perfect broâ—th because 't is most absolute and fittest to nourish it is prepared as ordinary broathes are only that they boyle longer and indeed so long untill the sixth eighth or sometimes the tenth part only remaines Gelatina the second is called Gelatina which is made if these meates are boyled in a double vessell without powring off the water and the juice is pressed out from thence from which after it is cooled the fat swimming on the top is to be scummed off Contusum the third is called Contusum which is prepared when the meates first sodden or rosted afterwards are beaten in a morter so long untill they may melt when broath is put to them and afterwards are strained Purging Decoctions PUrging decoctions differ not from other decoctions The manner of prepuring purging of decoctions unlesse in respect of materialls namely that
Medicines are â—ut into little woodden Caskes when the Must is someâ—hat abated and the Wine cleansed and made clear it should â—â—e drawn out into another Vessel and kept for your use In the same manner Physical drink may be prepared Phâ—sicaâ—l â—â—â—nkes of Wormwood Harts tongue Bittony Sage Rosemary and other herbs and also of purging things but for the most part the herbs are first bruised in the drink after t is brewed being as yet warm and afterwards in due season things to make it work being put in they are suffered to cool Of Wines so cleansed Medicinal Wines are prepared Dry medicines are cleansed cut and broken and are put into a glasse or earthen Vessel sometimes into a Nodule or little Bagge of fine linnen or thin linnen sewed up a sufficient quantity of good white Wine is powred in so they stand in infusion in a Vessel that is shut afterwards strained unlesse they are inclosed in a little Bagge But this proportion for the most part is observed that to a pound of medicines there is taken of Must or Wine eight Pints twelve nay to twenty five nay thirty or thirty six so that an ounce may answer to the proportion of two or three Pints Medicinall Wines also that alter are prepared if distilled Oyles are added to them being first mixt with Sugar or Spirits or tinctures spirit of Wine drawne out of simple medicines or moist extracts Sometimes medicinall Wines are sweetned with Sugar or Honey Claretum and are called Clareâ—s and Hippocratick Wine they are profitable in cold durable diseases they aâ—e made in this manner Aromatick things or roots also and seeds gratefull to the smell and taste principally are grosely beaten or cut and such as have great efficacy are infused in sweet Wine so they are to stand sometime in the Infusion in a warme place for some hours or let them simper in Balmum Mariae for halfe an houre especially if you may accelerate the worke or to prepare Wine mingled with Honey afterwards there is added a sufficient quantity of Sugar to make it pleasant to the taste so that to two three or soure parts of Wine one part of Sugar may be taken and oftentimes Wine is drained through Hippocrates sleeve that it may become cleare some of the distilled waters that are convenient may be mixt with the Wine Some infuse the Aromaticks in spirit of wine about eight or ten parts whereof is used to one part of the Aromaticks and when the spirit of wine hath drawne out the tincture they seperate it by declination and straining or filtring and keepe it for their use but when t is convenient to make Hippocraticall wine they power some drachms and withalâ— an ounce or two ounces to one measure of Wine a sufficient quantity of Sugar to sweeten it But such Wines and Clarets may be prepared not only to alter but also to purge with the same dose for the more choice sort of persons namely with purgers principally the Leaves of Sena Mecoacam Agrick Turbith with their 〈◊〉 recters are put into a sufficient quantity of Rhenish Wine and being heated in water luke-warme in a glasse afterwards must stand in a warme place six hours in Infusion afterwards add of Julep of Violets or Roses halse an ounce or let them be sweetned with halfe an ounce of white Sugar and be strained and filtred through a browne paper let three ounces of that which is strained be perfumed with two drops of Oyle of Cinamon Manna also may be taken instead of Sugar If the Wine be sweerned with Honey instead of Sugar Wine mingled with Honey t is called Oinomell Mulsum or wine mingled with Honey is prepared of one part of Honey and two or three parts of Wine mixt and boyled together and Aromaticks of every sort may be added and it may be prepared at the time of gathering of Grapes namely if one part of Honey be taken and two of Must of water if it be convenient three parts or five parts in quantity and let them heate together Hydromell and Mulsum and Melicratum Hydromell Mulsum Melieratum are names of medicinall Potions of the same nature namely made of water and Honey and sometimes of other things boyled therewith or if there be any difference amongst those 't is only in comelinesse for Melicratum is made suddenly for present use of a mixture of Honey and water but Hydromell is prepared to keep longer and is neater made of Mulsum some is more cleanseing others purer so that there is a severall proportion of Honey to the water according to the various scope of the Physitian and temperature of him that takes it To prepare it eight ten or twelve times the quantity of Fountaine water is to be taken but this is made of one part of Honey and five or six of water boyled till the fourth or fifth part be consumed Amongst the kindes of Mulsum which can keepe Meade the most noted at this day is that drinke which is called Meade and the best indeed is prepared in Liâ—uania But Hydromell is prepared not only of water and Honey but also of severall Aromaticks Herbs and Rootes as Clary Hysop Bettony and others both kindes are made that which is for present use and that which is more durable and will keepe longer it is prepared for present use if in a pint of the water of Plates a drachm or at most two drachms are boyled the 10th or 12th part of the best â—â—ney be added to every pint of the decoction Hydromell is made after the usuall manner But sometimes Hydromell is compounded when the simple Hydromell is sented with these only although no other thing be boyled in it Besides the compound Hydromell which doth alter a purging Hydromell is also prepared which is nothing else but a purging decoction made with simple Hydromell The next to Mulsum Oxymell is Oxymell which differs from it only by the mixture of Vinegar a drinke very usuall amongst the Ancients but the old Physitians did not make Oxymell alike but severally and added Vinegar according to the nature of a disease and of the diseased and other circumstances and they gave it not only mingled with other medicines but alone to quench thirst and other purposes to drinke but that which is most cleansing and may also be used in feavers was made of twelve parts of water two of Honey and one of Vinegar they were gently boyled and scummed and the fire not being fierce and by the addition of the white of an egg were clarified and afterwards strained through a woollen cloath till it become cleare and pure There are prepared by the Physitians other kindes of Oxymells compounded of more medicines such is the Oxymell Helleborated of Gesner or rather of Iulian. To this head we referr the water Barly water or decoction of Barly which is made of whole Barley boyled in the water till it comes to a Ptisan and some
is simple when nothing is boyled besides Barley another is compound when certaine other things also are added to the Barley namely Raisons Licorish Anni-seed Fennell-seed Cinamon Sugar of Licorisâ— is added from two drachms to half an ounce or six drachms Raisons from an ounce to two ounces of such as are stoned halfe or a whole drachm Cinamon to one drachm or 2. drachms for a pint and halfe or z pints of Liquor Sometimes a sowre medicine is prepared Medicinall Vinegar as with Squills Roses the rindes of Scordium the Flowres of Elder and many others and not only of one but more simples by infusion and materation of them in the same manner as in medicinall wines Moreover to this Head we may refer clarified juices Clarified juices which being pressed out of new gathered Plants are purified either by the white of an Egg or by straining often repeated principally by filtring or by separation CHAP. V. Of distilled Waters and Spirits THose things which are prepared by distillation are called distilled things which are of divers kindes Things distilled yet all of them may be reduced to two formes for either the things distilled are in the forme of waters or Oyles Water those that are of the same consistence with water are again two-fold for either they come neere the nature of water and are plainly called waters or else they are spirituous Spirits and are called Spirits yet these names are often confounded for oftentimes that which is spirituous is called a water 1. First distilled waters are prepared of divers things Manner of distilled waters of herbs and Flowers all for the most part are distilled by ascent and principally of fragrant flowers and other thinner and colder things whose force easily vanisheth for the most part waters good enough are distilled in a crooked glasse by the Balneum Mariae 2. Others bruise the flowers and herbs that are to be distilled and presse the juice out of them and out of that juice by distillation through an Alembick they draw out water into the Balneum Mariae Some cut in small peices the Plants to be distilled or bruise them and being bruised they they fill the Gourd having a narrow mouth all most full and the patelli the glasses being put on with the powder of the glasse of Copper and borax Hermeticall they shut and afterwards they put the glasse ful of water into a Cauldron and boyle it six or seven hours afterwards they put the glasse when t is taken out of the water into a warme place to cleanse it untill the drops cease to stick to the sides of the glâ—sse and the digestion be absolute they distill the matter digested in Balneo Roris they seperate the Oyle from the water they power out the water with the reliques againe and repeate the distillation 4. But the hotter and Aromatick Herbs and those whose strength doe not so easily vanish and lyes deeper are not so conveniently distilled by Balneum Mariae but in vesica but in this distillation by a vessell of water some diversity also is observed for some bruise the herbs or cut them into smal peices and fill the fourth part of the Vesica besides for them then they poure of the pure water that three parts of the Vesica may be filled therewith and one quarter for the most part remaines empty and a Refrigeratory vessell being applyed and the worme also if you desire meerely a spirituous water or with an Alembick with a Refrigitory and their conjunctions or joynts shut and a convenient fire being kindled and placed under the Vesica they distill water gently and by drops 5. Others having powred in hot water into a vessell close shut first they bruise the herbs twenty foure hours for the most part they think it most profitable if the herbs are not only macerated in warme water a day and night space but being bruised or beaten they should stand in digestion and putrifaction in Horse dung or Balneo Roris or Mariae for ten or fourteen dayes afterwards they should be distilled That water which first drops out is the best but that which comes out last is like water it selfe distilled water if it be convenient may be poured off with new herbs to be digested and distilled againe 6. But since that water and spirit ascend together they must be seperated which is most conveniently done by the Balneum namely all the water is to be powred into a crooked glasse or Violl and by a gentle heat only the spirituous part is to be distilled by which distillation if the heat be rightly governed the separation happily may be made at once yet if it shall not so happen the first time the distillation is to be repeated and that rectification which was first made by a Gourd afterwards rectification is appointed by a Phyoll Examples may be seene in the Institutions CHAP. VI. Of Oyles FOr the most part it comes to passe that with the water in distillation of hot herbs Oyles and Aromatick seeds Oyle comes forth together which is to be seperated from the water but this is performed first by a kind of tunnell which they call a Separater or Tritorium afterwards through a filter or a course woollen cloath thirdly through browne paper the Precepts of which operations are to be sought out of the Institutions Yet certaine Oyles are distilled also without waters so Oyles are drawn by distillation from Amber Mastick Frankinsense Of which in the Institutions CHAP VII Of Syrups and Juleps SYrups and Seraps The name of Syrups derive their names from the Arabicks and therefore are not to be written with aâ—y which the Arabicks want and 't is drawne from the roote Schareba which signifies to sup and therefore it signifies a Liquor to be Supt Syrups therefore are fluid medicines prepared of a convenient Liquor whether it be boyled or infused or a juice made up with Sugar or Honey and boyled for the most part to the consistence of Honey Syrups are invented both for delight to the taste and for durability that convenient medicines may be in a readinesse at any time of the yeare Some of them are simple Differences which are made of one simple medicine only and with Sugar or Honey compound which are prepared of more both kindes are appointed for severall uses of them are some altering and strengthning others purging and the liquour is taken from decoctions infusions clarified juices and Vinegar This is the manner of preparing Manner of preparing Syrups First the decoctions art taken to the Decoctions are added Sugar or Honey according as the use and scope of the Medicine requires namely two pounds of Sugar or Honey to a pound or a pound and halfe of the decoction as it is desired to be thicker or thinner and ought to be kept more or lesse time Then afterwards it is to be clarified by adding of the white of an Egge that the decoction by a gentle Fire
a compound medicine also Things condited as well as for a simple Plant mixt onely with Honey or Sugar so that Conserves also may be comprehended under the notion of Condites yet in particular the name of Condite here is given onely to medicines which are not pounded but whole for the most part Preserved with Sugar or Honey both that they may be kept longer and rendred more gratefull to the taste Fruits in the first place are preserved Manner of Prese ving Roots Barks Stalks and some Flowers as of Citrons or Lemmons and Oranges this is the Preparation the softer Fruits as Cherries Black-berries Barberies Apritocks Peaches Pears Moshcattellina and the like which are soft being put into Sugar or Honey that is hot they are boiled untill the humidity of the Fruits 〈◊〉 consumed and the Sugar or Honey receive their former consistence or if there be danger lest being boiled they should decay and lose their colour the Sugar onely being hot they are poured out and when the Sugar hath drawn their aqueous humidity the Sugar alone is again to be boiled till that aqueous moisture is consumed and afterwards to be poured out again to the Fruits to be preserved but those which are more solid should first be bruised in Water or boiled untill the bitterness and ungratefull taste be drawn out and they become softer yet you must observe that whilest we do strive to please the Palaâ—e we must not lose the strength of the Preserve by too much maccration or boiling afterwards we dissolve and clarifie the Sugar either in fair water or in the water where the Medicine is macerated unless it hath an ill taste we pour out the clarified Sugar upon the Fruits or Roots and then we seethe them again untill the aqueous humidity which remains be consumed Lastly being so prepared they are kept in a Glass or carthen Vessel covered with a round woodden Cover and clean stones being put upon the Lid the Lid is deprest so as that it covers the Liquour Next to these are thickned juices Thickned juiees and such as are fit for medicinal uses which the Arabicks call Rob They are prepared for the most part of the juices of Fruits sometimes of Flowers also that they may be usefull in the Winter when we want fresh Herbs and Fruits and in this manner they are prepared the juice being drawn out is boiled over a gentle Fire to the consumption of half or the third part then whilest as it is yet hot the thickest is strained that which is strained is permitted to be clarified by settling in the bottome or it is clarified with the white of an Egg that which is clear is boiled again untill it acquire its due consistence But because the juices of themselves will not easily keep unless they are boiled to a thicker consistence and all the watriness be taken away for the most part less than half so much of Sugar or Honey or a little quantity of one of them is added Those purest clearest finest juices Gelatinae like icicles in frosty weather as they call them being poured out use to be kept which commonly are called Gelatinae or frozen juices and they are prepared principally of juices that are made without expression the purer and more delicate juice of Quinces Apples Pears Goosberries or Currans That composition called Diacydonium Diacydonium which use to be prepared for the most part in the form of a solid Paste unless you would rather refer it to the Electuaries And Purgers may be mingled with those Juices and of them pleasant Medicines are made for infants and more delicate Persons CHAP. XI Of Electuaries THe name of an Electuary although it be severally used by several An Electuary what yet we think that it is to be attributed to Medicines which are reduced with Honey or Syrup or plain sugar or some other convenient thing being used to a thicker consistence then a syrrup and not â—o fluid yet somewhat moist this word is derived or rather corrupted from the word in Greek Elleickton or Elleickton by which name they call a Medicine which may be taken as it were by licking by some they are improperly called Opiats Whence so called Opiats not because they have Opium in them but because they are of the like consistence with those Medecines of the Ancients which had Opium in them such as Treakle and from hence they are called Opiats Electuaries may be for severall uses according to the nature of the simples whereof they are compounded for some are to alter and strengthen others against poysons which because for the most part they have opium in them they are called Opiats as Treakle Mithridate Aurea Alexandrina others are fit to purge which are called Catharticks Difference of Electuaries Electuaries are twofold the preparation of the former is thus Aromaticks and other simples being beaten into a fine powder In the first place clarified honey is put into it or sugar or some convenient waters or syrups or proper decoctions of proper simples in faire water or a sufficient quantity of another liquor or infusions or juyces prest out of other Medecines strained and boyled with clarifyed sugar or honey to the consistence of a syrup or of many of these together whilest they are as yet warme by the fire A third part is sprinkled in by little and little which may conveniently be done through a Sieve and is to be stirred about with a woodden Pestle in a Morter and should be exactly mingled and kept in a convenient Vessell The other manner is thus Conserves they are convenient for your present purpose to which are added powders and Aromatick Species Troches Conserves also and medicionall juyces or Robs must be exactly mixt together in a Morter with a sufficient quantity of dissolved sugar or a convenient syrup or honey But the proportion betwixt the Conserves and Powders and Species are not so exact as some do determine but severall times they may be three fold foure fold six fold eight fold twelve fold For a sufficient quantity of a convenient syrup being poured in whatsoever the proportion be betwixt it and the Powders they may be all reduced easily into the consistence of an Electuary which is also to be held of Conserves Sometimes also spirit of Roses of Salt of Vitrioll distilled waters compounded or of distilled Oyles some drops are to be put in And these kinds of Electuaries were called by some Condites as is said before t is so called by some from the mixture Mixture Purging Electuaries for the most part are so made There is another manner like to this Fruits seeds or roots are put in or are boiled in wine or water to the fâ—rm of a Poultice Afterwards they are strained through a haire Sieve sugar or clarified honey is added or Syrups or Manna and if it be needfull are boiled to the consistence of honey sometimes the Species and Powders also Spirits also of
Colobon ten Ouran or Colobee Oara it is so called because it is like mutisarae caudae in which forme although various medicines appointed for various uses were heretofore prepared yet at this day by the name Collyries are understood only externall medicines proper for the Eyes But medicines which are exhibited to the Eyes and in generall have borrowed their name from those dry ones Way of preparing are named Collyries and are commonly divided into dry and moist dry ones are made when medicines pounded very small are made fine in a Morter and with a sufficient quantity of Whites of Eggs or of some Muscellage are made into the forme of a Pyramid or Trochees and are dryed in the shade when there is need of them they are beaten againe in a marble or Stone Morter some convenient Liquor being powred in and the Liquor afterwards which is then prepared is dropt into the eyes 2. Moist Collyries are twofold for either they are dropt into the Eyes in the forme of a Liquor which is made of juices distilled waters Decoctions or many of these mixt powders being added and espcially of those medicines which will dissolve in a moist body 3. Or they are made in the forme of an unguent 4. Lastly convenient medicines also are boyled in water and the warme Vapour exhaling out of the pot which is covered with a linnen cloath is received into the eyes CHAP. XXXIV Of Oyles and Balsomes BUt as for what belongs to Medicines which are exhibited to the superficies of the body Oyles the first amongst them are Oyles whereof some are naturall as Petroleum and common Oyle which is made of ripe Olives and Omphacine which is drawne of unripe Olives others are artificiall which are made three manner of wayes 1. How to prepare them For first Unctuous juice is expressed after which manner Oyle of sweet Almonds Pistack-nuts Nuts seed of Flax Gourds Cucumbers Henbane Hempe and Oyle of Poppy is prepared by expression also Oyle of Yolkes of Eggs is made 2. Secondly Oyles are prepared by Infusion many wayes for sometimes simple medicines are boyled with Fountaine or distilled water and Wine or other convenient Liquor in common Oyle to the consumption of the moisture or juice sometimes the same simples by a gentle heate are macerated in the Sun yet it seemes more convenient if dryed Plants are steeped in Oyle in Balneo Mariae twenty foure hours afterwards the Oyle is expressed and clarified by residence Thirdly Oyles are prepared by distillation also as is said before amongst which some at this day are called Balsomes examples whereof are to be had in the Institutions CHAP. XXXV Of Linements and Oyntments A Linement or Litus with the Greeks Crisma A Linement and Syncrysma and that which takes away wearisomnesse is called Acopon that is freed from labour t is a liquid Medecine externally applied thicker in consistence then oyle but more liquid then an unguent or of a middle consistence betwixt an oyle and an unguent It consists of oyles butter wax fat tallow marrow gums juices muscellages for the most part they have no wax or if any be used they take onely a drachm of wax to an ounce of oyle to these sometimes flowers powders and rosins are mixt They are prepared in this manner The oyles fats How prepared or other things here named are taken to these powders are added Juices and such like of that proportion for the most part that to an ounce of oyl three drachms of fat or two drachms and one drachm of powders is taken or that proportion is observed as may make the consistence onely a little thicker then oyle and all are mingled either without fire and boiling or are dissolved at the fire as Gums and Fat 's or also by some ebullition namely to the consumption of the Juices or Vinegar if any such thing be mingled with it Unguents which the Greeks call Myra and Alleimata Vnguents from whence Miropolae and Alyptae were the names that the Ancients first called them by which for pleasantnesse were made of odoriferous things and were distinguished from oyles not in thicknesse but in pleasantnesse of smell But those things which are at this day called Unguents are Emmota so called by the Greeks and are made of the same things whereof Linements are But are somewhat thicker then Linements and those things which thicken are taken in a greater quntity in an Unguent then in a Linement but as for the liquid and oyly things a lesse quantity is observed in compounding them this is the proportion for the most part that to an ounce of oyles a drachm of powder two drachms of wax may be taken or a sufficient quantity namely in those things where Unguents are made of oyles powders or mettals or plants and wax But they are prepared either with fire How prepard or without fire without fire they are prepared in this manner 1. The powders being beaten and sifted are taken which are sprinkled in the oyle and a sufficient quantity of wax being added are reduced into the forme of an Unguent 2. Or usual Unguents are taken and for the most part foure fold or eight fold the quantity of powders and species are mixt with some convenient oyle 3. Or fat or marrow are taken alone or with oyle in equall weight double or halfe so much again a few powders being added with a sufficient quantity of wax an Unguent is made 4. With fire also they are made many waies for either the grease oyles or gumms are melted that the powders may the easier be mingled 5. Or herbes roots seeds are macerated sometime in water wine juices oyle afterwards they are boiled almost to the consumption of the liquor to the decoction when t is strained the other things are added and with some grease and a sufficient quantity of wax or a gumm an Unguent is made 6. Or they are prepared without oyle with grease namely herbes flowers or fresh roots are bruised with grease and wrought in a Morter untill the herbes have imbibed the grease and then they are melted by the fire and pressed out CHAP. XXXVI Of Cerots and Emplaisters THe name of a Cerat or Cerot the Ancients used for a soft medicine namely for that which consisting of oyle and wax is anointed But at this day t is taken for a medicine like unto a plaister yet is not so hard as a plaister in consistence and t is so called from Cera that is wax because the greater part of it is wax And t is compounded at this day of powders oyles Gums Pitch Turpentine and Wax and sometimes Lard Marrow and Muscellages are added But the proportion of the things that are mixt is various neither can it easily be defined and comprehended by Rules and the quantity of Wax to be mixed is left for the most part to the discretion of the Apothecary who ascends by degrees according to progress from a lesser quantity to a greater yet
differences which consists of Pitch and Oyle melted together the other compound which besides Pitch and Oyle hath in it Pepper Castor Pellitory Bittony Galbanum Brimstone Nitre or the ashes of Vine-twiggs and other things which are needfull out of all which a Plaister is made with Oyle and Pitch which is put in a peice of Leather or linnen cloath and applied to the member being hot the haire shaved before hand and the part well rubbed and before t is quite cold is twitched off againe and put to the fire againe and applied to the part againe and that is so often repeated untill the part growes red and is somewhat swelled Synapismes are Cataplasmes A Synapisme or Plaisters principally consisting of Mustard-seed from whence they have their names or other things are compounded which are of the same nature with mustard-seed and they are two-fold the one more mild and gentle which the Greeks call Phoinigmon because it makes the skin look red and is to draw out the matter which lies so deep hid in the body to its superficies A Vesicatory The other is stronger which also raiseth blisters in the part to which it is applied which they properly call Vesi catories The Ancients made Synapismes of Mustard seed How to prepare Synapismes or sheere-grasse dry Figgs were macerated in warme water the next day after Mustard-seed pounded was mixt with that pulpe and if a stronger Synapisme were required they would mingle two parts of Mustard with one of Figgs but if weaker one part of Mustard-seed and two parts of Figgs If indifferent equall parts being mixed they were applied to the part affected and left there so long till the skin run down with moisture and looked red Other Medicines also both making red How to make Vesicatories and causing Blisters are mentioned before part the first Sect. the first Cap. 10. and are mingled with honey Oxymell with Squills Vinegar with Squills Melle Anarcardino Spirit of Wine Turpentine Soap the crum of bread and Gâ—mme with sharp things and Plaisters and Cataplasmes are made of them whether to cause the part to look red and burn onely or to raise blisters The principall thing to raise blisters is a medicine compounded of Cantharides and Leaven When a blister is raised by a medicine and is broken t is not forthwith to be dried but to be permitted to run that the humour which we desire to evacuate revell or derive may flow out and therefore some fat unguent or a Figg or the leaves of Coleworts are to â—e put to it CHAP XXXIX Of Epithems which are somewhat moister then Plaisters Medicines made of Vinegar and Roses and of Medicines applied to the Temples to stop fluxes of Rehume from falling to the eyes ALlthough all medicines which are externally adplied to the body may be called Epithems Epithems yet by custome those onely are called so at this day which consist of distilled waters decoctions or juices mingled with species and powders and are externally applied principally to the region of the Liver Spleen Heart Stomach fore-head and joynts As for the matter whereof they are made t is various according to their severall intentions of distilled waters Juices Decoctions Oyles either alone or mixt Epithemes are applyed for the mittigation of heate resisting of humours that flow strengthning the parts and Liquors or Powders that are appropriated to any part whatsoever are to be applyed Epithemes are prepared two wayes How prepared first of liquid things only distilled waters or juices are taken convenient for the disease and proper for the part to which sometimes some Vinegar or Wine for penetration sake is added afterwards Species or Powders beaten very fine a drachm and a halfe or two drachms to a Pint and sometimes more Powder is taken the matter of the Epitheme is prescribed according to the magnitude of the part from three Ounces to a pint the mixture in the first place hath a linnen or wollen cloath Cotten or Spunge dipt in it and stird about when t is to be used least the Powder should settle in the bottome and for the most part t is applyed warme and as often as t is taken off t is dipt into it againe and applyed Sometimes certaine Powders are put in but they are first macerated in fountaine water To Epithemes belong Oxyrhodes Epithemes for the fore-head as they are called which are Epithemes peculiar to the fore-head prepared of Oyle of Roses and Vinegar to coole and repell The Ancients tooke of Oyle of Roses three parts and of Vinegar one part and stird them well together wherein they dipt a peice of leather or skin and applyed it to the forehead At this day also other Oyles as of Violets Myrtles Nimphaea or water Lillies and sometimes distilled waters and Powders are added Santalls and other things To these are referred anacollemata Anacollemata which are wont to be applyed for diseases of the Eyes and Hemorhodes of the nose principally to the fore-head so called for this reason whether they consist of medicines that fill up glutinate and have an astringent quality because they stop the violence of humours that flow into them or because by their clamminesse they adhere and as it were stick like glue to the part to which they are applyed And they are prepared of Volatile or fine Flowre How prepared Bolearmoniack Dragons-blood Acacia mastick Manna Frankincense and such like mixt with the white of an Egg. 2. Yet they are often prepared without the white of an Egge to mittigate the paine of the head or cause sleepe which are applyed either with a Leather or a skin dipt therein or inclosed in a little bagg and they are more properly called Epithemes or Frontells CHAP. XL. Of Medicines applyed Plaister-wayes to mittigate paine and of little Bags LIke unto Epithemes are Fomentaes so called Fomentations because they doe by their heate as it were cherish the parts of the body to which they are applyed and they are exhibited either to heate the parts or to cleanse and discusse or to mittigate paine or soften that which is hard Differences of Fomentations Moist 1. And they are two-sold moist and dry the moist are made either of hot water Oyle Milke or wine or decoctions of Plants made with warer wine Vinegar Milke whither a spunge or linnen cloath answerable to the magnitude of the part affected is dipt whilst it is hot and applyed to the part and when they begin to be luke-warme or to coole they are changed for hot or the same are heat againe in the Liquor 2. Sometimes simples included in Linnen baggs are boyled in water wine or Milke and are applyed hot to the part affected for which purpose t is convenient to prepare two Baggs that when the one is cooled the other may be applyed 3. Sometimes a Hoggs Bladder or an Oxe his Bladder is halfe filled with the Liquor of the decoction and applyed hot to the
depends on phlegm that is to be heat attenuated cut and afterwards being concocted and prepared evacuated and regard is to be had of the strength principally of the stomack and Liver Therefore in the beginning the stomack and first ways are to be opened and evacuated by Clisters and lenitive medicines Lenitives or else the matter inherent in the stomack is to be ejected by vomit Opening a vein But although the cause of this Fever be cold yet because it is mixed with blood and putrifieth some blood may be taken away by opening of a vein in case that the urine be thick and red and that the strength will bear it and the age that nature may be eased of some part of her burthen Afterwards preparation concoction of the matter is to be endeavored with attenuating things which do not heat much Preparing and altering therefore in the beginning use Syrrup of Sorrel simple with honey of roses Oxymel simple Syrrup of Hysop Bittony with the water or decoction of Maiden-hair Sparagus Grass Fennel Hysop and medicines prepared of those plants also Spirit of Vitriol and Salt When any signs of concoction have appeared you may exhibite some gentle Purger of phlegm Purging of Agarick the leaves of Senna and such like Hence you must come to stronger preparing and purging things and so the matter which cannot be evacuated at once is to be prepared concocted and evacuated at several times And because a pure continued Quotidian seldom happens but that either choller or melancholy is intermixed we are to look to these humours also and to adde Cichory Burrage Provoke urine and Sweat Fumitory Rubarb and the leaves of Senna After the greatest part of the matter is evacuated the remainder is to be emitted by urine and sweat using such medicines as occasion the same But since that by reason of the duration of the disease the stomack and liver are especially offended Strengthening Medicines things that corroborate these parts are to be administred troches of Woâ—mwood of Rubarb of Roses with the powders of aromatici rosati and diaxyaloes The Diet ought to be attenuating Dyet cutting and clensing the meats therefore ought to be of good juice easie of concoction and affording little excrement Fish are not proper in this Fever the flesh should be seasoned with Parsley Fennel Time Hysop Savory Rosemary Cinamon In the beginning nourish somewhat more plentifully that the sick may endure to the height of the disease but when 't is neer the state abate aliment by degrees Yet if crudities be in the stomack and first passages by sparing dyet the three first days they may be abated and consumed afterwards such a dyet as we have mentioned may be observed In the beginning the sick should abstain from wine and in its stead use water and honey yet if by custom it be required give it small and mixed with water Small beer is also convenient when concoction appears wine is more safely administred whereby the concoction is assisted the stomack strengthened and the humours driven out by urine Of the Fever Epiala THe Fever called the Epiala is referred to continued putred Fevers The Fever Epiala which it self is indeed continued and quotidian yet differs from the other Quotidians in this that the sick at the same time endure heat and cold and the heat and cold together are dispersed through the smallest particles of the whole body as Galen teacheth de inaeq intemperie cap. 8. and 2. de diff Febr. c. 6. Galen in the place newly quoted draws this Fever from acid and vitrious phlegm puttrefying Cause yet in his book of an unequal distemper cap. 8. he addeth bitter choller whence he infers that since heat and cold are perceived together in one place it argues mixture of phlegm and choller in another place he determines it to arise from vitreous phlegm part whereof putrifying exciteth heat the other not putrifying causeth trembling and cold Yet Platerus refers them to intermitting Fevers and says that Epialaes are generated when intermitting Fevers happen together in one and the same day and the cold of the one beginneth before the heat of the other be ended or moreover when intermitting Fevers concur with continued and the heat of the continued always remains but the intermittent Fever coming a trembling and cold fit is occasioned The cure of this Fever differs not much from the cure of other Fevers arising from phlegm The Cure only that it requires stronger attenuating and cutting medicines because there is greater frigidity and crudity in this then in the rest also though the humour it self seem to require stronger Purgers yet the weak cannot bear them and therefore evacuation by degrees is to be appointed Of the Syncopal Fever MOreover to these Fevers belongs a Syncopal Fever commonly called a humorous Fever Syncopal Fever in which there is more of pituitous and crude humours then in other Fevers that are phlegmatick and moreover a debility of the orifice of the stomack is adjoyned whence the sick easily fall into a Syncope especially when the Fever begins This Fever is hard to be cured since the sick by reason of their extreme weakness and danger of continual soundings cannot endure necessary evacuations The Prognostick and especially if the pulse be weak small and unequal the Fever is exceeding dangerous But evacuations are most properly occasioned by frictions as Galen teacheth in his twelfth of the method of curing cap. 3. Cure Clysters and Lenitives also with medicines opening the first passages only and causing no commotion of the other humours The first passages being opened and cleansed we come to preparing and evacuating humours as in other Fevers petuitous and medicines to prevent the sounding fits are also to be administred The meats should be not much thin as to substance easie of concoction Diet. and generating as little phlegm as may be and they are to be taken often The drink should be wine which hath power to nourish heat and attenuate and doth not increase phlegm Hydromel is also good wherein Hysop hath been boiled CHAP. XV. Of a continued Quartane LAstly a continued Quartane is a Fever A continued quartan whose heat is indeed continued yet the fourth day 't is exasperated it proceeds from melancholy mixed with blood putrifying in the vena cava The cause is a melancholy humour putrefying in the vena cava The cause hence all things that can generate melancholy and crowd it into the vena cava and putresie are the causes of this Fever It is known by its continued heat the Diagnosticks raging the fourth day without trembling fear or shaking fits going before or sweats following afterwards the pulse in the beginning is small and slow afterwards great full and swifter then in an intermitting Fever wherein 't is most intended in the height This is the rarest of all Fevers â—â—ognosticks but dangerous and far more desperate then
noises and deafness of the ears loathing or vomiting flux of the belly hemorrhodes of the nose tumors arise behind the ears under the arm-pits and about the groin also divers specks and almost no evil which can be observed in other perillous Fevers but may here be discerned Concerning the prognosticks and first of pestilential Fevers Prognosticks there is the same with them for the most part as of the pestilence for by how much the more grievous the symptomes are and the strength more debilitated by so much the more danger is portended but by how much the milder the symptomes are and the strength firmer by so much is there the more hope of health There is the same reason in malignant Fevers for the most part and what is to be hoped concerning the event in every such Fever is manifest out of those things which are spoken in the Institutions Book 3. part 3. chap. 4 5 6 7 8. CHAP. XI Of the Cure of Malignant and Pestilential Fevers in general COncerning the cure of pestilent and malignant Fevers Cure since there are two things in these Fevers contrary to nature venome or malignity and the Fever by what means the Fever may be resisted is manifest from those things that have been said hitherto concerning Fevers how malignity also may be resisted out of those things which are already spoken concerning the pestilence is plainly shewed The greatest difficulty here is in this to which of them we must have an eye first and which last and how the malignity may be taken away without increasing the Fever and on the contrary the Fever may be regarded without increasing the malignity Which that it may rightly be done the pestilent venome and malignity and the putrifaction and Fever are to be considered and poised together amongst themselves and regard to be taken whence the greatest danger may arise and in the first place look to that yet so as that the other may not totally be neglected Wherefore in a pestilential Fever The Cure of the plague in particular Sudorificks Bleeding as being that wherein malignity most troubleth presently we should fly to Alexipharmicks and Sudorifiques yet those are to be rather chosen which are the more temperate such as were formerly proposed against the pestilence afterward if need be a vein should be opened and that timely and scarce after the fourth day before all things shall be disturbed in the body and the strength be weakned namely when blood doth either abound in quantity so that it distendeth the vessels or it is a burthen to the strength or is stirred by some motion that it may be feared lest it should be carried to some principal part but if the disease have made some progress and the strength now labours the breathing of a vein is more safely omitted then untimely appointed but in case the strength will not suffer a vein to be opened cupping with scarrifying is fit to be used to the inferiour parts But purging at the beginning of these Fevers is not convenient Purging unless such as may purge only the first ways without any manifest agitation of the rest of the humours but stronger are not convenient because they stir the humours and mix the venome with them the more and often cause dangerous fluxes of the paunch If the matter tend upwards Vomits and there be any nauseousness vomit is to be provoked by the weaker sort of medicines causing them Hence we are to come again to the Alexipharmacal medicines which notwithstanding should be such as that the humours should not thereby be increased Therefore those are to be exhibited that are more temperate and together do resist putrifaction such are Sorrel Citrons Pomgranates Cinquefoyl Tormentil Harts-horn the bone of a Harts heart Bezoar stone Bolealmenack Terra Sigillata and such like and medicines prepared of these but principally Bezoar water is often to be administred as being that which doth forthwith penetrate which may be so tempered as that it may resist the Fever and putrifaction and therefore with such medicines Syrup of Sorrel Limmon Pomgranates Sorrel Vesicatories and young Sorrel and such like are to be mixed The matter being diminished vesiccatories may be applied to the Legs and Wrists Cure of a malignant Fever in particular Purging to the advantage of the sick since that they draw the venomous matter from the interiour parts to the exteriour without any trouble or weakning of the strength But if it be a malignant Fever in particular so called and the putrifaction more then the malignity the first passages are first to be purged and not only with lenitive Clisters but lenitives also are to be given as Syrup of Roses solutive Manna Cassia Tamarinds Agarick Rhubarb Tryphera Persica especially if the matter swell But we must wholly abstain from the strongest as Scammony Coloquintida Turbith and such like And indeed if the putrefaction presently increaseth and a more vehement Fever is thereby kindled and especially if the humours swell presently that is to be done and that before the third day But these things in general cannot sufficiently determine these tracts in particular of these Fevers shew the way more clearly for such pestilent and malignant Fevers are somtimes propagated by infection when it is most safe that the pollution in what manner soever taken should be expell'd by Sudorifiques and Alexipharmicks out of the body and afterwards if occasion do require to appoint purgation and Phlebotomie somtimes likewise nature it self expells the matter to the circumference of the body as it useth to happen in the Measles and small Pox but then Nature is also troubled in her work and the matter which is thrust out to the exteriour parts of the body ought not to be called in again by purging but 't is rather to be helped by Sudorifiques and Alexipharmicks in its work but somtimes the Fever is occasioned by vitious preparation of the humours or is cherished thereby and the peccant matter in the Stomack near the Midriff and first passages manifesteth it self by vomit pain heat bitterness of the mouth anxiety and other tokens which necessarily should be avoided by vomit or purgation The first passages being opened and the body evacuated Bleeding presently the opening of a vein is to be appointed if it be needful and that before the fourth day After purging the body and opening a vein Sudorificks if occasion require 't is convenient to use some Sudorifique but such as may not increase the Fever such as we have already proposed and although sweat doth not always follow yet such medicines are to be continued and exhibited daylie that so the body may by degrees be apt to sweat and that nature at length of its own accord in its own time may expel peccant humours by sweats but the stronger Sudorifiques at the first debilitate Natures strength and since the humours in these Fevers are not alwaies so disposed that they can be discussed
some evil disposition of Ayr and other corruption whence also this disease in many places in the Low Countries with cloudy ayr suddenly invaded men and the birds also were found dead under the Trees and 't was observed that they had pustules under their wings like Vetches or Tares But what manner of corruption of the Ayr it was can scarce be explained For this was a most cruel disease Prognosticks and within the space of twenty four hours it either killed men or left them senseless and indeed at the first when this disease did invade any City it troubled them fifty or sixty times but it scarce troubled them the hundredth time But the chief business of the cure consisted in the promotion of sweat Cure and weakning venome which nature of its own accord endeavoured for all those that did not further the sweats nor use cordials and took fresh ayr died within four and twenty hours In occasioning Sweats the strength must be regarded which in case it be weak the sweat must so be moderated that thereby it may not be debilitated more and dejected for 't is observed that by too much causing sweat and whilst the sick beyond their power to suffer are cover'd in their beds abundance of men have been stifled During sweating the sick should be hindred from sleep They used to occasion sweat and infringe the malignity water or Sorrel Scabious Terra Sigillata Bolearmenick Dittany Carduus benedictus Zedoaric Tormentil Waterlillies Burrage Species liberantis is also proper and such like which use to be applied in malignant Fevers and the Pox. During the Sweats the sick should be refreshed with the juice of the Syrup of Citron Pomgranates Sorrel and other things before mentioned about the plague Odoraments should also be applied to the Nose When the sick hath sweat enough some of the weight of the clothes should be abated by degrees and the sweat at last diligently wiped off and cleansed CHAP. XV. Of the Ungarick Disease AMongst the malignant Fevers Of the Hungarian disease there is also a disease called the Ungarick because it was first known in Hungary in the year 1556. and thence 't is thought 't was spread almost over all Europe Indeed some think the patechial Fever and the Ungarick Disease are the same and 't is true that spots often happen in that but not alwaies is it so and the name of a patechial Fever is extended larger then the Ungarick disease for this is a certain kind of malignant Fever or if it have spots and is patechial yet this disease is bred in Camps by reason of evil Diet whence we think it to be properly called the Military disease or the Disease of the Camps because that not only in former times in Hungary but elsewhere it wandred up and down in the Camps hitherto and thence is dispersed up and down But there is a malignant and infectious Fever called Morbus Ungaricus 't is continued and hath great store of vitious humours about the stomack and first passages joyned therewith The proximate cause of this Fever is putrefaction The causes the causes and malignant corruption of the humors in the vena cava But they are cumulated and corrupted by errors of Diet and first by default of the Ayr which in Hungary is extream thick and in the night filled with clouds or if they are discussed 't is very thin and in the Summer time most hot and otherwise likewise in the Camps 't is not most profitable because that in them it is most common to lie under the open canopy and to draw the vapours which come from the ayr and the rain and when their clothes are wet cannot change them and in winter time are often penn'd up in little hot-houses Moreover bad diet may be a cause of this disease wherewith Souldiers for want of better are forced to make shift with and those for the most part which are accustomed to fare better hence because good chyle cannot be generated by evil diet and the errors of the first concoction cannot be corrected in the second many filthy humours are collected within the first passages which with the chyle are carried to the Liver and thence into the veins and from that evil chyle bad blood is generated which even voluntarily tends to corruption and putrifaction and at length an unprofitable disposition of ayr coming it doth not only putrifie but becomes maligne Whence not only a putred continued Fever Nature of the Ungarick disease but also a malignant is stirred up and one that is also infectious which may also infect those that have no ill humours in their bodies whence the symptomes do somthing differ And as according to Diet scituation and other circumstances the matter occasioning a disease is not alwaies the same so there happens differences in the symptomes joyned with the Fever Nay in the Fever it self there ariseth certain differences in regard of the peccant humour whence from some arise putred Synochas from others burning cholerick Fevers But although great store of peccant matter as hath been said occasioned by evil diet be collected for the most part in the stomack and first passages yet that is not the containing cause of the Fever but only symptomatical stirr'd up by the Feverish heat especially in the beginning of the disease that it causeth pain in the heart anxiety burning about the midrif and vomiting and increaseth and cherisheth the Fever it self And all other symptomes which appear in other malignant Fevers may here also be present Diagnostick signs and for the most part spots and specks appear but amongst other things the pain of the head for the most part is exceeding troublesome thence this disease amonst the vulgar took its name die hauptcranctheit Most that take this disease from ill diet do complain of pain in the stomack and under the pointed gristle where a certain retention and hardness is likewise observed There is great thirst presently at the beginning and the tongue dry and rough a little after they are troubled with deliriums which are gone again when the matter falls down to the ears and then deafness ensueth 'T is an acute disease Prognosticks and is terminated at most in about fourteen days commonly yet in some not until twenty days But what event of this disease may be hoped for is manifest by what hath been already said concerning malignant Fevers in general namely by how much the strength is the greater and the symptomes lesser by so much is there the more hopes of recovery on the contrary by how much the symptomes are the greater and more and the strength weaker by so much the more danger with some when a looseness happens 't is a good crisis but to most when the matter ascends to the head and thence down to the ears and deafness followeth 't is an argument of health But as in other malignant Fevers so likewise in this the curing must be performed by taking