which the Moon will be vertical that day viz. one after another See Proposition 13. in Chap. 19. The use of this Problem is great yea very necessary in the Doctrine concerning the flux and reflux of the Sea The mode of performing of the same you shall find in the Nineteenth Chapter and the Thirteenth Proposition For there it is more conveniently explained yet the Explication of that Proposition may be anticipated and demonstrated to the studious in this Chapter Proposition XVI In those places of the Sea to which the Moon is vertical the flux and deflux is greatest except that there be other impediments which we have reckoned up in the XIV Proposition And by how much the parts of the Sea are more remote from the place by so much the flux and deflux is lesser other things being equal For because in that place the pressure is greater and the tumour of the water greater which is more vicine to the Moon pressing and the Celestial matter thence followeth that that the Proposition intimateth the objections concerning some other places in the comparison of which the contrary is found are to be excused by the admixtion of other causes Proposition XVII The quantity of the flux and reflux is unconstant in every place and divers on several daies and by so much the greater or lesser by how much the Moon is more remote or near unto that place The Moon every day changeth her place in the Ecliptick For the Moon every day changeth her place in the Ecliptick and so on other daies is vertical to other places and by consequence is more remote from any place or more near Which being observed we conclude from the preceeding Proposition that there is a divers quantity of the flux and reflux in one and the same place on divers daies whether that the diversity be sensible or insensible Proposition XVIII The greatest intumescency of water in any place and term of the flux ought to be when that the Moon doth occupy the Meridian of the place But in many places it is found to be in another scituation of the Moon For then is the Moon most nigh to any place of the Earth when that it is in the Meridian of that place because that the Hypotenusa of a right angled Triangle is lower than the Cathetus Whence it is inferred by the XVI Proposition that when the Moon is in the Meridian See Proposition 16. there ought to be the greatest intumescency and Altitude of water and immediately a decrease to succeed But when the Moon is in the lowest of the Meridian then the narrowest of the vortex of the Earth opposite to it in the upper Meridian and therefore doth effect the same as if that the body of the Moon were present But here ariseth a great difficulty For there are many places and Coasts of the Earth in which we find that the term of the flux is not when that the Moon cometh to the Meridian as the Philosophers held before this age but sooner or later viz. when that the Moon cometh to a certain quarter not Cardinal and this quarter is not constantly observed but in new and full Moons for the most part the greatest intumescency is and the begining of a detumescency before the Moon cometh to this quarter or vertical Circle So at London the water is at the highest when the Moon cometh to the quarter which is between the South and West or North and East that is to the South West or North East quarter At the Coast of China in the Port of the City Maccau The greatest flux at the Coast of China observed by a Portugal a certain Portugal Mariner observed the time of the greatest intumescency by this mode The Elevation of the Pole is 22 degrees 20 minutes in the Year 1584 on the 19 of September the Moon was at full then the intumescency or Altitude of the highest water was observed in the morning at ½ or ¼ of an hour past 8. therefore then the Moon was removed from the Meridian 3 ¼ hours Whence the quarter or vertical Circle in which the Moon at that moment of time was is found according to the Problem of the 30 Chapter Anno 1585 on the 16 of February in the full Moon the greatest hight of water was observed at half an hour past a eleven a Clock at Noon Certain observations taken by a Dutch Mariner of the flux of the Sea in many places A certain Dutch Mariner on the daies of the new and full Moon noted the hours of divers places for the term or intumescency of the flux from which I have extracted these At the twelfth hour on the daies of the new and full Moon on the Coast of Flanders at Enchusen in Holland at Horn at Embden in East Freezland at the mouth of the Elve at Eider at the Isles of Jutland and at Dover at England At 45 minutes past 12 at Flushing in Zealand half an hour after one a Clock at the Occidental Coast of the Isle of Wight at Calis at the mouth of the River of Thames at the shoar of Zeland in the mouths of Scald in Mosa and at Gored A quarter after two before the mouth of Scald and the mouth of Mosa At three a Clock at Amsterdam Roterdam Dort in Holland at Newcastle in England at Arment in Flanders in the mouth of the River of Burdeaux in the South Coast of Britain Gallocia Gascoyn Biscay Portugal and Spain and on the Western Coast of Ireland even to Hitland A quarter after four in the evening at Roan in France between Mosa and Rochel in the River of Burdeaux in the Bays of the Spanish Portugal and Gallecian Coast in the South Coast of Britany in France Gascoyn and on the Western Coast of Ireland Half an hour past four from the Texel at the South Coast of Ireland A quarter past five in all the Ports of the Southern Coast of Ireland at Plymouth in England and other Southern places of it even to the Coast of Wales At six in the evening and morning before Hamburgh in the Elbe before Bremen the Texel Antwerpe in the Channel between England and Brabant without Sorlis A quarter before seven in the evening between Fawick and Vaelmuya in the Channel even to Bristol before St. Nicholas and Podessembe even to Waymouth and Hartepole At half an hour past seven in the Haven at the Texel at Kilduyna in the middle of the Channel nigh Plymouth and in the Sea even to the Promontory of the Lizard A quarter past eight in the evening nigh the Isle of Wight in the Channel even to Bevesier without the Fly on the Coast of Holland At nine before the mouth of the River Ems in Freezland before the Fly before the Coast of Freezland at the Eastern Coast of the Isle of Wight At half an hour past ten before the mouth of the River Thames on the Coasts of Normandy and Picardy And at a quarter
Channel As for the encrease of Zenega which only hath four hours whether the cause ought to be ascribed to the extension of the Channel from the West to the East or unto the swift deflux of Zenega which may prohibit the influx for two hours or whether to some other cause I question and require a more accurate observation viz. Whether it decreaseth eight hours or only six hours and in the other two do neither encrease nor decrease because the strong flux of the River hindereth the flux That also must be considered that depressed and low places may have the flux in more hours and the deflux in fewer Proposition XX. Whether the flux doth begin when the Moon toucheth the Horizon or in the increment be in the place whose the Horizon is So they commonly say but yet we hold the contrary in those places in which the water is at the highest when that the Moon is in the Meridian For when the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the South then she arriveth at the Meridian in less than six hours and therefore the flux should begin when that the Moon is yet depressed beneath the Horizon On the contrary when that the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the North she requireth more than six hours to come from the Horizon to the Meridian and therefore when that the Moon is elevated above the Horizon unto the horary Circle of the sixth hour then at length the flux begineth and so it is observed in most places but the contrary is at London as we have said in the precedent Proposition See Proposition xix And the reason seemeth to require that although the Moon decline from the Aequator towards the North yet that the flux should begin in the place where the Moon cometh to the Horizon for then the place is distant by a quarter from the place unto which the Moon is vertical And therefore the pressure of the Sea cometh or extendeth hither and here more accurate observations are required Proposition XXI The hour being given in which the greatest or least Altitude of the water is on the day of the new or full Moon in the place where the ordinary flux and reflux is viz. of six hours with twelve degrees to determine the hours of the days following after the new Moon in which the greatest or least Altitude shall be See the foregoing Propositions We have said in the foregoing Propositions that the time of the greatest increase and decrease if we have respect to the middle motion of the Moon from the Sun in one day after placeth 48 ¾ horary minutes in half a day 24 â…œ minutes If therefore the greatest increase in any place happen on the day of the new or full Moon on the twelfth hour of the day these hours of encrease shall be on the following daies The age of â—he Moon The hours of the day Scruples 1 12 48 2 1 37 3 2 27 4 3 17 5 4 5 6 4 55 7 5 59 8 6 49 9 7 23 10 8 12 11 8 56 12 9 51 13 10 40 14 11 29 14½ 12 Mid night  15 12 Mid day  Viz. In the end of the first day of the age of the Moon the greatest intumescency falleth out later by 48¼ Horary minutes But in practice it is sufficient to add to the hour of the new Moon for the end of the first day 48 minutes or ¼ of an hour For the end Hours of the second 1½ for the third 2½ for the fourth 3¼ for the fifth 4 for the sixth 5 for the seventh 5¼ for the eighth 6¾ for the ninth 7 for the tenth 8¼ for the eleventh 9 for the twelfth 9¼ for the thirteenth 10â…” for the fourteenth 11½ for the fifteenth 12¼ This Supputation of time supposeth the middle or equal motion of the Moon from the Sun which notwithstanding is unequal so that the Moon in her Perigee departeth more swiftly from the Sun than in her Apogee and therefore then the greatest encrease is longer protracted than six hours and twelve minutes But when the Moon is in the Apogee the encrease is more quick For certain true Lunary Months exceed 30 daies others are less than 29 daies True Lunary Months exceed 30. daies when that the mean of 29 daies twelve hours 44 minutes is assumed But in places where the greatest or least Altitude is made by the appulse of the Moon to a certain vertical place although it be done after the same manner yet for all that the time is not so accurately discovered For neither doth the same time in which the Moon is joyned to the Sun fall out on the hours of the day or the same moments of the same hour in divers new Moons How this is performed by the Terrestrial Globe See Chap. 30. and 37. we shall shew in the XXX Chapter And in the Thirty seventh Chapter we shall treat more of the use of Navigation concerning a more accurat Method We may also use this method for those places where the time of the flux is more or less than in the time of the deflux so that we are certain of the difference The consideration of the thing it self and practice will more easily teach this than our discourse Proposition XXII The winds do oftentimes protract and often diminish the time of the flux or reflux in some places Neither are winds of that place only able to do it but winds blowing in an other place may also effect the same The truth of the Proposition is so manifest that it needeth no demonstration Proposition XXIII Great is the variety of peculiar or proper motions of the Sea viz. in which a certain part of the Ocean is moved either perpetually or in some certain months Peculiar motions of the Sen. The first of those peculiar motions which are most considerable is that motion by which part of the Atlantick or African Ocean about Guinee is moved from Cape Verd towards the bending of Africa which is called Fernando Poo that is from the West to the East which is contrary to the general motion from the East to the West now this motion is vehement so that it violently tosseth the Ships approaching to the shoars unto this Gulph beyond the imagination of the Mariners and supputation of their Voyage Thence it cometh to pass that Ships which have sailed in two daies from the Coasts of Mourrae to Rio de Benin which are one hundred miles scarcely in six or seven weeks can return from Rio de Benin to Mourrie except they launch out into the middle Sea which is not easily to be performed seeing that the Sea is moved with a strong motion to the North-East quarter from the Isle of St. Thomas to the Gulph of Fernando Poo carrying in with it the Ships although they have a fair North East wind and they can hardly get from that Coast except they be forced thence by those sudden winds termed Travados which sometimes
many places but in some in greater quantity than in others Serpents on the Coast of Malabar On the Coast of Malabar and at Cambaja Serpents are discovered on the superficies of the water this is a sign to Sea-men that they are near to those Regions About four miles from New Spain many Roots Bulrushes and Leaves like unto Fig-leaves float on the water which they eat and are in tast like unto Coleworts In the description of the first Navigation of the Dutch unto the Streights of Magellan we read that on the 12th of January in Anno 1599. the water of the Ocean not far from the Silver-River or Rio de laplata in Brasil appeared of a red and bloody colour but being drawn up in a bucket or the like when that they had more throughly viewed it they found that an innumerable multitude of Worms of a red colour were contained in that water and being taken up in the hand they leaped like unto Fleas And these Seamen call Sea-fleas and they are supposed to come from an innumerable company of small Crabs which being found on the South Continent fill the Sea Here is no place to treat of the Animals of which there are various kinds in divers places of the Sea Proposition XVII Why the Sea in the Night season seemeth to glitter especially if that the Waves be raised the more vehemently by the Winds The Sea in the Night seemeth to glitter or shine This question requireth the knowledge of that difficulty concerning the causes of Colours Divers are the resolutions of Philosophers concerning them but as for the explication of the proposed phenomenon or Question that Opinion seemeth the most commodious which sheweth how Colours do exist or rather appear from a certain and various motion but we leave the accurate explication of the same to Naturalists Proposition XVIII The Ocean or rather all Water casteth out Terrestrial Bodies on the shoar especially in the Full Moon Terrestrial bodies are cast out of the Ocean on the Shore It is not difficult to render an account of this property which Experience sufficiently testifieth For Water is never without some motion which if it be swift and towards one quarter it carrieth Terrestrial bodies with it until it meeteth with the shoar where by reason of the ceasing vigour of the motion of the water those Terrestrial bodies are laid down but in the Ocean the Waves are carried hither and thither By these the Terrestrial bodies are carried after the same mode and because that all Waves tend to some coast of Land therefore all Terrestrial bodies are carried towards the shoar In the Full Moons is the greatest motion of the Ocean therefore vain is their Opinion who believed the Ocean to be an Animal and to have sense by which it purgeth it self from all dregs Terrestrial bodies but here the cause is sufficiently manifest CHAP. XIV Of the Motions of the Sea in general and in particular of the Flux and Reflux Proposition I. Water hath no natural Motion except one by which it moveth from a more higher place unto these that are more low but if the vicine place or body be equal or of a greater Altitude than the superficies of the Water then the Water naturally resteth that is it is not moved except that it be compelled by a violent cause Water hath no natural motion except one THe truth of this Proposition is manifest from Vulgar experience for if that a vessel containing water be moved the water so long fluctuateth in it until no part be higher than the other that is until they compose a Spherical figure or superficies as we have said in the Thirteenth Chapter For although this Motion hath a violent cause viz. the motion of the Air about the Earth yet because that there is a great question concerning this cause and it is so manifest in the water that it seemeth not to come unto it from an external cause so for to distinguish this motion of the water from other motions we term it Natural Now this motion is unto that quarter unto which the place more depressed is scituated Proposition II. When part of the Ocean is moved the whole Ocean is moved or all the other parts of it are also moved but by so much the more that every one is nearer the part moved For because that if part of the Ocean be moved it doth necessarily change place and therefore this place is more low than the place of the vicine water this nearer water shall be moved into this place and the vicine water of that into the place of that and so forward in the other parts But there is lesser motion in the places of the more remote parts Proposition III. To observe the quarter into which the Sea that is moved tendeth The quarter into which the Sea that is moved tendeth Chuse a time if you can when no violent Wind bloweth and cast into the Water a body almost of the same gravity with the water let the place be observed where it was cast in to wit let the Boat remain there immovable then when that this body is carried by the Sea a moderate space from the place where it was cast in then let another Boat be placed of that and let the quarter be observed into which the scituation of this second Boat vergeth from the former For this also shall be the quarter in which we say that the Sea at that time is moved Proposition IV. The Motion of the Sea is either direct or a Vortex or a Concussion I call that direct which tendeth unto some quarter a Vortex when the water moveth into a round and is in some part rejected a concussion when it trembleth But laying aside the two latter unto the end of the Chapter we shall treat of the direct motion and therefore we shall call this by a general term the Motion of the Sea Proposition V. Of the Motions which we find in the Sea some are general some proper and singular other some contingent General proper and singular motions of the Sea I call that General which is found almost in all the parts of the Ocean and that at all times I call those proper and special motions by which only some parts of the Ocean are moved and they are twofold perpetual and anniversary the former are those which persist without mutation or cessation the other which are found at certain months or days of the year in some certain Sea I call those motions of the Sea contingent which without any certain order sometimes do cease and other some begin such are infinite Proposition VI. Wind is the cause of the contingent motion of the Sea forcing the Sea to a quarter opposit to the Wind neither is the Sea ever free from such motions Wind is the cause of the motion of the Sea For seeing that the Air toucheth the Sea and the Wind is nothing else but a strong commotion of
the point D and so consequently or rather because that the Moon in the mean space doth somewhat proceed forwards from B towards C as running in a Months space through the Circle A B C D part of the Earth that is now in F on the opposite Region of the body of the Moon after six hours and twelve minutes either more or less shall be beyond the point G in that Diameter of the Vortex A B C D which intersecteth that Diameter of the same Vortex in which the Moon shall then be at right Angles and then shall the water be there most high and after six hours with twelve minutes it shall be beyond the point H. in the place where the water shall be very low c. whence it is clearly discovered that the water of the Sea in every twelve hours and twenty four minutes shall flow and re-flow in one and the same place This is the Demonstration of Cartesius in which that is especially ingenious that it aptly sheweth not only how the flux or intumescency is made at the place when that the Moon is moved at its Vertex or Meridian but also when that the Moon beneath the Horizon is moved to the Meridian of Midnight We have said in the end of the Ninth Proposition what any one may seem to require in this Demonstration especially that which seemeth to be admired at that Cartesius should not so much as think that according unto this Demonstration That the least Altitude of water and all kind of Detumescency ought to be when that the Moon cometh to the Meridian as the Moon being in B the least Altitude of water is in 2 and 4 and on the contrary the water increaseth with the departure of the Moon or Earth so that when F shall be in G. that is six hours from the Moon it shall have the greatest Altitude which in truth is contrary to all Experience for with the access of the Moon to the Meridian the water increaseth and with the departure of the same decreaseth But the words of Cartesius as well as the Diagramma assert the contrary But I suppose this absurdity may be removed from the Demonstration and that by this mode so that it may be approved of by Cartesius for let us place the Vortex of the Earth A B C D to be without the Moon and the water 1 2 3 4 to be equally distant from the Center T without any Tumor but yet to be moved round with the Earth and Celestial matter between A B C D and 5 6 7 8. Now let the body of the Moon draw near unto this Vortex for Example into B and therefore the space T B becometh more narrow and the Celestial matter whilst that it endeavoureth to pass through it presseth the Water in 2 towards E. Therefore whilst that the Water is expelled from 2 towards E it is demanded where the greatest tumor of Water will be whether in the place E which is a quarter distant from the place F unto which the Moon is vertical or whether in a place nigh unto F towards E If that you assert the first viz. that the tumor ought to be in E Experience doth then gainsay but that the second is truly so Experience confirmeth and Reason doth induce to believe viz. whilst that the Moon consisteth above the place E the Water is expelled from 2 towards I but the greatest tumor will be in the place near to 2 not in I. For this is manifest by Experience because the Occidental places do later discover the intumescency but reason and the motion of the Water do altogether require the same Laws for if the Water be poured forth into 2 that it may flow towards E the greatest quantity will be in the place E a little less in the place near to that and yet far less in the place nigh to that and least of all in E. So also when that water is driven from 2 towards E its greatest quantity and accumulation shall be in the place near to 2 and so much the lesser by how much the place is more remote from 2 but because the Earth is moved round that E may come unto F then at length shall the greatest tumor be in E and the water shall be forced towards H. Therefore the Diagram of Cartesius with the Demonstration it self ought to be changed that the tumor may be in the place near unto the very 2 that is to that unto which the Moon is vertical What else may be here said we shall handle in our treatise of the consideration of the Cartesian Philosophy Proposition XII In Full and New Moons the general motion of the Sea from the East to the West is more violent also the intumescency of the Sea is found great in most parts but in the quarters the motion is found the least of all and so also in the intumescency In Full and New Moons the motion of the Sea from East to West most violent Experience sufficiently proveth this Proposition for Mariners testifie that the Sea doth foam and swell in New and Full Moons and in the quarters is calm Now it is easily demonstrated according to the Hypothesis of the preceding Propositions for the Moon when it is either Full or New is more near the Earth than at any other time and in the quarters more remote as Astronomers do demonstrate Now when the Moon is more near the Earth that is when that the space B T is less the Celestial matter being hindred more vehemently presseth the water from 2 to 1 because it is more near but on the contrary in the quarters Yet the motion is observed to be more violent in the Full Moons than in the New at least in some places which except you will ascribe to the light of the Moon I see no other cause neither can we otherwise shew why in the Full Moon both Trees and Animals have greater humors than in the New seeing that the Sea is equally augmented in the New Moon Yet that is marvellous that one Twistius a Dutch-man relateth in his description of India concerning the Kingdom of Gazaratt where for many years he dwelt that Cockles Crabs and other shelly Fishes are less fleshy and juicy in the Full Moon than in the New which is contrary to the nature of all Regions Neither is it less admirable that on the shoars near to the mouth of the River Indus in the same Kingdom that the Sea is augmented and swelleth in the New Moons and not far from thence in the Sea of Calicut the increase is in the Full Moon Proposition XIII In the time of the Vernal and Autumnal Equinox or in the Spring and Autumn the intumescency of the Sea is greater than in the other seasons of the year but least in the Solstices In Spring and Autumn the intumescency of the Sea is greatest Cartesius indeed pretendeth to shew a demonstration of this propriety from his Hypothesis but I cannot
past eleven a Clock in the River Thames and other places of England A difficult task to explicate the cause of this difference Now it is a most difficult task to explicate the cause of this so notable a difference and that in all places although it be incumbent on the Philosopher or Geographer Yet it is probable that the various windings of the shoars the scituation of the Coasts in respect of the Sea the obstacles of Islands the mutual meetings of the water the distance of the places from the Lunary way various waies especially those that are constant and general the declining of the shoars and other things do very much conduce to this propriety of the flux For example at the Port of London in the Coast of England the water encreaseth until the Moon cometh unto the quarter of the South-West viz. when it declineth from the Ecliptick towards the South for then water begineth to flow back again but not when the Moon cometh to the Meridian Therefore we say that whilst the Moon moveth to the Meridian of London towards Brazile or from Brazile towards London the Sea doth not recede from London but is yet augmented by reason that the Coasts of America unto which the Ocean is moved by the Moon do repel that water towards England and this hapneth therefore because it affordeth not a passage for the water But why when the Moon is declining from the Ecliptick towards the North is the greatest Altitude of the water and the begining of the decrease observed before the Moon cometh to the Meridian viz. in the North-East I answer that this cometh to pass because that the Moon is then far more near to England than when it declineth from the Ecliptick towards the South and therefore then it more swiftly filleth but the cause why then the flux is no longer protracted even until the Moon cometh to the Meridian may be by reason that the Moon forceth the Sea more near the Sea of Mexico and Hudsons Streights where there is found a great intumescency and detumescency On the Coast of China we therefore say that the intumescency doth anticipate the appulse of the Moon at the Meridian by reason that a continnual East wind driveth that Sea towards the West But these allegations I leave to be farther examined by the searchers of nature But for the finding out of the true cause it is altogether necessary that we acquire accurate observations how the flux and reflux of the Sea is made in divers places viz. in what vertical the Moon is in that flux how the quarter is varied in a divers place of the Moon as in the full and new especially in those places where the Moon becometh vertical also in those which directly respect the East West and North. Also that must be diligently observed how the flux is here made in those hours of the day whilst that the Moon being in the North part of her Circle hath not the Sea placed vertically under her but Lands in a long tract viz. from Cambaja and China even to the Occidental Coasts of Africa For because then that it doth not directly press the water it being depended over the Mediterranean places I thence suppose that some variety must happen to this motion Also what then it doth whilst the Moon ruling in the South Hemisphere passeth over the Mediterranean parts of Brazile or Southern America Without these observations we shall hardly arrive at the true cause neither shall we neglect this argument Proposition XIX The Sea floweth to most Coasts in six hours and twelve minutes and refloweth also in so many hours The Sea in few places floweth in more hour and refloweth in less In very few places it floweth in more hours and refloweth in less and on the contrary in very few places it floweth in fewer hours and refloweth in more yet so that the time of the flux and deflux viz. between the two greatest intumescencies together make twelve hours with 24 ⅛ minutes and two such times make 24 hours with about 50 minutes 48 ¾ and therefore on every day the greatest intumescency falleth out later almost by an hour because that the Moon almost an intire hour returneth more slowly to the same Meridian every day We have sufficiently explained the first part of the Proposition in the Demonstration of the Eleventh Proposition although in this demonstration we have taken the Altitude of the Sea the Moon possessing the Meridian but in this Proposition by reason that in the proceeding we have shewed that in many places that Altitude doth happen the Moon being constituted without the Meridian we do not reckon in them the hours from the time in which the Moon possesseth the Meridian but for that time in which the Moon occupieth that vertical place in the which when that the Moon is it is manifest that the greatest intumescency is Yet in these places the period of the increment ot decrement doth not exactly observe these twelve hours witih twenty four minutes or twenty four hours with fifty minutes because that the Moon by reason of its various and mutable distance from the vertex either in more or fewer hours returneth to the same vertical which difference notwithstanding is not great Although therefore in all places the flux and reflux be compleated almost in twelve hours and twenty four minutes when that there are no tempests also in most this time is equally divided between the flux and reflux so that in six hours it floweth and in so many refloweth yet in some places the time of the flux is unequal to the time of the deflux viz. more or less The flux and reflux of the Ocean at the River Garumna in France The Ocean entereth Garumna a River in France in seven hours and resloweth in five So at the Port of Maccoa on the Coast of China the flux is in nine hours and refloweth in three yea in less if that the Eastern winds blow On the contrary at the Coast of Zenega a River of Aethiopia the Sea floweth in four hours and refloweth in eight The causes of these differences are difficult Some refer them to the swift and valid efflux of the Rivers or also to a simple efflux for therefore the Shoar of Garumna discovereth the flux in seven hours because that its strong motion retardeth the flux but yet assisteth the deflux therefore the Sea refloweth in five hours Others have added those hours to the flux by reason that the Sea reflowing from the more Northern place hindreth least the Sea should hinder the egress from Garumna but rather be more forced on it But I suppose therefore to be by reason that Garumna poureth forth it self by a strong Motion from its inlet or mouth into the Ocean for some distance this efflux is prohibited on some part from the Sea and so the water of Garumna is at a stand also for some space before that the Sea by reason of the Moon entreth its
A Peninsula A Peninsula or Chersonese that is such a Tract of Land that is almost encompassed by the Sea except at one only narrow place where with a strait neck of Land called an Isthmus it is knit to the Main Land An Isthmus An Isthmus is that narrow or strait neck of Land that couples and joyns the Peninsula to the Continent or Main-land and that by which we pass out of one broad Land into another The Peninsula's Chersonesusses or Chersoneses that is running out Lands are these following to wit 1. Italy 2. Spain 3. Part of England Of Lands which are or may be termd Peninsula's 4. All Greece and Macedonia 5. Norway and Swedeland with Lapland 6. Asia minor 7. India 8. Camboia 9. New Guiney of the South-land 10. Beach a Country of the same Land 11. Part of Virginia and New-England 12. The Tongue of Africa c. Proposition X. Other Lands termed Peninsula's The Chersoneses of the Ancients We will number up further fourteen Peninsula's or Chersoneses and these we will divide into longish ones and somewhat round ones The longish ones are first the Golden Chersonese of the Ancients now called the Malaccan Chersonese and joyns to the Indies 2. The Cymbrick Chersonese now called Jutland adjoyning to Holsatia 3. California on the Western side of North America near the Sea Vermejo But late Observations report it to be an Island 4. New France on the Eastern side of North America 5. The Jucatan Chersonese in the Bay of Mexico 6. The Thracian Chersonese on the Hellespont 7. The Cassandrian Chersonese by the Bay of Thessalonica in the Grecian Sea There are also certain Peninsula's less celebrious of the lesser Asia to wit Ionia or the Smyrnensian Peninsule 2. The Cnidensian or the Countrey of Doris and 3. The Mindensian Peninsula's Concerning Corea it is doubtful whether it be a compleat Island or a Peninsula Some Maps joyn it to Tartary some again begirt it round with the Sea yet notwithstanding the latest Observations make it a Peninsule The somewhat round Peninsula's are 1. Africa her self a huge part of the Old World is such an one it is environed with the Mediterranean Sea the Atlantick Ocean the Aethiopick Indian and Red-sea It sticketh fast to Asia by a narrow Tract of Land at Egypt 2. Three parts of America to wit Mexican and Peru stick fast together at Panama by a narrow passage of the Earth 3. Peloponnesus now called the Morea being part of Greece 4. Taurick Chersonese or Peninsula in the Euxine Sea and the mouth of the Fen Maeotis now called the Precopensian Tartary 5. Cambaia in India Proposition XI Of the chief Peninsula's We reckon as many Isthmusses as Peninsula's the more famous are five in number 1. The Isthmus between Egypt and Asia whereby Africa joyneth to Asia 2. The Corinthian Isthmus between Peloponnesus and Greece 3. The Panamensian Isthmus between Mexico America and Peruvia 4. The Isthmus between the Chersonesus Aurea or Golden Chersonesus and the Indies 5. The Isthmus of the Taurick Chersonese CHAP. IX Of Mountains and Hills in General Of Mountains and Hills TOuching Mountains very many things worthy to be known in Geography will here occur and meet us partly because they seem to hinder the roundness of the Earth and partly because divers things amongst renowned Authors are here delivered concerning them Proposition I. But a Mountain or Hill is said to be a part of the Earth rising aloft which if it be lesser is called a Hillock or Clift Of Promontories and Rocks Also a Promontory is said to be a Hill or Mountain running out at length into the Sea Rocks are called parts jutting or appearing forth in the Sea or also arising up out of huge stony Bulks or Bodies But it must be generally known that the parts of the Earth which appear plain are not all of the same height but some are sunk lower especially at or near the Sea shores insomuch as the height encreaseth from Maritine places or such as abutt upon the Sea even to the Inland Regions This also is proved by the Fountains and flowing Streams of Rivers For seeing that that part of the Earth to which the water floweth is lower than that from which it floweth and that the Fountain-heads and Springs of Rivers are seldom in the Inland places and such as are far remote from the Sea It is clearly manifest thereby that the Inland places are more elevated than those adjoyning to the Sea Coasts Inland places higher than those near the Sea-coasts So Bohemia is higher then Holsatia which is perceived by the streaming course of the River Elbe which floweth from Bohemia to Holsatia In like manner we take apparent Signs and Arguments of the greater height of Inland places from the Rivers Danubius Visurgis Rhene Mosa c. The Swishers and Rhetians Countries are judged by some men to be the highest of all Europe because the Rivers Rhene Roan and the greater Danou do flow and stream down from thence Moreover look how great the declivity or bearing downwards of the Rivers are so great is the height of the Inland places above the Maritine places Proposition II. To finde out the height of a Mountain by Geodesie or Land-measuring commonly called Surveying This is performed in the same manner which we use in the searching out the height of Towers if so be the top of the Mountain or Hill is remarkable by some peculiar sign For the finding out the height of a Mountain by Geodesie Let A B be the Mountains height A the foot B the conspicuous head thereof We will take the line F C by a mean distance from it so that neither of the Angles A F C A C F may be made very acute but may in a manner be equal Then let the Angles A F C A C F be observed by a collimation or levelling with winking be made to B and these being subtracted to 180 degrees the remaining degrees shall shew forth the Angle C A F. After that the distance of the stations of F C is exquisitely to be measured See Scheme and let it be wrought As the sign of the Angle F A C to the sign of the Angle C F A or F C A if you would take F A so F C to A C the distance of the Mountain from C. Then the Instrument being hanged up or placed upright in C and levelling with the Eye to B let the Angle B C A be taken And because the Triangle C A B is strait angled to wit the Angle B A C is strait therefore also the Angle A B C of 90 degrees shall be given Let it therefore be wrought by the Triangle BAC As the whole sign 10000000 to the Tangent of the Angle B C A so the distance A C to the perpendicular height of the Mountain A B. The height of the Mountain Olympus measured by Xenagoras For Example Let us put it that
higher for to avoid this excess of Altitude the Ocean floweth from those places towards the Equator Now the original of the Opinion concerning the greater Altitude of the North Land more than of others seemeth to spring hence because that the face being turned to the North we discover the Pole elevated above the Horizon and our place and therefore the Pole of the Earth and the vicine tracts of the Land in their supposition is higher than other Regions Some determine the Indian Ocean between Africa and India to be higher than the Atlantick Ocean which they endeavour to prove from the Bay viz. the Arabian and Mediterranean where also the doubt is to be considered Whether the Altitude of the Bay be the same with that of the Ocean or lesser especially in the extream parts of the Bay and chiefly in those Bays which are joyned by a narrower Streight of the Ocean The Indian and Atlantick Ocean higher than the Mediterranean But it is not improbable but that the Atlantick and Indian Ocean are higher than the Mediterranean Bay especially in the extreams parts of this at Asia Minor and Aegypt For the Atlantick Ocean floweth through the Streights of Gades into the Mediterranean Bay and it is probable that the Altitude of the Ocean is some what greater than that of the Streight because a free Influx is impeded in these Here indeed will be a small difference but then proceeding forwards in so long and large a tract between Europe and Africa the depression of this Bay will seem to be made greater than that of the Ocean especially when it meeteth many Rocks Islands and procurrent Lands which repel the current Water and therefore either diminish or beat back the Influx Yea if that be true which is reported by credible Authors concerning Sesostris King of Egypt Darius and other Egyptian Kings we ought no longer to doubt of this inequality of Altitude For those Kings attempted to draw a Trench or Channel from the Red-sea into the Nile so that by this passage a Navigation might be performed from the Indian and Red-sea through Egypt and hence through the mouths of the Nile into the Mediterranean Sea which would have offered great profit and conveniency to many Regions of the Mediterranean Bay But they were forced to leave their enterprise when it was discovered by those that were skilful that the Red-sea was much higher than the interiour Egypt Now if the Red-sea be higher than the Land of Egypt it will also be higher than the Water of the Nile and by consequence than the mouths of the Nile and then the Mediterranean Sea it self for that the water of the Nile is not of a lesser Altitude than the Mediterranean is hence manifest that it floweth into it wherefore the Red-sea and therefore also the Indian Sea is higher than the Mediterrean at least at the extream parts of it about Egypt Syria Thrace and in the Aegean Sea The Isthmus which conjoyneth Asia and Africa endeavoured to be cut by the Egyprian Sultans Moreover other Egyptian Kings in times past and of late the Egyptian Sultans and Turkish Emperors have consulted how to digg through the Isthmus which conjoyning Africa and Asia disjoyneth the Mediterranean and Red-seas but the reason why they proceeded not is reported to have been the Altitude of the Indian and Red-sea above the Mediterranean and the Coasts adjacent to it and therefore they feared least that the water flowing from the Red-sea should overflow and drown the Regions of those Coasts especially Egypt concerning whose low scituation all Writers do consent If therefore the Isthmus between the Red-sea and the Mediterranean should be cut or dugg through then by an open passage the Indian Ocean would immit much water into the Mediterranean Bay but whether it could let in so great a quantity that there should be any danger of an inundation of the Regions adjacent to the Mediterranean sea I doubt For peradventure it may be thus if that the Indian Ocean should let in somewhat overmuch then the Atlantick Ocean would let in less through the Streights of Gades from whose Altitude somewhat would be detracted if that the motion were made from the Indian Sea into the Mediterranean But although I deny not but that this may be Reasons why the Egyptian Sultans and Turks did not digg a passage through the Isthmus yet I suppose that the Egyptian Sultans and the Turks were moved by other reasons and Political Causes for the omitting the digging through of this Isthmus As 1. The vast expence it being forty German miles and the Earth rocky also banks must have been made by the advice of skilful Artists which they wanted 2. They supposed that the Inhabitants of the Christian part of the World as the English French Dutch Italians c. would have reaped more benefit by that means than they themselves For then through that Streight they might have sailed into Persia and India whereas now they fetch a vast circuit compassing all Africa and have laden themselves with their rich Commodities which they are now contented to have at Aleppo See Massius in his third Book of his Indian History being thither brought on Camels through the Turks Territories and in many places receive customs for the same which is no small benefit unto them 3. That the Sultans and Turks knew that the Christians excelled in the abundance of warlike Ships which they were deficient in and therefore feared least they should be invaded by a strong Navy which might land a powerful Army and so over-run their Country These were necessary to be explained concerning the Altitude of the Mediterranean Sea compared with the Red-sea the Atlantick and Indian Ocean by reason that some thence take occasion to maintain that the Altitude of the parts of the Ocean is divers But we may confirm them also by another example if that we may compare small matters with great The German Ocean which is part of the Atlantick flowing between Friesland and Holland into a Bay which although it be small in respect of the more noted Bays of the Sea yet it is also called a Sea and watereth the Empory Amsterdam Not far from thence is the Lake Harlame which is also termed the Sea of Harlame whose Altitude is no less than the Altitude of that Belgick Bay which we have spoken of and sendeth a branch into the City of Leyden where it divaricateth into many Trenches Now seeing that neither this Lake nor that of the Belgick Sea do cause the inundation of the adjacent Lands it is thence manifest that they are not higher than the Lands of Holland But the Inhabitants of Leyden have experimentally found the German Ocean to be higher than these Lands when they undertook to make a Trench or Channel from this City to the Coasts of the German Ocean near the Town of the Catti it is the space of two miles that they might sail through this Channel the Sea
vicine place is to be found whereby it may come unto those Northern Regions Seeing that therefore this flux is perpetual neither doth the water come by a manifest way unto those Regions whence the flux is made therefore it seemeth necessary to conclude that the waters come through subterraneous passages unto those Northern Regions and so there to be effused from the holes of the Channel as from a spring and that the water moveth hence towards the South There falleth in another cause taken from the former For the water of the Ocean in the Torrid Zone is more heavy than that in the Northern places by reason of the great abundance of Salt as we have proved in the Eighth and Twelfth Proposition Therefore the water or Ocean in the Torrid Zone doth more press through the Orifices of the Subterranean passages than in the Northern places and therefore in these places the water less resisting suffereth the water to flow from the Orifices of the Channels Unto this I answer That that flux of the Ocean is not only from the North as the Objection seemeth to inferr and as some especially the Ancients conceived of it who would have the water to flow in four Channels from the very Pole as also some Geographical Maps do exhibit it neither is it continual but is observed by reason of the frequency of Northern Winds moreover the great and perpetual abundance of Snow and Rain in those places augmenteth the water and causeth it to flow towards the South Add likewise that in other parts another motion of the Ocean is found concerning which see the following Chapter 3. It seemeth not absurd but rather most true that all the Fountains of Rivers taken together disburthening themselves into the Ocean are the very Fountains of the Ocean For seeing that in perpetual progress of time so great an abundance of water floweth from them into the Ocean questionless the water cometh from the Ocean to the very Springs and Channels of the Rivers partly through the Subterranean passages and partly by Rains 4. It may seem to prove that the Fountains of the Ocean may be in the very Channel because that in the bottom of the Ocean in some parts sweet or fresh water is found which could not be but by some Fountains flowing in the bottom Linschaten relateth that in Ormus fresh water is drawn by divers in the Ocean at the depth of four or five Orgya and the like Fountains are found in other parts of the Ocean and Bays Unto this I answer That few such Springs have yet been found which suffice not the vast Ocean Neither do we dispute concerning these Fountains as we have said before Hence it is manifest that in some sort it is true and we may well say that the Ocean hath Springs but not in that sense that we are wont to speak concerning the Springs of Rivers and in which we would have our Proposition to be taken Hence also it is manifest what we ought to think concerning that Question viz. Whether the Sea is always one and the same and perpetually so remaineth or whether it be another thing whose parts are perpetually consumed and generated again Proposition VIII The saltness of the Waters proceedeth from the particles of Salt which are mixed with it but whence they may exist or are so augmented is the doubt Of the Saltness of the Sea-water Experlence proveth the first member of the Proposition by which it is commonly known that Salt is made of Sea-water by decoction of the water or by the heat of the Sun or the fervour of the Fire In Germany and other places the water is separated by the help of the Fire In France the greater heat of the Sun performeth the same the Ocean being let into certain Trenches made in which in the space of some Months the water being exhaled by the force of the Sun Of Salt and of what made concreted and hard Salt is found On the shoars of many Regions as of England and other parts plenty of Bay-Salt is found the Sea-water continually overflowing those shoars leaveth daily some particles or humors from which the water exhaleth and concrete Salt is left whose blackness is taken away by boyling although it be washed away and dissolved from many Coasts by the violence of the Ocean which is the cause that it is not found on all Coasts Seeing therefore that this Experiment is common Aristotle had small reason to alledge a false Experiment concerning a waxen Vessel let down into the Sea Hence it is manifest that the proximate cause of the Saltness of the Sea-water or the true subject of this saltness is the Saline particles which are contained in that water Therefore the Aristotelians with their Master spake improperly and obscuredly without cause when they defend and say That the saltness of the Sea proceedeth from the adustion of the Sea caused by the Sun or from the adust particles But of this more anon The chief difficulty and controversie is concerning the other member of the Proposition Whence these Salt particles of the Ocean exist Aristotle supposeth that dry exhalations or fumes all which he saith are of an adust and Saline nature elevated from the Earth are mixed with humid vapours and when that these have met together in Rain they fall with these into the Sea and that thence proceedeth the saltness and Salt particles in the Sea See Aristotle lib. 2. chap. 7. and on this account he seemeth to defend this Opinion because that from thence he may render a reason why the Sea is always salt But other Peripateticks will have it and so do endeavour to draw Aristotle to their part that this saltness is in the Sea it self by reason that it is perpetually scorched by the heat of the Sun a sign of which is that the water is found by so much the less salt by how much it is more deep or remote from the superficies for in the superficies we discover it to be most salt Both these Opinions are obstructed with great difficulties and absurdities so that it seemeth wonderful that the minds of Philosophers and Learned men could acquiesce in them First the opinion of Aristotle is thus obstructed that Salt-rain should be found in the Ocean which never yet was found to be void of all tast of salt Secondly the Sea should be less salt when it raineth not for a long time the contrary of which yet is found The other Opinion hath these difficulties 1. It is false that the waters of the Ocean are found the less salt by how much they are nigh to the bottom for there are few places viz. in those bottoms where Springs of fresh water do flow 2. Experience testifieth that fresh water although long exposed to the Sun or heat of the Fire yet doth not become salt This Objection Scaliger endeavoureth to avoid by an over-nice subtilty for he saith that this hapneth in these Observations by reason of
apprehend it from his words neither do I see how it can follow from his Hypothesis It is probable that the Sun and general winds do very much contribute to this intumescency of the water and seeing that the Sun in the Aequinoctials doth incumb on the middle of the Sea of the Torrid Zone therefore either he or the winds cause that the Sea then swelleth more than at another time But as concerning the Solstices we must say in a contrary mode or that the same is the cause of the greater intumescency of the Sea in the time of the Aequinoctials either of the Spring or Autumn which is the cause of more frequent rains winds and inundadions in those seasons Proposition XIV In some parts of the Ocean Gulphs and Shoars great is the encrease and decrease of the water in the influx and deflux in other some it is very small in some not discernable and so there is no flux and reflux or intumescency and detumescency The increase and decrease of the water in several parts of the Ocean Those places receive great Augmentation and decrease 1. That are under the Torrid Zone between the Tropicks for then the Moon pressing for the most part is there carried round 2. In places that are directly extended from East to West or nigh the Collateral quarters 3. In those Gulphs that are long and less broad the Augmentation is the more sensible 4. In those places in which few Islands or procurrents adjoyn to the Earth The greatest flux and deflux in the Streight of Cambaja The greatest flux and deflux hitherto observed is that which is in the Streight of Cambaja in one of the inlets of the River Indus and it hath struck many with admiration for the water recedeth to an high distance and that very speedily Whence not without reason the River Indus or the Gulph of Cambaja is thought to be that unto which when that Alexander the Great came and endeavoured to pass his Army over as it is there related the water presently went back and left his Ships a ground hence he went no farther but judged that the Gods had here fixed the bounds of his Expedition with a prohibition of proceeding any farther The cause is the small or narrow and deep depression of the Channel but yet 't is probable there was some other cause Fluv and reflux at Damman At the City Damman in India not far from Surat the Altitude of the water by flux and reflux is varied at two and a half Orygas and the Sea departeth from the shoar the space of half a mile In the Gulph of Cambaja the flux augmenteth the Altitude five Orgyas others say seven which unusual augmentation hath been the cause of the loss of many Ships by unexperienced Mariners for the water falling they have been split on the Rocks No constant time of the flux and reflux in the Streights of Magellan The flux and reflux in the Red-sea In the Gulphs and shoars of the Streights of Magellan no constant time of the flux and reflux is observed for sometimes the water floweth and refloweth in three hours othersome in twelve hours which inconstancy is to be ascribed to the violent irruption of the Ocean into that Streight and from the various agitations of the wind About Malacca also at the Streight of Sunda a notable flux and deflux is observed In the Arabian Gulph or Red Sea some of the Ancients have written that there is so great a reflux as Scaliger writeth that Moses and the Israelites passed over without any Miracle But it is false because the reflux is not there so great as to leave the Channel dry On the Coasts of China the flux and reflux is very sensible as also at the Isles of Japan At Panama on the Coast of America lying at the Pacifick Ocean the Sea is very much exalted The Sea at the flux much exalted at Panama and by and by depressed again in the full Moons the flux is so much augmented that water entreth into the Houses of the City Yea in almost all the shoars of the South Sea the Altitude of the water is wonderfully augmented and diminished so that in the reflux the decrease is sensible for two miles In the Gulph of Bengala at the shoar of Sâ—am the flux augmenteth the Altitude ten foot The flux not perceivable in the Mediterranean Sea But in the Mediterranean Sea which floweth in through the Streights of Gibralter from the West to the East the flux is not perceivable because the scituation is contrary to the quarter into which the Sea is moved and therefore the water of it is little augmented by the flux so that it is not discernable unless in the Gulph of Venice which by reason of its long extension and small Latitude sheweth the flux and reflux when in the other part of the Mediterranean Sea by reason of its notable Latitude that little augmentation and decrease is not discovered Whence this flux and reflux was unknown to the Grecians as also to the Romans in the time of Scipio Africanus And the Grecians as well as the Romans accounted it as miraculous what sometimes they discovered in other places as is manifest from the Expedition of Alexander the Great and of Scipio in the expugnation of Carthage but in the time of Cicero it was known to the Romans Yet some observed it a little at Massilia also at certain Coasts of Barbary it is noted enough The flux and reflux in the Baltick Sea not yet found out In the Baltick Ocean as also in the whole Northern Sea beyond England towards Norway and Greenland the flux and reflux of the Sea is not yet found out as neither in the North Coast of the Pacifick Ocean But the cause is not yet sufficiently known unless you will say that those Seas are remote from the course of the Moon and also that they are extended from the West to the East and North moreover that many Isles and procurrencies of land do hinder These three must be conjoined to impede the flux of the Sea in these places Proposition XV. The flux and reflux of the Sea is a violent motion viz. an impulse but the reflux is a natural motion of the water For the flux is caused by the pression of the Moon or matter between the Moon and the Earth or also because that the Sea doth not remain in that scituation which is received in the flux this is a sign that it was a violent motion But in the reflux the Sea is moved from a more high place to a more depressed place which is the natural motion of water Lemma The place of the Moon being given in the Ecliptick and the Latitude and hour of the day from an Ephemerides or by Supputation or Astronomical observation to find on the Terrestrial Globe the place unto which the Moon at the hour given is vertical also to exhibit all those places of the Earth unto
place may make the motion of the Sea fixed in another place The flux of the Sea in divers places at certain times So between the Isle Celebes and Madera when that the motion is West viz. in December January and February the Sea floweth to the South East or a more near Collateral wind than the East So at Java in the Streight Gallappa when the motion is West viz. in May the Sea floweth towards the East contrary to his general Motion At the Isle of Ceilan from the middle of March to October the Sea floweth towards the South on the rest of the Months towards the North viz. because that in those Months the North winds are frequent in others the South winds Between Cochin and Mallacca the Sea floweth with a Westernly motion from April to August contrary to the general motion towards the East then the rest of the time towards the West the winds assisting the general motion the Sea floweth here with so great a noise that those who know not the same suppose Rocks to be there against which the waters beat so for some months after the 15 of February the Sea is moved from the Maldivian Isles towards the East and India contrary to the general motion At the Coast of China and Camboja in October November and December the Sea is moved towards the North-West but in January towards the South-West with a very swift course to the Sands de Champa so that they seem to exceed the celerity of a stone that is slinged At Pulo Cato even unto Varella on the coast of Camboja when motions or winds do not blow the swift motion of the Sea is towards the South but the motions or winds move towards another quarter On the Coast of the Gulph of Bengala from Patana to the Promontory of Malacca in November and December a swift course of the Sea is observed towards the South In a motion or wind from China to Malacca in June July and August there is a vehement motion of the Sea from Pulo Cato to Pulo Cambir on the Coast of Camboja Many more Examples but less accurately consigned are to be read in the Journals of the Mariners At the Coast of Aguada de san Bras not far from the Promontory of Good Hope this is peculiarly observed that the Sea is always moved from the East to the West towards the land so much the more vehemently by how much the Occidental wind opposite unto it is more violent Questionless some adjacent Coast higher than it is the cause of it Proposition XXXI The circular motions of the Sea are threefold The cirçular motions of the Sea termed Whirlpools and Vortices are threefold For some only move the water in a round othersome suck in the water and in certain hours let it forth again and others suck it in but cast it not forth Although without doubt there be a fourth sort in the Channel of the Sea which casteth out and sucketh not in the waters Yet I do not remember that I have read in any Author such a Vortex to be found in the Sea but many are found on the land The Chalcidican Euripus or Vortex is famous in Greece especially by reason of the Fable concerning the death of Aristotle it receiveth water at certain hours and casteth them out in others The Vortex at Norway is the most noted and greatest of all for it is related to be 13 miles in circuit in the middle of it is a Rock called Mouske This Vorago in six hours sucketh in all that approacheth near it as Water Whales laden Ships and in so many hours vomiteth them all out again with a great violence noise and circumgyration of water The cause is unknown Between Normandy and England is a Vorago or Whirlpool unto which Ships are carried with a great swiftness and being near the Whirlpool are repelled back again Proposition XXXII The motion of the Sea which we call a Concussion or Trembling cometh from a spiration or wind which moveth the Earth or Water it self and causeth it to rise Of the concâ—ssion of the Sea and its cause On the Coast of Biscay is a place which the Inhabitants call Capbreton there sometimes the Sea swelleth without any winds so that it seemeth to overflow the shore it self and on a sudden falleth low The like intumescency is found in a Lake of Scotland called Loumond moved by a subterranean wind The Portugals in Anno 1523 in the Sea of Cambaja discovered a trembling of the water for in a great calm as Maffeus writeth all winds being still the Sea on a sudden swelled from the bottom thence the Ships began to roul and to fall foul of one another to their great astonishment Now in this great confusion and disturbance some cast the lead some pumped others more wise bethought themselves of escaping and got barrels on which they might swim but on an instant it was found to be an Earthquake which thus also disturbed the Ships on the Sea as well as the Land Proposition XXXIII Why the Pacifick Ocean is more calm and without great floods or waves and why it is easily moved or rough with a wind The cause without doubt is because its motions towards the West are not hindred by the intercourse of shoars as the Atlantick Ocean is CHAP. XV. Of Lakes Pools or standing Waters and Marishes Proposition I. Definitions Of Lakes A Lake is a quantity of Water in any cavity of a Mediterranean place of a notable amplitude and tract on all sides encompassed with the Land and at the least having a moderate profundity But more properly that is termed a Lake which receiveth in and letteth forth Rivers A Pool is a small Lake Pools which doth never receive or send forth Rivers A Marish is water in a Mediterranean place Marishes here and there having the lands extant and about it or mixed with the Earth Proposition II. Lakes are fourfold Lakes are Fourfold 1. Some neither send forth or receive Rivers and such Lakes if small are termed Pools but if large they are called Lakes 2. Some send forth Rivers but receive none 3. Others receive Rivers and send forth none And 4. some both receive and send forth Rivers and some of those send forth greater than they receive some equal and some lesser Also some send forth a River almost in the same line with that which they received others in another line or to another quarter also some receive more than they send forth some more few and some equal Proposition III. To declare the generation and conservation of those Lakes which neither send forth nor receive Rivers Those Lakes are either great moderate or small Some of the moderate and small perpetually remain so in the Summer and when it hath not rained for a long space are dried up and both these are termed Pools Now it is easy to declare the generation of those that are dried up viz. the plenty of
number and almost all send forth springs Scaliger and others assert that this Caspian Sea is carried by a subterraneous passage into the Euxine Sea but he alledgeth no probation of it yet that may be a sign by reason that the Euxine Sea perpetually sendeth forth waters in great abundance through the Bosphorus which abundance of waters some think that it doth not receive from the Rivers but by a subterranean passage from the Caspian Sea But it seemeth not so to me to have any conjunction with the Sea and therefore I suppose it to be a Lake and so rather to be called than a Sea Now whence it was first generated is a greater difficulty Some say that great Mountains of Salts are found in its bottom and that thence it hath its saltness but the water they suppose to proceed from the multitude of Rivers that exonerate themselves into this Lake or Sea Yet although these waters make to the conservation of it yet I think it more probable that this Sea for some Ages since was conjoyned to the Ocean neither do I question but that the Euxine Sea will at length become a Lake for the same reason the Bosphorus being obstructed Proposition IX To make a Lake in a place if that it be possible Of making Lakes It may be done if that there be a River in the land adjoyning or that a Spring be found in the place and that the place be somewhat more depressed and low than in the adjacent places although small Lakes may be also made on the tops of Mountains therefore the place must be hallowed and the earth dug away unto so great a depth and amplitude as we require and its sides must be fenced with banks upheld by wood if need so require then an Inlett being made from the Channel of the river the water must be let in or if that a Fountain in that place affordeth a sufficient quantity of water there is no need of that inlett or aqueduct Proposition X. To take away or dry up a Lake Of drying up of Lakes That may be performed two ways 1. If the bottom of that Lake be higher or of almost an equal depression with the vicine place an Aqueduct being made the water will flow from the place or Lake and at length will render the bottom dry the heat of the Sun assisting and Earth being cast in 2. If that the bottom of the Lake be lower than the vicine place it must first be fenced with a trench in its whole circuit leaving only some Channels or open passages then making use of Water-mills the water must be expelled and drawn out and then the bottom must be covered with earth and dung and such seeds cast in which suddenly will take root as Mustard-seed Coleworts and the like By this mode the Dutch very well know how to drain Lakes and to make fruitful lands of them Proposition XI Marishes are of two sorts some are ouzey and consisting of a mixt substance as it were viz. of Water and Earth so that it will not suffer the footsteps of a man others have small standing Pools with small portions of dry land here and there Marishes are of two sorts Of the first sort are those that receive or send forth no Rivers such Marishes are in Holland Brabant where is the Marish de Peel and many in Westphalia to which some of the second sort are admixed But many of the second kind are found at the originals or springs of Rivers whence some are wont to call these Springs or Fountains Marishes as the Marishes of Tanais in Moscovia of the Nile c. Such Marishes also seem to be in Savolax a Province in Finland in a great tract of land also the Marishes of Enarack the Chelonides Marishes of Africa the Marishes of Chaldea through which the Euphrates doth pass These Marishes are frequently found in Woods and Desarts that are Ericose because that the rain which irrigateth those lanes and collecteth in its cavities is not attracted by the Sun by reason that the Leaves of Trees do repel its Rays Such kind of Marishes are found here and there in Germany and Moscovia Moreover these Marishes of the second sort are four-fold viz. some both receive and send forth Rivers some only receive some only send forth and some neither receive nor send forth The first sort are generated and conserved partly by occult springs and water effused before that it be brought to a certain Channel and also from a greater quantity of water than can possibly be brought through a Channel many of which sort are in Moscovia and Finland Marishes of the last kind probably are conserved and spring from rain and small springs Aristotle calleth the Palus Maeotis a Lake and that more rightly Proposition XII Marishes have a sulphurous bituminous and fat Earth This is discovered both from the black colour and from the Reeds which are generated from it Of the earth of Marishes and easily take fire as is found in Holland and other places The cause is by reason that such substances are contained in the raise of the earth where these Marishes do exist Yet all Marishes are not such but where the Earth is stony and hard there are no Marishes for where there is a soft earth there for a certain is a fat and sulphurous substance Proposition XIII To drain Marishes and Fens Of draining of Fens Although some Fens have an high profundity yet no more is required to drain them to such a depth which we may do if that we cause the water to flow away by some Channel or Aqueduct 2. If that after some weeks they have been dried by the Sun we cast in a great quantity of dry earth 3. If that we make a fire upon them and 4. If that we hinder water from flowing into them as rain and the like CHAP. XVI Of Rivers in General Proposition I. We comprehend in this Proposition the definitions necessary for this doctrine Of Rivers and their definition 1. A River is water flowing from a certain place of the Earth to another place in a long tract and within its Channel A Channel is that cavity in the Earth in which the water is contained which is more depressed and lower than the shore of that water 2. A Rivulet is a River that hath not the profundity and breadth as to admit of small laden Vessels 3. That is termed Amnis which admitteth of those Vessels but if they will bear moderate Vessels great ones laden then it is called by the general term of Fluvius and Flumen 4. That water is termed a Torrent which floweth from the Mountainous places with a violence 5. Where two Rivers meet that place is called a Confluence 6. A River or Rivulet which floweth from another is termed a Branch or Arm yet for the most part it is taken for such an arm which is lesser than the other part of the River Yet those are also frequently
dissolved Snow And this they take for a sign of it that Rain and dissolved Snow do much augment the Rivers that oftentimes they extend beyond their Channel and overflow Regions also that Rivers do much decrease and some lesser sort of them are altogether dried up when no Rain for a long while in the Summer season hath fallen because that their Channel is not very profound and therefore have collected little water but those that have a deep Channel are not dried up in the Summer by reason that they have gathered so much water from the Rains that fell and dissolved Snow so that all cannot be turned into vapours except by a daily and continual heat 2. Because that there are very few Rivers in those places where there is little rain as in the more inward part of Africa there are few Springs But these allegations resolve not the question because we are not to demand or seek the Original of Rivers but only the Original of the Water of Fountains Therefore those that speak thus have not well considered the sence of the question as we have taken notice before although also the experience that they alledge is not general because that there are Rivers found in places where there is little rain and no snow although it be true in the Region of Peru and Aegypt which they assert Moreover rain moistneth not the Earth above ten foot deep but Fountains spring from a far greater profundity The Opinion of Seneca 2. Others suppose that we should not demand whence the water of Fountains doth arise by reason that water is an Element as much as Earth Air and Fire concerning the Original of which we do not dispute thus Seneca discourseth But other Authours cut in twain this Gordian knot with the Sword of Alexander For it is not enquired after how that water hath a Being but how it cometh to the places of Fountains and not to other places Moreover the Earth doth not so flow forward as Rivers do But for the Air it is false that we should not seek concerning it as they determine 3. Aristotelians follow the opinion of their Master See Aristotle līo 1. Chap. 11. who in the whole Eleventh Chapter of his first Book of Meteors endeavoureth to prove that the water of Fountains is generated from Air contained in the bowels of the Earth He alledgeth these reasons 1. Waters are generated from Air above the Earth viz. Rain therefore seeing that Air is in the bowels of the Earth and that there is the same cause of condensation viz. Cold therefore he saith it is absurd for any one to think that water is not produced from Air there 2. Experience testifieth that more great drops that fall are made of small ones and therefore the Original of Rivers must be as it were certain Brooks of water that meet in one part of the Earth for therefore those that make Aqueducts are wont to bring the water down by trenches and small Channels 3. Because that many Springs and those of the greatest Rivers are found in mountanous places very few in Plains or Valleys which is an evidence that the water of Fountains proceedeth from a condensed Air or Vapour which Air and Vapour tend towards higher places and mountainous places are as it were spunges incumbing over lower places Those are the reasons of Aristotle The Opinion of Cardanus 4. Cardanus with others suppose that the water of Fountains proceeds from Rivulets which are generated of watery vapours condensed both within and without the Earth but that these Fountains alone scarce make up Rivers unless assisted by rain or dissolved Snow His Reasons are these 1. If betimes in the morning one view the Mountains they will appear moist 2. Rivers overflow in the morning and so much the more by how much the part of it is more near the Fountain But the perpetual and constant impetus of the water bubling and leaping from the Springs doth not seem to have its Original from so weak and inconstant a cause Neither doth this opinion of Cardanus much differ from that of Aristotle but that Aristotle placeth Air with the generation Cardanus vapours with the generation to be the cause of Springs and indeed small is the difference between Air and vapours 5. Some of the Antients supposed Rains to be coacervated within the Earth in Cavities and thence to break forth as from a mighty belly and that all Rivers sprang from one of them or from some other of them neither that there was any other water generated but what were collected in the winter months into those receptacles they supposed to evade into the multitude of these Rivers and therefore that they flowed more in the winter than in the Summer and that some were continual and some not They added the same cause that we have laid down in the first opinion But Aristotle receiveth this opinion because that more water in one year floweth out from the mouth of the River than the bulks of that whole part of Earth or Land 6. Of Modern Philosophers many as also of the Ancients determined that the Earth again received whatsoever waters flowed out from the mouth of the Rivers into the Sea For the water of the Sea by an hidden passage went under the Earth and is beaten in its passage through divers windings of the Earth and strained through Sand and Chalk which removeth its saltness and so passeth into pure water I also defend this opinion and suppose it true yet so as not to exclude the cause laid down in the first and third place the reasons are these 1. Because more than one thousand Rivers exonerate themselves into the Sea and the greater of them in such an abundancy that that water which they send forth into the Sea throughout the whole year exceedeth the whole Earth as the River Volga into the Caspian Sea and also other Rivers Therefore it cannot otherwise be but that water must be sent forth into many places of the Earth even to the Fountains of Rivers Now if that this were not so we could not possibly imagine how that the Sea should not be augmented unto an immensity or why Fountains should not cease to send forth water Neither may it be objected that so many vapours are elevated from the Sea that are equivalent to the water that the Sea hath received from the Rivers For first only Rain maketh those vapours then again it is most false that so great a quantity of vapours should be elevated from the Sea as are generated from the water which floweth from the Rivers into the Sea Fountains the nearer the Sea are salter than those farther distant 2. This opinion is proved from that to wit that the Fountains near the Sea are salt and brackish and by how much they are nigher to the Sea by so much they are the more salt as on the Coast of Africa especially on the Coasts of Choromaudel in India where no Vines
do grow and where that all Wells are salt In the City of Suez at the Termination of the Red Sea all Wells are salt or brackish and the water two miles distant is somewhat salt So in many Islands in the Sea no Wells of fresh water are found though not so salt as the Sea water it self as in the Isle of St. Vincent and others In Peru in the low Region the Lakes are salt by reason of the vicinity of the Sea Yea in the Oriental Maritimate places the Nuts called Coco Nuts are found somewhat salt Also in the Mediterranean places themselves Fountains of salt water are found as in Lorrain Lunenburgh and the like 3. Because that it is manifest that the Sea emitteth its water through subterraneous passages from the salt Fountains of Lunenburgh where beneath the Earth those Aqueducts full of salt or Sea-water are found 4. Because that digging to a great depth as also in Mines much water is found of which neither the Rain nor the Air can be made the efficient cause How water cometh from the Sea to the places of Fountains so as to become sweet we have now shewed viz. the bottom of the Sea is not every where Rocky or Stony but in many places Sandy Muddy Gravelly Spungy drinking the water of the Sea and by a continuation of the Earth brings it by degrees to a long distance from the Sea where at length the Guttulae unite especially in a narrow space such as are Mountains and make a Fountain in the given place or Cavity but if so be that Cavity be hidden from the Earth then the water so collected either followeth another way wheresoever it be made and so a Fountain seemeth to break forth in another place which yet is not in than place but is a River derived from the former place by a subterraneous passage Or if that the water of that Cavity findeth no way about it self neither by violence can break through the Earth that covereth it then that water is not augmented but what water flowed unto it to have been its encrease that is averted to another place For that is the property of all humid bodies that all their parts and particles are moved towards that place where the deflux is made So if you fill a Vessel with water that the swelling or tumour may be above the brim of the Vessel then all the parts of the extant water have an equal inclination and power of deflux in the vicine part of the brim But yet by reason of the mutual coherence of the particles whose cause is declared in Natural Philosophy if that the deflux be made in one part of the brim all the other parts leave the vicine brim and draw to that part of the brim or they follow where the deflux is made So if you immerge a long crust of Bread into water you shall see the water born upwards and and the part of the Bread that is not immerged to be humid The Sea goeth under the Earth through Caverns Moreover the Sea goeth under the Earth through Caverns from which after the same mode the water may glide or creep forth unless you had rather ascribe it to evaporations which are carried upwards and uniting the drops in a narrow place But because there are many things which may seem to render this opinion less probable these ought also to be considered that it may be evident that they weaken not this assertion laid down Things to be noted 1. The places of Fountains are more elevated than the Superficies of the Sea by reason that most of them are in Mountanous places therefore water cannot flow from the Sea to those places because the nature of water is to move to places more depressed or less elevated as it is manifest from Rivers and the Artifices of Drainers 2. Although the bottom of the Sea be gravelly muddy and sandy so that the water may penetrate it self through its particles yet the reason doth not appear evident enough but that it may more moisten the adjoyning Earth and that which is not so high than to glide upwards to the places of Fountains seeing especially that the Earth is Rocky and Stony as in the Mountains of the Island of St. Helena 3. There is no reason why the water so gliding from the Sea should not break forth in a middle way between the Sea and the Fountain 4. In the most profound Mines none or very little water is found as Thurnheuserus witnesseth 5. This water of the Fountains should be salt because that it doth proceed from the Sea These are the chief Arguments which may seem to weaken the opinion proposed For I pass by those slight ones alledged by others Other Arguments Answered viz. that they suppose that the Sea is not sufficient to supply so many Rivers then again that Rivers then should never be diminished if that were the true cause of Rivers that we have laid down But unto these two the answer is easy because that the Sea again receiveth the water again from the Rivers that it sent forth into the Fountains Then as for the other we have shewed before that the question is not neither do we determine that all the water of the Rivers is from the Sea but only concerning the water of Springs which is not the alone cause of Rivers as we have said already and we also assert that the water of Fountains is augmented from rains and Dew because that these moistening the Earth glide or are drawn towards the places of Fountains Four Other Arguments of great concernment where the efflux of the water is made which we have explained by other Examples We come now to those four Arguments alledged which may seem to carry some weight with them The first is esteemed very valid as being taken from multiplicit experience therefore many solutions are brought and alledged by Learned men First they the most easily discharge themselves who defend the Ocean to be more high than the Earth for so they deny the assertion and they say that this Altitude of the Ocean is the cause of Springs because that Springs are less high than the water in the middle of the Ocean See Olearius his Voyage into Persia Moreover Olearius in the Description of his Voyage into Persia relateth that he ascended the Mountain that adjoyneth to the Caspian Sea and with an Astrolabe or rather a Gaeodetical Instrument to observe the Elevation of this Mountain above the superficies of that Sea but found none but that the extream superficies of that Sea was seen in the Horizontal Line yea somewhat elevated above it so that the Tumour of this Sea was found a little more high than the vertex of the Mountain on which he made his observation But in truth this solution cannot be admitted of See Chap. 13. because we have shewed in the Thirteenth Chapter that the water of the Ocean is not higher than the Mountains
and there are found Whirlpools in a River places more depressed and on the contrary ridges and little hills thence it cometh to pass that one part of the Channel although more removed from the Springs is higher than the other part of the Channel which is more nigh the Fountain and yet notwithstanding the water floweth from this to that because that quantity of water floweth into the places depressed that the superficies of it becometh higher than the little hillocks or ridges or the vicine patts which being more elevated lie towards the mouth And there is scarce any River to be found whose Channel hath not these inequalities especially in the Nile and Wolga these ridges do abound A Cataract what And where the water falleth from a higher place to a more depressed part of the Channel if the depression be great the place is termed the Cataract of the River where the River runeth downwards with a great violence Such Cataracts great Rivers have especially the Nile For the Nile in two places of his Channel falleth down between the Mountains with that noise and rapidness that the Inhabitants are reported to be deafned by the same Wolgda also a small River in Moscovia not Wolga hath two Cataracts near Ladoga So the Zaire a River in Congo six miles from the shoar hath a Cataract where it falleth from a Mountain also the Rhine at Belefilda and Scaffusia falleth with a great noise But Drainers have observed that if the bottom of the Channel be depressed one pass in 200 paces it will hardly be navigable by reason of its celerity Seeing therefore that all great Rivers are Navigable we infer That the depression of the Channel is no greater than one pass or mile in 200 but particular Cataracts and Whirlpools are excepted Now this depression of one part of the Channel beneath the other part is termed Libramentum and the depression of the mouths of the River beneath the place of the Fountain is termed the Libramentum of the River Proposition XI Why Rivers have or acquire a greater Latitude in one part of them than in the other Of the Latitude of Rivers The causes are fourfold 1. If that the bank or shoar be more low in this part than in that 2. If that the Earth of the shoar be less hard and coherent as not being sufficient to resist the violent access of the River which sometimes proceedeth from the winds or plenty of water 3. If that the Channel on that part be less profound or hallowed or have ridges And 4. If that it flow from any Cataract into that part Proposition XII The Channels of Rivers become more or less depressed sometimes in this and sometimes in that part They become less depressed or elevated and not so hollow 1. If that Ridges be generated 2. If that the River become more broad on that part 3. If that the flux become less swift The depression or cavity of the Channel is augmented if that the flux of the River be more vehement and swift especially from some Cataract or between the narrownesses of the shoars more especially if that the whole bottom consist of earth less coherent Proposition XIII Why some Rivers run with a more swift current and others with a more slow And why one and the same River is carried with a swift current in one place and with a slow in another which is observed of the Rhine in many places Of the motion of Rivers The causes are 1. The Altitude of the Spring 2. The depression in the parts of the Channel or bottom especially in the mouth for if that the bottom be depressed one mile in two hundred Drainers have observed that the water is so swiftly moved that there is great danger in sailing For where there are Cataracts there the Rivers rush with a mighty violence and therefore Torrents are carried so furiously because that they flow from Mountains 3. The streightness of the Channel and profundity joyned with an abundant quantity of water as when Rivers pass between two Mountains or procurrent Lands Rivers famous for their swift course are the Tigris Indus Danube Yrtiis Malmistra that floweth with so great a noise that it may be heard a great distance off Proposition XIV The mouths of Rivers may be by so much the more easily obstructed by how much they are the more broad and by how much they are the deeper or less depressed and by how much there is less quantity of water and the flux is less swift and vehement For these causes make the River to be carried with a lesser violence neither doth it thrust forth the Terrestrial matter which is collected in its mouths but rather suffereth it to sink Proposition XV. Very few Rivers are carried in a direct course from the Spring to the Out-let many seek divers quarters in their flux and some flow with many windings The course of Rivers from the Spring The cause seemeth partly to be the industry of men partly the motion of the water partly the interposition of a ridge or bank in its direct course Winding Rivers are 1. Rio de Orellana in Brazilia making innumerable windings so that its Passage or Channel is reckoned to be above 1500 miles when in a direct line from the spring of it to the mouth are only 700 miles 2. The River De Madres in Anatolia which hath 600 windings 3. The River Toera arising in Siberica floweth with so many curvatures or windings and the Russians and Siberians when they sail in it carry the Boat or small Vessel and its lading by land from one winding to another to avoid greater expence Proposition XVI Whether the Lakes through which some Rivers do seem to pass or to enter into and to go out from be caused by Rivers or whether they have their peculiar Springs and augment the water of Rivers also whether that a River flowing from a Lake be the same with that which floweth in Of the cause of Lakes All Rivers have not such Lakes but some only Nubia a River of Africa hath five the River Niger four Rhodanus the Lake Lemanus c. Concerning those Lakes we have spoken in the preceding Chapter viz. that a River going forth must be compared with that which entereth in if that which goeth forth be greater than that which entereth in there will be peculiar Springs in the bottom of the Lake which causeth that River but if that a lesser or at least no greater goeth forth this Lake is made and conserved by the River entering in and the cause or original of its generation was the latitude and cavity or depression of the Channel and a Lake may be made from any River as we have said in the preceding Chapter Although the River going forth be situated almost in a direct line with the River entering in yet those two Rivers shall be accounted one River or the parts of one River viz. when that which goeth forth is
fruitful by its fat water Proposition XXI To explain how Springs or Fountains break forth Of the breaking forth of Springs and Fountains In the fourth Proposition we have shewed whence the water ariseth that floweth from Fountains Now here we demand by what force that water collected in the Earth is thrust forth seeing that it seemeth not possible to be done without a violent removing of the Earth But the causes are various which make way for a Spring in any place 1. If that in any place there be a certain cavity the water distilleth into that without the help of any other cause when that by creeping it cometh into it and then in course of time maketh greater passages for it self until that cavity being filled it floweth out and maketh a River The same also hapneth without a cavity if that the Spring be on the top of a Mountain Also for this reason frequent Springs are found in Woods and shady places For the Rain-water moistneth the Earth and because it is not extracted by the heat of the Sun and an open and free Air by degrees it allureth to it self the hidden water of a future Fountain 2. A way is prepared and the Earth removed by the Spirits which are admixed with the waters yet in the Earth also the rarefaction of water in the Earth by which it requireth the larger place For the Waters whilst that yet they are hidden within the Earth carry many Spirits Also Subterranean fires add not a little to this 3. Oftentimes Fountains are brought to light by showers for showers do render the Pores of the Earth more ample and large when that they conjoyn with the water of the hidden Fountain and so this followeth that by reason of the mutual conjunction and coherency 4. Sometimes Springs are opened by an Earthquake so an Earthquake sent forth the River Ladon 5. Sometimes they are discovered by the Industry of Men by digging the Earth 6. Many Fountains have been discovered by Animals which are wont to dig up the Earth with their Snouts so a Hog first discovered the first Salt Spring in Lunenburgh for when he had rooted up the Earth and made a gutter the water spouted out which filling the gutter the Hog according to their custome lay down in it then when he arose and that his back was dry some discovered a very white colour on him which when they had more accurately contemplated they found it to be white Salt then they went to the Spring and from thence forwards many more were sought and found out from which the City obtaineth almost â—ll its riches and splendor And in Memorial thereof the Hog was quartered and smoak-dried and is kept at this very day in the Palace of Lunenburgh to be seen Proposition XXII A place being given in the Earth to enquire whether a Spring or Well may be made in it See Vitruvius in the Eighth Book of his Architecture See Vitruvius Lib. 8. Cap. 1. Chap. 1. At this day we perform the same by digging up the Earth oftentimes to a great depth and for the most part veins or heads of Springs or Wells or the Wells and Springs themselves are found Proposition XXIII A place being given to make a Spring or Well in it if that it be possible to be made We will alledge the words of Vitruvius as being a man excellently skilled in these affairs See Vitruvius Cap. 7. seeing that we never used our selves to this kind of Exercise In his Seventh Chapter thus he speaketh Reason must not be contemned in digging of Wells but the natural reasons of things are to be considered with sharpness of wit and great prudence by reason that the Earth hath many and various things within it for it is compounded as other things of four Principles and the first is Terrene and hath from the humidity of the water Fountains also heats whence proceed Sulphur Alom Bitumen and gross Spirits of Air which being thick when by the fistulous intervenings of the Earth they come to the place where the Well is dug and find men digging by their natural vapour they stop up the Animal spirits of those that work at their Nostrils so that those that fly not quickly away are there choaked Now to avoid this we must thus act Let a Candle be lighted and let down and if that it continueth burning you may descend without danger but if that the light be extinguished by the force of the Vapors then let Aestuaries be dug on the right and left hand near the Wâ—ll so as by the Nostrils the Spirits will be dissipated When those are so explicated and that you are come to the water let the structure be so senced that the veins be not stopped But if that the places should prove hard or that the veins shall not be altogether at the bottom then assistance must be taken from the coverings of Plaster-works Now this must be observed in Plaster-work that the roughest and purest Sand be gotten that the Cement be broken with a Flint that the most vehement Chalk be mixed with the Mortar so that five parts of Sand answer to two of Chalk or Lime Let the Cement be added to the Mortar of it let the Walls in the depressed trench unto the measure of the future altitude be spaged the Bars being made of Iron The Walls being plaistered let that which is Earthy in the midst be evacuated to the lower measure or libration of the Walls and the bottom being levelled let the Pavement be plaistered with the same Mortar unto the thickness that is appointed Now these places if they shall be made double or treble that they may be transmutated by the percolations of the water will make the use of it far more wholsom for the Mud when that it hath found a place to sink in the water becometh more clear and will keep its tast without any scent if not you must of necessity add Salt and extenuate it Proposition XXIV To prove whether the Water of a Spring be wholsom Of Spring-water whether it be wholsom or not Concerning this Vitruvius thus writeth Their probations must be thus looked after If that they flow and be open before that they begin to be drawn look on them and observe of what membrature they are what Inhabitants dwell about those Fountains whether they be of strong Bodies of good colours not lame blear or sore-eyed if so the Waters are very excellent Also if that a new Spring be dug and the water be put into a Corinthian Vessel or any other kind made of Brass and if it causeth no stain it is then most excellent water Also if that that water be heated and afterwards setled and poured forth and that no Sand or Mud be found in the bottom that Water is also very good Also if that Roots put in that water be quickly boiled they shew the water to be good and wholsom Also that the water in the Fountain be clear
touched on it because that no Geographers have hitherto made mention of it as also of the River Jeniscea and Yrtiis The River Orellana 7. Orellana in America so called from Francis Orelli is accounted amongst the greatest Rivers of the Earth It s Fountain is in the Kingdom of Peru in the Province of Quito in the South latitude of 72 degrees but this is not altogether certain its Mouth is fifteen miles in Latitude two degrees Southerly It s tract is said to be 1500 Spanish miles by reason of its great number of bendings when that in truth it extendeth not 700. Others confound with it or make the River Maragnon to be a branch of it It is in some places four or five Leagues broad but it receiveth not its water so much from a Spring as from Rains falling on the Mountainous parts of Peru so that in the dry mouths of those Mountains it carrieth little water And indeed the Moderns do much detract from its magnitude Rio de la Plata 8. Rio de la Plata in Brasilia its Fountain is in the Mountains of Peru Its Mouth is in the South latitude of 37 degrees and that is said to be about twenty miles but when it overfloweth it hath many Outlets which some account for one at that time it carrieth not much water The Natives call it Paramaguasu that is a water like the Sea as some observe The River Omaranna 9. Omaranna also a River in Brasilia flowing from the Mountains of Peru in a long tract These three great Rivers in Brasilia viz. Orellana Rio de la Plata and Omoranna meet somewhere in some Lakes in the Mediterranean places of Brasilia and emorge again being disjoyned The River Canada 10. and lastly Canada or St. Laurence in America Septentrionalis its Spring is in the Lake called des Iroquis It s large Mouth is in the 50th degree of North latitude and its tract is no lesser than 600 German miles Proposition XXVIII Whirlpools are found in the Channels of some Rivers So in the River Sommona between Amiens and Abbeville in Picardy in France is a secret Whirlpool into which the waters rush with such violence that their found may be heard for some miles Proposition XXIX River-water is more light than Sea-water Sea-water more heavy than River-water The cause is easily known to wit Sea-water carrieth much Salt in it Thence it hapneth that many things sink to the bottom in Rivers which float on the Sea which frequently is seen in Ships heavy laden that are raised up in the Sea higher than when in Rivers Now various is the proportion betwixt these waters because that the Sea-water is not every where of the same gravity nor the water of divers Rivers but yet the proportion is about 46 to 45 so that 46 ounces of River-water do equally ponderate 45 of Sea-water CHAP. XVII Of Mineral Waters Baths and Spaws Because that there are many kinds of liquid Bodies or Waters the peculiar properties of which men do admire at therefore Geographers are wont to treat of them But all of them hitherto except a bare recital of their Names and a reckoning up of some wonderful Fountains or Springs have added nothing to solid knowledge But we shall treat more clearly of them and that with a declaration of their causes Proposition I. No Water is pure and Elementary but containeth or hath admixed particles such as are found in Terrestrial Bodies These particles are not only Earth but also they are various as Oyls Spirits and the like That is termed Mineral-water which containeth so many or such particles of a different nature from the Water so that from them it gaineth or hath notable qualities which we discover by sense or the properties are notable by sense No Water is pure but hath admixed particles THe truth of the Proposition is manifest by Experience and is proved both from the differences of tasts and from distillation and all Naturalists agree that simple or pure water as the other Elements separated from others do not exist in nature The cause is the various and perpetual agitation of the particles but in Waters that I may say somewhat in particular concerning our matter in hand by the cause of admixtion of Heterogeneous they receive Spiritual particles The Rain and the Air it self touching the water consists of divers particles therefore all waters have admixed particles of another nature but there is not the like quantity in all of them Into the Rhine indeed the Danube and Albis and into all great Rivers other Riverets do flow in impregnated with innumerable particles and in such quantity that they are evident to the senses but because besides these many other Riverets do flow into them not impregnated with so great a quantity of Heterogeneous particles as are discoverable to the eyes and because that the greatest part of the water that they carry consists of Rain and Air therefore also in these greater Rivers those Heterogeneous particles are not easily discovered but must be separated from them by Art if that any one will have them discovered to the sense But we shall especially call them Mineral waters which have some notable property beyond the common waters that is that contains such an admixture of Heterogeous particles that thence possess a notable and sensible quality Proposition II. Mineral Waters are of three kinds Of Mineral waters Some are Corporeal we want an apter word others Spiritual otheâ—s both Corporeal and Spiritual I term those Corporeal Mineral waters which contain solid and fixed particles of Minerals so that these may be discovered and separated by the sight These Corporeal Bodies are twofold some carry those particles of Minerals of a very great magnitude that without any trouble or very little at the least they may be beheld in the water and to speak properly they are not commixed waters Such are those of which we have spoken in the former Chapter because that the grains of Gold Silver and the like are contained in their waters therefore they are termed Gold and Silver-bearing Rivers but these waters in property of Speech are not to be termed Mineral because that they have not these particles commixed with them but free neither do they recive any property or quality from them Yet because that men also admire such Rivers and the explication of them hath great affinity with the enodation of Mineral waters properly so termed therefore I comprehend them under the general â—ppellation of Mineral waters Bituminous Fountains and the like may be reduced under this Classis Corporeal Mineral waters But those are termed more properly Corporeal Mineral waters which contain indeed solid particles of Minerals but so little small and altogether commixed that they are not presently discovered by the sight but either by Art or a long tract of time subsiding and concreasing and are reduced into a sensible quantity as are saâ—â— Springs sulphureous Fountains and such
a Fountain of so great force that it dissolveth stones Near unto Tours in France are Caves to be seen tearmed commonly Les Caves Gouttieres from the roof of which the water which falleth is formed into divers shapes as Nuts Almonds and the like The hot Fountain of Japan burneth all things and devoureth cloth iron flesh c. The studious may collect divers other examples from other Authors and reduce them to this Classis if that they seem not possible to be reduced to any of the former The Causes must be sought from the peculiar situation and property of each place Proposition XVIII To enumerate those Fountains which break forth at a set time not continually to explain the cause and those which ebb and flow Of Fountains which break forth at a set time not continually This Proposition belongeth not to this Chapter but to the preceding yet because it belongeth to the wonder of waters and was neglected in the former Chapter here it shall be explained In a Fountain situated on the top of an high Hill in the Province of Canaugh in Ireland the water ebbeth and floweth every day with the flux and reflux of the Sea yet the water is fresh The same is observed in the Fountain Louzara which is in the mountainous places of Galaecia called Cabreti 20 miles from the Sea Also in Aquitain in the Village Marsacus is a Fountain which imitateth the swelling of the Sea and swelleth with the increase of Garumnae in Burdeaux Elsewhere there are said to be Fountains which augment and decrease contrary to the swelling of the Sea In Wales near the mouth of the River Severn is a Pool called Linliguna which swalloweth in the Marine floods whilst that they arise but it is by no means filled with the same and the flood of the Sea ceasing then it riseth with a great force and vomiteth out the water with which it covereth the Banks In Biscay there are the four Springs Tamarici whereof three every day are so dried twelve times as if that no water were in them as Pliny reporteth But I question whether they be to be found at this day In Savoy is a Fountain of noted magnitude callen Wonderful which sinketh low twice in an hour and twice floweth and before that it floweth and doth break forth with a great noise it floweth into the Lake Burgites In the Mountains of Foix in Languedoc riseth the River Lers which in the Months June July and August ebbeth and floweth 24 times in a day See Bertius In a Region of Westphalia called Paderborn is a Fountain which ebbeth and floweth twice every day although it sendeth forth so much water that not far from the Fountain the water driveth four Water-mills and it breaketh forth with a mighty noise In the Province of Wallis in Germany is a Fountain called the Fountain of St. Mary it ceaseth to flow in the Autumn at the day dedicated to St. Mary and returneth in May. The Pool or Lake Maron in Palestine is so dry in the Summer and bringeth forth Herbs and Shrubs so high that Lions Wolves and other wild Beasts do abide there In Spain two miles from Valindolid is a Fountain which ariseth in May and falleth in November All Baths flow without any cessation or change except those that are in Rhaetia and are called the Pepper Baths for they flow only in the Summer from the third of May to the fourteenth of September then they cease CHAP. XVIII Of the Mutation of the places of the Water and Land or of the Mutation of the watery superficies into the earthy and the contrary Proposition I. To know the Superficies of the Earth which the water possesseth how great it is and that which the Earth occupieth Of the Superficies of the earth which the water possesseth WE cannot accurately know this because we are ignorant whether the Sea or Land doth possess the Superficies of the North or South Polaryland Moreover because the Superficies of the water as also of the land is terminated on the Globe by an irregular bending of the lines therefore it would be a very difficult task to compute the quantity of the Superficies of the water and land but as far as we are able to collect in gross from the inspection of the Terrestrial Globe the Superficies of the water and land seem almost equal so that the Superficies of the water is half to the Superficies of the land and so also is the Superficies of the land Proposition II. The Superficies of the Water as also of the Land is not at all times of the same magnitude but sometimes greater and sometimes lesser and when the Superficies of the Water is augmented the Superficies of the Land is diminished For the Sea overfloweth sometimes here sometimes there or taketh away and carrieth with it so therefore his Superficies is augmented more or less as it hath overflowed a great or less tract of Land as in times past it did in Thessaly Yet this variety as far as it is yet known hath a very little proportion unto the whole Superficies of the water it may be made great as we shall shew in the eighteenth Proposition Proposition III. To compute what quantity of Water the Earth containeth and what quantity of Land Of the quantity of Land and Water which the Earth containeth For the finding out the accurate and true quantity of water and land first we ought to know both the whole Superficies of the water as also its depth in divers parts of the Sea also the subterraneous heaps of water ought to be examined All which seeing that we cannot find out by any method therefore we cannot find out the accurate quantity of the water or land but only from certain Hypotheses viz. we laid down the Superficies of the water to be half the Superficies of the earth the profundity to be quarter or half a mile neither do we reckon the waters in subterraneous Channels The quantity of water may be thus found out Take a quarter or half a mile from the Semidiameter of the earth and the solidity of the Sphere may be found whose Semidiameter is equal to the residue let this solidity be taken from the solidity of the earth the half of the residue is the quantity of the water the same half substracted from the solidity of the whole earth leaveth the quantity of the earth unto which must be added a fourth or fifth part of the bulk of water or of the former half But these are uncertainties from supposed uncertainties or at least nigh unto truth Proposition IV. The Water may leave the shoar and place of the Earth which it doth occupy for divers causes so that the Land may appear dry where the Water or Sea was before and so a new Land may seem to be generated A Sevenfold Tract of Waters There are a sevenfold Tract of waters viz. 1. the Ocean 2. Gulphs or Bays of the Ocean 3.
Circle And 180 deg makes 2700 German miles wherefore no places are distant more than 2700 German miles But the condition of an Itinerary distance is otherwise Proposition V. The distance of the Antipodes is 2700 German miles or 180 degrees The distance of the Antipodes The shortest distance amongst the Antipodes is not one but infinite and those all equal although to speak properly they cannot be called the shortest distances but those than which none are shorter The Circular distances amongst the Antipodes are all greater Peripheries no lesser of which between other places there are infinite which are not opposed to the Diameter A Periphery passing through two places also passeth through the Antipodes of these places The distance of any places of the two which belong to the Antipodes taken together make 180 degrees Therefore the distance of one place being known from the other the distance also of that place shall be known from the place of the other of the Antipodes These Five Propositions are of so manifest a truth that any one weighing of them may easily discern and understand them Proposition VI. Any place being given on the Superficies of the Globe to exhibit all those place which may have one and the same distance from that given place but the given distance must not be greater than 2700 German miles Let the given place be brought to the Brazen Meridian let the Pole be Elevated according to to the Latitude of the place let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertical point Moreover let the given distance be turned into degrees which degrees must he numbred on the Quadrant from the Vertical point Let the term of the Numeration be noted with Chalk then let the Quadrant be brought round on the Superficies of the Globe the noted point will shew all the places of the Earth which have the given distance from the given place Or let the deg of the changed distance be taken on the Aequator by the interval of the Compass and one Foot fixed on the given place let the other be brought round The places through which it passeth are those demanded But if the deg arising from the changed distance are more than 90 that is than a Quadrant let their Complement be taken at 180 and let the place of the Antipodes be brought to the Superiour Semicircle of the Brazen Meridian let the Pole be Elevated for its Latitude and the Quadrant affixed to the Vertical point and let the deg of the Complement be accounted on it and let the term of the Numeration be noted with Chalk If then the Quadrant be turned about all the places demanded which have the given distance from the given place shall have the noted point But if you will do the business with the Compass use the Method of the Chorographical Maps Proposition VII Of the Cause why the Itinerary distance is greater than the true or short and Geographical The reasons why the Itinerary distance is greater than the true short and Geographical 1. The unpassable Woods which lie between some places 2. High Mountains and low Valleys 3. Marishes and Water in general if you mean Land Voyages 4. In Sea Voyages the procurrent Lands and Islands hinder the direct Voyage 5. Peculiar Fluxes of the Sea And 6. The Winds But some may demand whether it be not possible that there may be places whose Itinerary distance is lesser than the most short Geographical To this I answer although to Sense the Figure of the Earth be Spherical yet I have shewed in the first Book that this Figure is not altogether Geometrical but is rendred unequal by many places Elevated and depressed Therefore if we conceive a certain Superficies of the Earth or the distance of the Superficies from the Center for Example the vulgar Semidiamiter of 860 miles in respect of which places are to be taken Elevated or depressed this being supposed I say there may be two places so scituated that the Itinerary distance may be lesser than the shorter Geographical which is removed 860 miles from the Center but the intermedial place must be more depressed Proposition VIII To find out the distance of two places given on the Globe as also in Geographical Maps The finding out the distance of two places given on the Globe Let one of the given places be brought to the Brazen Meridian let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertex and let it be applyed to the other given place then let the degrees intercepted between the Vertex and this place be numbred let these degrees be turned into miles or another measure in which we would know the distance of those places this shall be that demanded Or let the interval of two places be taken with the Compasses and this being translated to the Aequator let it be considered how many degrees it possesseth in this for these are the distances of the places which we must convert into miles or some other measure But if that the distance be greater than can be taken by the Quadrant or Compasses viz. more than 90 degrees the distance of one place from the Antipodes of the other shall be lesser than 90 degrees Let this be enquired after and taken from 180 degrees the remaining degrees shall be the distance required In Universal Maps as also in Particular of great parts the distance of places cannot be exactly found but in Particular Chorographical Maps a Scale of Leagues or miles is usually added by the assistance of which the distance of places contained in those Maps is known For so if you take the interval of two places and transfer this into the Scale you shall presently know the distance of those places But if the Map be of any greater proportion this Method is defective for no Map can be made by any Method which exhibiteth the true distance of places but such an one may be made which may shew the distance of one place from all the rest as we have said in our Method of making Maps Proposition IX The Latitude and Longitude of two places being given to find their distance The Latitude and Longitude of two places being given to find their distance The solution of this Problem is easy by the Globe and Catholick Planisphere it is difficult by Calculation and Trigonometrical Supputation It is performed on the Globe after this Mode let any Meridian be taken and let the difference of the Longitude of places be numbred from it in the Aequator let the term of the Numeration be brought under the Brazen Meridian and let the Latitude of the other place be reckoned on this let the point of the Globe which is under the term of the Numeration be noted with Chalk also in the first Meridian let the point of Latitude be noted for the other place Then let the interval be taken between the noted points with the Compasses and let it be transferred either into the Aequator or first Meridian so we shall know
for Woolen-Cloth In this City there hath been observed to be 777 Brewers 40 Bakers one Lawyer and one Physitian the reason of this great disproportion as one wittily observed was that a Cup of Nimis is the best Vomiting potion and their Controversies were sooner composed over a Pot of Drink than by order of Law 3. Stoad commodiously seated for Traffick on the Elve about five miles distance from Hambourg once a place of a better Trade than now it is These Cities are called Free from their great Prerogatives in coyning Money and ruling by their own Laws and Imperial as knowing no Lord or Protector but the Emperour to whom they pay two Thirds of such Contributions as are assessed in the Assemblies Germany is a spacious Country and very populous the People are of a strong Constitution and good Complexion are very ingenious and stout much given to drink but of a generous disposition the Poorer sort great Pains-takers and the Nobles which are many for the Title of the Father descends to all their Children are either good Scholars or stout Souldiers so that a Son of a Duke is a Duke a thing which the Italians hold so vain and foolish that in derision they say That the Dukes and Earls of Germany the Dons of Spain the Nobility of Hungaria the Bishops of Italy the Lairds of Scotland the Monsieurs of France and the younger Brethren of England make a poor Company There are so many inferiour yet free Princes in this Country that in a days Journey a Traveller may meet with many Laws and as many sorts of Coin every Prince making use of his own Laws and Coins whose Laws the Emperours are sworn to keep which made one say that the Emperour is King of Kings the King of Spain King of Men and the King of France King of Asses as bearing his heavy Taxes The fertility and Commoditles of Germany The Country is generally fertil and temperate being scituate under the Temperate Zone Here are many Mines of Silver and other Inferiour Mettals it hath store of Corn and Wine which they transport to forreign Countries as likewise Linnen Laces Woollen and divers Manufactures also Quicksilver Alom Arms of all sorts and other Iron-works and its Ponds Lakes and Rivers are well stored with Fish It s chief Rivers The chief Rivers of Germany are the Rhine the Weser the Elbe and the Oder for the Danube having but a small course in this Country shall be elsewhere spoken of The Commodities and Trade of Belgium That part which we call BELGIVM or the Low Countries is of a large extent seated in the North Temperate Zone under the 8 and 9th Climates the longest day being 17 hours the Air by reason of the industry of the Inhabitants in draining the Marishes and turning the standing-standing-Waters into running-Streams is now very healthful as being purged from those gross Vapours which did thence arise the Country lieth exceeding low and therefore subject to Inundations The Commodities that these Countries yield are Linnens Yarn Thread Sayes Silks Velvets Tapestries Pictures Prints Blades Sope Butter Cheese Fish Pots Bottles Ropes Cables Armour several Manufactures c. besides the Commodities of India Persia China Turkey and other parts which are here had in great plenty by reason of the vast Trade they drive in all parts The Estates of the Crown of POLAND are POLAND under the name of which is comprized The Kingdom of POLAND as it is divided into the Higher or Little POLAND where are the Palatinates of Cracou with its Castlewicks of Cracou Vounicz Sandecz Biecz Sandomirie with its Castlewicks of Sandomitz Vislicz Radom Zawichost Zaroâ—w Malogocz Czeschow Lublin with its Castle Lublin Lower or Great POLAND where are the Palatinates of Posna where are the Castlewicks of Posna Meseritz Ragozno Sremck Brzesti Crimn Sandock Kalisch with its Castlewicks of Kalisch Kamin Gnesna Landa Nackel Biechow Sirad with its Castlewicks of Sirad Wielâ—n Rozpirz Lencini with its Castlewicks of Lencici Bressini Inowlocz Dobrzin with its Castlewicks of Dobizin Rippin Stouck Ploczk with its Castlewicks of Ploczk Rasuntz Sceps Rava with its Castlewicks of Rava Sochaczow Gostiny Cowal Divers Dutchies with their Castlewicks to wit RUSSIA NOIRE which is esteemed in the Higher Poland where are the Palatinates of Leowenborg or Leopolis with its Castlewicks of Leowenborg Halicz Drzemist Zamoscie Belz with its Castlewicks of Beln Chelm CUJAVIA which is esteemed in the Lower Poland where are the Palatinates of Brzesti with its Castlewicks of Brzesti Krusnick Cowal Uladislau with its Castlewicks of Uladislau Bidgost MAZOVIA also esteemed in the Lower Poland where are the Palatinates of Czersk with its Castlewicks of Warzaw Liw Czersk Wissegrod Zakrotzim Ciechanow Wilna PRUSSIA or PRUSSE as it is divided in POLAQUIE PRUSSIA ROYALE where are the Palatinates of Dantzick with its Castlewicks of Dantzick Elbing with its Castlewicks of Elbing Marienburg with its Castlewicks of Marienburg Culm with its Castlewicks of Culm PRUSSIA DUCALE with its Palatinate and Castlewick of Koningsberg with its Palatinate of Bielsk with its Castlewick of Bielsk And divers other Estates Dutchies c. united or subject to the Crown of POLAND viz. Dutchy of LITHUANIA under the name of which are comprised LITHUANIA where are the Palatinates of Wilna with its Castlewicks of Wilna Osmiana Wilkomirs Braslaw with its Castlewicks Braslaw Misdzial Troki with its Castlewicks Troki Kowno Grodno Lida Minsk with its Castlewicks of Minsk Borissow Robaczow Rzeczica Mary Minsk with its Castlewicks of Mscislnw Mohilow Orssa Novogrodeck with its Castlewicks of Novogrodeck Slonim Woskowiska Polosczk with its Castlew of Polosczk Vitepsk with its Castlew of Vitepsk POLESIE where is Breâ—siici with its Castlew of Bressici SAMOGITIE with its Palatinate and Castlewick of Rosienie Dutchy of VOLHYNIE as it is divided in the Higher VOLHYNIE with its Palarinate of Lusuc with its Castlewicks of Lusuc Wolodomiers Krzemienec Lower VOLHYNIE with its Palatinate of Kiovia with its Castlewicks of Kiovia Owrucze Zitomirz PODOLIE with its Palat. of the Higher PODOLIE as Kamieniec with its Castlew of Kamieniec Lower PODOLIE as Braclaw with its Castlewick of Braclaw Part of MOSCOVIA where are The Dutchies of Smolensko with its Castlew of Smolensko Novogrodeck with its Cast of Novogrodeck POLAND Poland and its parts THE Estates of the Crown of Poland ought to be considered in two sorts the one called the Estates of POLAND and the other of LITHVANIA these two having heretofore had their Kings and Dukes apart and not having been united till within about 270 years The Estates of Poland shall be Poland which we will divide into the Higher and Lower or Lesser and Greater and into the Dutchies of Russia Noire Cajavia Mazovia and Prussia The Estates of Lithuania may be divided into Lithuania Volhinia Podolia c. all Dutchies but Lithuania much the greater wherefore he who possesseth them is entituled the Great Duke of Lithuania It s extent All these Estates of Poland and Lithuania taken
two-headed Rock at the meeting of the Rivers near the large Lough Lomond and in a green Plain in one of the tops is or was placed a Watch-Tower and on the other several Fortifications or Bulwarks on the East-side it hath a boggy Flat which at every Tide is covered with water and on the South it hath the River Cluid Alcluyd Alcluyd an ancient City by some said to be the same Dunbritton Of a fertil Soil STRIVELING or STIRLING a County of a fertil Soil and well inhabited and here is that narrow Land or Streight by which Edenburgh-Frith and Dunbrith-Frith thrusting themselves far into the Land out of the East and West Seas are separated from meeting together which space was fortified with Garrisons between by Julius Agricola so that all the part on this side was in the possession of the Romans and their Enemies were forced to retire themselves into the more Northern and Hilly part of the Kingdom but this lasted not long for Agricola being called home the Caledonian Britains forced the Romans back as far as the River Tine and when Hadrian arrived in Britain about 40 years after instead of going farther he gave command that the God Terminus which used not to give ground to any should be withdrawn back and that a Wall of Turffs commonly now called Grahams-Dike should be made between the Rivers Tine and Eske Southward on this side Edenburgh-Frith for about 100 miles which proved successful unto them And along this Wall hath been oft-times found several Inscriptions and pieces of Romish Antiquities And of remark was that ancient round building 24 Cubits high and 13 broad open at the top and framed of rough and unpolished Stones without any Cement Lime and Morâ—ar some call this the Temple of the God Terminus others Arthur's Oven and others Julius Hoff as supposing it to be raised by Julius Caesar but Cambden would rather believe it to be built by Julius Agricola who fortified these parts had not Ninius said it was built by Garausius as a Triumphal Arch in memory of some Victory The chief places in this County are Stirling Stirling Striveling or Stirling-Borough a place of good strength and fortified with a powerful Castle high mounted on the brow of a steep Rock a place dignified with the birth of King James the Sixth of Scotland and First of England who afterwards caused it to be beautified with new Buildings Falkirke Falkirke c. Cumirnald and Torwood MENTEITH a County so called from the River Teith It s chief places are Dunblain Clackmannan Dunblain seated on the River Teith being the See of a Bishop and Clackmannan Of a very fertil Soil FIFE a fertil County in Corn and Pasturage hath Pit-Coal and the Sea with its two Arms Forth and Tau which almost encompass it affordeth store of Oysters and other Fish It s chief places are St. Andrews St. Andrews of old Regimund that is St. Regulus Mount which Vng or Oeng King of the Picts gave to God and St. Andrew that it should be the chief and Mother Church of the Picts Kingdom It is a City pleasantly seated on the Sea-shoar near Fif-ness is fortified with a fair and strong Castle is dignified with an Archiepiscopal See which is Primate of all Scotland and is also honoured by being the Seat of the Muses Disert Disert seated on the rising of a Hill and in an open Heath so called where there is a large place called the Cole-plot that affordeth good store of Bitumen Dunfirmling Dunfirmling a famous Monastery in old time and of note as well for its Building and being the Burial-place of King Malcomb the Third as for giving Title to the Earl of Dunfirmling Falkland Falkland well and pleasantly seated for Hunting for which purpose the Kings have had here their Retiring-house Cupre Cupre a Borough-Town of some note STRATHERNE that is the Vale along the River Ern hath for its chief places Abergenny Abergenny once a City of good account being the Royal Seat of the Picts Kings which as 't is said Nectane their King dedicated to God and St. Bridget with a Tract of ground thereto belonging Drimein Drimein-Castle well seated on the River Ern. Tulibardin Tulibardin-Castle scituate also on the same River ARGILE a County well furnished with Pools in which together with the Sea and its many Arms which it sendeth forth are taken great plenty of good Fish and in its Mountains are bred a kind of wild Deer Places of good account are none in this County LORNE a Country of an apt Soil for bearing of Barley is well watered being divided by the large Lough or Lake called Leane It s chief places are Dunstafage Dunstafage seated near the said Lake once dignified with a House of the Kings Tarbar Tarbar where King James the Fourth ordained a Justice and a Sheriff to administer Justice to the Inhabitants of the out-Isles Bergonum and Bergonum CANTTRE that is the Lands-head as thrusting it self forth with a long and tapered Promontory which Ptolomy called the Promontory Epidiorum This County seated near Ireland Kiltan Sandell between the extream point of which and Marlock or Tor-Bay in Ireland there are scarce 13 miles It s chief places are Killtan and Sandell Isle of Arran ARRAN a small County and Isle near unto Cantire hath for its chief places Arran and Rothsay The Highlanders ALBAINE or BRAID-ALBIN whose Inhabitants are called the Highlanders a kind of rude and warlike People and much of the nature of the Irish in habit and disposition It s chief places are Enrer Lothea and Foyre PERCH a large and fertil County hath for its chief places Perch Perch or St. John's Town a place of good account and once larger than now it is being built by King William it is pleasantly seated between two Greens and on the River Tau which is navigable for Barges Dunkelden Dunkelden dignified by King David with an Episcopal See supposed to be a Town of the Caledonians Berch Also on the Tau stood the little City of Berch which was washed away by the overflowings of the said River together with many of its Inhabitants amongst which was an Infant-Child of the Kings in its Cradle Scone Scone seated on the farther side of the Tau dignified with an Inauguration of the Scotch Kings before their Union to England Westminster now being the place and where the Chair in which the Kings were then Crowned is which is at present made use of upon the like occasion Caladonia Wood. ATHOL an indifferent fertil County and well clothed with Wood where is that large and overshadowed Wood Caladonia already treated of a Country said to be infamous for Witches It s chief place is Blaire Very fertil and well watered ANGVIS a fertil County both for Corn and rich Pastures is well watered with several Rivers which lose
of Pembroke to the praise of God for his safe delivery out of a desperate Storm and Shipwrack which he was in ULSTER It s temperature of Soil THis Province is of a large Extent and of a different Soil some places being very fertil and others as barren which would be otherwise if it were well manured but generally it is inclined to fertility It hath many thick and shady Woods as also divers large Lakes in which are several small Isles Its Lakes and Rivers which said Lakes or Loughs as also the Rivers which water the Province plentifully furnish the Inhabitants with Salmons and other good Fish and for Flesh Fowl and Corn they have more than they can well spend This Province by the Welsh-Britains is called Vltw and by the Irish Cui Guilly It s Name Its Bounds It is bounded on the South with the Provinces of Leimster and Connaugh and on all other parts is washed with the Sea which receiveth the Waters of those many Loughs or Lakes many of which are of a large extent and have within them several small Isles the names of some are as followeth Lough-Neaugh Lough-Foylle Lough-Swillie Lough-Earne and Lough-Cone It s Extent It is of a large Extent reaching from Black-Abbey in the East to Calebegh-Point in the West about 130 miles and from Coldagh-Haven in the North to Kilmore in the South about 100 and in circumference about 420 miles This Province is divided into Ten Counties viz. Tir-conell or Dunagall Division Tyroen Colrane Antrim Downe Louth Armagh Monoghan Gavan and Fermanagh all which are again severed into divers Baronies And of these Counties in order County of Tir-conel described TIR-CONEL or DVNAGAL a Champain Country and well watered with Rivers and Loughs which discharge themselves into the Sea which washeth its Southern Western and Northern parts and affords to the Inhabitants great plenty of Fish and River-Fowl It is divided into five Baronies viz. Tirhugh Boylagh Kilmacreanan Raphoe and Enishowen And hath for its chief places Derry or London-Derry a Colony of the Citizens of London Derry a fair and well built Town where sometime stood a flourishing Monastery Dunegall which gives name to the County seated on a Bay of the Sea Dunegall where it hath a good Haven and between the Mouth of Lough-Earne and Balewilly-Bay Calebeck scituate on the Sea where it hath a commodious Haven Calebeck and Robogh Several Isles and Promontories along the Coast St. Patricks Purgatory Along the Coast of this County are seated several small Isles viz. Torr-Isle the Isles of Cladagh North-Aran c. also the Promontories of Fair-foreland Rams-head and St. Hellens-head And in this County is St. Patricks Purgatory a Vault or narrow Cave in the ground of which strange Fancies are believed by the simple sort of the Irish County of Tyroen described TYROEN a large rough and rugged yet fertil County which is divided by the Mountains of Sliew-Gallen into the Upper and the Lower in both which are three Baronies viz. Omagh Strabane and Dungannon And hath for its chief places Cloghar dignified with the See of a Bishop Cloghar Dungannon the ancient residence of the O-neals Dungannon Strebane Charlement Strebane and Charlemont In this County is â—â—e large Lake Neaugh well stored with Fish in which are several small Isles the chief amongst which are Enis-Garden and Sidney-Isle County of Colerane described COLERANE a small County seated in the most Northern part of the Province and washed with the Sea as also with the large Lake Foylle adjoyning to the Sea on its Western part and watered with the River Band on its Eastern which carrieth a proud stream into the Sea from the Lake Neaugh which breedeth great store of excellent Salmons The chief places in this County are Colerane Colerane which gives name to the County seated on the River Band. Banchor Kilrough Banchor and Kilrough County of Antrim described ANTRIM the nearest County to Scotland from which it is not far distant being almost encircled with Waters having on the West the River Band on the South the large Lough Neaugh and Knockvergus-Bay and on all other parts the Sea where along the Shoar are several very small Isles except it be one to wit the Raglins which is indifferent large This County is severed into eight Baronies viz. Toome Antrim Killconway Massereene Bellfast Dunluce Glenarne and Carie And hath for its chief places Knock-fergus Knock-fergus by the Irish Carick-vergus that is the Rock of Fergus seated on a large Bay so called where it hath a commodious Port. It is a place of good strength is well inhabited and better frequented than other places on this Coast and at the Mouth of this Bay lie several Isles Not far from this place once stood the famous Monastery of Magio so much commended by Bede Antrim Antrim seated on a small River at its influx into the Lake Neaugh Glastalagne Glastalagne scituate on the Band. County of Down described DOWNE a large and fertil County washed on the East with the Sea where it thrusteth it self forth with a large Creek or Arm into the Lough Cone which extendeth it self in length many miles and formeth two By-lands That Southwards called Lecall which is exceeding fertil and whose extream point is called St. Johns Foreland and That Northwards called Ardes It is severed into five Baronies viz. Kinalearty Lower Evagh Ards Vpper Evagh and Lecale And hath for its chief places Downe Downe of old Dunum seated in the part called Lecall near the Lough Cone a Town of good Antiquity and dignified with an Episcopal See as also with the Tombs of St. Patrick St. Bridget and St. Columbe Newry Newry seated on a River which falleth into Carlingford-haven Stranford Stranford seated on the large River Coyn or rather an Arm of the Sea where it hath a safe Harbour Arglas Arglas where as 't is said St. Patrick founded a Church Conner Conner or Conereth an Episcopal See Kilwarny Kilwarny much anoyed with Bogs and full of shady Woods County of Louth described LOVTH a County of a fertil Soil very grateful to the Husbandman and is washed on the East with the Sea It is divided into four Baronies viz. Lough Dundalke Ferrard and Atherdee And hath for its chief places Tredaugh Tredaugh or Droughdagh seated near the Mouth of the Boyne which divideth it but joyned together by a Bridge and by reason of its commodious Haven it is a good Town being well inhabited and frequented nigh unto which stood Mellifont Abbey founded by Donald a K. of Vriel Dundalke Dundalke seated on the Sea where it hath a commodious Haven and in former times was strengthned with a Castle which with the Town was burnt by Edward Brus Brother to the King of Scots who proclaimed himself King of Ireland but for this good act
in memory of his great Victory And 8. Issus seated on a large Bay famous for the Battel here fought between Alexander with an inconsiderable Army of Macedonians and Darius and his vast Army which consisted of about 600000 Assyrians whereof about 160000 of the Persians were slain and about 40000 taken Prisoners in which Battel the Wives and Daughters of Darius were taken Alexander not losing above 200 of his Men. On the Right-hand of Cilicia is Isauria which may bear the name of a Province It is fruitful in Vines and several sorts of Fruits having a rich Soil The chief Cities are 1. Claudiopolis into which Claudius the Emperour brought a Roman Colony And 2. Seleucia founded by Seleucus The Province of Caria bounded and its chief places described CARIA hath for its Southern bounds the Carpathian Sea It s chief places are 1. Miletus not far from the Hill Latmus the Birth-place of Thales one of the 7 Wise-men of Greece to this place St. Pauls called together the Bishops of Ephesus and other of the adjoyning Cities 2. Mindus which being but a small City and its Gates so big made Diogenes the Cynick to cry out to have them shut their Gates lest the City should run out at them 3. Milasa famous in old time for two Temples dedicated to Jupiter And 4. Borgylia where Diana also had a Temple In this Country is the Hill Latmus which was the retiring place of Endymion who by the study of Astronomy did there find out the Changes and Courses of the Moon by the Poets feigned to be her Favourite others there be who would have it that in a Cave under this Hill Jupiter hid him and casting him in a deep sleep descended sometimes to kiss him The Province of Ionia bounded with its chiefest places IONIA bounded on the West with the Aegean Sea Places of note in this Country are 1. Ephesus famous for many things as First for being the Burial-place of St. John the Evangelist who as some say went here alive into the Grave Secondly for the Temple of Diana which for its Greatness Furniture and stately Workmanship was accounted one of the Wonders of the World Thirdly for St. Pauls directing an Epistle to the Inhabitants thereof Fourthly for being the Episcopal See of Timothy the Evangelist first Bishop hereof And Fifthly for its Ecclesiastical Council here but now much ruined from its ancient beauty it being now reduced to a small Village 2. Smyrna which is now the only City of Trade in these parts famous for being one of the 7 Churches of Asia to which St. John dedicated his Revelation being one of those 7 Cities that strove for the Birth of Homer where in a Cave hard by he is said to have writ his Poems But now violated by the Mahometans her Beauty is turned into Deformity her Religion into Impiety and her knowledge into Barbarism This City is seated on the bottom of a Bay or Gulph called the Gulph of Smyrna where the English French and Venetians keep Consuls to protect their Merchants and keep up their Trade it being under the Jurisdiction of the Grand Signior 3. Colophon another of those Cities which strove for the Birth of Homer Here the People are so well skill'd in Horsemanship that whose side soever they took in War were sure to gain the Victory 4. Erythra the habitation of one of the Sibyls from whence called Sibylla Erythraea 5. Ipsus remarkable for the great Battel betwixt Antigonus and Seleucus two of Alexanders chief Commanders wherein Antigonns lost both the day and his life 6. Lebedus of note in ancient times for those Plays here yearly held in honour to Bacchus 7. Priene the Birth-place of Bias one of the 7 Wise-men of Greece And 8. Clazomene seated on a small Ilet near the shoar beautified with a Temple dedicated to Apollo The Province of Aeolis and its chief places AEOLIS North of Ionia hath for its chief places 1. Cuma the habitation of Sibylla Surnamed Cumana 2. Elaea on the Mouth of Caicus being the Port-Town to Pergamus 3. Myrina which in honour to Augustus is called Sebastopolis 4. Pitane not far from the Aegean Sea and here they had an art in making Bricks that would swim above water The Province of Lydia and its chief places LYDIA It s chief Cities are 1. Sardis in which was one of the 7 Churches in Asia being the Royal Seat of Croesus and the Kings of Lydia until it was subdued by the Persians and 2. Philadelphia on the Banks of the River Caystrus It s People are said to be the first Inventers of Dice Chess and other such Games as also the first Hucksters Pedlers and the first Coyners of Mony The Country by reason of the great plenty of gallant Rivers renders it very fruitful and pleasant being enriched with Mines of Gold and Silver as also precious Stones The Province of Phrygia Major bounded and its chief places PHRYGIA MAJOR bounded on the East with Galatia The chief places are 1. Gordion the Seat of Gordius which from the Plough-tail was taken and chosen King of this Kingdom who tied such a Knot called the Gordian-knot which Alexander the Great cut in pieces when he could not unty it 2. Midium the Seat of Midas Son to this Gordius who covetously petitioned Bacchus that whatsoever he touched should be turned into Gold which was granted but soon was forced to lose the benefit of it else he would have been starved his Victuals turning into Gold and falling into a second oversight in Judgment in preferring Pan's Pipe before Apollo's Harp he for his small Judgment in Musick was rewarded with a comly pair of Asses-ears 3. Colossi to whom St. Paul writ one of his Epistles 4. Pesinus where the goddess Cybele was worshipped being called Dea Pesinuncia This City is placed in the Borders of Galatia The Country is very rich pleasant and well watered with Rivers the People being anciently more Superstitious than in any other place of Asia as is manifest by the Rites used in their Sacrifices of Cybele and other of their goddesses being accounted such as use Divination They are a People which much delight in Effeminacy Here Reigned Tantalus who wanting wisdom to make use of his great Riches is by the Poets feigned to stand in Hell up to the chin in water under a Tree whose Fruit doth touch his Lips but yet cannot reach them The Province of Phrygia Minor bounded with its chief places PHRYGIA MINOR bounded on the South with the Aegean Sea Places of most note viz. 1. Dardanum or Dardania being the Town and Patrimony of Aeneas 2. Troy seated on the Banks of the River Scamander famous for having sustained a Ten years Siege against the Greeks in which time the Trojans lost 860000 Men and the Grecians 666000 Men being then so famous a City that it might be counted the glory of the East from whence all Nations desire to derive their beginning but now
must be great by reason of the rich Commodities that are found here He is so powerful that in 1616 he put to Sea 60000 Men of War in 200 Ships and 60 Galleys with store of Cannons and Ammunition to make War against the Portugals in Malacca and he alone drove them from the Fort which they had in Pacem and hindred them from taking footing in Sumatra The Fertility Commodities c. of these Isles The Air by reason of the great heats is very unhealthful but withal is very fertile abounding in Rice Millet Oyl Beefs Goats Sheep Fowls Fish store of Fruits also it is rich in Gold though of a lower alloy in Silver Copper Iron Tin in Precious Stones in Silks in several Spices as long and common Pepper Ginger Cinnamon Cloves Nutmegs also in Medicinal Drugs in Wax Honey Camphire Cassia Bezar Lignum Musk Civet Amber Alloes whole Woods of white Sandale abundance of Cotton c. The Hollanders are in good intelligence with the people and Kings of Sumatra and particularly with him of Achem They have no place or Fortress in the Isle but at Jambay a Kingdom City and River of the same name in one degree and fifty minutes beyond the Equator They have built on this River and 25 Leagues from the Coast a House to accommodate their Traffick with the Islanders Their Trade is for the most part Pepper which they send from this House to the Sea by Canoes The Inhabitants are many of them good Artificers and expert Mariners they are for the most part Gentiles yet of late Mahometism hath crept in amongst them They are of an Olive colour Complexion flat-faced but indifferent well proportioned and content themselves with a mean habit The Isle of Borneo its situation and fertility The Island of BORNEO like to Sumatra is part on this side and part beyond the Equator but it reaches on this side unto the seventeenth degree of North Latitude and beyond only to the fourth of South Latitude It s Form is almost round having only 250 Leagues from North to South and little less from West to East containing in its Continent more than Sumatra or any other Isle we have knowledge of in Asia but it is not so well inhabited nor of so great Trade as Sumatra yet more fertile and besides the same Commodites hath quantity of Myrabolans Its Forests are full of Trees which bear the most excellent Camphire in the World which is uttered in the Indies being too dear to be brought farther That which comes to us from China is so falsified and of so little value in respect of that which comes pure from Borneo that one hundred pounds of the one is not worth one pound of the other It hath also plenty of Provision Borneo Bendarmissin Lave and Hormeta are the fairest Cities or at least the best known of the Isle for we yet know nothing of the Eastern Coast Borneo is on a Salt Lake or rather at the bottom of the Gulf of the Sea as Venice is and is on the North-West of the Island Its Houses are built of Wood and upon Piles and are accounted to be 20 or 25000. Through every Street runneth a Channel or River of Water the Palace of the King and the Houses of the principal Lords are of Stone and on the firm Land Bendarmassin and Lave are towards the South regarding the great Java and both belong to the same King They build many Juncos at Bendarmassin The River of Succadan and the Neighbouring Forrests furnish them easily with Wood and all that is necessary for the building of those Vessels Lave is near a River of the same name and this River as Succadan yields Diamonds Hormeta is described by the Hollanders on the Coast Westwards of the Isle and they esteem it to have 2 or 3000 Houses Its Inhabitants The Inhabitants are great of an Olive colour of a good countenance their Women brown and chaste a thing very rare in the Neighbouring Islands They trade little to distant places being more inclined to Theft and Piracy then to Trade exercising this only with their Neighbours the others with strangers far off They are expert in all sorts of Arms of good Wits and capable of Arts. Their Apparel is much the same with the Indians which is a Linnen Cloth about their privy Parts and on their Heads Turbets In their Religion they are either Mahometants or Gentiles Several small Isles About Borneo are a great quantity of little Isles Bonquerano 3 Degrees St. John 4. Jolo or Zolo 5. Tagyma 6. and Combahan 8 Degrees of Latitude This last is on the North of the Gulph and City of Borneo near that Gulph is Pulogitgan c. all these Islands belong to the King or Kings of Borneo Isles of Java Major and Minor their situation length and breadth The two Islands of JAVA Major and Minor are to the South of Borneo however there is much dispute about the seat of the little one the greater lies from the sixth unto the eighth ninth or tenth Degree of South Latitude for we know not its certain breadth And from the 145 Meridian beyond the 155 this length being 250 Leagues and its breadth little less We have scarce knowledge of any but the North-coast of this Island none at all of its Southern The City of Bantam described with its great trade Along the North-Coast of Bantam where is one of the greatest Trades of all the East-Indies and where the Merchants of the East-India Company of England have their residence and where once there was a like Company for the Hollanders which they have transported to Jacatra or Batavia Bantam is at the foot of a Hill from which descend three Rivers of which one passes through the middle the others long and on the two sides of the City communicating by divers Channels convenient for the Mahometans who believe themselves purged from their sins as often as they wash but all too shallow for Ships to sail in the Walls of the City are of Brick of no great strength as also are their Gates which makes them have the greater care in guarding them The City is indifferent great yet have they but three principal Streets and these all but upon the Castle at every corner of the Streets there stands a guard and at Sunset they make fast all passage Boats so that in the night there is no stirring in the Streets The Houses are but meanly built either of Reeds or Straw and covered with Coco leaves but for preservation of Goods they have Store-houses made of Stone they have several places or Markets for the sale of Commodities as also an Exchange where Merchants meet Its Commodities The Commodities of Bantam are these of the Isle as all sorts of Druggs Pepper Sugar Preserved Ginger and all sorts of Sweet-meats both wet and dry Rice Honey c. Also in this City is found several good Commodities which are the product of other
large and well built seated in a spacious Plain which affordeth great plenty of Sugar 2. Messa at the flux or mouth of the River Sus it is composed of three little Cities walled apart and betwixt which the River passes 3. Tejent seated higher and on the same River on a spacious Plain is likewise composed of three Towns each distant a Mile from each other having their Temple common in the midst of the three 4. Tedsa beyond the River Tagavost containing about 8000 Houses its chief Ornament being a fair Mehometan Temple 5. Capo d' Aguer seated on a Promontory so called and is a place of great importance The Fortress and City of Guarguessen in the midst of the Coast and on a branch which this Mountain under the name of Idevacall stretches into the Sea belongs to the Crown of Portugal Province of Guzula its bounds and chief Places The Province of Guzula is to the East of Sus to the South of Hea and Morocco to the West of the Province or Kingdom of Darrha and to the North of Tesset Here are observed to be no walled Cities or Fortresses of note but it hath many Burroughs and Towns of 1000 or 1200 Houses where there are Markets kept thrice a week and a great Fair yearly which lasts two Months to which many People from most parts of Africa do resort The chief place bears the name of the Province the People are rude and barbarous and with much ado are subject to the King of Morocco In the Country are many rich Mines of Gold Brass Iron and other Metals Province of Morocco and and its chief Cities The Province of Morocco particularly so called lies all between the Rivers of Asifnuall and Tensift from their Springs at the Mount Atlas until they meet about 15 or 20 Leagues from the Sea Asifnual divides it from Guzula and Hea Tensift from Hascora and Ducala The City of Morocco is the chief of the whole Kingdom and hath been a long time in great esteem and once accounted the Metropolis of all Barbary and reckoned amongst the greatest Cities in the World At which time it had twenty four or twenty five Gates being in circuit 12 Miles and contained about one hundred thousand Families It is strongly girt about with Walls and adorned within with many publick and private Buildings as its Palace which they name the Alcasar Its Churches or Mosques are very fair especially one Morocco its Trade and Commodities which is held the greatest in the World seated in the midst of the City adorned with many sumptuous Pillars which were brought out of Spain when the Moors had the possession of the Country It hath a very large and strong Castle esteemed as big as a reasonable Town Here is also a Burse for Merchants who trade hither But of late by reason of the defacement and Spoils which it hath suffered by the Arabians together with the removal of the Seat Royal to Fez now the Metropolis of all Barbary it hath lost much of its splendor a great part of the City being deserted so that they make use of but 4 or 5 Gates neither is that part so populous rich nor hath so good a Trade as formerly 2. Agmett seated on a River of the same name and at the meeting of divers passages which descend from Mount Atlas in the Plains of Morocco hath been very fair and populous and its Hills and Valley about it so fertil and beautified with pleasant Gardens that it was called the Little Morocco at present it is almost Desart 3. Elgiumuha near the Mountain and on the River Secsiva 4. Imegiagen seated on a Mountain very steep on all sides And 5. Tenezze a Town of some note All which are strong places and very advantagiously scituated Province of Hea its fertility People and chief places HEA West of Morocco a Province Mountainous and Woody yet watered with many good Rivers the Soil indifferently fertil and would produce several good Commodities were it inhabited by industrious People these being a sort of idle and in a manner barbarous altogether ignorant of Arts except some Teachers of their Law which can hardly read as also some Chirurgions who are chiefly employed in the circumcision of their Children they are generally very courteous to Strangers but very contentious among themselves It s chief Cities are 1. Tednest once a place of good esteem seated on the River Savens 2. Hadequis 3. Teguleth and 4. Tejeut places of good note and Trade the first containing about 1000 Houses having the benefit of a good Port and beautified with a fair Mosque with some Hospitals But about the year 1500 they were much ruined by the Portugals in whose possession they are who have since somewhat added to its former Estate Tednest hath about 1600 Houses the most part Jews which are esteemed the chiefest In the Mountains Tesegdelt is most considerable containing above 1000 Families and well scituated its Walls being no other than thick Rocks So are Ileusugagen Tegtesse Eitdeset Culejat c. scituated upon Mountains and of good strength Tefethna on the Coast and at the Mouth of a River of the same name The Isle of Mogadour hath a Port where there is some Trade The Isle of Mogadour near the Cape of Ocem is distant from the Coast two little Leagues The Kings of Morocco have built here a Fortress to keep some Mines of Gold and Silver which are in the neighbouring Mountains It s Mountains west inhabited The Mountains of Aidvacall or Idevacall near Cape de Guer of Demensera near the Province of Guzula and Gebel el Haden near the Tensit take up a part of the Province and are so well inhabited that the last can set forth 12000 fighting Men the first 20000 and the other 25000. Provinces of Hascora and Teldes and their chief places North of the Province of Morocco are those of Hascora and Teldes separated the one from the other by the River Quadel Habid Tefza is the chief City of Teldes and near the River Derna which falls into the Ommiraby a rich City built by the old African Moors and beautified with many Mahometan Mosques and its Walls were made of a kind of Marble 2. Elmadine is the chief City of Hascora It s People peopled with about 10000 Families scituate in a pleasant Valley and begirt with Hills it is well built its Inhabitants are civil ingenious and addict themselves to Arts Traffick and Manufactures the Women are fair as in 3. Tagodaft which is on a Mountain whose Foot is washed with many little Streams which water their Gardens 4. Elgiumuha towards the South built by the People and in a like scituation with Tagodaft And 5. Bzo likewise a City of some Trade Between the Mountains Teldes hath more than 50 walled Towns built near the streams of the River Darha These Provinces are fertil having rich Fields feed a great quantity of Goats of whose Skins are made the
Food for three daies There is likewise 200 Banias or Stews 200 Inns of which some have more then 100 Chambers 400 Mils which daily work 1200 Mules Among its Colleges the building of that of King Hahu Henon cost 500 thousand Duckats being a most curious and delicate Building all enriched with Mosaicque work of Gold Azure and Marble its Gates are of Brass In this Colledge are abundance of stately Buildings as Cloisters Halls Baines Hospitals c. It hath a stately Library in which besides other Books are 20000 Volumes in Manuscript They have 150 publick necessary houses built so commodiously that the Waters carry away the ordure To its Walls it hath 86 Gates which serve for entrance into the City South East of the old Fez is the new City The New City of Fiz at a Mile or 1200 paces distance this is almost only for the House and for the Officers of the King The Palace where he ordinarily resides and the Palaces of the principal Lords the Mint a stately Temple c. are in the first quarter The Officers of the Court and the Captains of the guard hold almost all the second and the Kings Guards alone had formerly the third Now a good part of this last quarter is possessed by Jews and Goldsmiths and part of the second by divers Merchants and Artisans In this City of Fez as generally throughout these parts they have abundance of Conjurers Fortune-tellers Juglers and Inchanters who are in some War esteem amongst them It s People are of a duskish or blackish complexion of sly Stature tall and well proportioned they are of an active disposition for and Horse-manship otherwise excessive idle they are very subtle close perfidious inconstant proud much addicted to Luxury and therefore by consequence very jealous of their Wives whom they keep with great severity and that the more according to their external graces they are very revengeful if injured and hard to be reconciled In their gait they have much of the Spaniard in them in their Apparel they go very sumptuous and rich but their Food is but very gross Their Religion As to their Religion they are either Mahometans or Heathens and are for the most part inclined to Literature and Arts. Their Magistrates and Justice In this City are four sorts of Magistrates one for the Canon-Law one for the Civil-Law another for Marriages and Divorcements and another as an Advocate to whom they make their appeal In the Administration of Justice they are more or less severe according to the hainousness of the offence In their Marriages they observe many Ceremonies as being agreed they are accompanied to the Church by their Parents Relations and Friends which Ceremony being ended they are invited to two Banquets the one at the Bridegrooms cost and the other at the Brides Relations which being done the Bridegroom causeth the Bride to be conducted to his House with Musick and Torches being accompanied with their Friends and being entred the House she is immediately lead to the Chamber door and delivered by her Father Brother or some of her Kindred to his Mother if living who there waits for her coming who immediately is redelivered to him who forthwith conducts her to a private Chamber where he enjoyeth her and if she is found to be a Virgin which will appear by the blood which will proceed which perceiving they drie up with a Napkin and carry in their hands to shew the Company with great joy and then they make Feasts and are very merry But if she be contrary and that no blood is caused then they judge her Virginity lost and thereupon the Marriage is frustrated and with great disgrace she is turned home to her Parents This with several other Ceremonies are omitted in the Marriage of a Widow Here the Women at the death of their Friends assemble themselves together habit themselves in Sack-Cloth and Ashes and sing a Funeral Dirge to the praise of the Deceased and at the end of every verse howl and crie and this they do for seven daies together during which time her Friends send in Provisions and come and comfort her for their custom is not to have any meat drest in the House of Mourning during the said time especially untill the Corps is interred 1. The City of Mahmora fell into the hands of the Portugals in 1515 was presently retaken by the King of Fez who defeated 10000 Christians and gained 60 pieces of Artillery The Kings of Spain likewise made themselves Masters of it 1614 and have fortified it because of the goodness of the Port. 2. Sala or Sally hath been the residence of some Kings of Fez. It is composed of two Cities the Old and the New and hath a great Trade with the English French Hollanders and Genoueses It s Fortress is on a rising ground with a high Tower which discovers the Sea In the Castle the King Mansor and others his successors have their magnificent Tombs The place was taken by the Castilians and retaken from them some years past and afterwards abundance of the Moors of Granado driven from Spain retiring thither have fortified and enriched it with their Piracies 3. Mechnese between Sally and Fez is in the middle of a Plain where for 5 or 6000 paces there is only Gardens filled with excellent Fruits The City is well built its Streets large and well ordered Its Inhabitants liberal and civil but alwaies in jealousie against those of Fez. Divers Aqueducts bring water to the City and furnish the Temples Bains Hospitals and Colledges and private Houses Asgar is a Province between the Rivers of Suba Province of Asgar and Lusus or Lixa on the Coast it extends itself far up the Land towards the City of Fez and hath fair and fertile Fields with an Air so pleasant that formerly the Kings of Fez passed here a part of the Spring in Hunting 1. Elgiumha or Elgiuhma in the way from Fez to Larrache and formerly the fairest of the Provinces serves now only as the Granary where the Arabs store up their Corn. 2. Casarel-Cabir a place of pleasure which Mansor caused to be built between the Fens the Forests the Sea and the River may now have about 1500 Houses adorned with a stately Hospital a Colledg and many Temples The Battel which Don Sebastian King of Portugal lost was here fought In which it is observable that the three Chiefs of the Armies which that day met all died viz. Don Sebastian of Portugal in the field of the Battel Muley Mahomet of Fez in favor of whom Don Sebastian passed into Africa was drowned passing the River of Mucazin to save himself in Arzile and Abdelmelech of Morocco the Conqueror died with labour and pains or with the sickness with which he was seised before the Battel all three competitors for this Kingdom with several others of eminent quality 3. Lharais or Larrache once Lixos which some among the Ancients say was greater then the Great
abandon the City by reason of the multitude of Scorpions whose biting is mortal as is that of the Black Scorpions which are towards Calaa in the Kingdom of Labes yet here the Inhabitants taking but two drams of a little Plant it cures them though bitten and preserves them a whole year saith the Arab of Nubia from biting Borghia is well peopled hath many Artizans and Labourers The Water which passes at Deusen is hot as likewise that which passes at Nefta The Inhabitants of Teolacha are proud and haughty Quarter of Mezzab its chief places c. described The Quarter of MEZZAB is to the South of that of Zeb and is a great passage from divers parts of Barbary to go towards the Land of the Negroes which makes those of the Country trade on the one and the other side They have six walled Towns and a great number of Villages are Tributary to some Arabs The Estates of Techort and Guerguela The Estates of Techort and Guerguela have each their Prince or King they have sometimes been free sometime Subjects or Tributaries to Morocco Telensin Tunis and in fine to the Kings of Algier to whom they give a certain number of Negroes in form of Tribute Each Estate takes its name from its chief City besides which they have each of them many walled Towns and about 100 or 150 Villages and about 150000 Duckats of Revenue They can raise 40 or 50000 Men but they are but bad Souldiers Techort though on the top of a Mountain and having 2500 Houses was yet taken by the Turks of Algier with a very few people and 3 Pieces of Cannon They have abundance of Dates from whence flows their Riches they want Corn and Fish they treat Christians favourably and are more civil than their Neighbours Quarter of Billedulgerid with its parts and chief places BILLEDVLGERID or BELED-ELGERED that is the Country of Dates is a particular Province of Billedulgerid taken in general This Province is above the Coast of Tripoli and we add the Quarters of Teorregu Jasliten Gademez and Fezzen The particular Billedulgerid is so rich in Dates that it takes thence its name and hath communicated it to the neighbouring Countries and to all that part which is above Barbary It s principal Cities are Tensar Caphsa and Nefsaoa and a great number of Villages Teorregu hath 3 walled Towns and 26 Villages of which the chief bears the name of Teorregu Jasliten 3 or 4 Towns and 30 Villages and the chief so called Gademez hath 16 walled Towns and about 60 Villages the chief of which are Gademes and Statio Fezzen more than 50 Cities or walled Towns and above 100 Villages The two last Estates are free the other subject to the Turks or to the Kings of Tunis and Tripoli Caphsa of old Capha which is believed to be built by the Libyan Hercules is put by some among the Governments of Tunis EGYPT may be divided into three Parts and then The first shall contain the Twelve Cassilifs or Governments within EGYPT as In the Higher EGYPT the Cassilifs of GIRGIO Asna Barbanda Girgio â—â—id Chiana MANFEâ—OUT Maâ—â—â—oâ—â— Aâ—â—otha AEBENSUEF Fium Mâ—niâ— Benisuaifa MINIO Assuana Chana Minio Ichmina CHERKâ—FFI Almona Paulicella Anthium FIUM Fium Cosora GIZA Gezâ— CAIRO Cairo Sues Elmena Larnabula Antâ—â—li Emelcocena In the Lower EGYPT the Cassilifs of MANSOURA Heroa Mansoura Belbesa Sahidum Berâ—lies Mesela Elboera Teâ—exa Faramida Cassia GARBIA Damiata Petra Bourles Beltina Migâ—â— Eliâ—ala Demanohoura MENUFIA Menufia BASBEIH or CALIOUBIEH with the Territory of ERRIF or ALEXANDRIA Tureta Zuga Euoâ— Sebennets Alexandria Turâ—is Bochira Arabum Rosetto Atacona Tunia Turamania Alhaman Democuria The Second Part shall contain the Cities seated on the RED SEA among which are those of Buge â—ibid Saâ— Cosur Ficte Dacati Suguam Libelezaita Azirut Grodol The Third shall be the Cassilif or Government of BONHERA or BAERA without the True EGYPT and in LIBYA but under its Jurisdiction whose chief places may be considered as as they lie On the Sea among which are those of Ripaealba Roxa Lagoseium Albertonus portus Solona Musulomara Trabochus portus Patriarcha portus Salinae Favara Forcella Bon Andreas Doera Laaneum Zadra Tolomeâ—a Taochara Berzebona Berâ—ichum Careora Camera Avâ—um portus Salinae Within Land as Cayroan Barca Solue Altahune Nachel Maghar Alacquin EGYPT OF all the parts of Africa EGYPT is the nearest and only contiguous to Asia and this Neighbourhood hath perswaded some Authors both Ancient and Modern to esteem Egypt either in whole or in part in Asia At present we hold it all in Africa and give for its bounds the Red Sea Egypt bounded and the Isthmus which is between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean on the East the Desarts of Barca on the West Nubia on the South and the Mediterranean Sea on the North. The Nile alone washes this Region through its whole length which is from its Cataracts to the Sea about 20 Leagues or more its breadth not being above half so much and of that breadth that which is between the Mountains which incloses the Valley of Nile on the East and the Coast of the Red Sea is but Desart there being nothing inhabited but the Valley which lies on both sides the Nile inclosed with Mountains and very narrow in the higher part of Egypt but enlarging it self much more as it approaches the Sea Of this Figure which the Country makes the Ancients have taken occasion first to divide it into high and low It s Division and Names after into high middle and low Higher which they called Thebais by reason of Thebes at present Saida Middle which they called Heptanomos by reason of the 7 Nomi Provostships or Governments it contained at present Bechria or Demesor Lower and more particularly Egypt and sometimes Delta the best part of the lower having the form of a Greek â–³ the two sides of which were inclosed by the branches of the Nile and the third by the Sea and this part is now called Errif The Romans changed something in the number and in the names of these Provinces which we shall now omit At present Egypt is divided into 12 principal Cassilifs Sangiacats or Governments of which five answer to the Higher Egypt viz. Girgio Manfelout and Aebensuef on the left hand of the Nile Minio and Cherkeffi on the right still descending the Nile two with the Territory of Cairo answer to the Middle Egypt viz. the Cassilifs of Fium and Giza on the left and Cairo with its Territory on the right hand of the Nile then four others answer to the Lower viz. Mansoura Garbia Menoufia Callioubech or Basbieh with Alexandria and its Territory for the Cassilif of Bonhera or Baera is out of the limits of the ancient and true Egypt and in Libya which passes commonly under the name of the Kingdom of Barca Egypt of great Antiquity EGYPT is very famous in that they would make us believe that the first Men were here formed and as
with the Mono-Motapa of which he seems once to have been a part is in peace with the King of Zanguebar that he may have commerce to the Sea for he hath much Gold Silver Ivory and the same Commodities as Mono-Motapa but its People are more barbarous and brutish The chief places in the Mono-Emugi are Agag Astagoa Leuma Camur Beif Bagametro and Zembre seated on the bottom of the Lake Zaire CAFRERIA or the Land of CAFRES The Land of Cafreria described CAFRERIA or the Land of CAFRES makes the most Southern Coast of all Aethiopia winding like a Semicircle about the Cape of Good Hope some begin it from Cape Negro and continue it unto the River of Cuama this separating it from Zanguebar and the other from Congo or what we have esteemed with Congo Others begin it and end it with the Tropick of Capricorn as well on this side as beyond the Cape of Good Hope I esteem under the name of Cafres all the Coasts which environ the Mono-Motapa both towards the West South and East so that we may call these Cafres Occidental Meridional and Oriental This distinction being taken in regard of the natural scituation in which these People are from the Mono-Motapa or we may chuse rather to consider them in Occidental or Oriental as we have already done the Cape of Good Hope then keeping the one from the other It hath formerly been believed that these People had neither Kings Law nor Faith and therefore were called Cafres that is without Law But it hath since been known that they have divers Kings and Lords as those of Mataman where there are divers Metals Chrystal c. And of Melemba among the Occidentals those of Chicanga Sedanda Quiteva and Zefala among the Orientals and others we know not towards the South and Cape of Good Hope On the Coast of Cafres are these places and Isles viz. St. Nicolai Piscarius the Port of Carascalis the Cape of Good Hope St. Martins Bay and the Cape of St. Lucia Also these Isles 4 bearing the name of St. Lucia 2 of St. Christophers 5 of Crucis and 3 of Aride Many of which as likewise the Capes are well known by Sea-men especially the Cape of Good Hope All these Coasts of Cafreria are bounded within Land by a Chain of Mountains formed by the Mountains of the Moon and which inclose Mono-Motapa That part of these Mountains which advance towards the Cape of Good Hope are called by the Portugals The Cape of Good Hope Picos Fragos that is Watry Points or Rocks This Cape is the most remarkable piece in Cafreria the most Southern point of Africa and of our Continent and the most famous Promontory of the whole World Vasco de Gama knew it in 1498 and after having doubled it found the way by the East-Indies to the Great Sea and from hence the Portugals boast to have been the first that had the knowledge of this Cape But we have made appear in the general discourse of Africa that the Ancients have both known and spoke of it Near the Cape of Good Hope and farther towards the South is the Cape of Needles which should be more famous since it is more Southernly than the other by 12 or 15 Leagues But the name Cape of Good Hope is given to all that Head of Land which is the most Southern of Africa The Air Fertility Commodities c. of the Country The Air of this Country is sometimes temperate and sometimes cold by reason of the Mountains which are covered with Snow and Ice from whence descends quantity of cold Waters The Vallies and Lower Countries pleasant and fertil hath store of Woods and Forests in which are abundance of Beasts and Fowls as Deer Antilopes Baboons Foxes Hares c. Also Ostriches Herons Pelicans Pheasants Partridges Geese Ducks c. They are well supplied with good Water feed much Cattle which they truck with Strangers for Knives Scizzars Spoons and divers Toys they have likewise much Fish in their Rivers The People and their Trade The Inhabitants are Black have thick Lips flat Noses long Ears and in a word very ill-shapen They are more barbarous and brutish than the rest of Africa they are Man-eaters their chief ornaments in their Apparel are Chains of Iron Brass Beads Bells or the like and cutting and slashing their Skins in several shapes Clothing they have none only in the Cold season they wrap themselves about with Skins of Beasts Towns they have none or very few for the most part living in the Woods and Forests like brute Beasts But the Cafres on the East are much more civil than the others most of them have made a part and are yet subject to the Mono-Motapa who about 50 years ago divided his Estate into four parts giving to his eldest Son what is within Land and by much the greatest part and to his three younger Sons Zuiteva Sedanda and Chicanga towards the Sea-Coast for their Portions Cefala or Zefala seems to make its piece apart whose King pays Tribute both to the Mono-Motapa and the Portugals and these have divers Fortresses on the Coast Sena Tete Cuama c. Zefala is so abundant in Gold and Elephants that some take it for the Ophir whither Solomon sent his Fleet every three years And they give for a reason that the Gold Ivory Apes c. which that Fleet brought are here found in abundance That this Fleet parting from the Red Sea there is no likelyhood it should go to Peru which some take for this Ophir besides that there is there neither Ivory nor Apes but that it was rather to some part of Asia or Africa They add that there remains not far from Zefala some footsteps of ancient Buildings and Inscriptions left there by Strangers long time ago Nay likewise that there is some notes and Books how Solomon sent thither his Fleet. Moreover the Septuagint translate Sophira instead of Ophir and the name of Sophira is not overmuch different from Sopholo However it be there is here store of Gold both in the Mountains and Rivers and often very clean and pure as well in Powder as Sand and this Gold is esteemed the best and finest in Africa ours seeming but Brass in comparison of it The Country is healthful and pleasant seated only on the Coast the Mono-Motapa confining it within Land A part of its now Inhabitants are not the Natives but descended from that Coast which belonged to the Mono-Motapa The Natives as I said before are Black and Idolaters or Cafres the others very swarthy and for the most part Mahometans They have a great Trade on this Coast for their Gold two or three Millions being yearly brought hence and that for Toys and things of a very small value which are carried them from divers parts of Asia and Europe and some parts of Africa The ISLES of AFRICA as they lie and are found In the Mediterranean Sea And on the Coast of BARBARY as the ISLES of
us therefore leave this Gomer for Theode and say That farther in the Sea and about 100 miles or as others say 100 Leagues from the Canaries is an Isle they call San Borondon Authors say that those which think not of it find it sometimes by chance but that it is never found by those who expresly seek it However it be it is held for truth and Vincent Blanc assures us that from the top of Teneriffe whence may be seen all the Canaries this is likewise sometimes seen yet that those which attempt to go to it cannot find it though with great pains whether it be that the Fogs hide it or that some Current carries them from it and for this reason they have given it the name of Fortunada Incontada and Nontrovada c After all these particularities I can doubt no longer but this Isle is the Aprositos Inaccessible and the Ombrio that is the shadow of the Ancients And so the whole body of the Canaries will answer to the whole Body of the Fortunate Isles without adding the Madera and from hence we have reason to place the first Meridian in the Canaries as Ptolomy hath placed it in the Fortunate Isles since these first answer to the last which will give a great facility to the reconcilement of Ancient and Modern Geography otherwise not to be done Let us proceed to what each of the Canaries may have at present considerable beginning with those nearest the main Land The Isle of Forteventura described Forteventura once Erbania is not far distant from the Cape Bojador above 10 or 12 Leagues from the Great Canary 16 or 18 from Lancelotta 6. It s greatest length is 25 Leagues 15 or 16 its greatest breadth In the middle it streightens so much that there remains only a League or two from one Sea to another And this part was crossed with a Wall which separated the Island into two Estates when it was discovered The Land is partly Mountainous and partly in Plains fruitful in Wheat and Barley Along the Coast glide many streams of Fresh Water and along these streams are the Tarbais Trees crooked and soft which bear Gum of which is made pure white Salt In the Countrey besides the Palm Trees which bear Dates the Olive Trees Mastick Trees and the Orsolle a Grain for Dying there is a kind of Fig-tree from which they have Balm as white as Milk and which is of great vertue in Physick They make Cheese of their Goats Milk with which the Countrey is so well stocked that they may afford more then 50000 yearly and besides the profit made of their Skins and their Fat each Beast yielding 30 or 40 pound their Flesh is excellent The Ports of this Island are not proper but for smaller Vessels It s chief places towards the Sea are Forteventura Ricquerocque Chabras Baltarhays Lanegala Fozonegro and Tarafulo Most of which are well frequented by Merchants especially by the English who of late are incorporated into a joynt Fellowship and Stock and not only to this Isle but to all the Seven Canary Isles The Isle of Lancelotta LANCELOTTA is 16 or 18 Leagues long and 10 or 12 large The access to it is difficult on the North and West Coast the Countrey is plain towards the East and the Continent where its Town and Ports are as Cayas or Lancelotta Porto de Nayos and Port de Cavallos These last are near one to the other the Isle hath the same properties with that of Forteventura The Great Canary Isle The GREAT CANARY is almost equal in length and breadth which is about 18 or 20 Leagues It is the principal of these Islands both because of its greatness fertility and the goodness of its Air and because the Governor and Bishop of these Islands whose yearly Revenue is 12000 Ducats have their Residence in the City Canaria Its Inhabitants chief places fertility commodities and Trade which is fair its Inhabitants well clad and civil and how hard soever it rains its streets are dry being only Sand. It s other places are Tedele Galder Argores Gusa and Del Douze Ingennos or Twelve Sugar Engines This Island it exceeding fruitful and the Soyl so fertile that they have two Harvests in one year reaping their Wheat Barley and other Grains in February and May. Their Wheat excellent and its Bread very white but from the excellency of its Fruits as Oranges Citrons Pomegranates Figs Olives Apples Pears Peaches Melons Potato's and above all from its Wine which is far beyond that of Spain Which among all others bears the Bell with us in England From these we may judge of the goodness of the Island They have also several other good Commodities as Honey Wax Sugar-Canes Cheese and Wood in great abundance and breeds such plenty of Cattle that the Leather is not one of the least Commodities they vend to other Nations as Spain England Holland c. They have also store of Fowl it is well covered with Firr Trees Dragon Trees Palm Trees c. And its Rivers well filled with Fish but above all they have Plantons which delights in Water it is cut and shoots forth yearly into three or four Branches each Branch bears 30 or 40 Apples resembling a Cucumber they incline to black being ripe they eat more deliciously then any Comfit in the World The Isle of Teneriffe with its high Pike Teitha described TENERIFFE which some call Enfer is distant from the Grand Canary 16 or 18 Leagues towards the North-West It s utmost length is about 24 or 25 Leagues and 12 or 15 its greatest breadth The Land is raised in little Hills and towards the middle is the Pike of Teitha or Terreira a streight and round Mountain which reaches in height 45000 English paces which is 45 miles some make it not so high others higher but all agree that it is the highest Mountain in the World even so high that it may be seen in a clear day 60 Leagues distance at Sea and from the top of it a man may easily discover and count all the other Canary Islands though some of them be above 50 Leagues distance from this It often casts forth fire and Sulphur It s Summit is in form of a Sugar Loaf or sharp point called the Pike of Teneriffe For two or three miles about it are only Cinders and Pumice Stones two or three Miles lower all is covered with Snow throughout the year though there never fall any in those Islands and yet lower are found the great Trees Vintaico whose Wood is very weighty and never rots in Water Under these Trees Laurels cover almost 10 or 12 miles of the Countrey where the Singing Birds of the Canaries known among us by the name of Canary Birds warble their pleasant notes The foot of the Mountain casts forth divers Branches and extends it self into a good part of the Island which abounds more in Corn then any of the rest and sometimes it alone feeds them all
Port Royal it contains about twenty houses only serving for the conveniency of passage from Port Royal to St. Jago It s other places are Port Morant in the Eastern point Port Morant a very capacious and secure Harbour and hereabout is a Potent Colony of the English seated Old Harbour a good Bay for Ships to ride in Old Harbour Port Negril Port Negril in the extream Western point very commodious and secure to windward in which Men of War do often ply when they look for the Spanish Ships not far from which place was seated the old Town of Melilla founded by Columbus Port Antonio seated on the North Port Antonio a very safe Land lock't Harbour at the mouth of which lyeth a small Isle wholly taken up by the said Earl of Carlisle with divers other good Bays and Harbours along the Coast It s other chief places are Sevilla seated in the North part of the Isle Sevilla once beautified with a Collegiate Church whose Chief bore the title of Abbot amongst whom was Peter Martyr who described the History of the West Indies by Decades Mellilla And Mellilla seated on the North East where Columbus mended his Ships at his return from Veragua This Island was of considerable importance to the Spaniards by reason that all his Plate-Fleet which comes from Carthagina steer directly for St. Domingo in Hispaniola and from thence must pass by one of the ends of this Isle to recover Havana which is the common Rendezvous of this whole Armado before it returns home through the Gulph of Florida nor is there any other way whereby to miss this Island because he cannot in any reasonable time turn it up to the windward of Hispaniola which though with great difficulty it might be performed yet by this means he would lose the security of his said united Fleet which meet at Havana from all the parts of the Bay of Mexico Nombre de Dios and elsewhere accompanying each other home The Isle Boriquem with its chief places described BORIQVEM is little less either in Circuit or Fruitfulness than Jamaica St. Juan del Puerto Rico is the Residence of a Bishop and a Governor It hath an excellent Port which sometimes communicates its name to the Island El Arricibo and Guadianilla or St. Germain are the other Cities all the Isle hath few Ports it is traversed by a Chain of Mountains which cut it from West to East here is sound a white Gum which they use instead of Pitch to caulk their Ships and instead of Tallow to make Candles and for want of other Medicaments for Wounds and Sores besides its Gold Sugars and Gayac it hath many Salt-Marches These four Isles are the greatest and chiefest of the Antilles the rest are numerous and ought to be considered under the names of the Lucays and Caribes The Lucays are North of Cuba and Hispaniola of which Lucayon is the chief the greatest and the most Northernly of all Bahama gives its name to the Channel which is between the Isles and Florida a Channel so rapid that in despite of the Winds it carries Ships from South to North or rather from South-West to North-East Guanahani is the first Land which Columbus discovered near America and named in St. Salvador because he had been in danger to have been cast into the Sea by his own men in the fear they had that they should find no Land The CARIBE ISLES THE CARIBES or CANIBALS ISLANDS are so called from its Native Inhabitants who were Canibals or Men eaters and these are a great Body of Isles forming a Demy-Circle towards America Meridionalis the chief of which are set down in the Geographical Table and which I shall take notice of and first with Barbados BARBADOS the most considerable Colony the English are Masters of amongst all the Caribe Isles Barbados It s scituation is in the North Latitude of 13 degrees 20 minutes and although but of a small Circuit not exceeding eight Leagues in length and 5 in breadth where broadest yet it is a Potent Colony and able on occasion to Arm about 10000 Fighting men It s strength which with the natural strength of the Isle is able to give resistance to the powerfullest Foe It is exceeding fertil bearing Crops all the year long Fertility and the trees always cloathed in their Summer livery but the two seasons for Planting is in May and November but the Sugar Canes are Planted all the year round And here are found to grow in great plenty excellent Fruits as Oranges both sweet and sower Fruits Pomgranates Citrons Lemmons Limes Macows Grapes Juniper Apples Momins Acosous Papayers Monbains Icacos Raysins Cherries Cocos Indian Figgs Plantins Bonauves Guavers Castard Apples prickle Pears and Apples Millons both land and water and Pine Apples the rarest Fruit in the Indies They have great plenty of Fish and Fowl Fish and Cattle common with Jamaica and other places in the Indies and have also a competent stock of English Cattle and Horses but something dear by reason they imploy their Grounds better than to breed upon and most roots herbs and seeds and flowers common with us in England are found to thrive and grow very well The Commodities that this Isle produceth are Sugars Indico Cotton Wool Commodities Ginger Fustick and Logwood but especially Sugar Indico Cotton and Ginger lading yearly therewith 200 sail of Ships both great and small to the great enrichment of the Inhabitants and profit of England This Isle lying so near the Equinoctial Line cannot but be hot yet not so but that travel and labour is sufferable and that occasioned by the cool breezes of wind which riseth with the Sun and bloweth fresher as the Sun mounteth up And the Air is found very moist so that all Iron-tools are much subject to rust This Isle is not over plentifully watered with Rivers or fresh Springs there being but one that may appropriate that name or rather a Lake which runneth not far into the Land notwithstanding which defect the Inhabitants have no want of water for the Land lying low and even there are several Ponds and most houses have Wells or Cisterns which holds the rain water And here is a River called Tuigh-River remarkable for that on the top of the water is gathered an Oyl which is made use of to burn in Lamps Its Trees Amongst the Trees here growing which for the most part are appropriate to the rest of the Caribe Isles those of most note are the Cedar Redwood Mastick Locust the Iron wood tree also the Cassia Fistula Coloquintida Tamarind Cassavie of which is made their Bread the Poyson tree and the Physick Nut also the Calibash the Shell of whose Fruit serveth like Goards to carry liquid things in the Mangrass tree the Roucou of whose Bark is made Ropes as also Flax which being spun is imployed to several uses the Lignum Vitae and the Palmeto Here are several