which_o more_o proper_o belong_v to_o the_o consideration_n about_o heat_n where_o we_o have_v already_o handle_v it_o partly_o because_o our_o design_n in_o the_o follow_a collection_n be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o gather_v and_o set_v down_o observation_n that_o be_v obvious_a to_o any_o that_o be_v furnish_v with_o a_o mediocrity_n of_o attention_n as_o experiment_n purposely_o make_v in_o order_n to_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a and_o partly_o too_o because_o in_o this_o collection_n though_o we_o do_v as_o occasion_n serve_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o experiment_n and_o phaenomena_n that_o relate_v to_o cold_a in_o general_n or_o indefinite_o yet_o our_o chief_a work_n have_v be_v to_o find_v out_o and_o deliver_v the_o phaenomena_n of_o congelation_n or_o of_o that_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a which_o either_o do_v freeze_v the_o body_n it_o work_v upon_o or_o at_o least_o be_v capable_a of_o turn_v common_a water_n fit_o expose_v to_o it_o into_o ice_n and_o this_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o general_a advertisement_n about_o the_o ensue_a paper_n and_o consequent_o have_v premise_v it_o we_o shall_v without_o any_o further_a preamble_n proceed_v to_o the_o set_n down_o such_o thing_n as_o we_o have_v try_v and_o observe_v concern_v those_o matter_n beginning_n with_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o title_n prefix_v to_o the_o first_o part_n or_o section_n of_o our_o history_n 1._o the_o body_n that_o be_v cold_a enough_o to_o freeze_v other_o be_v in_o this_o climate_n of_o we_o but_o very_o few_o and_o among_o the_o most_o remarkable_a be_v a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o though_o little_o know_v and_o less_o use_v here_o in_o england_n be_v in_o italy_n and_o some_o other_o region_n much_o employ_v especial_o to_o cool_v drink_n and_o fruit_n which_o man_n may_v easy_o do_v by_o bury_v in_o this_o mixture_n glass_n or_o other_o convenient_a vessel_n fill_v either_o sole_o with_o wine_n or_o other_o drink_n or_o else_o with_o water_n that_o have_v immerse_v in_o it_o the_o fruit_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a 2._o the_o circumstance_n we_o be_v wont_n to_o observe_v in_o make_v and_o employ_v this_o mixture_n we_o shall_v hereafter_o in_o due_a place_n deliver_v and_o therefore_o here_o we_o shall_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o we_o can_v not_o find_v upon_o some_o trial_n that_o such_o glass_n fill_v with_o water_n as_o will_v be_v freeze_v easy_o enough_o by_o this_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v be_v in_o like_a manner_n freeze_v in_o case_n we_o employ_v snow_n alone_o without_o mingle_v any_o salt_n with_o it_o i_o deny_v not_o that_o it_o be_v very_o possible_a that_o in_o very_o cold_a country_n as_o well_o snow_n as_o beat_a ice_n may_v freeze_v water_n pour_v into_o the_o interval_n of_o its_o part_n but_o there_o be_v great_a odds_o betwixt_o water_n so_o intermingle_v with_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o only_o surround_v with_o it_o in_o a_o vessel_n where_o the_o water_n be_v as_o it_o be_v in_o 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enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v but_o that_o there_o be_v divers_a other_o salt_n each_o of_o which_o concur_v with_o snow_n be_v capable_a of_o produce_v the_o like_a effect_n for_o we_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o we_o can_v freeze_v water_n without_o the_o help_n of_o sea_n salt_n by_o substitute_v in_o its_o place_n either_o nitre_n or_o alum_n or_o vitriol_n or_o shall_v ammoniac_a or_o even_o sugar_n for_o either_o of_o those_o be_v mingle_v with_o a_o due_a proportion_n of_o snow_n will_v serve_v the_o turn_n though_o they_o do_v not_o seem_v equal_o to_o advance_v the_o congeal_a power_n of_o the_o snow_n nor_o scarce_o any_o of_o they_o do_v do_v it_o so_o well_o as_o sea_n salt_n but_o of_o this_o elsewhere_o more_o 4._o when_o we_o have_v make_v the_o new_o mention_v trial_n some_o particular_a conjecture_n we_o have_v long_o have_v about_o the_o nature_n of_o salt_n invite_v we_o to_o try_v whether_o votwithstand_v the_o comminution_n and_o consequent_a change_n produce_v in_o salt_n by_o distillation_n the_o saline_n corpuscle_n that_o abound_v in_o the_o distil_a liquor_n of_o those_o concretes_n as_o well_o as_o in_o their_o solution_n will_v not_o likewise_o by_o be_v mix_v with_o it_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v water_n at_o least_o in_o small_a and_o slender_a glass_n this_o we_o first_o go_v about_o to_o try_v with_o good_a spirit_n of_o salt_n but_o we_o find_v as_o we_o fear_v that_o though_o it_o make_v a_o sufficient_o quick_a dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n it_o wrought_v upon_o yet_o its_o fluidity_n hinder_v it_o from_o be_v retain_v long_o enough_o by_o the_o snow_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o which_o it_o will_v fall_v before_o they_o have_v stay_v so_o long_o together_o as_o be_v requisite_a to_o freeze_v so_o much_o as_o a_o little_a essence-bottle_n full_a of_o common_a water_n 5._o wherefore_o we_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o a_o expedient_a whereby_o to_o try_v the_o operation_n not_o only_o of_o those_o spirit_n but_o of_o divers_a other_o body_n which_o be_v unapt_a for_o a_o due_a commixture_n of_o snow_n after_o the_o way_n new_o mention_v or_o of_o which_o we_o have_v too_o little_a or_o value_v they_o too_o much_o to_o be_v willing_a to_o spend_v quantity_n of_o they_o upon_o these_o trial_n and_o this_o way_n that_o remain_v to_o be_v mention_v we_o somewhat_o the_o better_a like_v because_o the_o experiment_n make_v according_a to_o it_o will_v also_o prove_v experiment_n of_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o the_o extreme_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o glass_n and_o even_o in_o this_o way_n of_o try_v we_o do_v at_o first_o meet_v with_o a_o discouragement_n which_o lest_o it_o shall_v happen_v to_o other_o we_o shall_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o namely_o that_o have_v put_v a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o snow_n into_o a_o somewhat_o thick_a green_a glass_n vial_n though_o we_o copious_o 〈◊〉_d mix_v with_o it_o a_o somewhat_o weak_a spirit_n of_o salt_n be_v loath_a to_o employ_v the_o best_a we_o have_v and_o have_v well_o stop_v the_o vessel_n do_v careful_o 〈◊〉_d together_o and_o thereby_o agitate_v the_o mixture_n in_o it_o yet_o the_o glass_n appear_v only_o bedew_v upon_o the_o outside_n without_o have_v there_o any_o thing_n freeze_v but_o suspect_v that_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o glass_n may_v be_v that_o which_o hinder_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o include_v mixture_n we_o put_v snow_n and_o a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o the_o self_n same_o spirit_n of_o salt_n into_o a_o couple_n of_o thin_a vial_n one_o of_o which_o we_o close_v exact_o and_o the_o other_o negligent_o and_o have_v long_o shake_v they_o we_o find_v that_o what_o adhere_v to_o they_o on_o the_o outside_n be_v though_o but_o somewhat_o faint_o and_o thin_o freeze_v 6._o and_o as_o to_o this_o sort_n of_o experiment_n we_o shall_v here_o observe_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d all_o that_o the_o snow_n or_o ice_n include_v 〈◊〉_d with_o the_o saline_n ingredient_n whatever_o that_o be_v be_v always_o thaw_v within_o the_o glass_n and_o that_o consequent_o it_o be_v the_o condense_v vapour_n of_o the_o air_n or_o other_o liquor_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n which_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o mention_v these_o experiment_n we_o often_o use_v the_o word_n freeze_v in_o a_o transitive_a sense_n to_o signify_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n upon_o other_o body_n 7._o this_o premise_a let_v we_o proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o we_o afterward_o take_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o mix_v it_o with_o snow_n in_o such_o a_o other_o vial_n as_o that_o last_o mention_v we_o find_v its_o freeze_a power_n far_o great_a than_o that_o of_o spirit_n of_o salt_n and_o lest_o it_o shall_v be_v pretend_v that_o in_o these_o experiment_n the_o cold_a be_v not_o transmit_v
water_n we_o will_v easy_o be_v more_o certain_a of_o then_o if_o we_o have_v employ_v spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o this_o oil_n itself_o we_o rectify_v in_o a_o gentle_a heat_n to_o make_v it_o the_o more_o pure_a and_o subtle_a then_o we_o take_v a_o small_a round_a vessel_n of_o clear_a glass_n furnish_v with_o a_o convenient_o long_a stem_n or_o pipe_n and_o have_v first_o weigh_v the_o glass_n alone_o in_o a_o pair_n of_o very_o good_a scale_n we_o find_v it_o to_o weigh_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 56_o ½_o gr_n then_o put_v in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n till_o it_o fill_v the_o round_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o ascend_v a_o little_a way_n into_o the_o stem_n we_o careful_o mark_v with_o a_o diamond_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n how_o high_a it_o reach_v and_o then_o weigh_v the_o glass_n and_o the_o oil_n together_o which_o weigh_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 34_o ½_o gr_n than_o we_o put_v in_o by_o degree_n a_o quarter_n of_o a_o drachm_n and_o with_o a_o diamond_n careful_o mark_v how_o high_a it_o reach_v in_o the_o pipe_n and_o so_o we_o continue_v put_v in_o several_a quantity_n of_o oil_n still_o careful_o weigh_v each_o parcel_n in_o the_o scale_n and_o mark_v its_o height_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n which_o we_o do_v in_o order_n to_o a_o certain_a design_n and_o find_v it_o a_o work_n tedious_a and_o troublesome_a enough_o till_o the_o liquor_n and_o the_o glass_n together_o weigh_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 4_o ½_o grain_n then_o we_o put_v fair_a water_n into_o a_o open-mouthed_a glass_n in_o which_o we_o also_o place_v the_o little_a bolt-head_n with_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o by_o such_o a_o circumposition_n of_o salt_n and_o snow_n as_o be_v title_n hereafter_o to_o be_v often_o mention_v we_o make_v the_o water_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n and_o by_o which_o the_o spherical_a part_n of_o the_o bolt-head_n contain_v the_o oil_n be_v surround_v we_o make_v this_o water_n i_o say_v begin_v to_o freeze_v and_o when_o 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and_o last_o have_v deduct_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o glass_n from_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o whole_a oil_n and_o glass_n to_o obtain_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o oil_n alone_o and_o have_v divide_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o whole_a oil_n first_o by_o that_o of_o the_o former_a parcel_n we_o have_v mention_v to_o be_v ten_o grain_n and_o then_o by_o the_o superadded_a weight_n of_o the_o second_o parcel_n we_o take_v out_o both_o which_o parcel_n together_o we_o estimate_v at_o twenty_o grain_n we_o find_v that_o rectify_v oil_n of_o turpentine_n of_o a_o moderate_a temper_n be_v expose_v to_o such_o a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o will_v freeze_v common_a water_n do_v by_o by_o shrink_v lose_v but_o about_o a_o ninty_n four_o part_n of_o its_o bulk_n and_o be_v reduce_v to_o as_o great_a a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o we_o can_v bring_v it_o to_o by_o snow_n and_o salt_n even_o than_o it_o lose_v but_o about_o a_o forty_o seven_o part_n of_o its_o bulk_n i_o say_v about_o because_o i_o think_v it_o needless_a as_o well_o as_o tedious_a to_o mind_n fraction_n and_o little_a odd_a number_n especial_o since_o as_o we_o former_o intimate_v it_o be_v scarce_o possible_a to_o arrive_v at_o a_o great_a exactness_n in_o such_o a_o neck_n as_o that_o of_o our_o bolt-head_n though_o it_o be_v proportionable_a enough_o to_o the_o ball_n and_o choose_v among_o several_a that_o be_v purposely_o procure_v for_o the_o try_v of_o experiment_n 8._o there_o be_v some_o other_o trial_n about_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a which_o for_o want_v of_o ice_n and_o other_o accommodation_n we_o can_v not_o make_v as_o we_o will_v have_v do_v often_o nor_o shall_v scarce_o be_v able_a to_o do_v it_o till_o more_o friendly_a circumstance_n afford_v we_o a_o opportunity_n and_o yet_o because_o our_o trial_n though_o not_o prosecute_v as_o far_o as_o we_o think_v may_v possible_o prove_v not_o unwelcome_a we_o will_v subjoin_v something_o about_o two_o of_o the_o chief_a of_o they_o 9_o the_o one_o be_v design_v to_o measure_v in_o what_o proportion_n water_n of_o a_o moderate_a degree_n of_o coldness_n will_v be_v make_v to_o shrink_v by_o the_o circumposition_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n before_o it_o begin_v by_o congelation_n to_o expand_v itself_o of_o this_o what_o we_o shall_v here_o take_v notice_n be_v only_o that_o by_o a_o trial_n purposely_o make_v with_o common_a water_n in_o a_o round_a glass_n furnish_v with_o a_o long_a stem_n we_o find_v the_o water_n in_o that_o stem_n to_o subside_o so_o very_o little_a that_o whether_o or_o no_o it_o be_v insensible_a it_o be_v inconsiderable_a but_o probable_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n and_o a_o slendere_a stem_n will_v have_v make_v the_o shrink_n of_o the_o liquor_n more_o notable_a and_o upon_o that_o account_n it_o be_v that_o i_o here_o mention_v it._n 10._o the_o other_o thing_n be_v to_o measure_v by_o the_o differ_a weight_n and_o density_n of_o the_o same_o portion_n of_o water_n what_o change_n be_v produce_v in_o it_o betwixt_o the_o hot_a time_n of_o summer_n and_o first_o a_o glaciate_a degree_n of_o cold_a and_o then_o the_o high_a we_o can_v produce_v by_o art_n and_o in_o order_n to_o this_o we_o weigh_v with_o a_o pair_n of_o exact_a scale_n a_o glass_n bubble_v heavy_a than_o water_n in_o that_o liquor_n when_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v at_o a_o moderate_a temper_n as_o to_o coldness_n and_o by_o the_o diminution_n which_o we_o find_v of_o the_o glass_n weight_n in_o the_o water_n we_o easy_o collect_v according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o hydrostaticks_n the_o weight_n of_o as_o much_o water_n as_o be_v equal_a in_o bulk_n to_o the_o glass_n bubble_n and_o thereby_o the_o proportion_n betwixt_o the_o glass_n and_o a_o equal_a bulk_n of_o such_o water_n as_o we_o first_o weigh_v it_o in_o then_o by_o the_o application_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n we_o make_v that_o water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v and_o weigh_v in_o it_o again_o the_o same_o bubble_n it_o be_v easy_a to_o collect_v by_o the_o decrement_n of_o its_o weight_n in_o this_o refrigerated_a water_n what_o proportion_n a_o equal_a bulk_n of_o the_o liquor_n do_v then_o bear_v to_o the_o glass_n and_o by_o compare_v these_o two_o differ_v proportion_n together_o we_o be_v assist_v to_o make_v a_o estimate_n how_o much_o the_o water_n be_v make_v more_o heavy_a and_o dense_a by_o the_o action_n of_o a_o freeze_a degree_n of_o cold_a afterward_o take_v our_o time_n in_o summer_n we_o think_v fit_a in_o the_o same_o parcel_n of_o water_n that_o have_v be_v purposely_o reserve_v in_o a_o glass_n to_o weigh_v the_o same_o bubble_n that_o by_o the_o difference_n of_o its_o weight_n in_o the_o water_n when_o
freeze_v whereas_o the_o other_o egg_n that_o lie_v by_o upon_o the_o dry_a table_n have_v not_o only_o its_o whole_a white_a freeze_a into_o a_o consistent_a body_n but_o the_o yelk_n itself_o though_o we_o see_v no_o distinct_a particle_n of_o ice_n in_o it_o be_v grow_v so_o hard_o that_o it_o cut_v just_a like_o the_o yelk_n of_o a_o egg_n over_o boil_v and_o be_v cut_v quite_o through_o show_v we_o certain_a concentrical_a circle_n of_o somewhat_o differ_v colour_n with_o a_o speck_n much_o white_a than_o any_o of_o they_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o yelk_n which_o last_o circumstance_n whether_o they_o be_v accidental_a or_o no_o further_a observation_n must_v determine_v note_v that_o though_o we_o have_v not_o find_v above_o once_o that_o freeze_a egg_n will_v swim_v yet_o when_o we_o have_v break_v such_o egg_n the_o freeze_a white_a will_v swim_v but_o not_o the_o yelk_n 4._o we_o afterward_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n of_o lay_v two_o freeze_v egg_n near_o together_o 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in_o the_o glass_n than_o the_o eggs._n but_o none_o of_o these_o trial_n produce_v as_o we_o can_v perceive_v one_o grain_n of_o ice_n and_o be_v desirous_a to_o see_v whether_o the_o acid_n salt_n of_o vinegar_n or_o the_o cold_a in_o a_o well_o freeze_a egg_n will_v have_v the_o chief_a operation_n if_o those_o two_o body_n be_v put_v together_o i_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o the_o saline_n part_n of_o the_o vinegar_n begin_v to_o dissolve_v the_o eggshell_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o much_o alter_a colour_n of_o it_o but_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o egg_n be_v not_o able_a to_o freeze_v any_o part_n of_o the_o water_n or_o phlegm_n of_o the_o vinegar_n 8._o we_o have_v also_o thought_n of_o try_v whither_o or_o no_o piece_n of_o iron_n of_o several_a shape_n and_o bigness_n be_v for_o divers_a day_n and_o night_n expose_v to_o the_o freeze_a air_n and_o afterward_o immerse_v in_o water_n will_v produce_v any_o ice_n as_o freeze_a egg_n and_o apple_n do_v for_o the_o brittleness_n of_o the_o lath_n of_o stone-bow_n in_o sharp_a frost_n together_o with_o other_o observation_n elsewhere_o mention_v seem_v to_o argue_v that_o to_o use_v a_o popular_a phrase_n the_o frost_n do_v also_o get_v into_o these_o body_n and_o i_o have_v be_v assure_v by_o one_o who_o the_o trial_n i_o have_v make_v with_o egg_n and_o apple_n invite_v i_o to_o consult_v that_o a_o great_a cheese_n he_o immerse_v in_o water_n in_o a_o cold_a country_n be_v present_o cover_v over_o with_o ice_n but_o though_o as_o i_o say_v i_o have_v thought_n of_o make_v the_o above_o mention_v trial_n yet_o for_o want_v of_o a_o frost_n sufficient_o durable_a i_o be_v not_o able_a to_o effect_v what_o i_o design_v but_o thus_o much_o i_o try_v that_o though_o i_o keep_v good_a lump_n of_o iron_n and_o as_o i_o remember_v of_o other_o metal_n beside_o piece_n of_o glass_n and_o a_o stone_n or_o two_o of_o a_o convenient_a size_n in_o snow_n and_o salt_n i_o know_v not_o how_o much_o long_o 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expansion_n wr_v considerable_a since_o the_o water_n rise_v three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a in_o the_o stem_n though_o the_o whole_a water_n in_o the_o egg_n and_o stem_n too_o weigh_v but_o two_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a 〈◊〉_d the_o vessel_n have_v not_o be_v unlucky_o crack_v we_o shall_v have_v freeze_v the_o water_n once_o more_o and_o then_o seal_v up_o the_o glass_n hermetical_o and_o suffer_v the_o ice_n leisurely_o to_o thaw_v shall_v have_v invert_v it_o and_o break_v it_o under_o water_n and_o have_v proceed_v with_o it_o as_o we_o have_v do_v with_o some_o other_o glass_n in_o the_o former_o mention_v experiment_n 9_o a_fw-la little_a glass_n cylinder_n open_v only_a at_o one_o end_n of_o a_o convenient_a length_n be_v thrust_v into_o a_o deep_a and_o wide_a mouth'd-glass_n about_o half_n fill_v with_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n but_o the_o cylinder_n be_v neither_o so_o quite_o fill_v that_o the_o water_n shall_v run_v over_o nor_o yet_o far_o short_a of_o be_v 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with_o its_o opposite_a weight_n viii_o while_o it_o thus_o hang_v upon_o the_o thaw_v of_o the_o ice_n many_o bubble_n great_a and_o small_a ascend_v the_o great_a one_o with_o a_o wriggle_a motion_n and_o vanish_v at_o the_o top_n ix_o as_o the_o ice_n thaw_v the_o water_n and_o oil_n descend_v till_o the_o whole_a ice_n be_v return_v to_o water_n at_o which_o time_n we_o observe_v these_o two_o remarkable_a thing_n the_o one_o that_o the_o equilibrium_n remain_v the_o same_o the_o other_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a that_o the_o water_n be_v subside_v again_o as_o low_o as_o the_o first_o mark_n with_o which_o it_o be_v level_a before_o it_o begin_v to_o swell_v without_o fall_v beneath_o it_o notwithstanding_o the_o recess_n of_o such_o a_o multitude_n of_o bubble_n divers_a of_o which_o be_v very_o large_a x._o the_o glass_n be_v invert_v the_o seal_a end_n which_o be_v draw_v slender_a be_v gentle_o break_v under_o water_n of_o which_o some_o be_v impel_v in_o do_v sensible_o reduce_v the_o air_n at_o the_o opposite_a end_n into_o a_o narrow_a room_n and_o as_o one_o of_o the_o spectator_n observe_v into_o a_o much_o narrow_a which_o be_v consonant_a enough_o to_o reason_n xi_o the_o glass_n be_v again_o invert_v and_o hold_v till_o it_o be_v settle_v we_o find_v that_o the_o water_n draw_v in_o together_o with_o the_o water_n it_o find_v there_o and_o the_o oil_n possess_v the_o same_o place_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o mark_n in_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o receiver_n that_o they_o do_v when_o it_o be_v seal_v up_o xii_o and_o last_o have_v throw_v out_o the_o oil_n and_o employ_v where_o need_n be_v a_o little_a water_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n we_o have_v make_v use_n of_o all_o this_o while_n
invert_v the_o stem_n and_o break_v the_o neb_n under_o water_n we_o find_v about_o ten_o inch_n of_o water_n to_o have_v be_v impel_v into_o the_o stem_n so_o that_o in_o this_o there_o seem_v no_o generation_n of_o air._n 17._o to_o all_o these_o experiment_n we_o shall_v subjoin_v in_o two_o word_n that_o as_o in_o water_n so_o in_o some_o aqueous_a liquor_n we_o find_v that_o the_o icy_a bubble_n be_v not_o fill_v with_o air_n though_o we_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o measure_v their_o respective_a expansion_n by_o be_v congeal_v for_o in_o that_o elsewhere_o mention_a experiment_n where_o we_o expose_v milk_n urine_n and_o rhenish-wine_n to_o freeze_v when_o all_o those_o liquor_n be_v rise_v above_o their_o former_a mark_n as_o be_v there_o relate_v our_o note_n inform_v we_o that_o the_o experiment_n be_v thus_o prosecute_v 18._o be_v seal_v up_o the_o forego_v word_n mention_v the_o abovenamed_a expanded_a liquor_n and_o suffer_v to_o thaw_v the_o several_a liquor_n subside_v to_o their_o first_o mark_n or_o thereabouts_o and_o the_o glass_n be_v invert_v and_o break_v under_o water_n we_o be_v by_o a_o accident_n hinder_v from_o observe_v what_o we_o desire_v in_o that_o which_o have_v the_o wine_n though_o when_o it_o be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o freeze_a pot_n it_o have_v ice_n but_o not_o much_o swim_v in_o it_o but_o into_o the_o glass_n that_o have_v the_o milk_n the_o water_n be_v manifest_o impel_v by_o the_o outward_a air_n and_o so_o it_o be_v into_o the_o glass_n that_o have_v the_o urine_n which_o be_v remove_v from_o the_o basin_n and_o reinvert_v appear_v to_o have_v as_o much_o new_a liquor_n in_o its_o stem_n as_o amount_v by_o guess_n to_o five_o or_o six_o inch_n 19_o to_o which_o experiment_n we_o may_v add_v that_o another_o time_n a_o seal_a glass_n of_o partly_o freeze_a claret-wine_n be_v break_v under_o water_n the_o water_n be_v impel_v up_o between_o half_a a_o inch_n and_o a_o inch_n above_o the_o mark_n beyond_o which_o it_o will_v not_o have_v ascend_v if_o the_o bubble_n have_v be_v full_a of_o true_a and_o permanent_a air._n 20._o if_o it_o be_v say_v that_o though_o i_o have_v deliver_v too_o many_o particular_n about_o so_o empty_a and_o slight_a a_o theme_n as_o bubble_n i_o have_v this_o to_o answer_v that_o possible_o all_o these_o experiment_n have_v rather_o show_v we_o what_o it_o be_v not_o that_o fill_v they_o than_o what_o it_o be_v so_o that_o more_o than_o all_o these_o experiment_n appear_v requisite_a to_o clear_v up_o the_o difficulty_n about_o they_o i_o shall_v not_o think_v i_o have_v altogether_o mis-spend_v my_o time_n especial_o if_o so_o many_o past_a experiment_n both_o new_a and_o not_o altogether_o impertinent_a by_o their_o not_o have_v teach_v we_o enough_o about_o so_o despicable_a a_o subject_n as_o a_o bubble_n shall_v as_o they_o just_o may_v teach_v we_o humility_n title_n x._o experiment_n about_o the_o measure_n of_o the_o expansion_n and_o the_o contraction_n of_o liquor_n by_o cold._n 1._o to_o the_o experiment_n mention_v in_o the_o seven_o and_o nine_o title_n which_o show_n that_o water_n have_v a_o expansion_n it_o will_v be_v proper_a to_o subjoin_v some_o of_o those_o whereby_o we_o endeavour_v to_o measure_v that_o expansion_n and_o here_o we_o shall_v not_o content_v ourselves_o to_o say_v that_o whereas_o the_o author_n we_o have_v former_o occasion_n to_o point_n at_o take_v notice_n of_o their_o have_v raise_v water_n in_o a_o bolthead_a half_a a_o inch_n or_o a_o inch_n by_o freeze_a we_o have_v make_v it_o ascend_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o more_o this_o i_o say_v we_o shall_v pass_v by_o because_o that_o though_o by_o such_o experiment_n we_o have_v very_o clear_o and_o undeniable_o manifest_v the_o expansion_n of_o the_o water_n yet_o unless_o the_o capacity_n of_o the_o vessel_n be_v know_v they_o will_v signify_v but_o little_a towards_o the_o determine_v the_o quantity_n of_o that_o expansion_n which_o yet_o be_v the_o thing_n we_o be_v now_o inquire_v after_o wherefore_o we_o shall_v add_v that_o we_o employ_v two_o differ_a way_n to_o measure_v this_o expansion_n 2._o the_o one_o be_v by_o put_v in_o by_o weight_n such_o a_o number_n of_o ounce_n of_o water_n into_o a_o bolthead_n till_o the_o water_n be_v rise_v a_o pretty_a way_n in_o the_o long_a stem_n wherewith_o it_o be_v fill_v then_o mark_v on_o the_o outside_n to_o what_o height_n every_o fresh_o add_v ounce_n of_o water_n reach_v in_o the_o stem_n we_o afterward_o pour_v out_o a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o the_o liquor_n yet_o leave_v enough_o to_o fill_v the_o whole_a cavity_n of_o the_o spherical_a or_o obtuse_a end_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o of_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o stem_n then_o leisurely_o freeze_v this_o remain_a water_n from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o we_o observe_v that_o when_o it_o be_v freeze_v the_o ice_n that_o be_v make_v of_o 82._o part_n of_o water_n fill_v as_o one_o of_o our_o note_n inform_v we_o the_o space_n of_o 91._o and_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o the_o character_n a_o eight_o so_o that_o by_o this_o troublesome_a way_n of_o examination_n we_o find_v that_o the_o water_n by_o the_o expansion_n it_o receive_v from_o cold_a be_v make_v to_o possess_v about_o a_o nine_o part_v more_o space_n than_o it_o do_v before_o congelation_n 3._o in_o another_o of_o our_o note_n we_o find_v as_o follow_v 55_o part_n of_o water_n extend_v themselves_o by_o freeze_v into_o sixty_o and_o a_o half_a about_o six_o of_o those_o part_n remain_v unfrozen_a so_o that_o in_o this_o experiment_n the_o water_n expansion_n be_v not_o much_o though_o somewhat_o differ_v from_o what_o it_o be_v in_o that_o last_o mention_v 4._o the_o other_o way_n we_o make_v use_v of_o to_o measure_v the_o dimension_n that_o water_n gain_v by_o freeze_a be_v to_o take_v a_o cylindrical_a pipe_n of_o glass_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n and_o leave_v open_a at_o the_o other_o at_o which_o we_o fill_v it_o with_o water_n to_o a_o certain_a height_n that_o we_o take_v notice_n of_o by_o a_o mark_n apply_v to_o the_o outside_n and_o then_o keep_v it_o in_o a_o erect_a posture_n and_o freeze_a it_o from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o we_o find_v that_o it_o have_v acquire_v by_o a_o ten_o part_n or_o thereabouts_o great_a dimension_n in_o the_o form_n of_o ice_n than_o it_o possess_v in_o the_o form_n of_o water_n but_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o particular_a parcel_n of_o liquor_n expose_v to_o the_o cold_a for_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a that_o all_o water_n shall_v be_v equal_o dispose_v to_o be_v expanded_a by_o freeze_a and_o some_o other_o circumstance_n not_o now_o to_o be_v discourse_v of_o may_v well_o beget_v some_o little_a variety_n in_o the_o success_n of_o this_o sort_n of_o trial_n for_o in_o one_o that_o we_o make_v careful_o we_o find_v the_o expansion_n somewhat_o great_a than_o that_o last_o mention_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o follow_a note_n which_o compare_v with_o what_o be_v late_o deliver_v of_o the_o trial_n we_o make_v by_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n expansion_n may_v invite_v we_o to_o think_v that_o we_o can_v much_o err_v by_o estimate_v in_o general_a that_o the_o room_n that_o ice_n take_v up_o more_o than_o water_n amount_v to_o about_o a_o nine_o part_n of_o the_o space_n possess_v by_o the_o same_o water_n before_o it_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n the_o note_n we_o be_v speak_v of_o be_v this_o 5._o in_o a_o more_o than_o ordinary_o even_o cylindrical_a glass_n we_o expose_v some_o water_n to_o freeze_v to_o measure_v its_o intumescence_n and_o find_v that_o it_o expanded_a its_o self_n to_o about_o a_o eight_o part_n or_o at_o least_o a_o nine_o upon_o glaciation_n this_o we_o try_v twice_o and_o think_v that_o the_o intumescence_n may_v have_v be_v more_o considerable_a but_o that_o in_o a_o cylinder_n the_o freeze_v do_v not_o seem_v to_o succeed_v so_o well_o but_o here_o we_o must_v resolve_v a_o difficulty_n which_o though_o ordinary_a reader_n may_v take_v no_o notice_n of_o yet_o may_v breed_v a_o scruple_n in_o the_o mind_n of_o those_o that_o be_v acquaint_v with_o hydrostaticks_n for_o to_o such_o reader_n this_o account_n of_o we_o may_v seem_v to_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o experience_n of_o navigator_n into_o cold_a climate_n who_o tell_v we_o as_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o take_v notice_n in_o due_a place_n of_o vast_a piece_n of_o ice_n as_o high_a not_o only_o as_o the_o poop_n of_o their_o ship_n but_o as_o the_o mast_n of_o they_o and_o yet_o the_o depth_n of_o these_o stupendous_a piece_n of_o ice_n seem_v not_o at_o all_o answerable_a to_o what_o it_o may_v be_v suppose_v to_o be_v in_o case_n we_o compare_v together_o the_o
nitre_n alone_o without_o speak_v of_o either_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o in_o the_o other_o place_n not_o only_o his_o word_n seem_v to_o import_v that_o contentam_fw-la notwithstanding_o the_o addition_n of_o the_o other_o ingredient_n the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n expire_a out_o of_o the_o mixture_n and_o penetrate_v into_o the_o water_n be_v they_o that_o make_v it_o freeze_v but_o the_o exigence_n of_o his_o discourse_n seem_v to_o require_v such_o a_o interpretation_n for_o to_o say_v it_o be_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n that_o be_v harbour_v in_o the_o ice_n or_o snow_n that_o freeze_v the_o water_n they_o invade_v be_v no_o better_a than_o to_o beg_v the_o question_n for_o beside_o that_o he_o ought_v to_o prove_v that_o there_o be_v multitude_n of_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o nitre_n lodge_v in_o snow_n and_o ice_n beside_o this_o i_o say_v since_o these_o two_o body_n be_v say_v to_o be_v water_n before_o they_o be_v congeal_v to_o grant_v what_o his_o explication_n suppose_v about_o ice_n and_o snow_n be_v to_o grant_v in_o effect_n that_o nitre_n alone_o without_o ice_n or_o snow_n can_v turn_v water_n into_o ice_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n that_o experience_n warrant_v we_o late_o to_o deny_v and_o if_o this_o be_v all_o that_o be_v mean_v by_o the_o experiment_n the_o mix_n of_o nitre_n with_o the_o ice_n or_o the_o snow_n will_v signify_v very_o little_a to_o evince_v what_o shall_v be_v prove_v for_o if_o instead_o of_o nitre_n you_o take_v sea-salt_n or_o the_o spirit_n of_o salt_n nay_o the_o inflammable_a part_n of_o wine_n the_o experiment_n will_v succeed_v and_o yet_o i_o think_v gassendus_fw-la will_v not_o have_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o these_o body_n to_o be_v frigorifick_a like_o those_o of_o nitre_n which_o yet_o they_o may_v be_v prove_v to_o be_v by_o the_o same_o argument_n which_o be_v employ_v to_o show_v that_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n which_o be_v add_v as_o a_o distinct_a ingredient_n to_o the_o ice_n or_o to_o the_o snow_n be_v the_o efficient_n of_o the_o congelation_n 25._o have_v thus_o examine_v gassendus_fw-la he_o experiment_n we_o will_v now_o as_o our_o next_o and_o last_o argument_n touch_v this_o subject_n subjoin_v our_o own_o as_o far_o as_o we_o can_v find_v any_o of_o they_o among_o our_o note_n some_o of_o which_o follow_v in_o these_o word_n 26._o as_o cold_a as_o they_o think_v salt-petre_a to_o be_v who_o teach_v its_o spirituous_a part_n to_o be_v the_o grand_a and_o catholic_n efficient_n of_o cold_a yet_o we_o find_v that_o it_o will_v dissolve_v ice_n ready_o enough_o as_o well_o as_o sea-salt_n etc._n etc._n be_v wont_a to_o do_v as_o we_o collect_v from_o this_o that_o roch_v petre_n mingle_v with_o ice_n will_v freeze_v the_o vapour_n wander_v in_o the_o air_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o single_a vial_n wherein_o we_o make_v the_o experiment_n which_o the_o ice_n alone_o will_v not_o have_v do_v and_o have_v place_v some_o 〈◊〉_d sie_a beat_a nitre_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n in_o little_a heap_n here_o and_o there_o upon_o plate_n of_o ice_n we_o manifest_o find_v they_o to_o sink_v into_o the_o ice_n which_o argue_v their_o dissolve_v it_o and_o have_v put_v some_o of_o it_o upon_o a_o thick_a and_o smooth_a piece_n of_o ice_n we_o find_v that_o it_o have_v 〈◊〉_d a_o hole_n quite_o through_o it_o while_o the_o surround_v part_n of_o the_o ice_n remain_v of_o a_o good_a thickness_n 27._o we_o take_v a_o large_a single_a vial_n almost_o full_a of_o water_n and_o put_v it_o into_o as_o much_o roch_v petre_n as_o by_o keep_v it_o a_o good_a while_n by_o the_o fire_n side_n we_o can_v dissolve_v in_o it_o of_o which_o one_o mark_n be_v that_o there_o remain_v a_o pretty_a deal_n of_o salt_n entire_a 〈◊〉_d the_o bottom_n of_o the_o liquor_n this_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n during_o a_o extreme_o sharp_a night_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o day_n the_o solution_n be_v 〈◊〉_d so_o hard_o to_o the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o liquor_n that_o have_v break_v the_o glass_n we_o can_v hardly_o break_v the_o include_v mass_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n there_o 〈◊〉_d pear_v some_o liquor_n with_o crystal_n of_o nitre_n well_o figure_v that_o seem_v to_o have_v shoot_v in_o it_o and_o argue_v the_o water_n to_o be_v sufficient_o impreguate_v with_o the_o salt_n 28._o as_o for_o the_o spirituous_a part_n of_o nitre_n so_o far_o forth_o as_o their_o temper_n as_o to_o heat_n or_o cold_a can_v be_v judge_v by_o distillation_n and_o by_o weather-glass_n they_o be_v not_o actual_o more_o cold_a than_o some_o other_o liquor_n and_o appear_v rather_o to_o be_v potential_o 〈◊〉_d then_o cold_a at_o least_o they_o seem_v indispose_v to_o turn_v water_n into_o ice_n since_o we_o have_v 〈◊〉_d that_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n will_v ready_o enough_o turn_v ice_n into_o water_n 29._o these_o three_o forego_v 〈◊〉_d show_v that_o salt-petre_a be_v no_o such_o 〈◊〉_d derful_o cold_a body_n but_o that_o 〈◊〉_d be_v other_o cold_a as_o be_v able_a to_o freeze_v water_n which_o nitre_n can_v not_o congeal_v nay_o they_o manifest_a that_o nitre_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a of_o ice_n do_v thaw_v and_o dissolve_v it_o and_o so_o seem_v at_o least_o in_o reference_n to_o it_o to_o be_v rather_o hot_a then_o cold_a 30._o i_o shall_v now_o add_v one_o note_n more_o to_o show_v it_o do_v not_o always_o make_v water_n so_o much_o as_o equal_o cold_a with_o the_o common_a air_n the_o experiment_n i_o find_v thus_o record_v 31._o we_o take_v a_o seal_a weatherglass_n 1._o and_o by_o a_o little_a pulley_n fasten_v to_o a_o frame_n suspend_v it_o in_o a_o solution_n of_o roch'd-petre_n as_o strong_a as_o we_o can_v make_v it_o without_o heat_n as_o appear_v by_o a_o pretty_a quantity_n of_o nitre_n that_o have_v continue_v some_o day_n undissolved_a in_o the_o vessel_n which_o be_v a_o beer-glass_n with_o a_o flat_a bottom_n after_o the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n have_v be_v suspend_v in_o this_o liquor_n to_o try_v whether_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n be_v not_o at_o this_o time_n cold_o than_o the_o liquor_n it_o be_v a_o cloudy_a and_o windy_a day_n and_o betwixt_o the_o hour_n of_o 11._o and_o 12._o though_o both_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o it_o have_v stand_v some_o day_n in_o the_o same_o place_n i_o lift_v up_o the_o glass_n out_o of_o the_o water_n by_o the_o string_n it_o hang_v by_o that_o i_o may_v not_o touch_v it_o with_o my_o warm_a hand_n and_o find_v the_o liquor_n in_o the_o glass_n to_o descend_v by_o degree_n about_o two_o division_n which_o be_v eight_o of_o a_o inch_n and_o then_o by_o the_o string_n lift_v up_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o put_v again_o the_o solution_n of_o nitre_n under_o it_o the_o include_v liquor_n be_v impel_v up_o again_o two_o division_n and_o sometime_o two_o division_n and_o a_o half_a for_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o the_o more_o full_o i_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n several_a time_n and_o observe_v that_o the_o include_v 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i_o mean_v the_o heat_n of_o quicklime_n in_o cold_a water_n i_o confess_v i_o can_v but_o admire_v the_o laziness_n and_o credulity_n of_o mankind_n which_o have_v so_o long_o and_o general_o acquiesce_v in_o what_o they_o may_v so_o easy_o have_v find_v to_o be_v false_a this_o i_o say_v because_o i_o be_v possible_o the_o first_o that_o have_v have_v both_o the_o curiosity_n and_o boldness_n to_o examine_v so_o general_a and_o constant_a a_o tradition_n yet_o i_o doubt_v not_o that_o you_o will_v soon_o be_v bring_v to_o take_v it_o as_o well_o as_o i_o for_o as_o great_a as_o popular_a a_o error_n for_o to_o let_v you_o manifest_o see_v how_o little_a the_o incalescence_n of_o the_o quicklime_n need_v be_v allow_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la water_n if_o instead_o of_o cold_a water_n you_o quench_v it_o with_o hot_a water_n the_o ebullition_n of_o the_o liquor_n will_v not_o only_o be_v as_o great_a as_o if_o the_o water_n be_v cold_a but_o 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deliver_v a_o matter_n of_o fact_n of_o which_o if_o it_o be_v not_o true_a the_o falsity_n can_v be_v so_o easy_o discover_v 16._o carneades_n for_o my_o part_n eleutherius_fw-la i_o confess_v i_o be_o wont_a to_o doubt_v of_o what_o they_o teach_v that_o seldom_o or_o never_o doubt_v and_o i_o hope_v you_o will_v forgive_v i_o if_o have_v find_v a_o assertion_n so_o general_a and_o uncontrolled_a of_o a_o falsity_n so_o easy_a to_o be_v disprove_v i_o be_v inclinable_a to_o suspect_v the_o truth_n of_o their_o other_o inferior_a tradition_n about_o antiperistasis_n and_o of_o these_o i_o will_v mention_v the_o two_o chief_a i_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o the_o modern_n for_o be_v contrive_v experiment_n i_o presume_v you_o will_v easy_o believe_v they_o come_v not_o from_o aristotle_n nor_o the_o ancient_a schoolman_n that_o comment_v upon_o he_o 17._o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v the_o freeze_a a_o pot_n to_o a_o joynt-stool_n by_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n by_o 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mixture_n and_o that_o the_o water_n rise_v high_a with_o then_o without_o they_o i_o find_v also_o that_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n alone_o mix_v with_o snow_n or_o ice_n have_v the_o same_o effect_n though_o not_o so_o powerful_a one_o affirm_v that_o saltpetre_n dissolve_v in_o water_n and_o put_v into_o a_o bolt-head_n and_o long_o agitate_a not_o only_o cool_v the_o hand_n exceed_o which_o be_v very_o true_a but_o also_o convert_v it_o to_o ice_n yea_o in_o the_o very_a summer_n month_n which_o answer_v not_o my_o trial_n though_o keep_v a_o whole_a hour_n in_o that_o agitation_n in_o the_o hard_a season_n this_o follow_a experiment_n also_o i_o add_v propose_v to_o i_o i_o fill_v a_o bolt-head_n contain_v a_o quart_n of_o water_n and_o set_v it_o in_o a_o iron_n pan_n surround_v it_o on_o every_o side_n with_o snow_n which_o cover_v also_o part_n of_o the_o neck_n and_o then_o set_v the_o kettle_n over_o the_o fire_n and_o take_v now_o and_o then_o the_o bolt-head_n from_o the_o 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ice_n or_o two_o contiguous_a one_o for_o in_o both_o the_o water_n will_v run_v exceed_o fast_o and_o this_o syphon_n soon_o empty_v all_o the_o water_n out_o a_o second_o use_n be_v for_o refraction_n whereof_o mr._n hook_n have_v give_v you_o already_o a_o learned_a demonstration_n and_o i_o have_v form_v some_o smooth_a ice_n into_o various_a figure_n like_o most_o of_o those_o mention_v by_o the_o dioptrick_a writer_n the_o 〈◊〉_d be_v the_o very_a same_o as_o in_o the_o like_a figure_a glass_n but_o how_o des-cartes_n make_v dioptrick_a glass_n of_o it_o i_o know_v not_o especial_o to_o make_v use_n of_o they_o and_o last_o you_o may_v make_v a_o speculum_fw-la of_o it_o especial_o if_o a_o piece_n of_o black_a paper_n be_v place_v behind_o it_o and_o if_o you_o hold_v a_o candle_n at_o a_o convenient_a distance_n there_o will_v appear_v very_o many_o speculum_n to_o your_o eye_n according_a to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o bubble_n contain_v in_o the_o ice_n but_o i_o can_v not_o observe_v any_o heat_n proceed_v from_o ice_n though_o cut_v in_o the_o true_a figure_n for_o burning-glass_n and_o expose_v in_o naked_a ice_n but_o freeze_v in_o spherical_a glass_n it_o will_v heat_v a_o little_a i_o shall_v here_o subjoin_v some_o proposition_n of_o learned_a bartholinus_n take_v from_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr nive_n be_v near_o to_o the_o former_a argument_n who_o affirm_v 1._o that_o the_o more_o subtle_a distil_a spirit_n gain_v a_o clear_a splendour_n and_o elegancy_n from_o snow_n place_v about_o they_o 2._o that_o the_o ray_n from_o snow_n new_o fall_v glitter_n and_o excel_v in_o a_o kind_n of_o splendour_n wherewith_o the_o eye_n be_v dazzle_v both_o these_o be_v true_a and_o have_v but_o one_o common_a cause_n usz_n the_o multitude_n of_o reflection_n cause_v by_o the_o infinite_a globuli_fw-la whereof_o every_o flake_n of_o snow_n consist_v 3._o that_o he_o see_v cabbage_n grow_v in_o his_o garden_n putrify_v on_o that_o part_n which_o be_v above_o the_o snow_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o frost_n alone_o with_o or_o without_o snow_n have_v this_o effect_n on_o cabbage_n be_v of_o the_o tribe_n of_o succulent_a plant_n and_o i_o observe_v that_o this_o year_n 1644._o our_o great_a houseleek_n or_o american_n aloe_n usual_o hang_v up_o in_o house_n keep_v in_o a_o upper_a room_n be_v total_o destroy_v by_o the_o cold_a and_o that_o apple_n will_v 〈◊〉_d i_o have_v say_v before_o and_o housewife_n to_o prevent_v the_o rot_a of_o onion_n common_o hang_v they_o up_o in_o their_o kitchen_n or_o keep_v they_o in_o oven_n or_o some_o close_a place_n and_o this_o present_a year_n 1662._o i_o see_v at_o mr._n box_n the_o eminent_a druggist_n house_n abundance_n of_o squils_n or_o sea-onion_n quite_o rot_v they_o be_v lay_v not_o in_o a_o open_a but_o close_a garret_n 4._o when_o snow_n melt_v by_o the_o sun_n heat_n copious_a vapour_n from_o the_o earth_n cloud_n the_o sun_n he_o shall_v rather_o have_v say_v vapour_n from_o the_o melt_a snow_n and_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n that_o vapour_n cloud_v the_o sun_n 5._o snow_n melt_v and_o fall_v off_o from_o ivy._n i_o have_v observe_v all_o the_o sort_n of_o ivy_n and_o ever-greens_a with_o we_o and_o some_o bite_a plant_n too_o but_o find_v in_o they_o all_o the_o contrary_a to_o what_o be_v here_o assert_v nay_o no_o difference_n have_v be_v observe_v even_o in_o hoar_a frost_n which_o fall_v equal_o and_o continue_v on_o all_o sort_n of_o plant_n 6._o he_o exclude_v not_o a_o small_a portion_n of_o earth_n from_o snow_n though_o pure_a which_o say_v he_o be_v manifest_a from_o distillation_n this_o experiment_n i_o have_v find_v true_a by_o evaporation_n which_o be_v tantamount_n to_o distillation_n and_o indeed_o all_o melt_a snow_n leave_v a_o earthy_a and_o foul_a settle_v behind_o it_o 7._o viscosity_n with_o softness_n be_v great_a in_o new_a then_o in_o old_a snow_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v bring_v into_o a_o mass_n viscosity_n in_o it_o i_o understand_v not_o its_o softness_n indeed_o be_v manifest_a too_o by_o the_o track_n of_o beast_n which_o appear_v more_o fair_a the_o snow_n not_o rise_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o impression_n make_v by_o their_o foot_n as_o it_o do_v in_o old_a but_o retain_v their_o perfect_a character_n 8._o watercress_n and_o scurvigrass_n grow_v under_o the_o snow_n in_o garden_n i_o apprehend_v not_o that_o any_o plant_n whatsoever_o grow_v at_o all_o in_o hard_a season_n my_o meaning_n be_v that_o no_o plant_n acquire_v any_o great_a bulk_n of_o quantity_n but_o keep_v at_o a_o stand_v only_o and_o this_o countryman_n affirm_v of_o grass_n and_o corn_n and_o gardiner_n of_o other_o plant_n it_o be_v true_a many_o plant_n will_v upon_o thaw_v show_v a_o fine_a verdure_n and_o if_o warm_a weather_n present_o follow_v all_o vegetable_n will_v thrive_v exceed_o for_o how_o they_o shall_v thus_o grow_v when_o their_o nourish_a liquor_n be_v congeal_v and_o consequent_o become_v immovable_a i_o understand_v not_o 9_o air_n be_v include_v in_o snow_n which_o this_o way_n of_o i_o to_o make_v snow_n full_o convince_v i_o take_v the_o white_n of_o egg_n and_o beat_v they_o in_o the_o open_a air_n with_o a_o spoon_n into_o a_o frothy_a consistence_n as_o woman_n do_v to_o make_v their_o snow_n posset_n and_o then_o take_v a_o little_a of_o this_o substance_n and_o lay_v it_o on_o a_o trencher_n it_o soon_o become_v plain_a flake_n of_o snow_n so_o that_o none_o that_o see_v they_o can_v judge_v otherwise_o another_o accidental_a experiment_n prove_v the_o same_o for_o have_v put_v water_n into_o a_o tube_n and_o have_v long_o and_o strong_o agitate_a it_o there_o arise_v many_o bubble_n at_o the_o top_n which_o soon_o freeze_v my_o agitation_n cease_v become_v perfect_a snow_n and_o now_o have_v here_o set_v down_o the_o way_n of_o counterfeit_v at_o least_o if_o not_o of_o make_v snow_n i_o will_v add_v how_o a_o pruina_fw-la or_o hoar_a frost_n also_o may_v be_v imitate_v i_o take_v a_o pail_n fill_v with_o warm_a water_n and_o hang_v over_o it_o hair_n moss_n and_o a_o piece_n of_o rosemary_n now_o the_o atomical_a vapour_n rise_v from_o the_o water_n fix_v themselves_o on_o the_o moss_n hair_n and_o rosemary_n become_v on_o they_o a_o perfect_a hoar_a frost_n the_o like_a be_v daily_o see_v on_o the_o beard_n and_o hair_n of_o man_n and_o horse_n travel_v in_o cold_a winter_n night_n or_o morning_n proceed_v from_o their_o breath_n steam_n of_o their_o body_n or_o moist_a atom_n of_o the_o air._n i_o try_v also_o to_o make_v hail_n with_o drop_n of_o water_n but_o can_v not_o hit_v on_o it_o for_o they_o will_v never_o become_v white_a whence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o hail_n be_v not_o drop_n of_o rain_n suffer_v glaciation_n in_o the_o
a_o far_o deep_a colour_n and_o bitter_a taste_n in_o the_o middle_n and_o towards_o the_o bottom_n then_o towards_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o and_o whereas_o barclay_n relate_v that_o king_n james_n be_v in_o denmark_n to_o fetch_v his_o queen_n thence_o in_o the_o winter_n season_n have_v his_o nose_n and_o ear_n in_o danger_n of_o gangreen_v which_o be_v timely_o perceive_v by_o some_o of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n nobility_n they_o cause_v the_o part_n to_o be_v rub_v with_o snow_n and_o so_o the_o danger_n be_v avoid_v the_o same_o traveller_n affirm_v that_o in_o the_o northern_a part_n where_o man_n become_v stiff_a with_o cold_a and_o almost_o freeze_v to_o death_n that_o they_o rub_v the_o freeze_a part_n with_o snow_n or_o else_o cast_v the_o whole_a body_n into_o water_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o whole_a body_n be_v crust_v over_o with_o ice_n as_o egg_n and_o apple_n be_v as_o if_o the_o freeze_a atom_n do_v pass_v from_o the_o body_n freeze_v into_o the_o water_n or_o snow_n and_o this_o way_n of_o cure_v gangrene_n from_o cold_a sennertus_n do_v prescribe_v to_o make_v some_o experiment_n hereof_o i_o expose_v flesh_n and_o fish_n and_o find_v that_o by_o immerse_v they_o into_o water_n they_o soon_o become_v more_o limber_a and_o flexible_a and_o more_o easy_o yield_v to_o the_o knife_n and_o compass_v with_o a_o crust_n of_o ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o about_o half_a a_o crown_n manifest_a token_n of_o their_o thaw_v and_o be_v cut_v they_o discover_v nothing_o of_o ice_n in_o they_o this_o for_o more_o certainty_n i_o often_o reiterated_a as_o also_o in_o egg_n and_o apple_n above_o a_o dozen_o time_n and_o never_o fail_v of_o unthaw_v they_o by_o this_o way_n it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v if_o you_o immerse_v the_o flesh_n fish_n egg_n or_o apple_n deep_a into_o the_o water_n no_o ice_n will_v appear_v on_o their_o outside_n but_o only_o when_o you_o hold_v they_o near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n as_o to_o the_o persian_a experiment_n mention_v by_o olearius_n of_o make_v huge_a heap_n of_o ice_n to_o be_v preserve_v for_o cool_v of_o their_o drink_n i_o observe_v that_o by_o pour_v water_n into_o a_o open_a pan_n or_o into_o a_o flask_n gradual_o some_o at_o one_o time_n some_o at_o another_o i_o can_v quick_o freeze_v by_o this_o way_n a_o whole_a flaskfull_a when_o near_o half_a of_o a_o flask_n fill_v at_o one_o though_o help_v by_o art_n be_v unfrozen_a i_o observe_v also_o that_o the_o ditch_n betwixt_o southwark_n and_o redderiff_n have_v acquire_v a_o exceed_a thickness_n of_o ice_n cause_v by_o the_o flow_a of_o the_o water_n in_o they_o at_o full_a tide_n for_o new_a water_n be_v bring_v in_o by_o the_o tide_n be_v there_o congeal_v to_o the_o thickness_n of_o some_o inch_n every_o ebb_a and_o flow_v i_o observe_v also_o the_o ice_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o thames_n above_o two_o yard_n thick_a the_o inhabitant_n tell_v i_o they_o have_v see_v it_o three_o or_o four_o yard_n thick_a which_o thus_o come_v to_o pass_v the_o tide_n flow_v in_o and_o meet_v with_o great_a flake_n of_o ice_n drive_v they_o to_o the_o bank_n and_o lodge_v they_o on_o the_o ice_n there_o freeze_v which_o flake_n unite_n there_o with_o the_o former_a ice_n raise_v it_o to_o that_o excessive_a height_n or_o thickness_n beside_o every_o one_o may_v observe_v in_o london_n street_n and_o elsewhere_o in_o channel_n where_o no_o constant_a current_n be_v that_o water_n come_v from_o the_o house_n soon_o fill_v the_o channel_n with_o thick_a ice_n for_o run_v but_o a_o little_a at_o a_o time_n it_o freeze_v almost_o as_o fast_o as_o it_o come_v thither_o nay_o i_o have_v see_v ice_n of_o some_o yard_n thickness_n in_o such_o place_n where_o a_o small_a rill_n or_o stream_n of_o water_n gentle_o fall_v on_o the_o side_n of_o a_o hill_n among_o those_o thing_n that_o will_v freeze_v mortar_n and_o plaster_n of_o paris_n be_v omit_v and_o thence_o it_o be_v that_o plasterer_n and_o bricklayer_n play_v all_o the_o winter_n my_o lord_n verulam_n in_o his_o natural_a history_n and_o some_o from_o he_o have_v affirm_v to_o i_o that_o apple_n and_o egg_n cover_v with_o a_o wet_a cloth_n will_v not_o freeze_v but_o i_o find_v no_o difference_n in_o those_o that_o be_v thus_o cover_v and_o they_o that_o be_v not_o add_v to_o those_o that_o sink_v upon_o congelation_n all_o oil_n from_o animal_n and_o from_o vegetable_n that_o be_v extract_v by_o expression_n or_o boil_a add_v to_o those_o that_o freeze_v not_o water_n and_o sugar_n boil_v to_o the_o consistence_n of_o a_o syrup_n and_o also_o all_o other_o syrup_n none_o whereof_o i_o can_v ever_o take_v notice_n or_o learn_v by_o other_o that_o they_o will_v freeze_v it_o be_v true_a that_o water_n have_v a_o equal_a quantity_n of_o sugar_n dissolve_v in_o it_o will_v freeze_v but_o with_o a_o little_a more_o mix_v therewith_o freeze_v not_o to_o try_v the_o effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o lodestone_n i_o expose_v several_a of_o they_o in_o the_o open_a air_n and_o also_o within_o room_n in_o the_o most_o severe_a weather_n the_o needle_n be_v keep_v in_o a_o warm_a place_n at_o other_o time_n i_o expose_v the_o needle_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n keep_v the_o stone_n warm_a at_o other_o time_n both_o be_v expose_v but_o in_o none_o of_o my_o experiment_n can_v i_o conclude_v any_o thing_n certain_a to_o their_o attractive_a faculty_n for_o the_o sphere_n of_o their_o activity_n be_v find_v to_o be_v sometime_o great_a and_o sometime_o less_o to_o a_o considerable_a difference_n in_o ten_o several_a good_a stone_n employ_v for_o this_o purpose_n i_o assay_v also_o to_o find_v out_o a_o standard_n of_o cold_a whereby_o to_o fit_v the_o tinged_a spirit_n of_o wine_n for_o the_o weather-glass_n and_o to_o that_o end_n make_v use_v of_o conduit_n water_n and_o the_o distil_a water_n of_o plantain_n poppy_n blackcherry_n nightshade_n scurvigrass_n and_o horse-raddish_n all_o which_o be_v first_o place_v in_o the_o same_o room_n where_o a_o fire_n be_v keep_v and_o then_o remove_v and_o measure_v out_o into_o spoon_n in_o equal_a quantity_n and_o also_o a_o drop_n of_o they_o drop_v on_o the_o same_o bench_n but_o though_o this_o be_v often_o try_v i_o can_v not_o make_v any_o sure_a inference_n from_o they_o only_o i_o observe_v that_o the_o blackcherry_n water_n do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v first_o but_o the_o other_o with_o very_o great_a uncertainty_n the_o horse-raddish_n and_o scurvigrass_n water_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v last_o the_o best_a way_n to_o discover_v the_o very_a beginning_n of_o freeze_a of_o liquor_n be_v to_o move_v a_o pin_n or_o needle_n through_o the_o liquor_n whereby_o the_o ice_n will_v be_v raise_v and_o become_v discernible_a when_o the_o naked_a eye_n can_v discover_v none_o at_o all_o finis_fw-la figure_n 1._o page_z 9_o 10_o 11_o â—_o 98._o a_o the_o ball_n or_o egg._n b_o c_o the_o stem_n d_o the_o little_a aqueous_a cylinder_n figure_n 2._o the_o open_a wether_n glass_n mention_v pag._n 24_o &_o 43_o figure_n 3._o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n or_o thermoscopâ—mentioned_v pag._n 24_o 55_o 56._o figure_n 4._o the_o barometer_n oâ—_n mercurial_a standard_n place_v in_o frame_n b_o b_o mention_v pag._n 25_o figure_n 5._o a_o instrument_n mention_v pag._n 93._o a_o the_o vial._n b_o c_o the_o pipe_n cement_v in_o it_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o vial_n open_a at_o â—_o and_o seal_v at_o b._n figure_n 6._o pag._n 97._o a_o the_o bolt-head_n b_o the_o small_a stem_n b_o c_o the_o cylinder_n of_o wateâ—_n enclose_v figure_n 7._o pag._n 101._o 101._o it_o be_v think_v needless_a to_o insert_v mr._n hobs_n scheme_n touch_v this_o subject_n because_o it_o only_o show_v that_o wind_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o cold._n sceptical_a chemist_n chemist_n chapter_n the_o five_o of_o that_o treatise_n treatise_n the_o two_o essay_n of_o the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o experiment_n experiment_n another_o remarkable_a instance_n of_o the_o variable_a success_n of_o the_o experiment_n of_o cold_a i_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d with_o in_o a_o experiment_n 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d dr._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o oil_n of_o 〈◊〉_d for_o though_o i_o 〈◊〉_d that_o liquor_n in_o small_a '_o vessel_n of_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d in_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d at_o one_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o air_n in_o 〈◊〉_d night_n 〈◊〉_d extraordinary_o sharp_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v more_o our_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o salt_n will_v 〈◊〉_d the_o experiment_n succeed_v 〈◊〉_d that_o we_o try_v it_o with_o several_a parcel_n of_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o yet_o that_o the_o learned_a doctor_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o air_n alone_o for_o he_o use_v not_o our_o 〈◊〉_d mixture_n do_v bring_v that_o liquor_n either_o to_o
often_o impute_v that_o to_o 〈◊〉_d whereof_o the_o cause_n be_v in_o ourselves_o and_o if_o this_o change_n in_o ourselves_o be_v wrought_v by_o unsuspected_a agent_n or_o by_o insensible_a degree_n we_o do_v not_o easy_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o thus_o though_o in_o summer_n divers_a cellar_n that_o be_v not_o deep_a be_v perhaps_o no_o cold_a than_o the_o external_n air_n be_v when_o it_o be_v judge_v but_o temperate_a in_o winter_n or_o the_o spring_n yet_o it_o will_v seem_v very_o cold_a to_o we_o that_o bring_v into_o it_o body_n heat_v by_o the_o summer_n sun_n and_o accustom_v to_o a_o warm_a air_n nay_o cold_a do_v so_o much_o depend_v upon_o the_o degree_n of_o agitation_n in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o object_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o sentient_a that_o even_o when_o we_o may_v think_v the_o sensory_a unaltered_a it_o may_v judge_v a_o object_n to_o have_v a_o degree_n of_o coldness_n which_o indeed_o it_o have_v not_o as_o i_o remember_v that_o to_o satisfy_v some_o friend_n that_o it_o be_v not_o every_o wind_n which_o feel_v cold_a to_o we_o that_o be_v real_o more_o cold_a than_o the_o still_a air_n i_o have_v sometime_o show_v that_o even_o in_o nice_a weather-glass_n air_n blow_v out_o of_o a_o pair_n of_o bellows_n do_v not_o appear_v to_o have_v acquire_v any_o coldness_n by_o be_v turn_v into_o wind_n though_o if_o it_o be_v blow_v against_o the_o hand_n or_o face_n it_o will_v produce_v a_o new_a and_o manifest_a sense_n of_o cold_a of_o which_o the_o reason_n seem_v to_o be_v that_o though_o the_o organ_n in_o general_n seem_v not_o to_o be_v alter_v yet_o the_o wind_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o motion_n be_v able_a not_o only_o to_o drive_v away_o the_o part_n of_o the_o air_n contiguous_a to_o the_o hand_n or_o face_n and_o the_o warm_a steam_n of_o the_o body_n which_o temper_v its_o coldness_n but_o to_o pierce_v deep_a than_o the_o calm_a air_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v into_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o skin_n where_o by_o comparison_n to_o the_o more_o inward_a and_o hot_a part_n of_o the_o sensory_a it_o must_v needs_o appear_v less_o agitate_a and_o consequent_o cold_a beside_o that_o sometime_o we_o may_v meet_v with_o certain_a steam_n in_o the_o air_n that_o have_v in_o reference_n to_o the_o blood_n and_o spirit_n of_o humane_a body_n though_o not_o perhaps_o to_o divers_a other_o liquor_n a_o certain_a hide_a power_n of_o chill_a as_o opium_n even_o in_o outward_a application_n for_o in_o such_o way_n i_o have_v know_v a_o great_a chirurgeon_n much_o use_v it_o and_o high_o extol_v it_o strike_v a_o coldness_n into_o the_o body_n by_o the_o subtle_a effluvium_n that_o insinuate_v themselves_o at_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o skin_n and_o perhaps_o too_o that_o coldness_n be_v ascribe_v to_o external_n body_n which_o be_v produce_v in_o we_o by_o some_o frigorifick_a vapour_n or_o other_o distemper_n which_o be_v too_o slight_a to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o as_o a_o disease_n may_v yet_o be_v of_o kin_n to_o those_o agent_n that_o produce_v what_o physician_n call_v horror_n and_o rigour_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o fever_n and_o some_o other_o distemper_n or_o produce_v that_o strange_a and_o universal_a coldness_n of_o the_o external_a part_n which_o be_v frequent_o enough_o observe_v among_o other_o symptom_n in_o hysterical_a woman_n moreover_o body_n may_v often_o appear_v cold_a to_o we_o then_o to_o a_o weatherglass_n because_o our_o sensory_n be_v more_o affect_v by_o the_o density_n and_o penetrancy_n of_o the_o part_n this_o may_v seem_v somewhat_o strange_a but_o be_v suitable_a enough_o to_o some_o of_o my_o conjecture_n about_o cold_a i_o have_v often_o make_v trial_n with_o very_a nice_a weather-glass_n that_o have_v assure_v i_o that_o at_o least_o ofttimes_o when_o water_n seem_v to_o be_v cold_a enough_o to_o our_o touch_n it_o appear_v not_o to_o be_v cold_a to_o the_o weatherglass_n than_o the_o ambient_fw-la air._n these_o trial_n i_o have_v sometime_o make_v with_o seal_a weather-glass_n but_o the_o most_o with_o another_o sort_n of_o weather-glass_n who_o structure_n and_o use_n be_v by_o and_o by_o to_o be_v mention_v which_o though_o they_o seldom_o prove_v durable_a nor_o of_o any_o great_a use_n in_o any_o other_o than_o such_o nice_a and_o short_a experiment_n yet_o they_o discover_v slight_a change_n of_o the_o temper_n of_o the_o air_n than_o will_v be_v notable_a not_o to_o say_v sensible_a in_o ordinary_a thermometer_n but_o of_o multitude_n of_o trial_n that_o i_o sometime_o make_v with_o these_o glass_n i_o can_v at_o present_a find_v among_o my_o loose_a paper_n but_o a_o very_a few_o and_o though_o i_o remember_v that_o in_o one_o or_o two_o make_v about_o the_o same_o time_n with_o some_o of_o those_o that_o follow_v i_o observe_v thing_n that_o make_v i_o now_o wish_v i_o have_v have_v opportunity_n to_o make_v those_o further_a trial_n of_o they_o which_o some_o of_o their_o phaenomena_n seem_v to_o direct_v the_o make_n of_o yet_o i_o 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etc._n etc._n which_o will_v sometime_o seem_v to_o be_v total_o clear_a spirit_n and_o at_o other_o time_n will_v suffer_v a_o great_a or_o lesser_a proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o crystallise_v at_o the_o bottom_n according_a to_o the_o mutation_n of_o the_o wether_n in_o point_n of_o cold_a and_o heat_n such_o kind_n of_o instance_n i_o say_v i_o can_v mention_v but_o i_o shall_v rather_o choose_v to_o prosecute_v my_o example_n in_o that_o obvious_a of_o liquor_n water_n and_o add_v that_o even_o that_o may_v afford_v we_o other_o testimony_n of_o the_o increase_v or_o lessen_v cold_a of_o the_o air_n then_o that_o which_o it_o give_v we_o in_o common_a weather-glass_n for_o in_o some_o part_n of_o france_n the_o waterman_n observe_v that_o the_o river_n will_v 12._o bear_v boat_n heavy_a load_v in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n and_o i_o have_v upon_o inquiry_n be_v credible_o inform_v that_o seaman_n have_v observe_v their_o ship_n to_o draw_v less_o water_n upon_o the_o coast_n 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have_v man_n too_o easy_o deter_v from_o devise_v and_o try_v various_a experiment_n if_o otherwise_o not_o unlikely_a or_o irrational_a about_o the_o estimate_v of_o cold_a by_o their_o appear_v disagreeable_a to_o the_o vulgar_a notion_n about_o that_o quality_n for_o i_o doubt_v our_o theory_n of_o cold_a be_v not_o only_o very_o imperfect_a but_o in_o great_a part_n ill_o ground_v and_o i_o shall_v never_o have_v venture_v at_o try_v to_o make_v seal_v weather-glass_n if_o i_o can_v have_v be_v withhold_v either_o by_o the_o grand_a peripatetic_a opinion_n that_o to_o shun_v a_o void_a water_n must_v remain_v suspend_v in_o glass_n where_o if_o it_o fall_v the_o air_n can_v succeed_v it_o or_o the_o general_a opinion_n even_o of_o philosopher_n as_o well_o new_a as_o old_a that_o air_n must_v be_v far_o easy_a than_o any_o visible_a liquor_n
confident_o reject_v than_o this_o harsh_a hypothesis_n of_o rarefaction_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v think_v it_o injurious_a to_o so_o judicious_a a_o philosopher_n as_o my_o lord_n brouncher_n to_o endeavour_v here_o to_o manifest_v the_o absurdity_n 3._o though_o i_o have_v not_o in_o another_o place_n show_v it_o already_o the_o next_o opinion_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v touch_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o ascension_n of_o water_n by_o cold_a in_o weather-glass_n be_v that_o of_o mr._n 〈◊〉_d who_o in_o the_o last_o chapter_n of_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr corpore_fw-la sect._n the_o 12._o have_v premise_v a_o delineation_n of_o a_o common_a weatherglass_n subjoin_v this_o explication_n in_o the_o six_o and_o seven_o article_n of_o the_o 27._o chap._n where_o i_o consider_v the_o cause_n of_o cold_a i_o have_v show_v that_o fluid_a body_n be_v make_v cold_a by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o a_o constant_a wind_n that_o press_v they_o for_o the_o same_o 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just_a now_o relate_v above_o half_a a_o corn_n breadth_n high_o than_o the_o mixture_n in_o the_o glass_n so_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v observe_v it_o much_o low_a beneath_o the_o mixture_n from_o those_o thing_n i_o say_v it_o may_v be_v probable_o conjecture_v that_o even_o the_o cold_a body_n at_o least_o unless_o their_o bulk_n alter_v the_o case_n do_v not_o diffuse_v their_o freeze_a virtue_n either_o upward_o or_o downward_o to_o any_o considerable_a distance_n 5._o these_o trial_n as_o i_o be_v intimate_v may_v suggest_v some_o difficulty_n about_o the_o last_o of_o the_o two_o experiment_n transcribe_v out_o of_o my_o note_n but_o as_o it_o be_v evident_a these_o observation_n be_v make_v in_o the_o open_a air_n by_o the_o freeze_a of_o its_o rove_a vapour_n and_o the_o mention_a experiment_n be_v make_v under_o water_n so_o how_o much_o this_o difference_n of_o medium_n may_v alter_v the_o case_n as_o to_o the_o way_n of_o the_o diffusion_n of_o cold_a i_o dare_v not_o till_o further_a trial_n bold_o determine_v especial_o since_o one_o circumstance_n to_o be_v under_o the_o next_o title_n mention_v about_o the_o freeze_a of_o egg_n may_v pass_v for_o a_o addirional_a experiment_n as_o to_o our_o present_a enquiry_n for_o the_o case_n obtain_v by_o freeze_a egg_n suspend_v under_o water_n which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o the_o diffusion_n of_o their_o cold_n be_v make_v every_o way_n since_o they_o be_v quite_o enclose_v in_o the_o ice_n they_o have_v produce_v 6._o though_o the_o experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n by_o the_o intervention_n of_o salt_n and_o snow_n be_v not_o a_o new_a one_o for_o substance_n yet_o i_o hold_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o make_v a_o further_a mention_n of_o it_o on_o this_o occasion_n because_o that_o what_o i_o be_o to_o deliver_v about_o it_o be_v a_o paticular_a not_o take_v notice_n of_o that_o i_o know_v of_o by_o other_o the_o premise_a of_o which_o will_n according_a to_o what_o we_o late_o intimate_v much_o facilitate_v the_o trial_n of_o many_o of_o the_o experiment_n to_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o follow_a part_n of_o these_o paper_n and_o will_v indeed_o appear_v to_o be_v of_o no_o small_a moment_n in_o our_o whole_a attempt_n of_o frame_v a_o history_n of_o cold._a for_o it_o have_v long_o seem_v to_o i_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a thing_n that_o have_v hinder_v man_n from_o make_v any_o considerable_a progress_n in_o this_o matter_n that_o whereas_o glass-vessel_n be_v general_o much_o the_o most_o proper_a to_o freeze_v liquor_n in_o because_o their_o transparency_n allow_v we_o to_o see_v what_o change_v the_o cold_a make_v in_o the_o liquor_n expose_v to_o it_o the_o way_n of_o freeze_a with_o salt_n and_o snow_n as_o it_o have_v be_v hitherto_o use_v do_v almost_o as_o little_a as_o the_o common_a way_n of_o bare_o expose_v vessel_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n prevent_v the_o unseasonable_a break_n of_o the_o glass_n for_o in_o both_o these_o way_n the_o water_n or_o other_o liquor_n usual_o begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n and_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o glaciation_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v anon_o to_o distend_v the_o water_n and_o aqueous_a liquor_n it_o harden_v it_o be_v usual_o and_o natural_o consequent_a that_o when_o the_o upper_a crust_n of_o ice_n be_v grow_v thick_a and_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a liquor_n bear_v hard_a with_o its_o edge_n against_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n contiguous_a to_o it_o the_o include_v liquor_n that_o be_v by_o degree_n successive_o turn_v into_o ice_n require_v more_o room_n than_o before_o and_o forcible_o endeavour_v to_o expand_n itself_o every_o way_n find_v it_o less_o difficult_a to_o burst_v the_o glass_n then_o lift_v up_o the_o ice_n and_o
but_o the_o interspersion_n of_o such_o bubble_n the_o observation_n i_o have_v be_v mention_v i_o find_v thus_o set_v down_o among_o my_o note_n a_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o to_o the_o eye_n look_v clear_a like_o crystal_n be_v put_v into_o the_o great_a microscope_n appear_v even_o there_o free_a from_o bubble_n and_o yet_o the_o same_o piece_n of_o ice_n be_v present_o remove_v and_o cast_v into_o common_a water_n will_v swim_v at_o the_o top_n and_o if_o it_o be_v forcible_o duck_v will_v swift_o enough_o emerge_n another_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o to_o the_o naked_a eye_n be_v not_o so_o clear_a as_o the_o former_a appear_v in_o the_o same_o microscope_n to_o have_v store_n of_o bubble_n some_o of_o they_o appear_v there_o no_o big_a than_o a_o small_a pin_n head_n and_o some_o of_o they_o be_v yet_o lesser_a and_o scarce_o visible_a in_o the_o microscope_n itself_o and_o here_o because_o it_o seem_v a_o considerable_a doubt_n and_o well_o worth_a the_o examine_n whether_o or_o no_o water_n when_o freeze_a into_o ice_n grow_v heavy_a or_o light_a not_o in_o reference_n to_o such_o water_n as_o it_o be_v generate_v of_o since_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o upon_o that_o it_o will_v float_v but_o more_o absolute_o speak_v we_o judge_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o examine_v this_o matter_n by_o a_o experiment_n but_o we_o can_v not_o discover_v any_o difference_n between_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n of_o water_n fluid_a and_o freeze_v as_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o nine_o paragraph_n of_o the_o experiment_n to_o be_v a_o little_a beneath_o recite_v but_o since_o that_o whether_o or_o no_o we_o allow_v any_o other_o cause_n together_o with_o the_o bubble_n to_o the_o levity_n of_o ice_n it_o seem_v a_o thing_n not_o to_o be_v doubt_v that_o its_o expansion_n and_o lightness_n be_v main_o if_o not_o only_o due_a to_o the_o interspersion_n of_o bubble_n the_o generation_n of_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o considerabl_a phaenomena_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o investigate_a by_o what_o cause_n those_o cavity_n be_v produce_v and_o in_o case_n they_o be_v perfect_o full_a what_o substance_n it_o be_v that_o fill_v they_o be_v none_o of_o the_o mean_a inquiry_n that_o shall_v exercise_v the_o industry_n of_o a_o searcher_n into_o the_o nature_n of_o cold._n 4._o mr._n hobbs_n and_o some_o other_o seem_v to_o think_v that_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n by_o congelation_n be_v cause_v by_o the_o intrusion_n of_o air_n which_o constitute_v those_o numerous_a bubble_n wont_a to_o be_v observe_v in_o ice_n we_o may_v here_o demand_v why_o in_o case_n that_o upon_o freeze_a there_o must_v be_v a_o considerable_a accession_n of_o air_n from_o without_o when_o oil_n be_v freeze_v it_o be_v notwithstanding_o the_o ingress_n of_o this_o air_n not_o expanded_a but_o condense_v but_o because_o these_o conjecturer_n do_v not_o allow_v glass_n to_o be_v pervious_a to_o common_a air_n we_o shall_v at_o present_a press_v they_o with_o this_o experiment_n which_o we_o have_v divers_a time_n make_v we_o take_v a_o glass-egg_n with_o a_o long_a stem_n and_o fill_v it_o almost_o with_o water_n we_o seal_v it_o hermetical_o up_o to_o exclude_v the_o pretence_n that_o some_o adventitious_a air_n may_v get_v in_o and_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o water_n and_o yet_o such_o a_o egg_n be_v expose_v to_o congelation_n the_o freeze_a water_n will_v be_v manifest_o expanded_a and_o swell_v by_o numerous_a bubble_n which_o oftentimes_o give_v it_o a_o whitish_a opacity_n to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v that_o new_a metalline_a vessel_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o careful_o stop_v the_o liquor_n will_v nevertheless_o when_o expose_v to_o the_o cold_a be_v thereby_o expanded_a and_o turn_v into_o ice_n furnish_v with_o bubble_n 5._o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o in_o the_o experiment_n of_o the_o hermetical_o seal_a glass_n the_o produce_v bubble_n may_v come_v from_o the_o air_n which_o be_v seal_v up_o together_o with_o the_o 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in_o this_o experiment_n we_o usual_o begin_v to_o produce_v ice_n and_o bubble_n in_o the_o water_n contiguous_a to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n that_o part_n be_v by_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n first_o refrigerated_a in_o which_o case_n there_o appear_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o air_n which_o be_v a_o thousand_o time_n light_a than_o the_o water_n shall_v against_o its_o nature_n dive_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n and_o if_o it_o be_v dispose_v to_o dive_v why_o shall_v we_o not_o see_v it_o break_v through_o the_o water_n in_o bubble_n as_o be_v usual_a in_o other_o case_n where_o air_n penetrate_v water_n 4._o in_o metalline_a vessel_n and_o in_o glass_n quite_o fill_v with_o water_n before_o they_o be_v stop_v there_o be_v no_o pretence_n of_o the_o dive_v of_o the_o air_n from_o the_o top_n there_o have_v be_v none_o leave_v there_o 5._o and_o last_o if_o all_o the_o bubble_n of_o ice_n be_v make_v by_o and_o fill_v with_o true_a air_n descend_v from_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o only_o disperse_v through_o the_o water_n then_o upon_o the_o thaw_v of_o this_o ice_n the_o air_n will_v emerge_n and_o we_o may_v recover_v as_o much_o of_o real_a air_n as_o will_v fill_v the_o space_n acquire_v by_o the_o water_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o its_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n which_o be_v contrary_a to_o our_o experience_n and_o this_o argument_n may_v also_o be_v urge_v against_o any_o that_o shall_v pretend_v for_o i_o expect_v not_o to_o see_v he_o prove_v it_o that_o though_o air_n as_o numerous_a experiment_n evince_v can_v get_v out_o of_o a_o seal_a glass_n yet_o it_o may_v in_o such_o a_o case_n as_o this_o get_v into_o it_o but_o we_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o the_o cavity_n of_o these_o bubble_n be_v not_o any_o thing_n near_o fill_v with_o air_n if_o they_o have_v in_o they_o any_o more_o air_n at_o all_o than_o that_o little_a which_o be_v wont_a as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v to_o lurk_v in_o the_o particle_n of_o water_n and_o other_o liquor_n and_o the_o make_v good_a of_o this_o lead_v we_o to_o the_o second_o enquiry_n we_o be_v propose_v about_o these_o bubble_n namely_o whether_o or_o no_o their_o cavity_n be_v fill_v and_o fill_v with_o air._n 6._o the_o full_a resolution_n of_o this_o whole_a difficulty_n will_v be_v no_o easy_a matter_n nor_o well_o to_o be_v dispatch_v with_o so_o much_o brevity_n as_o my_o occasion_n exact_v for_o it_o will_v require_v satisfactory_a answer_n to_o more_o than_o one_o or_o two_o question_n since_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v it_o may_v lead_v we_o to_o the_o debate_n of_o those_o two_o grand_a query_n whether_o or_o no_o nature_n admit_v a_o vacuum_n and_o whether_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o universe_n consist_v of_o a_o certain_a ethereal_a matter_n subtle_a enough_o to_o pass_v through_o the_o pore_n not_o only_o of_o liquor_n but_o of_o compact_a body_n and_o even_o of_o glass_n itself_o we_o shall_v also_o be_v oblige_v to_o inquire_v 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the_o bubble_n wont_a to_o abound_v in_o ice_n be_v fill_v with_o common_a air_n and_o even_o this_o question_n though_o it_o seem_v but_o one_o comprize_v two_o for_o to_o resolve_v it_o we_o must_v determine_v whether_o there_o be_v any_o true_a air_n contain_v in_o those_o cavity_n and_o whether_o in_o case_n there_o be_v they_o be_v adequate_o fill_v with_o that_o air_n by_o true_a air_n i_o mean_v such_o a_o invisible_a fluid_n as_o do_v permanent_o retain_v a_o spring_n like_o the_o common_a air._n 7._o the_o former_a of_o these_o two_o question_n i_o must_v confess_v myself_o not_o yet_o resolve_v about_o my_o experiment_n have_v not_o hitherto_o succeed_v uniform_o enough_o to_o satisfy_v so_o jealous_a a_o observer_n but_o yet_o i_o shall_v annex_v our_o trial_n not_o only_o because_o the_o thing_n have_v not_o be_v that_o we_o know_v of_o somuch_o as_o attempt_v by_o other_o and_o our_o way_n of_o experiment_v if_o they_o be_v due_o prosecute_v seem_v as_o promise_v and_o 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belly_n of_o the_o glass_n into_o many_o piece_n another_o time_n 14._o he_o seal_v glass_n be_v break_v under_o water_n there_o be_v impel_v into_o the_o cylinder_n ten_o inch_n and_o a_o little_a above_o a_o half_a and_o the_o mark_n it_o shall_v have_v rise_v to_o be_v eleven_o inch_n and_o a_o quarter_n above_o the_o first_o and_o low_a mark_n another_o time_n 15._o in_o the_o same_o bolthead_n wherein_o decemb._n the_o great_a condensation_n of_o the_o air_n be_v try_v the_o water_n be_v by_o the_o cold_a make_v to_o swell_v very_o near_o a_o foot_n above_o the_o mark_v it_o rest_v at_o when_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v then_o the_o glass_n be_v 〈◊〉_d up_o the_o contain_v water_n be_v remove_v and_o suffer_v leisurely_o to_o thaw_v and_o upon_o the_o dissolution_n of_o the_o ice_n the_o water_n fall_v back_o to_o the_o former_a mark_n last_o the_o glass_n be_v invert_v the_o apex_n be_v break_v off_o under_o water_n and_o the_o water_n in_o the_o stem_n be_v by_o the_o outward_a 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to_o be_v measure_v so_o the_o measurer_n not_o know_v how_o long_o they_o may_v have_v be_v on_o ground_n for_o aught_o i_o know_v much_o of_o that_o admire_a height_n may_v be_v attribute_v to_o the_o snow_n that_o from_o time_n to_o time_n fall_v very_o plentiful_o in_o those_o freeze_a region_n and_o be_v compact_v together_o either_o by_o the_o sun_n who_o beam_n sometime_o begin_v to_o thaw_v it_o and_o sometime_o by_o the_o water_n of_o the_o wave_n that_o beat_v against_o the_o ice_n and_o be_v congeal_v with_o the_o snow_n do_v as_o it_o be_v cement_v the_o part_n of_o it_o together_o and_o sometime_o by_o both_o of_o these_o cause_n so_o in_o the_o instance_n allege_v 14._o out_o of_o captain_n james_n of_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v twice_o as_o high_a as_o his_o top-mast-head_n it_o be_v say_v also_o that_o they_o be_v on_o ground_n in_o 40._o fathom_n and_o in_o the_o other_o example_n mention_v out_o of_o bartholinus_n though_o there_o be_v 40._o fathom_n attribute_v to_o the_o immersed_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n yet_o that_o measure_n be_v not_o exclusive_a of_o a_o great_a for_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o ice_n reach_v downward_o above_o 40._o fathom_n and_o how_o much_o downward_o and_o whether_o as_o far_o as_o the_o ground_n we_o be_v leave_v at_o liberty_n to_o guess_v and_o in_o that_o stupendous_a piece_n of_o ice_n record_v in_o the_o nova_fw-la zembla_n voyage_n to_o have_v be_v in_o all_o 52._o fathom_n that_o be_v 300._o and_o twelve_o foot_n deep_a though_o it_o be_v grant_v what_o they_o affirm_v that_o it_o be_v 16._o fathom_n above_o the_o water_n which_o be_v almost_o a_o three_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a depth_n yet_o i_o observe_v that_o of_o this_o icy_a mountain_n it_o be_v say_v that_o it_o lay_v fast_o on_o the_o ground_n so_o that_o as_o on_o the_o one_o side_n it_o seem_v probable_a that_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o island_n of_o ice_n may_v be_v increase_v by_o snow_n and_o as_o i_o remember_v that_o in_o that_o famous_o inquisitive_a navigator_n mr._n hudsons_n voyage_n for_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o northwest_n passage_n it_o be_v relate_v that_o his_o company_n be_v pricket_n so_o well_o acquaint_v with_o the_o ice_n that_o when_o night_n or_o foggy_a or_o foul_a weather_n take_v they_o they_o will_v seek_v out_o the_o broad_a island_n of_o ice_n and_o there_o come_v to_o anchor_n and_o run_v and_o sport_n and_o fill_v water_n that_o stand_v the_o ice_n in_o pond_n very_o fresh_a and_o good_a so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n we_o know_v not_o how_o much_o low_o the_o dutchman_n ice_n and_o captain_n james_n will_v have_v reach_v into_o the_o sea_n in_o case_n the_o ground_n they_o rest_v on_o have_v not_o hinder_v they_o for_o though_o one_o may_v probable_o think_v that_o these_o be_v the_o great_a depth_n that_o any_o hill_n of_o ice_n have_v be_v observe_v to_o attain_v that_o mention_v by_o the_o hollander_n reach_v 36._o fathom_n beneath_o the_o water_n and_o that_o mention_v by_o captain_n james_n no_o less_o than_o 40._o fathom_n yet_o i_o find_v in_o mr._n hudsons_n voyage_n that_o the_o english_a in_o the_o bay_n that_o bear_v his_o name_n meet_v with_o more_o than_o one_o or_o two_o island_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o fargreat_a depth_n underwater_n for_o among_o other_o thing_n the_o relator_n have_v this_o memorable_a passage_n in_o this_o bay_n where_o we_o be_v thus_o trouble_v with_o ice_n we_o see_v many_o of_o those_o mountain_n of_o ice_n a_o ground_n in_o six_o or_o seven_o score_n fathom_n water_n and_o if_o the_o sea_n have_v be_v deep_a enough_o even_o these_o stupendous_a mole_n of_o ice_n will_v probable_o have_v sink_v much_o low_o and_o so_o have_v lessen_v the_o height_n of_o the_o mountain_n 11._o i_o know_v that_o deliver_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n alone_o i_o have_v not_o say_v all_o that_o may_v be_v say_v about_o the_o expansion_n of_o liquor_n but_o because_o as_o it_o have_v not_o yet_o appear_v to_o i_o that_o any_o liquor_n be_v expanded_a by_o cold_a unless_o by_o actual_a freeze_a i_o doubt_v whether_o aqueous_a liquor_n as_o wine_n milk_n urine_n etc._n etc._n be_v otherwise_o expanded_a by_o congelation_n then_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o water_n or_o phlegmatic_a and_o in_o a_o strict_a sense_n congealable_a part_v contain_v in_o they_o and_o whether_o it_o be_v worth_a while_n for_o a_o man_n in_o haste_n to_o examine_v their_o particular_a expansion_n notwithstanding_o which_o i_o will_v not_o discourage_v any_o from_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o by_o the_o differ_a dilatation_n of_o aqueous_a liquor_n some_o of_o they_o of_o the_o same_o and_o some_o of_o they_o of_o differ_v kind_n we_o may_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v any_o estimate_n of_o the_o differ_a proportion_n they_o contain_v of_o phlegm_n and_o of_o more_o spirituous_a or_o useful_a ingredient_n 12._o after_o what_o have_v be_v hitherto_o deliver_v concern_v the_o expansion_n of_o liquor_n by_o cold_a it_o may_v be_v expect_v we_o shall_v say_v something_o of_o the_o measure_n of_o their_o contraction_n by_o the_o same_o quality_n but_o as_o for_o water_n which_o be_v the_o principal_a liquor_n who_o dimension_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v i_o have_v former_o declare_v that_o i_o can_v seldom_o or_o never_o find_v its_o contraction_n in_o the_o winter_n season_n when_o i_o try_v it_o to_o be_v at_o all_o considerable_a and_o i_o shall_v now_o add_v that_o have_v for_o great_a certainty_n procure_v the_o experiment_n to_o be_v make_v by_o another_o also_o in_o a_o bolthead_n the_o account_n i_o receive_v of_o it_o be_v that_o he_o can_v scarce_o discern_v the_o water_n in_o the_o stem_n to_o fall_v beneath_o its_o station_n mark_v at_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o pipe_n when_o the_o water_n in_o the_o ball_n be_v so_o far_o infrigidate_v as_o to_o begin_v to_o freeze_v though_o i_o will_v not_o deny_v that_o in_o warm_a climate_n as_o italy_n or_o spain_n the_o contraction_n of_o the_o water_n a_o little_a before_o glaciation_n begin_v may_v be_v somewhat_o considerable_a especial_o if_o the_o experiment_n be_v make_v in_o summer_n or_o in_o case_n either_o there_o or_o here_o the_o water_n expose_v to_o freeze_v be_v put_v into_o a_o vessel_n very_o advantageous_o shape_v or_o bring_v out_o of_o some_o warm_a chamber_n or_o other_o place_n where_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n that_o surround_v it_o have_v rarify_v it_o but_o to_o examine_v the_o measure_n of_o contraction_n in_o the_o several_a liquor_n and_o with_o the_o nice_a observation_n that_o such_o a_o work_n to_o be_v accurate_o prosecure_v will_v require_v will_v have_v take_v up_o much_o more_o of_o my_o time_n then_o i_o be_v willing_a to_o employ_v about_o a_o work_n which_o i_o look_v not_o on_o as_o important_a enough_o to_o deserve_v it_o and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v here_o add_v nothing_o to_o what_o i_o have_v say_v under_o the_o title_n of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a touch_v the_o contraction_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o of_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n by_o the_o differ_a degree_n of_o that_o quality_n and_o as_o for_o the_o condensation_n of_o air_n the_o vast_a fluid_n we_o deal_v with_o i_o do_v indeed_o think_v fit_a to_o measure_v how_o much_o cold_a condense_n it_o but_o the_o account_n of_o that_o experiment_n will_v be_v more_o opportune_o deliver_v in_o air._n one_o of_o the_o follow_a discourse_n title_n xi_o experiment_n touch_v the_o expansive_a force_n of_o freeze_a water_n 1._o have_v show_v that_o there_o be_v a_o expansion_n make_v of_o water_n and_o aqueous_a body_n by_o congelation_n let_v we_o now_o examine_v how_o strong_a this_o expansion_n be_v and_o the_o rather_o because_o no_o body_n have_v yet_o that_o we_o know_v of_o make_v any_o particular_a trial_n on_o purpose_n to_o make_v discovery_n in_o this_o matter_n so_o that_o although_o some_o unhappy_a accident_n have_v keep_v our_o experiment_n from_o be_v as_o accurate_a as_o we_o design_v and_o as_o god_n assist_v we_o may_v hereafter_o make_v they_o yet_o at_o least_o we_o shall_v show_v this_o expansion_n to_o be_v more_o forcible_a then_o have_v hitherto_o be_v common_o take_v notice_n of_o and_o assist_v man_n to_o make_v a_o somewhat_o less_o uncertain_a estimate_n of_o the_o force_n of_o it_o than_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v yet_o endeavour_v to_o enable_v themselves_o to_o make_v 2._o and_o 1._o we_o shall_v mention_v some_o experiment_n that_o do_v in_o general_a show_n that_o the_o expansion_n of_o freeze_a water_n be_v considerable_o strong_a we_o take_v a_o new_a pewter-bottle_n capable_a to_o contain_v as_o we_o guess_v about_o half_a a_o pint_n of_o water_n and_o have_v fill_v it_o top_n full_a with_o that_o liquor_n we_o screw_v on_o the_o stopple_n and_o expose_v it_o during_o
a_o very_a frosty_a night_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n and_o the_o next_o morning_n the_o water_n appear_v to_o have_v burst_v the_o bottle_n though_o its_o matter_n be_v metalline_a and_o though_o purposely_o for_o this_o trial_n we_o have_v choose_v it_o quite_o new_a the_o crack_n appear_v to_o be_v in_o the_o very_a substance_n of_o the_o pewter_n this_o experiment_n we_o repeat_v and_o it_o be_v one_o of_o those_o bottle_n fill_v with_o ice_n that_o have_v crack_v it_o which_o a_o noble_a virtuoso_fw-la will_v needs_o make_v i_o who_o shall_v else_o have_v scruple_v to_o amuse_v with_o such_o a_o trifle_n so_o great_a a_o monarch_n and_o so_o great_a a_o virtuoso_fw-la bring_v to_o his_o majesty_n to_o satisfy_v he_o by_o the_o wideness_n of_o the_o crack_n and_o the_o protuberance_n of_o the_o ice_n that_o show_v itself_o in_o it_o that_o the_o water_n have_v be_v real_o expanded_a by_o congelation_n 3._o we_o also_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o a_o much_o small_a quantity_n of_o water_n will_v not_o if_o freeze_a have_v the_o like_a effect_n and_o according_o fill_v with_o about_o a_o ounce_n of_o water_n a_o screw_v pewter_n box_n such_o as_o many_o use_n to_o keep_v treacle_n &_o salve_n in_o quite_o new_a and_o of_o a_o considerable_a thickness_n we_o find_v that_o upon_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o include_v water_n the_o vessel_n be_v very_o much_o burst_v afterward_o fill_v a_o quart_n bottle_n if_o i_o mistake_v not_o the_o capacity_n with_o a_o congealable_a liquor_n and_o tie_v down_o the_o cork_n very_o hard_o with_o strong_a packthread_n we_o find_v that_o the_o frost_n make_v the_o liquor_n force_n out_o the_o stopple_n in_o spite_n of_o all_o the_o care_n we_o have_v take_v to_o keep_v it_o down_o but_o afterward_o we_o so_o well_o fasten_v a_o cork_n to_o the_o neck_n of_o a_o quart_n bottle_n of_o glass_n that_o it_o be_v easy_a for_o the_o congeal_a liquor_n to_o break_v the_o vessel_n then_o to_o thrust_v out_o the_o stopple_n and_o have_v for_o a_o great_a many_o hour_n expose_v this_o to_o a_o exceed_o sharp_a air_n we_o find_v at_o length_n the_o bottle_n burst_v although_o it_o be_v so_o thick_a and_o strong_a that_o we_o be_v invite_v to_o measure_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o side_n and_o find_v that_o the_o thin_a place_n where_o it_o be_v break_v by_o the_o ice_n be_v 3_o 16_o of_o a_o inch_n and_o the_o thick_a ⅜_n that_o be_v twice_o as_o much_o 〈◊〉_d we_o also_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o frost_n break_v a_o earthen_a bottle_n of_o strong_a flanders_n metal_n of_o which_o the_o thin_a part_n that_o be_v break_v be_v equal_a by_o measure_n to_o the_o thin_a part_n of_o the_o other_o 4._o but_o the_o above_o mention_v instance_n serve_v only_o to_o declare_v in_o general_a that_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n by_o cold_a be_v very_o forcible_a i_o think_v fit_a to_o attempt_v the_o reduce_n of_o the_o matter_n somewhat_o near_o a_o estimate_n less_o remote_a from_o be_v determinate_a and_o because_o the_o water_n expose_v to_o congelation_n may_v be_v probable_o suppose_v to_o be_v homogeneous_a we_o judge_v that_o the_o quantity_n of_o it_o may_v very_o much_o vary_v its_o degree_n of_o force_n and_o because_o some_o may_v suspect_v that_o the_o figure_n also_o may_v not_o be_v inconsiderable_a in_o this_o matter_n we_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v our_o trial_n in_o a_o brass_n vessel_n who_o cavity_n be_v cylindrical_a and_o which_o to_o make_v it_o strong_a have_v a_o orifice_n but_o at_o one_o of_o its_o end_n and_o who_o thickness_n be_v such_o that_o we_o have_v reason_n to_o expect_v that_o while_o the_o top_n remain_v cover_v but_o with_o a_o reasonable_a weight_n the_o include_v water_n will_v find_v it_o more_o easy_a to_o lift_v up_o that_o weight_n then_o break_v the_o side_n to_o this_o cylinder_n we_o fit_v a_o cover_n of_o the_o same_o metal_n that_o be_v flat_a and_o go_v a_o little_a way_n into_o the_o cavity_n lean_v also_o upon_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o side_n for_o the_o more_o close_a stop_n of_o the_o orifice_n the_o cavity_n of_o this_o cylinder_n be_v in_o length_n about_o five_o inch_n and_o in_o breadth_n about_o a_o inch_n and_o three_o quarter_n this_o cylinder_n be_v fill_v top_n full_a with_o water_n and_o the_o cover_n be_v careful_o put_v on_o be_v fasten_v into_o a_o iron_n frame_n that_o hold_v it_o erect_v and_o allow_v we_o to_o place_v a_o iron_n weight_n amount_v to_o 56._o pound_n or_o half_o a_o hundred_o of_o common_a english_a weight_n which_o circumstance_n i_o mention_v because_o the_o common_a hundred_o that_o our_o carrier_n &_o c._n use_n exceed_v five_o score_n by_o twelve_o but_o this_o vessel_n be_v expose_v in_o a_o frosty_a night_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n the_o contain_v water_n do_v not_o the_o next_o morning_n appear_v to_o be_v freeze_v and_o the_o trial_n be_v another_o time_n that_o way_n repeat_v with_o no_o better_a success_n as_o if_o either_o the_o thickness_n or_o clearness_n of_o the_o metal_n have_v break_v the_o violence_n of_o the_o external_a air_n frigefactive_a power_n or_o the_o weight_n that_o oppress_v the_o cover_n have_v hinder_v that_o expansion_n of_o the_o water_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o accompany_v its_o glaciation_n wherefore_o we_o think_v it_o requisite_a to_o apply_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n a_o mixture_n of_o salt_n with_o ice_n or_o snow_n as_o that_o which_o we_o have_v observe_v to_o introduce_v a_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a than_o the_o air_n alone_o even_o in_o very_o frosty_a night_n and_o though_o this_o way_n itself_o the_o glaciation_n proceed_v very_o slow_o and_o sometime_o scarce_o at_o all_o yet_o at_o length_n we_o find_v that_o the_o water_n be_v by_o this_o mean_v bring_v so_o far_o to_o freeze_v that_o on_o the_o morrow_n the_o ice_n have_v on_o one_o side_n swell_v above_o the_o top_n of_o the_o cylinder_n and_o by_o lift_v the_o cover_n on_o that_o side_n have_v throw_v down_o the_o incumbent_a weight_n but_o in_o this_o trial_n the_o cover_n have_v be_v uniform_o or_o every_o where_o lift_v up_o above_o the_o upper_a orifice_n of_o the_o cylinder_n we_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n divers_a time_n as_o we_o can_v get_v opportunity_n sometime_o with_o success_n and_o sometime_o without_o it_o and_o of_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a of_o our_o experiment_n of_o this_o sort_n we_o find_v the_o follow_a account_n among_o our_o collection_n 5._o the_o hollow_a brass_n weight_n be_v about_o one_o inch_n and_o thou_o quarter_n in_o diameter_n and_o the_o brass_n cover_v put_v on_o be_v load_v with_o a_o weight_n of_o 56._o pound_n upon_o the_o cover_n and_o expose_v to_o a_o excessive_o sharp_a night_n the_o next_o morning_n the_o cover_n and_o the_o weight_n be_v find_v visible_o lift_v up_o though_o not_o above_o that_o we_o can_v discern_v a_o small_a barley-corn_n breadth_n but_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o brass_n cover_n be_v not_o here_o estimate_v which_o be_v much_o less_o than_o half_a a_o inch_n which_o according_a to_o former_a observation_n one_o may_v expect_v to_o see_v the_o ice_n ascend_v but_o that_o which_o we_o take_v particular_a notice_n of_o be_v that_o the_o enclose_a cylinder_n of_o ice_n be_v by_o a_o gentle_a thaw_n of_o the_o superficial_a part_n take_v out_o appear_v so_o full_a of_o bubble_n as_o to_o be_v thereby_o make_v opacous_a also_o when_o in_o the_o morning_n the_o cylinder_n be_v bring_v into_o my_o chamber_n before_o the_o fire_n be_v make_v the_o 56._o pound_n weight_n be_v new_o take_v off_o at_o a_o little_a hole_n that_o seem_v to_o be_v between_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o brass_n and_o ice_n there_o come_v out_o a_o great_a many_o drop_n of_o water_n dilate_v into_o numerous_a bubble_n and_o reduce_v into_o a_o kind_n of_o sroth_n as_o if_o upon_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o oppress_a weight_n the_o bubble_n of_o the_o water_n have_v get_v liberty_n to_o expand_v themselves_o but_o this_o last_v but_o a_o very_a little_a 6._o after_o this_o the_o 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to_o it_o in_o the_o vessel_n and_o then_o to_o drive_v it_o forcible_o in_o till_o by_o considerable_a weight_n append_v to_o the_o extant_a part_n of_o the_o plug_n when_o the_o cylinder_n be_v invert_v we_o can_v not_o draw_v it_o out_o the_o success_n of_o one_o of_o these_o trial_n be_v thus_o set_v down_o in_o our_o collection_n 7._o a_o plug_n be_v drive_v into_o the_o cavity_n of_o a_o brass_n cylinder_n first_o fill_v with_o water_n the_o plug_n be_v also_o well_o soak_v than_o the_o cylinder_n be_v invert_v the_o plug_n take_v up_o half_a a_o hundred_o and_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o hundred_o weight_n and_o will_v possible_o have_v take_v up_o much_o more_o and_o be_v expose_v to_o a_o very_a sharp_a night_n the_o freeze_a water_n thrust_v out_o the_o plug_n about_o a_o barley-corn_n breadth_n quite_o round_o above_o the_o upper_a edge_n of_o the_o cylinder_n and_o it_o freeze_a all_o that_o day_n and_o the_o next_o night_n it_o be_v again_o expose_v the_o plug_n not_o be_v 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air_n to_o be_v condense_v at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o seal_n be_v account_v by_o estimation_n for_o the_o slender_a pipe_n new_o take_v notice_n of_o almost_o 9_o â…ž_n inch_n this_o space_n we_o observe_v the_o ascend_a water_n as_o the_o ice_n increase_v below_o to_o invade_v by_o degree_n for_o we_o watch_v it_o and_o measure_v it_o from_o time_n to_o time_n so_o much_o till_o at_o length_n the_o water_n reach_v to_o 8._o inch_n and_o â…ž_n almost_o above_o the_o station_n which_o we_o have_v careful_o mark_v with_o a_o diamond_n in_o which_o we_o find_v it_o when_o the_o glass_n be_v seal_v up_o leave_v but_o about_o a_o inch_n of_o air_n at_o the_o top_n so_o that_o of_o the_o whole_a space_n before_o possess_v by_o the_o air_n the_o water_n have_v intrude_v into_o near_o nine_o part_n of_o ten_o then_o be_v partly_o apprehensive_a the_o glass_n will_v hold_v no_o long_o but_o have_v its_o upper_a part_n blow_v off_o as_o it_o happen_v to_o we_o a_o little_a before_o with_o 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the_o bigness_n of_o a_o turkey_n egg_n and_o of_o a_o oval_a form_n with_o a_o neck_n almost_o cylindrical_a but_o somewhat_o wide_o at_o the_o low_a than_o the_o upper_a part_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n till_o there_o be_v leave_v in_o the_o neck_n four_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a whereof_o the_o last_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n and_o a_o little_a more_o be_v much_o narrow_a than_o the_o rest_n be_v draw_v into_o a_o conical_a shape_n that_o it_o may_v be_v easy_o seal_v at_o the_o apex_n along_o this_o cylinder_n from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v past_v a_o list_n of_o paper_n divide_v into_o inch_n and_o quarter_n and_o then_o the_o glass_n be_v careful_o and_o expeditious_o seal_v up_o by_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o candle_n we_o observe_v that_o by_o hold_v the_o glass_n a_o while_n in_o a_o warm_a hand_n and_o a_o room_n where_o there_o be_v a_o good_a fire_n the_o water_n be_v swell_v up_o near_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n but_o 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crowd_a air_n grow_v too_o strong_a for_o the_o resistance_n of_o the_o glass_n it_o burst_v with_o a_o noise_n that_o make_v we_o come_v to_o it_o from_o several_a place_n of_o the_o house_n the_o vessel_n break_v not_o in_o the_o cylindrical_a part_n as_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v but_o in_o the_o oval_n the_o whole_a pipe_n with_o the_o seal_a end_n remain_v entire_a the_o ice_n appear_v full_a enough_o of_o bubble_n which_o make_v it_o white_a and_o opacous_a and_o the_o water_n that_o have_v ascend_v into_o the_o neck_n upon_o the_o break_n be_v all_o drive_v out_o of_o it_o thus_o far_o our_o collection_n but_o because_o we_o have_v in_o another_o glass_n where_o the_o operation_n be_v soon_o dispatch_v a_o opportunity_n of_o watch_v &_o observe_v somewhat_o more_o exact_o we_o will_v add_v 9_o that_o the_o last_o and_o possible_o the_o best_a experiment_n we_o have_v of_o compress_v air_n by_o freeze_a be_v make_v in_o a_o short_a and_o strong_a glass_n egg_n who_o ball_n be_v very_o great_a in_o proportion_n to_o the_o stem_n that_o the_o expanding_n of_o the_o water_n may_v have_v the_o more_o forcible_a operation_n this_o vessel_n be_v exact_o seal_v and_o have_v a_o divide_a list_n of_o paper_n past_v along_o the_o stem_n be_v set_v to_o freeze_v with_o snow_n or_o ice_n and_o salt_n and_o the_o contain_v water_n do_v quick_o begin_v to_o crowd_v the_o air_n into_o a_o lesser_a room_n and_o for_o a_o good_a while_n ascend_v very_o fast_o till_o at_o length_n it_o have_v thrust_v the_o air_n into_o so_o small_a a_o part_n of_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o pipe_n that_o we_o vehement_o suspect_v there_o may_v
examine_v this_o have_v take_v a_o piece_n of_o ice_n we_o do_v not_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o i_o partly_o make_v myself_o and_o partly_o cause_v in_o my_o presence_n to_o be_v make_v by_o other_o that_o if_o a_o man_n eye_n be_v close_o shut_v he_o can_v certain_o discern_v the_o approach_n of_o a_o moderate_o size_v piece_n of_o ice_n though_o hold_v never_o so_o near_o his_o finger_n end_n nay_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o make_v the_o trial_n with_o one_o of_o those_o very_a sensible_a thermoscope_n i_o have_v former_o mention_v wherein_o a_o pendulous_a drop_n of_o liquor_n play_v up_o and_o down_o in_o a_o slender_a pipe_n i_o find_v that_o by_o hold_v it_o very_o near_o to_o little_a mass_n of_o snow_n somewhat_o compact_v too_o the_o movable_a drop_n do_v not_o betray_v any_o manifest_a operation_n of_o so_o cold_a a_o neighbour_a body_n but_o if_o the_o glass_n be_v make_v to_o touch_v the_o snow_n the_o effect_n will_v then_o be_v notable_a by_o the_o hasty_a descent_n of_o the_o pendulous_a drop_n or_o its_o motion_n towards_o the_o obtuse_a part_n of_o the_o instrument_n in_o case_n that_o be_v not_o perpendicular_o but_o lateral_o apply_v to_o the_o snowy_a lump_n but_o this_o languidness_n of_o operation_n may_v perhaps_o proceed_v in_o great_a part_n from_o the_o smallness_n of_o the_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v employ_v for_o hear_v of_o a_o merchant_n that_o have_v make_v divers_a observation_n about_o cold_a in_o greenland_n i_o desire_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o a_o very_a learned_a friend_n to_o be_v inform_v whether_o or_o no_o in_o the_o night_n they_o can_v perceive_v those_o vast_a heap_n or_o rather_o mountain_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o float_v up_o and_o down_o in_o that_o sea_n by_o any_o new_a and_o manifest_a accession_n of_o cold_a and_o be_v inform_v by_o way_n of_o answer_n to_o that_o question_n that_o be_v at_o sea_n they_o can_v know_v the_o approach_n of_o ice_n as_o well_o by_o the_o increase_n of_o cold_a as_o by_o the_o glare_a light_n which_o the_o air_n seem_v to_o receive_v from_o the_o neighbour_a ice_n 3._o but_o that_o which_o make_v i_o suspect_v that_o there_o may_v in_o this_o account_n be_v some_o mistake_n be_v that_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o meet_v with_o any_o like_a observation_n in_o any_o of_o the_o voyage_n into_o gelid_a climate_n that_o i_o have_v have_v occasion_n to_o peruse_v though_o in_o some_o of_o they_o the_o navigator_n frequent_o mention_v their_o have_v meet_v with_o vast_a rand_n as_o some_o call_v they_o and_o island_n of_o mountainous_a ice_n in_o the_o night_n and_o it_o be_v as_o i_o remember_v the_o complaint_n of_o one_o or_o two_o if_o not_o more_o of_o they_o that_o the_o ship_n lie_v close_o by_o such_o vast_a piece_n of_o ice_n without_o their_o be_v aware_a of_o it_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o fog_n by_o which_o it_o seem_v that_o there_o be_v no_o sensible_a cold_a diffuse_v to_o any_o considerable_a distance_n whereby_o they_o may_v be_v advertise_v of_o the_o unwelcome_a neighbourhood_n even_o of_o so_o much_o ice_n but_o possible_o the_o approach_n of_o far_o small_a mass_n of_o ice_n will_v have_v be_v sensible_a to_o they_o in_o such_o a_o climate_n as_o we_o where_o the_o organ_n will_v not_o have_v be_v indispose_v to_o feel_v by_o a_o long_a accustomance_n of_o any_o thing_n near_o so_o intense_a a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o that_o which_o then_o reign_v in_o those_o northern_a sea_n 4._o while_o we_o be_v consider_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o operation_n of_o even_o the_o cold_a body_n at_o the_o very_a near_a distance_n and_o upon_o immediate_a contact_n we_o think_v it_o a_o experiment_n not_o altogether_o unworthy_a to_o be_v try_v whether_o though_o ice_n and_o snow_n alone_o that_o be_v unassisted_a by_o salt_n will_v not_o in_o some_o of_o our_o former_o mention_a experiment_n freeze_v water_n through_o the_o thickness_n even_o of_o a_o thin_a glass_n they_o may_v not_o yet_o do_v it_o when_o the_o water_n be_v immediate_o contiguous_a to_o they_o and_o i_o remember_v that_o we_o take_v a_o convenient_o shape_a glass_n and_o have_v freeze_v the_o contain_v water_n for_o some_o hour_n from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o till_o the_o ice_n be_v grow_v to_o be_v of_o a_o considerable_a thickness_n we_o mark_v what_o part_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v possess_v by_o the_o unfrozen_a water_n and_o then_o remove_v the_o vessel_n to_o a_o little_a distance_n from_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n it_o stand_v in_o before_o we_o let_v it_o 〈◊〉_d there_o to_o try_v whether_o the_o ice_n will_v freeze_v any_o part_n of_o the_o contiguous_a and_o incumbent_a water_n but_o some_o intervening_a accident_n hinder_v we_o from_o be_v able_a to_o derive_v any_o great_a satisfaction_n one_o way_n or_o other_o from_o our_o trial_n 5._o wherefore_o we_o shall_v add_v by_o way_n v._n of_o compensation_n that_o the_o diligent_a olearius_n relate_v that_o at_o ispahan_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o persia_n though_o it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o very_a hot_a climate_n and_o though_o it_o seldom_o freeze_v there_o above_o a_o finger_n thick_a and_o the_o ice_n melt_v present_o at_o sunrising_n yet_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v conservatory_n which_o they_o furnish_v with_o solid_a piece_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o good_a thickness_n only_o by_o pour_v at_o night_n great_a store_n of_o water_n at_o convenient_a interval_n of_o time_n upon_o a_o shelve_v floor_n of_o freestone_n or_o marble_n whereon_o as_o the_o water_n run_v over_o it_o the_o most_o dispose_v of_o its_o part_n be_v in_o their_o passage_n arrest_v and_o freeze_v by_o the_o contiguous_a ice_n which_o by_o this_o mean_n say_v my_o learned_a author_n may_v be_v bring_v in_o two_o or_o three_o successive_a night_n to_o a_o very_a considerable_a thickness_n 6._o we_o several_a time_n give_v order_n to_o have_v this_o experiment_n try_v in_o england_n but_o partly_o through_o the_o negligence_n of_o those_o we_o employ_v and_o partly_o upon_o the_o score_n of_o intervening_a circumstance_n our_o expectation_n be_v but_o ill_o answer_v and_o in_o this_o case_n i_o mention_v intervening_a circumstance_n because_o have_v cause_v a_o servant_n to_o pump_v in_o the_o night_n upon_o a_o not_o very_o thin_a plate_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v lay_v shelve_v upon_o a_o board_n and_o another_o flat_a piece_n of_o ice_n be_v about_o the_o same_o time_n lay_v under_o a_o place_n where_o water_n derive_v from_o a_o neighbour_a spring_n be_v wont_n continual_o to_o drop_v he_o bring_v i_o word_n that_o not_o only_o in_o this_o last_o name_v place_n the_o ice_n melt_v away_o but_o that_o under_o the_o pump_n instead_o of_o increase_v in_o thickness_n by_o the_o water_n run_v over_o it_o it_o be_v thereby_o rather_o dissolve_v at_o which_o somewhat_o wonder_v i_o go_v in_o the_o morning_n myself_o to_o the_o pump_n and_o cause_v a_o good_a flake_n of_o ice_n to_o be_v in_o a_o convenient_a posture_n place_v under_o it_o i_o observe_v the_o water_n as_o it_o come_v out_o of_o the_o pump_n and_o be_v fall_v on_o the_o ice_n to_o smoke_n as_o if_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o well_o have_v make_v the_o water_n though_o very_o cold_a to_o the_o touch_n somewhat_o warm_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o thereby_o fit_a to_o resolve_v then_o to_o increase_v it_o which_o inconvenience_n may_v be_v prevent_v by_o suffer_v the_o water_n of_o deep_a spring_n and_o well_n to_o stand_v to_o cool_v in_o the_o air_n before_o it_o be_v put_v to_o the_o ice_n and_o this_o though_o the_o neighbour_a air_n be_v as_o i_o find_v by_o manifest_a proof_n so_o cold_a that_o i_o be_v not_o tempt_v to_o impute_v the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o the_o experiment_n rather_o to_o its_o want_n of_o a_o sufficient_a coldness_n than_o the_o water_n so_o that_o till_o i_o have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o make_v a_o further_a trial_n i_o can_v 〈◊〉_d more_o to_o the_o persian_a way_n of_o augment_v ice_n but_o to_o proceed_v our_o have_v meet_v with_o but_o a_o unsatisfactory_a account_n of_o this_o experiment_n which_o we_o be_v the_o more_o trouble_v at_o because_o this_o seem_v a_o promise_a way_n of_o try_v that_o which_o otherwise_o be_v not_o so_o easy_o reduce_v to_o experiment_n for_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n must_v be_v serious_o consider_v in_o assign_v the_o cause_n of_o divers_a trial_n that_o may_v be_v make_v for_o the_o resolve_v of_o the_o same_o question_n for_o to_o omit_v other_o example_n here_o in_o england_n we_o find_v that_o water_n pour_v on_o snow_n be_v wont_a to_o hasten_v the_o dissolution_n of_o it_o and_o not_o to_o be_v congeal_v by_o it_o whereas_o have_v inquire_v of_o a_o ingenious_a person_n that_o live_v a_o good_a while_n among_o the_o russian_n
he_o inform_v i_o that_o it_o be_v their_o usual_a way_n to_o turn_v water_n and_o snow_n into_o ice_n by_o pour_v a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o that_o liquor_n into_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o snow_n and_o have_v also_o inquire_v 〈◊〉_d ice_n have_v not_o the_o like_a operation_n he_o tell_v 〈◊〉_d that_o it_o be_v usual_a and_o he_o have_v see_v it_o practise_v in_o 〈◊〉_d to_o cement_v ice_n to_o building_n and_o other_o thing_n and_o also_o to_o case_n over_o body_n as_o it_o be_v with_o ice_n by_o gradual_o throw_v water_n upon_o they_o but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o that_o effect_v be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v bare_o to_o the_o contiguity_n of_o the_o ice_n because_o i_o learn_v of_o he_o that_o this_o way_n of_o increase_a ice_n be_v practise_v in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n when_o water_n thin_o spread_v upon_o almost_o any_o other_o body_n will_v be_v freeze_v by_o the_o vehement_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air._n 7._o the_o glaciation_n that_o nature_n unguided_a by_o art_n be_v wont_a to_o make_v begin_v at_o those_o part_n of_o body_n at_o which_o they_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n it_o usual_o happen_v that_o they_o freeze_v from_o the_o upper_a towards_o the_o low_a part_n but_o how_o far_o in_o earth_n and_o water_n the_o most_o considerable_a body_n that_o be_v subject_a to_o be_v freeze_v the_o frost_n will_v pierce_v downward_o though_o for_o some_o hint_n it_o will_v afford_v worth_a the_o know_n be_v not_o easy_a to_o be_v define_v because_o the_o deepness_n of_o the_o frost_n may_v be_v much_o vary_v by_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o the_o air_n by_o which_o the_o glaciation_n seem_v to_o be_v produce_v as_o also_o by_o the_o great_a or_o 〈◊〉_d duration_n of_o the_o frost_n by_o the_o loose_a or_o close_a texture_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o juice_n wherewith_o the_o earth_n be_v imbue_v and_o by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o subjacent_a and_o more_o internal_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n some_o of_o which_o send_v up_o either_o actual_o warm_a or_o potential_o hot_a and_o resolve_v steam_n such_o as_o those_o that_o make_v corrosive_a liquor_n in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n so_o that_o the_o frost_n will_v not_o seize_v upon_o or_o at_o lest_o can_v continue_v over_o mine_n and_o i_o have_v see_v good_a large_a scope_n of_o land_n where_o vast_a quantity_n of_o good_a limestone_n lie_v near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n on_o which_o i_o have_v be_v assure_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o the_o snow_n will_v not_o lie_v there_o be_v divers_a other_o thing_n that_o may_v vary_v the_o depth_n to_o which_o the_o frost_n can_v penetrate_v into_o the_o ground_n i_o say_v into_o the_o ground_n because_o in_o most_o case_n it_o will_v pierce_v deep_o into_o the_o water_n but_o yet_o that_o we_o may_v not_o leave_v this_o part_n of_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a altogether_o uncontribute_v to_o we_o will_v add_v some_o of_o our_o note_n whereby_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o in_o our_o climate_n the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d less_o into_o the_o ground_n than_o many_o be_v please_v to_o think_v 8._o the_o note_n i_o find_v about_o this_o matter_n be_v these_o that_o follow_v which_o i_o 〈◊〉_d unaltered_a because_o it_o be_v tedious_a and_o not_o worth_a while_n to_o add_v the_o way_n we_o employ_v and_o the_o caution_n we_o use_v in_o make_v the_o observation_n but_o we_o shall_v rather_o intimate_v that_o the_o follow_a trial_n be_v make_v in_o a_o village_n about_o two_o mile_n from_o a_o great_a city_n i._n jan._n 22._o after_o four_o night_n of_o frost_n that_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o for_o very_o hard_a we_o go_v into_o a_o orchard_n where_o the_o ground_n be_v level_a and_o not_o cover_v with_o grass_n and_o find_v by_o dig_v that_o the_o frost_n have_v scarce_o pierce_v into_o the_o ground_n three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a and_o in_o a_o garden_n near_o the_o house_n we_o find_v not_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v freeze_v more_o than_o two_o inch_n beneath_o its_o surface_n ii_o nine_o or_o ten_o night_n successive_a frost_n freeze_v the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o garden_n about_o six_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_a in_o depth_n and_o the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o orchard_n where_o a_o wall_n 〈◊〉_d it_o from_o the_o south_n sun_n to_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o about_o eight_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_o february_n the_o 9_o we_o dig_v in_o a_o orchard_n near_o a_o wall_n that_o respect_v the_o north_n and_o find_v the_o frost_n to_o have_v 〈◊〉_d the_o ground_n 〈◊〉_d a_o foot_n and_o two_o inch_n at_o least_o above_o a_o foot_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o eight_o day_n since_o it_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d inch_n and_o a_o half_a a_fw-la slender_a pipe_n of_o glass_n about_o 18._o inch_n long_o and_o seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v thrust_v over_o night_n into_o a_o hole_n purposely_o make_v with_o a_o spit_n straight_o down_o into_o the_o ground_n the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o same_o level_n with_o that_o of_o the_o earth_n the_o next_o morning_n the_o tube_n be_v take_v out_o the_o water_n appear_v freeze_v in_o the_o whole_a capacity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n but_o a_o little_a more_o than_o three_o inch_n but_o from_o this_o stick_n of_o ice_n there_o reach_v downward_o a_o part_n of_o a_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n of_o about_o six_o inch_n in_o length_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o water_n remain_v 〈◊〉_d though_o it_o be_v a_o exceed_a sharp_a night_n precede_v by_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o air_n that_o have_v be_v very_o lasting_a and_o very_o bitter_a the_o earth_n in_o the_o garden_n where_o this_o trial_n be_v make_v we_o guess_v to_o be_v freeze_v eight_o or_o ten_o inch_n deep_a as_o it_o be_v in_o another_o place_n about_o the_o same_o house_n but_o be_v this_o tube_n have_v not_o be_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n will_v have_v freeze_v it_o quite_o through_o 9_o another_o note_n much_o of_o the_o same_o import_n we_o find_v in_o another_o place_n of_o our_o collection_n find_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mildness_n of_o our_o climate_n i_o be_v scarce_o to_o hope_v for_o any_o much_o deep_a congelation_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o water_n i_o apply_v myself_o to_o inquire_v of_o a_o ingenious_a man_n that_o have_v be_v at_o musco_n whether_o he_o have_v observe_v any_o thing_n there_o to_o my_o present_a purpose_n as_o also_o to_o find_v in_o captain_n james_n voyage_n whether_o that_o inquisitive_a navigator_n have_v take_v notice_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o may_v inform_v i_o how_o far_o the_o cold_a be_v able_a to_o freeze_v the_o earth_n or_o water_n in_o the_o island_n of_o charleton_n where_o that_o quality_n may_v probable_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v have_v as_o large_a a_o sphere_n of_o activity_n as_o in_o almost_o any_o part_n of_o the_o habitable_a world_n and_o by_o my_o inquiry_n i_o 〈◊〉_d that_o even_o in_o freeze_a region_n themselves_o a_o congeal_a degree_n of_o cold_a pierce_v nothing_o near_o so_o deep_a into_o the_o earth_n and_o sea_n as_o one_o will_v imagine_v for_o the_o traveller_n i_o speak_v with_o tell_v i_o that_o in_o a_o garden_n in_o musco_n where_o he_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o thing_n i_o inquire_v about_o he_o find_v not_o the_o ground_n to_o be_v freeze_v much_o above_o two_o foot_n deep_a and_o in_o captain_n james_n journal_n the_o most_o that_o i_o find_v and_o that_o too_o where_o he_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o prodigious_o tall_a ice_n they_o have_v in_o january_n concern_v the_o pierce_a of_o the_o frost_n into_o the_o ground_n be_v this_o that_o the_o ground_n at_o 63._o tenfoot_o deep_a be_v freeze_v whence_o by_o the_o way_n we_o may_v gather_v how_o much_o sharp_a cold_n may_v be_v presume_v to_o have_v reign_v in_o that_o island_n than_o even_o in_o russia_n and_o as_o for_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o water_n he_o do_v in_o another_o place_n occasional_o give_v we_o this_o memorable_a account_n of_o it_o where_o he_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o break_n up_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o freeze_a sea_n that_o surround_v the_o island_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o it_o be_v first_o to_o be_v note_v say_v he_o that_o it_o do_v 86._o not_o freeze_v natural_o above_o six_o foot_n the_o rest_n be_v by_o accident_n such_o be_v that_o ice_n that_o you_o may_v see_v here_o six_o fathom_n thick_a this_o we_o have_v manifest_a proof_n of_o by_o our_o dig_v the_o ice_n out_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o by_o dig_v to_o our_o anchor_n before_o the_o ice_n break_v up_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o account_n not_o concern_v our_o present_a purpose_n i_o forbear_v to_o annex_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o notwithstanding_o our_o late_o mention_a experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n in_o
and_o spoil_v the_o other_o liquor_n be_v indeed_o sweet_a like_o rain_n water_n but_o so_o very_o little_a as_o well_o as_o so_o slow_o generate_v that_o it_o amount_v not_o any_o thing_n near_o to_o that_o which_o the_o snow_n employ_v and_o spoil_v to_o make_v it_o will_v have_v afford_v so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v question_v whether_o some_o cool_a liquor_n which_o can_v as_o well_o as_o this_o mixture_n condense_a the_o vapid_a air_n into_o water_n and_o who_o texture_n be_v not_o destroy_v in_o this_o operation_n as_o that_o of_o the_o snow_n be_v may_v not_o be_v more_o hopeful_o employ_v to_o obtain_v water_n from_o the_o air_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o add_v this_o one_o thing_n that_o the_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n do_v turn_v the_o vapour_n that_o fasten_v themselves_o to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n first_o into_o ice_n before_o they_o drop_v down_o in_o the_o form_n of_o water_n in_o almost_o all_o our_o trial_n of_o this_o nature_n as_o well_o in_o thick_a funnel_n as_o in_o other_o and_o thin_a glass_n 5._o that_o in_o hermetical_o seal_v glass_n a_o include_v mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v freeze_v the_o vapour_n of_o the_o air_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n divers_a of_o the_o experiment_n of_o the_o present_a treatise_n do_v manifest_o evince_v which_o argue_v that_o even_o so_o extreme_o close_v a_o medium_fw-la as_o glass_n be_v not_o able_a to_o hinder_v the_o transmission_n of_o cold._n and_o this_o be_v not_o superfluous_o add_v because_o in_o vessel_n not_o hermetical_o seal_v it_o may_v be_v pretend_v that_o it_o be_v the_o internal_a air_n that_o communicate_v its_o coldness_n by_o some_o unheeded_a but_o immediate_a intercourse_n with_o the_o external_a after_o this_o we_o think_v it_o worth_a a_o experiment_n to_o try_v whether_o or_o how_o cold_n will_v be_v diffuse_v through_o a_o medium_fw-la that_o some_o will_v think_v a_o vacuum_n and_o which_o to_o other_o will_v seem_v much_o less_o dispose_v to_o assist_v the_o diffusion_n of_o cold_a then_o common_a air_n itself_o to_o compass_v this_o the_o expedient_a we_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o be_v to_o suspend_v a_o slender_a glass_n full_a of_o water_n in_o one_o of_o the_o small_a receiver_n belong_v to_o our_o pneumatical_a engine_n and_o when_o the_o air_n be_v very_o careful_o pump_v out_o to_o bury_v the_o exhaust_a receiver_n in_o a_o copious_a and_o ready_a prepare_v mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n to_o see_v whether_o notwithstanding_o the_o withdraw_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la the_o water_n suspend_v in_o a_o kind_n of_o vacuum_n as_o to_o air_n or_o gross_a substance_n will_v yet_o be_v freeze_v by_o the_o cold._n that_o event_n of_o our_o trial_n which_o alone_o i_o find_v among_o my_o note_n be_v register_v in_o these_o term_n 6._o a_fw-la small_a pipe_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v at_o the_o other_o fill_v almost_o with_o water_n and_o be_v put_v into_o a_o receiver_n consist_v of_o a_o somewhat_o long_a and_o slender_a tube_n of_o glass_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n and_o invert_v upon_o the_o engine_n plate_n than_o the_o air_n be_v careful_o exhaust_v for_o the_o pump_n be_v ply_v a_o while_n after_o no_o air_n appear_v to_o come_v forth_o in_o any_o bubble_n out_o of_o the_o receiver_n through_o the_o external_a water_n nor_o do_v the_o water_n in_o the_o small_a pipe_n within_o disclose_v any_o number_n of_o bubble_n worth_a take_v notice_n of_o then_o by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o almost_o cylindrical_a plate_n of_o iron_n beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n be_v heap_v against_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o receiver_n about_o the_o height_n to_o which_o the_o water_n in_o the_o small_a pipe_n reach_v and_o at_o length_n though_o as_o we_o all_o thought_n much_o more_o slow_o than_o such_o a_o congelation_n will_v else_o have_v be_v perform_v the_o water_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v in_o odd_a kind_n of_o flake_n from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n and_o the_o ice_n seem_v not_o to_o have_v any_o considerable_a number_n of_o bubble_n 7._o there_o be_v one_o experiment_n i_o have_v make_v about_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o indispose_a medium_n which_o may_v not_o be_v unworthy_a to_o be_v here_o insert_v for_o i_o have_v once_o a_o mind_n to_o try_v whether_o a_o cold_a body_n can_v operate_v through_o a_o medium_fw-la that_o be_v as_o to_o touch_v actual_o hot_a and_o have_v its_o heat_n continual_o renew_v by_o a_o sountain_n as_o it_o be_v of_o heat_n that_o perpetual_o diffuse_v through_o it_o new_a supply_n of_o warm_a liquor_n so_o that_o the_o cold_a body_n can_v not_o here_o as_o in_o other_o case_n first_o allay_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la and_o then_o lessen_v it_o more_o and_o more_o till_o it_o have_v quite_o extinguish_v it_o to_o compass_v this_o i_o have_v soon_o after_o a_o opportunity_n of_o make_v some_o trial_n present_v i_o for_o be_v at_o the_o mineral_n spring_v at_o tunbridge_n to_o drink_v those_o wholesome_a water_n for_o my_o health_n sake_n i_o soon_o accustom_v myself_o to_o drink_v they_o in_o considerable_a quantity_n very_o early_o in_o the_o morning_n when_o they_o be_v exceed_o cold_a and_o sometime_o drink_v they_o in_o bed_n as_o well_o as_o sometime_o at_o the_o springs-head_n i_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o observe_v whether_o in_o case_n i_o take_v they_o down_o very_o fast_o they_o will_v not_o through_o the_o warm_a muscle_n and_o outward_a part_n of_o the_o abdomen_fw-la diffuse_v a_o sensible_a coldness_n and_o upon_o more_o trial_n than_o one_o i_o find_v that_o by_o lay_v my_o warm_a hand_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o my_o belly_n i_o there_o feel_v at_o least_o as_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o a_o manifest_a and_o considerable_a degree_n of_o coldness_n and_o when_o i_o relate_v this_o to_o some_o ingenious_a person_n that_o be_v better_o acquaint_v with_o those_o spring_n than_o i_o they_o tell_v i_o that_o there_o be_v among_o those_o many_o that_o then_o resort_v to_o those_o famous_a spring_n a_o knight_n who_o name_n i_o remember_v not_o who_o disease_n be_v judge_v formidable_a the_o physician_n enjoin_v he_o to_o drink_v in_o a_o morning_n two_o or_o three_o time_n the_o quantity_n that_o afford_v i_o the_o observation_n i_o be_v relate_v and_o that_o when_o this_o knight_n have_v fill_v his_o belly_n with_o so_o much_o water_n he_o use_v mighty_o to_o complain_v of_o the_o coldness_n it_o diffuse_v through_o his_o abdomen_fw-la insomuch_o that_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o ply_v those_o part_n long_o with_o hot_a napkin_n clap_v to_o they_o one_o after_o another_o which_o yet_o as_o he_o complain_v be_v soon_o refrigerated_a by_o the_o excessive_a cold_a that_o the_o water_n diffuse_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o his_o belly_n which_o yet_o nevertheless_o be_v not_o that_o i_o can_v learn_v at_o all_o prejudice_v no_o more_o than_o i_o by_o so_o sensible_a and_o pierce_a a_o cold._n 8._o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v whether_o in_o case_n water_n be_v not_o fluid_a upon_o the_o account_n of_o a_o congenite_fw-la motion_n in_o the_o corpuscle_n it_o consist_v of_o its_o fluidness_n may_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o agitation_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n either_o immediate_o contiguous_a to_o the_o surface_n or_o communicate_v its_o agitation_n to_o the_o water_n by_o propagation_n of_o its_o impulse_n through_o the_o vessel_n that_o interpose_v betwixt_o they_o to_o contribute_v to_o the_o clear_n of_o this_o and_o some_o other_o thing_n we_o devise_v the_o follow_a experiment_n we_o provide_v a_o glass-bubble_n of_o about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o walnut_n and_o the_o form_n almost_o of_o a_o pear_n who_o stem_n be_v purposely_o make_v crooked_a for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o suspension_n this_o be_v fill_v with_o water_n which_o be_v troublesome_a enough_o to_o be_v do_v unless_o one_o have_v the_o knack_n we_o hang_v it_o at_o one_o end_n of_o a_o thread_n who_o other_o end_n we_o pass_v through_o a_o cork_n by_o a_o perforation_n purposely_o make_v into_o which_o we_o afterward_o fasten_v the_o thread_n by_o thrust_v in_o a_o small_a peg_n to_o rivet_v it_o in_o then_o fill_v a_o glass_n not_o very_o broad_a but_o yet_o furnish_v with_o a_o mouth_n wide_a enough_o to_o receive_v the_o bubble_n with_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n such_o as_o we_o buy_v it_o at_o the_o shop_n we_o stop_v the_o orifice_n with_o the_o new_o mention_v cork_n so_o that_o the_o seal_a bubble_n hang_v at_o it_o be_v cover_v and_o every_o way_n surround_v by_o the_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n which_o be_v a_o liquor_n that_o at_o least_o in_o such_o cold_n as_o we_o here_o have_v will_v not_o freeze_v we_o place_v the_o glass_n in_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n and_o as_o it_o be_v bury_v it_o therein_o and_o at_o the_o end_n of_o about_o three_o
hour_n have_v be_v divert_v by_o some_o occasion_n from_o take_v it_o soon_o out_o we_o find_v as_o we_o have_v conjecture_v that_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n continue_v perfect_o fluid_a as_o before_o yet_o the_o bubble_n total_o immerse_v in_o this_o heat_n chemical_a oil_n be_v freeze_v throughout_o not_o except_v that_o which_o be_v harbour_v in_o the_o little_a neck_n or_o stalk_v and_o when_o i_o come_v to_o lift_v it_o out_o of_o the_o liquor_n the_o glass_n be_v crack_v as_o we_o suppose_v by_o the_o cold_a the_o string_n bring_v up_o a_o little_a part_n of_o that_o which_o be_v near_a to_o it_o the_o rest_n in_o the_o form_n above_o mention_v stay_v behind_o and_o subside_v and_o that_o which_o be_v remarkable_a in_o this_o piece_n of_o ice_n be_v that_o when_o we_o have_v take_v it_o out_o it_o appear_v cleave_v very_o deep_a from_o the_o outside_n almost_o to_o the_o centre_n according_a to_o a_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o slender_a part_n of_o it_o almost_o as_o if_o one_o shall_v with_o a_o knife_n cut_v a_o pear_n in_o two_o from_o the_o stalk_n downward_o according_a to_o its_o whole_a length_n and_o these_o two_o piece_n be_v easy_o enough_o separable_a and_o to_o add_v that_o circumstance_n for_o trial_n sake_n we_o leave_v they_o divide_v in_o the_o same_o liquor_n and_o vessel_n with_o some_o thaw_v ice_n and_o salt_n about_o they_o for_o 14._o or_o 15._o hour_n without_o find_v they_o any_o thing_n near_o so_o much_o waste_v or_o resolve_v into_o water_n as_o most_o will_v have_v expect_v while_o the_o above_o mention_v bubble_n be_v expose_v to_o be_v freeze_v we_o likewise_o place_v by_o it_o in_o another_o vessel_n a_o glass-egg_n who_o ball_n and_o a_o little_a part_n of_o its_o stem_n we_o have_v fill_v with_o some_o of_o the_o very_a same_o parcel_n of_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o place_v about_o the_o side_n of_o this_o egg_n some_o ice_n and_o salt_n we_o observe_v as_o we_o expect_v that_o the_o liquor_n be_v after_o a_o little_a while_n make_v by_o the_o cold_a to_o subside_o about_o half_a a_o inch_n so_o that_o it_o be_v worth_a some_o philosopher_n consider_v why_o if_o according_a to_o the_o late_o mention_v atomical_a doctrine_n cold_a be_v make_v by_o the_o introduction_n of_o swarm_n of_o real_a and_o extend_v though_o atomical_a body_n they_o shall_v pervade_v the_o oil_n and_o contract_v it_o without_o freeze_a it_o but_o freeze_v the_o water_n without_o contract_v it_o but_o expend_v it_o rather_o 9_o a_fw-la small_a bubble_n of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o very_a little_a nutmeg_n fill_v with_o water_n and_o hermetical_o seal_v up_o be_v by_o a_o cork_n and_o a_o string_n suspend_v in_o spirit_n of_o wine_n so_o as_o to_o be_v surround_v therewith_o and_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n the_o same_o night_n in_o the_o stop_v glass_n be_v the_o next_o morning_n find_v altogether_o freeze_v though_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n itself_o be_v not_o at_o all_o so_o but_o another_o 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the_o famous_a volcan-hecla_a in_o island_n which_o though_o very_o believe_v among_o the_o superstitious_a vulgar_a of_o 22._o those_o part_n be_v speak_v of_o so_o slight_o by_o blefkenius_fw-la who_o be_v upon_o that_o coast_n have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o sail_v purposely_o thither_o that_o i_o think_v it_o not_o worth_a while_n to_o take_v any_o far_a notice_n of_o it_o but_o it_o be_v too_o tedious_a to_o set_v down_o in_o this_o section_n which_o the_o strangeness_n and_o variety_n of_o the_o theme_n have_v make_v so_o prolix_a already_o the_o other_o thing_n that_o may_v be_v mention_v without_o impertinency_n concern_v ice_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v here_o desist_v from_o so_o laborious_a a_o task_n as_o also_o omit_v the_o handle_n of_o snow_n and_o hail_n for_o though_o they_o be_v reducible_a to_o ice_n yet_o i_o shall_v at_o least_o suspend_v the_o treat_v of_o they_o partly_o because_o bartholinus_n and_o meteorologist_n have_v save_v much_o of_o my_o labour_n and_o 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with_o he_o supply_v he_o so_o well_o with_o air_n that_o he_o be_v not_o incommodate_v in_o point_n of_o respiration_n and_o though_o he_o feel_v no_o other_o inconvenience_n that_o may_v dissuade_v his_o tarry_n long_a yet_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o great_a and_o troublesome_a that_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o endure_v it_o above_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n but_o be_v constrain_v to_o remount_v to_o a_o mild_a as_o well_o as_o a_o high_a region_n i_o wish_v several_a time_n he_o have_v have_v with_o he_o a_o seal_a weatherglass_n for_o ordinary_a thermometer_n will_v on_o that_o occasion_n have_v be_v unserviceable_a to_o prevent_v some_o little_a doubt_n that_o may_v be_v make_v whether_o the_o intense_a cold_a he_o feel_v may_v not_o be_v only_o and_o chief_o in_o reference_n to_o his_o body_n which_o may_v be_v so_o alter_v and_o dispose_v by_o this_o new_a briny_a ambient_fw-la as_o to_o make_v such_o a_o disturbance_n in_o the_o course_n or_o texture_n of_o his_o blood_n as_o that_o which_o make_v aguish_a person_n so_o cold_a at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o fit_a though_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la body_n continue_v the_o same_o but_o this_o be_v not_o the_o only_a person_n that_o find_v the_o sea_n exceed_o cold_a for_o i_o remember_v 1._o beguinus_n relate_v from_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o marseillian_a knight_n that_o be_v overseer_n of_o the_o coral-fishing_a in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o tunis_n that_o have_v upon_o that_o coast_n let_v down_o a_o young_a man_n to_o feel_v whether_o coral_n be_v hard_a or_o soft_a as_o it_o grow_v in_o the_o water_n when_o this_o man_n be_v come_v about_o eight_o fathom_n near_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n he_o feel_v it_o exceed_o cold_a to_o which_o we_o shall_v add_v the_o testimony_n of_o a_o sober_a traveller_n josephus_n acosta_n who_o tell_v 11._o we_o that_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n remarkable_a that_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o ocean_n the_o water_n can_v be_v make_v hot_a by_o the_o violence_n 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but_o such_o as_o eat_v flesh_n as_o bear_n and_o fox_n etc._n etc._n although_o nova_n zembla_n lie_v 4_o 5_o and_o 6._o degree_n more_o southerly_a from_o the_o pole_n than_o the_o other_o land_n aforesaid_a and_o to_o this_o purpose_n i_o remember_v what_o be_v relate_v by_o the_o learned_a josephus_n 101._o acosta_n concern_v the_o heat_n and_o cold_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o elsewhere_o when_o i_o pass_v say_v he_o to_o the_o indies_n i_o will_v tell_v what_o chance_v unto_o i_o have_v read_v what_o poet_n and_o philosopher_n write_v of_o the_o burn_a zone_n i_o persuade_v myself_o that_o come_v to_o the_o aequinoctial_a i_o shall_v not_o endure_v the_o violent_a heat_n but_o it_o fall_v out_o otherwise_o for_o when_o i_o pass_v which_o be_v when_o the_o 〈◊〉_d be_v there_o for_o zenith_n be_v enter_v into_o aries_n in_o the_o month_n of_o march_n i_o feel_v so_o great_a a_o cold_a as_o i_o be_v force_v to_o go_v into_o the_o sun_n to_o warm_v i_o what_o can_v i_o else_o 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snow_n hail_n and_o freeze_a water_n and_o the_o cold_a so_o bitter_a as_o the_o grass_n be_v all_o wither_a so_o as_o the_o man_n and_o beast_n which_o pass_v that_o way_n be_v benumb_v with_o cold_a this_o as_o i_o have_v say_v be_v in_o the_o burn_a zone_n and_o it_o happen_v most_o common_o when_o they_o have_v the_o sun_n for_o zenith_n these_o testimony_n of_o a_o learned_a man_n that_o write_v upon_o his_o own_o knowledge_n i_o think_v it_o worth_a produce_v to_o make_v it_o probable_a that_o as_o in_o several_a country_n the_o heat_n do_v not_o always_o answer_v to_o the_o nearness_n of_o place_n to_o the_o line_n so_o in_o northern_a region_n the_o cold_a may_v not_o always_o be_v proportionate_a to_o their_o vicinity_n to_o the_o pole_n in_o mr._n hudsons_n second_o voyage_n write_v by_o himself_o he_o mention_n that_o above_o 71._o degree_n though_o they_o be_v much_o pester_v with_o ice_n about_o the_o end_n of_o june_n that_o day_n when_o this_o 578._o happen_v be_v calm_a 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beget_v some_o diffidence_n in_o wary_a man_n they_o will_v not_o be_v proper_a for_o the_o title_n of_o this_o section_n and_o most_o of_o they_o that_o they_o may_v be_v fit_a to_o be_v place_v here_o must_v be_v the_o effect_n of_o such_o extreme_a degree_n of_o cold_a that_o i_o can_v in_o this_o temperate_a climate_n of_o we_o examine_v the_o truth_n of_o they_o by_o my_o own_o trial_n so_o that_o all_o i_o can_v do_v be_v to_o make_v choice_n of_o such_o relation_n as_o be_v almost_o all_o of_o they_o deliver_v by_o the_o relator_n as_o upon_o their_o own_o knowledge_n and_o even_o this_o may_v perchance_o not_o only_o gratify_v and_o excite_v the_o curiosity_n of_o some_o who_o be_v please_v with_o no_o thing_n so_o much_o as_o with_o those_o that_o have_v somewhat_o in_o they_o of_o prodigy_n and_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a their_o narrative_n may_v afford_v the_o ingenious_a such_o strange_a phaenomena_n that_o the_o explication_n of_o they_o may_v serve_v both_o to_o 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weight_n before_o they_o be_v so_o and_o keep_v in_o a_o pair_n of_o good_a scale_n fasten_v to_o a_o frame_n in_o some_o quiet_a place_n well_o fence_v from_o the_o sun_n will_v by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o air_n in_o freeze_a weather_n be_v keep_v for_o any_o considerable_a time_n without_o a_o sensible_a diminution_n of_o weight_n but_o a_o unexpected_a thaw_n hinder_v we_o from_o see_v the_o success_n of_o what_o we_o design_v of_o this_o nature_n both_o as_o to_o egg_n and_o also_o some_o other_o body_n for_o if_o the_o experiment_n be_v very_o careful_o try_v upon_o a_o competent_a variety_n of_o they_o it_o may_v possible_o assist_v we_o to_o guess_v especial_o in_o camphire_n and_o some_o other_o easy_o exhalible_a body_n what_o interest_n cold_a may_v have_v in_o suppress_v or_o diminish_v the_o expiration_n of_o their_o effluvia_fw-la 7._o but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o weight_n of_o body_n freeze_v and_o unfrozen_a we_o attempt_v to_o discover_v somewhat_o about_o it_o by_o several_a way_n according_a as_o the_o differ_a accommodation_n we_o be_v furnish_v with_o permit_v and_o of_o these_o trial_n i_o will_v mention_v four_o or_o five_o as_o well_o of_o the_o less_o as_o of_o the_o more_o accurate_a as_o my_o memory_n or_o note_n supply_v i_o with_o they_o 8._o one_o of_o the_o less_o accurate_a way_n we_o employ_v to_o try_v whether_o ice_n in_o which_o according_a to_o the_o atomist_n great_a store_n of_o these_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n must_v be_v wedge_v will_v not_o upon_o their_o expulsion_n or_o recess_n leave_v the_o water_n light_a than_o be_v the_o ice_n be_v that_o which_o follow_v wherein_o to_o hasten_v the_o experiment_n we_o mingle_v a_o little_a salt_n and_o though_o we_o foresee_v there_o will_v be_v a_o difficulty_n from_o the_o adhaesion_n of_o the_o vapour_n of_o the_o external_a air_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n we_o be_v to_o employ_v we_o think_v that_o inconvenience_n may_v be_v remedy_v by_o well_o wipe_v off_o the_o frost_n or_o dew_n from_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n till_o it_o be_v clean_a and_o dry_a the_o event_n of_o the_o trial_n we_o find_v succinct_o set_v down_o among_o our_o note_n as_o follow_v a_fw-la single_a vial_n seal_v up_o with_o ice_n and_o salt_n be_v wipe_v dry_a and_o weigh_v be_v find_v to_o weigh_v four_o ounce_n four_o drachm_n and_o a_o half_a when_o it_o be_v quite_o thaw_v it_o be_v find_v to_o weigh_v somewhat_o more_o than_o a_o grain_n less_o than_o its_o former_a counterpoise_n but_o more_o accurate_a and_o satisfactory_a trial_n about_o this_o matter_n i_o find_v thus_o set_v down_o in_o one_o of_o my_o paper_n 9_o we_o take_v a_o vial_n more_o thin_a than_o those_o that_o be_v common_o use_v that_o of_o the_o aggregate_v of_o that_o and_o the_o liquor_n the_o glass_n may_v make_v so_o much_o the_o lesser_a part_n this_o vial_n be_v furnish_v with_o a_o somewhat_o long_a neck_n which_o at_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o lamp_n be_v draw_v by_o degree_n slendere_a and_o slendere_a that_o be_v very_o narrow_a at_o the_o top_n it_o may_v the_o more_o ready_o and_o convenient_o be_v seal_v notwithstanding_o the_o water_n be_v in_o it_o then_o we_o almost_o fill_v it_o with_o that_o liquor_n i_o say_v almost_o because_o a_o competent_a space_n ought_v to_o be_v leave_v unfilled_a to_o allow_v the_o water_n swell_v by_o glaciation_n room_n to_o expand_v itself_o this_o vial_n with_o the_o liquor_n in_o it_o be_v place_v in_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n after_o our_o usual_a manner_n and_o when_o the_o glass_n appear_v almost_o full_a of_o ice_n it_o be_v take_v out_o and_o nimble_o close_v with_o hermes_n seal_n present_o after_o this_o be_v weigh_v in_o a_o pair_n of_o very_o good_a scale_n and_o the_o vial_n together_o with_o the_o contain_v liquor_n amount_v to_o 〈◊〉_d 38._o gr_n ss_z which_o yet_o be_v not_o all_o ice_n because_o these_o thing_n can_v not_o be_v do_v so_o nimble_o but_o that_o some_o of_o the_o ice_n begin_v 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ascribe_v to_o the_o resolve_a ice_n may_v have_v proceed_v from_o that_o which_o will_v not_o have_v be_v take_v notice_n of_o by_o a_o ordinary_a experimenter_n for_o as_o i_o not_o long_o since_o intimate_v i_o have_v sometime_o purposely_o and_o sometime_o by_o chance_n by_o thaw_v ice_n in_o close_v vessel_n somewhat_o hasty_o produce_v a_o copious_a dew_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n which_o dew_n as_o be_v make_v by_o the_o condense_v vapour_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n aught_o to_o be_v wipe_v off_o before_o the_o vessel_n be_v put_v into_o the_o scale_n to_o weigh_v the_o melt_a ice_n and_o it_o be_v possible_a also_o that_o helmont_n may_v have_v err_v in_o the_o manner_n of_o weigh_v his_o lagena_fw-la whatever_o he_o mean_v by_o it_o it_o be_v usual_a even_o for_o learned_a man_n that_o be_v not_o verse_v in_o statick_n to_o mistake_v in_o experiment_n which_o require_v that_o thing_n be_v skilful_o and_o nice_o weigh_v how_o far_o this_o excuse_n may_v be_v 12._o apply_v to_o a_o late_a commentator_n upon_o aristotle_n meteor_n who_o say_v he_o try_v that_o water_n freeze_v be_v heavy_a than_o unfrozen_a be_v a_o stranger_n to_o that_o author_n write_n i_o shall_v not_o consider_v only_o whereas_o helmont_n and_o he_o seem_v to_o agree_v very_o little_a in_o their_o affirmation_n it_o will_v be_v perhaps_o more_o difficult_a to_o accord_v they_o then_o to_o determine_v by_o the_o help_n of_o our_o former_o register_v experiment_n what_o may_v be_v think_v of_o both_o their_o relation_n yet_o i_o shall_v add_v on_o this_o occasion_n that_o if_o i_o have_v not_o devise_v the_o above_o mention_v way_n of_o freeze_a water_n by_o art_n in_o hermetical_o seal_v glass_n i_o shall_v have_v find_v it_o difficult_a to_o reduce_v what_o be_v affirm_v by_o manelphus_n which_o i_o then_o dream_v not_o of_o to_o a_o accurate_a experiment_n for_o though_o i_o have_v employ_v a_o seal_a glass_n which_o i_o have_v not_o hear_v that_o he_o or_o any_o other_o have_v yet_o make_v use_n of_o to_o that_o purpose_n yet_o if_o i_o have_v in_o that_o vessel_n expose_v the_o water_n to_o be_v freeze_v the_o common_a way_n it_o be_v odds_o though_o it_o be_v not_o absolute_o certain_a that_o the_o water_n beginning_n as_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o congeal_v at_o the_o top_n the_o expansion_n of_o the_o subsequent_o freeze_a water_n will_v break_v the_o glass_n and_o so_o spoil_v the_o experiment_n and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n i_o have_v sometime_o in_o vain_a attempt_v to_o examine_v the_o weight_n of_o water_n freeze_v by_o nature_n according_a to_o her_o wont_a method_n in_o open_a vial_n and_o if_o instead_o of_o glass_n you_o make_v use_v of_o strong_a earthen_a vessel_n there_o be_v danger_n that_o something_o may_v be_v imbibe_v or_o adhere_v to_o the_o porous_a vessel_n and_o increase_v the_o weight_n and_o by_o some_o such_o way_n or_o by_o some_o mistake_n in_o weigh_v it_o be_v very_o probable_a manelphus_n may_v have_v be_v deceive_v which_o i_o be_o the_o more_o incline_v to_o think_v if_o we_o suppose_v he_o a_o sincere_a writer_n not_o only_o because_o of_o some_o thing_n i_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o about_o congelation_n make_v in_o earthen_a vessel_n but_o because_o when_o i_o have_v instead_o of_o a_o earthen_a make_v use_v of_o a_o metalline_a pottinger_n both_o which_o sort_n of_o vessel_n have_v in_o common_a this_o inconvenience_n that_o their_o ponderousness_n make_v they_o less_o fit_a for_o accurate_a scale_n there_o appear_v cause_n to_o suspect_v either_o that_o our_o author_n do_v not_o use_v metalline_a vessel_n or_o which_o i_o rather_o suspect_v that_o he_o want_v skill_n or_o diligence_n in_o weigh_v for_o as_o i_o find_v no_o intimation_n of_o his_o have_v employ_v any_o peculiar_a or_o artificial_a sort_n of_o vessel_n so_o if_o he_o use_v such_o as_o we_o have_v new_o be_v speak_v of_o and_o have_v weigh_v they_o careful_o i_o can_v but_o think_v that_o instead_o of_o find_v the_o ice_n heavy_a than_o the_o water_n it_o be_v make_v of_o he_o will_v have_v rather_o find_v it_o light_a for_o i_o remember_v that_o have_v once_o expose_v all_o night_n a_o pottinger_n almost_o full_a of_o common_a water_n to_o a_o exceed_o sharp_a air_n and_o have_v cause_v it_o the_o next_o morning_n to_o be_v bring_v i_o when_o the_o liquor_n be_v thorough_o freeze_v i_o find_v it_o to_o have_v lose_v about_o 50._o grain_n if_o i_o misremember_v not_o of_o its_o former_a weight_n and_o though_o this_o event_n be_v consonant_a enough_o to_o my_o conjecture_n yet_o for_o great_a certainty_n i_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n another_o 〈◊〉_d night_n with_o this_o new_a caution_n that_o the_o pottinger_n and_o water_n together_o with_o the_o counterpoise_n be_v keep_v suspend_v in_o the_o scale_n to_o be_v sure_a that_o no_o effusion_n of_o any_o part_n of_o the_o water_n in_o carry_v it_o abroad_o to_o the_o open_a air_n shall_v be_v make_v without_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o but_o the_o next_o morning_n somewhat_o late_o the_o vessel_n with_o the_o contain_v water_n now_o congeal_v appear_v to_o have_v lose_v about_o 60._o grain_n and_o with_o the_o like_a success_n the_o trial_n be_v reiterated_a once_o more_o and_o that_o in_o weather_n so_o sharp_a that_o i_o be_o not_o apt_a to_o think_v the_o water_n expose_v by_o manelphus_n begin_v to_o freeze_v soon_o than_o we_o but_o the_o event_n be_v not_o unexpected_a for_o beside_o that_o i_o consider_v that_o in_o these_o kind_n of_o experiment_n part_n of_o the_o water_n notwithstanding_o the_o exceed_a coldness_n of_o the_o air_n must_v in_o all_o likelihood_n fly_v away_o before_o the_o surface_n of_o it_o begin_v to_o be_v congeal_v i_o judge_v it_o not_o improbable_a that_o not_o only_o the_o fluid_a part_n but_o even_o that_o which_o be_v already_o congeal_v may_v continual_o lose_v some_o of_o its_o corpuscle_n and_o by_o their_o recess_n lose_v also_o somewhat_o of_o its_o weight_n and_o lest_o these_o conjecture_n shall_v seem_v too_o too_o unlikely_a it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o add_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o first_o of_o they_o that_o have_v purposely_o provide_v a_o large_a pewter_n box_n with_o a_o cover_n to_o screw_v on_o it_o and_o have_v fill_v it_o almost_o full_a of_o water_n i_o say_v almost_o because_o if_o the_o vessel_n have_v be_v quite_o full_a the_o congeal_a cold_a may_v have_v burst_v it_o and_o careful_o weigh_v the_o aggregate_v of_o both_o which_o amount_v to_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d gr_n 11._o whereof_o the_o vessel_n weigh_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o gr_o 8._o we_o expose_v the_o water_n after_o the_o top_n of_o the_o pot_n be_v screw_v on_o to_o hinder_v the_o avolation_n of_o it_o to_o the_o freeze_a air_n all_o night_n and_o the_o next_o morning_n find_v it_o freeze_v from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n though_o not_o uniform_o and_o perfect_o but_o find_v not_o one_o grain_n difference_n betwixt_o its_o present_a and_o its_o former_a weight_n and_o as_o for_o the_o second_o conjecture_n new_o propose_v though_o it_o may_v seem_v somewhat_o strange_a yet_o it_o be_v confirmable_a by_o this_o experiment_n that_o have_v place_v divers_a lump_n of_o solid_a ice_n in_o a_o pottinger_n which_o together_o with_o they_o weigh_v a_o pound_n consist_v of_o 16_o 〈◊〉_d and_o have_v expose_v these_o thing_n in_o the_o same_o scale_n wherein_o they_o be_v weigh_v to_o the_o free_a air_n on_o a_o very_a frosty_a night_n we_o find_v the_o ice_n to_o have_v lose_v the_o next_o morning_n 24._o grain_n of_o its_o weight_n and_o the_o weather_n continue_v so_o cold_a that_o it_o freeze_v hard_o all_o day_n long_o in_o the_o shade_n i_o give_v order_n to_o have_v it_o keep_v out_o of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o same_o scale_n during_o all_o that_o time_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o follow_a night_n and_o then_o weigh_v it_o the_o second_o time_n find_v that_o the_o whole_a decrement_n of_o weight_n do_v now_o amount_v to_o five_o grain_n above_o two_o drachm_n though_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o ice_n without_o the_o pottinger_n be_v but_o about_o seven_o ounce_n and_o when_o we_o have_v keep_v about_o 13._o ounce_n of_o ice_n in_o a_o very_a frosty_a night_n expose_v to_o the_o cold_a air_n it_o have_v lose_v as_o early_o as_o the_o next_o morning_n a_o good_a deal_n above_o two_o drachm_n of_o its_o former_a weight_n but_o these_o statical_a observation_n have_v perhaps_o already_o but_o too_o much_o swell_v this_o appendix_n title_n xxi_o promiscuous_a experiment_n and_o observation_n concern_v cold._n 1._o i_o hope_v it_o will_v not_o be_v imagine_v that_o i_o have_v such_o narrow_a thought_n of_o the_o subject_n i_o treat_v of_o cold_a as_o to_o believe_v that_o i_o have_v comprise_v under_o those_o few_o title_n prefix_v to_o the_o
not_o find_v that_o his_o great_a earthen_a pot_n which_o be_v make_v up_o with_o as_o little_a water_n as_o be_v possible_a &_o be_v deserve_o famous_a for_o their_o durable_a texture_n have_v not_o that_o texture_n alter_v and_o impair_v by_o very_a pierce_a frost_n he_o assure_v i_o that_o if_o he_o do_v not_o take_v care_n to_o keep_v the_o frost_n as_o they_o speak_v from_o get_v into_o they_o those_o great_a and_o solid_a vessel_n wherein_o he_o use_v to_o keep_v his_o glass_n in_o fusion_n will_v in_o the_o fire_n scale_n or_o crack_v and_o perhaps_o fly_v and_o become_v unserviceable_a no_o less_o than_o some_o week_n soon_o than_o if_o they_o have_v never_o be_v impair_v by_o the_o frost_n and_o when_o i_o inquire_v whether_o also_o glass_n itself_o will_v not_o be_v much_o prejudice_v thereby_o he_o affirm_v to_o i_o that_o oftentimes_o in_o very_o hard_a frost_n many_o glass_n that_o have_v continue_v entire_a for_o many_o week_n for_o that_o circumstance_n i_o be_v solicitous_a to_o ask_v about_o will_v as_o it_o be_v of_o their_o own_o own_o accord_n crack_v with_o loud_a noise_n but_o whatever_o prove_v to_o be_v the_o issue_n of_o such_o trial_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o confirm_v the_o phaenomenon_n itself_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o a_o illiterate_a but_o very_o experience_a french_a aurhor_n who_o on_o a_o certain_a occasion_n tell_v we_o as_o i_o also_o take_v notice_n in_o another_o physics_n treatise_n that_o he_o know_v the_o stone_n of_o the_o mountain_n of_o ardenne_n famous_n enough_o in_o france_n be_v hard_o than_o marble_n and_o yet_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o palissy_n country_n do_v not_o draw_v they_o out_o of_o the_o quarry_n in_o winter_n because_o they_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o frost_n and_o it_o have_v be_v divers_a time_n see_v that_o upon_o thaw_n the_o rock_n without_o be_v cut_v have_v fall_v down_o and_o kill_v many_o but_o it_o may_v yet_o seem_v far_o more_o unlikely_a that_o frost_n shall_v get_v into_o metal_n themselves_o and_o yet_o have_v ask_v the_o new_o mention_v polonian_n whether_o he_o have_v observe_v any_o thing_n of_o that_o kind_n he_o answer_v that_o he_o have_v often_o by_o draw_v out_o his_o sword_n and_o pull_v out_o his_o pistol_n when_o he_o have_v be_v long_o in_o the_o field_n and_o come_v into_o a_o hot_a room_n find_v they_o quick_o almost_o whiten_v over_o by_o a_o kind_n of_o small_a hoar_a frost_n but_o whether_o this_o be_v as_o he_o conceive_v any_o thing_n that_o be_v draw_v out_o of_o the_o steel_n and_o settle_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o it_o i_o want_v circumstance_n enough_o to_o make_v i_o willing_a to_o determine_v but_o if_o we_o will_v credit_v olaus_n magnus_n it_o must_v be_v confess_v that_o considerable_o thick_a piece_n of_o iron_n and_o steel_n itself_o will_v in_o the_o northern_a region_n be_v render_v so_o brittle_a by_o the_o extreme_a frost_n that_o they_o be_v fain_o to_o temper_v their_o instrument_n after_o a_o peculiar_a manner_n his_o word_n which_o be_v remarkable_a i_o forbear_v 23._o to_o alter_v be_v these_o videntur_fw-la praeterea_fw-la ferrei_fw-la ligones_fw-la certa_fw-la ratione_fw-la fabricati_fw-la quia_fw-la his_fw-la spissa_fw-la atque_fw-la indurata_fw-la glacies_fw-la caeteris_fw-la instrumentis_fw-la ferreis_n non_fw-la cedens_fw-la facilius_fw-la infringitur_fw-la dum_fw-la aliae_fw-la secure_v chalybe_o permixtae_fw-la in_fw-la vehementi_fw-la frigore_fw-la ad_fw-la solum_fw-la glaciei_fw-la vel_fw-la virentis_fw-la arboris_fw-la ictum_fw-la instar_fw-la vitri_fw-la rumpuntur_fw-la ubi_fw-la ligones_fw-la praedicti_fw-la sive_fw-la ferreae_fw-la hastae_fw-la fortissimi_fw-la manent_fw-la which_o testimony_n notwithstanding_o what_o some_o have_v write_v to_o this_o author_n disparagement_n do_v not_o seem_v to_o i_o at_o all_o incredible_a for_o i_o remember_v that_o even_o here_o in_o england_n i_o have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o cause_v trial_n to_o be_v make_v in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n whereby_o if_o a_o expert_a smith_n i_o then_o use_v to_o employ_v do_v not_o gratis_o deceive_v i_o in_o the_o iron_n i_o employ_v that_o 〈◊〉_d may_v by_o such_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o even_o our_o climate_n be_v capable_a of_o be_v render_v exceed_o brittle_a as_o he_o several_a time_n affirm_v to_o i_o that_o there_o be_v some_o kind_n of_o iron_n which_o he_o can_v hammer_v and_o turn_v as_o they_o phrase_v it_o cold_a in_o open_a weather_n which_o yet_o in_o very_o hard_a frost_n will_v become_v so_o brittle_a as_o by_o the_o same_o way_n of_o work_v easy_o to_o break_v if_o not_o to_o fly_v asunder_o and_o this_o he_o affirm_v both_o of_o iron_n and_o steel_n of_o which_o latter_a metal_n another_o very_a skilful_a workman_n who_o i_o also_o consult_v certify_v the_o like_a but_o though_o this_o disagree_v not_o with_o trial_n purposely_o make_v on_o iron_n rod_n have_v inform_v i_o yet_o presume_v that_o in_o such_o a_o nice_a piece_n of_o work_n as_o a_o spring_n some_o further_a satisfaction_n about_o this_o matter_n may_v be_v obtain_v i_o inquire_v of_o a_o very_a dexterous_a artificer_n that_o be_v skilled_a in_o make_v spring_n for_o other_o whether_o or_o no_o he_o find_v a_o necessity_n of_o give_v spring_v another_o temper_n in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n then_o at_o other_o season_n and_o he_o answer_v i_o that_o in_o such_o 〈◊〉_d if_o he_o give_v his_o spring_n the_o same_o temper_n that_o he_o do_v in_o mild_a and_o open_a weather_n they_o will_v be_v very_o apt_a to_o break_v and_o therefore_o in_o very_o sharp_a season_n he_o use_v to_o take_v they_o down_o lower_v as_o they_o speak_v that_o be_v give_v they_o a_o soft_a temper_n than_o at_o other_o time_n which_o as_o it_o make_v it_o probable_a that_o the_o cold_a may_v have_v a_o considerable_a operation_n upon_o body_n upon_o which_o most_o man_n will_v not_o suspect_v it_o to_o have_v one_o so_o that_o discovery_n may_v afford_v a_o hint_n that_o may_v possible_o reach_v further_o than_o we_o be_v yet_o aware_a of_o touch_v the_o interest_n that_o cold_a may_v have_v in_o many_o of_o the_o phaenomena_n of_o nature_n i_o shall_v here_o subjoin_v that_o in_o prosecution_n of_o what_o be_v deliver_v in_o the_o xx._n section_n about_o the_o weight_n of_o solid_a body_n that_o i_o there_o wish_v may_v be_v expose_v to_o a_o congeal_a air_n i_o do_v cause_v some_o trial_n of_o that_o kind_a to_o be_v make_v in_o a_o very_a frosty_a night_n especial_o with_o brick_n but_o something_o that_o happen_v to_o the_o only_a scale_n i_o then_o have_v fit_a for_o such_o a_o experiment_n make_v i_o doubt_n whether_o some_o little_a increase_n of_o weight_n that_o seem_v to_o be_v gain_v by_o congelation_n be_v to_o be_v rely_v upon_o though_o there_o do_v not_o appear_v any_o hoar_a frost_n or_o other_o thing_n outward_o adhere_v to_o which_o the_o effect_n can_v be_v ascribe_v it_o be_v a_o tradition_n which_o the_o school_n and_o other_o have_v receive_v with_o great_a veneration_n from_o their_o master_n aristotle_n that_o hot_a water_n will_v soon_o freeze_v then_o cold_a but_o i_o do_v not_o much_o wonder_n that_o the_o learned_a 〈◊〉_d as_o i_o find_v he_o quote_v by_o bartholinus_n shall_v contradict_v this_o tradition_n though_o he_o be_v himself_o a_o commentator_n upon_o that_o book_n of_o aristotle_n wherein_o it_o be_v deliver_v for_o i_o can_v never_o satisfy_v myself_o that_o there_o be_v at_o least_o with_o our_o water_n and_o in_o our_o climate_n any_o truth_n in_o the_o assertion_n though_o i_o have_v make_v trial_n of_o it_o more_o way_n than_o one_o but_o it_o may_v very_o well_o suffice_v to_o mention_v a_o few_o of_o the_o plain_a and_o easy_a trial_n with_o who_o success_n i_o be_o well_o satisfy_v as_o to_o the_o main_a as_o the_o reader_n also_o will_v i_o doubt_v not_o be_v though_o not_o have_v for_o want_v of_o health_n be_v able_a to_o have_v so_o immediate_a a_o inspection_n of_o these_o as_o of_o the_o rest_n of_o my_o experiment_n i_o be_v sometime_o fain_o to_o trust_v the_o watchfulness_n of_o my_o servant_n who_o i_o be_v careful_a to_o send_v out_o often_o to_o bring_v i_o word_n how_o long_o after_o the_o first_o freeze_v of_o the_o cold_a water_n it_o be_v before_o the_o other_o begin_v to_o be_v congeal_v we_o take_v then_o three_o pottinger_n as_o near_o of_o a_o size_n as_o we_o can_v and_o the_o one_o we_o fill_v almost_o to_o the_o top_n with_o cold_a water_n the_o other_o with_o water_n that_o have_v be_v boil_v before_o and_o be_v moderate_o cool_v again_o and_o the_o three_o with_o hot_a water_n these_o three_o vessel_n be_v expose_v together_o in_o the_o same_o place_n to_o the_o freeze_a air._n in_o the_o entry_n of_o one_o of_o the_o trial_n i_o find_v that_o be_v all_o three_o put_v out_o at_o half_a a_o hour_n after_o eight_o of_o the_o clock_n that_o the_o
access_n to_o the_o air_n be_v that_o which_o destroy_v fish_n in_o freeze_a pond_n i_o think_v upon_o this_o epedient_a i_o procure_v a_o glass_n vessel_n with_o a_o large_a belly_n and_o a_o long_a neck_n but_o so_o slender_a that_o it_o be_v only_o wide_a enough_o for_o the_o body_n of_o the_o fish_n to_o pass_v through_o and_o then_o have_v fill_v the_o vessel_n with_o some_o live_v gudgeon_n and_o a_o good_a quantity_n of_o water_n the_o neck_n of_o it_o be_v make_v to_o pass_v through_o a_o hole_n that_o be_v leave_v or_o make_v for_o it_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o a_o metalline_a plate_n or_o wooden_a trencher_n which_o can_v descend_v no_o low_a than_o the_o neck_n because_o of_o the_o inferior_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o will_v not_o suffer_v it_o and_o which_o serve_v to_o support_v a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o be_v apply_v round_o about_o the_o extant_a neck_n of_o the_o glass_n by_o this_o contrivance_n i_o propose_v to_o myself_o a_o double_a advantage_n the_o first_o that_o whereas_o in_o broad_a vessel_n it_o be_v not_o always_o so_o easy_a as_o one_o will_v think_v to_o be_v sure_a that_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v quite_o freeze_v over_o in_o every_o part_n by_o this_o way_n i_o can_v easy_o satisfy_v myself_o by_o invert_v the_o glass_n and_o observe_v that_o the_o ice_n have_v so_o exact_o choke_v up_o and_o stop_v the_o neck_n that_o no_o drop_n of_o water_n can_v get_v out_o not_o any_o bubble_n of_o air_n get_v in_o and_o yet_o the_o fish_n have_v liberty_n enough_o to_o play_v in_o the_o subjacent_a water_n the_o other_o conveniency_n be_v that_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o neck_n no_o water_n be_v congeal_v or_o extreme_o refrigerated_a but_o that_o which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o neck_n so_o that_o there_o seem_v no_o cause_n to_o suspect_v that_o in_o case_n the_o fish_n thus_o debar_v of_o air_n shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o live_v in_o the_o water_n it_o be_v rather_o cold_a then_o want_v of_o air_n that_o kill_v they_o but_o though_o not_o have_v then_o be_v able_a by_o reason_n of_o a_o remove_n to_o prosecute_v these_o trial_n to_o the_o utmost_a nor_o to_o register_v all_o the_o circumstance_n i_o shall_v not_o lay_v much_o weight_n upon_o it_o yet_o i_o remember_v that_o the_o include_v fish_n continue_v long_o enough_o alive_a to_o make_v i_o shrewd_o suspect_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o vulgar_a tradition_n another_o time_n be_v destitute_a of_o the_o conveniency_n of_o such_o glass_n i_o cause_v some_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n of_o fish_n to_o be_v put_v into_o a_o broad_a and_o flat_a earthen_a vessel_n with_o not_o much_o more_o water_n then_o suffice_v perfect_o to_o cover_v they_o and_o have_v expose_v they_o all_o night_n to_o a_o very_a intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a i_o find_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o some_o hour_n after_o day_n they_o be_v alive_a and_o seem_v not_o to_o have_v be_v much_o prejudice_v by_o the_o cold_a or_o exclusion_n of_o air._n it_o be_v true_a that_o there_o be_v a_o very_a large_a movable_a bubble_n under_o the_o ice_n but_o that_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v generate_v by_o the_o air_n or_o some_o analogous_n substance_n emit_v out_o of_o the_o gills_o or_o body_n of_o the_o fish_n themselves_o for_o that_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v exact_o freeze_v over_o which_o do_v not_o in_o such_o trial_n happen_v so_o often_o as_o one_o will_v think_v i_o find_v by_o be_v able_a to_o hold_v the_o vessel_n quite_o invert_v without_o lose_v one_o drop_n of_o water_n and_o that_o this_o large_a bubble_n may_v possible_o proceed_v from_o the_o fish_n themselves_o i_o be_v induce_v to_o suspect_v because_o have_v at_o different_a season_n of_o the_o year_n for_o divers_a purpose_n keep_v several_a sort_n of_o fish_n and_o particular_o gudgeon_n for_o many_o day_n in_o glass_n vessel_n to_o satisfy_v myself_o about_o some_o phaenomena_n i_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o observe_v i_o have_v often_o by_o watch_v they_o see_v they_o lift_v up_o their_o mouth_n above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n and_o seem_v to_o gape_v and_o take_v in_o air_n and_o afterward_o let_v go_v under_o water_n out_o of_o their_o mouth_n and_o gills_o divers_a bubble_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v portion_n of_o the_o air_n they_o have_v take_v in_o perhaps_o a_o little_a alter_v in_o their_o body_n and_o particular_o in_o lamprey_n of_o which_o odd_a sort_n of_o fish_n i_o elsewhere_o make_v mention_n i_o have_v with_o pleasure_n both_o observe_v and_o show_v to_o ingenious_a man_n that_o be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o water_n into_o the_o air_n and_o then_o hold_v under_o water_n again_o they_o very_o manifest_o appear_v to_o squeeze_v out_o and_o that_o not_o without_o some_o force_n at_o those_o several_a little_a hole_n which_o be_v common_o mistake_v for_o their_o eye_n numerous_a and_o conspicuous_a bubble_n of_o air_n which_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v take_v in_o at_o their_o mouth_n if_o not_o also_o at_o those_o hole_n but_o of_o these_o matter_n a_o fit_a occasion_n may_v perhaps_o invite_v i_o to_o say_v more_o to_o return_v now_o to_o our_o gudgeon_n i_o shall_v add_v that_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o further_o what_o cold_a and_o want_n of_o air_n they_o may_v be_v bring_v to_o support_v i_o expose_v a_o couple_n of_o they_o in_o a_o basin_n to_o a_o exceed_o bitter_a night_n and_o though_o the_o next_o day_n i_o find_v the_o ice_n freeze_v in_o the_o vessel_n to_o a_o great_a thickness_n and_o one_o of_o the_o fish_n freeze_v up_o in_o it_o there_o remain_v a_o little_a water_n unfrozen_a the_o other_o fish_n appear_v through_o the_o ice_n to_o move_v to_o and_o fro_o and_o the_o ice_n be_v afterward_o partly_o thaw_v and_o partly_o break_v not_o only_o that_o fish_n be_v find_v lively_a enough_o but_o the_o other_o which_o i_o alone_o judge_v not_o to_o be_v quite_o dead_a though_o when_o the_o ice_n be_v break_v it_o lay_v moveless_a do_v in_o a_o few_o minute_n so_o far_o recover_v as_o to_o tow_v after_o it_o if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v a_o good_a piece_n into_o which_o his_o tail_n remain_v yet_o insert_v and_o though_o one_o of_o these_o and_o some_o other_o gudgeon_n that_o have_v be_v already_o weaken_v by_o long_a keep_n be_v once_o more_o expose_v in_o the_o basin_n to_o the_o frost_n and_o suffer_v to_o lie_v there_o till_o they_o be_v freeze_v up_o yet_o the_o ice_n be_v break_v in_o which_o they_o be_v enclose_v though_o their_o body_n be_v stiff_a and_o crooked_a and_o seem_v to_o be_v stark_o dead_a lie_v in_o the_o water_n with_o their_o belly_n upward_o yet_o one_o of_o they_o quick_o recover_v and_o the_o other_o not_o very_o long_o after_o begin_v to_o show_v manifest_a sign_n of_o life_n though_o he_o can_v not_o in_o many_o hour_n after_o so_o far_o recover_v as_o to_o swim_v with_o his_o back_n upward_o it_o be_v true_a that_o these_o fish_n do_v not_o long_o survive_v but_o of_o that_o two_o or_o three_o not_o improbable_a reason_n may_v be_v give_v if_o it_o be_v worth_a while_n to_o name_n here_o any_o other_o than_o this_o that_o the_o ice_n they_o have_v be_v freeze_v up_o in_o or_o the_o violence_n that_o be_v offer_v they_o by_o the_o fragment_n of_o it_o when_o it_o be_v break_v have_v wound_v they_o as_o be_v manifest_a enough_o by_o some_o hurt_n that_o appear_v upon_o their_o body_n yet_o some_o other_o gudgeon_n be_v irrecoverable_o freeze_v to_o death_n by_o be_v keep_v enclose_v in_o ice_n during_o if_o i_o misremember_v not_o the_o time_n three_o day_n and_o as_o for_o other_o animal_n i_o cause_v a_o couple_n of_o frog_n to_o be_v artificial_o freeze_v in_o a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n furnish_v with_o a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o water_n but_o though_o they_o seem_v at_o first_o enclose_v in_o ice_n yet_o look_v near_o i_o find_v that_o about_o each_o of_o they_o there_o remain_v a_o little_a turbid_v liquor_n unfrozen_a as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v keep_v so_o by_o some_o expiration_n from_o their_o body_n wherefore_o cause_v either_o the_o same_o or_o two_o other_o for_o i_o do_v not_o punctual_o remember_v that_o circumstance_n to_o be_v careful_o freeze_v and_o for_o a_o considerable_a while_n i_o find_v that_o notwithstanding_o the_o ice_n into_o which_o most_o part_n of_o the_o water_n be_v reduce_v not_o only_o one_o of_o they_o before_o the_o ice_n be_v break_v appear_v to_o be_v perfect_o alive_a but_o the_o other_o that_o be_v moveless_a and_o stiff_a and_o lie_v with_o the_o belly_n upward_o in_o a_o basin_n of_o cold_a water_n whereinto_o it_o be_v cast_v do_v in_o a_o very_a few_o minute_n begin_v to_o swim_v about_o in_o it_o i_o
another_o treatise_n to_o which_o such_o matter_n more_o proper_o belong_v it_o be_v know_v that_o the_o school_n define_v cold_a by_o the_o property_n they_o ascribe_v to_o it_o of_o congregate_a both_o heterogeneous_a and_o homogeneous_a thing_n i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o attempt_v the_o make_v some_o separation_n in_o body_n by_o the_o force_n of_o cold._a for_o if_o that_o hold_v true_a in_o this_o climate_n which_o have_v be_v observe_v by_o traveller_n and_o navigator_n in_o northern_a region_n that_o man_n may_v obtain_v from_o beer_n and_o wine_n a_o very_a strong_a spirit_n and_o a_o phlegm_n by_o congelation_n it_o seem_v probable_a that_o in_o divers_a other_o liquor_n the_o waterish_a part_n will_v begin_v to_o freeze_v before_o the_o more_o spirituous_a and_o saline_a and_o if_o so_o we_o may_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v divers_a separation_n as_o well_o by_o cold_a as_o by_o heat_n and_o dephlegme_n if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v some_o liquor_n as_o well_o by_o congelation_n as_o by_o distillation_n but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o the_o ordinary_a frost_n of_o this_o country_n can_v produce_v a_o degree_n of_o cold_a great_a enough_o to_o make_v such_o division_n and_o separation_n in_o body_n as_o have_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o more_o northern_a climate_n for_o though_o have_v purposely_o hang_v out_o a_o glass-bottle_n with_o a_o quart_n of_o beer_n in_o it_o in_o a_o extraordinary_o sharp_a night_n i_o find_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o much_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o beer_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n there_o remain_v somewhat_o near_o the_o middle_n but_o near_o the_o bottom_n a_o uncongealed_a liquor_n which_o to_o i_o and_o other_o seem_v strong_a than_o the_o beer_n and_o be_v at_o least_o manifest_o strong_a than_o the_o thaw_a ice_n which_o make_v but_o a_o spiritless_a and_o as_o it_o be_v but_o a_o dead_a drink_n yet_o in_o some_o other_o trial_n my_o success_n be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o some_o will_v have_v expect_v for_o have_v put_v one_o part_n of_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n to_o about_o five_o or_o six_o part_n if_o i_o misremember_v not_o of_o common_a water_n and_o have_v put_v they_o into_o a_o round_a glass_n and_o place_v that_o in_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n though_o the_o mixture_n be_v in_o great_a part_n turn_v into_o ice_n yet_o i_o can_v not_o perceive_v that_o even_o two_o liquor_n so_o slight_o mingle_v be_v any_o thing_n accurate_o sever_v from_o one_o another_o although_o once_o to_o enable_v myself_o the_o better_a to_o judge_v of_o it_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n i_o employ_v be_v beforehand_o deep_o tinct_a with_o cochinele_n and_o therefore_o i_o the_o less_o wonder_n that_o in_o claret_n wine_n i_o can_v not_o make_v any_o exact_a separation_n of_o the_o red_a and_o the_o colourless_a part_n however_o i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o try_v how_o far_o in_o some_o other_o liquor_n this_o way_n of_o separate_v the_o waterish_a and_o more_o easy_o congealable_a part_n from_o the_o rest_n will_v or_o will_v not_o succeed_v and_o i_o remember_v that_o a_o large_a glass_n vessel_n wherein_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o cold_a a_o considerable_a part_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n who_o swim_v argue_v it_o to_o be_v light_a than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n but_o though_o i_o put_v some_o of_o this_o ice_n in_o a_o glass_n by_o itself_o to_o examine_v by_o its_o weight_n and_o taste_n when_o thaw_v how_o much_o it_o differ_v from_o the_o uncongealed_a part_n of_o the_o spirit_n my_o hope_n be_v disappoint_v by_o a_o misfortune_n which_o be_v not_o repair_v by_o my_o expose_v afterward_o a_o small_a quantity_n of_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n to_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n for_o that_o prove_v so_o cold_a that_o the_o whole_a be_v turn_v into_o ice_n wherefore_o i_o must_v reserve_v for_o another_o opportunity_n the_o prosecute_a that_o experiment_n as_o also_o the_o try_v whether_o a_o separation_n of_o the_o serous_a or_o the_o oleaginous_a part_n of_o milk_n may_v be_v effect_v for_o though_o once_o the_o frost_n seem_v to_o have_v promote_v a_o separation_n of_o creme_a notwithstanding_o that_o heat_n also_o may_v do_v it_o and_o though_o another_o time_n there_o seem_v to_o be_v another_o kind_n of_o divulsion_n of_o part_n make_v by_o congelation_n yet_o for_o want_v of_o leisure_n to_o prosecute_v such_o trial_n they_o prove_v not_o satisfactory_a no_o more_o than_o do_v some_o attempt_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n that_o i_o make_v upon_o blood_n by_o freeze_a it_o but_o notwithstanding_o these_o discouragement_n i_o resolve_v to_o try_v what_o i_o can_v do_v upon_o brine_n for_o call_v to_o mind_n the_o relation_n mention_v in_o the_o xv._n title_n and_o elsewhere_o which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o in_o some_o case_n the_o ice_n of_o the_o sea-water_n may_v be_v thaw_v yield_v fresh_a water_n and_o be_v the_o more_o incline_v to_o think_v it_o worth_a trial_n by_o a_o physician_n i_o since_o happen_v to_o discourse_v with_o about_o this_o matter_n who_o affirm_v to_o i_o that_o sail_v along_o the_o coast_n of_o germany_n he_o have_v take_v out_o of_o the_o sea_n ice_n that_o be_v thaw_v he_o find_v to_o afford_v good_a fresh_a water_n i_o begin_v to_o consider_v whether_o we_o may_v not_o by_o cold_a free_a salt_n water_n at_o some_o season_n of_o the_o year_n from_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o the_o phlegm_n which_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o cost_v much_o to_o free_v they_o from_o by_o fire_n and_o other_o mean_n for_o a_o little_a help_n towards_o the_o diminution_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o so_o useful_a a_o experiment_n by_o many_o that_o boil_v salt_n out_o of_o the_o salt_n spring_v that_o in_o some_o country_n that_o be_v think_v the_o skilful_a in_o that_o trade_n they_o make_v their_o salt-water_n fall_v upon_o great_a bundle_n of_o small_a brush-wood_n that_o be_v thereby_o divide_v and_o reduce_v to_o a_o far_o great_a superficies_n there_o may_v in_o fall_v through_o some_o of_o the_o pure_o aqueous_a part_n exhale_v away_o wherefore_o dissolve_v one_o part_n of_o common_a salt_n in_o 44._o time_n its_o weight_n of_o common_a water_n that_o it_o may_v be_v reduce_v either_o exact_o or_o near_o to_o the_o degree_n of_o saltness_n that_o have_v be_v by_o several_a writer_n observe_v in_o the_o water_n of_o our_o neighbour_a sea_n and_o have_v likewise_o cause_v another_o and_o much_o strong_a brine_n to_o be_v make_v by_o put_v in_o to_o the_o water_n a_o far_o great_a proportion_n of_o salt_n for_o so_o there_o be_v in_o many_o of_o our_o salt_n spring_v we_o expose_v these_o several_a solution_n to_o the_o congeal_a cold_a of_o the_o air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n where_o the_o last_o mention_v solution_n be_v too_o strong_o impregnate_v with_o the_o salt_n continue_v some_o day_n and_o night_n altogether_o uncongeal_v but_o that_o weak_a solution_n which_o emulate_v sea_n water_n be_v expose_v in_o a_o shallow_a and_o wide_o mouth_v vessel_n that_o shape_n be_v judge_v the_o most_o proper_a we_o can_v procure_v for_o our_o design_n the_o large_a superficies_n that_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n do_v as_o we_o expect_v afford_v we_o a_o cake_n of_o ice_n which_o be_v take_v off_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n expose_v again_o to_o the_o air_n in_o the_o same_o vessel_n we_o obtain_v a_o second_o cake_n of_o ice_n and_o take_v the_o remain_v which_o seem_v to_o be_v indispose_v enough_o to_o congelation_n we_o find_v that_o by_o compare_v it_o with_o that_o which_o be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o first_o cake_n of_o ice_n permit_v to_o thaw_v there_o appear_v a_o very_a manifest_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o water_n whereinto_o the_o ice_n be_v resolve_v scarce_o taste_v so_o much_o as_o brackish_a whereas_o the_o liquor_n that_o have_v continue_v uncongeal_v be_v considerable_o salt_n in_o taste_n and_o if_o i_o have_v have_v the_o conveniency_n of_o examine_v myself_o these_o two_o liquor_n hydrostatical_o as_o i_o be_v fain_o to_o have_v they_o examine_v by_o another_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o by_o their_o weight_n i_o shall_v have_v discover_v precise_o enough_o the_o difference_n between_o they_o which_o the_o person_n i_o employ_v find_v to_o be_v considerable_a and_o consequent_o shall_v have_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v a_o estimate_n of_o the_o advantage_n that_o may_v be_v afford_v by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o cold_a towards_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o brine_n from_o its_o superfluous_a water_n but_o though_o i_o have_v not_o a_o quantity_n of_o ice_n great_a enough_o to_o satisfy_v i_o whether_o that_o little_a brackishness_n of_o taste_n i_o have_v mention_v proceed_v from_o some_o saline_a corpuscle_n that_o concur_v to_o the_o constitute_n of_o the_o ice_n itself_o or_o do_v only_o adhere_v
more_o stable_a part_n in_o who_o cavity_n they_o be_v harbour_v and_o thereby_o so_o vitiate_v their_o texture_n as_o to_o impair_v some_o of_o their_o quality_n and_o dispose_v the_o compositum_fw-la to_o corruption_n how_o much_o contusion_n may_v prejudice_v tender_a body_n and_o accelerate_v putrefaction_n be_v evident_a in_o many_o fruit_n especial_o the_o more_o tender_a one_o which_o have_v be_v bruise_v quick_o begin_v to_o rot_v in_o those_o part_n that_o have_v be_v injure_v and_o it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o what_o have_v be_v former_o show_v to_o conceive_v that_o in_o congelation_n there_o seem_v to_o happen_v a_o almost_o innumerable_a multitude_n of_o little_a contusion_n make_v by_o the_o fluid_a part_n harden_v and_o expanded_a by_o frost_n of_o the_o former_o more_o stable_a part_n every_o where_o intercept_v between_o they_o and_o though_o these_o icy_a corpusce_n be_v but_o small_a yet_o the_o side_n of_o that_o stable_a matter_n that_o separate_v they_o and_o which_o they_o endeavour_v to_o stretch_v or_o crush_v be_v oftentimes_o proportionable_o thin_a and_o we_o have_v former_o note_v that_o beside_o that_o egg_n will_v be_v burst_v by_o have_v their_o alimental_a juice_n freeze_v both_o shingles_n and_o stone_n themselves_o may_v have_v their_o texture_n spoil_v by_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o mineral_n sap_n that_o be_v in_o exceed_a minute_n and_o insensible_a particle_n disperse_v through_o those_o body_n and_o the_o violation_n of_o the_o texture_n of_o plant_n herb_n and_o animal_n by_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o aqueous_a and_o juicy_a particle_n which_o though_o they_o be_v not_o congregat_v do_v abound_v in_o they_o will_v be_v the_o less_o wonder_v at_o if_o it_o be_v remember_v that_o our_o former_a trial_n manifest_v that_o a_o few_o ounce_n of_o water_n congeal_v do_v not_o only_o burst_v glass_n and_o pewter_n vessel_n but_o even_o the_o iron_n barrel_n of_o a_o gun_n while_o i_o be_v upon_o these_o trial_n i_o have_v also_o a_o curiosity_n to_o know_v whether_o by_o freeze_a animal_n to_o death_n i_o can_v discover_v any_o such_o change_n in_o the_o quality_n or_o structure_n of_o their_o part_n as_o may_v help_v we_o to_o discover_v by_o what_o mean_v it_o be_v that_o excessive_a cold_n kill_v man_n in_o northern_a country_n since_o such_o a_o discovery_n may_v probable_o be_v of_o good_a use_n to_o the_o people_n that_o live_v in_o those_o gelid_a region_n but_o have_v take_v a_o young_a rabbit_n as_o the_o tender_a and_o fit_a beast_n i_o can_v then_o procure_v for_o such_o a_o trial_n and_o have_v expose_v he_o all_o night_n to_o a_o extraordinary_o bitter_a frost_n without_o find_v he_o otherwise_o mischief_v by_o it_o then_o that_o one_o of_o his_o leg_n be_v swell_v and_o grow_v stiff_o i_o be_v more_o incline_v to_o resign_v over_o to_o other_o then_o to_o repeat_v myself_o what_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o ill_a nature_a experiment_n though_o perhaps_o it_o may_v have_v much_o less_o of_o cruelty_n than_o one_o will_v think_v since_o some_o of_o our_o former_a observation_n have_v make_v it_o probable_a that_o oftentimes_o the_o extinction_n of_o life_n by_o cold_a be_v a_o more_o indolent_a kind_n of_o death_n than_o almost_o any_o other_o but_o in_o a_o rabbit_n purposely_o strangle_v and_o present_o expose_v entire_a to_o a_o bitter_a cold_a we_o find_v ice_n produce_v in_o such_o part_n as_o will_v have_v make_v we_o prosecute_v the_o trial_n have_v the_o want_n of_o such_o animal_n and_o of_o leisure_n not_o hinder_v we_o it_o be_v affirm_v by_o divers_a eminent_a writer_n and_o those_o modern_a one_o too_o that_o water_n impregnate_v with_o the_o saline_a part_n of_o plant_n and_o afterward_o freeze_v will_v exhibit_v in_o the_o ice_n the_o shape_n of_o the_o same_o plant_n and_o the_o learned_a but_o i_o fear_v too_o credulous_a gaffarel_n tell_v we_o that_o this_o be_v no_o rarity_n be_v daily_o show_v by_o one_o mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr la_fw-fr clavae_n but_o to_o what_o we_o have_v already_o publish_v in_o another_o treatise_n experiment_n to_o show_v that_o this_o experiment_n as_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v deliver_v be_v either_o untrue_a or_o very_o contingent_a we_o shall_v need_v but_o to_o add_v that_o since_o the_o experiment_n there_o mention_v we_o do_v again_o late_o try_v what_o can_v be_v do_v with_o decoction_n that_o be_v rich_o imbue_v and_o high_o tinge_v with_o the_o spirituous_a part_n of_o the_o vegetable_n but_o this_o ice_n be_v by_o no_o mean_n so_o figure_v as_o the_o patron_n of_o the_o tradition_n promise_n and_o i_o remember_v that_o have_v also_o make_v for_o curiosity_n sake_n a_o lixivium_n with_o 16._o part_n of_o water_n and_o but_o one_o of_o salt_n of_o potash_n that_o the_o mixture_n may_v be_v sure_a to_o freeze_v and_o have_v expose_v the_o liquor_n in_o a_o thin_a glass_n vial_n to_o a_o exceed_a cold_a air_n we_o find_v the_o copious_a ice_n produce_v to_o lie_v on_o the_o top_n in_o little_a stick_n not_o unlike_o those_o prismatical_a body_n wherein_o salt-petre_a be_v wont_n to_o roch_fw-fr and_o those_o part_n of_o this_o ice_n that_o be_v beneath_o the_o water_n be_v shoot_v in_o thin_a parallel_n plate_n exceed_v numerous_a but_o as_o one_o of_o our_o note_n express_o inform_v we_o no_o way_n in_o the_o shape_n of_o tree_n by_o who_o incineration_n nevertheless_o polonian_a potash_n as_o eye_n witness_n that_o deal_n in_o they_o inform_v i_o be_v make_v long_o after_o the_o make_n of_o the_o new_o recite_v experiment_n i_o chance_v to_o find_v that_o the_o learned_a bartholinus_n in_o the_o treatise_n we_o have_v often_o have_v occasion_n to_o take_v notice_n of_o say_z that_o the_o water_n wherein_o 17._o cabbage_n have_v be_v decoct_v will_n when_o freeze_v represent_v a_o cabbage_n the_o vegetable_a spirit_n be_v as_o he_o suppose_v concentrate_v by_o the_o cold_a how_o well_o this_o experiment_n may_v succeed_v when_o make_v in_o a_o cold_a country_n like_o he_o i_o do_v not_o know_v but_o not_o have_v myself_o when_o i_o first_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o the_o opportunity_n to_o try_v it_o satisfactory_o by_o help_n of_o a_o frosty_a night_n all_o i_o can_v do_v be_v to_o take_v a_o good_a decoction_n of_o cabbage_n and_o filtrate_a it_o through_o cap_n paper_n that_o it_o may_v be_v though_o yellow_a yet_o clear_a and_o then_o by_o the_o circumposition_n of_o our_o frigorifick_a mixture_n we_o freeze_v this_o liquor_n in_o a_o thin_a glass_n vial_n but_o the_o ice_n do_v not_o either_o to_o i_o or_o other_o appear_v to_o have_v any_o thing_n in_o it_o like_o a_o cabbage_n or_o remarkable_o differ_v from_o other_o ice_n and_o be_v afterward_o befriend_v with_o two_o or_o three_o frosty_a night_n we_o expose_v a_o decoction_n of_o cabbage_n to_o be_v congeal_v by_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n alone_o without_o the_o help_n of_o art_n but_o neither_o this_o way_n do_v the_o experiment_n succeed_v well_o and_o though_o once_o a_o few_o ounce_n of_o the_o decoction_n be_v light_o freeze_v in_o a_o vial_n there_o appear_v in_o the_o thin_a ice_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o inside_n of_o the_o glass_n a_o figure_n not_o so_o very_a unlike_o that_o of_o a_o cabbage_n leaf_n but_o that_o some_o such_o accident_n may_v have_v invite_v our_o learned_a author_n to_o think_v that_o the_o representation_n of_o cabbage_n will_v constant_o appear_v in_o their_o freeze_a decoction_n yet_o i_o be_v incline_v to_o think_v this_o figuration_n rather_o casual_a by_o the_o curiosity_n i_o have_v have_v to_o freeze_v the_o decoction_n of_o several_a herb_n some_o of_o they_o spirituous_a enough_o as_o rosemary_n and_o pennyroyal_n without_o be_v able_a to_o find_v in_o the_o ice_n i_o obtain_v from_o they_o any_o conviction_n of_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o tradition_n we_o be_v examine_v and_o i_o have_v late_o have_v more_o than_o once_o by_o freeze_a fair_a water_n alone_o after_o a_o certain_a manner_n ice_n that_o seem_v much_o more_o to_o exhibit_v the_o shape_n of_o vegetable_n than_o any_o decoction_n of_o they_o that_o i_o have_v make_v and_o particular_o i_o find_v more_o than_o once_o that_o by_o put_v hot_a water_n into_o a_o somewhat_o slender_a cylinder_n of_o glass_n and_o agitate_v it_o in_o a_o frigorifick_a mixture_n consist_v of_o beat_a ice_n salt_n and_o water_n so_o that_o it_o be_v very_o speedy_o freeze_v thereby_o it_o be_v congeal_v into_o a_o ice_n much_o more_o regular_o and_o pretty_o figure_v than_o i_o have_v see_v it_o in_o divers_a of_o the_o water_n impregnate_v with_o the_o fix_a salt_n of_o plant_n though_o of_o these_o we_o be_v tell_v such_o wonder_n such_o particular_n as_o these_o join_v with_o what_o i_o have_v elsewhere_o observe_v to_o the_o same_o purpose_n make_v i_o i_o confess_v somewhat_o surprise_v to_o meet_v in_o berigardus_n forecited_a discourse_n upon_o aristotle_n
have_v imagine_v that_o cold_a may_v afford_v a_o hopefull_a way_n than_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v any_o man_n have_v use_v of_o bring_v this_o controversy_n to_o the_o dicision_n of_o a_o experiment_n i_o make_v that_o attempt_n that_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o xii_o title_n in_o prosecution_n of_o which_o as_o soon_o as_o i_o can_v procure_v some_o though_o but_o some_o of_o the_o accommodation_n which_o i_o long_o want_v i_o make_v a_o experiment_n which_o i_o shall_v subjoin_v because_o though_o it_o be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o with_o better_a implement_n i_o can_v have_v make_v it_o yet_o the_o way_n i_o choose_v have_v as_o i_o partly_o intimate_v elsewhere_o these_o two_o advantage_n that_o the_o force_n employ_v to_o compress_v the_o air_n be_v both_o very_a great_a and_o very_o gradual_o and_o slow_o apply_v and_o that_o the_o vessel_n will_v not_o like_o those_o that_o have_v be_v hitherto_o make_v use_n of_o give_v any_o passage_n through_o its_o pore_n to_o water_n though_o violent_o compress_v we_o take_v then_o a_o round_a ball_n of_o glass_n furnish_v with_o a_o moderate_o long_a pipe_n and_o have_v fill_v it_o with_o water_n till_o the_o liquor_n reach_v within_o some_o inch_n of_o the_o top_n it_o be_v hermetical_o seal_v up_o and_o then_o the_o water_n by_o a_o mixture_n of_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n be_v make_v to_o freeze_v from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o that_o without_o break_v the_o glass_n the_o unfrozen_a water_n by_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n of_o that_o which_o be_v freeze_v may_v be_v impel_v upward_o and_o so_o at_o once_o both_o compress_v the_o air_n and_o be_v press_v upon_o by_o it_o have_v by_o this_o mean_v condense_v the_o air_n as_o far_o as_o we_o think_v safe_a to_o do_v in_o a_o glass_n that_o be_v not_o strong_a we_o crop_v of_o the_o small_a apex_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o immediate_o the_o compress_v air_n fly_v out_o with_o a_o great_a noise_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o pipe_n which_o be_v unfilled_a with_o water_n be_v fill_v with_o smoke_n that_o make_v it_o look_v white_a and_o great_a store_n of_o little_a bubble_n hasty_o ascend_v from_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o water_n to_o the_o upper_a where_o most_o of_o they_o quick_o break_v in_o such_o a_o way_n as_o put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o what_o usual_o happen_v upon_o the_o open_n of_o vessel_n that_o contain_v bottle_a beer_n but_o that_o which_o be_v principal_o to_o be_v note_v be_v this_o that_o beside_o the_o bubble_n or_o froth_n the_o water_n itself_o at_o least_o suppose_v that_o no_o little_a unheeded_a bubble_n that_o do_v not_o quite_o emerge_n can_v sensible_o contribute_v to_o its_o height_n immediate_o ascend_v in_o the_o pipe_n about_o ¾_n of_o a_o inch_n which_o have_v careful_o mark_v the_o first_o and_o second_o station_n with_o a_o diamond_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n it_o be_v easy_a for_o we_o to_o measure_v i_o have_v elsewhere_o propose_v a_o suspicion_n that_o in_o the_o attempt_n that_o have_v be_v till_o then_o make_v to_o compress_v water_n the_o condensation_n in_o case_n there_o be_v real_o any_o may_v perchance_o proceed_v from_o the_o compression_n of_o the_o aerial_a particle_n that_o i_o have_v show_v to_o be_v wont_a to_o lie_v disperse_v in_o the_o pore_n of_o common_a water_n but_o though_o the_o considerable_a expansion_n of_o water_n notwithstanding_o the_o break_n of_o the_o bubble_n in_o our_o present_a experiment_n seem_v manifest_o to_o argue_v that_o this_o can_v be_v but_o a_o concurrent_a cause_n if_o it_o have_v any_o sensible_a effect_n at_o all_o of_o our_o phaenomena_n yet_o i_o dare_v not_o absolute_o rely_v even_o upon_o a_o experiment_n that_o seem_v so_o cogent_a till_o i_o have_v satisfy_v myself_o that_o no_o springiness_n which_o i_o have_v sometime_o suspect_v may_v be_v in_o the_o ice_n have_v any_o interest_n in_o the_o produce_v effect_n and_o that_o the_o great_a pressure_n of_o the_o forcible_o condense_v air_n do_v not_o make_v the_o glass_n itself_o stretch_v or_o yield_v for_o if_o it_o be_v able_a to_o do_v so_o than_o the_o part_n of_o the_o violent_o distend_v glass_n upon_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o forcible_a pressure_n of_o the_o air_n which_o must_v cease_v upon_o the_o break_n of_o the_o hermetical_a seal_n return_v to_o their_o former_a straitness_n below_o will_v make_v the_o water_n ascend_v somewhat_o high_o in_o the_o pipe_n but_o though_o i_o can_v not_o procure_v glass_n as_o well_o very_o thick_a as_o convenient_o shape_v wherewith_o to_o examine_v this_o suspicion_n which_o i_o will_v likewise_o have_v try_v by_o the_o bulk_n of_o the_o glass_n in_o water_n before_z and_o after_o the_o let_v out_o of_o the_o compress_v air_n yet_o because_o most_o reader_n will_v probable_o think_v so_o much_o caution_n more_o than_o necessary_a i_o shall_v add_v that_o if_o i_o have_v not_o want_v conveniency_n and_o have_v not_o have_v mischance_n the_o experiment_n will_v in_o likelihood_n have_v be_v 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there_o be_v no_o probability_n that_o the_o ice_n shall_v be_v generate_v according_a to_o the_o way_n propose_v by_o mr._n hobs._n for_o he_o will_v scarce_o prove_v nor_o be_v there_o any_o likelihood_n that_o a_o wind_n pierce_v the_o shell_n and_o close_a coat_n of_o the_o egg_n to_o get_v into_o the_o contain_v liquor_n and_o freeze_v they_o and_o a_o more_o unlikely_a assertion_n it_o will_v be_v to_o pretend_v as_o he_o that_o maintain_v mr._n hobs_n doctrine_n mun_o that_o so_o very_o little_a air_n if_o there_o be_v any_o as_o be_v mingle_v with_o the_o juice_n of_o the_o egg_n be_v by_o the_o cold_a which_o be_v not_o wont_a to_o expand_v air_n nor_o water_n till_o it_o be_v ready_a to_o make_v it_o freeze_v turn_v into_o a_o wind_n subtle_a enough_o free_o to_o penetrate_v the_o shell_n and_o coat_n of_o the_o egg_n and_o great_a enough_o to_o diffuse_v itself_o every_o way_n and_o turn_v on_o every_o side_n the_o neighbour_a water_n into_o ice_n and_o all_o this_o 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cochanele_o be_v boil_v in_o water_n to_o a_o very_a high_a tincture_n and_o freeze_a and_o to_o twice_o four_o ounce_n of_o this_o decoction_n be_v add_v in_o one_o glass_n a_o little_a spoonful_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o in_o another_o as_o much_o sea_n salt-water_n all_o these_o be_v freeze_v throughout_o and_o every_o part_n of_o this_o ice_n seem_v to_o i_o of_o a_o equal_a colour_n though_o the_o edge_n as_o thin_a and_o near_o the_o light_n appear_v of_o a_o bright_a colour_n as_o they_o do_v unfrozen_a but_o the_o glass_n be_v break_v show_v no_o discernible_a difference_n in_o any_o of_o they_o neither_o as_o to_o colour_n nor_o taste_v the_o like_a trial_n be_v make_v with_o mad_v weed_n and_o indigo_n and_o the_o success_n be_v the_o same_o second_o i_o expose_v a_o pint_n porringer_n full_a of_o the_o decoction_n of_o soot_n which_o the_o air_n relax_v do_v only_o freeze_v a_o inch_n thick_a this_o continue_a above_o a_o week_n consistent_a in_o a_o thaw_v season_n 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destroy_v animal_n and_o vegetable_n by_o congeal_v and_o stop_v their_o vital_a and_o nourish_a juice_n render_v they_o total_o immovable_a it_o be_v observable_a that_o in_o greenland_n and_o nova_n zembla_n nothing_o but_o grass_n grow_v as_o also_o what_o be_v tell_v i_o by_o dr._n collins_n the_o present_a physician_n of_o the_o emperor_n of_o russia_n that_o no_o thorny_a plant_n nor_o thistle_n grow_v in_o that_o country_n and_o this_o present_a year_n most_o of_o the_o rosemary_n and_o sage_a about_o london_n be_v whole_o destroy_v beside_o most_o of_o the_o more_o tender_a plant_n my_o four_o proposal_n be_v the_o property_n and_o quality_n of_o ice_n some_o whereof_o my_o task_n engage_v i_o to_o enumerate_v only_o such_o be_v its_o slipperiness_n smoothness_n hardness_n whereby_o and_o by_o its_o bulk_n and_o motion_n it_o break_v down_o bridge_n etc._n etc._n its_o firmness_n and_o strength_n to_o bear_v carriage_n and_o burden_n its_o diaphaneity_n which_o be_v much_o less_o than_o the_o liquor_n of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v for_o i_o can_v never_o discern_v any_o object_n though_o but_o confuse_o a_o foot_n beyond_o the_o clear_a piece_n of_o ice_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o many_o bubble_n and_o luminous_a part_n within_o it_o which_o bubble_n show_v only_a shadow_n but_o the_o ice_n its_o self_n interpose_v betwixt_o your_o eye_n and_o a_o candle_n appear_v in_o many_o round_a circle_n from_o which_o proceed_v many_o ray_n of_o light_n four_o or_o five_o or_o more_o in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o star_n of_o about_o a_o ¼_n of_o a_o inch_n in_o diameter_n which_o so_o glase_v your_o eye_n you_o can_v scarce_o see_v any_o thing_n but_o bright_a light_n and_o shadow_n as_o for_o its_o penetration_n and_o thickness_n something_o have_v be_v say_v above_o to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o i_o have_v see_v the_o thames_n ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o eight_o inch_n or_o more_o near_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o river_n and_o on_o the_o side_n much_o more_o and_o in_o garden_n walk_v the_o earth_n freeze_v near_o two_o foot_n deep_a whereas_o on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o same_o walk_n on_o a_o rich_a mould_n the_o frost_n do_v not_o reach_n much_o above_o one_o foot_n and_o ¼_n and_o pipe_n of_o lead_n have_v be_v break_v above_o a_o foot_n under_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ground_n i_o shall_v not_o mention_v the_o huge_a mountain_n of_o ice_n find_v in_o the_o most_o northerly_a sea_n but_o proceed_v to_o its_o weight_n it_o be_v general_o know_v that_o ice_n swim_v upon_o the_o water_n but_o i_o have_v see_v snowball_n moisten_v only_o with_o water_n and_o then_o compress_v with_o a_o strong_a force_n and_o afterward_o freeze_v to_o sink_v beside_o the_o congeal_a oil_n of_o vitriol_n descend_v in_o water_n and_o common_a ice_n be_v frequent_o observe_v under_o water_n whether_o the_o solution_n of_o salt_n freeze_v will_v sink_v be_v by_o i_o forget_v to_o observe_v and_o whether_o coagulate_v oil_n will_v sink_v in_o unfrozen_a as_o bartholine_n affirm_v some_o affirm_v that_o snowball_n hard_o press_v without_o addition_n of_o water_n will_v sink_v but_o experience_n teach_v i_o the_o contrary_n as_o for_o its_o tactile_a quality_n every_o one_o know_v it_o be_v cold_a than_o water_n which_o you_o may_v increase_v by_o add_v salt_n unto_o it_o or_o rather_o snow_n smell_v it_o have_v none_o but_o it_o bind_v up_o that_o quality_n in_o all_o but_o most_o spirituous_a body_n which_o it_o also_o in_o some_o degree_n refract_v in_o they_o last_o ice_n yield_v both_o reflection_n and_o refraction_n whereof_o i_o shall_v speak_v when_o i_o come_v to_o its_o use_n my_o five_o head_n be_v let_n and_o help_v in_o freeze_a which_o i_o shall_v 〈◊〉_d dispatch_n those_o beside_o the_o north_n and_o north-east_n wind_n the_o absence_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o high_a part_n of_o house_n or_o mountain_n be_v the_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n than_o which_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o painful_o and_o unsufferable_o cold_a to_o my_o feel_n as_o be_v apparent_a by_o the_o trick_n of_o freeze_a with_o snow_n and_o salt_n by_o the_o fire_n side_n as_o also_o by_o the_o ingenious_a way_n of_o make_v cup_n of_o ice_n invent_v by_o a_o incomparable_a person_n add_v hereunto_o that_o water_n fall_v or_o throw_v upon_o ice_n or_o snow_n soon_o become_v congeal_v a_o mixture_n also_o of_o ice_n beat_v into_o powder_n and_o mix_v with_o common_a sea-salt_n which_o be_v best_a or_o with_o kelp_n alum_n vitriol_n or_o nitre_n and_o here_o note_v that_o vessel_n fill_v with_o water_n and_o set_v in_o these_o mixture_n begin_v their_o freeze_a at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o liquor_n and_o consequent_o be_v not_o so_o subject_a to_o be_v break_v as_o those_o be_v which_o be_v not_o set_v in_o these_o
congelari_fw-la glaciesque_fw-la aucto_fw-la frigore_fw-la in_o plerisque_fw-la locis_fw-la tantum_fw-la condensari_fw-la ut_fw-la ubi_fw-la venae_fw-la lacus_fw-la &_o stagna_fw-la viventis_fw-la aquae_fw-la non_fw-la intrant_fw-la pisces_fw-la suffocati_fw-la tempore_fw-la resolutionis_fw-la glaciei_fw-la inspiciantur_fw-la verum_fw-la ne_fw-la haec_fw-la 〈◊〉_d tam_fw-la dispendiosa_fw-la fiat_fw-la diligentiâ_fw-la 〈◊〉_d continue_v glacies_fw-la ipsa_fw-la perfringitur_fw-la ne_fw-la congeletur_fw-la olai_n magni_fw-la lib._n 1._o titulo_fw-la de_fw-la transitu_fw-la glaciali_fw-la etc._n etc._n pag._n 82._o pag._n 47._o purchas_n lib._n 3._o cap._n 5._o pag._n 487_o purchas_n lib._n 3._o cap._n 1._o pag._n 415._o of_o the_o usefulness_n of_o experimental_a philosophy_n philosophy_n of_o the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o experiment_n rem_fw-la vero_fw-la adeo_fw-la obscuram_fw-la exemplis_fw-la similibus_fw-la illustrabo_fw-la brassicae_fw-la aqua_fw-la congelata_fw-la brassicam_fw-la representat_fw-la spiritibus_fw-la vegetalibus_fw-la à _fw-la frigore_fw-la 〈◊〉_d atis_fw-la tho._n bartholinus_n de_fw-fr usu_fw-la nivis_fw-la pag._n 17._o pag._n 573._o 573._o in_o the_o unpublish_v ed_z section_n of_o the_o usefulness_n of_o experimental_a philosophy_n of_o the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o experiment_n experiment_n where_o a_o wonderful_o pierce_v though_o not_o sensible_o violent_a cold_a do_v sometime_o sudden_o kill_v man_n and_o yet_o preserve_v their_o body_n untainted_a whole_a year_n together_o pag._n 36._o see_v the_o history_n of_o fluidity_n sect._n 19_o coepimus_fw-la in_o hanc_fw-la fodinam_fw-la per_fw-la gradus_fw-la valde_fw-la strictos_fw-la profunde_fw-la admodum_fw-la descendere_fw-la per_fw-la regionem_fw-la certè_fw-la frigidissimam_fw-la quam_fw-la solis_fw-la vestibus_fw-la metallicis_fw-la opertus_fw-la multo_fw-la frigidiorem_fw-la sensi_fw-la etc._n etc._n p._n m._n 130._o inquam_fw-la descendi_fw-la mense_fw-la julio_n quo_fw-la anni_fw-la tempestas_fw-la vigebat_fw-la calidissima_fw-la siccissimaque_fw-la p._n m._n 130._o pag._n 142_o &_o 143._o pag._n 125._o exhalatio_fw-la aere_fw-la levior_fw-la per_fw-la ipsum_fw-la puteum_fw-la ascendit_fw-la magno_fw-la impetu_fw-la in_fw-la ejus_fw-la sumitate_fw-la adhuc_fw-la sensibiliter_fw-la calida_fw-la ipsa_fw-la aestate_fw-la licet_fw-la supremam_fw-la terrae_fw-la regionem_fw-la tunc_fw-la frigidissimam_fw-la permeat_fw-la pag._n 128._o see_v also_o pag._n 125._o in_o polonia_n vero_fw-la montes_fw-la profundissimi_fw-la salis_fw-la sunt_fw-la praesertim_fw-la in_o vielisca_n &_o bochna_n ubi_fw-la videndi_fw-la causâ_fw-la transcensis_fw-la scalis_fw-la vidi_fw-la in_o profundioribus_fw-la locis_fw-la laboratores_fw-la nudes_fw-la ob_fw-la calorem_fw-la ferreis_n instrumentis_fw-la eruere_fw-la opulentissimum_fw-la the_o saurum_fw-la salis_fw-la veluti_fw-la aurum_fw-la &_o argentum_fw-la ex_fw-la mineris_fw-la inexhaustis_fw-la olaus_n mag._n lib._n 13._o p._n 382._o pag._n 63._o pag._n 58._o pag._n 59_o hancque_fw-la naturam_fw-la lacum_fw-la similem_fw-la prope_fw-la metropolin_n nidrosiensem_fw-la regni_fw-la norvegiae_fw-la habere_fw-la compertum_fw-la est_fw-la eo_fw-la praecipue_fw-la argumento_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o mediis_fw-la frigoribus_fw-la nunquam_fw-la congelatur_fw-la lib._n 2._o joseph_n accost_n hist._n ind._n pag._n 174._o p._n m._n 136._o quia_fw-la vero_fw-la in_o comitatum_fw-la zoliensem_fw-la dum_fw-la aquas_fw-la persequimur_fw-la ventum_fw-la est_fw-la non_fw-la possum_fw-la praeterire_fw-la hiatum_fw-la terrae_fw-la iisdem_fw-la in_o locis_fw-la famosum_fw-la ob_fw-la pestilentes_fw-la expirationes_fw-la quibus_fw-la ave_n supervolantes_fw-la &_o quaevis_fw-la alia_fw-la animantia_fw-la extingui_fw-la constat_fw-la manifesto_fw-la eorum_fw-la experimento_fw-la qui_fw-la etc._n etc._n pag._n 74._o ibidem_fw-la est_fw-la sub_fw-la dio_fw-mi fons_fw-la calidarum_fw-la caeteris_fw-la 〈◊〉_d quem_fw-la purgatorium_fw-la vocavere_fw-la ea_fw-la nimirum_fw-la ratione_fw-la quod_fw-la quamadmodum_fw-la proditum_fw-la est_fw-la in_o purgatorio_fw-la poenas_fw-la nocentium_fw-la pro_fw-la noxarum_fw-la modo_fw-la alius_fw-la acerbiores_fw-la alius_fw-la mitiores_fw-la ita_fw-la quaedam_fw-la insunt_fw-la aquae_fw-la hoc_fw-la in_o fonte_fw-la discrimina_fw-la namquâ_fw-la in_o eum_fw-la à _fw-la danubii_n ripâ_fw-la aditus_fw-la est_fw-la subfrigida_fw-la primum_fw-la mox_fw-la tepida_fw-la &_o quo_fw-la in_o eum_fw-la penetraris_fw-la altius_fw-la hoc_fw-la magis_fw-la calet_fw-la in_o recessu_fw-la vero_fw-la interiore_fw-la tam_fw-la est_fw-la calida_fw-la ut_fw-la ferri_fw-la non_fw-la possit_fw-la est_fw-la etiam_fw-la be_v calor_fw-la haud_fw-la dubie_n aquae_fw-la huius_fw-la proprius_fw-la nam_fw-la alia_fw-la quae_fw-la dixi_fw-la temperamenta_fw-la verisimile_fw-la est_fw-la à _fw-la danubio_n accedere_fw-la qui_fw-la crepidinem_fw-la huius_fw-la fontis_fw-la lambit_fw-la &_o cum_fw-la vel_fw-la modicè_fw-la excrescit_fw-la totum_fw-la inundat_fw-la neque_fw-la tamen_fw-la ita_fw-la restinguit_fw-la quin_fw-la caleat_fw-la quin_fw-la intra_fw-la ipsam_fw-la ripam_fw-la qua_fw-la danubio_n perennis_fw-la cursus_fw-la est_fw-la calidae_fw-la ebulliunt_fw-la ubi_fw-la qui_fw-la altius_fw-la mergi_fw-la volunt_fw-la lavare_fw-la consueverunt_fw-la pag._n 57_o neque_fw-la in_o ripâ_fw-la tantum_fw-la eruuntur_fw-la calidae_n sed_fw-la etiam_fw-la intra_fw-la amnem_fw-la si_fw-la fundum_fw-la ejus_fw-la pedibus_fw-la suffodias_fw-la calet_fw-la autem_fw-la immodicè_fw-la nec_fw-la sunt_fw-la idoneae_fw-la balneis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d temperentur_fw-la quod_fw-la admistione_fw-la frigidae_fw-la de_fw-la proximo_fw-la haustae_fw-la in_o proclivi_fw-la est_fw-la pag._n 65._o nec_fw-la praetereundum_fw-la hic_fw-la puto_fw-la lacum_fw-la esse_fw-la lx._n milliarum_fw-la in_o longitudine_fw-la &_o xx._n in_o latitudine_fw-la italicorum_n 〈◊〉_d appellatum_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la ostrogothorum_fw-la quae_fw-la talis_fw-la est_fw-la naturae_fw-la quod_fw-la cum_fw-la tempestuoso_fw-la vento_fw-la congelatus_fw-la fuerit_fw-la &_o tempus_fw-la resolutionis_fw-la immineat_fw-la vehementissimo_fw-la strepitu_fw-la incipit_fw-la fundo_fw-la ebullire_fw-la &_o commoveri_fw-la magna_fw-la violentiâ_fw-la perumpere_fw-la in_o paruas_fw-la rimas_fw-la vel_fw-la scissuras_fw-la quae_fw-la fiunt_fw-la in_o glacie_n &_o have_v in_o modico_fw-la temporis_fw-la spatio_fw-la faciens_fw-la valdè_fw-la latas_fw-la licet_fw-la pro_fw-la tunc_fw-la glacies_fw-la in_o spissitudine_fw-la habuerit_fw-la plusquam_fw-la unum_fw-la vel_fw-la duo_fw-la brachia_fw-la lib._n primo_fw-la pag._n 23._o dr._n sam._n collins_n see_v the_o second_o preliminary_n discourse_n that_o accompany_v the_o history_n of_o cold._n my_o backwardness_n to_o admit_v a_o fuga_fw-la contrarii_fw-la may_v be_v somewhat_o confirm_v by_o what_o i_o late_o learn_v from_o the_o english_a extraordinary_a ambassador_n the_o earl_n of_o carlisle_n into_o russia_n new_o return_v thence_o for_o meet_v the_o other_o day_n with_o a_o opportunity_n of_o ask_v his_o lordship_n a_o few_o question_n which_o he_o be_v please_v to_o answer_v with_o his_o wont_a civility_n about_o the_o cold_a in_o muscovy_n i_o be_v inform_v by_o one_o of_o his_o answer_n that_o his_o excellency_n have_v there_o the_o curiosity_n to_o observe_v some_o bottle_n of_o choice_n and_o strong_a wine_n that_o be_v vehement_o freeze_v and_o the_o opportunity_n to_o take_v notice_n that_o the_o liquor_n be_v quite_o congeal_v throughout_o and_o turn_v into_o solid_a ice_n whence_o he_o rational_o infer_v that_o the_o 〈◊〉_d part_n of_o the_o wine_n do_v not_o in_o these_o bottle_n for_o aught_o he_o acknowledge_v that_o in_o great_a vessel_n that_o may_v sometime_o hold_v true_a which_o be_v say_v of_o the_o production_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n by_o congelation_n retire_v to_o the_o centre_n and_o remain_v there_o unfrozen_a and_o his_o lordship_n ingenious_o pursue_v the_o experiment_n and_o confirm_v the_o conjecture_n by_o cause_v the_o ice_n take_v out_o of_o the_o break_a bottle_n to_o be_v thaw_v by_o degree_n into_o several_a vessel_n by_o which_o mean_n he_o find_v that_o the_o liquor_n afford_v by_o the_o exterior_a part_n of_o the_o resolve_a ice_n be_v very_o little_a if_o at_o all_o less_o strong_a then_o that_o which_o be_v obtain_v from_o the_o internal_a part_n of_o the_o same_o ice_n from_o which_o observation_n carneades_n will_v argue_v that_o at_o least_o it_o be_v not_o universal_a but_o in_o particular_a case_n and_o therefore_o probable_o by_o accident_n or_o upon_o particular_a account_n that_o the_o concentration_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o liquor_n be_v consequent_a upon_o be_v expose_v to_o cold._n i_o presume_v he_o mean_v cornelius_n drebell_n artic._n 6._o artic._n 7._o 7._o quote_v by_o paul_n neworantz_n de_fw-fr purpurâ_fw-la cap._n 12._o 12._o doctor_n s._n ward_n now_o the_o worthy_a bishop_n of_o exeter_n and_o dr._n j._n wallis_n the_o learned_a savilian_a professor_n of_o geometry_n chap._n 28._o sect._n 2._o at_o the_o beginning_n see_v the_o vi_o section_n of_o the_o history_n of_o cold._n euri_n austrique_fw-la venti_fw-la à _fw-la meridie_fw-la loca_fw-la arenosa_fw-la summoque_fw-la calore_fw-la inflammata_fw-la transeuntes_fw-la atque_fw-la aegyptum_fw-la spirantes_fw-la tantum_fw-la caloris_fw-la aestus_fw-la pulverumque_fw-la &_o inflammatarum_fw-la arenarum_fw-la evehunt_fw-la ut_fw-la ignitas_fw-la fornacis_fw-la flammas_fw-la nec_fw-la non_fw-la pulveribus_fw-la obscurissimas_fw-la nubes_fw-la eo_fw-la asportasse_fw-la videatur_fw-la and_o elsewhere_o prima_fw-la aestatis_fw-la parte_fw-la calidissimâ_fw-la inaequalissimaque_fw-la ob_fw-la vehementissimum_fw-la meridionalium_fw-la ventorum_fw-la calorem_fw-la etc._n etc._n prosper_n alpinus_n de_fw-fr medicina_fw-la aegyptiorum_n from_o 9_o till_o noon_n there_o blow_v a_o wind_n with_o such_o extreme_a heat_n from_o the_o sand_n that_o it_o swallow_v up_o a_o man_n breath_n and_o stifle_v he_o the_o king_n of_o chermain_n send_v a_o army_n of_o sixteen_o hundred_o horse_n and_o five_o thousand_o foot_n against_o the_o lord_n of_o ormus_n for_o not_o pay_v his_o tribute_n which_o be_v all_o surprise_a and_o stifle_v with_o that_o wind_n marcus_n polus_n in_o purchas_n pilgrim_n lib._n 111._o p._n m._n 71._o see_v this_o difficulty_n more_o large_o handle_v in_o the_o first_o preliminary_n discourse_n in_o the_o new_a experiment_n touch_v the_o spring_n of_o the_o air._n see_v the_o ix_o title_n of_o the_o history_n of_o cold._n see_v the_o iv._o section_n of_o the_o history_n of_o cold._n see_v the_o examen_fw-la of_o antiperistasis_n see_v the_o ix_o title_n of_o the_o history_n of_o cold._n pag._n 673._o 673._o according_a to_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o limb_o of_o which_o if_o it_o be_v very_o strong_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d may_v serve_v the_o turn_n and_o which_o if_o it_o be_v too_o weak_a may_v make_v the_o experiment_n miscarry_v miscarry_v to_o prevent_v which_o i_o usual_o cause_v the_o orpiment_n to_o be_v beat_v wrap_v up_o in_o divers_a paper_n or_o some_o other_o way_n secure_v from_o avolation_n and_o from_o harm_v the_o vessel_n wherein_o it_o be_v pound_v pound_v which_o for_o this_o use_n it_o will_v suffice_v to_o make_v by_o dissolve_v gum-arabic_n in_o a_o little_a fair_a water_n water_n this_o be_v know_v in_o the_o shop_n by_o the_o name_n of_o red-lead_a and_o be_v here_o specify_v as_o be_v cheap_a and_o easy_a to_o be_v 〈◊〉_d though_o i_o suppose_v that_o other_o calx_n or_o powder_n of_o the_o same_o metal_n if_o they_o be_v not_o sophisticated_a may_v serve_v the_o turn_n turn_n if_o you_o write_v first_o with_o the_o black_a ink_n and_o then_o with_o the_o solution_n the_o line_n must_v be_v make_v somewhat_o distant_a that_o those_o which_o express_v your_o secret_n may_v have_v room_n between_o the_o other_o and_o therefore_o the_o better_a to_o avoid_v suspicion_n i_o choose_v rather_o to_o write_v first_o with_o the_o invisible_a ink_n and_o then_o over_o that_o with_o the_o black_a as_o if_o i_o have_v write_v on_o a_o ordinary_a piece_n of_o white_a paper_n by_o which_o mean_v i_o can_v write_v the_o black_a line_n as_o close_o as_o i_o please_v please_v that_o learned_a gentleman_n mr._n h._n oldenburg_n secretary_n to_o the_o royal_a society_n society_n for_o those_o that_o concern_v divinity_n belong_v not_o to_o this_o catalogue_n