respiration and life of men and other beastes As concerning which samâ— thinke that the Ocean Sea is higher then the earth and aske the question why the Sâ—a couereth not the whole earth and why the earth is not sunke in the water To this it may be a sufficient aunsweare that it hath so pleased the wyll of Gâ—d according to the saying of the prophet Dâ—uid Terminum posuisti quem non transgredietur neque conuertetâ—r operirâ— terram That is Thou hast appoynted limits which it shall not passe neyther shall it returne to couer the earth Besyde the wyll of God which is the cheefe and sufficient cause thereof we say that nature fayleth not in her necessaries For she sometime admitteth a litle inconuenience to auoyde a greater euill as when heauie things which natuâ—ally should descend doo not only not descende but rise vp And aâ— also soâ—â—time it chaunceth that fyre descendeth and wâ—ter aryseth to fyll the voyd or emptie places least any where should be fouâ—d voyd or emptie which nature so greatly abhoâ—reth Tâ— this puâ—pose nature foreseeing the kindes of many things that could not elsewhere liue then on the earth neither bee conserued wâ—thin the water as men and other earthly beasts determâ—â—ed before to mâ—ke the earth not perfectly round contrary to the nature thereof whereof it foloweth that it is not altogeather couered of the water And as sayth Origen the earth remayneth discouered of water that it might bring foorth fruites trees and plantes As touching the conuex aforesayde the water and earth discouered are conteyned vnder the concauitie of the ayre which is diuided into three Regions as the lowest hyghest and middlemost The lowest is hote by reason of the reflection or rebounding of the beames of the Sunne stryken backe by the earth The highest also is hote by participation of the fyre and nearenesse thereunto The myddle region is colde as is manifest by the snowe and hayle engendred in the same The ayre neare vnto the region of the fyre which is pure heate doth neither burne nor lighten because it hath no combustible matter and so hath it power and not acte It is neare vnto and reacheth the circle of the Moone which compasseth it about The heauen or circle of the Moone is next vnto the heauen of Mercuri and Mercuri vnto Venus Venus vnto the Sunne the Sunne to Mars Mars to Iupiter Iupiter to Saturne which is next and reacheth vnto the heauen of the Starres called the Firmament because that in it are all the Starres except the Planets firme and fyxt as a knot in a table The knowledge of the Planets was had by seuen sundry motions they haue among themselues and by their course not vnifourme to that of the Starres of the eyght heauen because that sometimes the Planets appeare vnto vs ioyned togeather and sometimes diuided The Christaline heauen compasseth about or conteyneth within it the heauen of Starres This Christaline heauen is transparent and pâ—rspicuous as cleare water or glasse that may be seene through by reason of the cleerenesse and pure substaunce thereof It is by an other name called the heauen of water whereof holy Scripture speaketh saying Aquae quae supra caelos sunt laudent nomen Domini That is to say Let the waters that are aboue the heauens prayse the name of the Lord. It was created for the conseruation of corporall things and to temper the heate engendred of the moouing of the fyrst moueable which being so great of body that it not onely compasseth all the Elements but also all the inferior heauens is mooued so swiftly that it dayly perfectly mooueth all the aforesaid Spheres And least by reason of the great heate thereof caused by his swyft motion it should consume inferior things God ordeyned this Christaline heauen that the coldnesse thereof might temper the extreame heaâ—e of the other This Christaline heauen reacheth vnto the fiâ—st moueable heauen called Primum mobile Aâ—d this reacheth to the Emperiall heauen which is the twelfth called Emperium by reason of his cleerenesse and respleâ—â—â—â—â—â— Tâ—â—â— is 〈…〉 aâ—â— is moâ—t pâ—â—fect The Philosophers had no knoâ—ledge heereof Bâ—â— we beleeue by holy Scripture that such a heauâ—n there is and the same to be the habitation of Aâ—gelles and Spirituall creatures It is also called Coelum Coelorum that is The heauen of heauens because it conteyneth and includeth within it all the other heauens It is of greater cleerenesse then all the other heauens and was created immediatly with the Angelles In this also remayneth the humanitie of Iesus Christ our GOD and in dignitie aboue it It conteyneth three holy orders or principalities called Hierarchias Wâ—ereof the fyrst is called Supercelestâ—all and hath in it alâ—o three orders Seraphims Câ—eruâ—ims anâ— Thrones The second is called Celestiall and conteyneth Dâ—minations Principates and Potestates The third called Subcelestiall conteineth Uirtutes Archangells and Angelles And to coâ—clude it hath aboundance of all goodnesse and perfect felicitie with priuation or want of all euill The heauen also geueth influence of constancie stedfastnesse and durabilitie to things agaâ—nst the fluxabilitie and inconstancie of the other heauens the order whereof doth appeare in the demonstration followyng The vi Chapter of the immutabilitie or immobilitie of the Earth THE Pythagorians and other auncient naturall Philosophers as sayth Aristotle were of opinion that the earth did mooue yet not by a ryght foorth motion but circulerly about the middest of one place The which errour both Aristotle himselfe and the Astronomers doâ— confute and reprooue by euident causes and manifest demonstrations For circuler motion is proper to the heauens And as the earth differeth from them in nature so likewise in moouing And although it be so that the earth may naturally mooue by certayne of his partes yet to mooue in the whole and without the circuite of his Sphere it is impossible being founded and established vppon his owne center the which of it selfe is naturally immooueable for as much as in it the reason of all heauynes consisteth Whereas otherwise euery part that is mooued should ascend contrary to the nature of all heauie things Bâ—t there is found nothing heauie that doth not naturally enclyne directly to the center of the earth and would actually descend thyther if it had no impediment of some other thing to resist it and when it toucheth there or is come thyther would still rest and remayne there And heereby it foloweth that the earth being founded vppon his owne center is not mooued The wâ—ich thing the Prophet Dauid also affyrmeth saying Fundasti terram super stabilitatem suam that is Thou foundedst the earth vppon his stabilitie The vij Chapter of the roundnesse of the Earth and Water THAT the Earth is rounde it appeareth by manifest euidence For if it were playne or flatte the dawning of
sense as Beastes other vnderstanding as Man who in holy Scripture is called all Creatures according to the sayiâ—g of Christ to his Disciples where he sayth Goe and preache the Gospell to all Creatures And therefore not without good cause was Man called of the Greeke Philosophers Microcosmos that is the lesse World In the which we contemplate things of no lesse admiration then in the great World The similitude betweene them both is that euen as the great world and the whole Globe or Sphere thereof is mooued by the voluntarie motion of an intellectiue substaunce or an Angell euen so is this For as Aristotle wryteth What so euer is mooued is mooued by vertue of an other As Man is mooued by the internall or inward fourme that is within him that is to say by the intellectiue soule that is proper vnto him In lyke maner in the great worlde are found dyuers mooueable thyngs All which are reduced to one immoueable moouer So in man are found many thyngs mooued by diuers motions which are all referred to his intellectiue soule The great worlde conteyneth the creatures within it selfe and consequently is all really as hauing nothing without it Euen so man by knowledge is all and knoweth all things and nothing naturally is â—id from him or vnknowen to him Agayne in this lesse humane world are two motions Intellectiue and Sensuâ—â—◠〈…〉 the great world hath two locall motâ—ons the one wherewith the fyrst mooueable is mooued and draweth with it all the other Spheres from the East to the West and is called Rationall moouing The second is the moouing of the other Spheres from the Weast into the East and is called Irrationall moouing But now leauing to speake of the lesse world we will proceede to speake further of the great ¶ The seconde Chapter of the definition of the worlde THE world as sayth Isodorus is Heauen and Earth and the other woorks of God that are conteyned therein It is compounded of things visible and yet vnsearchable Moses and Saint Iohn the Euangelist witnesse that it was made by God The Philosophers called it Mâ—ndus a mouendo because it is in continuall moouing and neuer in rest The Greekes called it Cosmos which signifieth Fayre or Beautifull and so named it because of the marueilous ornament thereof and diuersitie of Elements with the resplendence or shining of the Sunne Moone and Starres And doubtlesse nothing may be seene with the corporall eyes of man more beautâ—full then it is In so much that the diuine Philosopher Plato affyrmed that eyes were geuen to men to beholde the beautie thereof and to take pleasure in the contemplation of the heauenly bodyes and roundnesse of the world which also for the roundnesse thereof is called Spheriâ—all because that Sphera in the Greeke tongue signifieth a round body The thyrd Chapter of the definition of the Sphere THeodosius sayth that the Sphere is a whole and corporall figure vnder one superficial in the middest whereof is a poynt or pricke from the which all right lines drawne directly to the circumference are equall This poyut or pricke is called the center of the Sphere according to Euclide it is the passage of the circumference of hâ—lfe a circle which is turned round about his Diameter that is fixed vntill it returne to his owne proper place againe as where it was at the fyrst By the center of the Sphere passeth a right lyne and thextremities or endes thereof touch in the circumference And this lyne imagined is called the Axis or Exeltree of the Sphere and the endes thereof are called the Pales Uppon this Axis is the Sphere of the world mooued The fourth Chapter of the diuision of the world IT is to be presupposed that there is â— difference betweene Element and Elementate and the fyfte being calâ—ed Quinta Essentia The Quint essence or fyfte substance is a body of it selfe differing from all Elements and things Elemental aswell in matter as in fourme and no lesse in nature and vertue and hauing in it selfe no contrarietie is certaynly without corruption And hereof comâ—eth it that the Philosophers called the heauens and heauenly bodyes the fyfth substaunce or fyfth essence by reason of the incoâ—ruptibilitie thereof Element is that whereof any thing is coâ—â—ounded It is the fyrst of compositions and of it selfâ— is not compounded Wâ—ereby it foloweth that neyther the earth the ayre the water nor the fyre that are neare vnto vs or about â—s are pure and simple Elements For these Elements do sometimes mingle themselues one with another and especially where they are neare togeather and touche one another Of these elements euery part is named by the name of the whole As euery part of fyre is called fyre and euery part of earth is called earth and so of the other They are called simple bodyes in respecte of other compound and mixt bodyes They are diuisible into partes of diuers fourmes and of the commixtion of them are made and engendred diuers things of sundry kyndes These foure that is to meane Earth Ayre Water and Fyre although they are named simple but in respecte as aforesayde yet are they the Elements that is to say beginnings and principles of all other compoundes and mixtes A pure Element can not be seene forasmuch as that that is pure lacketh colour and that that hath no colour is not visible The Elements as sayth Isodorus were diuided by the hand of God The imperiall Heauen was replenished with Angelles the ayre with byrdes the sea with fyshes and the land with men and other beastes Elementate is euery body compounded of the foure Elements Not that they are Elements formally but vertually in myxt bodies This knowen we wyll shewe how the world is diuided into two regions Celestiall and Elementall The region Elementall which is continually subiect to alterations is diuided into foure Elements which are Earth Water Ayre and Fyre These Elâ—ments the Greekes call Yctogia for the communion and concord that they haue beâ—weene themselues The heauenly or etheriall region called Quinta Essentia compasseth and conteineth the Elementall worlde within it The fyfth Chapter of the number order and propertie of the Elements and Heauens THE Earth after the Philosopher is a pricke or poynt in the middest called the center to the which they assigne the lowest place Next vnto the earth and about it the Water occupyeth the second place and the Ayre the thyrd The Fyre is higher then any of the other elements And it is to vnderstand that the water hath two superficials One which is called concaue or halowâ— the other conuex or embowing You may compare the inward part of the concaue to a dyshe or a bolle whose outward part is called conuex As touching the concaue the water compasseth about the earth leauing discouered that part that serueth for the
the day or day spryng should equally and at one time appeare to them in the West as to them in the East But we see the contrarie that it appeareth fyrst to them that dwell in the East and afterward to them in the West This is prooued by the Eclipse of the Moone which beginning at one instant they of Hierusalem see it begin at foure a clocke of the night and we of Andalusie in Spayne at one a clocke of the night It foloweth hereby that to them it nighteneth three houres sooner then vnto vs in Spayne and this is caused by the roundnesse of the earth But heere some may mooue a doubte saying that on the earth we may see many Mountaynes and consequently many great Uallyes and Pâ—aynes with many diuersities of sundrye other deepe and vnequall places by reason whereof the earth can not truely be called rounde To this I say that in two manners the earth is called and vnderstoode to be rounde As after one manner speakyng precisely it is called rounde as a Ciâ—cle or a Sphere which we call rounde because that all ryght lines drawen from the center thereof to the circumference are equall The other roundnesse is consydered without this precisenesse and is suche as not by all his partes is equally distant from his myddest or center but hath some partes hygher and some lower yet not in such quantitie as may destroy the roundnesse of the whole As yf in a Bowle there weâ—e certayne clyftes or holes it should not thereby leaue to be round although not perfectly or precisely rounde And for this cause sayth Auerrois that although both the heauenly bodyes and the Elements are of round fourme yet differ they in this that the heauenly Spheres haue perfect roundnesse and the Elemeâ—ts not As the earth by reason of his Mountaynes and Uales the Sea by his encreasing and decreasing the Ayre also for his nearenesse to the fyre and by his contrarietie doth sometime doo and soâ—etime suffer that is to say is sometime actiue and sometyme passiue So that folowing the one it fleeth the other by reason whereof it also lacketh perfect roundnesse But the fyre for as muche as it is neare to the concaue of the circle of the Moone which is Sphericall may therefore be called Sphericall or rounde The viij Chapter of the motion of the Heauens and Elementes IT is not to be forgotten that all the Elementes are wholy mooueable by locall motion except the earth The water is mooued by the motion of the Moone or tossed by the Wyndes The fyre as sayth Aristotle is mooued circulerly by the motion of the day and is drawen of the circlesâ— that embrace it or compasse it about as is manyfest by the Cometes or blazing Starres and other fyerie exhalations conteyned and engendred in it Which beeyng caryed with thys motion conclude that the fyre mooueth in lyke maner And with thys motion is the superiour parte of the ayre violently caryed about as the other impressions therein doo shewe The inferiour part is mooued by dyuers motions that is to meane laterally as by experience we see when the wyndes blowe The Moone with her Heauen or Sphere by her proper motion geueth her turne from the West to the East in xxvii dayes and vii houres with xv minutes Venus Mercuri and the Sunne in a yeere which is the space of three hundred threescore and fyue dayes with fyue houres and fourtie and niene minutes Mars in two yeeres Iupiter in twelue yeeres Saturne in xxx yeeres The eyght heauen which is the Fyrmament or Starrie Heauen by his owne proper motion is mooued by the nienth Heauen vpon the beginning of Aries and Libra and vpon these two poyntes accomplysheth hys Reuolution in seuen thousand yeeres This motion is called Motus trepidationis that is to say the tremblyng motion or motion of accesse and recesse The nienth heauen endeth his motion from the West to the East in fourtie and niene thousand yéeres And by this motion moueth the eight heauen Tâ—e tenth heauen called Primum mobile is mooued from the East to the West and in twentie and foure houres whiche is a naturall day perfourmeth one reuolution and with the myghtye force and swyftnesse of his motioâ— caryeth wyth hym all the other inferior heauens and maketh them to geue the same turne in twentie and foure houres where as neuerthelesse they ceasse not in the meane tyme to keépe the course of theyr owne proper motion As for example yf an Ant or Pismiâ—e shoâ—ld goe about the wheéle of a Myll contrary to the moouing of the whéele before the Ant in goyng styll forward should come agayne to the poynt from whenee she fyrst departed which is once about or one turne the wheéle should in that space make many turnes The ix Chapter of the diuision of the Sphere into formall partes THE Sphere of the worlde is diuided in two manners that is to say by substaunce and by accident By substaunce into tenne Spheres as we haue sayde By accident into a right Sphere and oblique or crooked Sphere They haue the ryght Sphere that dwell vnder the Equinoctiall lyne and is called ryght because to them the Pâ—les are equally in the Hâ—rizon as appeareth by thys Figure folowing The Sphere is compounded of tenne circles imagined And as sayth Iohn de sacro bosco in his booke of the Sphere syxe of them are greater and foure lesse The greater Circle is that which deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and hath his center with the center of it These are the Equinoctiall the Zodiacke the two Coluri the Horizon and the Meridian The lesse Circle is that that deuideth the Sphere into two vnequall partes These are the two Tropykes and two Poler Circles The x. Chapter of the Equinoctiall Circle THE Equinoctiall is a Circle that deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and is by euery parte equally distaunt from both the Poles It is one of the greateâ— Circles in the Sphere and is the greatest Circle of those which are described in the Sphere by the motion of Primum mobile or fyrst moueable This Circle for his equalitie and regularitie is more noble then the Zodiacke which we haue described in the eightâ— sphere and also then any of the other It is imagâ—ned to gyrd the world round about by East and West It is called Equinoctiall because this word Equinoctium signifyeth equalitie of nyghtes and dayes whereof the cause is that the Sunne comming to this Circle the Arke of the day is equall with the Arke of the night and then is the Equinoctiall It is also called the Zone or gyrdle of the fyrst mooueable For euen as a gyrdle doth gyrde a man by the myddest so doth this Circle gyrd in the middest betweene both the Poles vppon the whiche the fyrst moouâ—able is mooued One of these imagined on our paâ—te
but also after his death was a patrone and helper of Mariners that called vpon him in tempests This name of Erasmo they of Naples call Ereemo and processe of time taking away one e. by the figure of Sincope remayned the name of Santermo And the Spaniardes who neuer can long keépe any strange vocable call it Santelmo turning r. into l. Yet of this Santelmo whereof the Maryners speake there is neither scripture that maketh mention nor auctoritie that confirmeth it I heare say that the Frier preachers hadde a religious man of commendable life and good conuersation named Frier Pero Gonzales borne in Galizia and that in his lyfe time our Lorde did certayne miracles by him and that this is he that shyneth and geueth lyght in tempests No doubte but GOD worketh myracles in his Saintes and by his Saintes as sayth Dauid But yf this seruant of GOD was Pero Gonzales how then shall he be Santelmo Another difficultie there is as touching this lyght for there are wrytyngs of more antiquitie then the lawe of grace and comming of Christ in fleshe whiche geue testimonie heéreof For the Poet Uirgyll in the second of hys Aeneidos wryteth that this fire appeared vpon the head of Iulius Ascanius And Titus Liuius in his first booke affirmeth that it appeared vpon the head of Seruius Tullius the sixth King of the Romanes Pomponius Articus sayth that Rome began to be buylded in the thyrd yéere of the thyrde Olimpiades that is in the tenth yeére of Ionathan kyng of the Iewes and from the creation of the worlde 3201. yeéres and 729. yeéres before Christ our Sauiour was borne The Kyngs of Rome were seuen and raigned 244. yeéres Eusebius saith they raigned 246. Seruius Tullius raigned 44. yeéres Tarquinus Superbus 25. yeéres after him So that discountyng these yeéres it shall appeare clearely as I say Although the yeéres were not discounted let them reade Diadorus Siculus an auncient wryter let them reade Plutarchus Aristotle and other olde Auctours that haue wrytten héereof and they shall fynde that yf tempestes be neare vnto the Sea these fyres and lightes appeare in them and appeared not onely to the Gentiles but at this day also appeare to the Turkes and Moores in tempestes When onely one lyght appeareth it is taken for an euyll signe And héereof sayde Propertius thus Candida foelici soluite vela toro And why it is an euyll signe this is the cause that if the tempest that ryseth be great it choketh the exhalation although yet by the part least troubled it appeareth When there are two lyghtes it signifyeth that it is sufficient to consume the matter of the tempest or that the tempest beginneth to ceasse and the grosse humour hath the maisterie But sometyme it chaunceth that two lyghtes appearing there may be a tempest and one appearyng shall not be so great and often tymes there is a tempest without any lyght at all seéne The blynde Gentilitie called these Castor and Pollux and placed them in heauen in the signe of Gemini Nowe remayneth to aunsweare to one obiection of the Marrines who saye that neuer man that hath séene these Fyres hath peryshed To this I say that many may seé and haue seéne these lyghtes of whome some haue beén in peryll and some drowned Notwithstandyng no man can affirme that yf the drowned myght speake they woulde say that they haue seéne them Therefore the wyse Christian Maryner ought to haue a cleare conscience and to call for the helpe of almightie God lyfting vp his eyes and handes vnto heauen and say wyth the Prophet Saluum me fac Deus quoniam intrauerunt aquae vsque ad animam meam Saue me oh my God for waters haue entred euen vnto my soule Heere endeth the second part The thirde part entreateth of the composition and vse of Instruments and Rules for the Arte of Nauigation ¶ The fyrst Chapter of the number order and names of the wyndes SO greatly esteémed was Eolus Kyng of the Eolas Ilandes or Ilandes of Vulcane for hauyng reason and knowledge of the wyndes that they of auncient tyme called hym the god and lord of them With no lesse consyderation the prudent Maryner ought not to beé ignorant of them for as much as the vniuersall benefite and commoditie of Nauigation consisteth therein And to haue the better knowledge thereof you shall vnderstand that wynde is fruite of the ayre and vapour of the earth the which by reason of his subtiltie pearceth the ayre striketh it and enforceth it Other say that wind is ayre moued or tossed by the vehement influence of vapours of contrary qualitie It is in Latin called Ventus because it is vehement and vâ—olent whose force is so great that it ouerthroweth not onely heapes of stones or rockes and casteth downe treés but also disturbeth the ayre and the earth and moueth the seas There are foure principal wyndes which come from the foure cardinall or principall poyntes of the Horizon We haue sayd that the Meridian circle cutteth the Horizon in two poynts that is in the North aâ—d in the South and the Equinoctial cutteth iâ— in other two that is in the East and West and from these foure poynts come these foure windes whereof all the whâ—le Scripture maketh menâ—ion These foure wyndes they in auncient tyme named in this manner That that commeth from the Eastâ— they called Subâ—olanus which we call the Leuant or East wynde That commeth from the South they named Auster whiche we call the Meridian or South wynde That commeth from the West they call Faucinus whiche we call the Ponent or West That from the North they named Septentrio or Aquile or Boreas which we call North. To euery of these foure wyndes they adioyned two collaterall wyndes in maner as followeth That that is from the East towarde the parte of the North where the Tropike of Cancer aryseth or coÌ„meth forth they called Vulturnus and that that is from thence toward the part of y e South where ryseth the Tropike of Capricorne they called Eurus also that is from the West toward the part of the South where the Tropike of Capricorne goeth downe they cal Aphricus that that declineth to the North where the Tropike of Cancer goeth downe they cal Caurus The Collaterals of the North and he South answeareth to the circumferences of the Polar circles that that is from the North towarde the Leuant or East they call Aquilo and that declineth towarde the West part they cal Circius that is from the South toward the East Euro Auster and towarde the West Euro Aphricus thus many hath Aristotle in his Metheora With these xii windes they sayled in old time made their compasse by them The Hydrographers of late dayes such as are trauayled exercised in saylyng agreé with the auâ—cients in the foure principal wyndes although they haue chaungâ—d the names callyng the
ryght lyne from one poynt to another so that this be a lyne of 47. Degreés and as muâ—◠〈◊〉 at â—â—e other end of the sayde Equinoctiall Upon euery one of these right lines you shall make a haâ—â—e â—ircle and â—euide â—uâ—ry of them into syxe equall partes whiche may aunsweâ—re to sixâ— signes and euery signe into threâ— partes which may 〈◊〉 to the tenthes or tenth partâ—â—f dâ—gâ—â—és and if the 〈◊〉 be great you shall deuide euâ—ry signe into fiâ—â— or 〈◊〉 parâ—es so that you may make it perfect and precise This 〈◊〉 from the points or prickes of the one halfe circle to the pointes of the other draw certaine lynes whiche shal be equidiâ—â—nâ— to the Equinoctiall In the endes of these lynes betweéâ—e the lesse circle and the edge of the rundell drawe also certayne lynes whiche may reache vnto the beginninges and endes of the signes and in the â—oppe of the endes or ouer the endes of these lynes make an Arke so farre distaunt from the lesse circle as is the thicknesse of the edge of a peéce of foure ryals of plate And in the space that is left graduate the signes from tenne to tenne or as the diuision shal be The space that remayneth from thence to the edge of the rundel you shal deuide by the halfe and in it shal be made twelue spaces where you shall set the signes with their names or caractes orderly so that Aries be next vnto the Equinoctiall then Taurus towarde the part of the Index then Gemini and turning towarde the Equinoctiall Cancer Leo Uirgo Likewise on the other parte of the Equinoctiall Libra Scorpio Sagittarius And turnyng to the Equinoctiall Capricornus Aquarius Pisces And thus hauing signed the Zodiacke you shall also signe or marke the houres in manner as followeth Deuide the lesse circle of this rundel into foure equal parts so that euery quarter may haue sixe partes Reduce this diuision to the Diameter putting the ruler vpon the poynts equally distant from the Horizon And where it toucheth the Equinoctial make pricks or poynts so that the Equinoctial remayne deuided into twelue partes Then vpon one of the Tropykes giue a circle which may haue the same Tropike for his Diameter Deuide this circle into 24. equall partsâ— reduce these diuisions to the Tropike as is done in the Equinoctial from one Tropike to another then the Equinoctial and the Tropikes being thus deuided with this pricks or poynts you shall passe with a payre of compasses by euery poynt equally ordered from the Horizon to the one and the other part and these shal be called houres wryting in the ends of them theyr numbers beginning the one part in one and ending it in twelue On the other part begin the one in thopposite part and end in twelue This done these rundels shal be brought to their perfection Moreouer you shal make a triangle with a right angle hauing two equal sides that may make the right angle Euery of these sides must be as long as is the Semidiameter of the greatest rundel also vpon and about the ryght angle you shall make a litle circle whiche shall haue the same angle for his center on the one side of this tryangle set two raysed plates as in the Astrolabie on the contrary side of these raysed plates must be a hole so farre distant from the ceâ—ter or angle as is the Semidiameter of the circle of the lesse rundel In this hole you must put a threéd hanging thereat a little wayght or plommet only sufficient to hold the threéd straight so that it cause nothing of the rundels to turne or the instrument to decline Furthermore in a circle as bigge as the lesse of the lesse rundel you shal deuide into 32. parts the eyght wyndes and halfe wyndes and quarters of winds And being thus redused to their Diameters as is done in the Equinoctial you shal translate them in the sides of the triangle in the which by the center of his little circle and by the center of the rundels all the three peéces must be made fast with an axes or a nayle so that they may be turned about close and very iuste Then put a ring in the handle of the instrument wherby it may hang as in the Astrolabie and so shall the Instrument be â—ynished and brought to perfection This is the trace or draught of the Instrument To knowe at what hourâ— the Sunne ryseth and falleth by the Instrument folowyng you shall put the Pole of the lesse rundel which is the index to the left hand in the greatest rundell in so many degrees aboue the Horizon in how many degrees the Pole is raysed in that lande or place Then put the tryangle which is the Horizon in his place that is to say yf the Sunne shal be in the North signes put it to the left hand and if it shal be in the South signes to the ryght hand and then the triangle shal cut the paralel where the Sunne goeth in .10 or .20 or .30 degreés or proportionally where it is and there shall you see in the sydes of the Zodiacke the houres when the Sunne ryseth and falleth And lykewyse at what wind the Sunne ryseéth and falleth to vs you shall seé in the wynds of the tryangle To know by the eleuation of the Sunne the houre that is put the Pole or Index so farre distant from the Zenith or handle of the Instrument as it is in that place or paralel aboue the Horizon then turne the triangle towarde the Sunne vntill the beames thereof enter in at the raysed plates and then the threéd with the plomet shall cut the paralell of the Sunne by the houre that shal be and consequently the triangle shal be distant from the Zenith the degreés that the Sunne shall be raysed that houre about the Horizon This is the Demonstration FINIS ¶ Heere beginneth the Table of this Booke The contentes of the Chapters of the first part THe generall distinction of Creatures Folio iiii The definition of the World Fol. v. The definition of the Sphere Fol. eodem The diuision of the World Fol. eodem The number order and propertie of the Elementes and Heauens Fol. vi The immutabilitie or immobilitie of the Earth Fol. viii The roundnes of the Earth and Water Fol. viii The motion of the Heauens and Elements Fol. x. The diuision of the Sphere into formall partes Fol. eod The Equinoctiall circle Fol. xii The Zodiacke Fol. eodem The circle called Coluri Fol. xiii The Meridian circle Fol. xiiii The Horizontall circle Fol. eod The foure lesse circles Fol. xv The fiue Zones Fol. xvi The Longitude and Laâ—itude And of the proportion which the lesse circles haue to the great circle Fol. xviii The circuite or compasse of the earth and water according to the opinions of the auncient later auctours Fol. xix The vii Climates Fol. eod Certayne principles of this science Fol. xxi The Contentes
of the second part THe course of the Sunne in the Zodiacke Fol. xxii The true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke Fol. xxiii The declination of the Sunne Fol. xxv The entraunce of the Sunne in the xii signes and of the Equinoctials and Solstitials which deuide the foure times of the yeere Fol. xxvii Of the Moone and her motions and properties Fol. xxix The coniunctions and oppositions of the Sunne and the Moone Fol. xxx The declaration and vse of an instrument by the which is found the place and declination of the Sunne with the dayes and place of the Moone Fol. xxxi The Eclipses of the Moone and the Sunne Fol. xxxiii Of tyme and the definition thereof Fol. xxxv Of the yeere and the diuers beginnings and reckonings or computations had thereof in olde tyme. Fol. xxxvi Of the moneth and of his differences Fol. xxxvii Of the weeke Fol. xxxix Of the day and night Fol. eod Of houres Fol. xl The making vse of an vniuersall Dyal for the day Fol. xli Of certain perticuler Dials Mural Horizontal Fol. xliii The composition and vse of an instrument for the houres of the night Fol. xlv The time of the tides or rising falling of the sea Fol. xlviii Of certayne signes which prognosticate tempests or fayre weather Fol. l. Of the bright shining exhalations that appere in teÌ„pests which the Mariners call Santelmo or Corpus sancti Fol. li. The Contentes of the third part THe number order and names of the windes Fol. liiii The composition of Cardes for the Sea Fol. lvi The vertue and propertie of the Lodestone called in Latin Magnes and in Spanish Piedrayman Fol. lxii The making of the Mariners coÌ„passe for Nauiga Fol. lxiii The effect and propertie that the compasse hath to Northeasting or Northwesting whereby is knowen the variation of the compasse Fol. lxiiii The introductioÌ„ principles of the art of Nauiga Fol. lxvii The making and vse of the Astrolabie with the which the Maâ—iners take the altitudes of the Sunne Fol. lxviii The definition of the altitudes anâ— how the altitudes of the Pole may well be knowen by the Meridian altitude and deâ—lination of the Sunne Fol. lxxi The making of the crosse staffe wherwith the Mariners take the altitude of the North starre Fol. lxxii How the altitude of the Pole is knowen by the altitude of the North starre Fol. lxxiii The composition vse of an InstrumeÌ„t by the which without obseruing the South Sunne or midday is knowen the altitude of the Pole and the houre that is Fol. lxxv Of the leagues that are run for a degree according vnto diuers courses Fol. lxxviii Howe to set or make a pricke in the carde of Nauigation Fol. lxxx Of the making and vse of an Instrument generall to knowe the houres and quantities of the day and what wind the Sunne ryseth and falleth Fol. eod FINIS Imprinted at London by Abell Ieffes for Richard VVatkins and are to be sould at his shop Cum Priuilegio The fyrst inuentours of Artes. Isis. Ceres The Cicilians Saturne gaue Lawes to the Latines Tillage of the ground The gâ—lden worlâ—e and â—aigne of Saâ—urnâ— The woortâ—y factes of Charles the fyâ—th Sicilia Spaynâ— reformed The triumphs and victoâ—ies of Charles the fyâ—th Mules horses and horsemen Bellerophoâ— Wearing of weapons and armour Frauncis the French king taken prisoner The Christian faith â—nlarged The sumptuous buyldings and riches of Spayne The Indies nauies of gold and syluer New landes and Ilandes discouered Peâ—u The straights of Magaâ—â—anes Rio de la Plata The fortunate Ilande or Canaries Religion in the Indies The Spaniardes haue euer trauailed into fâ—r countries The antiquiâ—iâ— of Nauigation Argonanti Colchos The Arte of Nauigation Things parteyning to nauigation The lodâ—stone falsly called in English Adamant is in Latine called Magnes Charles the 5. greater then the hâ—roes of olde â—yme Vniuersall bâ—nefites Comparison with the antiques Plinie Nauigationâ— of oldâ— timâ— The perfections of artes at this day The rudenessâ— of the antiquieâ— Augâ—rium The North Starre The voyage of Solomon to Tharsis and Ophir The first inuentours of â—â—â—igation Commodities difficulties of nauigaâ—iâ—â— The ignoâ—â—nce of Pilotâ— The goueâ—â—â—â—â— Three differences of creatures Corporall â—â—â—â—tures Man is called all creaturesâ— and the lesse world Man compared to the woâ—ld All that mooâ—eth is mooued by an otâ—er immoâ—eable The intellectâ—â—e soule Man knoweth part of all things Two motions in man Primum mobile Rationall motion Irrationall motion What is the world Or Mundus a Munditiâ— That is clearnâ—sse or fairâ—â—nesse Eyes were geuen to men to behold the faâ—renesse and beautie of thâ— world The roundnâ—â— of the world Definition of the Sphere The center of â—â—e Sphere The axis and Poles of the world Quinta Essentia Aristotle calâ—eth it the fift â—lement The fift essence is incorruptible What is element The inferiour â—lements are not pure nor â—â—mple The elemenâ—â— are diuisible into partes The commiâ—â—tion of elemenâ—s Pure simplâ— elements caâ— not be seene The diuisioâ— of elements VVhat is â—lâ—â—mentate Diuision of the world into Celestiall and elemeâ—tall Quintae Essentia Thâ— orders of Elemeâ—ts Earth VVaâ—â—â— Ayre Fyre The fourâ—â— of the watâ—r Thâ— Ocean Sâ—â— Psal. 107. Iob. 38. The will of God is the cause of 〈◊〉 Nature abhorreth empâ—â—â—â—s The earth is not pâ—â—fecâ—ly rounde Diuision of the ayrâ— intâ— threâ— Regionâ— The hyghest ayre is incombusâ—iblâ— The order of the heaueâ—â— The Firmament The Plaâ—ets The Chriâ—â—aline heauen The heaueâ— of water Psal. 148. Daniel 3. The moouing of the first mooueable Thâ— coldâ—esse of the Christalinâ—â—â—aâ—â—n The heauâ—n of the fyrst moueable The heaâ—eâ— called Emperiuâ— is not mooued is the habitatioâ— of Angelles The â—â—â—aniâ—ie of Christ in â—he Emperiall heauen Three orders of angelles The â—â—periall â—eauen prâ—seruâ—th â—ll the 〈◊〉 heâ—ueâ—â— Opinion that the earth mooueth Molus in loco The â—arth is immoouâ—able All heauie things enclinâ— to the center of the earth The earth is founded vppon his owne center Psal. 130. The roundnes of the earth The rysing of the Sunne The Eclipse of â—he Moone how the earth is round The ayre is actiuâ— and passiue and not perfectly round The fyrâ— is â—ound how the fyrâ— is mooued how the ayre is mooued The Moone Venus Mercuri The Sunne Mars The Starrie heauen oâ— fyrmament The Christaline heauen First moueable how the fiâ—st moueablâ— draweth the other heaâ—â—â—s The right and crooked or obliquâ— Spherâ— The x. circles of the Sphâ—re The Equinoctiall The equalitie of the day and nyght The fyrst moueâ—ble The Pole Aâ—tyke The horâ—e North Starre Pole Antarâ—ike The crossâ—â—eerâ— vnto the Pole Antartike Zodiack Thâ— twelue signes of thâ— zodiacke how the Sun is cause of generation and corruption Deuision of the twelue Signes Deuision of the signes into degrees Deuision of the zodiacke by latitude The Eclipâ—ike lyne The moouing of the Sunne and the other Planets in the zodiacke The figures oâ— beasts and other things imagined in heauen besides