Sulphur in Meal two pound Rozen three pound Turpentine one pound Vert-degreace half a pound Bolearmonick 5 Ounces Bay Salt six Ounces Colofonia 3 Ounces Arsnick 2 Ounces Mix these very well together This Composition when fired will burn very furiously with a Blew and Greenish colour The Cases Bags or Balls which you fill with this Composition must when filled be Armed about with strong Twine or Cord and then covered over with this mixture melted in a Pot. Pitch 4 pound Lin-seed Oyl one pound Turpentine 5 Ounces Sulphur one pound Tar 5 Ounces Tallow one pound Your Fire-works thus prepared are fit for service at any time but when this outer Coating is cold bore two holes with an Iron Bodkin filling the same with fine Mealed Powder putting in a small stick at each hole which take out when you prime them for firing Fire-works made of the Composition and Arming as aforesaid may be ordered so as to be thrown out of mens hands shot out of a Musket or out of a Cross or Long Bow which may be of good use to fire Sails Thatched Houses Stacks of Corn or Hay c. To make a Composition that will burn and feed upon the water Take of Mastick half a pound White Frankincense Gum Sandrake Quick Lime Brimstone Camphire Gun powder of each one pound and a half Rozen one pound Salt-Peter four pounds and a half All these mixed together when fired will burn violently and feed upon the water To make a Composition that will burn under the Water Take of Brimstone one pound Gun-powder ten Ounces Salt-Peter one pound and a half Camphire beaten with Sulphur and Quick-silver Mix these well together with Oyl of Peter or Lin-seed Oyl boyled fill a Ball or other Case of Wood or Tin with this Composition Arm it as before and ballast it with Lead at the bottom make a small hole at the top and fire it well and throw it into the Water FINIS OF THE MEASURING OF Heights Depths and Distances I. How to take the Height of a Tree Tower Steeple or other upright Building by the Length of the Shadow thereof Fig. I. LEt BA be a Castle-Wall or the like and the Sun shining casts the Shadow thereof upon plain ground to C now having a Walking-staffe in my hand I set that upright at the end of the shadow of the Wall at C and I find that my Staffe casts its shadow to E where I make a Mark as also another at C then measuring my Staffe I find it to be 38 Inches long and measuring the length of the shadow thereof CE I find that to be 46 Inches Then Imeasure the length of the Shadow of the Castle Wall AC and I find that to be 30 foot which is 360 Inches Now for the height of the Castle Wall you must work by the Rule of Proportion thus Saying As CE the Length of the Shadow of my Staffe 46 Inches Is in proportion to the Length of Staffe CD 38 Inches So is AC the Length of the Shadow of the Wall 360 Inches To 435 30 â—8 Inches for the height of the Castle Wall which you may call 436 Inches For If you multiply 46 the Length of the Shadow of the Staffe by 360 the Length of the Shadow of the Wall the Product will be 16560 which being divided by 38 Inches the length of the Staffe the Quotient will be 435 10 18 Inches which reduced into Feet is 36 foot 3 Inches and 30 38 of an Inch which you may call 4 Inches and so high is the Castle Wall II. How to take the height of a Watch-Tower by the Shadow when you cannot come to the bottome of it to measure the length of the Shadow Fig. II. LEt AB be a Watch Tower whose height I would know by the Shadow thereof but there is a Moat about it as BC so that I cannot come to measure the Shadow thereof However I come near to the Moat side and there I find the Shadow of the top of the Tower to cast at C where I erect my Staffe CG and that casts its Shadow to H I measure the Length of my Staffe and I find it 4 foot or 48 Inches and the Length of the Shadow thereof CH I find to be 32 Inches these two I note down Then some time after when the Sun is lower I come again to the place and find the Shadow of the top of the Tower to cast at D where again I erect the same Staffe of 4 foot long and find that it casts its Shadow to E and that the length of the Shadow thereof DE is 4 foot 5 inches or 53 inches and somewhat better this I also set down and then I measure the distance between the two places where the Tower casts its Shadow at the First and Second time of my Observation namely the distance CE and find it to be 10 foot or 120 inches And now having all these numbers set down I come to find the Height of the Tower AB by help of the Rule of Proportion as followeth 1 As DE the length of the Shadow of the Staffe DF at the Second Observation 53 Inches Is to 48 Inches the length of the Staffe So is 10 foot or 120 Inches the Length of the Shadow between the two places of Observation C and D To 108 Inches or 9 foot Which number 9 foot or 108 Inches set down And say again by Proportion 2 As 48 Inches the Length of the Staffe GC Is to 10 foot or 120 Inches the distance between the two places of Observation C and D So is 108 Inches the Number before found To 270 Inches the Height of the Tower which reduced into Feet is 22 foot 6 Inches III. How to take the Altitude of any upright building or the like by a Bowle of Water Fig. III. TRavelleing a long the Road I see a May-pole as KL the height whereof I would gladly know but having no Geometrical Instrument I procure a Bowl of fair Water which I set down upon the ground at M. And then when the Water is still in the Bowl I go backward in a right line from the May-pole till I see the Shadow of the top of the May-pole in the middle of the Water which I do when I come at N and at N I make a Mark upon the Ground Then do I measure the distance from the foot of the May-pole at L to the Bowl of Water at M and find it to be 175 Inches Also I measure the distance from the Bowl of Water at M to the place of my standing at N and find that to be 72 Inches Then I measure the Height of my eye from the Ground ON and find that to be 60 Inches These things known I say by the Rule of Proportion If 72 Inches distance MN give 60 Inches Altitude NO What Altitude shall 175 Inches the distance LM give Answer 145 60 72 Inches For if you multiply 175 by 60 the Product will be 10500 which
especially being contrived in Furnaces besides in chase their Stern is that part of the Ship they most use in fight but in a Man of War they fight most with their Prow and it is very troublesome to the use of his Ordnance and very dangerous lying over the Powder room some do place it over the Hatches way but that as the Stewards room are ever to be contrived according to the Ships imployment c. Calking is beating Okum into every seam or betwixt Plank and Plank and Okum is old Ropes torn in pieces like Towze Match or Hurds of Flax which being close beat into every seam with a Calking-Iron and a Mallet which is a hammer of wood and an Iron chissel being well Payed over with hot pitch doth make her more tight then it is possible by joyning Plank to Plank Graving is only under water a white mixture of Tallow Sope and Brimstone or Train-oil Rosin and Brimstone boiled together is the best to preserve her calking and make her glib or slippery to pass the water and when it is decayed by weeds or Barnacles which is a kind of fish like a long red worm will eat thorow all the Planks if she be not sheathed which is as casing the Hull under water with Tar and Haire close covered over with thin boords fast nailed to the Hull which though the Worm pierce she cannot endure the Tar Breaming her is but washing or burning of all the filth with reeds or broom either in a dry-dock or upon her Careene which is to make her so light as you may bring her to lie on the one side so much as may be in the calmest water you can but take heed you overset her not and this is the best way to breame Ships of great Burthen or those have but foursharp Flores for fear of brusing or oversetting Parsling is most used upon the Decks and half Decks which is to take a list of Canvas so long as the seam is you would parsle being first well calked then pour hot pitch upon it and it will keep out the water from passing the seams There remains nothing now as I can remember to the building the Hull of the Ship nor the definition of her most proper terms but only feeling the Cabins and such other parts as you please and to bind an end with all things fitting for the Sea as you may read in the Covenants betwixt the Carpenter and the Owner which are thus If you would have a Ship built of 400 Tuns she requires a plank of 4 inches if 300 Tuns 3 inches small Ships 2 inches but none less For clamps middle bands and sleepers they be all of six inch plank for binding within The rest for the sparring up of the works of square threâ— inch plank Lay the beams of the Orlope if she be 400 Tuns at ten foot deep in howle and all the beams to be bound with two knees at each end and a stardard knee at every beams end upon the Orlope all the Orlope to be laid with square three inch plank and all the planks to be tree-nailed to the beams Six foot should be between the beams of the Deck and Orlope and ten poâ—ts on each side upon the lower Orlope all the binding between them should be with three inch or two inch-plank and the upper Deck should be laid with so many beams as are fitting with knees to bind them laying that Deck with spruce Deal of thirty foot long the sap cut of and two inches thick for it is better then any other Then for the Captains Cabin or great Cabin the Steerage the half Deck the Round-house the Fore-castle and to bind an end with the Capstern and all things fitting for the Sea the Smiths work the carving joyning and painting excepted are the principal things I remembred to be observed for a Charter-party betwixt the Merchant the Master and the Owner you have Presidents of all sorts in most Scriveners shops CHAP. III. How to proportion the Masts and Yards for a Ship by her Beam and Keel WHen a Ship is built she should be masted wherein is a great deal of experience to be used so well as art for if you Over maste her either in length or bigness she will lie too much down by a wind and labour too much a hull and that is called a Taunt-mast but if either too small or too short she is Under-masted or low-masted and cannot bear so great a sail as should give her her true way For a man of war a well ordered Taunt-mast is best but for a long voyage a short-mast will bear more Canvas and is less subject to bear by the board Their Rules are divers because no Artist can build a Ship so truly to proportion neither set her Masts but by the trial of her condition they may be impaired or amended suppose a Ship of 300 Tuns be 29 foot at the Beam if her main mast be 24 inches diameter the length of it must be 24 yards for every inch in thickness is allowed a yard in length and the fore-mast 22 inches in thickness must be 22 yards in length your Bowle-spret both in length and thickness must be equal to the fore-mast the Misen 17 yards in length and 17 inches diameter But the Rule most used is to take the â…˜ parts of the breadth of the Ship and multiply that by three it will give you so many foot as your Main-mast should be in length the bigness or thickness will bear it also allowing an inch for a yard but if it be A made-mast or arme-mast that is greater than one Tree it must be more for example suppose the Ships breadth 30 foot four fifths of 30 foot are 24 foot so you find the main Mast must be 24 yards long for every yard is 3 foot 24 inches thorow allowing an inch to every yard The fore-Mast is to be in length â…˜ of the main Mast which will be 20 yards wanting one â…˜ part of a yard and 20 inches thorow The Boultspret must ever be equal with the fore-Mast The Misen-Mast half the length of the Main-Mast which will be 12 yards long and 12 inches diameter Now as you take the proportion of the Mast from the Beam or breadth of the Ship so do you the length of the yards from the Keel These Masts have each their Steps in the Ship and their Partners at every Dock where thorow they pass to the Keel being strong Timbers bolted to the Beams in circling the Masts to keep them steady in their steps fast wedged for rowing yet some Ships will not sail so well as when it doth play a little but that is very dangerous in foul weather Their Cotes are pieces of tarred Canvas or a Tarpawling put about them and the Rudder to keep the water out At the top of the fore Mast and main-Mast are spliced Cheeks or thick
and Tempests with Rain and Snow may shelter themselves in dry houses by good fires but those are the chief times Seamen must stand to their Tackling and attend with all diligence their greatest labour upon the Decks Many suppose any thing is good enough to serve men at Sea and yet nothing sufficient for them ashore either for their healths for their ease or estate A Commander at Sea should do well to think the contrary and provide for himself and company in like manner also seriously to consider what will be his charge to furnish himself at Sea with Bedding Linnen Arms and Apparel how to keep his Table aboard and his expences on shore and provide his Petty-Tally which is a competent proportion according to your number of these particulars following Fine wheat flower close and well packed Rice Currants Sugar Prunes Gynamon Ginger Pepper Cloves green-Ginger Oil Butter Holland-Cheese or old Cheese Wine vinegar Canary Sack Brandy the best Wines the best Water the juyce of Limmons for the 〈◊〉 white Bisket Oatmeal Gammons of Bacon dryed Neats tongues Beef packed up in Vineger Legs of Mutton minced and flewed and close packed up with tried Sewet or Butter in earthen pots To entertain Strangers Marmalade Suckets Almonds Comfits and such like Some it may be will say I would have men rather to feast than sight But I say the want of those necessaries occasions the loss of more men than in any English Fleet hath been slain since 88. For when a man is ill or at the point of death I would know whether a dish of buttered Rice with a little Cynamon Ginger and Sugar a little minced meet or rost Beef a few stew'd Prunes a race of green Ginger a Flapjack a Can of fresh water brewed with a little Cynamon and Sugar be not better than a little Poor John or Salt Fish with Oil and Mustard or Bisket Butter Cheese or Oatmeal-pottage on Fish-days or on Flesh days Salt Beef Pork and Pease with six shillings beer this is your ordinary Ships allowance and good for them that are well if well conditioned which is not always as Seamen can too well witness And after a storm when poor men are all wet and some have not so much as a cloth to shift them shaking with cold few of those but will tell you a little Sack or Brandy is much better to keep them in health than a little small Beer or cold water although it be sweet Now that every one should provide things for himself few of them have either that providence or means and there is neither Ale-house Tavern nor Inn to burn a Faggot in neither Grocer Poulterer Apothecary nor Butchers Shop and therefore the use of this Petty Tally is necessary and thus to be employed as there is occasion To entertain Strangers as they are in quality every Commander should shew himself as like himself as he can as well for the credit of the Ship and his Setters forth as himself but in that herein every one may moderate themselves according to their own pleasures therefore I leave it to their own discretions and this brief Discourse and my self to their friendly construction and good opinion CHAP. XV. An Alphabetical Table of the Names of all the Parts or Members of a Ship and its Appurtenances with the Number of the Page in which the Term or Word here form'd is Explained at Large A AWning Page 26 An Anchors Shank Flook Shoulder Beam Eye Ring Socket 29 Anchor Sheat Anchor stream Anchors 1 2 3 Bow Anchor 29 A loof keep your loof 37 B BUttocks 4 Billage 4 Beds 5 But-ends 4 Bluffe 4 Beams 5 Bend vide Wale 6 Bolts viz Ring Set Clinch Rag Forelock Fend Drive 5 Bowe broad-Bowe narrow-Bowe 9 Beake Beake-head 10 Bits 10 Block Fish-block 11 Bulke Bulks head 11 Brackets 11 Bittacle 11 12 Barnacles 13 Broming or Breaming 13 Blocks double-Blocks vide Pullies 19 Block-snap 20 Brales 22 Braces 22 Bolings Boling-bridles the Bolins check the Bowlings 23 Bent 23 Bouse 24 Bonnet 24 Boat a Long-boat 26 Bails 26 Bail or Free 27 Boat Trim-Boat Wind Boat Hold water Forbear 27 Bight Bitter Bitters End 30 Brestfast 30 Foye or Boyes Can-Boyes 31 Bonnet 31 Ballast to trench Ballast 32 Boatswain and his Mate 35 Bear Bear in Bear off Bear up 44 Breeze 46 Boarding 57 C CRadle 1 Carling Carling Knees 7 Commings 7 Capstain Bars 7 Jear Capstain 8 Crab 2 Clamps 6 Culvertail 7 Combe 10 Crospiece 10 Cat 11 Cubbridge head 11 Counter upper and lower 11 Cabin great Cabin 11 Compass Dark Compass 11 Variation Compass 12 Cat-holes 12 Calking Calking-Irons 13 Careene 13 Cotes 16 Cheeks 16 Cap 16 Cordage vide Rigging 18 Coller 18 Crows-Feet 18 Cock 19 Chains 19 Can-hooks 21 Creengles 22 Clew 22 Caburn 24 Caskets 25 Cable 1 2 3 Splice a Cable a Shot of Cable Quolle 〈◊〉 Cable Fake a Cable Pay more Cable Pay cheap a Cable End for End Bend Unbend a Cable 30 Course main-Course Fore-Course 31 Clew of a Sail 32 Coines Canting-Coines standing Coins 33 Captain 34 Chirurgeon and his Mate 34 Cap-Merchant 34 Carpenter and his Mate 34 Corporal 35 Cooper and his Mate 36 Coxswain and his Mate 36 Cook and his Mate 36 Cunning 37 Calm 46 be Calmed 47 Chase to give Chase 59 D DOck 1 Wet 1 Dry 1 Deck half-Deck quarter-Deck flash Deck cambered Deck 6 Daile 8 David 10 Dead-Mans Eye 18 Drabler 24 Drablers 31 Disimbogue 43 Drift a Drift 43 E EArings 23 Ease 37 Eddy wind 46 Ebbs 47 Entering 57 F FIsh-Block Fashion 2 Floor 3 Fore-Castle 9 Feather Cut a Feather 10 Free or Bail 27 Fenders 30 Flown 39 Fly 39 Founder Foundering 40 Floods 47 G GArbord 3 Gallery 9 Gudgions 12 Gun Gun-Room 12 Graveing 13 Guy 20 Garnet Clew Garnet 22 Goaring 22 Gang 27 Gert 30 Grateings 32 Goring of a Sail 32 Gear 37 Gunner and his Mate 34 Goose-wing 41 Gust 46 Gale a fresh Gale a Loom-Gale 46 H HOoks Foot 3 Howle 3 Hull 4 Hatches Scuttle Hatch 7 Hanses 10 Hounds 16 Hawser 20 Harpings Cat-Harpings 20 Halyares 20 Horse 21 Head-lines 21 Hooke-loof-Hook 24 Hitch 30 Hull 40 Hullocks 41 Hold off 44 Hericano 47 I JUnkes 30 K KEel 2 Keelson 3 Knees 5 Knight fore-Knight main-Knight 7 Knevels 7 Knettels 24 Knot a Wall Knot a boling Knot a sheep shank Knot 25 Kedgers and Kedging 29 Keckle 30 L LImber 2 Loop Loop-holes 7 Ladder Entering-Ladder Gallery-Ladder Boltsprit-Ladder 9 Loofe 9 Lockers 12 Lannier 18 Lines head-Lines 21 Furling Lines Smiteing Line Bunt Lines Clew Limes 22 Leech Line 23 Knave Line 24 Lee-Fangs 23 Leech of a Sail 23 32 Lifts Top the Lifts 23 Leggs 23 Latchets 24 Lashing 24 Lyar 36 Lieutenant 36 Larboard 37 Labour 40 Large 41 Laske 41 Line Dipsea-line Log-line 43 Sounding-line 44 Land Land to kenning to lay a Land Good Land fall Bad Land fall a head Land a Point of Land a Land mark to raise a Land to make a Land
over it a narrow piece of Canvass and pour thereon hot Pitch and Tar. To Pay a seam is to lay hot Pitch and Tar on after Caulking without Canvass To Ride a Peek is when the Yards are so ordered that they seem to make the Figure of St. Andrews Cross. To Purchase in a Ship bears the same sense as draw many times as the Capstain purchases apace that is draws in the Cable apace Q Quarter Winds are when the Wind comes in abast the main-mast-shrouds even with the Quarter A Quoil is a Rope or Cable laid up round one Fack over another and the laying the Fack is called quoiling R A Reach is the Distance between any two points of Land that lie in a Right-line one from another To Reeve is to put a Rope through a Block and to pull a Rope out of a Block is called unreeving the Rope To Ride When a ship's Anchor holds her fast so that she does not drive with Wind or Tide she is said to ride at Anchor To Ride athwart is to ride with the Ships side to the Tide To Ride betwixt Wind and Tide is when the Wind and Title are contrary and have equal strength To Ride Hawse-fall is when in a rough Sea the Water breaks into the Hawses A Road is any place near the Land where Ships may ride at Anchor and a Ship riding there is called a Roader Rowse-in that is Hale-in proper only to the Cable or Hawser and is used when the Cable or Hawser is slack to make it taut or straight S A Sail. Besides its proper signification as belonging to the several Yards from which it takes its various Names as Main-sail c. it signifies also a Ship as when at Sea we descry a Ship we cry out A sail A sail Likewise if we speak of a Fleet or a number of Ships together we say the Fleet consisted of 40 or 50 sail and not 40 or 50 Ships To Serve a Rope is to wind somthing about it to keep it from fretting out To Seaze is to make fast or bind The Ship seels that is when on a sudden she lies down on her side and tumbles from one side to the other The Ship sends that is her head or stern falls deep in thr trough or hollow of the Sea To Settle a Deck is to lay it lower The Ship is sewed that is the Water is gone from her The Ship shears that is goes in and out and not right forward To Sound is to try with a line or other thing how deep the Water is The Ship hath spent her Masts that is her Masts have been broke by foul Weather but if a Ship lose her Masts in Fight we say her Masts were shot by the Board To Splice Ropes is to untwist two ends of Ropes and then twist them both together and fasten them with binding a string about them The Sail is split that is blown to pieces The Ship spooms that is goes right before the wind without any sail Spring tides are the Tides at New and Full-moon which flow highest and ebb lowest and run strongest The Bow-sprit Steeves that is stands too upright Steeving is likewise used by Merchants when they stow Cotton or Wool which being forced in with skrews they call Steeving their Cotton or Wool T Tack about that is bring the Ships head about to lie the other way Tallee aft the sheats a term used for haling aft the sheats of the Main or Fore-sail A windward Tide when the Tide runs against Wind. A Leeward Tide when the Wind and Tide go both one way A Tide gate where the Tide run strong To Tide it up is to go with Tide against the Wind and when the Tide alters to lie at Anchor till it serve again It flows Tide and half Tide that is it will be high-High-water sooner by three hours at the shore than in the Offing To Tow is to drag any thing after the Ship The Traverse is the Ships way V To Veer is to let out as veer more Rope veer more sheat W The Ship is Walt that is wants ballast To Weather a Ship is to go to Windward of her To Wind a Ship is to bring her head about How Winds the Ship that is upon what point of the Compass does she lie with her head To Would is to bind Ropes about a Mast or the like to keep on a Fish to strengthen it Y The Ship Yaws that is goes in and out and does not steer steddy OF GUNNERY BOOK II. Being an Abstract of the Art of Gunnery or Shooting in Great Ordance and Morter Pieces Wherein the Principles of that Art are plainly Taught both by Arithmetical Calculation and by Tables ready Calculated With the Compositions for the making of several Fire Works useful in War both at Sea and Land CHAP. I. Wherein is declared the Names of all sorts of Ordnance and their Appurtenances with an Explanation of their proper Terms and divers Observations concerning Shooting in them A Cannon Royal a Cannon a Demi-Cannon a Culvering Demi Culvering a Saker a Minion and divers others A Table of all which with their Lengths Weights Charges c. you have in the Chapter following To all these belong Carriages whereon Pieces do lie supported by an Axletree betwixt two Wheels whereon doth lie the Piece upon her Trunnions which are two knobs cast with the Piece on each of her sides which doth lie in two half-holes upon the two Cheeks of the Carriages to raise her up or down as you will over them are the Capsquares which are two broad Pieces of Iron doth cover them made fast by a Pin with a fore lock to keep the Piece from falling out That the Piece and Carriages is drawn along upon Wheels every one doth know if she be for Land-service they have Wheels made with Spokes like Coach-wheels and according to their proportions strongly shod with Iron and the Pins at the ends of the Axletree are called Linch-pins If for Sea she have Trucks which are round intire Pieces of wood like Wheels To mount a Piece is to lay her upon her Carriages to dismount her to take her down Her Bed is a Plank doth lie next the Piece or the Piece upon it upon the Carriage and betwixt the Piece and it they put their Quoines which are great wedges of wood with a little handle at the end to put them forward or backward for levelling the Piece as you please To Travas a Piece is to turn her which way you will upon her Platform To dispart a Piece is to find a difference betwixt the thickness of the metal at her mouth and britch or carnouse which is the greatest circle about her Britch and her muzzle Ring is the greatest circle about her mouth thereby to make a just shot there are divers ways to dispart her but the most easiest is as good as the best and that is but by putting a little