may seeth to the consistence of a Syrup If Honey be added it ought to bee boyled lesse because being cooled it easily becomes thick Syrups also like an concoctions may be made with Aromaticks or Aromaticke Powders 2. Seconldy they are prepared of clarifyed Juices to which is added half the quantity of Sugar and boiled to the consistence of a Syrup 3. These Syrups are better if fresh flowers are infused 24. hours in the expressed juice in Bal. Mariae and are again expressed and that repeated as often as it is fit Then the juice is to be clarified by digestion and half the quantity of Sugar to be mixt with it 4. Others boil the juice till half be consumed then they strain it and suffer the decoction to stand and settle that the juice may be the purer the which when Sugar is added they settle to the consistence of the Syrup 5. Sometimes the juice pressed out is poured into hot clarifyed Sugar and exposed to the heat of the Sun to consume its aqueous humidity But if the heat of the Sun be not sufficient it may be performed by gentle boiling 6. Syrups are also made of Infusions Sugar being added in the same manner as of Decoctions 7. And sometimes other things are infused in juices and afterwards when 't is strained Sugar is put to it and the Syrup is made according to art 8. Syrups may be made of extracts also if a little Sugar be added to the extract being thickned by abstraction of the Menstruum 9. Syrups may also be made of soft Electuaries if the Electuary be dissolved in six times or eight times the quantiny of warm liquour and strained and half so much Sugar added thereto by a gentle heat without boiling the liquour should evaporate to the consumption of the third part 10. Also Syrup is prepared of Sugar and Vineger onely namely four pound of Sugar and two of Vineger and according to some five Pints of water and 't is called Syrup of Vineger simple 11. Moreover Syrrups are made much more artificially especially of hot and dry Plants if onely so much water is poured off as that so much of the liquour may be left after straining without concoction as otherwise useth to be left after concoction is made and the matter infused on this manner in a Glass or other convenient vessel such as Fire-vessels or earthen vessels whose orifices may be fitted with a cover made for it that is round and channelled which should be put into the Balneum three or four days to digest and afterwards should be strained and that which is strained should again be put alone in Balneo or because of straightness of time it should be clarifyed with the white of an Egg what ever is feculent in it Afterwards Sugar should be taken and clarifyed and boiled to such a consistence as is observed in the Confection of Penides and it should be mingled with the clarifyed infusion The nearest to this is Oxymel Oxymel which is to be had in the Shops which is prepared of one part of Water one of Vineger and two parts of Honey whereof divers compositions may be made also Syrups are seldom given alone in Diseases of the Breast and Stomack The manner of administration but oftentimes are mixt with double the quantity of distilled waters or decoctions and an Ounce or an Ounce and an half of Syrups may be drank with two or three Ounces of Water or Decoction at one time To Syrups and Juleps belong Rosated water A Potion of Roses and water which is a Potion compounded of Roses and Water and Honey or Sugar Oribacius put into sixty Pints of warm water ten pound of Rose-leafs he shut the Vessel till they were perfectly boiled afterwards the Roses being taken out he infused of boiled and clarifyed Honey thirty pound and put it into a Cellar Actuarius took ten Pints of water and five pound of Sugar and boiled them together to a convenient thickness afterwards he infused a pound of the juice of Roses The likest to Syrups are Juleps and Zulaps Juleps as they are called from the Arabick word Sialaba which is to heal or make sound without doubt it is derived from thence so that indeed Physicians often times take them for the same Medicine and Potions that are mixt of Water and Syrups called Juleps but the name of Juleb is often extended farther now than with the Arabians who invented this Medicine to be made for the name of Juleb was absolutely given by them when Sugar onely is dissolved in Rose-water and boiled as Julep of Roses is otherwise called Alexander's Julep But a Julep if there be any difference betwixt it and a Syrup is a Medicine clearer than a Syrup and therefore more delicate and gratefull and it is made of distilled waters clarified Juices and Sugar They are made with The manner of preparing of Juleps and without boiling without boiling on this manner Common or distilled water is taken or a decoction of Barley to the which some Juice also of Citrons Limmons Pomegranates Quinces or Vineger may be added and white and clarified Sugar is poured in or instead thereof common Juleps of Roses and Violets which being boiled to the cosistence of a Syrup are kept for use and are diligently mixt together and if there be need are drained through Hippocrates's sleeve But the proportion of Sugar or usual Juleps which is observed to the waters and juices is various as the present occasion requires it For the most part the Palate of the sick is their guide and sometimes the proportion of water and Juices to Syrups and Sugar is threefold sometimes fourfold sixfold eightfold or twelvefold Sometimes Juleps are made with Aromatick Powders or convenient little Tabulets are dissolved in them 'T is most convenient also in some Diseases to add Spirit of Vitriol 2. Moreover Juleps are prepared of Conserves and medicinal Juices if distilled waters that are proper or a Decoction of Barley be poured into them in a sufficient quantity and are stirred with a Pestle in a Morter or are mingled together over a gentle fire and strained 3. But those Juleps which are said to be prepared with decoction are nothing else but the pure and finer decoctions of Syrups and the same manner of preparing of them which is of decoctions and Syrups onely that they are removed from the fire before they receive a thicker consistence CHAP. VIII Of Emulsions and other Mixtures bringing or causing milk and of strengthning things AN Emulsion is so called Emulsion because it is like Milk and is prepared as it were by milking for 't is a potulent Medicine prepared of the pith and strength of seeds and certain fruits especially of sweet Almonds Which Emulsion in particular by some is called Amgydalatum by the affusion of convenient waters or of some other liquour and by pounding and pressing of them to which the Pulpe of a Capon or Pullet may also be added
infusion or decoction but when you would bind and corrobarate t is best in the substance there is also an extract prepared hereof but such a one which scarce purgeth stronger then when it is taken in the substance t is given in the substance t is given in the substance to two drachms in infusion to halfe an ounce Turpentine moves not only the belly Turpentine but the bowells and especially cleanseth the reines t is given with the powder of Rhubarbe or Licorish and Sugar made into a Bolus or with the yolke of an egg and some convenient water therewith wrought in a Morter and reduced into a milky liquor t is given from halfe an Ounce to six drachms Aloes is hot in the second degree Aloes and dry in the third exceeding bitter it opens the mouths of the veines and therefore is hurtfull to such as are apt to a Flux of blood or such as are with child and Hecticks and no way safe for those that are hot and dry extenuated t is most conveniently taken prepared and extracted and Rosated as they call it by reason of the bitternesse of it it is not easily given in drinke but in pills most properly it is given from halfe a drachm to three drachms Fleabane Fleawort or Flea-wort the seed of it is cold and dry in the second degree t is given in infusion rather then in the substance from a drachm to three drachms Stronger Purgers of Choler SCammony is hot and dry in the third degree Scamony it primarily drawes choler next Phlegmaticks humours and unlesse it be well corrected it frets the guts by its Acrimony causeth gripings opens the Orifices of the vessells and causeth a Flux of blood it hurts the stomack Liver and Heart inflames the Spirits and stirs up feavers and therefore we seldome use it alone and least that it should offend fat things are to be added Tragacanth Bdellium Oyle of sweet Almonds seed of Fleabane Cinamon Spike Galangale Fennell seed Quinces Mastick the juice of Violets and Roses t is commonly corrected by boyling it in the substance of a Quince and so prepared t is called Diagrydium there is also prepared of it an extract or Rosin it is scarcely fit to be given to those that are weake although it be corrected the dose of Dyagridium is given from five to fifteen graines some give a scruple Asarabecca purges choller by the Paunch Asarabecca yet it rather stirs up vomit it attenuates opens obstructions and provokes sweats and therefore is profitable for Hydropick and Icterick persons and such as are troubled with the Spleen and Quartan Agues t is given in the substance from halfe a Drachme to two Scruples or a Drachme in infusion from two Drachmes to halfe an ounce The milder purgers of Phlegme MYrobolans Mirobolanes Chebula Emblica Bellirick Chebulae which principally are good for the Braine and Liver according to some evacuate also black choller emblick which are appointed for the heart Spleen and Liver as also Bellirick are cold in the first and dry in the second degree and bind and therfore are not safely given in obstructions nor when Phleagme tenaciously cleaves to the guts but in fluctuations and in a loosenesse and when there is need of astriction and corroborating they are prepared according as we have shewed before of the Citron Myrobalams there is also the same Dose to be given Agarick purges onely thin and aqueous Phlegme Agarick but not viscide and principally evacuates the excrements of the Braine and Lungs opens obstructions of the bowells yet is not so commodious for the stomack and therefore the third part of Cloves Nutmegs Galingale Sal gemmae Ginger are to be added t is given in the substance to two Drachmes in in infusion from two Drachmes to halfe an ounce Mechoacan also purges Phlegme Mecoacan but principally serous and aqueous humors and therefore is excellent in Dropsies t is corrected with the third part of Cinamon Anniseed Mastick t is given from a drachme to two drachmes in the substance in infusion to halfe an ounce The stronger Purger of Phlegme TVrbith is hot in the third Turbith and dry in the second degree and drawes out thick and viscide Phlegme even from the remotest parts t is hurtfull to the stomack and causeth loathing and Vomit and is not to be given to children old men nor Women with child and when t is exhibited it is to be corrected with Ginger Mastick Pepper Cinamon Fennel Galingale nor must you eat fish after you have used it the Dose is from 2. scruples to 4. scruples in the substance in infusion or decoction from 2. Drachmes to 3. Drachms to 6. Drachms The seed of wild Saffron Seeed of Carthamus purgeth Fleagme and Water by Vomit and Stoole and is very good for the breast and such as have Asthmaes but it is an enemy to the stomack and therefore it is used with the third part of Cinamon Galingale Mastick or Anniseed t is given in decoction from three Drachmes to six Drachmes Coloquintida Coloquintida which is hot and dry in the third degree drawes out Flegme from the most profound and more remote parts Turbith cannot evacuate but is a most vehement medicine and offends the stomack and Guts when there is a Feaver and moreover it useth to be sod being bound up in a skin t is seldome used alone but instead thereof Troches made thereof which they call Alhandals are wont to be used t is corrected with Cinamon Tragacanth Mastick Bdellium and other Cordiacks Hepaticks and Stomaticks t is given to 15. graines or a Scruple Hermodactiles purge thick Phlegme especially from the joynts Hermodactiles and therefore is good for the Gout t is corrected with Cinamon Ginger Mints t is given in the substance from 2. scruples to a Drachme and halfe in infusion or decoction to 3. Drachmes Euphorbium is hot and drying the fourth degree Euphorbium it drawes away thick and tough Phlegme but more powerfully aqueous humours it is a violent medicine and t is reckoned by some rather among poysons then purgers t is corrected by cordials and stomaticks Oyle of sweet Almonds Saffron Mastick by the sowernesse of a Lynion or Cytron the highest Dose of it is 10. Graines Opopanax heates in the third Opopanax and dries in the second it drawes away thick and viscide Phlegme from the more remote parts and joynts t is corrected with the third part of Ginger Spike Cinamon or Mastick t is given from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme Sagapenum is hot in the third Sagapenum and dry in the second degree and purges clammy and thick humours from the Bowels Braine and more remote parts especially of old men hurts the stomack and Liver it is corrected as opopanax the Dose is from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme The milder Purgers of Melancholy and black humours INdian myrobolans are of the same nature with the rest of them
onely that these purge melancholy Indian Mirobolanes Polipodie evacuates adust choler as also Phlegme t is profitable in diseases of the splcene and Hypocondries Polipodie the Dose is from a Drachme to three Drachmes in infusion to an Ounce and above Epithymum purges a dust choller Epithymum and Melancholy without trouble and is profitable in Diseases proceeding from hence yet because t is hot and dry in the third degree t is safer to be used in Winter then in Summer t is given in the substance from two Drachmes to three Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce Sena is as it were the middle betwixt the stronger and weaker hot in the second dry in the first Sena t is a very usefull medicine which not onely evacuates adust humours but also choler and Phlegme cleanseth all the bowels and is convenient for all ages when t is more dry t is not inconveniently corrected with the flowers of Violets and Burrage Ginger or Cinamon or the fourth part of Galingale is added to it the powder is given from a Drachme to two Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce The stronger purgers of Melancholy and adust humors LApis Armenius purges dull thick melancholy humours Lapis Armenius yet more gently then Hellebore it is corrected by washing in Cordiall waters t is given from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme or sometimes to a Drachme and halfe Lapis Lazuli hath the same vertue but is something weaker t is corrected with Cordialls the Dose is the same Lapis Lasuli Black Hellebore is not usually to be given to children Black Hellebore women that are great nor to weake bodies and indeed it is more safely given in decoction then in the substance t is corrected with Cordialls and stomaticks t is given in the substance from a scruple to two nay to a Drachme in infusion or decoction from a Drachme to halfe an ounce Hydragogues and such as evacuate aqueous humours THe juice of the root of Flowerdeluce is hot and dry in the third Root of Orice opens drawes out thin Choller and water but for women with Child t is not so safe because it provokes the months t is corrected with a little Wine and Cinamon and Manna or honey of Roses is added or decoction of reysins of the Sun t is given from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce and halfe or two Ounces Gratiola or hedge Hyssop purges by stoole and vomit Hedge Hysop but troubles not a little the body t is corrected with Cinamon Anniseed Liquorish t is given in the substance to a Drachme in decoction from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce Elaterium or the juice of wild Cucumbers drawes water and choller out of the Bowels Elaterium and happily drawes forth the water of hydropick persons but it provokes vomit also gripes the bowels opens the mouthes of the Veines and unlesse it be cautiously exhibited doth mischiefe t is corrected with Tragacanth Fleawort Bdellium and Cinamon in the Dose you must not easily exceed six Graines The rine and juice of the root spurge Spurge purgeth and gnaweth powerfully and therefore is corrected with Bdellium Tragacanth Mucilage of Fleawort Cinamon Spike the Dose of the Barke of the Root is from six graines to fifteene graines but of the milke or juice from three graines to eight graines Mezereon whose force is fiery Mezereum exceeding sharpe exulcerating biting kindling Feavers dissolving the strength of the heart and noble parts and purging choller violently and Bilous serosities t is corrected with Sorrel with the juice of Pomegranates or of Quinces of Purslan Mucelage of the seed of Fleabane the Dose in the substance is from six grains to ten graines in the decoction from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme Dwarfe elder Elder Dwarfe or Dane wort and elder the seed and middle barke and juice of the root and leaves draw out water they are corrected with Cinamon the Dose of the berries is given to a Drachme of the barks to two drachms of the juice from halfe an ounce to six drachmes Soldanella or sea Colewort are the best remedy to draw out water but t is an enemy to the stomack Soldanella t is corrected with Cinamon and Ginger the Dose is from a drachme to 2. drachmes of the juice to halfe an ounce Gummigote purgeth choller and water Gummigote and oftentimes causeth vomit which is prohibited by the addition of the spirit of salt or Mace the Dose is from five graines to eight graines The root of Ialap powerfully and with violence purgeth serous and black humors t is given from a scruple to 2. scruples Ialap Although each of these do purge single humors yet some of them do purge other humors also secondarily Rhubarbe Aloes Cassia Agarick Scammony evacuate choller with Phleagme Myrobolanes Chebulae Lapis Armenius Lapis Lazuli Phlegme and black choller Sena Epithymum Polipodie black Hellebore purge choler Phleame and Melancholy the latter Physitians have drawne other medicines into use unknown to the Ancients prepared of Venus Mercury and Mars CHAP. XII Of Medicines that cause vomits SEcondly amongst evacuating medicines are such as cause vomitings Things causing vomits which indeed evacuate the stomack immediatly yet if they are too strong they draw the neighbouring Bowels and the greater veines they performe that for the most part by a peculiar propriety by reason of which they have an inclination upwards yet some of them for a manifest cause namely because they swim in the stomack and oppresse it and loosen the Orifice of the superior ventricle such are all fat and oily substances But some are gentle others indifferent strong others very strong The gentle are simple water or Barley water luke warme The most gentle especially with a little honey and salt dranke by little and little at one draught common oyle luke warme foure ounces or six ounces Hydromell largely taken Hydreles to ten ounces Figgs newly eaten and cold water dranked after The middle sort are the Flowers of Dill The middle sort as also the Seed of Orach and of Raddish they are given from two drachmes to halfe an ounce the root of Asarabecca and Orach are given in the substance to foure scruples Bittony the middle barke of a Walnut to a drachme in infusion to halfe an ounce the greene pill that cover the walnut shell dryed in an Oven from halfe a a drachm to a drachm the juice of Raddish to two ounces the tops of green Elder or the berries The strongest are the Rootes The strongest of Spurge of Sow-bread to a drachm in infusion from a drachm to two drachms the Rootes of white Hellebore in infusion from halfe a drachm to a drachm adding cardiacks Flowers of Danewort Barkes or Roote Flowers of broome seed of broome from two drachms to halfe an ounce the seed of spurge the husks being taken of ten in number
used every where containes onely sixty graines Drachimi and Darchimie or Darchimet with the Arabians the word being corrupted is called Drachmes in English a Drachm By Serapio and the same Arabicks it is also called Aureus and by the same these names Drachme and Aurei are often confounded But at other times Nummus Aureus or Denarius containes foure scruples namely a whole Drachm and the third part of a Drachm eight Drachms make an ounce and it is thus marked â„¥ i. Twelve ounces make a pound lb. Deunx makes eleven ounces â„¥ XI Dextans hath ten ounces â„¥ X Dodrans hath nine ounces â„¥ IX Bes hath eight ounces â„¥ VIII Septunx hath seven ounces â„¥ VII Semios or Selibra hath six ounces â„¥ VI. Quincunx hath five ounces â„¥ V. Quadrans hath foure ounces â„¥ IV. Triens hath three ounces â„¥ III. Hereunto belongs the Table * CHAP. IV. Of Physicall measures AS dry things for the most part are weighed A Description of measures so liquid things are measured although the manner of measures be appointed by Physitians according to the manner of weights But measures may be explained two wayes either greater by lesse or on the contrary lesse by greater or by weights For if it be asked what a Pint or a Pound is t is answered to be the halfe of a Sextarie or to containe fix Cyathos or Cupps or it s answered it contains nine ounces of Oyle For the former way of describing measures is certaine and stable but the latter way of explaining them is not alwayes the same for although the capacity of measures be not changed yet the weight of the things that are measured by the same measure are not the same whence Physitians at this day since in liquid things they rather regard the weight then measure and they use measures onely for to save the labour of weighing Three kinds of measures of liquid things are used namely some for measuring of Wine and distilled Waters others are appointed for Honey others for measuring of Oile all which measures although they are distinguished by the names of Ounces yet the weight of liquid things varie in the distinction of ounces for since Oile is light more of it goes to an ounce Wine since t is heavier then Oile lesse of it goes to an ounce Honey since it is heavier then both a small quantitie in comparison of the other makes an ounce The first and least of measures which are tryed not by weight but onely by quantitie is a spoonfull and the division of measures doth not go beneath it But a Cochlear or a spoonfull is four-fold The least that a little bigger a great the greatest the least containes halfe a drachm in weight of a thing that is of a middle weight that a little bigger a whole drachm a great a drachm and halfe or two drachms the greatest containes halfe an ounce in weight A common little Spoon is halfe a cup Mustrum and containes in weight of Oile six drachms of Wine or Water twentie scruples of Honey nine drachms A Cyathus or a Cup is the sixth part of a pint Cyathus by common observation it holds in weight of Oile twelve drachms of Wine or Water thirteen drachms and a scruple of Honey eighteen drachms Acetabulum which by the Greeks is called Oxybaphum Acetabulum is a Cup and halfe the common observation it holds in weight is eighteen drachms of Oile twentie drachms of Wine and Water twentie seven drachms of Honey Quartarius or the fourth part of a Sextarie Qâ—a tarius containes three cups Hemina or Cotyla is the twelfth part of a Congie Hemina or Cotyla halfe a Sextarie it contains six cups but in weight nine ounces of Oile ten ounces of wine and water thirteen ounces and half of Honey this measure contains three quarters of a pint The Italian Sextarie is the sixth part of a Congie A Sextary it containes two Heminaes or a pint and halfe twelve cups but in weight it contains eighteen ounces of Oile twenty ounces of wine and water 27 ouncse of Honey A congie is the eight part of Amphore A Congie which is a Tankerd or Rundlet containing eight gallons it contains six Sextaries twelve Heminaes but in weight nine pound of Oyle ten pound of Wine and Water thirteen pound and halfe of Honey Urna Urna Amphora is half the Italian Amphora but the third part of the Attick for a Greek Amphora which is called Cadus and Merreta is greater then an Italian it containes 48. Sextaries but in weight it holdes seventy two pound of Oyle ninty pound of Wine and Water one hundred and eight pound of Honey this Urne of our measure contains foure gallons and halfe Culeus is a measure containing twenty Italian Amphoraes Culeus t is the greatest of measures but of these things t is spoken more at large by others CHAP. V. Of Doses of Medicines ALthough in this darknesse of mans understanding t is not so easy to define by what Rule and proportion Elements agree in mixture yet by the most the opinion of Alchindus is retained and a Geometricall proportion is appointed in degrees not an Arithmeticall and that for this reason because betwixt the neerest degrees there is a far greater difference and inequality then there is between two numbers immediatly following one another Hence from two scruples to two ounces is accounted a temperate dose the dose of a medicine in the first degree from a scruple to an ounce in the second from halfe a scruple to halfe an ounce in the third from five graines to two drachms in the fourth from two graines and a halfe to a drachm yet it is here to be observed that in every degree as appeares by the dose there is a certain latitude in the highest degrees you may not allwayes ascend to the highest dose nor may all those things which are in the fourth degree be given to a drachm but according as some are in the beginning others in the middle and others in the end of the fourth so the dose is to be moderated Moreover 't is here to be noted that regard ought to be had of occult qualities also and therefore experience is especially to be consulted with The Doses of Purgers AS for the doses of purging Medicines The Dose of purgeâ—s they may be limited according to degrees but since that in every degree there are three mansions t is not lawfull to give what medicine you please of what degree soever from the lowest to the highest dose of that mansion But every mansion hath its highest and lowest dose The dose in the first mansion of the first degree is from two ounces or three to six or seven ounces such like are Syrup of Roses selutive and Honey of Violets solutive Those which are in the third mansion of the second degree are given from â„¥ 2. to â„¥ 3. or â„¥ 4. to these belong juice of Roses and Violets
a water to provoke vomit made of green Walnuts and Raddish Rootes Ana parts 2. of Vinegar part 3 d being distilled is given to two ounces or three ounces white vitriol Salt of vitriol glasse of Mars and Flowers crocus Metallorum and from thence a water to cause vomiting prepared by Rulandus Mercurius vitae c. are in use with the chymists CHAP XIII Of Medicines causing Vrine OF Diuretick medicines or such as cause Urine some are properly so called Diureticks namely such as easily penetrate into the veines and poure humors into them they cut and seperate the thick from the thin that they may so doe t is necessary that they be hot in the third degree and of a most thin substance of this kind are the Rootes of smallage Fennell Parsly Butchers-broome Sparagus Valerian Burnet Spikenard Asarabecca Wormewood Agrimony Nettles Ground-pine Cheruil Rue Scordium Anniseed Fennell-seed Hart-wort cheruil Gromwell Saxifrage Juniper-berries sweet Almonds Peach-stones and water distilled out of them with Malmesey Wine Cubebs Garden-cresses the wood cassia Medicines of spirit of Salt and of Tartar others lesse properly so called whereof some are hot but doe not attaine to the third degree as Turpentine Parsnips Dill Venus haire fresh gathered Rootes of Smallage others are moist also which supple or loosen the passages of Urine as Licorish march Mallowes the seed of Mallowes others are cold which have an abstersive faculty moderate attenuating and refrigerating force such are Pippens Gourds Cucumbers the substance and seed therof Barley Strawberries whey juice of citrons and Lymons others besides that they are of thin parts they afford much aqueous humidity as thin white Wine the seed of Melons Gourds cucumbers waters of baths CHAP XIV Of Medicines provoking sweats I Droticks Provoking sweat or Sudoriphicks are endued with a greater tenuity of parts then Diureticks they are hot also and besides they penetrate into the farthest parts of the body and cut humours they attenuate rarify and turne into exhalation and what ever is in their way they carry with them and drive into the extremities of the body or if some amongst them are cold or astringent also by a hidden quality whereby they resist poyson they drive malignant humours to the superficies of the body Such are Carduus Benedictus Venus haire Rootes of Fennell Smallage Parsley Burdocke Burnet Angelica Tormentill Worm-seed China Flowers of chamomill the wood guaicum Sassafras Irish slat Harts-horne juice of Elder Bezoarticum Minerald without and with Gold fixed steele or Diaphoretick and copper and steele fixed Diaphoretick Mercury precipitate also to provoke sweates Laconick bathes of sweet water are profitable also fomentations as warme Bottles and hot Tiles Frications Vnctions and such like CHAP. XV. Of Diaphoreticks and Medicines discussing wind DIaphoreticks with the Greekes are the same Dissolving with discutient and dissolving medicines with the Latines and they drive out through the insensible passages and secret pores all such things are hot and dry and have power of converting humours into Vapours and of opening and dilating the pores of the skin such are camomill Melilot Dill Fenugreek Rue seed of Flax Lupines Galbanum dryed Pitch Storax Brimstone Sagapenum and such like which are lately named Next to these are they which are called Discussing of wind discussers of wind which as well can discusse and consume wind within the body as when it is moving to the extremities such are besides those already named century the lesse which wonderfully conduceth to the discussion of wind upon the Hypocondries Anniseed Bay-leaves Pennyroyall Fennel-seed caraway-seed cummin Ammi carrot seed Parsley Agnus Castus Dill Juniper-berries Bay-berries Galingale cloves Mace the Pills of Oranges the genitalls of a Beaver CHAP. XVI Of provoking courses expelling the secundine and a dead child SUch as bring downe menstrous Eringing downe courses are either improperly so called to wit such as corroborate the expulsive faculty or further the generation of blood or else attenuate its thicknesse and viscidity or properly so called which open obstructions of the wombe and draw down blood to the wombe which opening and cleanseing things most powerfully performe and such as are not of a very thin substance least through their tenuity of substance they should presently be scattered and therefore there is most conveniently provided for this purpose things which have some bitternesse mixt with Acrimony such like are Sage Penny-royall Dittany or Garden-ginger Marjerom Rue Calamint Wild-Marjerom Bittony Spike Asarabecca Mugwort Germander Worme-wood Ground-pine Rootes of red Madder Birth-wort Fennell Parsley Flowerdeluce Eringo Lovage Burnet Saffron Flowers of white Violets Parsnips Juniper-berries of Bays Flowers of Camomill Cinamon Mirrh native Borax The stronger of these drive out the secundine Expelling Secondines and a dead child and expell a dead child which therefore are called casters out and drivers out or Ejaculators because they drive out the young such like are Asa faetida castor Myrrh and those things which are variously applyed externally as Opopanax Galbanum Amoniacum Sulphure the smell of the burnt hoofes of an Ass Coloquintida Rue wild Cucumbers the gall of a Cow or Calfe CHAP. XVII Of Medicines that breake the stone SInce the common Doctrine of the generation of stones is suspected as is said before in the second Booke page 2. Breaking the stone C. 9. also the common opinion which strives to support it concerning the power of dissolving stones is suspected and therefore here we deservedly fly to the propriety of the whole substance which nevertheless is not inconveniently drawne from a Saline or salt force the medicines breaking the stone are Ground Ivy Bitony Pelitory the Rootes of Rest-harrow the five Diureticks the Rootes of Raddish Saxafrage Burs bitter Almonds cherry-stones the stones of Apricocks the Kernells of Medlars Grumwell Parsnips cinamon Gourds crabs stones Goates blood Lapis Judaicus the Rootes of Sparrage Snales Lignum Nephriticum CHAP. XVIII Of Errhines Sternutatories and Apophlegmatismes ERrhines draw out phlegme into the Nostrills Errhines not from the ventricles of the braine but such as is about the membranes covering the braine they performe that by their heate and vitrosity wherewith they are endued by their extergent and sharpe faculty such are made of Marjerom Rue Pimpernell cabbage Beetes Rootes of Flowerdeluce Fennell flowre Penneroyall Wild Marjerom Hore-hound Sow-bread Wild Cucumbers celendine Fell-wort the juice of double or single Pasque flowre Ptarnicks or Sternutatories or such as cause sneezing Sternutarories are those which by their Acrimony irritate the expulsive faculty of the braine which being wearied desiring to expel the medicine sends out together with it the excrements which remaine about its membranes and in it selfe such like are certaine Errhines most curiously powdered and likewise white Pepper Ginger white Hellebore bastard Pellitory Caster Cloves sneezing-wort Euphorbium Lastly Apophlegmatismes Masticatories Apophlegmatismes or Gargarismes are those which being put into the mouth and touching the Palate draw excrements
Medicines are â—ut into little woodden Caskes when the Must is someâ—hat abated and the Wine cleansed and made clear it should â—â—e drawn out into another Vessel and kept for your use In the same manner Physical drink may be prepared Phâ—sicaâ—l â—â—â—nkes of Wormwood Harts tongue Bittony Sage Rosemary and other herbs and also of purging things but for the most part the herbs are first bruised in the drink after t is brewed being as yet warm and afterwards in due season things to make it work being put in they are suffered to cool Of Wines so cleansed Medicinal Wines are prepared Dry medicines are cleansed cut and broken and are put into a glasse or earthen Vessel sometimes into a Nodule or little Bagge of fine linnen or thin linnen sewed up a sufficient quantity of good white Wine is powred in so they stand in infusion in a Vessel that is shut afterwards strained unlesse they are inclosed in a little Bagge But this proportion for the most part is observed that to a pound of medicines there is taken of Must or Wine eight Pints twelve nay to twenty five nay thirty or thirty six so that an ounce may answer to the proportion of two or three Pints Medicinall Wines also that alter are prepared if distilled Oyles are added to them being first mixt with Sugar or Spirits or tinctures spirit of Wine drawne out of simple medicines or moist extracts Sometimes medicinall Wines are sweetned with Sugar or Honey Claretum and are called Clareâ—s and Hippocratick Wine they are profitable in cold durable diseases they aâ—e made in this manner Aromatick things or roots also and seeds gratefull to the smell and taste principally are grosely beaten or cut and such as have great efficacy are infused in sweet Wine so they are to stand sometime in the Infusion in a warme place for some hours or let them simper in Balmum Mariae for halfe an houre especially if you may accelerate the worke or to prepare Wine mingled with Honey afterwards there is added a sufficient quantity of Sugar to make it pleasant to the taste so that to two three or soure parts of Wine one part of Sugar may be taken and oftentimes Wine is drained through Hippocrates sleeve that it may become cleare some of the distilled waters that are convenient may be mixt with the Wine Some infuse the Aromaticks in spirit of wine about eight or ten parts whereof is used to one part of the Aromaticks and when the spirit of wine hath drawne out the tincture they seperate it by declination and straining or filtring and keepe it for their use but when t is convenient to make Hippocraticall wine they power some drachms and withalâ— an ounce or two ounces to one measure of Wine a sufficient quantity of Sugar to sweeten it But such Wines and Clarets may be prepared not only to alter but also to purge with the same dose for the more choice sort of persons namely with purgers principally the Leaves of Sena Mecoacam Agrick Turbith with their 〈◊〉 recters are put into a sufficient quantity of Rhenish Wine and being heated in water luke-warme in a glasse afterwards must stand in a warme place six hours in Infusion afterwards add of Julep of Violets or Roses halse an ounce or let them be sweetned with halfe an ounce of white Sugar and be strained and filtred through a browne paper let three ounces of that which is strained be perfumed with two drops of Oyle of Cinamon Manna also may be taken instead of Sugar If the Wine be sweerned with Honey instead of Sugar Wine mingled with Honey t is called Oinomell Mulsum or wine mingled with Honey is prepared of one part of Honey and two or three parts of Wine mixt and boyled together and Aromaticks of every sort may be added and it may be prepared at the time of gathering of Grapes namely if one part of Honey be taken and two of Must of water if it be convenient three parts or five parts in quantity and let them heate together Hydromell and Mulsum and Melicratum Hydromell Mulsum Melieratum are names of medicinall Potions of the same nature namely made of water and Honey and sometimes of other things boyled therewith or if there be any difference amongst those 't is only in comelinesse for Melicratum is made suddenly for present use of a mixture of Honey and water but Hydromell is prepared to keep longer and is neater made of Mulsum some is more cleanseing others purer so that there is a severall proportion of Honey to the water according to the various scope of the Physitian and temperature of him that takes it To prepare it eight ten or twelve times the quantity of Fountaine water is to be taken but this is made of one part of Honey and five or six of water boyled till the fourth or fifth part be consumed Amongst the kindes of Mulsum which can keepe Meade the most noted at this day is that drinke which is called Meade and the best indeed is prepared in Liâ—uania But Hydromell is prepared not only of water and Honey but also of severall Aromaticks Herbs and Rootes as Clary Hysop Bettony and others both kindes are made that which is for present use and that which is more durable and will keepe longer it is prepared for present use if in a pint of the water of Plates a drachm or at most two drachms are boyled the 10th or 12th part of the best â—â—ney be added to every pint of the decoction Hydromell is made after the usuall manner But sometimes Hydromell is compounded when the simple Hydromell is sented with these only although no other thing be boyled in it Besides the compound Hydromell which doth alter a purging Hydromell is also prepared which is nothing else but a purging decoction made with simple Hydromell The next to Mulsum Oxymell is Oxymell which differs from it only by the mixture of Vinegar a drinke very usuall amongst the Ancients but the old Physitians did not make Oxymell alike but severally and added Vinegar according to the nature of a disease and of the diseased and other circumstances and they gave it not only mingled with other medicines but alone to quench thirst and other purposes to drinke but that which is most cleansing and may also be used in feavers was made of twelve parts of water two of Honey and one of Vinegar they were gently boyled and scummed and the fire not being fierce and by the addition of the white of an egg were clarified and afterwards strained through a woollen cloath till it become cleare and pure There are prepared by the Physitians other kindes of Oxymells compounded of more medicines such is the Oxymell Helleborated of Gesner or rather of Iulian. To this head we referr the water Barly water or decoction of Barly which is made of whole Barley boyled in the water till it comes to a Ptisan and some
if you have a desire to nourish They are prepared for severall purposes or uses The use according to the variety of the matter namely to quench thirst to cause sleep to provoke sweats and other things and sometimes externally in stead of Epythems and may be exhibited for the heat of the braine and to mitigate paine and cause sleep They are prepared in this manner Manner of preparing Sweet Almonds are blanched so are the foure great cold Seeds and other things the Kernels also are beaten in a stone or marble Morter pouring in by degrees some fountaine water or of Roses and other convenient distilled waters or clarifyed with a convenient decoction that is pleasant to the taste The proportion of the liquour is uncertaine sometimes more sometimes lesse according to the strength of the seeds and fruits and according as the Emulsion is required to be thicker or thinner But at the least a threefold oftentimes a six-fold eight-fold ten-fold c. quantity of the liquour is required being beaten they are strained and if convenient Syrups or Julips that are proper as of Violets or Roses are added The Emulsion being made sometimes it is to be sweetned with Sugar or Rowles of Diamarg frig manus Christi perlati or the Juleps lately mentioned Sometimes there may be added some Cinamon water if the disease will suffer it and sometimes conserves Comfits and liquid Electuaries may be added from halfe a drachm to a drachm two drachms or more Pearles also Corall Harts horne burnt and other powders and Spices may be added to Emulsions Sometimes potulent Medicines may be made of Pearles onely Corall Harts horne and such like with convenient waters which also by reason of the colour of Milke which they have are called Emulsions and are very frequent with moderne Physitians Oftentimes Juices also that are drawne out by expression as of Pomegranates Lemmons or other liquours also are mixt with those waters yet so that the distilled waters for the most part exceed the rest in quantity sometimes but seldome some convenient Syrup But because Physitians for the most part desire a white colour in this water for the most part they omit all those things that may discolour it CHAP. IX Of Tinctures and Extracts and liquid dissolutions AN Extract is nothing else but the pure essence of a thing separated from its grosser body by a fit menstruum whence they are also called Essences by many which whilst it is as yet in a more liquid substance An Extract and joyned with the menstruum it hath also the colour of the thing and therefore is called a Tincture alth ough sometimes they are called Tinctures also when the essence of a thing is now separated from its menstruum which extracted it Essences or Tinctures that are liquid Essences are prepared either of green Plants or of Juices when they are prepared of green things the Hearbs are bruised and a little spirit of Wine is put in for the preservation of them and the juice is pressed out which being cleansed is called an Essence Those that are properly called Extracts are prepared of dryed Plants from whence if the whole menstruum be not separated it is called a Tincture or liquid extract But menstruums that is Liquours exhibited for the drawing out of the essence of a thing are various according to the diversity of the matter and use they of spirit of Wine distilled Waters Whey Vinegar and such like are exhibited In choosing a menstruam first you are to consider whether you desire a liquid tincture or an extract or a thicker or grosser body For if a liquid tincture be desired a menstruum is to be taken which is of the same kind and faculty But if the menstruum ought to be separated it is no matter although it be of another kinde then the Tincture is of But since it is required in a menstruum that by the subtility of its substance it may penetrate the matter and by its familiarity intice out the purer parts and without spoyling and corrupting of the Extract it selfe may againe be separated from it Spirit of Wine may easily be esteemed the best amongst them and take the first place but May-dew distilled Vineger Spirit of Salt of Turpentine c. are used also according as some present occasion may require If compound Extracts are prepared The manner of preparing Extracts and the simples be of divers natures each of them severally or those which are nearest one to the other are drawn off by their Menstruum and afterwards the Extracts are mingled The way of preparing Extracts is plain of it self namely the Menstruum is poured into the matter that is beaten and poudred which sometimes by the help of an external heat when the essence of a thing is drawn out and the Menstruum coloured enough 't is poured out and another is put in and that so often repeated till all the strength and virtue is extracted afterwards the Menstruum is separated by heat which if it be not separated whole 't is called a Tincture or liquid Extract but if almost whole and of the consistence of Honey 't is called a simple extract examples may be seen in the Institutions Nor are such Extracts as well liquid as thicker prepared simply alone but also compounded to these belong Eâ—ixir of propriety purging Extracts and universal purgers Laudanum opiated To Extracts belong those Rosins also which are prepared of Scammony Mechoacam Jalep and such like containing in them a kinde of gummy substance Of Tinctures of Gemms Coralls Metalls as of Balsum of Venus may be seen in the Institutions CHAP. X. Of Conserves Preserves and medicinal Juices THe name of Conserve is given principally to Flowers The manner of making Conserves and sometimes to Herbs and certain soft and tender Roots which being made up with Sugar are kept many years they are prepared in this manner the Flowers or Herbs newly picked or cleansed and if they abound with too much humidity first a little dried in the shade let them be mingled and brayed in a stone-morter with a woodden Pestle with twice or thrice the quantity of Sugar and afterwards the mixture is to be put up in a Glass or glased vessel If the Plants are moister 't is profitable to heat the Conserves when they are made by a gentle Fire 2. Others take a Glass and cover the bottom of it with Sugar then they put in the Flowers to be condited the depth of three Fingers breadth and then they put in Sugar again and in this manner heap upon a heap and the Glass close shut they expose it to the Sun some certain weeks 3. Sometimes the Roots are boiled untill they can be pounded or without boiling are washed and cleansed and are beaten very small to them so pounded or to the Decoction strained through a Hair-sieve the Sugar is added as it use to be for Syrups The name of Condite although it may be taken for