one_o fill_v up_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n to_o make_v the_o experiment_n the_o more_o satisfactory_a but_o though_o he_o can_v not_o procure_v it_o yet_o the_o success_n be_v not_o unwelcome_a because_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o there_o be_v crack_n in_o the_o iron_n in_o one_o place_n conspicuous_a and_o in_o other_o easy_o discoverable_a by_o blow_v into_o the_o barrel_n and_o put_v on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o suspect_a part_n either_o spittle_n or_o some_o fit_a liquor_n who_o agitation_n plain_o disclose_v the_o egress_n of_o the_o wind_n and_o there_o appear_v small_a cause_n to_o doubt_v but_o that_o these_o crack_n be_v produce_v by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o cold_a since_o not_o only_o the_o smith_n be_v a_o skilful_a man_n in_o his_o trade_n and_o one_o that_o i_o use_v to_o employ_v about_o instrument_n and_o also_o the_o barrel_n have_v be_v sometime_o keep_v many_o hour_n fill_v with_o water_n without_o appear_v other_o then_o very_o staunch_v but_o which_o be_v the_o considerabl_a circumstance_n the_o night_n before_o the_o frost_n as_o i_o late_o note_v be_v not_o able_a to_o make_v the_o water_n break_v out_o at_o any_o of_o these_o cleft_n though_o it_o be_v able_a to_o force_v itself_o a_o way_n out_o at_o the_o screw_n in_o spite_n of_o all_o the_o care_n we_o have_v take_v to_o make_v it_o go_v close_o i_o have_v only_o this_o circumstance_n to_o add_v about_o this_o matter_n that_o when_o by_o thaw_v one_o part_n of_o the_o ice_n some_o piece_n of_o the_o rest_n be_v get_v out_o of_o the_o barrel_n all_o i_o take_v notice_n of_o appear_v to_o be_v full_a enough_o of_o bubble_n but_o yet_o such_o as_o seem_v lesser_a than_o ordinary_a whether_o they_o be_v so_o by_o chance_n or_o be_v determine_v to_o be_v so_o by_o the_o resistance_n or_o compression_n which_o the_o freeze_a water_n find_v upon_o its_o endeavour_v to_o expand_v itself_o in_o the_o barrel_n appendix_n to_o the_o xvii_o title_n long_a since_o the_o write_n of_o the_o forego_n section_n meet_v with_o a_o passage_n in_o bartholinus_n where_o he_o vouch_v cabaeus_n for_o the_o experiment_n of_o congeal_a water_n without_o limit_v it_o to_o any_o season_n of_o the_o year_n by_o put_v salt_n 〈◊〉_d into_o it_o and_o shake_v it_o strong_o i_o be_v thereby_o confirm_v that_o i_o be_v not_o mistake_v in_o suppose_v that_o gassendus_fw-la mention_v in_o the_o former_a section_n do_v not_o exclude_v that_o corporal_a and_o visible_a nitre_n out_o of_o the_o number_n of_o the_o grand_a efficient_n of_o congelation_n for_o cabaeus_n have_v publish_v his_o comment_n upon_o aristotle_n meteor_n whence_o this_o experiment_n be_v take_v by_o bartholinus_n before_o gassendus_fw-la publish_v his_o book_n it_o be_v probable_a that_o he_o as_o well_o as_o other_o borrow_v the_o experiment_n from_o he_o and_o cabaeus_n as_o bartholinus_n quote_v he_o prescribe_v the_o put_v the_o salt-petre_a its_o self_n into_o water_n which_o be_v a_o while_n put_v into_o a_o brisk_a motion_n will_v after_o some_o agitation_n not_o only_o refrigerate_v that_o water_n but_o bring_v it_o to_o a_o true_a and_o proper_a congelation_n wherefore_o suspect_v that_o this_o relation_n wherein_o bartholinus_n say_v he_o will_v believe_v he_o without_o a_o oath_n may_v have_v give_v rise_v to_o the_o opinion_n and_o affirmation_n of_o those_o ingenious_a writer_n that_o have_v since_o ascribe_v such_o wonderful_a coldness_n to_o nitre_n and_o find_v in_o bartholinus_n that_o cabaeus_n proportion_n betwixt_o the_o nitre_n and_o the_o water_n be_v that_o of_o 35._o to_o a_o 100_o that_o be_v almost_o as_o one_o to_o three_o i_o think_v it_o very_o well_o worth_a while_n to_o make_v trial_n of_o a_o experiment_n which_o seem_v to_o i_o little_o less_o unlikely_a than_o considerable_a i_o take_v then_o a_o pound_n of_o good_a salt-petre_a and_o near_o 3._o pound_n of_o common_a water_n to_o observe_v the_o more_o narrow_o cabaeus_n proportion_n these_o be_v put_v into_o a_o large_a new_a pipkin_n be_v keep_v constant_o and_o nimble_o stir_v about_o sometime_o by_o i_o sometime_o by_o one_o or_o other_o of_o my_o domestic_n relieve_v one_o another_o when_o they_o be_v weary_a but_o though_o the_o mixture_n be_v with_o a_o kind_n of_o broad_a glass_n spittle_n keep_v in_o a_o brisk_a motion_n that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v 〈◊〉_d the_o manner_n of_o a_o whirlpool_n and_o sometime_o a_o more_o confuse_a agitation_n and_o though_o we_o keep_v it_o thus_o stir_v for_o almost_o a_o hour_n and_o a_o half_a till_o we_o see_v no_o likelihood_n of_o effect_v any_o thing_n by_o try_v ourselves_o any_o further_a yet_o not_o only_o we_o can_v not_o perceive_v that_o any_o atom_n of_o true_a ice_n be_v produce_v whereas_o according_a to_o our_o author_n we_o may_v have_v expect_v a_o true_a and_o perfect_a congelation_n of_o all_o or_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o water_n but_o we_o do_v not_o find_v that_o there_o be_v so_o much_o as_o any_o freeze_a of_o the_o vapour_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o for_o this_o reason_n we_o think_v 〈◊〉_d about_o the_o same_o time_n to_o try_v the_o experiment_n by_o another_o kind_n of_o agitation_n and_o mix_v two_o ounce_n of_o salt-petre_a with_o about_o six_o of_o water_n in_o a_o convenient_o size_v vial_n we_o do_v several_a of_o we_o successive_o vehement_o shake_v the_o vial_n too_o and_o fro_o till_o we_o be_v almost_o tire_v but_o neither_o this_o way_n be_v there_o produce_v the_o least_o ice_n within_o the_o glass_n or_o the_o least_o congelation_n of_o the_o vapour_n of_o the_o air_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o it_o be_v true_a that_o when_o so_o great_a a_o proportion_n of_o salt-petre_a begin_v to_o be_v dissolve_v in_o the_o pipkin_n the_o water_n have_v a_o sensible_a increase_n of_o coldness_n which_o afterward_o seem_v to_o diminish_v when_o once_o the_o nitre_n be_v dissolve_v but_o not_o to_o mention_v that_o if_o i_o much_o mistake_v not_o we_o have_v observe_v the_o water_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a when_o upon_o the_o dissolution_n of_o common_a salt_n multitude_n of_o actual_o cold_a and_o solid_a corpuscle_n come_v to_o be_v every_o way_n disperse_v through_o it_o this_o coldness_n produce_v by_o the_o nitre_n be_v very_o far_o short_a of_o the_o degree_n requisite_a to_o congelation_n for_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o that_o my_o sense_n do_v not_o misinform_v i_o i_o take_v a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n of_o about_o ten_o or_o twelve_o inch_n long_o and_o immerse_v it_o into_o the_o cold_a mixture_n of_o nitre_n and_o water_n i_o observe_v the_o tinct_a spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o the_o stem_n to_o descend_v not_o inconsiderable_o and_o when_o i_o perceive_v that_o degree_n of_o cold_a to_o have_v wrought_v its_o effect_n i_o remove_v the_o thermoscope_n into_o a_o vial_n fill_v with_o common_a water_n about_o which_o i_o have_v cause_v to_o be_v place_v a_o mixture_n of_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n to_o 〈◊〉_d the_o contain_v water_n in_o which_o the_o ball_n of_o the_o instrument_n be_v place_v the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n hasty_o descend_v two_o or_o three_o inch_n below_o that_o place_n at_o which_o it_o stand_v when_o it_o be_v remove_v out_o of_o the_o nitrous_a solution_n and_o for_o further_a satisfaction_n remove_v the_o thermoscope_n once_o again_o into_o that_o solution_n the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o the_o stem_n be_v hasty_o impel_v up_o as_o if_o the_o bubble_n have_v be_v put_v into_o warm_a water_n and_o once_o more_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v remove_v into_o the_o former_o mention_v 〈◊〉_d water_n the_o tinct_a liquor_n begin_v to_o fall_v down_o hasty_o again_o and_o within_o a_o while_n subside_v almost_o into_o the_o bubble_n whereupon_o to_o avoid_v injure_v the_o instrument_n we_o think_v fit_a to_o take_v it_o out_o so_o that_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n if_o the_o learned_a cabaeus_n be_v not_o delude_v by_o mistake_v some_o crystal_n of_o nitre_n which_o i_o have_v observe_v easy_o to_o shoot_v again_o in_o water_n that_o have_v be_v 〈◊〉_d with_o it_o for_o true_a and_o proper_a ice_n i_o can_v but_o wonder_v at_o his_o assertion_n and_o must_v take_v the_o liberty_n to_o think_v myself_o warrant_v by_o so_o many_o harmonious_a trial_n as_o i_o have_v find_v unfavourable_a to_o the_o suppose_a supremeness_n of_o cold_a in_o salt-petre_a to_o retain_v my_o former_a opinion_n about_o it_o till_o more_o successful_a experiment_n withdraw_v i_o from_o it_o it_o be_v a_o receive_a tradition_n among_o the_o watermen_n and_o many_o other_o that_o the_o river_n if_o not_o pond_n also_o be_v freeze_v first_o at_o the_o bottom_n and_o begin_v to_o thaw_v there_o but_o though_o i_o find_v this_o opinion_n to_o be_v in_o request_n not_o only_o among_o english_a watermen_n but_o among_o the_o french_a too_o yet_o i_o think_v it_o
expansion_n wr_v considerable_a since_o the_o water_n rise_v three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a in_o the_o stem_n though_o the_o whole_a water_n in_o the_o egg_n and_o stem_n too_o weigh_v but_o two_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a 〈◊〉_d the_o vessel_n have_v not_o be_v unlucky_o crack_v we_o shall_v have_v freeze_v the_o water_n once_o more_o and_o then_o seal_v up_o the_o glass_n hermetical_o and_o suffer_v the_o ice_n leisurely_o to_o thaw_v shall_v have_v invert_v it_o and_o break_v it_o under_o water_n and_o have_v proceed_v with_o it_o as_o we_o have_v do_v with_o some_o other_o glass_n in_o the_o former_o mention_v experiment_n 9_o a_fw-la little_a glass_n cylinder_n open_v only_a at_o one_o end_n of_o a_o convenient_a length_n be_v thrust_v into_o a_o deep_a and_o wide_a mouth'd-glass_n about_o half_n fill_v with_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n but_o the_o cylinder_n be_v neither_o so_o quite_o fill_v that_o the_o water_n shall_v run_v over_o nor_o yet_o far_o short_a of_o be_v so_o that_o for_o all_o the_o opacous_a mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n we_o may_v guess_v at_o the_o freeze_a of_o that_o part_n of_o the_o water_n that_o we_o can_v not_o see_v by_o the_o change_n appear_v in_o the_o other_o then_o convey_v all_o into_o a_o receiver_n that_o we_o have_v in_o readiness_n beforehand_o we_o quick_o pump_v out_o the_o air_n upon_o which_o there_o come_v both_o from_o the_o upper_a &_o low_a part_n of_o the_o water_n great_a store_n of_o bubble_n to_o the_o top_n where_o most_o of_o they_o break_v into_o the_o receiver_n have_v find_v upon_o trial_n purposely_o make_v that_o the_o engine_n have_v continue_v staunch_v all_o the_o while_n and_o perceive_v by_o the_o intumescence_n of_o the_o superior_a part_n of_o the_o water_n that_o the_o other_o be_v freeze_v we_o let_v in_o the_o external_a air_n and_o have_v remove_v the_o receiver_n and_o take_v out_o the_o mixture_n before_o the_o ice_n be_v half_o melt_v we_o find_v the_o water_n as_o high_a as_o the_o mixture_n reach_v to_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n which_o beside_o some_o large_a and_o conspicuous_a bubble_n have_v small_a one_o enough_o to_o render_v it_o opacous_a and_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o this_o expansion_n it_o be_v that_o the_o water_n do_v in_o the_o free_a air_n continue_v a_o good_a deal_n high_o than_o the_o mark_n it_o be_v but_o level_a with_o when_o the_o cylinder_n be_v expose_v to_o freeze_v 10._o the_o other_o way_n we_o employ_v to_o examine_v what_o be_v contain_v in_o icy_a bubble_n and_o which_o seem_v clear_o enough_o to_o manifest_v that_o they_o be_v very_o far_o from_o be_v fill_v with_o true_a and_o springy_a air_n be_v intimate_v in_o the_o last_o clause_n of_o the_o forego_n narrative_a but_o will_v be_v best_a understand_v by_o the_o annex_v experiment_n transcribe_v just_a as_o i_o find_v they_o register_v in_o my_o collection_n and_o though_o they_o be_v prolix_a and_o contain_v some_o few_o particular_n that_o make_v not_o direct_o for_o the_o purpose_n i_o allege_v they_o for_o yet_o i_o think_v not_o fit_a to_o dismember_v or_o to_o epitomise_v they_o or_o otherwise_o to_o alter_v any_o thing_n in_o they_o partly_o that_o the_o inference_n i_o make_v from_o they_o may_v be_v the_o less_o mistrust_v partly_o because_o the_o way_n of_o experiment_v be_v altogether_o new_a will_v be_v best_a apprehend_v by_o the_o subjoin_v example_n and_o partly_o too_o because_o those_o particular_n that_o relate_v not_o direct_o to_o the_o occasion_n of_o our_o mention_v these_o trial_n may_v be_v useful_a to_o illustrate_v or_o confirm_v some_o thing_n that_o be_v already_o deliver_v or_o be_v hereafter_o to_o be_v deliver_v in_o the_o present_a history_n of_o cold._n 11._o we_o take_v this_o day_n a_o glass_n of_o 1661._o the_o form_n of_o a_o egg_n but_o of_o double_a the_o capacity_n out_o of_o who_o obtuse_a end_n rise_v up_o a_o long_a cylindrical_a neck_n capable_a to_o receive_v the_o end_n of_o my_o little_a finger_n and_o no_o more_o this_o be_v fill_v with_o common_a water_n till_o the_o liquor_n reach_v a_o pretty_a way_n within_o the_o pipe_n and_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v careful_o mark_v on_o the_o outside_n be_v place_v in_o a_o vessel_n wherein_o ice_n very_o gross_o beat_v be_v mingle_v with_o a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o salt_n according_a to_o our_o way_n of_o glaciation_n the_o mixture_n not_o reach_v up_o to_o the_o mark_n by_o above_o a_o inch_n the_o experiment_n afford_v we_o these_o particular_n i._o a_o heedful_a eye_n do_v not_o perceive_v the_o water_n sensible_o to_o subside_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v ii_o the_o water_n begin_v to_o swell_v and_o some_o part_n of_o it_o next_o the_o side_n or_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o freeze_v within_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o hour_n iii_o the_o ascent_n of_o the_o water_n in_o the_o pipe_n increase_v so_o fast_o that_o within_o a_o hour_n from_o the_o time_n the_o glass_n be_v put_v in_o it_o do_v rise_v 4._o inch_n and_o 2_o 9_o above_o the_o mark_n &_o afterward_o the_o swell_a connuty_v so_o that_o we_o take_v it_o out_o though_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o water_n remain_v unfrozen_a it_o have_v reach_v five_o inch_n and_o somewhat_o more_o than_o a_o half_a above_o the_o first_o mark._n iv._o the_o ice_n and_o salt_n be_v purposely_o keep_v always_o beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o water_n be_v freeze_v and_o never_o the_o upper_a surface_n v._o during_o all_o this_o great_a elevation_n of_o the_o water_n there_o appear_v no_o bubble_n worth_a take_v notice_n of_o in_o the_o unfrozen_a part_n of_o the_o liquor_n but_o the_o ice_n be_v very_o full_a of_o they_o divers_a of_o which_o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o experiment_n be_v very_o large_a bubble_n but_o not_o all_o of_o they_o round_o some_o be_v about_o the_o bigness_n of_o hail_n shoot_v some_o small_a like_a mustard_n seed_n and_o other_o again_o not_o much_o inferior_a to_o little_a pease_n vi_o have_v take_v out_o the_o glass_n when_o the_o water_n be_v at_o the_o high_a mark_n we_o do_v upon_o a_o certain_a design_n pour_v in_o as_o much_o salad_n oil_n as_o swim_v about_o two_o inch_n above_o it_o and_o then_o the_o glass_n be_v nimble_o at_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o lamp_n seal_v up_o during_o which_o time_n the_o include_v water_n subside_v a_o little_a but_o the_o glass_n be_v again_o put_v into_o the_o ice_n and_o salt_n the_o cold_a quick_o restore_v the_o water_n to_o its_o former_a height_n and_o there_o remain_v about_o a_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a of_o the_o seal_a glass_n unpossessed_a by_o the_o two_o contain_v liquor_n vii_o then_o with_o a_o good_a pair_n of_o scale_n we_o weigh_v the_o glass-egg_n first_o in_o the_o air_n and_o then_o in_o the_o water_n the_o better_a to_o discern_v whether_o any_o shrink_n of_o the_o glass_n intervene_v in_o the_o case_n where_o it_o hang_v free_o and_o be_v leave_v hang_v in_o its_o equilibrium_n with_o its_o opposite_a weight_n viii_o while_o it_o thus_o hang_v upon_o the_o thaw_v of_o the_o ice_n many_o bubble_n great_a and_o small_a ascend_v the_o great_a one_o with_o a_o wriggle_a motion_n and_o vanish_v at_o the_o top_n ix_o as_o the_o ice_n thaw_v the_o water_n and_o oil_n descend_v till_o the_o whole_a ice_n be_v return_v to_o water_n at_o which_o time_n we_o observe_v these_o two_o remarkable_a thing_n the_o one_o that_o the_o equilibrium_n remain_v the_o same_o the_o other_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a that_o the_o water_n be_v subside_v again_o as_o low_o as_o the_o first_o mark_n with_o which_o it_o be_v level_a before_o it_o begin_v to_o swell_v without_o fall_v beneath_o it_o notwithstanding_o the_o recess_n of_o such_o a_o multitude_n of_o bubble_n divers_a of_o which_o be_v very_o large_a x._o the_o glass_n be_v invert_v the_o seal_a end_n which_o be_v draw_v slender_a be_v gentle_o break_v under_o water_n of_o which_o some_o be_v impel_v in_o do_v sensible_o reduce_v the_o air_n at_o the_o opposite_a end_n into_o a_o narrow_a room_n and_o as_o one_o of_o the_o spectator_n observe_v into_o a_o much_o narrow_a which_o be_v consonant_a enough_o to_o reason_n xi_o the_o glass_n be_v again_o invert_v and_o hold_v till_o it_o be_v settle_v we_o find_v that_o the_o water_n draw_v in_o together_o with_o the_o water_n it_o find_v there_o and_o the_o oil_n possess_v the_o same_o place_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o mark_n in_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o receiver_n that_o they_o do_v when_o it_o be_v seal_v up_o xii_o and_o last_o have_v throw_v out_o the_o oil_n and_o employ_v where_o need_n be_v a_o little_a water_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n we_o have_v make_v use_n of_o all_o this_o while_n
invert_v the_o stem_n and_o break_v the_o neb_n under_o water_n we_o find_v about_o ten_o inch_n of_o water_n to_o have_v be_v impel_v into_o the_o stem_n so_o that_o in_o this_o there_o seem_v no_o generation_n of_o air._n 17._o to_o all_o these_o experiment_n we_o shall_v subjoin_v in_o two_o word_n that_o as_o in_o water_n so_o in_o some_o aqueous_a liquor_n we_o find_v that_o the_o icy_a bubble_n be_v not_o fill_v with_o air_n though_o we_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o measure_v their_o respective_a expansion_n by_o be_v congeal_v for_o in_o that_o elsewhere_o mention_a experiment_n where_o we_o expose_v milk_n urine_n and_o rhenish-wine_n to_o freeze_v when_o all_o those_o liquor_n be_v rise_v above_o their_o former_a mark_n as_o be_v there_o relate_v our_o note_n inform_v we_o that_o the_o experiment_n be_v thus_o prosecute_v 18._o be_v seal_v up_o the_o forego_v word_n mention_v the_o abovenamed_a expanded_a liquor_n and_o suffer_v to_o thaw_v the_o 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often_o impute_v that_o to_o 〈◊〉_d whereof_o the_o cause_n be_v in_o ourselves_o and_o if_o this_o change_n in_o ourselves_o be_v wrought_v by_o unsuspected_a agent_n or_o by_o insensible_a degree_n we_o do_v not_o easy_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o thus_o though_o in_o summer_n divers_a cellar_n that_o be_v not_o deep_a be_v perhaps_o no_o cold_a than_o the_o external_n air_n be_v when_o it_o be_v judge_v but_o temperate_a in_o winter_n or_o the_o spring_n yet_o it_o will_v seem_v very_o cold_a to_o we_o that_o bring_v into_o it_o body_n heat_v by_o the_o summer_n sun_n and_o accustom_v to_o a_o warm_a air_n nay_o cold_a do_v so_o much_o depend_v upon_o the_o degree_n of_o agitation_n in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o object_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o sentient_a that_o even_o when_o we_o may_v think_v the_o sensory_a unaltered_a it_o may_v judge_v a_o object_n to_o have_v a_o degree_n of_o coldness_n which_o indeed_o it_o have_v not_o as_o i_o remember_v that_o to_o satisfy_v some_o 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immersion_n of_o the_o glass_n into_o water_n not_o only_o a_o while_n before_o noon_n but_o a_o hour_n or_o two_o after_o dinner_n and_o at_o distant_a hour_n afterward_o though_o the_o descent_n of_o the_o pendulous_a water_n be_v neither_o so_o quick_a nor_o so_o considerable_a as_o it_o have_v be_v former_o in_o the_o morning_n june_n 27._o in_o the_o morning_n a_o small_a cylinder_n of_o water_n pendulous_a in_o the_o above_o mention_v glass_n upon_o the_o immersion_n of_o the_o egg_n in_o a_o basin_n of_o water_n will_v immediate_o and_o very_o considerable_o subside_o whereas_o the_o same_o glass_n be_v immerse_v in_o the_o vessel_n of_o quicksilver_n former_o mention_v 〈◊〉_d present_o ascend_v both_o part_n of_o this_o experiment_n we_o several_a time_n try_v and_o the_o reason_n be_v suspect_v to_o be_v that_o the_o quicksilver_n have_v stay_v all_o night_n in_o my_o chamber_n which_o be_v somewhat_o warm_a whereas_o the_o water_n be_v bring_v up_o that_o morning_n and_o to_o 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phaenomenon_n and_o i_o be_v the_o less_o dispose_v to_o think_v myself_o mistake_v because_o have_v purposely_o inquire_v of_o other_o in_o the_o same_o house_n who_o be_v not_o tell_v what_o information_n the_o weatherglass_n give_v they_o agree_v with_o i_o in_o the_o sense_n i_o have_v of_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o wether_n and_o have_v since_o as_o occasion_v serve_v communicate_v my_o observation_n and_o suspicion_n to_o divers_a ingenious_a man_n i_o have_v be_v by_o their_o recenter_n observation_n confirm_v that_o what_o i_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o be_v not_o the_o effect_n of_o any_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d from_o which_o and_o other_o particular_n that_o we_o may_v have_v elsewhere_o opportunity_n to_o mention_v we_o may_v plausible_o enough_o infer_v that_o it_o be_v not_o amiss_o not_o only_o to_o take_v notice_n when_o we_o have_v opportunity_n of_o the_o sense_n that_o be_v express_v of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a by_o bird_n and_o other_o animal_n who_o diet_n be_v more_o simple_a and_o regular_a than_o we_o and_o who_o perception_n be_v common_o more_o delicate_a and_o less_o divert_v but_o especial_o to_o examine_v the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n and_o other_o body_n as_o well_o by_o experiment_n and_o instrument_n as_o by_o the_o touch_n and_o on_o this_o occasion_n i_o must_v not_o pretermit_v that_o memorable_a account_n that_o be_v give_v we_o by_o martinius_n in_o that_o noble_a piece_n of_o geography_n which_o he_o call_v atlas_n chinensis_n where_o speak_v of_o the_o air_n of_o that_o populous_a country_n he_o have_v this_o singular_a passage_n ad_fw-la caeli_fw-la say_v he_o solique_fw-la temperiem_fw-la quod_fw-la attinet_fw-la 28._o majus_fw-la in_o hac_fw-la provinciâ_fw-la frigus_fw-la est_fw-la quam_fw-la illius_fw-la poscat_fw-la poli_fw-fr altitudo_fw-la vix_fw-la enim_fw-la illa_fw-la excedit_fw-la gradum_fw-la secundum_fw-la supra_fw-la quadragesimum_fw-la &_o tamen_fw-la per_fw-la integros_fw-la quatuor_fw-la saepe_fw-la menses_fw-la flumina_fw-la omne_fw-la adeò_fw-la durè_fw-la concrescunt_fw-la gelu_fw-la ut_fw-la currus_fw-la equosque_fw-la 〈◊〉_d gravissima_fw-la etiam_fw-la onera_fw-la glacies_fw-la ferat_fw-la innoxiè_fw-la acsecurissimè_fw-la transeant_fw-la ex_fw-la iis_fw-la ingentia_fw-la etiam_fw-la glaciei_fw-la frusta_fw-la exscinduntur_fw-la quae_fw-la in_o futuram_fw-la aestatem_fw-la ad_fw-la delicias_fw-la servant_n his_o 〈◊〉_d omnes_fw-la nave_n ita_fw-la in_o ipsâ_fw-la glacie_n defixae_fw-la sunt_fw-la ut_fw-la progredi_fw-la nequeant_fw-la ubicunque_fw-la illas_fw-la frigus_fw-la occupo_fw-la quod_fw-la certo_fw-la certius_fw-la circa_fw-la medium_n novembris_fw-la ingruere_fw-la solet_fw-la per_fw-la quatuor_fw-la illos_fw-la menses_fw-la immotae_fw-la ibi_fw-la perstare_fw-la coguntur_fw-la neque_fw-la enim_fw-la resolvitur_fw-la glacies_fw-la ante_fw-la martii_fw-la initium_fw-la haec_fw-la plerumque_fw-la glaciei_fw-la concretio_fw-la uno_fw-la fit_a die_v cum_fw-la non_fw-la nisi_fw-la pluribus_fw-la fiat_fw-la liquefactio_fw-la to_o which_o he_o add_v what_o make_v most_o to_o our_o present_a purpose_n 〈◊〉_d illud_fw-la mirum_fw-la tantum_fw-la non_fw-la videri_fw-la aut_fw-la sentiri_fw-la illud_fw-la frigus_fw-la ut_fw-la europeos_n ad_fw-la hypocausta_fw-la subeunda_fw-la videatur_fw-la posse_fw-la cogere_fw-la aut_fw-la in_o europâ_fw-la ad_fw-la glaciem_fw-la producendam_fw-la 〈◊〉_d unde_fw-la ad_fw-la subterraneas_fw-la illic_fw-la exhalationes_fw-la pro_fw-la harum_fw-la rerum_fw-la causis_fw-la indagandis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d recurrendum_fw-la est_fw-la etc._n etc._n but_o all_o that_o i_o have_v be_v imply_v of_o the_o necessity_n and_o usefulness_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v no_o way_n inconsistent_a with_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o our_o former_o propose_a paradox_n namely_o that_o we_o be_v not_o rash_o to_o rely_v upon_o the_o information_n even_o of_o common_a weather-glass_n themselves_o for_o though_o they_o be_v 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ingenious_a modern_a naturalist_n who_o acknowledge_v that_o the_o air_n have_v a_o weight_n which_o mr._n hobbs_n also_o do_v in_o effect_n admit_v though_o he_o make_v not_o so_o good_a use_n of_o it_o as_o they_o do_v by_o that_o explicate_v the_o ascension_n of_o water_n in_o weather-glass_n teach_v that_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n make_v the_o include_v air_n shrink_v into_o far_o less_o room_n than_o it_o possess_v before_o the_o water_n in_o the_o subjacent_a vessel_n be_v by_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o incumbent_a air_n which_o press_v on_o it_o more_o forcible_o in_o all_o the_o other_o part_n of_o its_o surface_n than_o it_o be_v press_v upon_o in_o that_o include_v in_o the_o shank_n impel_v up_o into_o that_o part_n of_o the_o shank_n which_o be_v new_o desert_v by_o the_o self-contracting_a air._n but_o though_o this_o account_n be_v preferable_a by_o far_o to_o those_o which_o we_o mention_v before_o it_o and_o though_o it_o be_v not_o only_o ingenious_a 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very_a slender_a stem_n often_o no_o big_a than_o a_o raven_n quill_n which_o be_v usual_o divers_a and_o sometime_o many_o inch_n long_o into_o this_o stem_n a_o drop_n or_o two_o of_o water_n be_v convey_v may_v easy_o enough_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o lightness_n of_o so_o little_a liquor_n together_o with_o the_o slenderness_n discourse_n of_o the_o cavity_n which_o permit_v not_o the_o include_v air_n to_o penetrate_v the_o water_n at_o the_o side_n but_o rather_o impel_v up_o the_o entire_a body_n of_o it_o be_v keep_v suspend_v and_o so_o betray_v very_o small_a change_n and_o much_o small_a than_o to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o by_o common_a wether_n glass_n as_o to_o rarefaction_n and_o condensation_n in_o the_o air_n it_o lean_v upon_o now_o when_o in_o one_o of_o these_o instrument_n if_o watch_v when_o the_o pendulous_a water_n be_v somewhat_o near_o the_o top_n of_o the_o stem_n we_o nimble_o apply_v to_o the_o orifice_n of_o that_o stem_n the_o flame_n of_o a_o candle_n we_o can_v by_o that_o heat_n almost_o in_o a_o moment_n seal_v it_o up_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o thinness_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o the_o slenderness_n of_o the_o stem_n and_o if_o then_o we_o place_v the_o thus_o seal_a glass_n in_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n how_o much_o soever_o the_o air_n within_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o ball_n must_v be_v in_o all_o probability_n refrigerated_a by_o this_o operation_n yet_o it_o will_v scarce_o sensible_o and_o not_o at_o all_o considerable_o shrink_v as_o we_o gather_v from_o the_o pendulous_a water_n remain_v in_o the_o same_o place_n or_o its_o fall_n at_o most_o but_o inconsiderable_o low_a but_o if_o then_o with_o a_o pair_n of_o scissors_n or_o otherwise_o we_o dexterous_o break_v off_o the_o seal_a end_n of_o the_o stem_n and_o thereby_o expose_v the_o internal_a refrigerated_a to_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o external_a air_n the_o water_n immediate_o will_v be_v hasty_o thrust_v down_o sometime_o divers_a inch_n below_o its_o former_a station_n and_o sometime_o quite_o into_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o round_a end_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o which_o we_o shall_v add_v that_o not_o only_o when_o these_o thermometer_n be_v seal_v neither_o the_o usual_a degree_n of_o cold_a nor_o those_o of_o the_o heat_n in_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n will_v at_o all_o considerable_o depress_v or_o raise_v the_o pendulous_a water_n which_o if_o the_o glass_n be_v not_o seal_v will_v as_o we_o former_o note_v show_v itself_o wonderful_o sensible_a of_o the_o mutation_n of_o the_o air_n as_o to_o those_o two_o quality_n but_o we_o sometime_o purposely_o try_v that_o though_o upon_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o sormer_o rarify_v air_n in_o the_o glass_n the_o pendulous_a water_n be_v descend_v fast_o enough_o yet_o if_o even_o then_o we_o nimble_o seal_v up_o the_o open_a orifice_n of_o the_o stem_n which_o may_v easy_o be_v do_v in_o a_o trice_n the_o descent_n of_o the_o water_n will_v be_v present_o stop_v and_o it_o will_v stay_v either_o just_a in_o or_o very_o near_o the_o same_o part_n of_o the_o shank_n wherein_o it_o chance_v to_o be_v when_o by_o seal_v of_o the_o glass_n it_o come_v to_o be_v fence_v from_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n and_o in_o that_o place_n it_o will_v continue_v till_o the_o seal_a end_n be_v break_v off_o for_o then_o in_o case_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n be_v as_o cool_v as_o it_o be_v when_o the_o glass_n be_v seal_v the_o water_n will_v for_o the_o reason_n already_o give_v be_v further_o depress_v according_a as_o the_o weaken_a spring_n of_o the_o inward_a rarify_v air_n be_v more_o or_o less_o remote_a from_o a_o equality_n to_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n beside_o for_o further_a trial_n we_o take_v a_o large_a
to_o freeze_v liquor_n of_o more_o difficult_a conglaciation_n then_o fair_a water_n we_o take_v then_o some_o snow_n and_o mingle_v with_o it_o some_o of_o the_o new_o mention_v spirit_n of_o nitre_n in_o so_o lucky_o a_o proportion_n that_o it_o freeze_v very_o vigorous_o and_o very_o sudden_o insomuch_o that_o once_o almost_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v set_v to_o the_o ground_n it_o freeze_v the_o vial_n to_o the_o floor_n it_o be_v set_v on_o and_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o contain_v this_o mixture_n we_o wet_v with_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n which_o be_v freeze_v into_o pretty_a thick_a ice_n but_o yet_o not_o quite_o to_o forget_v that_o circumstance_n retain_v the_o salt_n taste_v of_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n and_o though_o this_o mixture_n will_v not_o discernable_o freeze_v spirit_n of_o nitre_n on_o the_o outside_n yet_o it_o transmit_v cold_a enough_o to_o freeze_v weak_a spirit_n of_o salt_n and_o to_o give_v we_o the_o pleasure_n of_o see_v some_o saline_n liquor_n present_o turn_v into_o figure_v ice_n as_o not_o only_o the_o last_o mention_v spirit_n exhibit_v some_o little_a as_o it_o be_v saline_n iceikles_n cross_v each_o other_o and_o quick_o vanish_v but_o which_o be_v far_o pretty_a have_v often_o observe_v that_o shall_v ammoniac_a be_v dissolve_v in_o water_n and_o the_o solution_n be_v put_v very_o slow_o to_o evaporate_v in_o part_n but_o not_o too_o much_o away_o the_o remain_a liquor_n will_v in_o the_o cold_a shoot_n into_o parcel_n ofsalt_n very_o pretty_o figure_v some_o of_o they_o resemble_v comb_n with_o tooth_n on_o both_o side_n and_o other_o resemble_v feather_n have_v observe_v this_o i_o say_v and_o be_v desirous_a to_o try_v whether_o the_o spirit_n of_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a distil_v by_o the_o help_n of_o quick_a lime_n be_v put_v to_o congeal_v on_o the_o outside_n of_o a_o glass_n will_v not_o afford_v a_o resemble_o figure_v ice_n we_o find_v upon_o trial_n both_o that_o the_o mixture_n be_v able_a to_o freeze_v that_o subtle_a spirit_n and_o also_o that_o it_o shoot_v into_o branch_n almost_o like_o those_o exhibit_v by_o such_o salt_n undistil_v and_o it_o be_v not_o unpleasant_a to_o behold_v how_o upon_o the_o incline_v the_o glass_n so_o that_o the_o freeze_a mixture_n rest_v a_o little_a near_o any_o part_n of_o the_o spirit_n this_o liquor_n will_v shoot_v into_o such_o branch_n as_o we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o so_o nimble_o that_o the_o eye_n can_v plain_o discern_v they_o as_o it_o be_v to_o grow_v and_o hasty_o overspread_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o glass_n but_o those_o branch_n be_v wont_n quick_o to_o vanish_v i_o have_v almost_o forget_v to_o mention_v that_o i_o try_v the_o freeze_a with_o snow_n and_o divers_a fermented_a liquor_n undistil_v instead_o of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o though_o the_o experiment_n succeed_v not_o with_o small_a beer_n much_o less_o with_o water_n yet_o there_o be_v a_o glaciation_n though_o but_o slight_a produce_v not_o only_o by_o 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or_o downward_o 1._o though_o after_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o sphere_n of_o activity_n of_o cold_a it_o will_v be_v the_o most_o proper_a place_n to_o take_v some_o notice_n of_o the_o direction_n of_o its_o activity_n yet_o because_o one_o of_o the_o experiment_n that_o belong_v to_o this_o head_n be_v of_o great_a use_n to_o facilitate_v the_o trial_n of_o many_o of_o those_o that_o follow_v throughout_o this_o whole_a collection_n we_o will_v no_o long_o delay_v to_o say_v something_o of_o this_o matter_n namely_o in_o what_o line_n or_o if_o you_o please_v towards_o what_o part_n the_o frigefactive_a virtue_n of_o cold_a body_n do_v operate_v the_o further_a and_o the_o most_o strong_o 2._o it_o be_v a_o know_a doctrine_n among_o philosopher_n that_o the_o diffusion_n of_o heat_n tend_v chief_o upward_o as_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o candle_n will_v burn_v many_o thing_n hold_v over_o it_o at_o a_o great_a distance_n than_o it_o will_v considerable_o warm_v they_o at_o in_o 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than_o one_o can_v easy_o imagine_v 4._o thus_o far_o the_o note_n from_o which_o nevertheless_o i_o will_v not_o positive_o conclude_v though_o they_o seem_v to_o persuade_v it_o that_o the_o tendency_n of_o the_o cold_a produce_v by_o body_n qualify_v to_o freeze_v other_o be_v great_a downward_o then_o upward_o for_o the_o satisfactory_a determination_n of_o that_o matter_n may_v for_o aught_o i_o know_v require_v trial_n more_o artificial_a and_o nice_a than_o those_o we_o have_v be_v recite_v and_o i_o can_v wish_v that_o i_o can_v find_v the_o last_o of_o they_o to_o have_v be_v careful_o repeat_v and_o register_v because_o it_o seem_v somewhat_o strange_a that_o the_o ice_n shall_v be_v much_o thick_a at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vial_n than_o elsewhere_o in_o regard_n that_o when_o we_o have_v as_o we_o very_o frequent_o have_v put_v mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n into_o vial_n and_o leave_v they_o in_o the_o open_a air_n we_o general_o observe_v that_o the_o outside_n 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just_a now_o relate_v above_o half_a a_o corn_n breadth_n high_o than_o the_o mixture_n in_o the_o glass_n so_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v observe_v it_o much_o low_a beneath_o the_o mixture_n from_o those_o thing_n i_o say_v it_o may_v be_v probable_o conjecture_v that_o even_o the_o cold_a body_n at_o least_o unless_o their_o bulk_n alter_v the_o case_n do_v not_o diffuse_v their_o freeze_a virtue_n either_o upward_o or_o downward_o to_o any_o considerable_a distance_n 5._o these_o trial_n as_o i_o be_v intimate_v may_v suggest_v some_o difficulty_n about_o the_o last_o of_o the_o two_o experiment_n transcribe_v out_o of_o my_o note_n but_o as_o it_o be_v evident_a these_o observation_n be_v make_v in_o the_o open_a air_n by_o the_o freeze_a of_o its_o rove_a vapour_n and_o the_o mention_a experiment_n be_v make_v under_o water_n so_o how_o much_o this_o difference_n of_o medium_n may_v alter_v the_o case_n as_o to_o the_o way_n of_o the_o diffusion_n of_o cold_a i_o dare_v not_o till_o further_a trial_n bold_o determine_v especial_o since_o one_o circumstance_n to_o be_v under_o the_o next_o title_n mention_v about_o the_o freeze_a of_o egg_n may_v pass_v for_o a_o addirional_a experiment_n as_o to_o our_o present_a enquiry_n for_o the_o case_n obtain_v by_o freeze_a egg_n suspend_v under_o water_n which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o the_o diffusion_n of_o their_o cold_n be_v make_v every_o way_n since_o they_o be_v quite_o enclose_v in_o the_o ice_n they_o have_v produce_v 6._o though_o the_o experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n by_o the_o intervention_n of_o salt_n and_o snow_n be_v not_o a_o new_a one_o for_o substance_n yet_o i_o hold_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o make_v a_o further_a mention_n of_o it_o on_o this_o occasion_n because_o that_o what_o i_o be_o to_o deliver_v about_o it_o be_v a_o paticular_a not_o take_v notice_n of_o that_o i_o know_v of_o by_o other_o the_o premise_a of_o which_o will_n according_a to_o what_o we_o late_o intimate_v much_o facilitate_v the_o trial_n of_o many_o of_o the_o experiment_n to_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o follow_a part_n of_o these_o paper_n and_o will_v indeed_o appear_v to_o be_v of_o no_o small_a moment_n in_o our_o whole_a attempt_n of_o frame_v a_o history_n of_o cold._a for_o it_o have_v long_o seem_v to_o i_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a thing_n that_o have_v hinder_v man_n from_o make_v any_o considerable_a progress_n in_o this_o matter_n that_o whereas_o glass-vessel_n be_v general_o much_o the_o most_o proper_a to_o freeze_v liquor_n in_o because_o their_o transparency_n allow_v we_o to_o see_v what_o change_v the_o cold_a make_v in_o the_o liquor_n expose_v to_o it_o the_o way_n of_o freeze_a with_o salt_n and_o snow_n as_o it_o have_v be_v hitherto_o use_v do_v almost_o as_o little_a as_o the_o common_a way_n of_o bare_o expose_v vessel_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n prevent_v the_o unseasonable_a break_n of_o the_o glass_n for_o in_o both_o these_o way_n the_o water_n or_o other_o liquor_n usual_o begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n and_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o glaciation_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v anon_o to_o distend_v the_o water_n and_o aqueous_a liquor_n it_o harden_v it_o be_v usual_o and_o natural_o consequent_a that_o when_o the_o upper_a crust_n of_o ice_n be_v grow_v thick_a and_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a liquor_n bear_v hard_a with_o its_o edge_n against_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n contiguous_a to_o it_o the_o include_v liquor_n that_o be_v by_o degree_n successive_o turn_v into_o ice_n require_v more_o room_n than_o before_o and_o forcible_o endeavour_v to_o expand_n itself_o every_o way_n find_v it_o less_o difficult_a to_o burst_v the_o glass_n then_o lift_v up_o the_o ice_n and_o
we_o find_v the_o glass_n fill_v to_o the_o high_a mark_n to_o weigh_v 4374._o grain_n when_o it_o be_v fill_v but_o to_o the_o low_a mark_n 4152._o grain_n and_o when_o quite_o empty_v 1032._o so_o that_o the_o water_n contain_v betwixt_o the_o high_a and_o low_a mark_n and_o raise_v by_o the_o glaciation_n be_v about_o a_o fifteen_o part_n of_o the_o water_n set_v to_o freeze_v and_o probable_o will_v have_v amount_v to_o much_o more_o if_o the_o water_n have_v be_v all_o freeze_a 12._o a_fw-la large_a glass-egg_n be_v take_v 1662._o with_o a_o proportionable_o big_a stem_n we_o pour_v water_n into_o it_o till_o it_o reach_v about_o a_o inch_n above_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o stem_n and_o fasten_v a_o mark_n there_o we_o expose_v it_o all_o night_n to_o freeze_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o be_v so_o place_v as_o not_o to_o reach_v so_o high_a as_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o stem_n the_o next_o day_n about_o ten_o of_o the_o clock_n we_o find_v the_o water_n rise_v in_o the_o stem_n about_o 15._o inch_n above_o the_o mark_n the_o whole_a cylinder_n of_o water_n be_v fluid_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o snow_v not_o reach_v to_o it_o then_o upon_o a_o design_n to_o be_v elsewhere_o mention_v we_o seal_v up_o the_o glass_n by_o a_o very_a slender_a pipe_n that_o have_v be_v before_o purposely_o draw_v out_o to_o a_o pretty_a distance_n from_o the_o body_n of_o the_o cylinder_n that_o the_o glass_n may_v be_v seal_v in_o a_o trice_n before_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o candle_n can_v sensible_o rarify_v the_o air_n and_o after_o a_o while_o we_o break_v off_o the_o apex_n of_o this_o slender_a pipe_n in_o prosecution_n of_o our_o former_a design_n then_o suffer_v the_o water_n to_o swell_v free_o within_o seven_o or_o eight_o hour_n it_o reach_v the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o glass_n a_o drop_n or_o two_o run_v over_o at_o the_o slender_a orifice_n thereof_o so_o that_o in_o all_o the_o water_n ascend_v about_o 19_o inch_n above_o the_o first_o mark_n then_o we_o try_v 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how_o much_o be_v fill_v with_o a_o subtle_a substance_n or_o empty_a just_a then_o a_o mischance_n frustrate_v our_o expectation_n 13._o a_o egg_n about_o the_o same_o bigness_n decemb._n with_o the_o former_a be_v place_v to_o freeze_v in_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n and_o in_o less_o than_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o hour_n it_o be_v rise_v near_o a_o inch_n above_o the_o mark_n where_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v at_o the_o first_o and_o the_o water_n in_o the_o ball_n and_o the_o join_n of_o the_o neck_n be_v freeze_v into_o laminae_fw-la after_o a_o hour_n and_o a_o quarter_n those_o laminae_fw-la that_o before_o appear_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o neck_n now_o disappear_v but_o the_o ball_n seem_v freeze_v into_o a_o white_a ice_n and_o the_o water_n in_o the_o neck_n be_v rise_v above_o the_o first_o mark_n four_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a there_o now_o appear_v abundance_n of_o small_a bubble_n continual_o ascend_v through_o the_o neck_n which_o so_o continue_v all_o 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the_o seal_a part_n the_o egg_n be_v bring_v into_o a_o warm_a room_n be_v keep_v there_o all_o night_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o next_o morning_n before_o the_o ice_n be_v quite_o thaw_v which_o when_o it_o be_v the_o water_n be_v find_v subside_v to_o the_o first_o mark_n and_o which_o be_v do_v the_o glass_n be_v invert_v and_o the_o seal_a end_n immerse_v a_o good_a way_n under_o water_n where_o be_v break_v the_o external_a air_n impel_v the_o water_n in_o the_o basin_n into_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o pipe_n insomuch_o that_o when_o we_o take_v it_o out_o which_o we_o do_v as_o soon_o as_o we_o think_v nomore_o water_n be_v impel_v up_o reinvert_v the_o glass_n we_o find_v that_o the_o admit_v water_n reach_v seven_o inch_n above_o the_o first_o mark_n and_o leave_v a_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a of_o the_o stem_n before_o it_o begin_v to_o be_v wire-drawn_a beside_o as_o much_o of_o the_o slender_a part_n of_o the_o stem_n as_o by_o guess_v amount_v to_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n or_o more_o so_o that_o it_o seem_v that_o the_o bubble_n which_o make_v the_o water_n swell_v and_o appear_v in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d amount_v to_o a_o inch_n and_o three_o quarter_n of_o air_n which_o consequent_o seem_v to_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n generate_v by_o this_o operation_n and_o to_o seven_o inch_n either_o of_o a_o vacuum_n or_o some_o 〈◊〉_d substance_n which_o by_o its_o have_a no_o spring_n to_o resist_v the_o pressure_n of_o the_o outward_a air_n appear_v not_o to_o be_v air_n we_o can_v not_o exact_o measure_v the_o quantity_n of_o water_n we_o have_v in_o all_o and_o the_o proportion_n of_o it_o betwixt_o the_o mark_n 〈◊〉_d have_v leave_v the_o glass_n in_o the_o window_n to_o try_v whether_o time_n or_o cold_a will_v make_v the_o admit_v water_n shrink_v which_o we_o do_v not_o find_v it_o to_o do_v the_o weather_n be_v so_o sharp_a that_o beginning_n as_o we_o conclude_v to_o 〈◊〉_d the_o water_n in_o the_o stem_n the_o increase_a ice_n burst_v out_o the_o 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estimate_n above_o deliver_v of_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n and_o that_o grand_a hydrostatical_a theorem_n demonstrate_v by_o archimedes_n and_o stevinus_n that_o float_a body_n will_v so_o far_o and_o but_o so_o far_o sink_v in_o the_o liquor_n that_o support_v they_o till_o the_o immersed_a part_n of_o the_o body_n be_v equal_a to_o a_o bulk_n of_o water_n weigh_v as_o much_o as_o the_o whole_a body_n for_o captain_n james_n in_o his_o often_o cite_a voyage_n make_v mention_n of_o great_a piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v twice_o as_o high_a as_o the_o top-mast-head_n of_o his_o ship_n 6._o and_o the_o hollander_n in_o their_o famous_a voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n mention_v one_o stupendous_a hill_n of_o ice_n which_o i_o therefore_o take_v notice_n of_o here_o not_o only_o because_o it_o have_v be_v think_v the_o great_a that_o man_n have_v meet_v with_o but_o because_o they_o deliver_v its_o dimension_n not_o as_o captain_n james_n and_o navigator_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v by_o 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to_o be_v measure_v so_o the_o measurer_n not_o know_v how_o long_o they_o may_v have_v be_v on_o ground_n for_o aught_o i_o know_v much_o of_o that_o admire_a height_n may_v be_v attribute_v to_o the_o snow_n that_o from_o time_n to_o time_n fall_v very_o plentiful_o in_o those_o freeze_a region_n and_o be_v compact_v together_o either_o by_o the_o sun_n who_o beam_n sometime_o begin_v to_o thaw_v it_o and_o sometime_o by_o the_o water_n of_o the_o wave_n that_o beat_v against_o the_o ice_n and_o be_v congeal_v with_o the_o snow_n do_v as_o it_o be_v cement_v the_o part_n of_o it_o together_o and_o sometime_o by_o both_o of_o these_o cause_n so_o in_o the_o instance_n allege_v 14._o out_o of_o captain_n james_n of_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v twice_o as_o high_a as_o his_o top-mast-head_n it_o be_v say_v also_o that_o they_o be_v on_o ground_n in_o 40._o fathom_n and_o in_o the_o other_o example_n mention_v out_o of_o bartholinus_n though_o there_o be_v 40._o fathom_n attribute_v 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a_o very_a frosty_a night_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n and_o the_o next_o morning_n the_o water_n appear_v to_o have_v burst_v the_o bottle_n though_o its_o matter_n be_v metalline_a and_o though_o purposely_o for_o this_o trial_n we_o have_v choose_v it_o quite_o new_a the_o crack_n appear_v to_o be_v in_o the_o very_a substance_n of_o the_o pewter_n this_o experiment_n we_o repeat_v and_o it_o be_v one_o of_o those_o bottle_n fill_v with_o ice_n that_o have_v crack_v it_o which_o a_o noble_a virtuoso_fw-la will_v needs_o make_v i_o who_o shall_v else_o have_v scruple_v to_o amuse_v with_o such_o a_o trifle_n so_o great_a a_o monarch_n and_o so_o great_a a_o virtuoso_fw-la bring_v to_o his_o majesty_n to_o satisfy_v he_o by_o the_o wideness_n of_o the_o crack_n and_o the_o protuberance_n of_o the_o ice_n that_o show_v itself_o in_o it_o that_o the_o water_n have_v be_v real_o expanded_a by_o congelation_n 3._o we_o also_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o a_o much_o small_a quantity_n of_o 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the_o cover_n have_v be_v uniform_o or_o every_o where_o lift_v up_o above_o the_o upper_a orifice_n of_o the_o cylinder_n we_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n divers_a time_n as_o we_o can_v get_v opportunity_n sometime_o with_o success_n and_o sometime_o without_o it_o and_o of_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a of_o our_o experiment_n of_o this_o sort_n we_o find_v the_o follow_a account_n among_o our_o collection_n 5._o the_o hollow_a brass_n weight_n be_v about_o one_o inch_n and_o thou_o quarter_n in_o diameter_n and_o the_o brass_n cover_v put_v on_o be_v load_v with_o a_o weight_n of_o 56._o pound_n upon_o the_o cover_n and_o expose_v to_o a_o excessive_o sharp_a night_n the_o next_o morning_n the_o cover_n and_o the_o weight_n be_v find_v visible_o lift_v up_o though_o not_o above_o that_o we_o can_v discern_v a_o small_a barley-corn_n breadth_n but_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o brass_n cover_n be_v not_o here_o estimate_v which_o be_v much_o less_o than_o half_a a_o inch_n which_o 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to_o it_o in_o the_o vessel_n and_o then_o to_o drive_v it_o forcible_o in_o till_o by_o considerable_a weight_n append_v to_o the_o extant_a part_n of_o the_o plug_n when_o the_o cylinder_n be_v invert_v we_o can_v not_o draw_v it_o out_o the_o success_n of_o one_o of_o these_o trial_n be_v thus_o set_v down_o in_o our_o collection_n 7._o a_o plug_n be_v drive_v into_o the_o cavity_n of_o a_o brass_n cylinder_n first_o fill_v with_o water_n the_o plug_n be_v also_o well_o soak_v than_o the_o cylinder_n be_v invert_v the_o plug_n take_v up_o half_a a_o hundred_o and_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o hundred_o weight_n and_o will_v possible_o have_v take_v up_o much_o more_o and_o be_v expose_v to_o a_o very_a sharp_a night_n the_o freeze_a water_n thrust_v out_o the_o plug_n about_o a_o barley-corn_n breadth_n quite_o round_o above_o the_o upper_a edge_n of_o the_o cylinder_n and_o it_o freeze_a all_o that_o day_n and_o the_o next_o night_n it_o be_v again_o expose_v the_o plug_n not_o be_v 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the_o water_n to_o expand_v itself_o be_v thus_o vigorous_a though_o the_o uttermost_a term_n to_o which_o it_o will_v expand_v itself_o in_o case_n it_o be_v not_o at_o all_o resist_v will_v be_v but_o to_o about_o a_o nine_o or_o at_o most_o a_o eight_o part_n of_o the_o space_n it_o possess_v before_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v whereas_o air_n may_v by_o heat_n which_o 6._o yet_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v will_v not_o reduce_v it_o to_o any_o thing_n near_o its_o utmost_a expansion_n be_v bring_v to_o possess_v though_o not_o to_o fill_v according_a to_o the_o diligent_a place_n mersennus_n observation_n seventy_o time_n the_o dimension_n it_o have_v before_o rarefaction_n and_o consequent_o the_o air_n expanded_a by_o heat_n do_v by_o its_o endeavour_n tend_v to_o acquire_v above_o 60._o time_n the_o space_n that_o the_o water_n do_v when_o expanded_a by_o so_o high_a a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o be_v capable_a to_o turn_v it_o all_o into_o ice_n not_o to_o mention_v that_o 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air_n to_o be_v condense_v at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o seal_n be_v account_v by_o estimation_n for_o the_o slender_a pipe_n new_o take_v notice_n of_o almost_o 9_o â…ž_n inch_n this_o space_n we_o observe_v the_o ascend_a water_n as_o the_o ice_n increase_v below_o to_o invade_v by_o degree_n for_o we_o watch_v it_o and_o measure_v it_o from_o time_n to_o time_n so_o much_o till_o at_o length_n the_o water_n reach_v to_o 8._o inch_n and_o â…ž_n almost_o above_o the_o station_n which_o we_o have_v careful_o mark_v with_o a_o diamond_n in_o which_o we_o find_v it_o when_o the_o glass_n be_v seal_v up_o leave_v but_o about_o a_o inch_n of_o air_n at_o the_o top_n so_o that_o of_o the_o whole_a space_n before_o possess_v by_o the_o air_n the_o water_n have_v intrude_v into_o near_o nine_o part_n of_o ten_o then_o be_v partly_o apprehensive_a the_o glass_n will_v hold_v no_o long_o but_o have_v its_o upper_a part_n blow_v off_o as_o it_o happen_v to_o we_o a_o little_a before_o with_o 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he_o inform_v i_o that_o it_o be_v their_o usual_a way_n to_o turn_v water_n and_o snow_n into_o ice_n by_o pour_v a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o that_o liquor_n into_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o snow_n and_o have_v also_o inquire_v 〈◊〉_d ice_n have_v not_o the_o like_a operation_n he_o tell_v 〈◊〉_d that_o it_o be_v usual_a and_o he_o have_v see_v it_o practise_v in_o 〈◊〉_d to_o cement_v ice_n to_o building_n and_o other_o thing_n and_o also_o to_o case_n over_o body_n as_o it_o be_v with_o ice_n by_o gradual_o throw_v water_n upon_o they_o but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o that_o effect_v be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v bare_o to_o the_o contiguity_n of_o the_o ice_n because_o i_o learn_v of_o he_o that_o this_o way_n of_o increase_a ice_n be_v practise_v in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n when_o water_n thin_o spread_v upon_o almost_o any_o other_o body_n will_v be_v freeze_v by_o the_o vehement_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air._n 7._o the_o glaciation_n that_o nature_n unguided_a by_o art_n be_v 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climate_n the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d less_o into_o the_o ground_n than_o many_o be_v please_v to_o think_v 8._o the_o note_n i_o find_v about_o this_o matter_n be_v these_o that_o follow_v which_o i_o 〈◊〉_d unaltered_a because_o it_o be_v tedious_a and_o not_o worth_a while_n to_o add_v the_o way_n we_o employ_v and_o the_o caution_n we_o use_v in_o make_v the_o observation_n but_o we_o shall_v rather_o intimate_v that_o the_o follow_a trial_n be_v make_v in_o a_o village_n about_o two_o mile_n from_o a_o great_a city_n i._n jan._n 22._o after_o four_o night_n of_o frost_n that_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o for_o very_o hard_a we_o go_v into_o a_o orchard_n where_o the_o ground_n be_v level_a and_o not_o cover_v with_o grass_n and_o find_v by_o dig_v that_o the_o frost_n have_v scarce_o pierce_v into_o the_o ground_n three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a and_o in_o a_o garden_n near_o the_o house_n we_o find_v not_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v freeze_v more_o than_o two_o inch_n beneath_o its_o surface_n ii_o nine_o or_o ten_o night_n successive_a frost_n freeze_v the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o garden_n about_o six_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_a in_o depth_n and_o the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o orchard_n where_o a_o wall_n 〈◊〉_d it_o from_o the_o south_n sun_n to_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o about_o eight_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_o february_n the_o 9_o we_o dig_v in_o a_o orchard_n near_o a_o wall_n that_o respect_v the_o north_n and_o find_v the_o frost_n to_o have_v 〈◊〉_d the_o ground_n 〈◊〉_d a_o foot_n and_o two_o inch_n at_o least_o above_o a_o foot_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o eight_o day_n since_o it_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d inch_n and_o a_o half_a a_fw-la slender_a pipe_n of_o glass_n about_o 18._o inch_n long_o and_o seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v thrust_v over_o night_n into_o a_o hole_n purposely_o make_v with_o a_o spit_n straight_o down_o into_o the_o ground_n the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o same_o level_n with_o that_o of_o the_o earth_n the_o next_o morning_n the_o tube_n be_v take_v out_o the_o water_n appear_v freeze_v in_o the_o whole_a capacity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n but_o a_o little_a more_o than_o three_o inch_n but_o from_o this_o stick_n of_o ice_n there_o reach_v downward_o a_o part_n of_o a_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n of_o about_o six_o inch_n in_o length_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o water_n remain_v 〈◊〉_d though_o it_o be_v a_o exceed_a sharp_a night_n precede_v by_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o air_n that_o have_v be_v very_o lasting_a and_o very_o bitter_a the_o earth_n in_o the_o garden_n where_o this_o trial_n be_v make_v we_o guess_v to_o be_v freeze_v eight_o or_o ten_o inch_n deep_a as_o it_o be_v in_o another_o place_n about_o the_o same_o house_n but_o be_v this_o tube_n have_v not_o be_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n will_v have_v freeze_v it_o quite_o through_o 9_o another_o note_n much_o of_o the_o same_o import_n we_o find_v in_o another_o place_n of_o our_o collection_n find_v 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as_o one_o will_v imagine_v for_o the_o traveller_n i_o speak_v with_o tell_v i_o that_o in_o a_o garden_n in_o musco_n where_o he_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o thing_n i_o inquire_v about_o he_o find_v not_o the_o ground_n to_o be_v freeze_v much_o above_o two_o foot_n deep_a and_o in_o captain_n james_n journal_n the_o most_o that_o i_o find_v and_o that_o too_o where_o he_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o prodigious_o tall_a ice_n they_o have_v in_o january_n concern_v the_o pierce_a of_o the_o frost_n into_o the_o ground_n be_v this_o that_o the_o ground_n at_o 63._o tenfoot_o deep_a be_v freeze_v whence_o by_o the_o way_n we_o may_v gather_v how_o much_o sharp_a cold_n may_v be_v presume_v to_o have_v reign_v in_o that_o island_n than_o even_o in_o russia_n and_o as_o for_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o water_n he_o do_v in_o another_o place_n occasional_o give_v we_o this_o memorable_a account_n of_o it_o where_o he_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o break_n up_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o freeze_a sea_n that_o surround_v the_o island_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o it_o be_v first_o to_o be_v note_v say_v he_o that_o it_o do_v 86._o not_o freeze_v natural_o above_o six_o foot_n the_o rest_n be_v by_o accident_n such_o be_v that_o ice_n that_o you_o may_v see_v here_o six_o fathom_n thick_a this_o we_o have_v manifest_a proof_n of_o by_o our_o dig_v the_o ice_n out_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o by_o dig_v to_o our_o anchor_n before_o the_o ice_n break_v up_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o account_n not_o concern_v our_o present_a purpose_n i_o forbear_v to_o annex_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o notwithstanding_o our_o late_o mention_a experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n in_o
a_o glass_n tube_n thrust_v into_o the_o ground_n yet_o it_o seem_v that_o at_o least_o where_o captain_n james_n winter_v the_o water_n be_v not_o much_o above_o half_a so_o thick_o freeze_v as_o the_o earth_n but_o we_o have_v already_o note_v the_o indisposition_n of_o salt-water_n to_o congelation_n and_o whether_o fresh_a water_n will_v not_o have_v be_v deep_o freeze_v may_v be_v just_o doubt_v title_n fourteen_o experiment_n touch_v the_o differ_a medium_n through_o which_o cold_a may_v be_v diffuse_v 1._o in_o examine_v whether_o cold_a may_v be_v diffuse_v through_o all_o medium_n indefinite_o notwithstanding_o their_o compactness_n or_o the_o closeness_n of_o their_o texture_n we_o must_v have_v a_o care_v not_o to_o make_v our_o trial_n with_o medium_n of_o too_o great_a thickness_n lest_o we_o mistake_o impute_v that_o to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v indeed_o cause_v by_o the_o distance_n which_o the_o medium_fw-la put_v betwixt_o the_o agent_n and_o the_o patient_n for_o the_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o snow_n wherewith_o we_o make_v our_o experiment_n will_v operate_v but_o at_o a_o very_a small_a distance_n though_o the_o medium_fw-la resist_v no_o more_o than_o the_o common_a air_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o some_o of_o the_o experiment_n record_v in_o this_o treatise_n this_o premised_a we_o may_v proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o have_v place_v a_o copious_a mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n in_o pipkin_n glaze_v within_o and_o in_o white_a basin_n glaze_v both_o within_o and_o without_o we_o observe_v that_o the_o outside_n of_o both_o those_o sort_n of_o vessel_n be_v crust_v over_o with_o ice_n though_o however_o the_o bake_a earth_n have_v not_o be_v compact_v nor_o the_o vitrified_a surface_n of_o a_o very_a close_a texture_n the_o very_a thickness_n of_o the_o vessel_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o seem_v it_o will_v scarce_o have_v be_v able_a to_o freeze_v at_o a_o great_a distance_n 2._o by_o the_o experiment_n 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furnish_v with_o a_o rim_n or_o lip_n by_o which_o it_o lean_v upon_o the_o great_a and_o by_o who_o help_n its_o side_n and_o bottom_n be_v easy_o place_v at_o a_o just_a and_o even_a distance_n from_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o other_o but_o the_o distance_n between_o the_o two_o bottom_n be_v make_v great_a then_o that_o between_o the_o side_n that_o the_o icy_a cup_n may_v stand_v the_o firm_a and_o last_v the_o long_o the_o interval_n between_o the_o two_o part_n of_o this_o mould_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o internal_a cup_n be_v fill_v with_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n partly_o to_o freeze_v the_o contiguous_a water_n and_o thereby_o cooperate_v to_o the_o quick_a make_n of_o the_o cup_n and_o partly_o by_o its_o weight_n to_o keep_v the_o water_n from_o buoy_v up_o so_o light_a a_o cup_n the_o external_a part_n be_v surround_v with_o ice_n and_o salt_n who_o cold_a so_o powerful_o penetrate_v to_o the_o internal_a 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sometime_o by_o anoint_v the_o inside_n of_o the_o mould_n with_o some_o unctuous_a and_o not_o offensive_a matter_n to_o hinder_v the_o adhesion_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o sometime_o by_o apply_v some_o convenient_a heat_n both_o to_o the_o convex_a part_n of_o the_o external_a and_o the_o concave_a part_n of_o the_o internal_a piece_n of_o the_o mould_n which_o last_o mention_v way_n be_v quick_a and_o sure_a but_o lessen_v the_o durableness_n of_o the_o cup._n we_o be_v late_o inform_v that_o this_o way_n of_o make_v cup_n of_o ice_n be_v set_v down_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d argenis_n and_o it_o be_v like_a enough_o that_o 〈◊〉_d man_n may_v have_v learn_v it_o among_o some_o of_o the_o virtuoso_n of_o italy_n he_o converse_v with_o but_o if_o we_o that_o learn_v it_o from_o none_o of_o they_o have_v not_o be_v teach_v it_o by_o experience_n we_o shall_v scarce_o have_v venture_v to_o try_v it_o upon_o the_o credit_n of_o a_o romance_n that_o sort_n of_o composure_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v fabulous_a enough_o to_o pass_v but_o for_o poem_n in_o prose_n 4._o the_o learned_a and_o industrious_a mathematician_n erasmus_n bartholinus_n mention_n in_o his_o new_o publish_v discourse_n de_fw-fr figura_fw-la 〈◊〉_d a_o experiment_n by_o which_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o some_o master_n of_o nature_n secret_n do_v easy_o even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o heat_n reduce_v water_n into_o air._n for_o they_o put_v a_o little_a snow_n or_o ice_n into_o a_o funnel_n and_o thereby_o so_o refrigerate_v and_o condense_a the_o ambient_fw-la air_n that_o there_o will_v dew_n trickle_v down_o the_o side_n of_o the_o funnel_n by_o which_o mean_v it_o have_v be_v say_v that_o some_o ingenious_a man_n have_v hope_v to_o make_v a_o artificial_a fountain_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o summer_n but_o i_o here_o mention_v this_o experiment_n rather_o because_o it_o be_v not_o unlikely_a to_o please_v those_o to_o who_o it_o be_v new_a and_o because_o have_v purposely_o try_v it_o in_o large_a and_o thick_a 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funnel_n and_o suspend_v it_o by_o a_o string_n artificial_o enough_o tie_v about_o it_o in_o the_o free_a air_n and_o though_o the_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n we_o put_v in_o be_v sufficient_o infrigidate_v as_o will_v appear_v by_o and_o by_o and_o far_o more_o so_o then_o ice_n or_o snow_n alone_o will_v have_v be_v yet_o that_o mixture_n be_v not_o able_a to_o condense_a the_o vaporous_a part_n of_o the_o air_n into_o dew_n much_o if_o at_o all_o long_o than_o the_o mutual_a dissolution_n of_o the_o salt_n and_o snow_n last_v the_o liquor_n that_o be_v this_o way_n obtain_v and_o drop_v down_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o funnel_n who_o internal_a perforation_n ought_v to_o be_v careful_o stop_v lest_o any_o of_o the_o resolve_a snow_n and_o salt_n shall_v fall_v through_o
hour_n have_v be_v divert_v by_o some_o occasion_n from_o take_v it_o soon_o out_o we_o find_v as_o we_o have_v conjecture_v that_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n continue_v perfect_o fluid_a as_o before_o yet_o the_o bubble_n total_o immerse_v in_o this_o heat_n chemical_a oil_n be_v freeze_v throughout_o not_o except_v that_o which_o be_v harbour_v in_o the_o little_a neck_n or_o stalk_v and_o when_o i_o come_v to_o lift_v it_o out_o of_o the_o liquor_n the_o glass_n be_v crack_v as_o we_o suppose_v by_o the_o cold_a the_o string_n bring_v up_o a_o little_a part_n of_o that_o which_o be_v near_a to_o it_o the_o rest_n in_o the_o form_n above_o mention_v stay_v behind_o and_o subside_v and_o that_o which_o be_v remarkable_a in_o this_o piece_n of_o ice_n be_v that_o when_o we_o have_v take_v it_o out_o it_o appear_v cleave_v very_o deep_a from_o the_o outside_n almost_o to_o the_o centre_n according_a to_o a_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o slender_a part_n of_o it_o almost_o as_o if_o one_o shall_v with_o a_o knife_n cut_v a_o pear_n in_o two_o from_o the_o stalk_n downward_o according_a to_o its_o whole_a length_n and_o these_o two_o piece_n be_v easy_o enough_o separable_a and_o to_o add_v that_o circumstance_n for_o trial_n sake_n we_o leave_v they_o divide_v in_o the_o same_o liquor_n and_o vessel_n with_o some_o thaw_v ice_n and_o salt_n about_o they_o for_o 14._o or_o 15._o hour_n without_o find_v they_o any_o thing_n near_o so_o much_o waste_v or_o resolve_v into_o water_n as_o most_o will_v have_v expect_v while_o the_o above_o mention_v bubble_n be_v expose_v to_o be_v freeze_v we_o likewise_o place_v by_o it_o in_o another_o vessel_n a_o glass-egg_n who_o ball_n and_o a_o little_a part_n of_o its_o stem_n we_o have_v fill_v with_o some_o of_o the_o very_a same_o parcel_n of_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o place_v about_o the_o side_n of_o this_o egg_n some_o ice_n and_o salt_n we_o observe_v as_o we_o expect_v that_o the_o liquor_n be_v after_o a_o little_a while_n make_v by_o the_o cold_a to_o subside_o about_o half_a a_o inch_n so_o that_o it_o be_v worth_a some_o philosopher_n consider_v why_o if_o according_a to_o the_o late_o mention_v atomical_a doctrine_n cold_a be_v make_v by_o the_o introduction_n of_o swarm_n of_o real_a and_o extend_v though_o atomical_a body_n they_o shall_v pervade_v the_o oil_n and_o contract_v it_o without_o freeze_a it_o but_o freeze_v the_o water_n without_o contract_v it_o but_o expend_v it_o rather_o 9_o a_fw-la small_a bubble_n of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o very_a little_a nutmeg_n fill_v with_o water_n and_o hermetical_o seal_v up_o be_v by_o a_o cork_n and_o a_o string_n suspend_v in_o spirit_n of_o wine_n so_o as_o to_o be_v surround_v therewith_o and_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n the_o same_o night_n in_o the_o stop_v glass_n be_v the_o next_o morning_n find_v altogether_o freeze_v though_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n itself_o be_v not_o at_o all_o so_o but_o another_o bubble_n by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o string_n cork_n and_o piece_n of_o lead_n careful_o suspend_v in_o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o sea-salt_n and_o expose_v at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o a_o like_a vessel_n with_o the_o former_a when_o they_o both_o come_v to_o be_v look_v upon_o appear_v to_o be_v no_o more_o freeze_v than_o the_o brine_n itself_o which_o be_v not_o so_o at_o all_o 10._o a_o glass_n bubble_n of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o small_a nutmeg_n fill_v with_o water_n and_o hermetical_o seal_v be_v immerse_v by_o a_o weight_n of_o lead_n fasten_v to_o it_o beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o a_o very_a salt_n brine_n but_o yet_o not_o so_o as_o to_o reach_v the_o bottom_n of_o the_o liquor_n or_o glass_n be_v expose_v all_o night_n to_o freeze_v in_o weather_n that_o be_v extraordinary_o cold_a but_o neither_o the_o imprison_a water_n nor_o the_o other_o appear_v to_o be_v at_o all_o freeze_a the_o like_a experiment_n we_o repeat_v another_o frosty_a night_n but_o without_o freeze_a either_o of_o the_o liquor_n but_o to_o show_v the_o usefulness_n of_o repeat_v experiment_n about_o cold_a if_o there_o be_v opportunity_n and_o especial_o in_o such_o case_n where_o the_o degree_n or_o some_o other_o circumstance_n may_v much_o vary_v the_o event_n we_o will_v add_v that_o have_v expose_v a_o bubble_n like_o that_o new_o mention_v and_o immerse_v in_o spirit_n of_o wine_n we_o find_v the_o next_o morning_n the_o water_n in_o the_o bubble_n turn_v into_o ice_n and_o have_v likewise_o expose_v such_o a_o bubble_n immerse_v in_o very_o strong_a brine_n to_o be_v freeze_v by_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n within_o about_o two_o hour_n after_o we_o find_v the_o bubble_n break_v as_o we_o suppose_v upon_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o water_n upon_o its_o grow_a ice_n and_o we_o also_o find_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o bubble_n with_o the_o ice_n stick_v to_o it_o and_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v crack_v with_o line_n run_v from_o a_o point_n almost_o like_o the_o pole_n and_o meridian_n in_o a_o globe_n whence_o we_o conclude_v the_o glass_n to_o have_v be_v as_o it_o be_v probable_a burst_v asunder_o upon_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n into_o ice_n and_o that_o the_o reason_n why_o there_o remain_v but_o a_o comparative_o little_a parcel_n of_o ice_n be_v probable_o that_o the_o salt_n water_n get_v in_o at_o those_o cranny_n or_o chink_n dissolve_v as_o much_o of_o the_o new_a make_v ice_n as_o in_o a_o little_a while_n it_o can_v easy_o reach_v beside_o 11._o we_o fill_v a_o glass_n bubble_n with_o fair_a water_n and_o have_v hermetical_o seal_v it_o we_o suspend_v it_o by_o a_o string_n fasten_v to_o the_o cork_n in_o the_o cavity_n of_o a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n well_o stop_v so_o that_o the_o bubble_n be_v every_o way_n at_o a_o good_a distance_n from_o the_o side_n bottom_n and_o top_n of_o the_o glass_n this_o we_o do_v to_o try_v whether_o a_o sufficient_a degree_n of_o cold_a at_o that_o distance_n will_v be_v free_o transmit_v through_o the_o glass_n without_o the_o intervention_n of_o a_o visible_a liquor_n and_o according_o we_o find_v the_o suspend_v bubble_n crack_v by_o the_o ice_n that_o fill_v it_o title_n xv._n experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v ice_n 1._o a_o great_a part_n of_o our_o present_a history_n be_v employ_v about_o deliver_v the_o phaenomena_n of_o congelation_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v expect_v that_o in_o this_o section_n where_o we_o treat_v of_o ice_n as_o a_o distinct_a part_n of_o our_o theme_n we_o shall_v deliver_v all_o those_o particular_n that_o have_v occur_v to_o we_o wherein_o ice_n be_v concern_v and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v restrain_v ourselves_o to_o the_o mention_n of_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o ice_n consider_v as_o it_o consist_v of_o entire_a and_o distinct_a portion_n of_o congeal_v water_n and_o though_o we_o shall_v deliver_v some_o few_o experiment_n of_o our_o own_o such_o as_o we_o have_v any_o opportunity_n to_o make_v yet_o much_o the_o great_a part_n of_o this_o section_n will_v fit_o enough_o be_v take_v up_o by_o collection_n out_o of_o traveller_n and_o navigator_n into_o those_o cold_o region_n that_o afford_v much_o considerabler_n or_o at_o least_o much_o strange_a observation_n concern_v ice_n then_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o so_o temperate_a a_o climate_n as_o we_o and_o what_o we_o have_v to_o deliver_v in_o this_o section_n will_v natural_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o one_o consist_v of_o our_o own_o experiment_n 〈◊〉_d the_o other_o contain_v some_o passage_n that_o we_o have_v select_v out_o of_o voyage_n or_o that_o have_v be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o relation_n of_o credible_a traveller_n and_o of_o these_o two_o sort_n of_o observable_n that_o which_o have_v be_v first_o mention_v shall_v be_v first_o treat_v of_o 2._o some_o that_o have_v be_v in_o the_o east_n indies_n inform_v we_o that_o in_o some_o part_n of_o those_o country_n they_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o great_a liar_n for_o affirm_v that_o in_o europe_n the_o fluid_a body_n of_o water_n be_v often_o without_o any_o artifice_n or_o endeavour_v of_o man_n turn_v in_o a_o few_o hour_n into_o a_o solid_a and_o compact_a body_n such_o as_o ice_n and_o certain_o if_o custom_n do_v not_o take_v away_o the_o strangeness_n of_o it_o it_o will_v to_o we_o also_o appear_v very_o wonderful_a that_o so_o great_a a_o change_n of_o texture_n shall_v be_v so_o easy_o and_o inartificial_o produce_v but_o how_o solid_a the_o body_n of_o ice_n be_v or_o rather_o how_o strong_a be_v the_o mutual_a adhesion_n of_o its_o part_n have_v not_o yet_o that_o we_o know_v of_o be_v attempt_v by_o experiment_n to_o be_v reduce_v to_o some_o kind_n of_o
of_o five_o canon_n but_o the_o next_o passage_n be_v more_o direct_o pertinent_a to_o our_o present_a subject_n and_o be_v couch_v in_o these_o word_n about_o twelve_o of_o the_o clock_n this_o night_n it_o be_v still_o calm_a we_o find_v ourselves_o sudden_o compass_v round_o about_o with_o great_a island_n of_o ice_n which_o make_v such_o a_o hideous_a noise_n as_o be_v most_o wonderful_a so_o that_o by_o no_o mean_n we_o can_v double_v the_o same_o to_o the_o westward_o wherefore_o etc._n etc._n of_o these_o kind_n of_o icy_a thunder_n as_o some_o traveller_n call_v they_o there_o be_v divers_a instance_n to_o be_v meet_v with_o mention_v in_o the_o several_a voyage_n of_o the_o hollander_n &_o particular_o in_o those_o to_o nova_n zembla_n but_o many_o of_o those_o noise_n seem_v to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o dash_a of_o the_o great_a piece_n of_o ice_n against_o one_o another_o but_o if_o it_o happen_v when_o the_o ice_n as_o sometime_o it_o be_v say_v to_o do_v seem_v to_o 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these_o icy_a plain_n he_o agree_v with_o our_o author_n and_o other_o as_o to_o the_o frightful_a noise_n that_o be_v produce_v by_o these_o crack_n of_o ice_n but_o affirm_v upon_o his_o own_o observation_n for_o that_o i_o particular_o inquire_v after_o that_o these_o great_a cleft_n be_v often_o make_v not_o by_o thaw_v heat_n but_o by_o excessive_a cold_a and_o that_o he_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o they_o in_o extreme_o sharp_a weather_n indeed_o we_o sometime_o observe_v that_o in_o very_o bitter_a frost_n the_o freeze_a ground_n will_v cleave_v as_o we_o elsewhere_o have_v occasion_n to_o take_v notice_n but_o whether_o that_o be_v not_o a_o different_a case_n from_o this_o or_o whether_o the_o polonian_a gentleman_n be_v not_o mistake_v or_o whether_o both_o these_o mention_a account_n of_o the_o cleave_a of_o ice_n may_v on_o different_a conjuncture_n of_o circumstance_n take_v place_n we_o leave_v to_o far_a inquiry_n there_o be_v a_o tradition_n concern_v ice_n about_o the_o famous_a volcan-hecla_a in_o island_n which_o though_o very_o believe_v among_o the_o superstitious_a vulgar_a of_o 22._o those_o part_n be_v speak_v of_o so_o slight_o by_o blefkenius_fw-la who_o be_v upon_o that_o coast_n have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o sail_v purposely_o thither_o that_o i_o think_v it_o not_o worth_a while_n to_o take_v any_o far_a notice_n of_o it_o but_o it_o be_v too_o tedious_a to_o set_v down_o in_o this_o section_n which_o the_o strangeness_n and_o variety_n of_o the_o theme_n have_v make_v so_o prolix_a already_o the_o other_o thing_n that_o may_v be_v mention_v without_o impertinency_n concern_v ice_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v here_o desist_v from_o so_o laborious_a a_o task_n as_o also_o omit_v the_o handle_n of_o snow_n and_o hail_n for_o though_o they_o be_v reducible_a to_o ice_n yet_o i_o shall_v at_o least_o suspend_v the_o treat_v of_o they_o partly_o because_o bartholinus_n and_o meteorologist_n have_v save_v much_o of_o my_o labour_n and_o 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wherein_o ice_n will_v soon_o dissolve_v than_o it_o will_v in_o water_n but_o this_o opinion_n either_o be_v ground_v upon_o no_o experience_n at_o all_o or_o take_v up_o upon_o the_o sight_n of_o what_o happen_v to_o piece_n of_o ice_n which_o no_o care_n be_v take_v 〈◊〉_d reduce_v to_o the_o same_o bulk_n and_o figure_n no_o more_o then_o to_o measure_v attentive_o how_o long_o one_o outla_v the_o other_o we_o think_v fit_a to_o try_v if_o we_o can_v not_o bring_v this_o matter_n to_o experiment_n and_o make_v a_o determination_n in_o it_o though_o not_o exact_o true_a yet_o less_o remote_a from_o exactness_n than_o have_v be_v yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v so_o much_o as_o attempt_v 2._o in_o order_n to_o this_o we_o procure_v some_o bullet_n mould_v and_o have_v first_o careful_o stop_v the_o little_a crevice_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o remain_v betwixt_o the_o two_o half_n of_o the_o mould_n with_o a_o good_a close_a cement_n we_o afterward_o fill_v they_o with_o water_n and_o 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but_o that_o we_o may_v pick_v out_o the_o bullet_n entire_a and_o this_o succeed_a well_o enough_o we_o hope_v by_o this_o way_n to_o obtain_v our_o end_n which_o be_v to_o have_v a_o competent_a number_n of_o piece_n of_o ice_n of_o equal_a bulk_n and_o of_o the_o same_o figure_n to_o be_v put_v at_o once_o to_o thaw_v in_o several_a liquor_n but_o we_o can_v by_o no_o mean_n procure_v mould_n which_o have_v any_o number_n of_o distinct_a cell_n of_o the_o same_o bigness_n those_o long_a pair_n of_o mould_n that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o shop_n have_v their_o distinct_a cell_n general_o make_v on_o purpose_n of_o very_o different_a bigness_n which_o render_v they_o altogether_o useless_a for_o our_o design_n wherefore_o we_o be_v fain_o for_o want_v of_o a_o exacter_n way_n to_o take_v a_o glass_n pipe_n of_o the_o most_o even_a and_o cylindrical_a that_o we_o have_v and_o of_o a_o bear_v capable_a to_o admit_v a_o big_a man_n little_a finger_n this_o glass_n be_v stop_v 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i_o shall_v content_v myself_o to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o obvious_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o cold_a that_o in_o river_n pond_n and_o other_o receptacle_n of_o water_n the_o congelation_n begin_v at_o the_o top_n where_o the_o liquor_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o immediate_a contact_n of_o the_o air_n which_o sufficient_o argue_v that_o the_o air_n be_v cold_a than_o the_o water_n since_o it_o be_v able_a not_o only_o sensible_o to_o refrigerate_v it_o but_o to_o deprive_v it_o of_o its_o fluidity_n and_o congeal_v it_o into_o ice_n whereas_o if_o the_o water_n itself_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la either_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v at_o least_o as_o to_o the_o major_a part_n of_o it_o always_o congeal_v or_o we_o may_v just_o demand_v a_o reason_n why_o when_o it_o do_v freeze_v the_o glaciation_n shall_v not_o begin_v in_o the_o middle_n or_o at_o the_o bottom_n as_o soon_o as_o at_o the_o top_n if_o not_o soon_o and_o our_o argument_n against_o the_o precedency_n 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prove_v that_o those_o thick_a mass_n of_o ice_n be_v not_o solid_a and_o entire_a piece_n but_o rather_o heap_n of_o many_o 〈◊〉_d and_o other_o fragment_n of_o ice_n which_o run_v upon_o one_o another_o or_o slide_v under_o one_o another_o be_v by_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o intercept_a water_n and_o perchance_o half_o thaw_v snow_n as_o it_o be_v cement_v together_o into_o misshapen_v and_o unwieldy_a mass_n which_o conjecture_n agree_v very_o well_o with_o that_o observation_n of_o the_o ingenious_a captain_n james_n which_o he_o deliver_v in_o these_o word_n it_o seldom_o rain_v after_o the_o middle_n of_o september_n but_o snow_n and_o that_o snow_n will_v not_o melt_v on_o the_o land_n nor_o sand_n at_o low_a water_n when_o it_o snow_v which_o it_o do_v very_o often_o the_o sand_n be_v all_o cover_v over_o with_o it_o which_o the_o half_a tide_n carry_v 〈◊〉_d ous_o twice_o in_o twenty_o four_o hour_n into_o the_o great_a bay_n which_o be_v the_o common_a rendezvous_n of_o it_o every_o low_a water_n be_v the_o sand_n leave_v clear_a to_o gather_v more_o to_o the_o increase_n of_o it_o thus_o do_v it_o daily_o gather_v in_o this_o manner_n till_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o octob._n and_o by_o that_o time_n have_v it_o bring_v the_o sea_n to_o that_o coldness_n that_o as_o it_o snow_v the_o snow_n will_v lie_v upon_o the_o water_n in_o flake_n without_o change_v its_o colour_n but_o with_o the_o wind_n be_v wrought_v together_o and_o as_o the_o winter_n go_v forward_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o it_o two_o or_o three_o inch_n or_o more_o in_o one_o night_n which_o be_v carry_v with_o the_o half_a tide_n meet_v with_o some_o obstacle_n as_o it_o soon_o do_v and_o then_o it_o crumple_v and_o so_o run_v upon_o itself_o that_o in_o few_o hour_n it_o will_v be_v five_o or_o six_o foot_n thick_a the_o half_a tide_n still_o flow_v carry_v it_o so_o fast_o away_o that_o by_o december_n it_o be_v grow_v to_o a_o infinite_a multiplication_n of_o ice_n thus_o far_o this_o navigator_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v another_o passage_n out_o of_o one_o of_o his_o countryman_n mr._n hudson_n famous_a for_o the_o northern_a discovery_n that_o bear_v his_o name_n by_o which_o add_v to_o what_o have_v be_v elsewhere_o deliver_v to_o the_o same_o purpose_n we_o may_v be_v invite_v to_o believe_v that_o the_o vast_a hill_n and_o island_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o about_o the_o strait_o of_o weigat_n and_o elsewhere_o be_v not_o generate_v of_o the_o sea_n itself_o 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v no_o marvel_n say_v he_o that_o there_o be_v so_o much_o ice_n in_o the_o sea_n towards_o the_o pole_n so_o many_o sound_v and_o river_n be_v in_o the_o land_n of_o nova_n zembla_n and_o newland_n to_o engender_v it_o beside_o the_o coast_n of_o pechora_n russia_n and_o greenland_n with_o lappia_n as_o by_o proof_n i_o find_v by_o my_o travel_n in_o these_o part_n 15._o but_o for_o all_o this_o i_o think_v not_o fit_a as_o do_v the_o ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o to_o make_v the_o water_n indifferent_a as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a for_o as_o i_o former_o note_v concern_v the_o earth_n so_o i_o must_v now_o represent_v touch_v the_o water_n that_o set_v aside_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v but_o adventitious_a where_o it_o do_v operate_v and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d many_o vast_a portion_n of_o that_o element_n which_o it_o 〈◊〉_d not_o 〈◊〉_d reach_v the_o insensible_a part_n of_o water_n be_v much_o less_o agitate_a than_o those_o of_o our_o sensory_n temperate_o dispose_v and_o consequent_o may_v in_o regard_n of_o we_o be_v judge_v cold_a for_o though_o water_n be_v a_o liquor_n i_o ready_o allow_v it_o a_o various_a motion_n of_o its_o component_a corpuscle_n that_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v a_o body_n fluid_fw-la yet_o such_o a_o agitation_n which_o be_v sufficient_a for_o fluidity_n may_v be_v and_o often_o be_v far_o more_o remiss_a then_o that_o of_o the_o spirit_n blood_n and_o other_o liquor_n of_o so_o hot_a a_o sanguineous_a animal_n as_o man_n as_o we_o see_v that_o urine_n though_o after_o it_o have_v be_v long_o omit_v it_o continue_v a_o fluid_a body_n yet_o its_o part_n be_v far_o less_o agitate_a than_o they_o be_v when_o it_o come_v hot_a and_o reek_v out_o of_o the_o bladder_n 16._o and_o upon_o this_o occasion_n i_o shall_v add_v what_o by_o inquiry_n i_o have_v learn_v that_o except_o the_o part_n somewhat_o near_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n which_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o neighbour_a lower_v region_n of_o the_o air_n may_v give_v some_o warmth_n to_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v very_o cold_a for_o be_v very_o well_o acquaint_v with_o one_o that_o for_o some_o time_n get_v a_o livelihood_n by_o go_v down_o into_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o fetch_v up_o what_o can_v be_v recover_v out_o of_o shipwrack_a vessel_n i_o purposely_o inquire_v of_o he_o what_o cold_a he_o feel_v under_o water_n and_o he_o more_o than_o once_o tell_v i_o that_o though_o near_a the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n the_o cold_a be_v very_o moderate_a yet_o when_o he_o be_v necessitate_v to_o descend_v a_o great_a depth_n he_o find_v it_o so_o great_a that_o he_o can_v not_o very_o long_o support_v it_o and_o particular_o he_o tell_v i_o that_o have_v occasion_n to_o descend_v about_o twelve_o or_o fourteen_o fathom_n deep_a which_o be_v nothing_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o many_o sea_n to_o fasten_v rope_n to_o the_o ordinance_n of_o a_o great_a ship_n that_o be_v some_o year_n since_o cast_v away_o near_o the_o coast_n of_o one_o of_o the_o northern_a country_n though_o the_o engine_n that_o be_v let_v down_o
have_v suffice_v to_o turn_v water_n into_o ice_n and_o also_o after_o they_o have_v be_v if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v thaw_v in_o a_o warm_a air._n but_o the_o paper_n in_o which_o we_o register_v the_o event_n of_o these_o trial_n have_v be_v mislay_v i_o dare_v not_o charge_v my_o memory_n with_o the_o particular_n only_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o one_o or_o two_o of_o the_o stone_n seem_v to_o have_v increase_v in_o weight_n after_o have_v be_v bury_v in_o our_o frigorifick_a mixture_n which_o i_o be_v apt_a to_o impute_v to_o some_o particle_n of_o the_o ice_n resolve_v into_o water_n by_o the_o salt_n that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o and_o be_v perhaps_o make_v more_o pierce_a by_o the_o saline_a particle_n associate_v with_o they_o imbibe_v into_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o stone_n for_o i_o remember_v that_o have_v procure_v a_o experiment_n that_o i_o then_o want_v conveniency_n to_o try_v myself_o to_o be_v make_v by_o a_o ingenious_a person_n upon_o a_o stone_n hard_a enough_o to_o bear_v a_o good_a polish_v i_o be_v by_o he_o inform_v that_o the_o stone_n by_o have_v be_v keep_v a_o while_n in_o water_n do_v though_o it_o be_v afterward_o wipe_v dry_a discover_v a_o manifest_a increase_n of_o weight_n and_o in_o confirmation_n of_o my_o conjecture_n i_o shall_v add_v that_o from_o a_o sort_n of_o stone_n that_o be_v of_o a_o texture_n close_a enough_o to_o be_v usual_o polish_a i_o do_v as_o i_o expect_v obtain_v by_o distillation_n and_o that_o without_o a_o naked_a fire_n a_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o a_o almost_o insipid_a liquor_n which_o i_o suspect_v to_o be_v in_o good_a part_n but_o water_n soak_v into_o the_o stone_n for_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v not_o worth_a while_n here_o to_o discourse_v of_o the_o cause_n of_o my_o mention_v these_o particular_n be_v that_o i_o hope_v they_o may_v make_v those_o that_o shall_v hereafter_o try_v such_o experiment_n cautious_a how_o they_o draw_v inference_n from_o they_o and_o may_v invite_v they_o to_o expose_v the_o body_n they_o will_v make_v trial_n of_o rather_o to_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o free_a air_n in_o very_o sharp_a weather_n for_o want_n of_o which_o we_o ourselves_o can_v not_o do_v what_o we_o advise_v then_o to_o artificial_a glaciation_n at_o least_o unless_o they_o be_v so_o order_v that_o nothing_o that_o be_v moist_a come_v to_o touch_v the_o body_n to_o be_v wrought_v upon_o 14._o but_o such_o trial_n as_o these_o new_o mention_v and_o other_o of_o the_o like_a kind_n we_o must_v leave_v to_o be_v prosecute_v by_o those_o that_o be_v furnish_v with_o accurate_a scale_n and_o leisure_n for_o want_v of_o the_o latter_a of_o which_o and_o sometime_o too_o of_o the_o former_a we_o be_v fain_o to_o give_v over_o the_o pursuit_n of_o they_o which_o trouble_v we_o the_o less_o because_o those_o make_v with_o the_o seal_a vial_n be_v diligent_o make_v and_o as_o for_o divers_a other_o we_o make_v they_o as_o we_o be_v say_v more_o to_o be_v able_a to_o gratify_v other_o then_o to_o satisfy_v ourselves_o because_o though_o in_o case_n there_o shall_v unquestionable_o appear_v some_o sensible_a increase_n or_o decrement_n of_o weight_n upon_o that_o which_o the_o atomist_n will_v call_v the_o accession_n or_o expiration_n of_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n it_o will_v afford_v a_o plausible_a argument_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o epicurean_a doctrine_n about_o the_o generation_n of_o ice_n yet_o if_o no_o such_o change_n of_o weight_n shall_v be_v find_v upon_o the_o freeze_a or_o the_o thaw_v of_o water_n or_o any_o other_o body_n i_o doubt_v whether_o it_o may_v on_o the_o contrary_a be_v safe_o conclude_v that_o the_o atomist_n theory_n of_o cold_a be_v false_a for_o possible_o they_o may_v pretend_v that_o the_o atom_n of_o cold_a may_v not_o have_v either_o gravity_n or_o levity_n any_o more_o than_o the_o steam_n of_o electrical_a body_n or_o the_o effluvia_fw-la of_o the_o loadstone_n nay_o though_o we_o shall_v admit_v the_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n not_o to_o be_v altogether_o devoid_a of_o gravity_n it_o may_v yet_o be_v say_v that_o when_o they_o invade_v the_o body_n they_o freeze_v they_o expel_v thence_o some_o other_o preexistent_a atom_n that_o may_v also_o have_v some_o little_a weight_n and_o that_o the_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n that_o fly_v or_o be_v drive_v away_o may_v be_v succeed_v by_o some_o such_o when_o body_n come_v to_o be_v thaw_v but_o of_o this_o no_o more_o at_o present_a appendix_n to_o the_o xx._n title_n the_o experiment_n record_v in_o the_o forego_n section_n may_v perchance_o in_o this_o regard_n prove_v more_o useful_a than_o i_o be_v aware_a of_o that_o they_o may_v keep_v man_n from_o be_v mislead_v by_o the_o contrary_a account_n that_o i_o find_v to_o have_v be_v give_v of_o the_o weight_n of_o ice_n and_o water_n by_o no_o obscure_a writer_n for_o to_o spare_v one_o of_o the_o famous_a of_o the_o ancient_n helmont_n in_o the_o treatise_n he_o call_v gas_n aquae_n where_o he_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o congelation_n of_o water_n which_o i_o confess_v to_o be_v unintelligible_a enough_o to_o i_o and_o where_o he_o be_v please_v to_o ascribe_v to_o i_o know_v not_o what_o extenuation_n of_o part_n of_o the_o sulphur_n he_o suppose_v to_o be_v in_o water_n that_o levity_n of_o ice_n which_o the_o bubble_n it_o contain_v afford_v we_o a_o intelligible_a and_o ready_a account_n of_o deliver_v very_o positive_o this_o experiment_n imple_a say_v he_o lagenam_fw-la 35._o vitream_fw-la &_o magnam_fw-la frustis_fw-la glaciei_fw-la collum_fw-la verò_fw-la claudatur_fw-la sigillo_fw-la hermetis_n id_fw-la est_fw-la per_fw-la vitri_fw-la ibidem_fw-la liquationem_fw-la ponatur_fw-la haectum_fw-la lagena_fw-la in_o bilance_fw-la adjecto_fw-la pondere_fw-la in_o oppositum_fw-la &_o videbis_fw-la quod_fw-la propemodum_fw-la octava_fw-la svi_fw-la parte_fw-la aqua_fw-la post_fw-la resolutam_fw-la glaciem_fw-la erit_fw-la ponderosiior_fw-la seipsa_fw-la glacie_n quod_fw-la cum_fw-la millesy_n ex_fw-la eadem_fw-la aqua_fw-la fieri_fw-la possit_fw-la etc._n etc._n thus_o far_o helmont_n who_o in_o case_n he_o take_v lagena_fw-la vitrea_fw-la in_o the_o ordinary_a acception_n of_o the_o word_n will_v have_v make_v we_o some_o amends_o for_o this_o erroneous_a account_n if_o he_o have_v teach_v we_o the_o way_n how_o he_o can_v seal_v such_o a_o broad_a vessel_n as_o a_o glass_n flagon_n hermetical_o but_o what_o have_v be_v deliver_v in_o the_o forego_n section_n will_v sufficient_o show_v what_o be_v to_o be_v think_v of_o this_o experiment_n of_o helmont_n and_o for_o further_a confirmation_n we_o have_v several_a time_n weigh_v ice_n freeze_v and_o reduce_v to_o water_n without_o find_v any_o cause_n to_o doubt_v but_o that_o helmont_n be_v mistake_v and_o particular_o upon_o the_o last_o trial_n i_o make_v of_o this_o kind_n have_v fill_v a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n with_o solid_a fragment_n of_o ice_n together_o with_o it_o amount_v to_o a_o pound_n of_o which_o the_o glass_n alone_o weigh_v somewhat_o above_o five_o ounce_n i_o whelm_v over_o the_o mouth_n of_o it_o another_o flat_a bottom_n glass_n that_o if_o any_o vapour_n shall_v ascend_v they_o may_v be_v condense_v into_o drop_n as_o in_o the_o like_a case_n i_o have_v former_o observe_v they_o to_o do_v and_o this_o ice_n be_v thaw_v in_o a_o warm_a room_n as_o no_o drop_n be_v see_v to_o stick_v to_o the_o inside_n of_o the_o invert_v glass_n so_o the_o other_o glass_n be_v again_o put_v into_o the_o same_o scale_n appear_v almost_o exact_o of_o the_o same_o weight_n as_o former_o whereas_o the_o ice_n alone_o that_o have_v be_v resolve_v amount_v to_o much_o above_o eight_o ounce_n according_a to_o helmont_n proportion_n the_o weight_n shall_v have_v be_v augment_v by_o a_o whole_a ounce_n at_o least_o and_o i_o make_v little_a doubt_n but_o that_o if_o the_o experiment_n have_v be_v try_v in_o great_a quantity_n of_o ice_n the_o event_n will_v have_v be_v very_o little_a if_o at_o all_o different_z but_o i_o purposely_o choose_v in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d experiment_n about_o cold_a to_o make_v my_o i_o rial_n in_o no_o great_a quantity_n of_o matter_n than_o i_o have_v do_v because_o it_o be_v very_o difficult_a to_o get_v scale_n strong_a enough_o to_o weigh_v without_o be_v injure_v much_o great_a weight_n and_o yet_o be_v accurate_a enough_o to_o discover_v true_o such_o small_a difference_n as_o be_v fit_a to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o in_o such_o experiment_n but_o to_o return_v to_o helmont_n notwithstanding_o all_o that_o we_o have_v say_v against_o what_o he_o deliver_v about_o the_o weight_n of_o ice_n yet_o because_o i_o take_v this_o inquisitive_a chemist_n to_o have_v be_v in_o spite_n of_o all_o his_o extravagancy_n a_o benefactor_n to_o experimental_a learning_n i_o be_o willing_a to_o suggest_v on_o his_o behalf_n that_o possible_o much_o of_o the_o additional_a weight_n he_o
pottinger_n that_o contain_v the_o cold_a liquor_n begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o ¼_n after_o ten_o that_o which_o contain_v the_o water_n heat_v and_o cool_v again_o begin_v to_o freeze_v ¾_n past_o ten_o and_o that_o which_o contain_v the_o hot_a water_n at_o half_a a_o hour_n after_o eleven_o and_o somewhat_o better_a so_o that_o though_o all_o freeze_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o two_o hour_n yet_o the_o cold_a water_n begin_v this_o time_n to_o freeze_v a_o hour_n and_o a_o ¼_n soon_o than_o the_o hot_a these_o pottinger_n be_v earthen_a but_o i_o elsewhere_o make_v the_o trial_n in_o other_o of_o metal_n and_o there_o also_o the_o cold_a water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v both_o before_o that_o which_o have_v be_v heat_v and_o cool_v again_o and_o long_o before_o the_o hot_a another_o time_n i_o measure_v out_o the_o water_n by_o spoonful_n into_o pottinger_n not_o have_v then_o by_o i_o any_o fit_a scale_n to_o weigh_v it_o to_o be_v the_o more_o sure_a that_o the_o quantity_n of_o water_n shall_v not_o be_v considerable_o unequal_a and_o then_o also_o the_o cold_a water_n freeze_v a_o considerable_a while_n before_o the_o hot_a but_o my_o usual_a jealousy_n in_o the_o make_n nice_a experiment_n tempt_v i_o to_o inquire_v whether_o the_o water_n in_o some_o of_o the_o former_a trial_n have_v not_o be_v heat_v in_o a_o stone_n bottle_n not_o a_o skillet_n it_o be_v confess_v that_o it_o be_v so_o but_o that_o the_o bottle_n use_v to_o contain_v nothing_o but_o beer_n and_o have_v be_v wash_v beforehand_o and_o though_o i_o do_v not_o think_v that_o the_o bottle_n can_v have_v any_o considerable_a influence_n on_o the_o experiment_n yet_o lest_o it_o shall_v be_v suspect_v that_o the_o scald_a water_n mighr_fw-mi have_v imbibe_v some_o spirituous_a part_n remain_v yet_o among_o the_o minute_n dregs_o of_o beer_n in_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o bottle_n for_o the_o great_a security_n i_o cause_v the_o water_n to_o be_v heat_v in_o a_o skillet_n and_o because_o in_o one_o of_o the_o trial_n make_v in_o a_o village_n where_o we_o have_v not_o choice_n of_o pottinger_n the_o cold_a water_n chance_v to_o be_v put_v into_o one_o that_o afterward_o seem_v less_o then_o that_o wherein_o the_o hot_a be_v expose_v i_o do_v this_o very_a day_n repeat_v the_o experiment_n by_o put_v cold_a water_n into_o a_o somewhat_o large_a pottinger_n heat_n the_o other_o water_n in_o a_o skillet_n and_o the_o event_n of_o the_o trial_n be_v this_o that_o the_o cold_a water_n be_v put_v out_o with_o the_o rest_n at_o ¾_n after_o 6._o begin_v to_o freeze_v somewhat_o before_o ½_o after_o 7._o the_o water_n heat_v and_o cool_v again_o begin_v to_o freeze_v ¾_n after_o 7._o and_o have_v these_o freeze_a water_n a_o pretty_a while_n by_o i_o i_o send_v in_o for_o my_o own_o further_a satisfaction_n for_o the_o hot_a water_n and_o find_v it_o not_o to_o be_v in_o the_o least_o freeze_v at_o half_a a_o quarter_n after_o 8._o so_o that_o suppose_v it_o to_o continue_v half_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o hour_n long_o before_o the_o begin_n of_o its_o congelation_n least_o it_o be_v twice_o as_o long_o ere_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v as_o the_o cold_a water_n have_v be_v by_o which_o we_o may_v see_v how_o well_o bestow_v their_o labour_n have_v be_v that_o have_v puzzle_v themselves_o and_o other_o to_o give_v the_o reason_n of_o a_o phaenomenon_n which_o perhaps_o with_o half_a the_o pain_n they_o may_v have_v find_v to_o be_v but_o chymaerical_a i_o have_v be_v the_o more_o circumstantial_a in_o set_v down_o these_o trial_n that_o i_o may_v express_v a_o civility_n to_o so_o famous_a a_o philosopher_n as_o aristotle_n and_o also_o because_o artificial_a congelation_n which_o we_o can_v common_o best_a command_n and_o which_o we_o have_v the_o often_o use_v about_o our_o other_o experiment_n be_v not_o so_o proper_a for_o this_o for_o have_v former_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o take_v two_o pipe_n of_o glass_n make_v of_o the_o same_o cylinder_n that_o they_o may_v be_v of_o equal_a bore_n and_o have_v seal_v each_o of_o they_o at_o one_o end_n and_o have_v fill_v both_o to_o the_o same_o height_n and_o then_o stir_v they_o too_o and_o fro_o together_o in_o a_o mixture_n of_o beat_a ice_n water_n and_o salt_n which_o mixture_n i_o make_v use_n of_o for_o the_o effect_v sudden_a congelation_n i_o find_v both_o water_n to_o freeze_v too_o quick_o to_o make_v a_o notable_a disparity_n in_o the_o length_n of_o time_n that_o they_o remain_v uncongeal_v and_o we_o will_v not_o on_o this_o occasion_n omit_v one_o phaenomenon_n afford_v we_o by_o these_o trial_n because_o it_o may_v admonish_v man_n how_o cautious_a they_o ought_v to_o be_v in_o make_v nice_a experiment_n for_o have_v once_o make_v the_o former_o mention_v trial_n with_o glass_n pipe_n that_o be_v but_o 〈◊〉_d as_o not_o exceed_v the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o a_o man_n forefinger_n and_o have_v for_o great_a caution_n put_v the_o hot_a water_n first_o into_o one_o glass_n and_o then_o into_o another_o we_o find_v one_o time_n that_o the_o hot_a water_n freeze_v first_o and_o wonder_v at_o it_o we_o examine_v the_o glass_n and_o perceive_v one_o of_o they_o to_o be_v more_o conical_a or_o acuminate_v where_o it_o have_v be_v seal_v up_o then_o the_o other_o it_o seem_v probable_a and_o afterward_o appear_v true_a that_o the_o water_n in_o this_o acuminate_v part_n be_v sudden_o freeze_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o slenderness_n of_o the_o glass_n there_o promote_v and_o accelerate_a the_o congelation_n of_o the_o rest_n so_o that_o whether_o it_o be_v the_o cold_a or_o the_o hot_a water_n that_o be_v put_v into_o that_o pipe_n it_o will_v thereby_o gain_v a_o manifest_a advantage_n in_o the_o forego_n experiment_n make_v in_o pottinger_n i_o make_v use_v not_o only_o of_o cold_a and_o hot_a water_n but_o of_o water_n that_o have_v be_v heat_v and_o cool_v again_o though_o not_o reduce_v to_o its_o full_a pristine_a coldness_n to_o prevent_v the_o objection_n of_o some_o that_o may_v pretend_v that_o such_o water_n will_v have_v freeze_v soon_o than_o cold_a which_o yet_o will_v not_o salve_v the_o common_a opinion_n which_o specify_v not_o such_o water_n postscript_n and_o it_o seem_v that_o such_o caution_n as_o i_o have_v be_v mention_v be_v not_o altogether_o useless_a for_o accidental_o cast_v my_o eye_n upon_o the_o circulus_fw-la pisanus_n of_o berigardus_n upon_o aristotle_n meteor_n i_o somewhat_o wonder_v to_o find_v that_o a_o author_n who_o be_v look_v upon_o to_o be_v a_o great_a adversary_n of_o aristotle_n except_o in_o his_o dangerous_a and_o ill-grounded_a conceit_n of_o the_o eternity_n of_o the_o world_n and_o some_o other_o erroneous_a opinion_n do_v yet_o endeavour_v to_o justify_v aristotle_n by_o affirm_v that_o his_o experiment_n will_v succeed_v if_o by_o heat_a water_n we_o understand_v that_o which_o have_v be_v heat_v be_v suffer_v to_o cool_v again_o till_o it_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o temper_n of_o other_o water_n which_o 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be_v freeze_v but_o for_o further_a satisfaction_n we_o elsewhere_o take_v two_o pottinger_n buy_v purposely_o for_o the_o make_n of_o experiment_n of_o the_o same_o size_n and_o shape_n and_o in_o the_o same_o shop_n one_o of_o these_o we_o almost_o fill_v with_o cold_a water_n out_o of_o a_o glass_n wherein_o we_o mark_v how_o high_a that_o water_n reach_v that_o by_o fill_v the_o same_o glass_n to_o the_o same_o height_n with_o the_o refrigerated_a water_n we_o may_v be_v able_a to_o measure_v out_o the_o same_o quantity_n into_o the_o other_o pottinger_n this_o do_v i_o appoint_v one_o who_o care_n i_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o distrust_v to_o examine_v the_o temper_n of_o the_o several_a water_n with_o a_o more_o then_o ordinary_o sensible_a weatherglass_n as_o a_o far_o safe_a
have_v imagine_v that_o cold_a may_v afford_v a_o hopefull_a way_n than_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v any_o man_n have_v use_v of_o bring_v this_o controversy_n to_o the_o dicision_n of_o a_o experiment_n i_o make_v that_o attempt_n that_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o xii_o title_n in_o prosecution_n of_o which_o as_o soon_o as_o i_o can_v procure_v some_o though_o but_o some_o of_o the_o accommodation_n which_o i_o long_o want_v i_o make_v a_o experiment_n which_o i_o shall_v subjoin_v because_o though_o it_o be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o with_o better_a implement_n i_o can_v have_v make_v it_o yet_o the_o way_n i_o choose_v have_v as_o i_o partly_o intimate_v elsewhere_o these_o two_o advantage_n that_o the_o force_n employ_v to_o compress_v the_o air_n be_v both_o very_a great_a and_o very_o gradual_o and_o slow_o apply_v and_o that_o the_o vessel_n will_v not_o like_o those_o that_o have_v be_v hitherto_o make_v use_n of_o give_v any_o passage_n through_o its_o pore_n to_o water_n 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be_v till_o then_o make_v to_o compress_v water_n the_o condensation_n in_o case_n there_o be_v real_o any_o may_v perchance_o proceed_v from_o the_o compression_n of_o the_o aerial_a particle_n that_o i_o have_v show_v to_o be_v wont_a to_o lie_v disperse_v in_o the_o pore_n of_o common_a water_n but_o though_o the_o considerable_a expansion_n of_o water_n notwithstanding_o the_o break_n of_o the_o bubble_n in_o our_o present_a experiment_n seem_v manifest_o to_o argue_v that_o this_o can_v be_v but_o a_o concurrent_a cause_n if_o it_o have_v any_o sensible_a effect_n at_o all_o of_o our_o phaenomena_n yet_o i_o dare_v not_o absolute_o rely_v even_o upon_o a_o experiment_n that_o seem_v so_o cogent_a till_o i_o have_v satisfy_v myself_o that_o no_o springiness_n which_o i_o have_v sometime_o suspect_v may_v be_v in_o the_o ice_n have_v any_o interest_n in_o the_o produce_v effect_n and_o that_o the_o great_a pressure_n of_o the_o forcible_o condense_v air_n do_v not_o make_v the_o 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have_v judge_v they_o strong_a enough_o to_o endure_v such_o a_o compression_n of_o the_o include_v air_n as_o we_o have_v often_o make_v on_o other_o occasion_n the_o effect_n will_v probable_o have_v be_v much_o more_o considerable_a for_o though_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o length_n of_o the_o same_o water_n compress_v and_o uncompress_v amount_v to_o a_o aqueous_a cylinder_n of_o ⅜_n of_o a_o inch_n in_o height_n yet_o the_o air_n that_o make_v this_o compression_n of_o the_o water_n be_v itself_o reduce_v but_o from_o 8._o inch_n to_o 5._o so_o that_o it_o take_v up_o almost_o half_a its_o former_a room_n whereas_o we_o have_v sometime_o reduce_v it_o to_o a_o 18._o or_o 20._o part_n thereof_o if_o i_o have_v be_v accommodate_v with_o one_o of_o my_o pneumatical_a engine_n i_o shall_v have_v try_v whether_o water_n be_v first_o careful_o free_v from_o the_o latitant_fw-la air_n in_o the_o exhaust_a receiver_n and_o then_o compress_v after_o the_o manner_n hitherto_o 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of_o some_o liquor_n will_v show_v none_o in_o a_o great_a the_o method_n i_o shall_v follow_v in_o deliver_v my_o observation_n shall_v be_v first_o to_o run_v over_o the_o various_a liquor_n or_o body_n whether_o fluid_a or_o consistent_a simple_a or_o compound_v etc._n etc._n use_v in_o this_o work_n second_o what_o figure_v observable_a in_o those_o ice_n three_o some_o effect_n arise_v 〈◊〉_d four_o some_o property_n and_o quality_n five_o some_o let_n or_o help_v both_o to_o freeze_a and_o thaw_v six_o some_o use_v 〈◊〉_d ice_n in_o pursuance_n of_o which_o particular_n i_o have_v recourse_n to_o those_o ingenious_a 〈◊〉_d of_o mr._n 〈◊〉_d register_v in_o your_o cimelia_fw-la and_o then_o to_o bartholinus_n his_o late_a book_n de_fw-fr nive_n and_o to_o my_o own_o collect_v note_n from_o various_a author_n add_v whatsoever_o trial_n i_o think_v meet_v and_o in_o all_o these_o i_o have_v bare_o set_v down_o matter_n of_o fact_n neither_o mention_v the_o author_n nor_o their_o error_n which_o will_v have_v be_v both_o nauseous_a and_o tedious_a nor_o 〈◊〉_d i_o endeavour_v to_o render_v a_o reason_n of_o the_o various_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o can_v be_v do_v without_o a_o volume_n but_o shall_v leave_v that_o province_n to_o a_o honourable_a person_n of_o this_o society_n who_o have_v have_v much_o experience_n and_o reflection_n on_o this_o subject_n and_o now_o to_o my_o task_n as_o to_o my_o first_o head_n of_o thing_n use_v i_o shall_v begin_v with_o common_a water_n which_o i_o expose_v in_o a_o triple_a 〈◊〉_d in_o like_a quantity_n and_o in_o open_a 〈◊〉_d viz._n first_o cold_a second_o boil_v hot_a three_o a_o equal_a mixture_n of_o both_o the_o former_a the_o effect_n be_v this_o the_o cold_a be_v freeze_v in_o one_o hour_n the_o boil_a hot_a in_o two_o hour_n and_o the_o mix_v in_o hour_n 1_o and_o ½_o but_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o the_o cold_a do_v freeze_v first_o at_o the_o top_n and_o side_n and_o have_v a_o large_a thick_a 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horse-raddish_n and_o 〈◊〉_d have_v be_v infuse_v will_v not_o 〈◊〉_d so_o soon_o as_o other_o strong_a beer_n without_o they_o orange_n and_o lemon_n freeze_v have_v a_o tough_a and_o hard_a rind_n their_o icy_a juice_n lose_v much_o of_o their_o genuine_a taste_n they_o be_v both_o freeze_a hard_a in_o 26._o hour_n or_o a_o little_a more_o have_v a_o thick_a rind_n they_o as_o other_o fruit_n when_o thaw_v soon_o become_v rot_v and_o therefore_o the_o fruiterer_n keep_v they_o under_o ground_n in_o low_a cellar_n and_o cover_v they_o with_o straw_n as_o they_o do_v their_o apple_n which_o do_v expose_v in_o one_o night_n freeze_v throughout_o if_o you_o cut_v one_o of_o they_o through_o the_o middle_n it_o will_v have_v on_o both_o the_o plain_n a_o most_o pure_a thin_a ice_n hardly_o discernible_a by_o the_o eye_n but_o easy_o by_o the_o touch_n or_o by_o scrape_v it_o off_o with_o a_o knife_n the_o cores_fw-la of_o these_o apple_n soon_o turn_v brown_a and_o begin_v their_o 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less_o than_o the_o liquor_n of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v for_o i_o can_v never_o discern_v any_o object_n though_o but_o confuse_o a_o foot_n beyond_o the_o clear_a piece_n of_o ice_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o many_o bubble_n and_o luminous_a part_n within_o it_o which_o bubble_n show_v only_a shadow_n but_o the_o ice_n its_o self_n interpose_v betwixt_o your_o eye_n and_o a_o candle_n appear_v in_o many_o round_a circle_n from_o which_o proceed_v many_o ray_n of_o light_n four_o or_o five_o or_o more_o in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o star_n of_o about_o a_o ¼_n of_o a_o inch_n in_o diameter_n which_o so_o glase_v your_o eye_n you_o can_v scarce_o see_v any_o thing_n but_o bright_a light_n and_o shadow_n as_o for_o its_o penetration_n and_o thickness_n something_o have_v be_v say_v above_o to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o i_o have_v see_v the_o thames_n ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o eight_o inch_n or_o more_o near_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o river_n and_o on_o the_o side_n much_o 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fall_n as_o the_o receive_a opinion_n of_o philosopher_n assert_n 10._o snow_n abound_v with_o fat_a this_o i_o understand_v not_o 11._o snow_n with_o ice_n swim_v on_o water_n this_o be_v a_o clear_a consequence_n from_o the_o seven_o assertion_n 12._o snow-water_n boil_v meat_n soon_o and_o make_v the_o flesh_n white_a i_o try_v this_o in_o flesh_n and_o fish_n but_o can_v find_v no_o manifest_a difference_n either_o to_o their_o soon_o boil_a or_o whiteness_n 13._o snow_n new_o fall_v have_v no_o taste_n but_o lie_v long_o on_o the_o ground_n or_o freeze_v somewhat_o bite_v the_o tongue_n my_o taste_n be_v not_o so_o acute_a as_o to_o distinguish_v the_o bite_n of_o one_o from_o the_o other_o it_o be_v true_a indeed_o that_o snow_n freeze_v do_v more_o affect_v the_o tongue_n with_o its_o coldness_n than_o snow_n alone_o 14._o worm_n be_v sometime_o find_v in_o snow_n this_o neither_o my_o own_o observation_n nor_o relation_n from_o other_o can_v make_v out_o 15._o from_o snow_n 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and_o fill_v in_o part_n with_o tinged_a spirit_n of_o wine_n which_o i_o shall_v deliver_v brief_o and_o in_o gross_a and_o not_o each_o day_n alteration_n apart_o i_o take_v then_o two_o of_o the_o say_a glass_n of_o equal_a dimension_n as_o near_o as_o may_v be_v and_o fill_v they_o with_o the_o same_o spirit_n of_o wine_n one_o of_o they_o i_o place_v in_o my_o study-window_n stand_v northwest_n the_o other_o in_o mr._n pulleyns_n warehouse_n under_o st._n pauls-church_n and_o choose_v there_o a_o small_a recess_n or_o room_n which_o be_v most_o remote_a from_o the_o entrance_n and_o the_o warm_a in_o the_o whole_a warehouse_n both_o the_o glass_n be_v settle_v in_o their_o station_n the_o 15._o of_o october_n 1662._o the_o spirit_n in_o both_o have_v the_o altitude_n of_o three_o inch_n just_a when_o the_o glass_n in_o my_o study_n be_v depress_v by_o the_o cold_a a_o inch_n i_o go_v and_o observe_v that_o in_o the_o warehouse_n to_o have_v receive_v no_o manifest_a change_n in_o 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the_o cold_a season_n and_o to_o this_o purpose_n i_o several_a time_n send_v in_o at_o night_n my_o hard_a freeze_a liquor_n which_o be_v constant_o thaw_v in_o the_o morning_n though_o it_o freeze_v exceed_v hard_o above_o ground_n the_o glass_n in_o my_o study_n after_o two_o day_n hard_a freeze_a be_v sink_v below_o my_o mark_n into_o the_o very_a ball_n so_o that_o i_o can_v make_v no_o far_a observation_n concern_v the_o cold_a above_o ground_n from_o the_o former_a observation_n that_o popular_a error_n be_v manifest_o refute_v viz._n that_o cellar_n and_o subterraneous_a place_n be_v hot_a in_o the_o winter_n then_o in_o the_o summer_n which_o though_o they_o appear_v so_o to_o we_o because_o they_o warm_v we_o in_o the_o winter_n and_o cool_v we_o in_o the_o summer_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o so_o in_o themselves_o for_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o former_a experiment_n that_o in_o the_o cold_a season_n the_o spirit_n be_v depress_v to_o two_o inch_n and_o ¼_n and_o rise_v in_o 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with_o the_o next_o day_n confirm_v the_o wind_n then_o blow_v hard_o at_o south-west_n i_o find_v in_o the_o morning_n all_o the_o liquor_n freeze_v except_o the_o shall_v gem_n expose_v in_o a_o earthen_a pan_n which_o show_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o dish_n some_o seem_o crystallize_v salt_v the_o oil_n of_o the_o say_a fruit_n become_v very_o friable_a and_o of_o a_o milky_a white_a colour_n but_o the_o train-oyl_n only_o lose_v its_o fluidity_n and_o become_v of_o the_o consistence_n of_o soft_a greese_v and_o the_o same_o night_n a_o bottle_n of_o the_o rhenish_a wine_n call_v backrag_v and_o another_o of_o lusty_a white-wine_n stand_v in_o a_o room_n a_o story_n high_a expose_v to_o the_o say_a wind_n have_v most_o of_o the_o wine_n freeze_v in_o they_o the_o ice_n whereof_o be_v take_v out_o taste_v somewhat_o weak_a than_o the_o wine_n itself_o all_o the_o same_o thing_n happen_v the_o six_o night_n of_o the_o same_o month_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o pint_n of_o claret_n and_o the_o sack_n in_o the_o tube_n be_v both_o freeze_a throughout_o these_o two_o night_n and_o after_o their_o double_a freeze_a and_o thaw_v they_o lose_v nothing_o of_o their_o spirit_n colour_n and_o taste_v nay_o the_o claret_n be_v a_o strong_a burgundy_n wine_n though_o it_o often_o suffer_v glaciation_n and_o thaw_v for_o three_o week_n together_o yet_o in_o all_o that_o time_n suffer_v no_o manifest_a alteration_n but_o appear_v the_o same_o to_o sense_n as_o when_o it_o be_v expose_v in_o colour_n taste_n and_o strength_n as_o to_o the_o concentration_n of_o colour_a liquor_n mr._n haak_n show_v i_o a_o oval_a glass_n have_v at_o one_o end_v a_o narrow_a cane_n above_o a_o inch_n long_o almost_o fill_v with_o water_n tinge_v with_o cochineel_n freeze_v throughout_o the_o ice_n round_o about_o towards_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n show_v whole_o colourless_a but_o that_o in_o the_o midst_n be_v of_o a_o exceed_o high_a dye_n but_o the_o ice_n that_o be_v raise_v to_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v light_o tinge_v with_o a_o scarlet_a hue_n hereupon_o have_v some_o flask_n by_o i_o i_o put_v into_o one_o a_o strong_a decoction_n of_o cochineel_n and_o into_o another_o a_o like_a decoction_n of_o soot_n which_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n and_o encompass_v in_o a_o vessel_n with_o snow_n and_o salt_n they_o do_v freeze_v to_o the_o thickness_n of_o a_o inch_n or_o more_o and_o the_o air_n than_o beginning_n to_o relax_v i_o break_v the_o flask_n and_o the_o desolved_a ice_n yield_v a_o water_n total_o colourless_a i_o make_v also_o a_o experiment_n with_o a_o very_a strong_a decoction_n of_o gentian_a root_n which_o be_v expose_v in_o a_o four_o ounce_n vial_n the_o ice_n thereof_o have_v
a_o far_o deep_a colour_n and_o bitter_a taste_n in_o the_o middle_n and_o towards_o the_o bottom_n then_o towards_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o and_o whereas_o barclay_n relate_v that_o king_n james_n be_v in_o denmark_n to_o fetch_v his_o queen_n thence_o in_o the_o winter_n season_n have_v his_o nose_n and_o ear_n in_o danger_n of_o gangreen_v which_o be_v timely_o perceive_v by_o some_o of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n nobility_n they_o cause_v the_o part_n to_o be_v rub_v with_o snow_n and_o so_o the_o danger_n be_v avoid_v the_o same_o traveller_n affirm_v that_o in_o the_o northern_a part_n where_o man_n become_v stiff_a with_o cold_a and_o almost_o freeze_v to_o death_n that_o they_o rub_v the_o freeze_a part_n with_o snow_n or_o else_o cast_v the_o whole_a body_n into_o water_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o whole_a body_n be_v crust_v over_o with_o ice_n as_o egg_n and_o apple_n be_v as_o if_o the_o freeze_a atom_n do_v pass_v from_o the_o body_n freeze_v into_o the_o water_n or_o snow_n and_o this_o way_n of_o cure_v gangrene_n from_o cold_a sennertus_n do_v prescribe_v to_o make_v some_o experiment_n hereof_o i_o expose_v flesh_n and_o fish_n and_o find_v that_o by_o immerse_v they_o into_o water_n they_o soon_o become_v more_o limber_a and_o flexible_a and_o more_o easy_o yield_v to_o the_o knife_n and_o compass_v with_o a_o crust_n of_o ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o about_o half_a a_o crown_n manifest_a token_n of_o their_o thaw_v and_o be_v cut_v they_o discover_v nothing_o of_o ice_n in_o they_o this_o for_o more_o certainty_n i_o often_o reiterated_a as_o also_o in_o egg_n and_o apple_n above_o a_o dozen_o time_n and_o never_o fail_v of_o unthaw_v they_o by_o this_o way_n it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v if_o you_o immerse_v the_o flesh_n fish_n egg_n or_o apple_n deep_a into_o the_o water_n no_o ice_n will_v appear_v on_o their_o outside_n but_o only_o when_o you_o hold_v they_o near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n as_o to_o the_o persian_a experiment_n mention_v by_o olearius_n of_o make_v huge_a heap_n of_o ice_n to_o be_v preserve_v for_o cool_v of_o their_o drink_n i_o observe_v that_o by_o pour_v water_n into_o a_o open_a pan_n or_o into_o a_o flask_n gradual_o some_o at_o one_o time_n some_o at_o another_o i_o can_v quick_o freeze_v by_o this_o way_n a_o whole_a flaskfull_a when_o near_o half_a of_o a_o flask_n fill_v at_o one_o though_o help_v by_o art_n be_v unfrozen_a i_o observe_v also_o that_o the_o ditch_n betwixt_o southwark_n and_o redderiff_n have_v acquire_v a_o exceed_a thickness_n of_o ice_n cause_v by_o the_o flow_a of_o the_o water_n in_o they_o at_o full_a tide_n for_o new_a water_n be_v bring_v in_o by_o the_o tide_n be_v there_o congeal_v to_o the_o thickness_n of_o some_o inch_n every_o ebb_a and_o flow_v i_o observe_v also_o the_o ice_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o thames_n above_o two_o yard_n thick_a the_o inhabitant_n tell_v i_o they_o have_v see_v it_o three_o or_o four_o yard_n thick_a which_o thus_o come_v to_o pass_v the_o tide_n flow_v in_o and_o meet_v with_o great_a flake_n of_o ice_n drive_v they_o to_o the_o bank_n and_o lodge_v they_o on_o the_o ice_n there_o freeze_v which_o flake_n unite_n there_o with_o the_o former_a ice_n raise_v it_o to_o that_o excessive_a height_n or_o thickness_n beside_o every_o one_o may_v observe_v in_o london_n street_n and_o elsewhere_o in_o channel_n where_o no_o constant_a current_n be_v that_o water_n come_v from_o the_o house_n soon_o fill_v the_o channel_n with_o thick_a ice_n for_o run_v but_o a_o little_a at_o a_o time_n it_o freeze_v almost_o as_o fast_o as_o it_o come_v thither_o nay_o i_o have_v see_v ice_n of_o some_o yard_n thickness_n in_o such_o place_n where_o a_o small_a rill_n or_o stream_n of_o water_n gentle_o fall_v on_o the_o side_n of_o a_o hill_n among_o those_o thing_n that_o will_v freeze_v mortar_n and_o plaster_n of_o paris_n be_v omit_v and_o thence_o it_o be_v that_o plasterer_n and_o bricklayer_n play_v all_o the_o winter_n my_o lord_n verulam_n in_o his_o natural_a history_n and_o some_o from_o he_o have_v affirm_v to_o i_o that_o apple_n and_o egg_n cover_v with_o a_o wet_a cloth_n will_v not_o freeze_v but_o i_o find_v no_o difference_n in_o those_o that_o be_v thus_o cover_v and_o they_o that_o be_v not_o add_v to_o those_o that_o sink_v upon_o congelation_n all_o oil_n from_o animal_n and_o from_o vegetable_n that_o be_v extract_v by_o expression_n or_o boil_a add_v to_o those_o that_o freeze_v not_o water_n and_o sugar_n boil_v to_o the_o consistence_n of_o a_o syrup_n and_o also_o all_o other_o syrup_n none_o whereof_o i_o can_v ever_o take_v notice_n or_o learn_v by_o other_o that_o they_o will_v freeze_v it_o be_v true_a that_o water_n have_v a_o equal_a quantity_n of_o sugar_n dissolve_v in_o it_o will_v freeze_v but_o with_o a_o little_a more_o mix_v therewith_o freeze_v not_o to_o try_v the_o effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o lodestone_n i_o expose_v several_a of_o they_o in_o the_o open_a air_n and_o also_o within_o room_n in_o the_o most_o severe_a weather_n the_o needle_n be_v keep_v in_o a_o warm_a place_n at_o other_o time_n i_o expose_v the_o needle_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n keep_v the_o stone_n warm_a at_o other_o time_n both_o be_v expose_v but_o in_o none_o of_o my_o experiment_n can_v i_o conclude_v any_o thing_n certain_a to_o their_o attractive_a faculty_n for_o the_o sphere_n of_o their_o activity_n be_v find_v to_o be_v sometime_o great_a and_o sometime_o less_o to_o a_o considerable_a difference_n in_o ten_o several_a good_a stone_n employ_v for_o this_o purpose_n i_o assay_v also_o to_o find_v out_o a_o standard_n of_o cold_a whereby_o to_o fit_v the_o tinged_a spirit_n of_o wine_n for_o the_o weather-glass_n and_o to_o that_o end_n make_v use_v of_o conduit_n water_n and_o the_o distil_a water_n of_o plantain_n poppy_n blackcherry_n nightshade_n scurvigrass_n and_o horse-raddish_n all_o which_o be_v first_o place_v in_o the_o same_o room_n where_o a_o fire_n be_v keep_v and_o then_o remove_v and_o measure_v out_o into_o spoon_n in_o equal_a quantity_n and_o also_o a_o drop_n of_o they_o drop_v on_o the_o same_o bench_n but_o though_o this_o be_v often_o try_v i_o can_v not_o make_v any_o sure_a inference_n from_o they_o only_o i_o observe_v that_o the_o blackcherry_n water_n do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v first_o but_o the_o other_o with_o very_o great_a uncertainty_n the_o horse-raddish_n and_o scurvigrass_n water_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v last_o the_o best_a way_n to_o discover_v the_o very_a beginning_n of_o freeze_a of_o liquor_n be_v to_o move_v a_o pin_n or_o needle_n through_o the_o liquor_n whereby_o the_o ice_n will_v be_v raise_v and_o become_v discernible_a when_o the_o naked_a eye_n can_v discover_v none_o at_o all_o finis_fw-la figure_n 1._o page_z 9_o 10_o 11_o â—_o 98._o a_o the_o ball_n or_o egg._n b_o c_o the_o stem_n d_o the_o little_a aqueous_a cylinder_n figure_n 2._o the_o open_a wether_n glass_n mention_v pag._n 24_o &_o 43_o figure_n 3._o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n or_o thermoscopâ—mentioned_v pag._n 24_o 55_o 56._o figure_n 4._o the_o barometer_n oâ—_n mercurial_a standard_n place_v in_o frame_n b_o b_o mention_v pag._n 25_o figure_n 5._o a_o instrument_n mention_v pag._n 93._o a_o the_o vial._n b_o c_o the_o pipe_n cement_v in_o it_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o vial_n open_a at_o â—_o and_o seal_v at_o b._n figure_n 6._o pag._n 97._o a_o the_o bolt-head_n b_o the_o small_a stem_n b_o c_o the_o cylinder_n of_o wateâ—_n enclose_v figure_n 7._o pag._n 101._o 101._o it_o be_v think_v needless_a to_o insert_v mr._n hobs_n scheme_n touch_v this_o subject_n because_o it_o only_o show_v that_o wind_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o cold._n sceptical_a chemist_n chemist_n chapter_n the_o five_o of_o that_o treatise_n treatise_n the_o two_o essay_n of_o the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o experiment_n experiment_n another_o remarkable_a instance_n of_o the_o variable_a success_n of_o the_o experiment_n of_o cold_a i_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d with_o in_o a_o experiment_n 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d dr._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o oil_n of_o 〈◊〉_d for_o though_o i_o 〈◊〉_d that_o liquor_n in_o small_a '_o vessel_n of_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d in_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d at_o one_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o air_n in_o 〈◊〉_d night_n 〈◊〉_d extraordinary_o sharp_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v more_o our_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o salt_n will_v 〈◊〉_d the_o experiment_n succeed_v 〈◊〉_d that_o we_o try_v it_o with_o several_a parcel_n of_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o yet_o that_o the_o learned_a doctor_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o air_n alone_o for_o he_o use_v not_o our_o 〈◊〉_d mixture_n do_v bring_v that_o liquor_n either_o to_o
the_o bubble_n wont_a to_o abound_v in_o ice_n be_v fill_v with_o common_a air_n and_o even_o this_o question_n though_o it_o seem_v but_o one_o comprize_v two_o for_o to_o resolve_v it_o we_o must_v determine_v whether_o there_o be_v any_o true_a air_n contain_v in_o those_o cavity_n and_o whether_o in_o case_n there_o be_v they_o be_v adequate_o fill_v with_o that_o air_n by_o true_a air_n i_o mean_v such_o a_o invisible_a fluid_n as_o do_v permanent_o retain_v a_o spring_n like_o the_o common_a air._n 7._o the_o former_a of_o these_o two_o question_n i_o must_v confess_v myself_o not_o yet_o resolve_v about_o my_o experiment_n have_v not_o hitherto_o succeed_v uniform_o enough_o to_o satisfy_v so_o jealous_a a_o observer_n but_o yet_o i_o shall_v annex_v our_o trial_n not_o only_o because_o the_o thing_n have_v not_o be_v that_o we_o know_v of_o somuch_o as_o attempt_v by_o other_o and_o our_o way_n of_o experiment_v if_o they_o be_v due_o prosecute_v seem_v as_o promise_v and_o 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