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water_n good_a ounce_n time_n 13,977 5 5.3030 4 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A33709 A physico medical essay concerning alkaly and acid so far as they have relation to the cause or cure of distempers : wherein is endeavoured to be proved that acids are not (as is generally and erroneously supposed) the cause of all or most distempers, but that alkalies are : together with an account of some distempers and the medicines with their preparations proper to be used in the cure of them : as also a short digression concerning specifick remedies / by John Colbatch. Colbatch, John, Sir, 1670-1729. 1696 (1696) Wing C5003; ESTC R26032 33,359 174

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say_v before_o nature_n have_v provide_v to_o our_o hand_n orange_n lemon_n citron_n limb_n and_o a_o great_a many_o more_o not_o necessary_a here_o to_o mention_v which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n answer_v our_o intention_n so_o that_o they_o be_v skilful_o give_v by_o a_o experience_a hand_n and_o as_o i_o hope_v i_o have_v give_v sufficient_a reason_n to_o dissuade_v the_o use_n of_o alkaly_n and_o diaphoretick_n from_o the_o many_o direful_a effect_n that_o daily_o attend_v their_o use_n so_o i_o hope_v to_o give_v as_o cogent_a one_o to_o enforce_v the_o use_n of_o acid_n from_o the_o laudable_a good_a effect_n i_o have_v see_v from_o they_o for_o in_o five_o hundred_o at_o least_o patient_n that_o i_o have_v have_v of_o all_o quality_n to_o do_v with_o in_o this_o distemper_n in_o worcester_n and_o london_n where_o i_o have_v be_v call_v in_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o distemper_n i_o do_v not_o know_v that_o i_o have_v have_v one_o that_o have_v die_v or_o be_v disfigure_v 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quart_n boyl_n to_o the_o consumption_n of_o one_o half_n when_o cold_a strain_n out_o and_o keep_v for_o use_v by_o this_o method_n i_o have_v know_v three_o or_o four_o ounce_n of_o the_o cortex_fw-la perfect_o cure_v quartan_n without_o any_o relapse_n after_o people_n have_v take_v a_o pound_n or_o more_o after_o the_o common_a method_n which_o have_v only_o put_v by_o the_o fit_v for_o a_o time_n the_o reason_n as_o i_o apprehend_v why_o this_o method_n of_o give_v the_o cortex_fw-la shall_v be_v more_o prevalent_a than_o that_o common_o take_v be_v the_o particle_n of_o the_o cortex_fw-la be_v very_o firm_a the_o medicine_n be_v take_v and_o the_o patient_n fast_v three_o or_o four_o hour_n after_o it_o it_o slide_v out_o of_o the_o stomach_n into_o the_o small_a gut_n and_o so_o on_o the_o small_a gut_n be_v empty_a there_o be_v not_o pressure_n enough_o to_o squeeze_v but_o a_o very_a small_a quantity_n of_o it_o into_o the_o lacteal_v vessel_n so_o that_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o it_o be_v carry_v away_o as_o excrement_n but_o the_o patient_n eat_v something_o of_o easy_a digestion_n within_o so_o small_a a_o time_n as_o a_o hour_n after_o it_o that_o eat_v be_v turn_v into_o chyle_n before_o tho_o particle_n of_o the_o cortex_fw-la can_v be_v carry_v off_o and_o the_o chyle_n be_v of_o a_o viscous_a nature_n retain_v the_o small_a particle_n and_o carry_v they_o along_o with_o it_o into_o the_o blood_n so_o that_o the_o blood_n be_v more_o impregnate_v by_o one_o do_v this_o way_n give_v than_o with_o twenty_o dose_n without_o present_o eat_v after_o it_o as_o a_o confirmation_n of_o the_o truth_n of_o what_o i_o have_v say_v concern_v the_o firmness_n of_o the_o texture_n of_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o cortex_fw-la if_o you_o boil_v it_o never_o so_o well_o the_o
suppose_v to_o be_v from_o a_o quantity_n of_o such_o particle_n be_v some_o way_n or_o other_o admit_v into_o the_o blood_n which_o be_v of_o a_o quite_o different_a texture_n from_o that_o of_o the_o blood_n and_o so_o not_o capable_a of_o be_v mix_v with_o it_o cause_n a_o hurry_n and_o disorder_n there_o which_o be_v what_o i_o chyr_n i_o nou._n lum_o chyr_n elsewhere_o observe_v to_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o both_o continue_a and_o symptomatick_a fever_n now_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o a_o fever_n always_o precede_v the_o eruption_n of_o the_o pustle_v in_o the_o smallpox_n and_o when_o the_o pustle_v be_v well_o come_v out_o that_o be_v when_o the_o heterogeneous_a or_o particle_n of_o a_o different_a texture_n from_o those_o of_o the_o blood_n be_v throw_v out_o to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o body_n than_o the_o fever_n cease_v now_o to_o assist_v nature_n in_o throw_v those_o heterogeneous_a particle_n out_o of_o the_o blood_n to_o the_o extreme_a part_n which_o they_o pretend_v to_o be_v mighty_o hinder_v by_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o acid_n in_o the_o blood_n they_o give_v repeat_v and_o large_a quanties_n of_o testatious_a alkalious_a powder_n and_o other_o diaphoretick_n which_o indeed_o seldom_o fail_v of_o answer_v their_o intention_n in_o throw_v out_o large_a quantity_n of_o pustles_a even_o more_o than_o nature_n be_v able_a to_o supply_v or_o bring_v to_o maturity_n and_o if_o she_o do_v chance_n to_o cope_v with_o they_o be_v the_o only_a occasion_n of_o spoil_v so_o many_o angelic_a face_n as_o we_o every_o day_n observe_v but_o the_o spoil_n of_o face_n be_v not_o all_o for_o beside_o the_o throw_v out_o of_o so_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o pustles_a by_o break_v off_o the_o globule_n of_o the_o blood_n when_o it_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o cataneous_a gland_n instead_o of_o those_o gland_n separate_v the_o excrementitious_a serum_fw-la which_o in_o a_o state_n of_o health_n be_v all_o or_o most_o part_n of_o it_o to_o be_v carry_v off_o by_o sweat_n or_o insensible_a transpiration_n but_o at_o this_o time_n to_o supply_v the_o pustles_a till_o they_o be_v bring_v to_o maturity_n i_o say_v by_o break_v off_o the_o globule_n of_o the_o blood_n when_o it_o be_v in_o its_o confuse_a state_n serum_fw-la and_o all_o together_o the_o excrementitious_a serum_fw-la only_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o nature_n aught_o to_o be_v separate_v those_o gland_n be_v so_o many_o strainer_n adapt_v to_o receive_v into_o they_o the_o serum_fw-la only_o and_o not_o the_o least_o drop_n of_o blood_n when_o it_o be_v in_o its_o natural_a state_n and_o its_o globule_n unbroken_a i_o can_v liken_v the_o separation_n of_o the_o serum_fw-la from_o the_o blood_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o cutaneous_a gland_n to_o nothing_o better_a then_o to_o a_o mixture_n of_o oil_n and_o water_n make_v by_o continue_a agitation_n when_o that_o compound_a mixture_n seem_v to_o be_v one_o entire_a white_a liquor_n though_o with_o good_a eye_n or_o a_o good_a glass_n the_o oil_n may_v be_v see_v float_v in_o the_o water_n in_o small_a globule_n as_o the_o blood_n do_v in_o the_o serum_fw-la as_o i_o elsewhere_o chyr_n elsewhere_o nou._n lum_o chyr_n observe_v yet_o this_o mixture_n of_o oil_n and_o water_n let_v it_o be_v do_v never_o so_o exact_o if_o it_o be_v pour_v into_o a_o funnil_n line_v with_o brown_a paper_n wet_a before_o hand_n the_o pore_n will_v be_v so_o dispose_v as_o to_o let_v all_o the_o water_n run_v through_o though_o not_o the_o least_o particle_n of_o the_o oil_n yet_o if_o there_o be_v some_o alkalious_a salt_n boil_a with_o this_o mixture_n of_o oil_n and_o water_n the_o globule_n of_o the_o oil_n will_v be_v so_o break_v as_o to_o pass_v ready_o with_o the_o water_n through_o the_o forementioned_a brown_a paper_n which_o before_o it_o will_v not_o in_o the_o least_o do_v in_o like_a manner_n the_o globule_n of_o the_o blood_n be_v break_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o alkalious_a medicine_n together_o with_o too_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o alkalious_a particle_n be_v before_o admit_v into_o it_o be_v by_o that_o mean_n make_v capable_a of_o be_v receive_v into_o the_o cutaneous_a gland_n which_o be_v the_o only_a occasion_n of_o those_o purple_a spot_n upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o skin_n not_o only_o in_o the_o smallpox_n but_o other_o fever_n which_o spot_v seldom_o or_o never_o fail_v of_o be_v the_o certain_a prognosticator_n of_o future_a death_n but_o this_o be_v not_o all_o for_o by_o the_o foresay_a break_n of_o the_o globule_n of_o the_o blood_n by_o alkalious_a medicine_n these_o small_a break_a globule_n get_v into_o the_o small_a meander_n of_o the_o brain_n hinder_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o animal_n spirit_n through_o the_o nerve_n and_o so_o cause_n deliriums_n and_o all_o those_o fatal_a disorder_n of_o the_o brain_n that_o be_v but_o too_o frequent_o see_v likewise_o the_o blood_n not_o be_v capable_a of_o be_v contain_v in_o its_o proper_a channel_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o violent_a bleed_v at_o the_o nose_n bloody_a urine_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v none_o of_o the_o best_a symptom_n but_o what_o too_o frequent_o happen_v by_o the_o aforesaid_a mean_n beside_o break_v of_o the_o globule_n of_o the_o blood_n and_o cause_v the_o ill_a symptom_n beforementioned_a with_o many_o other_o i_o do_v think_v fit_a here_o to_o enumerate_v by_o their_o diaphoretic_a quality_n there_o be_v so_o vast_a a_o waste_n make_v of_o the_o serum_fw-la of_o the_o blood_n that_o there_o be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a quantity_n leave_v to_o supply_v and_o bring_v to_o maturity_n those_o many_o pustles_a even_o more_o than_o nature_n design_v that_o those_o medicine_n alone_o have_v throw_v out_o so_o that_o about_o the_o nine_o eleven_o or_o thirteen_o day_n for_o want_v of_o a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o serum_fw-la to_o supply_v they_o the_o pustles_a fall_n and_o the_o acrid_a corrosive_a matter_n be_v absorb_v into_o the_o blood_n cause_v secondary_a fever_n which_o oftentimes_o prove_v of_o very_o dangerous_a consequence_n i_o may_v expatiate_v a_o great_a deal_n more_o but_o i_o design_v brevity_n it_o may_v be_v say_v you_o have_v go_v far_o enough_o in_o condemn_v the_o ordinary_a practice_n as_o to_o the_o use_n of_o alkaly_n and_o diaphoretick_n not_o have_v substitute_v a_o better_a and_o safe_a method_n and_o medicine_n in_o their_o room_n but_o not_o too_o fast_o that_o follow_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n the_o smallpox_n be_v a_o distemper_n that_o require_v the_o give_v of_o as_o few_o medicine_n as_o in_o any_o distemper_n whatsoever_o unless_o in_o some_o extraordinary_a case_n but_o yet_o i_o think_v it_o the_o most_o unreasonable_a thing_n in_o the_o world_n that_o people_n as_o be_v the_o common_a practice_n in_o this_o case_n shall_v be_v leave_v to_o the_o sole_a management_n of_o old_a woman_n and_o nurse_n which_o thing_n alone_o i_o very_o believe_v have_v be_v the_o destruction_n of_o more_o people_n than_o the_o sword_n itself_o and_o although_o but_o very_o few_o medicine_n as_o i_o say_v before_o be_v general_o necessary_a yet_o the_o eye_n of_o a_o careful_a skilful_a physician_n and_o that_o from_o the_o beginning_n be_v as_o convenient_a as_o in_o any_o distemper_n whatsoever_o that_o he_o see_v nature_n operation_n may_v also_o see_v the_o fit_a time_n when_o to_o give_v the_o medicine_n requisite_a i_o confess_v i_o have_v hear_v some_o people_n complain_v that_o such_o a_o physician_n have_v have_v so_o many_o fee_n and_o never_o write_v one_o bill_n for_o they_o for_o such_o people_n let_v i_o tell_v they_o that_o they_o complain_v without_o cause_n for_o in_o many_o case_n especial_o in_o this_o the_o physician_n deserve_v his_o fee_n better_a for_o not_o write_v at_o all_o then_o for_o so_o do_v i_o own_v myself_o to_o be_v a_o profess_a chemist_n and_o in_o many_o thing_n though_o not_o all_o a_o disciple_n of_o helmont_n and_o know_v nothing_o in_o this_o world_n so_o delightful_a to_o i_o as_o chemical_a operation_n yet_o in_o this_o case_n nor_o indeed_o in_o scarce_o any_o acute_a distemper_n do_v i_o judge_v chemical_a medicine_n to_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a though_o many_o of_o they_o may_v do_v well_o and_o be_v sometime_o to_o be_v use_v but_o i_o do_v know_v any_o reason_n we_o have_v to_o fly_v to_o elaborate_v preparation_n when_o nature_n have_v provide_v medicine_n ready_a to_o our_o hand_n acid_n be_v the_o thing_n skilful_o and_o timely_o give_v which_o i_o have_v see_v not_o only_o by_o my_o own_o but_o by_o other_o great_a man_n practice_n to_o be_v the_o only_a safe_a effectual_a and_o seldom_o or_o never_o err_a medicine_n in_o this_o distemper_n so_o that_o they_o be_v right_o time_v and_o give_v with_o discretion_n and_o why_o shall_v we_o fly_v to_o acid_n chemical_o prepare_v when_o as_o i_o
such_o scurrilous_a answer_n as_o i_o have_v be_v use_v to_o nothing_o of_o that_o nature_n be_v in_o the_o least_o valid_a with_o i_o that_o be_v not_o confirm_v by_o well-attested_n experiment_n the_o conclusion_n it_o be_v i_o suppose_v allow_v by_o every_o body_n that_o sea-salt_n be_v a_o acid_n and_o for_o that_o very_a reason_n only_o it_o be_v that_o we_o who_o eat_v such_o large_a quantity_n of_o flesh_n be_v not_o able_a to_o live_v without_o it_o for_o all_o sort_n of_o flesh_n abound_v with_o large_a quantity_n of_o volatile_a alkalious_a salt_n if_o the_o say_v alkalious_a salt_n be_v in_o some_o measure_n lock_v up_o and_o mortify_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o sea_n salt_n or_o which_o be_v all_o one_o that_o which_o be_v the_o product_n of_o our_o english_a brine-pit_n they_o have_v their_o saltness_n from_o the_o same_o origine_fw-la which_o be_v current_n of_o water_n pass_v through_o great_a rock_n of_o salt_n which_o late_a discovery_n have_v make_v appear_v to_o be_v both_o in_o england_n and_o many_o other_o part_n of_o the_o world_n as_o for_o instance_n one_o in_o cheshire_n who_o vein_n be_v twenty_o yard_n thick_a and_o may_v be_v trace_v for_o a_o great_a many_o mile_n together_o which_o very_a rock_n alone_o be_v sufficient_a to_o impregnate_n almost_o a_o ocean_n of_o water_n there_o be_v some_o reason_n to_o believe_v that_o the_o people_n before_o the_o flood_n do_v not_o eat_v flesh_n but_o live_v altogether_o upon_o vegetable_n as_o fruit_n herb_n and_o root_n which_o i_o suppose_v be_v one_o great_a reason_n of_o their_o longevity_n and_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o in_o herefordshire_n and_o other_o country_n abound_v with_o fruit_n the_o people_n be_v long_o live_v than_o in_o those_o country_n that_o want_v they_o now_o have_v the_o antedeluvian_n people_n eat_v flesh_n as_o we_o do_v now_o i_o can_v imagine_v what_o they_o will_v have_v do_v for_o salt_n for_o suppose_v dr._n burnet_n hypothesis_n true_a the_o which_o i_o think_v there_o be_v not_o the_o least_o reason_n to_o doubt_v of_o his_o argument_n to_o prove_v it_o be_v to_o i_o unanswerable_a i_o suppose_v their_o river_n must_v have_v be_v altogether_o void_a of_o saltness_n and_o how_o they_o can_v come_v at_o salt_n any_o other_o way_n consider_v the_o state_n of_o their_o earth_n i_o can_v imagine_v and_o for_o they_o to_o have_v eat_v meat_n without_o salt_n must_v necessary_o have_v great_o prejudice_v their_o health_n and_o shorten_v their_o life_n for_o we_o have_v see_v in_o the_o late_a irish_a war_n what_o destruction_n and_o desolation_n be_v make_v in_o our_o army_n by_o eat_v meat_n without_o salt_n of_o which_o at_o one_o time_n there_o be_v a_o scarcity_n whole_a regiment_n have_v be_v sweep_v away_o together_o with_o fever_n and_o flux_n but_o the_o antedeluvian_n people_n live_v upon_o vegetable_n they_o have_v no_o need_n of_o salt_n there_o be_v a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o acidity_n in_o they_o to_o confirm_v the_o texture_n of_o their_o blood_n and_o preserve_v they_o from_o disease_n since_o i_o have_v be_v mention_v sea_n salt_n i_o shall_v make_v bold_a to_o trouble_v you_o with_o a_o relation_n of_o a_o strange_a and_o accidental_a cure_n wrought_v upon_o a_o person_n in_o a_o tympanitis_n give_v over_o as_o incurable_a by_o the_o most_o eminent_a physician_n of_o england_n by_o bare_o immerge_v she_o two_o or_o three_o time_n over_o head_n in_o sea_n water_n the_o person_n be_v daughter_n to_o a_o eminent_a citizen_n of_o worcester_n she_o have_v labour_v under_o a_o tympanitis_n three_o or_o four_o year_n her_o father_n apply_v himself_o to_o most_o of_o the_o eminent_a physician_n for_o advice_n but_o all_o that_o they_o can_v do_v signify_v nothing_o her_o father_n who_o be_v a_o corpulent_a man_n have_v several_a time_n tell_v i_o that_o her_o abdomen_fw-la be_v swell_v so_o big_a that_o his_o cloak_n will_v not_o lap_v round_o she_o and_o she_o be_v then_o not_o above_o ten_o year_n of_o age._n it_o happen_v one_o morning_n that_o her_o mother_n two_o brother_n herself_o and_o a_o maidservant_n be_v bite_v by_o a_o little_a dog_n they_o have_v in_o the_o house_n which_o be_v grow_v mad._n advice_n be_v present_o give_v by_o dr._n johnson_n a_o eminent_a physician_n then_o live_v in_o worcester_n that_o they_o shall_v all_o go_v to_o the_o salt-water_n to_o be_v dip_v observe_v by_o the_o way_n the_o efficacy_n of_o salt-water_n in_o prevent_v the_o dreadful_a symptom_n that_o attend_v those_o people_n bite_v by_o mad_a dog_n the_o mother_n her_o two_o son_n and_o maidservant_n be_v prepare_v to_o go_v but_o she_o do_v not_o design_n to_o take_v her_o daughter_n with_o she_o suppose_v she_o not_o capable_a of_o live_v till_o she_o come_v to_o the_o journey_n end_n the_o poor_a distress_a child_n see_v they_o all_o go_v away_o without_o she_o call_v to_o her_o father_n tell_v he_o he_o take_v care_n of_o every_o body_n else_o but_o value_v not_o what_o become_v of_o she_o upon_o which_o her_o father_n be_v move_v with_o compassion_n be_v resolve_v she_o shall_v go_v let_v the_o event_n be_v what_o it_o will_v according_o she_o be_v carry_v down_o and_o when_o it_o come_v to_o her_o turn_n to_o be_v dip_v it_o be_v as_o much_o as_o two_o man_n can_v do_v to_o immerge_n she_o over_o head_n after_o they_o be_v all_o dip_v they_o be_v carry_v to_o a_o adjacent_a house_n and_o put_v to_o bed_n she_o have_v not_o be_v in_o bed_n many_o hour_n but_o she_o call_v for_o a_o pot_n and_o piss_v several_a quart_n even_o more_o at_o that_o one_o time_n than_o she_o have_v do_v of_o some_o month_n before_o and_o when_o they_o return_v to_o worcester_n which_o be_v within_o few_o day_n she_o run_v out_o of_o the_o boat_n herself_o to_o her_o father_n without_o any_o help_n when_o she_o have_v not_o be_v able_a so_o much_o as_o to_o stand_v of_o a_o year_n or_o two_o before_o to_o be_v short_a without_o any_o other_o help_n she_o be_v perfect_o cure_v of_o her_o tympanitis_n and_o be_v now_o a_o tall_a slender_n healthy_a woman_n as_o any_o i_o know_v i_o have_v mention_v this_o thing_n because_o i_o find_v it_o not_o any_o where_o take_v notice_n off_o and_o may_v be_v of_o service_n to_o other_o nay_o i_o be_o tell_v that_o a_o certain_a obscure_a person_n in_o herefordshire_n have_v cure_a several_a by_o the_o same_o method_n to_o his_o own_o great_a advantage_n and_o withal_o say_v that_o it_o never_o once_o fail_v he_o i_o must_v beg_v the_o lady_n pardon_n for_o write_v this_o relation_n without_o first_o ask_v her_o leave_n but_o since_o i_o have_v no_o other_o end_n in_o it_o but_o to_o serve_v mankind_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o i_o shall_v be_v easy_o excuse_v helmont_n positive_o say_v and_o as_o i_o myself_o have_v find_v it_o true_a that_o spirit_n of_o sea_n salt_n which_o be_v a_o exalt_a acid_n be_v a_o certain_a remedy_n in_o the_o strangury_n which_o be_v a_o distemper_n general_o say_v to_o proceed_v from_o acid_n which_o if_o it_o do_v instead_o of_o be_v cure_a it_n must_v be_v high_o exasperate_v by_o spirit_n of_o salt_n the_o contrary_a of_o which_o i_o have_v frequent_o experiment_v helmont_n somewhere_o else_o say_v of_o it_o est_fw-la namque_fw-la acidissimus_fw-la nec_fw-la sibi_fw-la par_fw-fr habet_fw-la remedium_fw-la extinguendis_fw-la ardoribus_fw-la urine_n etiam_fw-la present_n in_o vessica_n calculo_fw-la i_o remember_v that_o not_o long_o since_o a_o eminent_a physician_n tell_v i_o that_o bare_a juice_n of_o lemon_n will_v soon_o take_v off_o the_o heat_n of_o urine_n in_o people_n that_o be_v as_o we_o common_o call_v it_o clap_v than_o emulsion_n or_o any_o of_o the_o thing_n common_o use_v which_o since_o i_o have_v find_v true_a and_o have_v also_o find_v that_o the_o urine_n of_o such_o person_n abound_v more_o with_o volatile_a alkalious_a salt_n than_o that_o of_o sound_a people_n upon_o which_o i_o have_v be_v induce_v to_o try_v whether_o the_o acid_n spirit_n of_o guaiacum_n which_o that_o wood_n afford_v in_o large_a quantity_n will_v not_o be_v more_o prevalent_a in_o the_o cure_n of_o confirm_a pox_n than_o the_o bare_a infusion_n or_o decoction_n of_o the_o say_a wood_n the_o which_o in_o conjunction_n with_o cinnaber_n of_o antimony_n or_o common_a cinnaber_n and_o gum_n guaiaci_n or_o else_o with_o the_o before_o mention_v tincture_n of_o antimony_n have_v seldom_o fail_v i_o in_o cure_v the_o most_o confirm_a pox_n without_o salivation_n i_o be_o very_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o if_o the_o rectify_a acid_n spirit_n obtainable_a from_o most_o if_o not_o all_o wood_n be_v make_v use_n of_o they_o will_v be_v find_v to_o be_v great_a specific_v in_o most_o distemper_n especial_o chronical_a one_o and_o since_o i_o have_v mention_v specific_v i_o do_v