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in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o sea_n consist_v but_o of_o the_o fresh_a particle_n of_o water_n that_o plentiful_o concur_v to_o compose_v the_o sea_n water_n yet_o beside_o that_o in_o case_n the_o fresh_a water_n be_v take_v as_o some_o of_o that_o i_o have_v find_v mention_v in_o voyages_n have_v confess_o be_v from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o ice_n it_o may_v possible_o be_v no_o more_o than_o melt_v snow_n which_o as_o we_o elsewhere_o take_v notice_n do_v in_o those_o extreme_o cold_a region_n easy_o freeze_v upon_o the_o ice_n it_o fall_v on_o and_o oftentimes_o much_o increase_v the_o height_n of_o it_o beside_o this_o i_o say_v the_o argument_n from_o the_o insipidness_n of_o the_o resolve_a ice_n will_v conclude_v but_o upon_o supposition_n that_o as_o that_o ice_n be_v find_v in_o the_o sea_n so_o it_o be_v also_o make_v of_o the_o sea_n water_n which_o though_o it_o may_v have_v be_v yet_o i_o somewhat_o doubt_n whether_o it_o be_v or_o no_o since_o i_o find_v some_o 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to_o measure_v some_o of_o the_o piece_n 17._o which_o he_o say_v he_o find_v to_o be_v a_o 1000_o of_o his_o pace_n long_o and_o probable_o among_o so_o many_o mountain_n and_o island_n of_o ice_n there_o will_v have_v be_v find_v some_o entire_a piece_n of_o a_o great_a extent_n than_o even_o these_o if_o man_n have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o measure_v they_o hitherto_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o bigness_n of_o single_a piece_n of_o ice_n we_o will_v now_o proceed_v to_o say_v something_o of_o the_o dimension_n of_o the_o aggregate_n of_o many_o of_o they_o among_o which_o have_v select_v four_o or_o five_o as_o the_o principal_a i_o remember_v myself_o to_o have_v yet_o meet_v with_o i_o presume_v it_o will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o subjoin_v they_o only_o about_o ten_o of_o the_o clock_n we_o meet_v with_o a_o mighty_a bank_n of_o ice_n be_v by_o supposition_n seven_o or_o eight_o league_n or_o twenty_o four_o mile_n long_o say_v that_o experience_a english_a pilot_n 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but_o such_o as_o eat_v flesh_n as_o bear_n and_o fox_n etc._n etc._n although_o nova_n zembla_n lie_v 4_o 5_o and_o 6._o degree_n more_o southerly_a from_o the_o pole_n than_o the_o other_o land_n aforesaid_a and_o to_o this_o purpose_n i_o remember_v what_o be_v relate_v by_o the_o learned_a josephus_n 101._o acosta_n concern_v the_o heat_n and_o cold_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o elsewhere_o when_o i_o pass_v say_v he_o to_o the_o indies_n i_o will_v tell_v what_o chance_v unto_o i_o have_v read_v what_o poet_n and_o philosopher_n write_v of_o the_o burn_a zone_n i_o persuade_v myself_o that_o come_v to_o the_o aequinoctial_a i_o shall_v not_o endure_v the_o violent_a heat_n but_o it_o fall_v out_o otherwise_o for_o when_o i_o pass_v which_o be_v when_o the_o 〈◊〉_d be_v there_o for_o zenith_n be_v enter_v into_o aries_n in_o the_o month_n of_o march_n i_o feel_v so_o great_a a_o cold_a as_o i_o be_v force_v to_o go_v into_o the_o sun_n to_o warm_v i_o what_o can_v i_o else_o 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snow_n hail_n and_o freeze_a water_n and_o the_o cold_a so_o bitter_a as_o the_o grass_n be_v all_o wither_a so_o as_o the_o man_n and_o beast_n which_o pass_v that_o way_n be_v benumb_v with_o cold_a this_o as_o i_o have_v say_v be_v in_o the_o burn_a zone_n and_o it_o happen_v most_o common_o when_o they_o have_v the_o sun_n for_o zenith_n these_o testimony_n of_o a_o learned_a man_n that_o write_v upon_o his_o own_o knowledge_n i_o think_v it_o worth_a produce_v to_o make_v it_o probable_a that_o as_o in_o several_a country_n the_o heat_n do_v not_o always_o answer_v to_o the_o nearness_n of_o place_n to_o the_o line_n so_o in_o northern_a region_n the_o cold_a may_v not_o always_o be_v proportionate_a to_o their_o vicinity_n to_o the_o pole_n in_o mr._n hudsons_n second_o voyage_n write_v by_o himself_o he_o mention_n that_o above_o 71._o degree_n though_o they_o be_v much_o pester_v with_o ice_n about_o the_o end_n of_o june_n that_o day_n when_o this_o 578._o happen_v be_v calm_a 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criterion_n than_o the_o bare_a touch_n to_o judge_v of_o the_o coldness_n of_o liquor_n these_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o same_o temper_n be_v expose_v to_o a_o very_a sharp_a air_n and_o there_o watch_v by_o the_o person_n who_o be_v not_o well_o and_o unable_a to_o support_v such_o weather_n myself_o i_o appoint_v to_o attend_v the_o experiment_n and_o he_o according_a to_o direction_n find_v they_o begin_v to_o freeze_v as_o it_o be_v at_o the_o very_a same_o time_n bring_v i_o in_o the_o two_o pottinger_n in_o each_o of_o which_o i_o see_v the_o beginning_n and_o but_o the_o beginning_n of_o congelation_n where_o the_o upper_a surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o contain_v vessel_n so_o that_o have_v make_v this_o experiment_n with_o much_o great_a exactness_n then_o probable_o berigardus_n do_v or_o for_o want_v of_o such_o instrument_n as_o i_o use_v can_v make_v it_o i_o can_v but_o suspect_v suppose_v the_o common_a water_n he_o and_o i_o use_v to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n that_o he_o be_v either_o negligent_a or_o over-seen_a in_o affirm_v that_o heat_v and_o refrigerated_a water_n will_v cool_v so_o much_o soon_o as_o he_o will_v persuade_v we_o than_o other_o 571._o and_o as_o i_o be_o not_o convince_v by_o experience_n that_o it_o will_v freeze_v soon_o at_o all_o so_o till_o he_o have_v better_o make_v out_o the_o reason_n he_o seem_v to_o give_v of_o the_o phaenomenon_n i_o must_v question_v whether_o he_o right_o ascribe_v after_o cabaeus_n if_o i_o much_o misremember_v not_o the_o congelation_n of_o water_n to_o a_o certain_a coagulum_fw-la distinct_a from_o the_o cold_a spirit_n that_o plentiful_o mingle_v with_o the_o water_n which_o coagulum_fw-la it_o seem_v for_o his_o style_n be_v not_o wont_a to_o be_v very_o perspicuous_a that_o he_o will_v have_v to_o consist_v of_o certain_a dry_a corpuscle_n no_o less_o necessary_a to_o conglaciate_a water_n than_o runnet_n to_o curdle_n milk_n and_o for_o what_o this_o author_n say_v 572._o that_o he_o must_v have_v employ_v boil_v or_o scald_a water_n who_o affirm_v it_o to_o be_v less_o congealable_a than_o other_o that_o mistake_n may_v be_v sufficient_o disprove_v by_o the_o several_a above_o recite_v trial_n wherein_o we_o find_v water_n moderate_o refrigerated_a to_o freeze_v much_o late_a than_o cold_a and_o whereas_o berigardus_n intimate_v that_o the_o person_n whoever_o he_o be_v that_o he_o dissent_v from_o do_v unskilful_o suppose_v warm_a salt-water_n to_o be_v the_o less_o dispose_v to_o congelation_n for_o be_v salt_n our_o author_n be_v therein_o also_o mistake_v for_o though_o it_o be_v true_a what_o he_o allege_v that_o salt_n outward_o apply_v promote_v the_o congelation_n of_o water_n yet_o that_o dissolve_v in_o water_n it_o have_v a_o contrary_a effect_n may_v appear_v by_o the_o familiar_a observation_n that_o sea-water_n be_v much_o more_o difficult_a to_o be_v congeal_v then_o fresh_a water_n and_o to_o show_v that_o it_o be_v not_o a_o property_n of_o sea-water_n but_o a_o water_n impregnate_v with_o common_a salt_n i_o have_v several_a time_n try_v that_o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o such_o salt_n in_o ordinary_a water_n will_v not_o at_o all_o be_v congeal_v by_o the_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n even_o in_o very_o sharp_a frost_n as_o may_v be_v easy_o collect_v from_o some_o of_o the_o experiment_n mention_v in_o the_o former_a part_n of_o this_o book_n another_o particular_a there_o be_v about_o the_o use_n of_o allume_v in_o reference_n to_o freeze_a in_o this_o often_o cite_a passage_n of_o berigardus_n which_o i_o may_v here_o examine_v if_o my_o haste_n and_o my_o indisposedness_n to_o engage_v in_o a_o controversy_n of_o small_a moment_n do_v not_o enjoin_v i_o to_o defer_v it_o till_o a_o fit_a end_v occasion_n to_o confirm_v the_o power_n ascribe_v in_o the_o vi_o section_n to_o cold_a as_o to_o the_o long_a preservation_n of_o body_n from_o corruption_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o add_v these_o two_o remarkable_a passage_n the_o latter_a of_o which_o afford_v a_o good_a instance_n of_o the_o improvement_n that_o may_v be_v make_v of_o some_o degree_n of_o cold_a to_o the_o use_n of_o humane_a life_n the_o first_o observation_n be_v afford_v we_o by_o some_o of_o our_o countryman_n in_o a_o voyage_n extant_a in_o purchas_n where_o the_o writer_n of_o it_o speak_v thus_o of_o the_o samojed_n who_o country_n he_o visit_v 844._o their_o dead_a they_o bury_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o hill_n where_o they_o live_v which_o be_v common_o on_o some_o small_a island_n make_v a_o pile_n of_o stone_n over_o they_o yet_o not_o so_o close_o but_o that_o we_o may_v see_v the_o dead_a body_n the_o air_n be_v so_o pierce_v that_o it_o keep_v they_o from_o much_o stink_a savour_n so_o likewise_o i_o have_v see_v their_o dog_n bury_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o other_o observation_n be_v give_v we_o in_o the_o description_n of_o iceland_n make_v by_o one_o that_o visit_v it_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o same_o purchas_n collection_n where_o among_o other_o thing_n he_o give_v we_o this_o account_n which_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o i_o have_v have_v confirm_v by_o other_o of_o their_o strange_a way_n of_o order_v and_o preserve_v their_o fish_n have_v take_v 22._o they_o they_o pluck_v out_o the_o bone_n and_o lay_v up_o their_o bowel_n and_o make_v fat_a or_o oil_n of_o they_o they_o heap_v up_o their_o fish_n in_o the_o open_a air_n and_o the_o purity_n of_o the_o air_n be_v such_o there_o that_o they_o be_v harden_v only_o with_o the_o wind_n and_o sun_n without_o salt_n better_a sure_o than_o if_o they_o be_v corn_v with_o salt_n and_o if_o they_o kill_v any_o beast_n they_o preserve_v the_o flesh_n without_o stink_n or_o putrefaction_n without_o salt_n harden_v only_o with_o the_o wind._n i_o know_v not_o whether_o it_o will_v be_v worth_a while_n to_o add_v to_o the_o five_o and_o six_o number_n of_o the_o vii_o title_n that_o for_o further_a confirmation_n of_o our_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v not_o nature_n abhorrencie_n of_o a_o vacuum_n but_o the_o distension_n of_o the_o water_n that_o break_v glass_n when_o the_o contain_v liquor_n come_v to_o be_v congeal_v i_o do_v on_o set_v purpose_n fill_v several_a vial_n some_o at_o one_o time_n and_o some_o at_o another_o to_o the_o low_a part_n of_o their_o neck_n most_o of_o which_o be_v purposely_o make_v long_o with_o common_a water_n and_o though_o they_o be_v all_o leave_v unstop_v that_o the_o external_a air_n may_v come_v in_o free_o to_o they_o yet_o not_o only_o one_o of_o they_o that_o i_o stir_v up_o and_o down_o in_o a_o mixture_n of_o beat_a ice_n salt_n and_o water_n be_v hasty_o break_v upon_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o contain_v water_n but_o several_a other_o that_o be_v expose_v to_o be_v freeze_v more_o leisurely_o by_o the_o cold_a air_n only_o be_v likewise_o break_v to_o piece_n by_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a water_n as_o 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another_o treatise_n to_o which_o such_o matter_n more_o proper_o belong_v it_o be_v know_v that_o the_o school_n define_v cold_a by_o the_o property_n they_o ascribe_v to_o it_o of_o congregate_a both_o heterogeneous_a and_o homogeneous_a thing_n i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o attempt_v the_o make_v some_o separation_n in_o body_n by_o the_o force_n of_o cold._a for_o if_o that_o hold_v true_a in_o this_o climate_n which_o have_v be_v observe_v by_o traveller_n and_o navigator_n in_o northern_a region_n that_o man_n may_v obtain_v from_o beer_n and_o wine_n a_o very_a strong_a spirit_n and_o a_o phlegm_n by_o congelation_n it_o seem_v probable_a that_o in_o divers_a other_o liquor_n the_o waterish_a part_n will_v begin_v to_o freeze_v before_o the_o more_o spirituous_a and_o saline_a and_o if_o so_o we_o may_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v divers_a separation_n as_o well_o by_o cold_a as_o by_o heat_n and_o dephlegme_n if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v some_o liquor_n as_o well_o by_o congelation_n as_o by_o distillation_n but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o the_o ordinary_a frost_n of_o this_o country_n can_v produce_v a_o degree_n of_o cold_a great_a enough_o to_o make_v such_o division_n and_o separation_n in_o body_n as_o have_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o more_o northern_a climate_n for_o though_o have_v purposely_o hang_v out_o a_o glass-bottle_n with_o a_o quart_n of_o beer_n in_o it_o in_o a_o extraordinary_o sharp_a night_n i_o find_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o much_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o beer_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n there_o remain_v somewhat_o near_o the_o middle_n but_o near_o the_o bottom_n a_o uncongealed_a liquor_n which_o to_o i_o and_o other_o seem_v strong_a than_o the_o beer_n and_o be_v at_o least_o manifest_o strong_a than_o the_o thaw_a ice_n which_o make_v but_o a_o spiritless_a and_o as_o it_o be_v but_o a_o dead_a drink_n yet_o in_o some_o other_o trial_n my_o success_n be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o some_o will_v have_v expect_v 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part_n from_o the_o rest_n will_v or_o will_v not_o succeed_v and_o i_o remember_v that_o a_o large_a glass_n vessel_n wherein_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o cold_a a_o considerable_a part_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n who_o swim_v argue_v it_o to_o be_v light_a than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n but_o though_o i_o put_v some_o of_o this_o ice_n in_o a_o glass_n by_o itself_o to_o examine_v by_o its_o weight_n and_o taste_n when_o thaw_v how_o much_o it_o differ_v from_o the_o uncongealed_a part_n of_o the_o spirit_n my_o hope_n be_v disappoint_v by_o a_o misfortune_n which_o be_v not_o repair_v by_o my_o expose_v afterward_o a_o small_a quantity_n of_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n to_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n for_o that_o prove_v so_o cold_a that_o the_o whole_a be_v turn_v into_o ice_n wherefore_o i_o must_v reserve_v for_o another_o opportunity_n the_o prosecute_a that_o experiment_n as_o also_o the_o try_v whether_o a_o separation_n of_o the_o serous_a or_o the_o oleaginous_a part_n of_o milk_n may_v be_v effect_v for_o though_o once_o the_o frost_n seem_v to_o have_v promote_v a_o separation_n of_o creme_a notwithstanding_o that_o heat_n also_o may_v do_v it_o and_o though_o another_o time_n there_o seem_v to_o be_v another_o kind_n of_o divulsion_n of_o part_n make_v by_o congelation_n yet_o for_o want_v of_o leisure_n to_o prosecute_v such_o trial_n they_o prove_v not_o satisfactory_a no_o more_o than_o do_v some_o attempt_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n that_o i_o make_v upon_o blood_n by_o freeze_a it_o but_o notwithstanding_o these_o discouragement_n i_o resolve_v to_o try_v what_o i_o can_v do_v upon_o brine_n for_o call_v to_o mind_n the_o relation_n mention_v in_o the_o xv._n title_n and_o elsewhere_o which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o in_o some_o case_n the_o ice_n of_o the_o sea-water_n may_v be_v thaw_v yield_v fresh_a water_n and_o be_v the_o more_o incline_v to_o think_v it_o worth_a trial_n by_o a_o physician_n i_o since_o happen_v to_o discourse_v with_o about_o this_o matter_n who_o affirm_v to_o i_o that_o sail_v along_o the_o coast_n of_o germany_n he_o have_v take_v out_o of_o the_o sea_n ice_n that_o be_v thaw_v he_o find_v to_o afford_v good_a fresh_a water_n i_o begin_v to_o consider_v whether_o we_o may_v not_o by_o cold_a free_a salt_n water_n at_o some_o season_n of_o the_o year_n from_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o the_o phlegm_n which_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o cost_v much_o to_o free_v they_o from_o by_o fire_n and_o other_o mean_n for_o a_o little_a help_n towards_o the_o diminution_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o so_o useful_a a_o experiment_n by_o many_o that_o boil_v salt_n out_o of_o the_o salt_n spring_v that_o in_o some_o country_n that_o be_v think_v the_o skilful_a in_o that_o trade_n they_o make_v their_o salt-water_n fall_v upon_o great_a bundle_n of_o small_a brush-wood_n that_o be_v thereby_o divide_v and_o reduce_v to_o a_o far_o great_a superficies_n there_o may_v in_o fall_v through_o some_o of_o the_o pure_o aqueous_a part_n exhale_v away_o wherefore_o dissolve_v one_o part_n of_o common_a salt_n in_o 44._o time_n its_o weight_n of_o common_a water_n that_o it_o may_v be_v reduce_v either_o exact_o or_o near_o to_o the_o degree_n of_o saltness_n that_o have_v be_v by_o several_a writer_n observe_v in_o the_o water_n of_o our_o neighbour_a sea_n and_o have_v likewise_o cause_v another_o and_o much_o strong_a brine_n to_o be_v make_v by_o put_v in_o to_o the_o water_n a_o far_o great_a proportion_n of_o salt_n for_o so_o there_o be_v in_o many_o of_o our_o salt_n spring_v we_o expose_v these_o several_a solution_n to_o the_o congeal_a cold_a of_o the_o air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n where_o the_o last_o mention_v solution_n be_v too_o strong_o impregnate_v with_o the_o salt_n continue_v some_o day_n and_o night_n altogether_o uncongeal_v but_o that_o weak_a solution_n which_o emulate_v sea_n water_n be_v expose_v in_o a_o shallow_a and_o wide_o mouth_v vessel_n that_o shape_n be_v judge_v the_o most_o proper_a we_o can_v procure_v for_o our_o design_n the_o large_a superficies_n that_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n do_v as_o we_o expect_v afford_v we_o a_o cake_n of_o ice_n which_o be_v take_v off_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n expose_v again_o to_o the_o air_n in_o the_o same_o vessel_n we_o obtain_v a_o second_o cake_n of_o ice_n and_o take_v the_o remain_v which_o seem_v to_o be_v indispose_v enough_o to_o congelation_n we_o find_v that_o by_o compare_v it_o with_o that_o which_o be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o first_o cake_n of_o ice_n permit_v to_o thaw_v there_o appear_v a_o very_a manifest_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o water_n whereinto_o the_o ice_n be_v resolve_v scarce_o taste_v so_o much_o as_o brackish_a whereas_o the_o liquor_n that_o have_v continue_v uncongeal_v be_v considerable_o salt_n in_o taste_n and_o if_o i_o have_v have_v the_o conveniency_n of_o examine_v myself_o these_o two_o liquor_n 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horse-raddish_n and_o 〈◊〉_d have_v be_v infuse_v will_v not_o 〈◊〉_d so_o soon_o as_o other_o strong_a beer_n without_o they_o orange_n and_o lemon_n freeze_v have_v a_o tough_a and_o hard_a rind_n their_o icy_a juice_n lose_v much_o of_o their_o genuine_a taste_n they_o be_v both_o freeze_a hard_a in_o 26._o hour_n or_o a_o little_a more_o have_v a_o thick_a rind_n they_o as_o other_o fruit_n when_o thaw_v soon_o become_v rot_v and_o therefore_o the_o fruiterer_n keep_v they_o under_o ground_n in_o low_a cellar_n and_o cover_v they_o with_o straw_n as_o they_o do_v their_o apple_n which_o do_v expose_v in_o one_o night_n freeze_v throughout_o if_o you_o cut_v one_o of_o they_o through_o the_o middle_n it_o will_v have_v on_o both_o the_o plain_n a_o most_o pure_a thin_a ice_n hardly_o discernible_a by_o the_o eye_n but_o easy_o by_o the_o touch_n or_o by_o scrape_v it_o off_o with_o a_o knife_n the_o cores_fw-la of_o these_o apple_n soon_o turn_v brown_a and_o begin_v their_o 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also_o but_o here_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o say_v spirit_n that_o will_v not_o freeze_v alone_o yet_o with_o the_o mixture_n of_o about_o 12._o part_n of_o water_n or_o less_o of_o ice_n or_o snow_n do_v freeze_v throughout_o except_o the_o spirit_n of_o salt_n of_o nitre_n and_o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la which_o will_v not_o freeze_v with_o those_o quantity_n of_o water_n ice_n and_o snow_n i_o intend_v to_o have_v try_v they_o with_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o the_o say_a ingredient_n but_o the_o weather_n fail_v i_o whether_o the_o salt_n water_n freeze_v in_o the_o sea_n i_o can_v experimental_o determine_v but_o shall_v add_v what_o be_v tell_v i_o by_o one_o that_o say_v he_o have_v dissolve_v ice_n in_o the_o northern_a sea_n and_o find_v it_o very_a salt_n the_o next_o propose_v be_v the_o figure_n of_o liquor_n freeze_v wherein_o i_o shall_v observe_v in_o general_a that_o most_o of_o the_o liquor_n differ_v one_o from_o another_o in_o their_o figure_n and_o be_v permit_v to_o freeze_v and_o thaw_v often_o they_o still_o return_v to_o the_o same_o figure_n most_o whereof_o be_v branch_v alum_n appear_v in_o lump_n salt_n petre_n tartar_n milk_n ale_n wine_n and_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a in_o plate_n and_o other_o liquor_n mention_v to_o freeze_v into_o a_o very_a soft_a ice_n seem_v to_o be_v make_v up_o of_o small_a globuli_fw-la adhere_v each_o to_o other_o fair_a water_n kelp_n and_o the_o frit_n resemble_v a_o oaken_a leaf_n the_o leafy_a part_n be_v take_v away_o and_o the_o fibre_n only_o remain_v the_o interstitia_fw-la be_v fill_v up_o with_o smooth_a ice_n the_o middle_a rib_n if_o i_o may_v so_o say_v as_o in_o plant_n be_v much_o big_a than_o the_o lateral_a one_o all_o which_o seem_v but_o different_a 〈◊〉_d who_o point_n extend_v towards_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n contain_v the_o water_n and_o make_v acute_a angle_n with_o the_o middle_a rib_n towards_o the_o lesser_a end_n of_o the_o say_a leaf_n concern_v the_o figure_n of_o freeze_a urine_n i_o shall_v say_v nothing_o the_o accurate_a description_n of_o curious_a mr._n hook_n have_v so_o full_o and_o true_o perform_v that_o part_n of_o my_o task_n now_o as_o to_o the_o famous_a experiment_n of_o quercetan_n and_o affirm_v by_o many_o other_o chemist_n i_o make_v experiment_n in_o these_o follow_a vegetable_n rosemary_n rue_n scurvigrass_n mint_n and_o plantain_n wherewith_o i_o thus_o proceed_v i_o mix_v with_o ½_o a_o pint_n of_o their_o distil_a water_n ½_o or_o ¾_n of_o a_o ounce_n of_o their_o own_o salt_n the_o rosemary_n and_o rue_n be_v calcine_v and_o their_o salt_n extract_v with_o their_o own_o water_n and_o then_o be_v add_v to_o their_o salt_n their_o own_o distil_a water_n in_o the_o above_o mention_v proportion_n the_o glass_n wherein_o the_o rue_n and_o plantain_n be_v put_v be_v seal_v with_o hermes_n seal_v and_o the_o other_o glass_n leave_v open_a the_o effect_n be_v that_o neither_o of_o they_o show_v the_o least_o resemblance_n of_o the_o plant_n from_o which_o they_o be_v extract_v neither_o figure_n nor_o show_v of_o root_n stalk_n branch_n nor_o leaf_n but_o only_o a_o lump_n or_o heap_n of_o small_a globuli_fw-la much_o less_o of_o flour_n or_o seed_n beside_o the_o kelp_v freeze_v have_v many_o fibre_n which_o be_v make_v the_o most_o of_o it_o of_o alga_n marina_n who_o leaf_n be_v long_o and_o smooth_a without_o fibre_n in_o it_o this_o one_o thing_n i_o can_v pretermit_v that_o the_o scent_v water_n seem_v upon_o their_o thaw_v to_o have_v acquire_v and_o advance_v much_o in_o their_o scent_n and_o especial_o the_o rosemary_n who_o salt_n have_v no_o smell_n and_o its_o water_n but_o little_a yet_o thaw_v they_o 〈◊〉_d as_o strong_a almost_o as_o fresh_a leaf_n rub_v and_o smell_v too_o a_o large_a recipient_a be_v fill_v with_o water_n which_o be_v freeze_v throughout_o and_o the_o upper_a crust_n of_o the_o ice_n break_v there_o appear_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o it_o a_o multitude_n of_o thin_a laminae_fw-la of_o ice_n some_o more_o some_o less_o wide_a from_o which_o proceed_v stiriae_fw-la or_o tooth_n point_v inward_o and_o set_v at_o pretty_a equal_a distance_n so_o that_o the_o laminae_fw-la and_o stiriae_fw-la resemble_v very_o much_o so_o many_o comb_n place_v in_o no_o order_n some_o lie_v direct_o other_o oblique_o none_o transvers_o have_v interval_n betwixt_o each_o of_o they_o betwixt_o some_o of_o they_o i_o can_v put_v my_o finger_n without_o break_v the_o point_n of_o the_o stiriae_fw-la these_o comb_n be_v place_v round_o about_o a_o cavity_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o receiver_n sufficient_a to_o receive_v two_o of_o my_o finger_n in_o a_o flask_n fill_v competent_o with_o water_n when_o it_o be_v freeze_v there_o appear_v throughout_o the_o ice_n infinite_a silver-coloured_n bubble_n very_o like_a unto_o tailed_a hailshot_n of_o several_a size_n the_o large_a about_o ¼_n of_o a_o inch_n long_o where_o thick_a of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o great_a pins-head_n other_o much_o less_o in_o all_o dimension_n the_o point_n of_o they_o all_o look_v outward_o and_o the_o big_a part_n inward_o towards_o the_o centre_n where_o also_o be_v the_o large_a for_o there_o they_o will_v easy_o admit_v a_o little_a pin_n into_o all_o their_o cavity_n without_o the_o least_o resistance_n the_o figure_n of_o they_o be_v pretty_a regular_a first_o a_o small_a thread_n and_o then_o a_o head_n as_o big_a as_o a_o shot_n and_o thence_o gradual_o end_v in_o a_o point_n some_o of_o these_o be_v straight_o most_o a_o little_a crooked_a there_o be_v a_o cavity_n in_o the_o centre_n of_o this_o ice_n fill_v with_o unfrozen_a water_n from_o which_o i_o can_v find_v multitude_n of_o cavity_n of_o bubble_n not_o full_o form_v and_o in_o the_o more_o solid_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n cut_v you_o may_v discern_v they_o
to_o that_o we_o here_o employ_v obtain_v ice_n and_o though_o in_o this_o metalline_a sugar_n we_o may_v well_o suppose_v the_o saline_n part_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n to_o be_v much_o more_o concentrate_v or_o unite_v than_o they_o be_v in_o the_o spirit_n yet_o the_o solution_n must_v abound_v with_o aqueous_a part_n and_o this_o sugar_n seem_v but_o a_o kind_n of_o vitriol_n of_o lead_n it_o be_v worth_a our_o notice_n that_o its_o solution_n will_v not_o freeze_v as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o common_a vitriol_n though_o in_o this_o latter_a concrete_a the_o metal_n be_v corrode_v by_o a_o spirit_n which_o as_o far_o as_o can_v be_v judge_v by_o the_o liquor_n afford_v in_o distillation_n be_v very_o much_o sharp_a and_o strong_a than_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n 5._o we_o likewise_o try_v to_o freeze_v quick_a silver_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n provide_v a_o bubble_n that_o be_v blow_v with_o a_o lamp_n be_v but_o thin_a and_o so_o flat_a that_o the_o side_n almost_o touch_v and_o it_o hold_v but_o a_o little_a mercury_n and_o that_o by_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v reduce_v to_o a_o large_a surface_n with_o but_o very_o little_a depth_n or_o thickness_n it_o be_v far_o more_o expose_v then_o if_o it_o have_v be_v in_o a_o ordinary_a round_a bubble_n to_o the_o action_n of_o the_o cold_a but_o we_o can_v not_o at_o all_o freeze_v this_o extravagant_a liquor_n though_o we_o try_v it_o more_o than_o once_o and_o though_o the_o last_o time_n we_o expose_v it_o in_o the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d to_o the_o same_o degree_n of_o cold_a wherewith_o we_o make_v one_o of_o the_o follow_a experiment_n that_o require_v a_o very_a intense_a degree_n of_o that_o quality_n and_o in_o another_o thin_a glass-bubble_n we_o long_v expose_v quicksilver_n to_o a_o extraordinary_a sharp_a air_n but_o though_o the_o cold_a have_v some_o operation_n upon_o it_o not_o here_o necessary_a to_o be_v mention_v yet_o we_o can_v not_o find_v that_o it_o do_v at_o all_o bring_v it_o to_o freeze_v wherefore_o i_o can_v wish_v that_o trial_n be_v make_v in_o muscovy_n greenland_n charles_n island_n or_o some_o other_o of_o the_o most_o 〈◊〉_d region_n where_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a which_o here_o be_v upon_o quicksilver_n but_o languid_a be_v the_o most_o considerable_a and_o sometime_o stupendous_a 6._o it_o be_v very_o remarkable_a that_o though_o not_o only_o the_o solution_n of_o other_o gross_a salt_n but_o as_o we_o have_v see_v divers_a more_o saline_a and_o spirituous_a liquor_n be_v bring_v by_o snow_n and_o salt_n to_o congelation_n yet_o a_o brine_n make_v very_o strong_a of_o common_a salt_n can_v not_o be_v bring_v to_o freeze_v at_o all_o though_o we_o keep_v it_o expose_v with_o the_o other_o saline_a solution_n that_o do_v freeze_v during_o a_o whole_a night_n that_o be_v exceed_v sharp_a which_o experiment_n i_o also_o try_v many_o year_n since_o to_o draw_v thence_o a_o argument_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o cartestan_a hypothesis_n about_o cold_a which_o i_o shall_v not_o now_o consider_v but_o rather_o add_v that_o be_v desirous_a to_o try_v with_o what_o proportion_n of_o sea_n salt_n and_o water_n the_o congelation_n of_o they_o may_v be_v effect_v i_o find_v i_o can_v freeze_v some_o sea_n water_n that_o have_v be_v bring_v up_o in_o a_o barrel_n to_o that_o monarch_n of_o the_o virtuoso_n the_o king_n for_o the_o make_n of_o trial_n with_o it_o and_o that_o have_v in_o a_o single_a vial_n expose_v to_o the_o air_n in_o a_o very_a bitter_a night_n a_o solution_n consist_v of_o twenty_o part_n of_o water_n and_o one_o of_o salt_n which_o be_v double_a the_o proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o be_v common_o find_v in_o our_o sea-water_n the_o next_o day_n we_o find_v a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o liquor_n freeze_v the_o ice_n swim_v at_o the_o top_n in_o figure_n almost_o like_a broom_n spread_v from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n downward_o and_o to_o add_v that_o upon_o the_o by_o we_o suffer_v the_o ice_n of_o salt-water_n to_o thaw_v to_o try_v whether_o it_o will_v yield_v fresh_a water_n but_o it_o seem_v not_o devoid_a of_o some_o brackishness_n which_o whether_o or_o no_o it_o proceed_v from_o some_o part_n of_o the_o contiguous_a brine_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o ice_n i_o leave_v to_o further_o and_o exacter_n observation_n since_o i_o be_o credible_o inform_v that_o in_o amsterdam_n there_o be_v divers_a that_o use_v the_o thaw_a ice_n of_o the_o sea-water_n to_o brew_v their_o beer_n with_o instead_o of_o common_a fresh_a water_n 3._o and_o since_o i_o make_v that_o experiment_n i_o find_v in_o the_o industrious_a bartholinus_n new_o publish_v book_n de_fw-fr 42._o nivis_fw-la usu_fw-la a_o confirmation_n of_o the_o probability_n of_o the_o report_n i_o just_a now_o mention_v his_o word_n be_v these_o de_fw-fr glacie_n ex_fw-la marinâ_fw-la aquâ_fw-la certum_fw-la est_fw-la siresolvatur_fw-la salsum_fw-la saporem_fw-la deposuisse_fw-la quod_fw-la etiam_fw-la non_fw-la ita_fw-la pridem_fw-la expertus_fw-la est_fw-la cl._n jacobus_n finckius_n academiae_fw-la nostrae_fw-la senior_fw-la &_o physices_fw-la professor_n benè_fw-la meritus_fw-la in_fw-la glaciei_fw-la frustis_fw-la è_fw-la portu_fw-la nostro_fw-la allatis_fw-la title_n four_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o degree_n of_o cold_a in_o several_a body_n 1._o after_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o body_n that_o be_v the_o most_o capable_a of_o produce_v cold_a and_o of_o those_o that_o be_v most_o dispose_v or_o indispose_v to_o receive_v it_o it_o will_v be_v methodical_a to_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o differ_v body_n but_o though_o a_o work_n of_o this_o nature_n may_v somewhat_o conduce_v to_o the_o discovery_n of_o cold_a in_o general_n yet_o it_o be_v so_o laborious_a a_o task_n and_o to_o be_v well_o perform_v require_v so_o much_o more_o of_o leisure_n and_o conveniency_n than_o i_o be_o master_n of_o that_o i_o must_v resign_v it_o to_o those_o that_o be_v better_o furnish_v with_o they_o which_o i_o the_o free_o do_v because_o the_o experiment_n which_o at_o this_o time_n make_v the_o principal_a part_n of_o our_o history_n be_v chief_o of_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a we_o may_v seem_v to_o have_v do_v something_o of_o what_o more_o 〈◊〉_d concern_v our_o present_a design_n by_o have_v make_v the_o experiment_n anon_o to_o be_v subjoin_v within_o this_o present_a section_n or_o title_n and_o yet_o thus_o much_o we_o elsewhere_o do_v towards_o the_o frame_n of_o a_o table_n of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a that_o we_o do_v on_o other_o occasion_n set_v down_o those_o hitherto_o unpractised_a way_n that_o we_o have_v employ_v to_o estimate_v the_o great_a or_o lesser_a coldness_n of_o body_n by_o several_a kind_n of_o weather-glass_n differ_v from_o the_o common_a one_o and_o far_o more_o fit_a than_o they_o for_o such_o a_o purpose_n for_o by_o hermetical_o seal_v thermoscope_n furnish_v with_o high_a rectify_v 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slender_a in_o proportion_n to_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o vial_n whereinto_o it_o be_v insert_v that_o very_o much_o minute_a difference_n of_o cold_a will_v be_v manifest_a in_o these_o then_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v sensible_a in_o common_a weather-glass_n discourse_n and_o beside_o these_o two_o sort_n we_o have_v elsewhere_o propose_v and_o describe_v a_o three_o and_o new_a kind_n of_o thermometer_n wherein_o a_o drop_n of_o liquor_n be_v suspend_v in_o a_o very_a slender_a pipe_n of_o glass_n betwixt_o the_o outward_a and_o the_o inward_a air_n make_v it_o far_o more_o fit_a for_o those_o experiment_n wherein_o we_o either_o despair_n or_o care_v not_o to_o measure_v the_o difference_n of_o cold_a betwixt_o two_o body_n but_o be_v only_o desirous_a to_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o they_o differ_v in_o coldness_n and_o in_o case_n they_o do_v which_o of_o they_o have_v most_o for_o
claret-wine_n and_o if_o thrust_v down_o into_o either_o of_o these_o liquor_n they_o nimble_o enough_o emerge_v 6._o whether_o or_o no_o chemical_a oil_n though_o like_v express_v oil_n they_o shrink_v with_o a_o moderate_a degree_n of_o cold_a will_v by_o congelation_n be_v like_v they_o contract_v or_o like_o aqueous_a liquor_n expanded_a we_o can_v not_o satisfy_v ourselves_o by_o experiment_n because_o we_o be_v unable_a to_o advance_v cold_a to_o a_o degree_n capable_a of_o bring_v such_o oil_n to_o congelation_n only_o we_o have_v thought_n to_o make_v a_o trial_n with_o oil_n of_o aniseed_n distil_v with_o water_n in_o a_o limbeck_n in_o regard_n that_o though_o it_o be_v a_o very_a subtle_a liquor_n and_o as_o chemist_n call_v it_o a_o essential_a oil_n and_o though_o in_o the_o summer_n time_n and_o at_o some_o other_o season_n if_o the_o weather_n be_v warm_a it_o will_v remain_v fluid_a yet_o in_o the_o winter_n when_o the_o air_n be_v cold_a it_o will_v if_o it_o be_v 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cold_a do_v not_o expand_v either_o oil_n or_o uncongealable_a liquor_n but_o condense_a they_o 11._o after_o what_o i_o have_v thus_o large_o deliver_v concern_v the_o expansive_a endeavour_n of_o freeze_a water_n i_o hope_v i_o may_v be_v allow_v to_o leave_v to_o other_o if_o they_o shall_v think_v it_o worth_a the_o labour_n the_o prosecution_n of_o the_o like_a experiment_n upon_o wine_n milk_n urine_n and_o other_o liquor_n abound_v with_o aqueous_a part_n concern_v which_o we_o shall_v only_o in_o general_n remind_v those_o that_o may_v have_v forget_v it_o that_o by_o some_o of_o our_o experiment_n it_o appear_v that_o such_o aqueous_a liquor_n be_v expanded_a by_o congelation_n and_o that_o their_o endeavour_n outward_o be_v considerable_o forcible_a seem_v more_o than_o likely_a from_o what_o we_o former_o note_v out_o of_o the_o dutch_a voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n where_o it_o be_v relate_v that_o by_o the_o extreme_a cold_a both_o some_o of_o their_o other_o barrel_n 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be_v unquestionable_o reduce_v i_o say_v unquestionable_o because_o though_o the_o diligent_a mersennus_n and_o other_o seem_v to_o have_v conceive_v himself_o to_o have_v reduce_v it_o in_o the_o wind-gun_n into_o a_o very_a narrow_a room_n yet_o beside_o that_o by_o our_o expedient_a we_o have_v compress_v it_o beyond_o what_o these_o ingenious_a man_n pretend_v to_o beside_o this_o i_o say_v i_o have_v long_o much_o question_v whether_o the_o way_n of_o compress_a air_n in_o a_o wind-gun_n which_o both_o they_o and_o we_o have_v employ_v may_v safe_o be_v rely_v on_o for_o the_o oil_n or_o some_o other_o analogous_a thing_n that_o be_v wont_n this_o way_n to_o be_v employ_v and_o the_o overlooking_a of_o several_a circumstance_n that_o be_v more_o necessary_a to_o be_v take_v into_o diligent_a consideration_n then_o wont_a to_o be_v so_o may_v easy_o enough_o occasion_n no_o small_a mistake_n in_o assign_v so_o great_a a_o degree_n to_o the_o compression_n of_o the_o air_n but_o our_o exception_n against_o this_o way_n of_o measure_v it_o may_v be_v more_o opportune_o discourse_v of_o in_o another_o place_n and_o therefore_o we_o will_v now_o proceed_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o of_o the_o two_o know_a way_n of_o compress_a air_n the_o clear_a and_o most_o satisfactory_a seem_v to_o be_v that_o which_o be_v perform_v in_o the_o wind_n fountain_n as_o it_o be_v common_o call_v where_o yet_o i_o have_v seldom_o if_o ever_o see_v the_o air_n that_o i_o remember_v by_o all_o the_o violence_n man_n can_v use_v to_o syringe_n in_o water_n crowd_v into_o so_o little_a as_o the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o capacity_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o a_o ingenious_a artificer_n that_o make_v store_n of_o these_o fountain_n be_v consult_v by_o i_o about_o the_o further_o compress_v of_o air_n in_o they_o he_o deter_v i_o from_o venture_v to_o try_v it_o by_o affirm_v to_o i_o that_o both_o he_o and_o another_o skilful_a person_n of_o my_o acquaintance_n have_v like_a to_o have_v be_v spoil_v by_o such_o attempt_n for_o endeavour_v to_o urge_v the_o air_n beyond_o a_o moderate_a degree_n of_o compression_n it_o not_o only_o burst_v some_o fountain_n make_v of_o glass_n but_o when_o the_o attempt_n be_v make_v in_o a_o large_a but_o thick_a vessel_n make_v of_o strong_a and_o compact_a flanders_n earth_n the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o jug_n and_o stone_n bottle_n the_o vessel_n be_v by_o the_o over-bent_a spring_n of_o the_o air_n burst_v with_o a_o horrid_a noise_n and_o the_o piece_n throw_v off_o with_o that_o violence_n that_o if_o they_o have_v hit_v he_o or_o his_o friend_n that_o assist_v he_o in_o the_o experiment_n they_o may_v have_v maim_v he_o if_o not_o kill_v he_o out_o right_o so_o that_o the_o great_a unquestionable_a compression_n of_o the_o air_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v that_o record_v in_o the_o five_o chapter_n of_o our_o defence_n against_o the_o learned_a linus_n where_o nevertheless_o we_o can_v reduce_v the_o air_n by_o the_o weight_n of_o a_o cylinder_n of_o mercury_n of_o about_o 100_o inch_n which_o consequent_o may_v near_o countervale_fw-mi a_o cylinder_n of_o six_o score_n foot_n of_o water_n but_o into_o a_o little_a less_o than_o a_o four_o part_n of_o its_o usual_a extent_n but_o how_o much_o further_o the_o air_n may_v be_v compress_v by_o our_o new_a purpose_a way_n it_o be_v now_o time_n to_o show_v by_o the_o ensue_a note_n of_o which_o we_o have_v not_o omit_v any_o that_o we_o can_v find_v both_o that_o some_o scruple_n which_o may_v else_o arise_v about_o the_o way_n we_o employ_v may_v be_v prevent_v or_o satisfy_v and_o that_o the_o way_n we_o employ_v in_o practise_v this_o method_n may_v by_o some_o variety_n of_o example_n be_v the_o better_o understand_v 4._o we_o take_v a_o large_a glass-egg_n 13._o with_o a_o cylindrical_a stem_n about_o the_o bigness_n of_o my_o middle_a finger_n and_o pour_v in_o water_n till_o it_o reach_v about_o a_o finger_n breadth_n high_o than_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o stem_n we_o set_v it_o to_o freeze_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n for_o some_o hour_n with_o the_o stop_n of_o the_o stem_n which_o be_v draw_v out_o into_o a_o very_a slender_a pipe_n almost_o at_o right_a angle_n with_o the_o stem_n open_a and_o there_o leave_v it_o for_o some_o hour_n and_o the_o water_n be_v rise_v betwixt_o six_o and_o a_o half_a and_o seven_o inch_n this_o we_o do_v in_o order_n to_o another_o experiment_n but_o then_o easy_o and_o nimble_o seal_v up_o the_o slender_a pipe_n above_o mention_v that_o the_o air_n in_o the_o stem_n may_v not_o be_v heat_v we_o let_v it_o continue_v in_o the_o snow_n sometime_o add_v fresh_a for_o about_o 24._o hour_n to_o observe_v to_o what_o degree_n the_o water_n by_o expand_v itself_o will_v compress_v the_o imprison_a air._n the_o length_n of_o the_o cylinder_n of_o
a_o glass_n tube_n thrust_v into_o the_o ground_n yet_o it_o seem_v that_o at_o least_o where_o captain_n james_n winter_v the_o water_n be_v not_o much_o above_o half_a so_o thick_o freeze_v as_o the_o earth_n but_o we_o have_v already_o note_v the_o indisposition_n of_o salt-water_n to_o congelation_n and_o whether_o fresh_a water_n will_v not_o have_v be_v deep_o freeze_v may_v be_v just_o doubt_v title_n fourteen_o experiment_n touch_v the_o differ_a medium_n through_o which_o cold_a may_v be_v diffuse_v 1._o in_o examine_v whether_o cold_a may_v be_v diffuse_v through_o all_o medium_n indefinite_o notwithstanding_o their_o compactness_n or_o the_o closeness_n of_o their_o texture_n we_o must_v have_v a_o care_v not_o to_o make_v our_o trial_n with_o medium_n of_o too_o great_a thickness_n lest_o we_o mistake_o impute_v that_o to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v indeed_o cause_v by_o the_o distance_n which_o the_o medium_fw-la put_v betwixt_o the_o agent_n and_o the_o patient_n for_o the_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o snow_n wherewith_o we_o make_v our_o experiment_n will_v operate_v but_o at_o a_o very_a small_a distance_n though_o the_o medium_fw-la resist_v no_o more_o than_o the_o common_a air_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o some_o of_o the_o experiment_n record_v in_o this_o treatise_n this_o premised_a we_o may_v proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o have_v place_v a_o copious_a mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n in_o pipkin_n glaze_v within_o and_o in_o white_a basin_n glaze_v both_o within_o and_o without_o we_o observe_v that_o the_o outside_n of_o both_o those_o sort_n of_o vessel_n be_v crust_v over_o with_o ice_n though_o however_o the_o bake_a earth_n have_v not_o be_v compact_v nor_o the_o vitrified_a surface_n of_o a_o very_a close_a texture_n the_o very_a thickness_n of_o the_o vessel_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o seem_v it_o will_v scarce_o have_v be_v able_a to_o freeze_v at_o a_o great_a distance_n 2._o by_o the_o experiment_n 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furnish_v with_o a_o rim_n or_o lip_n by_o which_o it_o lean_v upon_o the_o great_a and_o by_o who_o help_n its_o side_n and_o bottom_n be_v easy_o place_v at_o a_o just_a and_o even_a distance_n from_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o other_o but_o the_o distance_n between_o the_o two_o bottom_n be_v make_v great_a then_o that_o between_o the_o side_n that_o the_o icy_a cup_n may_v stand_v the_o firm_a and_o last_v the_o long_o the_o interval_n between_o the_o two_o part_n of_o this_o mould_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o internal_a cup_n be_v fill_v with_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n partly_o to_o freeze_v the_o contiguous_a water_n and_o thereby_o cooperate_v to_o the_o quick_a make_n of_o the_o cup_n and_o partly_o by_o its_o weight_n to_o keep_v the_o water_n from_o buoy_v up_o so_o light_a a_o cup_n the_o external_a part_n be_v surround_v with_o ice_n and_o salt_n who_o cold_a so_o powerful_o penetrate_v to_o the_o internal_a 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sometime_o by_o anoint_v the_o inside_n of_o the_o mould_n with_o some_o unctuous_a and_o not_o offensive_a matter_n to_o hinder_v the_o adhesion_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o sometime_o by_o apply_v some_o convenient_a heat_n both_o to_o the_o convex_a part_n of_o the_o external_a and_o the_o concave_a part_n of_o the_o internal_a piece_n of_o the_o mould_n which_o last_o mention_v way_n be_v quick_a and_o sure_a but_o lessen_v the_o durableness_n of_o the_o cup._n we_o be_v late_o inform_v that_o this_o way_n of_o make_v cup_n of_o ice_n be_v set_v down_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d argenis_n and_o it_o be_v like_a enough_o that_o 〈◊〉_d man_n may_v have_v learn_v it_o among_o some_o of_o the_o virtuoso_n of_o italy_n he_o converse_v with_o but_o if_o we_o that_o learn_v it_o from_o none_o of_o they_o have_v not_o be_v teach_v it_o by_o experience_n we_o shall_v scarce_o have_v venture_v to_o try_v it_o upon_o the_o credit_n of_o a_o romance_n that_o sort_n of_o composure_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v fabulous_a enough_o to_o pass_v but_o for_o poem_n in_o prose_n 4._o the_o learned_a and_o industrious_a mathematician_n erasmus_n bartholinus_n mention_n in_o his_o new_o publish_v discourse_n de_fw-fr figura_fw-la 〈◊〉_d a_o experiment_n by_o which_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o some_o master_n of_o nature_n secret_n do_v easy_o even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o heat_n reduce_v water_n into_o air._n for_o they_o put_v a_o little_a snow_n or_o ice_n into_o a_o funnel_n and_o thereby_o so_o refrigerate_v and_o condense_a the_o ambient_fw-la air_n that_o there_o will_v dew_n trickle_v down_o the_o side_n of_o the_o funnel_n by_o which_o mean_v it_o have_v be_v say_v that_o some_o ingenious_a man_n have_v hope_v to_o make_v a_o artificial_a fountain_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o summer_n but_o i_o here_o mention_v this_o experiment_n rather_o because_o it_o be_v not_o unlikely_a to_o please_v those_o to_o who_o it_o be_v new_a and_o because_o have_v purposely_o try_v it_o in_o large_a and_o thick_a funnel_n of_o glass_n it_o may_v be_v pertinent_o enough_o deliver_v in_o this_o place_n where_o we_o be_v treat_v of_o the_o transmission_n or_o propagation_n of_o cold_a through_o close_a and_o thick_a medium_n then_o because_o we_o expect_v to_o make_v of_o it_o that_o use_v especial_o that_o oeconomical_a use_n that_o have_v be_v late_o intimate_v for_o first_o it_o will_v be_v very_o hard_a to_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v the_o very_a air_n itself_o and_o not_o rather_o the_o vapour_n swim_v in_o it_o that_o be_v by_o this_o mean_v transmute_v into_o water_n and_o second_o it_o be_v true_a indeed_o that_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v condense_a vapour_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o a_o funnel_n but_o either_o they_o that_o hope_v to_o make_v this_o use_n of_o the_o experiment_n have_v little_a experience_n of_o it_o and_o write_v conjectural_o or_o else_o they_o have_v make_v it_o with_o a_o success_n very_o differ_v from_o we_o for_o though_o we_o employ_v a_o large_a funnel_n and_o suspend_v it_o by_o a_o string_n artificial_o enough_o tie_v about_o it_o in_o the_o free_a air_n and_o though_o the_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n we_o put_v in_o be_v sufficient_o infrigidate_v as_o will_v appear_v by_o and_o by_o and_o far_o more_o so_o then_o ice_n or_o snow_n alone_o will_v have_v be_v yet_o that_o mixture_n be_v not_o able_a to_o condense_a the_o vaporous_a part_n of_o the_o air_n into_o dew_n much_o if_o at_o all_o long_o than_o the_o mutual_a dissolution_n of_o the_o salt_n and_o snow_n last_v the_o liquor_n that_o be_v this_o way_n obtain_v and_o drop_v down_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o funnel_n who_o internal_a perforation_n ought_v to_o be_v careful_o stop_v lest_o any_o of_o the_o resolve_a snow_n and_o salt_n shall_v fall_v through_o
common_a salt_n but_o the_o experiment_n succeed_v not_o well_o though_o once_o we_o bring_v the_o ice_n to_o stick_v to_o the_o wood_n manifest_o but_o not_o strong_o 8._o to_o this_o we_o shall_v add_v the_o follow_a experiment_n which_o when_o we_o watchful_o make_v it_o succeed_v well_o and_o i_o find_v it_o among_o my_o note_n set_v down_o in_o these_o term_n solid_a fragment_n of_o ice_n have_v pretty_a store_n of_o salt_n throw_v on_o they_o upon_o the_o first_o fall_v of_o the_o salt_n among_o the_o ice_n there_o be_v produce_v a_o little_a 〈◊〉_d noise_n and_o for_o a_o good_a while_n after_o there_o manifest_o ascend_v out_o of_o several_a part_n of_o the_o mixture_n convenient_o hold_v betwixt_o a_o candle_n and_o the_o eye_n a_o steam_n or_o smoke_n like_o that_o of_o warm_a meat_n though_o the_o night_n be_v rainy_a and_o warm_a and_o though_o the_o morning_n have_v not_o be_v frosty_a the_o mention_n here_o make_v of_o the_o crackle_n noise_n make_v by_o the_o ice_n upon_o the_o addition_n of_o salt_n which_o seem_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o crackle_n of_o the_o brittle_a ice_n produce_v by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o salt_n upon_o it_o bring_v into_o my_o mind_n a_o experiment_n i_o have_v former_o make_v whereof_o a_o great_a noise_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n be_v a_o phaenomenon_n though_o the_o experiment_n be_v chief_o make_v for_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o texture_n of_o ice_n the_o event_n of_o the_o trial_n i_o find_v thus_o set_v down_o among_o my_o note_n 9_o we_o take_v some_o cake_n of_o ice_n each_o of_o the_o thickness_n between_o a_o 〈◊〉_d and_o a_o ¼_n part_n of_o a_o inch_n but_o not_o so_o very_o compact_a ice_n as_o to_o be_v free_a from_o store_n of_o bubble_n some_o good_a aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la drop_v upon_o this_o do_v quick_o penetrate_v it_o with_o a_o noise_n that_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o crack_n of_o the_o ice_n underneath_o which_o the_o sour_a liquor_n be_v very_o plain_o to_o be_v taste_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n do_v the_o same_o but_o much_o more_o powerful_o and_o without_o seem_v to_o crack_v the_o ice_n which_o it_o pass_v through_o so_o that_o though_o but_o three_o or_o four_o drop_n be_v let_v fall_n upon_o the_o plate_n it_o immediate_o show_v itself_o in_o drop_n exceed_o corrosive_a on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o the_o like_a success_n we_o have_v with_o a_o trial_n make_v with_o the_o same_o liquor_n upon_o three_o such_o plate_n of_o ice_n freeze_a one_o upon_o the_o top_n of_o another_o 10._o have_v proceed_v as_o far_o as_o we_o be_v able_a towards_o the_o bring_v the_o strength_n of_o ice_n to_o some_o kind_n of_o estimate_n by_o such_o experiment_n as_o we_o have_v opportunity_n to_o make_v here_o we_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o seek_v what_o information_n we_o can_v get_v about_o this_o matter_n among_o the_o description_n that_o be_v give_v we_o of_o cold_a region_n but_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o find_v any_o thing_n to_o have_v be_v take_v notice_n of_o to_o this_o purpose_n worth_n transcribe_v except_o a_o passage_n in_o the_o archbishop_n of_o upsal_n wherein_o though_o the_o estimate_n of_o the_o force_n of_o ice_n be_v as_o we_o shall_v by_o and_o by_o show_n 〈◊〉_d after_o a_o gross_a manner_n yet_o since_o this_o itself_o be_v more_o than_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o elsewhere_o i_o think_v it_o worth_a subjoyn_v as_o our_o author_n deliver_v it_o in_o these_o term_n glacies_fw-la say_v 14._o he_o primae_fw-la &_o mediae_fw-la hyemis_fw-la adeò_fw-la fortis_fw-la &_o tenax_fw-la est_fw-la ut_fw-la spissitudine_fw-la seu_fw-la densitate_fw-la duorum_fw-la digitorum_fw-la sufferat_fw-la hominem_fw-la ambulantem_fw-la trium_fw-la vero_fw-la digitorum_fw-la equestrem_fw-la armatum_fw-la unius_fw-la palmae_fw-la &_o dimidiae_fw-la turmas_fw-la vel_fw-la exercitus_fw-la militares_fw-la trium_fw-la vel_fw-la quatuor_fw-la palmarum_fw-la integram_fw-la legionem_fw-la seu_fw-la myriadem_fw-la populorum_fw-la quemadmodum_fw-la inferiùs_fw-la de_fw-la bellis_fw-la hyemalibus_fw-la memorandum_n erit_fw-la but_o though_o this_o be_v sufficient_a to_o afford_v we_o a_o illustrious_a testimony_n of_o the_o wonderful_a strong_a cohesion_n of_o the_o part_n of_o ice_n yet_o we_o mention_v it_o but_o as_o a_o popular_a way_n of_o estimate_n which_o may_v better_a embolden_v traveller_n then_o satisfy_v philosopher_n in_o regard_n that_o the_o author_n determine_v only_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o not_o the_o distance_n of_o that_o part_n of_o it_o that_o support_v the_o weight_n from_o the_o shore_n or_o brink_n on_o which_o as_o on_o a_o hypomochlion_n the_o remote_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n do_v lean_a or_o rest_v and_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o ice_n as_o a_o lever_n and_o the_o brink_n or_o brink_n on_o which_o it_o be_v support_v as_o a_o single_a or_o double_a sulcrum_fw-la the_o distance_n of_o the_o weight_n may_v be_v of_o very_o great_a moment_n in_o reference_n to_o its_o pressure_n or_o gravitation_n on_o 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my_o present_a purpose_n though_o i_o shall_v here_o set_v down_o but_o one_o which_o be_v so_o full_a and_o express_a that_o it_o need_v no_o companion_n our_o navigator_n speak_v thus_o about_o nine_o of_o the_o 813._o clock_n in_o the_o forenoon_n we_o come_v by_o a_o great_a island_n of_o ice_n and_o by_o this_o island_n we_o find_v some_o piece_n of_o ice_n break_v off_o from_o the_o say_a island_n and_o be_v in_o great_a want_n of_o fresh_a water_n we_o hoist_v out_o our_o boat_n of_o both_o ship_n and_o load_v they_o twice_o with_o ice_n which_o make_v we_o very_o good_a fresh_a water_n but_o all_o this_o notwithstanding_o i_o yet_o retain_v some_o scruple_n till_o those_o that_o have_v better_a opportunity_n to_o make_v a_o more_o satisfactory_a experiment_n shall_v ease_v i_o of_o it_o for_o though_o by_o these_o narratives_n it_o seem_v more_o than_o probable_a that_o the_o ice_n
i_o have_v yet_o meet_v with_o in_o any_o sober_a author_n be_v that_o which_o be_v mention_v by_o the_o learned_a french_a hydrographer_n fournier_n who_o relate_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1635._o the_o french_a fleet_n sail_v to_o canada_n meet_v with_o several_a piece_n of_o ice_n as_o high_a as_o steeple_n and_o particular_o one_o whether_o piece_n or_o bank_n of_o ice_n for_o the_o french_a word_n glace_n may_v signify_v either_o which_o they_o be_v trouble_v to_o coast_n along_o for_o above_o forty_o league_n if_o this_o be_v the_o same_o story_n as_o one_o may_v suspect_v it_o to_o be_v by_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o place_n and_o fleet_n there_o be_v a_o great_a mistake_n in_o another_o place_n where_o our_o author_n speak_v of_o the_o vastness_n of_o the_o ice_n but_o if_o it_o be_v another_o story_n as_o some_o differ_a circumstance_n argue_v the_o french_a it_o seem_v meet_v with_o ice_n far_o more_o stupendous_a then_o even_o that_o already_o mention_v for_o say_v 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raise_v to_o the_o height_n of_o 30._o cubit_n above_o the_o ice_n which_o likewise_o agree_v very_o well_o with_o what_o we_o former_o note_v touch_v the_o possible_a increase_n of_o the_o height_n of_o some_o piece_n of_o ice_n by_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o snow_n upon_o they_o iv._o it_o remain_v now_o that_o we_o subjoin_v a_o few_o promiscuous_a observation_n concern_v ice_n that_o be_v not_o so_o ready_o reducible_a to_o the_o three_o forego_v head_n and_o we_o shall_v begin_v with_o what_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o by_o the_o dutch_a in_o their_o nova_n zembla_n voyage_n where_o relate_v how_o they_o fasten_v their_o ship_n to_o a_o great_a piece_n of_o ice_n to_o shelter_v themselves_o from_o the_o stormy_a wind_n there_o add_v they_o we_o go_v upon_o the_o ice_n and_o wonder_v much_o thereat_o it_o be_v such_o manner_n of_o ice_n for_o on_o the_o top_n it_o be_v full_a of_o earth_n and_o there_o be_v find_v about_o 〈◊〉_d egg_n and_o it_o be_v not_o like_o other_o ice_n for_o 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thereof_o some_o quantity_n of_o ice_n which_o in_o the_o fall_n do_v make_v such_o a_o noise_n as_o though_o it_o have_v be_v the_o report_n
multiplicaret_fw-la as_o our_o author_n be_v descend_v into_o the_o golden_a mine_n at_o cremnitz_n he_o find_v in_o one_o place_n the_o heat_n to_o increase_v as_o he_o descend_v more_o and_o more_o which_o seem_v not_o to_o agree_v with_o a_o passage_n we_o late_o mention_v out_o of_o he_o and_o to_o exceed_v any_o he_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o mine_n and_o afterward_o the_o overseer_n bring_v he_o into_o a_o room_n that_o abound_v with_o smaragdine_n vitriol_n the_o mineral_n whence_o this_o heat_n proceed_v though_o the_o room_n be_v spacious_a he_o find_v there_o beside_o a_o sharp_a spirit_n very_o offensive_a to_o his_o throat_n so_o troublesome_a a_o heat_n that_o he_o be_v ready_a to_o faint_v away_o with_o sweat_v and_o very_o much_o wonder_v how_o the_o digger_n be_v able_a to_o work_v there_o and_o elsewhere_o the_o author_n himself_o note_n that_o such_o hot_a mine_n of_o vitriol_n or_o sulphur_n may_v be_v find_v even_o in_o the_o first_o region_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o he_o call_v that_o which_o be_v somewhat_o near_o the_o surface_n and_o which_o he_o think_v 〈◊〉_d to_o name_v the_o cold_a region_n and_o within_o a_o large_a sphere_n of_o activity_n make_v it_o perpetual_o hot_a but_o this_o as_o i_o be_v intimate_v i_o mention_v but_o as_o a_o suspicion_n or_o a_o conjecture_n and_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o degree_n of_o heat_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v in_o these_o mine_n by_o the_o concurrence_n of_o accidental_a cause_n in_o case_n the_o conjecture_n be_v admit_v yet_o since_o the_o frequency_n of_o a_o sensible_a degree_n of_o heat_n in_o very_o deep_a place_n do_v very_o little_a favour_n their_o opinion_n that_o will_v allow_v the_o earth_n to_o have_v no_o other_o heat_n but_o what_o it_o receive_v from_o the_o sun_n beam_n or_o by_o the_o manifest_a fire_n of_o burn_a hill_n as_o aetna_n and_o vesuvius_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v object_v that_o this_o subterraneal_a heat_n be_v adventitious_a to_o the_o 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primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la and_o will_v leave_v the_o other_o in_o their_o force_n though_o it_o do_v more_o convince_o answer_v that_o against_o which_o it_o be_v frame_v than_o it_o seem_v to_o do_v 10._o and_o if_o the_o patron_n of_o the_o earth_n coldness_n to_o evade_v the_o argument_n i_o have_v allege_v shall_v pretend_v that_o when_o they_o affirm_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la they_o mean_v not_o the_o elementary_a earth_n but_o some_o body_n that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o i_o shall_v desire_v to_o know_v which_o it_o be_v they_o mean_v of_o the_o many_o other_o body_n that_o make_v up_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n that_o we_o may_v examine_v what_o right_a it_o have_v to_o that_o title_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o shall_v conclude_v against_o they_o that_o the_o earth_n itself_o have_v none_o since_o they_o grant_v a_o cold_a body_n than_o it_o and_o such_o a_o one_o as_o the_o earth_n must_v be_v behold_v to_o for_o the_o great_a degree_n of_o coldness_n it_o chance_v to_o possess_v 11._o but_o though_o i_o presume_v enough_o have_v be_v say_v to_o make_v it_o appear_v unlikely_a that_o the_o earth_n shall_v be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la yet_o i_o must_v in_o this_o dissent_n from_o the_o learned_a gassendus_fw-la that_o he_o think_v the_o earth_n not_o only_o not_o to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o not_o to_o be_v natural_o cold_a any_o more_o than_o hot_a for_o the_o insensible_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n like_o those_o of_o other_o firm_a body_n be_v heavy_a and_o perhaps_o gross_a and_o either_o have_v no_o constant_a motion_n at_o all_o or_o at_o least_o a_o far_o more_o remiss_a agitation_n then_o that_o of_o our_o sensory_n it_o seem_v to_o follow_v that_o the_o earth_n must_v seem_v cold_a to_o we_o unless_o it_o be_v by_o the_o communicate_v heat_n or_o motion_n of_o some_o extrinsic_a agent_n put_v into_o a_o degree_n of_o agitation_n that_o belong_v not_o to_o its_o nature_n and_o for_o the_o like_a reason_n i_o think_v it_o not_o improbable_a that_o pure_a earth_n shall_v in_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v cold_a than_o either_o pure_a water_n or_o pure_a air_n since_o the_o earth_n be_v a_o consistent_a body_n its_o component_a particle_n be_v at_o rest_n among_o themselves_o or_o at_o least_o move_v with_o a_o almost_o infinite_a slowness_n whereas_o water_n and_o air_n be_v fluid_n their_o component_a particle_n must_v be_v in_o a_o restless_a and_o various_a motion_n and_o consequent_o be_v less_o remote_a from_o heat_n which_o be_v a_o state_n wherein_o the_o various_a agitation_n of_o the_o minute_n particle_n be_v more_o vehement_a 12._o and_o if_o those_o that_o plead_v for_o the_o earth_n have_v declare_v that_o they_o mean_v not_o the_o pure_a or_o elementary_a earth_n but_o that_o part_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n that_o be_v distinct_a from_o the_o sea_n and_o other_o water_n that_o make_v it_o up_o and_o will_v have_v earth_n in_o that_o sense_n not_o to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o only_o the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la perhaps_o they_o may_v have_v a_o better_a plea_n for_o their_o opinion_n than_o they_o can_v urge_v for_o they_o who_o contend_v for_o the_o water_n or_o the_o air_n especial_o if_o to_o countenance_v their_o opinion_n this_o memorable_a observation_n be_v add_v which_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o 474._o among_o those_o navigator_n that_o have_v have_v the_o great_a experience_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n for_o the_o dutch_a that_o sail_v thrice_o to_o nova_n 〈◊〉_d and_o once_o winter_v there_o affirm_v in_o their_o first_o voyage_n that_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a be_v not_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o main_a sea_n where_o yet_o man_n be_v most_o expose_v to_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o air_n and_o of_o the_o water_n but_o either_o upon_o the_o land_n or_o near_o it_o that_o accurate_a geometrician_n and_o hydrographer_n fournier_n tell_v we_o that_o in_o 1595._o the_o hollander_n be_v intercept_v by_o icy_a school_n in_o the_o strait_a of_o weigat_n and_o meet_v with_o certain_a muscovite_n demand_v of_o they_o whether_o those_o sea_n be_v always_o freeze_v and_o be_v answer_v that_o neither_o the_o northern_a sea_n nor_o that_o of_o tartary_n do_v ever_o freeze_v and_o that_o it_o be_v only_o that_o strait_a with_o the_o sea_n contiguous_a to_o the_o shore_n of_o some_o bay_n and_o gulf_n that_o be_v freeze_v and_o our_o judicious_a author_n not_o only_o add_v that_o in_o effect_n all_o those_o that_o sail_n into_o those_o part_n relate_v that_o all_o those_o lump_n of_o ice_n be_v such_o as_o have_v be_v loosen_v and_o sever_v from_o the_o island_n and_o the_o river_n of_o the_o samojed_n and_o tartar_n but_o adventure_n to_o affirm_v in_o general_a term_n that_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o main_a sea_n never_o freeze_v and_o that_o it_o be_v but_o the_o confine_n and_o shore_n of_o some_o of_o they_o that_o be_v freeze_v 13._o that_o the_o water_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la the_o opinion_n of_o aristotle_n have_v make_v it_o to_o be_v that_o of_o the_o school_n and_o of_o the_o generality_n of_o philosopher_n but_o i_o can_v as_o little_o acquiesce_v in_o this_o opinion_n as_o in_o the_o former_a not_o find_v it_o agreeable_a to_o what_o experience_n teach_v we_o 14._o for_o not_o to_o mention_v that_o it_o will_v be_v very_o difficult_a to_o prove_v that_o divers_a very_o cold_a body_n as_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o crystal_n and_o several_a other_o fusible_a stone_n have_v in_o they_o any_o water_n at_o all_o to_o which_o their_o coldness_n may_v with_o any_o degree_n of_o probability_n be_v ascribe_v nor_o to_o urge_v the_o argument_n that_o some_o modern_a contender_n for_o the_o supreme_a coldness_n of_o the_o air_n be_v wont_a to_o employ_v not_o i_o say_v to_o insist_v on_o such_o thing_n
out_o of_o his_o journal_n since_o they_o may_v at_o least_o help_v we_o to_o conjecture_v what_o be_v not_o to_o be_v expect_v in_o reference_n to_o refraction_n from_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n as_o such_o the_o 21._o 61._o of_o january_n say_v he_o i_o observe_v the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d what_o exactness_n i_o can_v it_o be_v very_o clear_a sunshine_n weather_n which_o i_o find_v to_o be_v 51._o 52._o this_o difference_n be_v by_o reason_n that_o here_o be_v a_o great_a refraction_n which_o last_o clause_n be_v very_o obscure_a unless_o it_o refer_v as_o one_o may_v guess_v it_o do_v to_o what_o he_o have_v elsewhere_o say_v that_o his_o first_o come_v to_o the_o island_n he_o take_v the_o latitude_n with_o two_o quadrant_n 46._o and_o find_v it_o to_o be_v inst_n 52._o degree_n without_o any_o minute_n elsewhere_o my_o 〈◊〉_d 64._o say_v he_o by_o these_o glass_n i_o compare_v to_o the_o star_n come_v to_o the_o meridian_n by_o this_o mean_n we_o find_v the_o sun_n to_o rise_v twenty_o minute_n before_o it_o shall_v and_o in_o the_o evening_n to_o remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n twenty_o minute_n or_o thereabouts_o long_o than_o it_o shall_v and_o all_o this_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o refraction_n and_o in_o another_o place_n march_v the_o 15._o this_o evening_n say_v he_o the_o moon_n 66._o rise_v in_o a_o very_a long_a oval_n alongst_o the_o horizon_n i_o shall_v add_v one_o passage_n more_o out_o of_o our_o author_n concern_v refraction_n not_o only_o because_o it_o may_v bear_v testimony_n to_o some_o relation_n of_o the_o like_a kind_n that_o i_o have_v mention_v in_o another_o treatise_n but_o because_o it_o be_v conclude_v with_o a_o observation_n that_o if_o there_o be_v nothing_o of_o mistake_n in_o it_o be_v odd_a enough_o i_o have_v often_o say_v he_o observe_v 69._o the_o difference_n betwixt_o clear_a weather_n and_o misty_a refractious_a weather_n in_o this_o manner_n from_o a_o little_a hill_n which_o be_v near_o adjoin_v to_o our_o house_n in_o the_o clear_a weather_n when_o the_o sun_n shine_v with_o all_o the_o purity_n of_o air_n that_o i_o can_v conceive_v we_o can_v not_o see_v a_o little_a istand_n which_o bear_v of_o we_o south_n southeast_n some_o four_o league_n of_o but_o if_o the_o weather_n be_v misty_a as_o aforesaid_a than_o we_o can_v often_o see_v it_o from_o the_o low_a place_n 23._o hitherto_o i_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n in_o general_n and_o though_o the_o past_a discourse_n have_v be_v prolix_a enough_o yet_o possible_o i_o may_v have_v no_o few_o thing_n to_o say_v if_o i_o will_v at_o present_a fall_n upon_o the_o particular_a consideration_n of_o the_o three_o region_n into_o which_o the_o air_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v distinguish_v for_o i_o confess_v i_o be_o not_o altogether_o without_o scruple_n both_o as_o to_o the_o number_n and_o as_o to_o the_o limit_n and_o as_o to_o the_o quality_n assign_v to_o these_o aerial_a region_n but_o as_o i_o have_v partly_o declare_v in_o another_o antiperistasis_n tract_n though_o i_o have_v time_n to_o enter_v upon_o so_o intricate_a a_o disquisition_n yet_o till_o i_o have_v a_o opportunity_n to_o consult_v some_o other_o paper_n i_o know_v not_o whether_o what_o i_o have_v note_v touch_v these_o difficulty_n may_v not_o more_o proper_o belong_v to_o another_o treatise_n than_o this_o of_o cold._n 24._o have_v thus_o dispatch_v the_o few_o experiment_n i_o can_v meet_v with_o among_o my_o paper_n concern_v the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n i_o now_o proceed_v to_o subjoin_v some_o observation_n that_o have_v occur_v to_o i_o in_o the_o write_n or_o verbal_a relation_n of_o navigator_n and_o traveller_n about_o that_o subject_n but_o in_o regard_n that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o phaenomena_n of_o cold_a which_o nature_n of_o her_o own_o accord_n present_v we_o with_o seem_v to_o be_v produce_v either_o mediate_o or_o immediate_o by_o the_o air_n we_o intend_v not_o here_o to_o treat_v of_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o large_a sense_n but_o only_o to_o take_v notice_n of_o some_o of_o the_o choice_a instance_n that_o seem_v to_o belong_v to_o our_o present_a argument_n and_o these_o we_o shall_v annex_v either_o as_o promiscuous_a observation_n at_o the_o close_a of_o this_o section_n or_o as_o illustration_n or_o proof_n of_o the_o three_o follow_a observation_n i._o the_o first_o i_o shall_v propose_v in_o these_o term_n that_o the_o great_a or_o lesser_a coldness_n of_o the_o air_n in_o several_a climate_n and_o country_n be_v nothing_o near_o so_o regular_o proportionate_a to_o their_o respective_a distance_n from_o the_o pole_n or_o their_o vicinity_n to_o the_o equator_fw-la as_o man_n be_v wont_a to_o presume_v this_o put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o what_o i_o have_v former_o either_o hear_v from_o a_o skilful_a man_n or_o observe_v myself_o about_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o place_n of_o the_o same_o latitude_n in_o the_o northern_a and_o southern_a hemisphere_n namely_o that_o of_o place_n equal_o distant_a the_o one_o from_o the_o northern_a the_o other_o from_o the_o southern_a pole_n the_o latter_a be_v general_o much_o cold_a than_o the_o former_a and_o as_o i_o remember_v i_o long_o since_o note_v some_o thing_n to_o this_o purpose_n but_o be_v not_o at_o present_a able_a to_o recover_v they_o i_o shall_v propose_v this_o only_a as_o that_o which_o may_v deserve_v a_o inquiry_n be_v not_o yet_o satisfy_v but_o that_o in_o the_o example_n i_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o accidental_a and_o concurrent_a cause_n may_v have_v occasion_v the_o great_a coldness_n observe_v in_o the_o place_n seat_v on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o line_n as_o on_o this_o side_n of_o it_o the_o like_a cause_n may_v much_o vary_v the_o coldness_n of_o differ_v place_n of_o equal_a latitude_n as_o we_o be_v now_o go_v to_o show_v by_o the_o follow_a testimony_n 1._o how_o excessive_a a_o cold_a reign_n at_o musco_n and_o thereabouts_o in_o the_o winter_n time_n when_o many_o man_n lose_v their_o nose_n or_o their_o toe_n and_o some_o their_o life_n by_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o cold_a we_o have_v several_a time_n occasion_n to_o take_v notice_n of_o in_o this_o treatise_n and_o yet_o at_o edinburgh_n which_o i_o find_v some_o of_o our_o modern_a navigator_n to_o place_v more_o northerly_a by_o above_o a_o degree_n there_o i_o say_v and_o in_o the_o neighbour_a place_n the_o air_n be_v know_v to_o be_v temperate_a enough_o and_o the_o cold_a very_o tolerable_a and_o it_o be_v affirm_v that_o the_o snow_n very_o rare_o lie_v any_o long_a time_n on_o the_o ground_n after_o it_o be_v fall_v 2._o in_o the_o voyage_n make_v for_o discovery_n northward_o by_o mr._n poole_n in_o the_o year_n 1610._o i_o find_v this_o passage_n i_o be_v 702._o certify_v that_o all_o the_o pond_n and_o lake_n be_v unfrozen_a they_o be_v fresh_a water_n which_o put_v i_o in_o hope_n of_o a_o mild_a summer_n here_o after_o so_o sharp_a a_o beginning_n as_o i_o have_v have_v and_o my_o opinion_n be_v such_o and_o i_o assure_v myself_o it_o be_v so_o that_o a_o passage_n may_v be_v as_o soon_o attain_v this_o way_n by_o the_o pole_n as_o any_o unknown_a way_n whatsoever_o by_o reason_n the_o sun_n do_v give_v a_o great_a heat_n in_o this_o climate_n and_o the_o ice_n near_o the_o 79._o degree_n i_o mean_v that_o that_o freeze_v here_o be_v nothing_o so_o huge_a as_o i_o have_v see_v in_o 73._o degree_n to_o this_o agree_v the_o testimony_n of_o the_o hollander_n in_o their_o first_o voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n in_o which_o the_o writer_n of_o it_o gerat_fw-la de_fw-la veer_v speak_v thus_o we_o have_v 474._o assure_o find_v that_o the_o only_a and_o most_o hindrance_n to_o our_o voyage_n be_v the_o ice_n that_o we_o find_v about_o nova_n zembla_n under_o 73_o 74_o 75_o and_o 76._o degree_n and_o not_o so_o much_o upon_o the_o sea_n between_o both_o the_o land_n whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o not_o the_o nearness_n of_o the_o north_n pole_n but_o the_o ice_n that_o come_v in_o and_o out_o from_o the_o tartarian_a sea_n about_o nova_n zembla_n cause_v 〈◊〉_d to_o feel_v the_o great_a cold_a therefore_o in_o regard_n that_o the_o nearness_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o great_a cold_a that_o we_o feel_v etc._n etc._n and_o a_o little_a after_o it_o be_v true_a say_v he_o that_o in_o the_o country_n lie_v under_o 80._o degree_n which_o we_o esteem_v to_o be_v greenland_n there_o be_v both_o leaf_n and_o grass_n to_o be_v see_v wherein_o such_o beast_n as_o feed_v of_o leaf_n and_o grass_n as_o heart_n hind_n and_o such_o like_a beast_n live_v whereas_o to_o the_o contrary_a in_o nova_n zembla_n there_o grow_v neither_o leaf_n nor_o grass_n and_o there_o be_v no_o beast_n there_o
section_n of_o this_o historical_a treatise_n all_o the_o particular_n that_o i_o know_v to_o belong_v to_o so_o comprehensive_a a_o theme_n as_o will_v ready_o appear_v if_o i_o think_v it_o convenient_a to_o insert_v here_o the_o scheme_n of_o article_n of_o inquiry_n that_o i_o draw_v up_o to_o direct_v myself_o what_o inquiry_n and_o experiment_n to_o make_v but_o though_o there_o be_v divers_a of_o those_o head_n to_o which_o i_o can_v say_v so_o little_a that_o i_o judge_v it_o improper_a to_o assign_v they_o distinct_a title_n because_o as_o to_o some_o of_o they_o i_o have_v not_o time_n and_o opportunity_n to_o make_v those_o trial_n which_o if_o i_o have_v not_o want_v those_o requisite_n may_v have_v be_v make_v even_o here_o in_o england_n and_o because_o also_o as_o to_o more_o of_o they_o i_o conceive_v myself_o unable_a to_o produce_v in_o this_o temperate_a climate_n so_o strong_a and_o durable_a a_o cold_a as_o seem_v necessary_a to_o make_v the_o trial_n that_o may_v be_v refer_v to_o they_o succeed_v so_o far_o as_o to_o satisfy_v my_o doubt_n either_o affirmative_o or_o negative_o though_o i_o say_v these_o and_o some_o other_o consideration_n keep_v i_o from_o increase_v the_o number_n of_o the_o title_n among_o which_o i_o have_v distribute_v the_o experiment_n and_o observation_n that_o make_v up_o the_o forego_n part_n of_o this_o treatise_n yet_o since_o divers_a particular_n have_v occur_v to_o i_o which_o though_o they_o seem_v not_o proper_o reducible_a to_o the_o forego_n title_n do_v yet_o belong_v to_o the_o subject_n and_o design_n of_o this_o treatise_n i_o think_v it_o fit_a to_o annex_v they_o in_o this_o place_n and_o without_o any_o other_o order_n than_o that_o wherein_o they_o shall_v happen_v to_o occur_v to_o i_o throw_v they_o into_o this_o one_o section_n together_o with_o some_o loose_a experiment_n and_o divers_a relation_n that_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o navigator_n and_o author_n that_o have_v travel_v into_o the_o northern_a climate_n touch_v cold_a not_o forbear_v to_o insert_v promiscuous_o among_o they_o some_o few_o paralipomena_fw-la which_o if_o they_o have_v seasonable_o come_v to_o my_o hand_n or_o into_o my_o mind_n may_v have_v have_v a_o more_o proper_a place_n among_o the_o forego_n section_n or_o have_v compose_v a_o title_n by_o themselves_o wherefore_o though_o the_o observation_n will_v not_o be_v altogether_o unaccompanied_a with_o experiment_n yet_o for_o the_o reason_n above_o intimate_v much_o the_o great_a part_n of_o what_o be_v to_o be_v deliver_v under_o this_o title_n will_v consist_v of_o collection_n out_o of_o voyage_n in_o which_o the_o strange_a thing_n mention_v be_v such_o as_o we_o can_v examine_v by_o our_o own_o trial_n i_o can_v equitable_o be_v think_v answerable_a for_o the_o truth_n of_o nothing_o but_o the_o citation_n 2._o i_o remember_v i_o try_v at_o several_a time_n divers_a experiment_n to_o discover_v whether_o or_o no_o congelation_n will_v by_o constriction_n of_o the_o pore_n of_o body_n or_o vitiate_a their_o texture_n or_o arrest_v the_o motion_n of_o their_o part_n hinder_v they_o from_o emit_v those_o effluvia_fw-la that_o we_o call_v odour_n but_o the_o register_n of_o these_o observation_n be_v unhappy_o lose_v in_o one_o of_o my_o late_a remove_n i_o dare_v add_v but_o these_o few_o wherein_o i_o have_v no_o cause_n to_o distrust_v my_o memory_n 3._o i_o do_v in_o the_o month_n of_o december_n and_o january_n at_o several_a time_n gather_v differ_v sort_n of_o flower_n in_o frosty_a weather_n but_o in_o most_o when_o they_o be_v fresh_o gather_v and_o hasty_o smell_v to_o i_o can_v scarce_o perceive_v any_o sensible_a smell_n whether_o it_o be_v that_o the_o cause_n above_o hinted_a hinder_v the_o expiration_n of_o the_o odoriferous_a steam_n or_o that_o the_o cold_a have_v some_o undiscerned_a influence_n upon_o the_o organ_n of_o smell_v which_o make_v the_o sense_n more_o dull_a or_o that_o the_o same_o cold_a keep_v the_o alimental_a juice_n of_o the_o flower_n from_o rise_v in_o such_o plenty_n and_o abound_v so_o much_o with_o spirituous_a part_n as_o be_v usual_a at_o the_o more_o friendly_a season_n of_o the_o year_n and_o this_o seem_v the_o more_o likely_a to_o be_v one_o reason_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n because_o most_o of_o the_o flower_n be_v flaggy_a and_o as_o it_o be_v ready_a to_o wither_v and_o because_o also_o a_o primrose_n that_o be_v vigorous_a and_o fresh_a in_o its_o kind_n have_v a_o odor_n that_o be_v manifest_o and_o it_o will_v easy_o be_v believe_v that_o it_o be_v not_o strong_o sweet_a and_o genuine_a 4._o i_o take_v also_o about_o a_o ounce_n by_o guess_n of_o rose-water_n and_o put_v it_o into_o a_o small_a vial_n after_o i_o have_v smell_v to_o it_o it_o be_v expose_v to_o freeze_v in_o the_o open_a air_n and_o when_o it_o begin_v to_o have_v ice_n in_o it_o i_o then_o smell_v to_o it_o again_o but_o find_v not_o the_o perfume_n considerable_o if_o so_o much_o as_o manifesty_n abate_v and_o last_o have_v suffer_v it_o to_o continue_v in_o the_o air_n that_o be_v then_o very_o sharp_a till_o it_o be_v quite_o freeze_v and_o discover_v no_o liquor_n when_o the_o vial_n be_v turn_v upside_o down_o the_o ice_n notwithstanding_o be_v not_o destitute_a of_o a_o graceful_a and_o genuine_a send_v though_o it_o seem_v somewhat_o faint_a but_o after_o the_o ice_n be_v reduce_v to_o water_n again_o the_o fragrancy_n appear_v considerable_a but_o on_o this_o occasion_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o subjoin_v this_o caution_n that_o care_n must_v be_v have_v in_o trial_n of_o this_o nature_n to_o make_v one_o estimate_n betimes_o for_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v stay_v too_o long_o about_o it_o there_o be_v danger_n that_o the_o warmth_n of_o one_o breath_n and_o face_n may_v relax_v the_o pore_n or_o thaw_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n that_o be_v hold_v near_o his_o nose_n and_o both_o free_a and_o excite_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o smell_n that_o be_v imprison_v there_o that_o so_o instead_o of_o ice_n he_o may_v smell_v a_o liquor_n the_o reasonableness_n of_o which_o advertisement_n may_v be_v justify_v by_o a_o experiment_n that_o i_o be_o about_o to_o annex_v for_o be_v pretty_a well_o confirm_v by_o the_o casual_a and_o unwilling_a observation_n of_o one_o of_o my_o friend_n curious_a in_o make_v sweet_a water_n that_o even_o liquor_n more_o easy_a to_o be_v spoil_v then_o rose-water_n will_v not_o have_v their_o fragrancy_n destroy_v though_o perhaps_o impair_v nor_o so_o much_o as_o their_o odour_n for_o the_o time_n quite_o imprison_v and_o suppress_v by_o congelation_n and_o this_o appear_a congruous_a to_o what_o i_o former_o note_v of_o the_o effluvium_n that_o may_v by_o the_o decrement_n of_o weight_n be_v gather_v to_o issue_v from_o ice_n itself_o i_o think_v it_o worth_a while_n to_o try_v whether_o stink_a liquor_n will_v not_o be_v more_o alter_v by_o congelation_n then_o odoriferous_a one_o and_o according_o have_v procure_v some_o rain_n water_n that_o have_v be_v keep_v in_o a_o tub_n till_o it_o stink_v so_o strong_o that_o i_o can_v hardly_o endure_v it_o near_o my_o nose_n i_o cause_v a_o pottinger_n 〈◊〉_d of_o it_o to_o be_v expose_v all_o night_n to_o a_o very_a sharp_a air_n and_o examine_v it_o the_o next_o morning_n when_o it_o be_v all_o turn_v into_o ice_n neither_o i_o nor_o some_o other_o to_o who_o it_o be_v offer_v can_v perceive_v any_o stink_n at_o all_o in_o it_o and_o have_v in_o another_o place_n but_o with_o as_o stink_a water_n repeat_v the_o experiment_n when_o the_o pottinger_n be_v the_o next_o morning_n bring_v to_o my_o bed_n side_n i_o find_v it_o to_o smell_v abominable_o whereupon_o guess_v that_o this_o difference_n proceed_v from_o some_o thaw_n make_v by_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o room_n in_o the_o superficial_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n i_o find_v it_o to_o be_v so_o indeed_o partly_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o light_n which_o discover_v a_o little_a liquor_n upon_o the_o ice_n and_o partly_o by_o expose_v the_o vessel_n with_o that_o liquor_n in_o it_o to_o the_o cold_a air_n again_o by_o who_o operation_n a_o ice_n be_v produce_v that_o be_v perfect_o inodorous_a and_o i_o remember_v that_o one_o of_o these_o parcel_n of_o ice_n be_v thaw_v seem_v to_o be_v less_o stink_a then_o before_o season_n it_o have_v be_v freeze_v and_o if_o i_o have_v not_o be_v divert_v i_o shall_v have_v try_v whether_o this_o ice_n that_o do_v not_o emit_v odour_n will_v emit_v like_o other_o ice_n effluvia_fw-la discoverable_a by_o the_o scale_n for_o whether_o the_o ice_n will_v lose_v of_o its_o weight_n which_o seem_v the_o more_o probable_a or_o will_v not_o the_o event_n may_v afford_v a_o not_o inconsiderable_a hint_n 5._o it_o be_v a_o thing_n not_o only_o remarkable_a