against pestilential and hot burning Fevers it cooleth the heat of the liver and breaketh the stone The Decoction of Acorns and the Bark made in Milk and taken resisteth the force of poysonous Herbs and Medicines The Beech. THe Timber of this Tree is used about Keels of Ships also Quarters for building houses Fellows and Spokes for Cart-wheels and all sort of Joynery ware also many Implements of Husbandry and firing The seed called Beech-mast is very good feeding for Swine to make them Porkers and for Bacon also good food for the Deer Wild Peacocks Turkies Ducks and other Fowl The Vses Physical The Water found in the hollow places of decaying Beeches will cure both Man and Beast of any Scurff Scab or Running Teters if washed therewith the Leaves of the Beech are cooling and binding and therefore good to be laid to hot swellings to discuss them you may boyl the Leaves into a Poultis or make an Ointment of them when time of year serves The Chesnut-tree THis Timber is very serviceable for building it being of very long lasting also very good for Hoops and Hop-poles Turnery ware and Joyners These Nuts are vendible at Markets also special food to fat Hogs and for feeding of Deeâ— Peacocks Turkies and other Fowl and may be used in the Family being well boyled or rosted in the fire The Walnut-tree THe Timber is very usefull for Joyners and Turners c. These Nuts are vendible in Markets and will serve to crack in the house being distributed among the Servants the overplus may be given to the Swine for they will make very good Bacon The Vses Physical The Bark and Leaves of the Tree being taken young do bind and dry and taken with sweet wine they move the belly downwards but being old they grieve the stomach in hot Bodies cause choller and head-ach The Kernels being taken with Juniper Berries Rue Figs and a little Salt in a Morning fasting is an Antidote against any poison or infection but when the Kernels grow old they are more oily and are not fit to be eaten but are then used to heal wounds of the sinews Gangrenes and Carbuncles the said Kernels being burned are very astringent and being taken in Red-wine will stay the Hasks and Womens Courses and being mixed with Oyl and Wine the head being annointed therewith will stay the falling of the hair The Kernels being beaten with Rue and VVine helpeth the Quinsie the Oyl that is pressed out of the Kernels is very profitable taken inward like Oyl of Almonds To help the Chollick and expel VVind an ounce or two thereof may be taken at a time The distilled Water of the green husk before they be half ripe and drunk an ounce or two at a time is of excellent use to cool the heat of Agues also to resist the Infection of the Plague and if some of the said Water be applyed to the Sores it will work more effectually The Distilled Water of the green husk being ripe and when they are shelled from the Nuts and drunk with a little Vinegar is very good for those that are infected with the Plague so as before the taking thereof a vein be opened the said Water is also very good against the Quinsie being gargled and bathed therewith and helpeth the deafness and pains in the ears The Distilled Water of young green leaves in the end of May is a singular Cure for foul running Vlcers and Sores being bathed therewith The young green Nuts taken before they be half ripe and preserved with sugar are very good for those that have weak stomachs or Defluxions thereon The next that follows are the Plants planted in the Groves The Ash. THese Plants being young are very useful for making Hoops and Hop-poles and when they are grown to Timber they will serve for several sorts of Coopers Ware and other Necessaries and Firing The Vses Physical The Distilled Water of the young tender tops and the leaves of the Ash being taken a small quantity every morning is a singular Medicine for those that are subject to the Dropsie or to abate the greatness of those that are too gross or fat The ashes of the Bark made into Lye will cure those heads that are leprous scabby or scald if bathed therewith The decoction of the leaves in White-wine cureth the Jaundice and helpeth to break the Stone and expel it The Kernel within the husks commonly called Ashen-keys prevaileth against stitches and pains in the Sides proceeding of Wind and avoideth away the Stone by provoking uâ—in The Withey THese Plants are very useful for making Hoops and Hop-poles when they are young and when they are grown great they will serve for several Implements of Husbandry also Firing The Vses Physical The Decoction of the leaves bark and seed of the Withey being drunk in Wine helpeth to stay thin hot sharp salt distillations from the head upon the Lungs causing a Consumption The Leaves bruised with some Pepper and drunk in Wine much helpeth the Wind-Collick The Water gathered from the Withey when it flowreth by slitting the Bark and setting a Vessel to receive it is very good for dimness of sight taking away the films that grow over the eyes it also stays Rhumes that fall into them and clear the face and skin from spots and discolourings The Flowers and Bark being boyled in White-wine wine and drunk a good quantity for you cannot well drink too much it being a very cool tree is a Medicine that hath an admirable faculty in drying up humors The burnt ashes of the Bâ—rk being mixed with Vinegar taketh away Warts Corns and superfluous flesh being applyed to the place The Hazel Nut and Filbud-trees THese Nut Plants at 8 years growth will make very good smart hoops also there will be besides the hoops many Rods very useful to make hurdles for Sheep-pens breading walls and such like The Nuts and Filbuds are good Marketable Ware and these Nuts mixed with the Walnuts and Chesnuts will feed Hogs wonderfully and make better Bacon than that called Westphalia The Vses Physical The dryed husks and shels of the Hazel Nut to the weight of 2 drachmes taken in Red-wine stayeth Lasks and womens Courses The Milk drawn from the kernels or the parched kernels made into an Electuary with Mead or Honied water is very good to help an old Cough The Kernels being parched and a little Pepper put to them and drunk digest the distillations of the Rheume from the head therefore the opinion of those that say that Nuts cause shortness of breath is most false for how can that which strengthens the Lungs cause shortness of breath The Barberry-bush THese Berries are vendible at Markets also the Syrops Conserves and Preserves of the said Berries are of great use in a Family therefore they ought to be ready in the house upon all occasions The Vses Physical The Fruit and Rind of the Shrub with the Flowers of Broom and Heath and Furs cleanse the body of Choller the Berries get
Watering of them as also for the Pin and Web Skins and Films growing over the sight it helpeth Beasts also Garden Beans Vertues and Vse BEans eaten are extreme windy meat but if eaten with Bacon they are good food and useful in a Family and if after the Dutch fashion when they are half boyled you husk them and then stew them with sweet Butter they are wholsomer food The Flower of Beans and Fenugreek mixed with Hony and applyed to Fellons Boyles Bruises or blue marks by blows or the Imposthumes in the Kernels of the Ears helpeth them all and with Rose-leaves Frankincense and the White of an Egg being applyed to the Eyes helpeth them that are swoln or do water or have received any blow upon them if used with Wine The Ashes of the Husks made up with old Hogs-grease helpeth the old Pains Contusions and Wounds of the Sinews the Sciatica and Gout The Water distilled from the green Husks is held to be very effectual against the Stone and to provoke Urin. Bean Flower is used in Poultisses to asswage Inflammations rising upon Wounds and the Swelling of Womens Breast French-Beans Vertues and Vse THe ordinary French or Kidney-Beans are much in use being sold in every Market and commonly boyled and eaten with the Husk they are of an easie digestion they move the Belly provoke Urin enlarge the Breast that is straitned with shortness of breath engender Sperm and incite Venery Balm Vertues and Vse A Syrup with the Juice of this Herb and Sugar would be kept in every Gentlewomans House to relieve the weak Stomachs and sick Bodies of their poor sickly Neighbours as also the Herb kept dry in the House that so with other convenient Simples you may make it into an Electuary with Honey according as the Disease is The Herb bruised and boyled in a little Wine and Oil and laid warm on a Boil will ripen and break it The Leaves with a little Nitre taken in Drink are good against a Surfet of Mushromes helps the griping pains of the Belly and being made into an Electuary is good for them that cannot fetch their breath A Tansie or Cawdle made with Eggs and the Juice thereof while it is young putting to it some Sugar and rose-Rose-water is good for Women in Childbed when the After-birth is not throughly avoided and for their faintings upon or after their sore Travel This is an excellent Herb to revive a fainting Heart and drive away all troublesome cares and thoughts out of the mind arising from Melancholly or black Choller it is very good to help Digestion and open the Obstructions of the Brain and causeth the Mind and Heart to become merry Wood-Betony Vertues and Vse THis is a very precious Herb most fitting to be kept in a Mans House both in Syrup Conserve Oyl Ointment and Plaister The Flowers are usually conserved The Green Herb bruised or the Juice applyed to any inward Hurt or outward green Wound in the Head or Body will quickly heal and close it up as also any broken Bone Splinter Thorn or other thing gotten into the Flesh and old Sores or filthy Ulcers The Powder of Betony mixed with pure Honey is very good for all sorts of Coughs or Colds Wheesing or Shortness of Breath Distillations of thin Rheum upon the Lungs which causeth Consumptions The Herb the Root or the Flâ—wers in Broth drunk or made into Conserve Syruâ— Electuary Water or Powder either of these wayes taken helpeth the Palsie Falling-sickness Jaundice Convulsions Gout or Shrinking of the Sinews Dropsies and Pains in the Head The Decoction of the Herb made with Mead and a little Penyroyal is good for those that are troubled with putrid Agues The Decoction made in Wine killeth the Worms in the Belly openeth Obstructions both of Spleen and Liver cureth Stitches and Pains in the Back or Sides the Torments and gripâ—ng of Pains of the Bowels and the Wind-Chollick and mixed with Honey purgeth the Belly A Drachm of the Powder of Betony taken with a little Honey in some Vinegar doth wonderfully refresh those that are oveâ—wearied by travail and helpeth those that piss or spit blood or that are Bursten or have a Rupture The Juice dropped into the Ears destroyeth the Worms easeth the Pains and cureth the running Sores in them The Leaves and Flowers are comfortable both in Meat and Medicine and helpeth those that cannot digest their meat or sowre Belchings or continual Rising in their stomach using them either green or dry Burnet Vertues and Vse THis Herb is little inferior to Betony for it is a most precious herb the continual use of it preserves the Body in health The Juice taken in some Drink and the Party laid to sweat is a special help to defend the heart from noisom Vapours and from infection of the Pestilence The distilled Water the Juyce or Decoction of the Herb or the Powder of the Root or Herb they are available in all manner of Fluxes of blood or humors to stanch bleeding inward or outward Lasks Scourings the Bloody-flux Womens too aboundant Courses the Whites and the chollerick belchings and castings of the Stomach and is a singular good Wound-herb for all sorts of Wounds either inward or outward Burrage and Bugloss Vertues and Vse THese are both great Cordials great Strengthners of Nature exceeding good Pot-herbs good for Bees and most comfortable for the heart and stomach The Flowers candied or made into a Conserve is good for those that are weak with long sickness and to comfort the heart and spirits of those that are in a Consumption or troubled with often swoonings or passions of the Heart The Distilled Water is effectual to all the purposes aforesaid and helpeth the redness and inflammation of the Eyes being washed therewith The Juice of the Herb made into a Syrup and taken is good to defend the Heart and help to resist and expel Poyson also good to expel Pensiveness and Melancholly it helpeth to clarifie the blood and mitigate heat in Feveâ—s The Root Seed and Leaves are good to all the purposes aforesaid The Seed and Leaves are good to encrease Milk in Womens Breasts The Leaves Flowers and Seed all or any of them are put with other cooling opening cleansing herbs to open Obstructions help the yellow Jaundice and mixed with Fumitory to cool cleanse and temper the Blood thereby it helpeth all spreading Scabs or Sores Carrets Vertues and Vse THey are useful in a Family and that Powder-beef Eaters do well know Carrets break Wind and remove Stitches in the Sides provoke Urin and Womens Courses and help to break and expel the Stone the wild kind is most effectual to the purposes aforesaid the Seed is good for the Dropsie helpeth the Chollick the Stone in the Kidneys and helpeth Conception being taken in Wine Cabbages and Coleworts Vertues and Vse THese are our Country Housewifes Pot-herbs they are much commended being eaten before meat to keep one from suâ—fetting as also from being drunk with Wine The often
243 Dayes 8 howrs Each day containing 24 hours or day and Night and because all Hammers and furnaces spend not a like quantity of Coale we shall therefore take or compute the least or smallest Number for all which is 3 loade of Coale in 24 houres for each furnace and Hammer Then there is spent in the 243 Dayes 8 houres 1460 Load by one furnace and Hammer which amounts unto for the 130 Hammers and furnaces 94900 Load in one yeare Now if there were so many loade spent in one County it is an unknown quantity that hath been spent throughout England and besides this great Consumption of Wood in making Iron there have been many Glasse-houses which were likewise great spenders so that if there be not a restraint layd on all Hammers and furnaces to provide other fireing and not Wood or Charcole England will soone find a wofull want of that Commoditie and be sensible of that great Evill wilfull Waste without any care taken either to preserve or Maintain a stock of Wood by new Planting for there are too too many that except against Planting Objecting that it will prejudice the poor by Diminishing Corne and Cattle to which is answered that the greatest part of Woodland now in England is overgrowne with Dwarfe trees shrubs Bushes and such like Incombrances which are of small benefit either to the Poore or Rich Corne or Cattle of which Woods if there were but a third part cleansed or cleared by grubbing or stocking up those incumbrances and good Plants planted for Timber Trees and Woods for fireing one Acre of the said Wood-Land would produce more Timber to the worth of it and Wood for fireing then 10 Acres of the said Land doth at present and then if the other 2 thirds be likewise Cleared the Land will breed and feed 5 times as many Cattle as now it doth How then are the Poore hindred or Impoverished but Secondly if the one half of all Meadow Pasture and Arable Lands now in use and Tillage throughout England were Improved by good Husbandry Watering Draining Dunging Marling Liming Sanding Devonshiring and such like helpes Also by considering the Constitution of the Ground Whether best for Meadow Pasture or Plow and what Corne or Graine will best Thrive in such and such grounds for that there is a naturall affinity or Enmity between graines and ground Experience doth teach where there is a Mutuall agreement between Seed and ground the Increase hath been an hundred for one and on the contrary scarcely the seed again that was sowed although the Land may be in strength Also considering the Clime wherein the Land lyeth thereby to order your Husbandry Early or late in the year This performed the one half of the Land in England as was said before will produce double the quantity of Corne that the whole which is now in Tillage doth as also Breed and feed many more Cattle And Consequently England will maintain above Double the Number of People in a better Condition by the encrease of Trading which will encrease his Majesties Revenues and be more strength and safety to the Kingdome for it is the greedy Covetousness of most men Especially Farmers to have much Land in their Occupation when they cannot well manure the fourth part but wear out the strength and Heart thereof with the Sythe and Plow for Meadow Land will require soyling or Dunging as well as Arable Now if Land that have been improved as Arable Meadow and Pasture may be yet improv'd higher much more may those Lands that were never improved admit of it which are many waste Lands in Common throughout England We shall instance in one County for all which is that of Surrey wherein there are many Thousand Acres of Land overgrown with Shrubs Bushes Heath â—â—urs Goss Whinnes and such like All which if they were stâ—ckt up the Land Hackt and burnt in the place and the ashes well spread all over the ground every Acre of Land thus husbanded would be worth 10. Acres as it now is But because there are severall hundred families of Poor People that have a livelyhood therefrom it is my great Designe That they should have the chief benefit by this Improvement We shall speak more particularly to the several parts as followeth The Land being thus Cleansed by Devonshiring as is before explained In the second place all those Lands that lye wet by reason of Inundation of Water or Land Springs c. would be layed dry by Drayning Thirdly the said Lands that were Drayn'd and also other Lands except Arable would be watered or overflowed again at pleasure as the Land may require considering the season of the year either with water springing or running from or out of Rocks or Hills of Chalk Marle Allom or such like Mines or from hills of arable land for great Rains will wash down the Dung or soyl therefrom and much enrich those grounds it runs into Let no man spare charges according to his abilities in improving his Land for I have known many men undone by building stately Houses and others by neglecting their Lands but did never know or hear of any that was undone by improving his Lands Fourthly this performed we will suppose the fourth part of the whole Land to be one inclosure and the same plowed and sowed with Corn and that every poor Borderer that hath right of Common have 4 or 5 Acres more or less as the said Common doth extend in largeness and the number of the Poor belonging thereunto and those Acres to be set out by Mears or Bound-stones Fifthly another fourth part to be planted with Seed or Plants for Under-woods only allowing 7 or 8 Plants in each or every Acre of Land to grow for Timber-trees or one Acre out of every ten Acres to be planted only with Timber-trees allowing 40 Trees in each Acre for the Poor must have Houses to dwell in as well as Bread and Firing Sixthly the other two fourth parts or the one half of the whole Land to be reserved for Meadow and Pasture and be in Common as the other Lands This said half being well ordered will breed and keep twice as many Cattel as the whole Land did before it was improved And wherein now is the Poor wronged by planting Woods if Lands were thus improved for those that have right of Common will have much more Pasture and provision is made for more Wood. And that there may be a greater improvement of all and every part of the said Lands my advice is first that the Arable Land after 2 or 3 years Crops of Corn at the most be well manured with Dung Lime Marle Chalk or such like helps and then plowed and sowed again Secondly that the Pasture Land be either Marled or soyled with good Dung and plowed and sowed with Clover Treafoil Centfoil or some other seed for Grass and this to be performed presently after the burning of the Earth for Pasture Land being once in heart will encrease
in the ground must be observed these 3 Rules First let the Plants be layed slopeing or slope ways that the top or head of the Plant may lye 4 or 5 Inches higher than the Root or the level of the lay of Earth Secondly let not the top or head of the Plant lye above 2 Inches out of the Earth Thirdly let the slope side that was cut lye downewards or side ways that the wounded place may have the benefit of the Sun as also that the Water may not rest upon it for in Winter the Water being frozen on the place cut will be a great annoyance unto it and much Rain often dropping on the wound may penetrate the Pith and causing hollowness may much endanger them After the first Rank Row or Chess of the Thorn Plants laid or planted as aforesaid then there must be of the best earth laid on the roots of the said Plants to the quantity of 6 or 7 inches deep then a spadeful or spades depth of such earth as the ditch will afford or else another turff on the good earth this being performed and the ground prepared as was formerly directed then lay another row of Plants of the same distance as the first yet not over against them but over against the middle space between the first Plants Order this second Row of Plants as the first and because the Bank will be great there being much earth to be cast out of the ditch there may be another Row or Chess of Plants laid above the second over against the middle distance between the second Row still observing the distance of earth between and above the Plants as you did in the first and the second Rows then cast or lay some of the best earth the Ditch will afford as aforesaid on the roots of this third and last Row This done cast up all the earth out of the Ditch on the last earth making the bank firm by clapping or beating the earth close with the Spade Upon this bank must be made a dead Hedge so called because it is made of dead wood as Bushes or Frith which is all sorts of small wood that are not Thorns This Hedge is to shrowd or shelter the young Plants as also to keep and preserve the Banck from being trodden upon and thrown down by Cattel Now in planting this and all such like Fences observe this rule mix not your white Thorn with any other Plant for although it be and hath been a general Custom in England to have several sorts of wood growing in Hedge-rows yet it is my opinion that they were not so planted at first but that this Island antiently being for the greatest part overgrown with Woods of all sorts which of late years have been otherwise improved and converted into Pasture and Tillage The Improvers in the making the several Boundaries or Inclosures troubled not themselves to do them all anew of any one kind of stuff but in their grubbing where they stood convenient for such use left remaining not only the stems and roots of trees but several whole trees young and old which by their lopping or topping might serve for necessary Reparations particularly Hedgeboot and Plowboot when occasion should serve little valuing the substantialness of their Fences for the future so they would serve the present necessity for I did never yet see a sufficient strong Fence of White thorn which is the best of all if thus planted by it self where there were trees or any other kind of Plants growing or mixed with them for trees will not admit of any kind of thorns to grow up with them and if there be so great an enmity between thorns themselves that the white and black will not thrive together as if they naturally bore an antipathy to each other for their colours sake we shall not so much wonder if we more sensibly perceive it when they are intermingled with other kinds and that the white and black thorn do thus disagree hath been my observation for a long time in several Hedge-rows where at first they were joyned but when they came to grow up the white hath so over-mastered the other that they have â—uite decayed and leaving a gap in the place where they formely grew have rendred the Hedge thin full of bracks and insufficient Thus have you my Judgment for the making of a good serviceable and profitable Fence for within 10 or 11 years after the first planting the thorns will be grown to that height and bigness that cutting them close near the ground with part of the offal or stuff may be made a sufficient dead Hedge as before mentioned on the bank of the ditch to shrowd the second growth of the Thorns and Under-woods it being supposed the young Timber-trees will by that time be grown to the height and greatness they will not want the Hedge to shelter them This first cutting of the thorn Hedge will cause the next growth to come more thick and make the Fence much more strong than before the overplus of the offal which will be considerable may be made into Brush Fagots good for Brewing Baking or be sold or used to make or mend other Fences Now the second cutting of the quick or thorn Hedge aforesaid you may begin sooner than the first as within 8 or 9 years if the Quick-sets or Plants do well thrive which they will the better do if you observe these rules following First let the Plants be well weeded the first second and third years after planting Secondly observe that they all grow alike and where they fail plant new plants in the vacant places which must be done betimes before the other plants grow too big for in digging or opening the ground to set or put in the new plants you may cut break or bruise the roots of the old which is hurtful or the roots of the old being grown great and entred deep into the ground will so draw the moisture of the earth to them downwards below the reach of the roots of new younger plants that they will thereby be in danger to be starved or by over topping them besides the keeping away the benefit of the Sun from them they will be subject to drop continually upon their cut or wound and so quite destroy them as for the planting of several sorts of wood in Hedg-rows it is only for the benefit of the lops and shreading of the said trees and regarding not the strength and goodness of the Fence for although by plashing the boughes of trees laying them along the hedge or on the bank of the ditch Deer and Horse or such like Cattel may be kept from leaping over yet it is very weak to keep out Swine or smaller Cattel from creeping under First because those boughes cannot be laid very close and secondly they have not prickles or thorns whereby they may be a guard against such an enemy And whereas it is the opinion of many men that planting trees in Hedge-rows doth
grounds as have the same or as good earth as before mentioned above but underneath a Rock or Quarry extending many Yards or Rods are also not proper for Planting Timber-trees for after the rootes of the Trees have grown deeper into the earth then the crust or good earth as aforesaid and reacht unto the Rock they cannot enter and being only maintained by the upper Roots that spread along the crust of the earth can never grow to any bulk not having sufficient nourishment for all the Roots and thereupon necessarily want so much of their due growth And although such Trees may thrive 50 or 60 years yet as they grow in heighth and greatness so much the more are they in danger of every Wind because those Rootes that should grow deep into the earth not only to support the Tree by nourishment and ballance it by weight but as strong Cordes to bind it fast unto the earth are altogether hindred and disappointed of their true use by reason of their Rock or Quarry also those Rootes that touch the Rock for want of entrance will in a short time perish and decay and not only to the hinderance of the growth but shortning the life of the Tree This stoppage or decay of the Root may be discerned several wayes first the middle Boughes that generally grow streight upwards and proceed from the heart will decay at top which may be known by the falling of the Leafe Secondly The Bark will grow black Thirdly The Sap which is as the Blood having not its natural course by reason of the stoppage of the Root will break out into Boyles which are great Bunches in the Barke Body and Limbes of the Tree All which evils will hinder the growth and increase of the Tree and in time cause it to be hollow Now since it concernes every one that will be at the Charges of Planting to search into the Bowels of the earth and not to be satisfied or trust to the outward face thereof There should be provided for the same use or purpose an Iron Augar such as is used for the searching after Mines or Minerals and although this way of searching or trying the goodness of the Earth under ground will require labour and expences yet it will be of great concernment and singular use there being a vast difference between the Planting and Sowing of Corn and sowing and planting Seed or Plants for Trees for the Husbandman in a years time after his Seed is sown may know the goodness of the ground and amend the evils thereof or forbear farther charges and let it rest for the feeding of Cattel whereas the Planter must wait many years in expectation to know the goodness of his ground and only guess it at last without any certainty only by the growth or thriving of the Trees Planted Having briefly discoursed of unfruitful grounds by reason of the Constitution and Clime or scituation of the Countries wherein they lie it will be needless to speak of those rich and fruitful Clayes in Buckinghamshire Leicestershire c. and of the fruitful Sands in Surry Middlesex and Suffolk also those rich and fruitful Gravels and compounded or mixt Earths in Barkshire and Hartfordshire with many other Shires All these fruitful Soiles if there be not those hindrances in the Bowels of the earth formerly spoken of will require no other charges then only the choice of good Plants and care in planting them As for poor unfruitful Grounds having but a thin Crust yet good earth at the depth of 18 or 20 inches the Seed or Plants that are to be planted in such grounds are to be nourished and maintained until their Roots descend and reach unto that good earth therefore not only choice Plants are to be provided but also good earth thereinto to set or plant the Seed and Plants But of this it is necessary that you have more particular directions There is therefore not any of those Lands formerly spoken of either fruitful or barren but may be very good for planting Timber-trees except these few following First all Lands that lie near the skirts and borders of the Sea for the Mists Fogs and Winds that come thence will much indanger them and hinder their thriving Secondly All high and dry Mountains for they do not only want moistness of Earth but are infested by great Winds which frequently blow in such places and are very hurtful and although there are and have been seen great Trees growing on high Hills yet it is my opinion they were not planted there by Man but were the production of the earth and an effect of the first Creation Thirdly All Lands that lie flat and are subject to Inundations of Waters for want of a Descent or Current to carry them off some other way for although moist earth is good for Trees yet too much moisture as Water lying long on the ground or at the rootes of Trees is dangerous if not Mortal Fourthly All Moorish wet grounds for although there are and have been many great Trees growing in such grounds yet very seldome any sound well coloured or long-liv'd Timber-tree Fifthly All entire Chalke Grounds for such grounds are cold and dry and not good for Trees but if there be a mixture of other Earth with them then it may be good Sixthly All grounds that are Rocky or very Stony either under or above the Earth for although Trees may thrive in such grounds yet it will require much labour and charges and I am very dubious of any long thriving of Trees so planted Now the Plott of ground that I shall make choice of to Plant Timber-trees in should be low and plain but somewhat ascending towards the middle of the Plott that so the Floods after Rain may run clean away yet slowly not rising higher if possible then may be convenient to water the whole from some spring or River that in the summer or drought it may be moistened cooled and refreshed and laid dry again at pleasure which would not only produce Grass wonderfully but make the Plants and Trees grow more in seven years then they will in other grounds that have not these helpes and conveniences in 15 or 16 years The Soil or Earth should also be a rich and fruitful Clay Being now provided of a Plot of Ground to Plant and having proportioned the Fence and computed the Charges the next thing to be considered is the choice of seed and Plants Seed is only the Image of the Plant or Tree gathered together into a very small part of the Matter Plants are the Production of Seed for the universal spirit of Life was infused or put into the matter of the World by that great Herbarist our Eternal God and so insinuating it self through all the parts thereof introduced into every Creature it s own form Now the Spirit of life contracted into this lesser forme as aforesaid is the seed of all Creatures of what kind soever they be and whereby their several species
in other grounds else sold or bestowed on your Neighbours the Plant which is left must be removed and planted in the middle of the Plot this performed you will have remaining 2560 Plants And you are to take notice that the Alder and Withey is not planted by seed but Sets or Plants the Ash Chesnut Alder and Withey will serve for Hop-poles the Oak and Hasle is the slowest and smallest of growth and not useful for Poles but for Hoops and Hurdles for Sheep-pens and such like the Chesnut Ash and Withey are likewise very good to make Hoops for wet and dry Cask as Brewers Grocers Soap-boylers and many more Trades Now also all these will make many necessary Implements of Husbandry as Ladders Rails Plow-stuff and handles for many Tools besides Firing the Chesnut is special good Timber for Building and many other uses also the Oak and Ash therefore there may be 20 of these preserved to grow for great Trees To make the greatest profit of this Copice Grove or under-wood is to keep it clean from all Bushes Brambles and other Woods which it may be subject unto if any old roots of trees be in or near the ground also if any seed as Acorns Ashen keys Beech-mast Slows and such like be brought in and scattered by Rooks and Crows among the long Grass or Plants else by squirrels field-Rats or Mice and hid in the ground or under roots of Trees or Plants For if any of these seeds be suffered to grow they will be Incumbrances and much hinder those that were rightly planted These things being observed and that you keep the Plants clean by well weeding about ten years after the planting this Copice or Grove may be felled and every sort of Wood converted to their proper uses as Hop-poles Hoops and other necessaries of Husbandry which I shall have occasion more particularly hereafter to mention Now in felling this Wood be sure you cut it smooth and close to the ground and after the stuff is sold and disposed of be careful to cleanse the ground of all Chips Sprays and small sticks also see that you make the Fence firm and strong that no Cattel get in to tread on break or bruise the stocks of the Plants and when the sap puts forth new shoots that they be not cropt or bit which doth not only hurt and spoyl the Crop for the next season of cutting but is very hurtful unto the stocks if you be careful to prevent these evils about 8 years after the first cutting you may cut again and then will there be all sorts of stuff four or five for one that you had at first cutting about 8 years after this second felling it may be cut again and then the encrease will be 7 or 8 fold Thus will your Wood increase unto a hundred years although not in quantity yet in goodness and greatness so that this Acre of Land shall be worth 10 Acres of the best Wood land that is of its own growing or at a nearer distance planted and cumbred with Bushes or other Wood but little better Now if you will plant an Acre of Land with Oak Elme Beech and Ash at a pearch distance then may you have the benefit of the Land for other uses and preserving the Plants in growing about 40 years after planting you may fell or cut down the one half of the wood taking the middle Tree throughout the ground some of them may serve for small Buildings also for Laths others to make Axes for Carts also fellows and spokes for Wheels Tree-nails for building Ships The Elme stuff may be of use for Ships also for the Millwright and to make Naves for Wheels if not too small the Ash for broad hoops for Coopers set-work great Vessels and Fat 's for Brewers Oars for Boats useful pieces for Plow and Cart and many more necessary uses besides Fireing But if these Trees appointed to be cut down may grow 40 or 50 years longer than they may be converted to several uses besides the last mentioned as for the building small Ships Tree-nails of all sizes Planks Inch-boards Quarter-boards Quarters Bouls Trays Dishes Trenchers and such like Having discoursed of sowing setting and planting Seed and young Plants for Timber-trees and Under-woods in Copices Groves or Spring Grounds we shall now proceed and give our advice for the transplanting Trees of greater age and growth It is no certain rule to judge the age of a Timber-tree by its bulk or greatness of body for there are many hollow trees and others not hollow yet unsound all of them much greater in the girt or body than sound thriving trees which are twice the age of those great imperfect trees and worth five times the value Again there are young trees called suckers that grow out of the roots of older trees which both hinder their own and the others growth because the roots are not able to maintain both so that a Plant well planted and thriving will be a greater tree and of better use and profit at 30 years growth than those suckers will be at 50 but if such suckers were taken off in time and planted there would be a double profit for the tree from whence it was taken will the better thrive and also the plant may grow to be a great tree Thirdly there are trees that grow out of or from among the roots of trees that have been cut down many years the roots of these young trees being much twisted about and entangled among the other although dead yet as we have said formerly every touch either of bough or root is hurtful therefore such trees are much hindred in their growth and thriving Also all trees that grow in hedge-rows or thickets what ever the wood be as thorns or other wood such trees cannot thrive or be long lived Fourthly some trees there are that grow and thrive for thirty or 40 years and then are at a stand many years after which time they thrive again but generally decay and dye the reasons are from some stoppage or obstructions within the earth which the roots of those trees met with as either some great Land Springs or Current of water under ground or hard hungry Gravel Rocks of stone Quarreys of Slate Chalk and such like which the roots of those trees did not reach unto until such a time of growth Now if the Current of water alter its course and the Rocks or Quarreys be not great but that the roots grow beyond them or through some cleft then such trees may thrive again Although it hath been said that the age of a tree cannot be judged by its bulk or greatness yet of those trees that have not been lopped or removed you may know their age by reckoning from the root up to the top twig every years growth being distinguished from other by a knot if the tree be not above 20 years old yet this is not a certain Rule for all trees the knots of some of them being not
followeth An Account of the yearly Profit by keeping a thousand Doe Conies and a hundred Bucks on 10 Acres of Land inclosed by Water 18 foot wide  li. s. d Received for 30000 Rabbets at 6 pence the Rabbet 750 0 0 For soyl or dung made by the whole Stock of Conies 002 0 0 For 20000 Duck Eggs at 4 shillings the hundred 040 0 0 For the yearly profit by Carps 004 0 0 For Sheep Pasture in the Warren 003 0 0 The total summ of Profit amounts to 799 0 0 I should have first set down and given an account of the Charge or Expence by keeping the foresaid Conies Ducks and Fish but because it is wisdom in Man to know the end of his Journey before he set forth also a Merchant would not venture his Ship and Goods at Sea did he not know the Markets would yield him a profitable return neither would the Husbandman be at charges in plowing and sowing his Land if he did not hope for a plentiful Harvest and most men covet to know the profit and gain of their undertakings before they will be at charges or expence therefore to please all men if possible I have first set down the Profit and shall now in the next place give you an account of the yearly Charges of keeping the Conies as aforesaid and that is as followeth As for the Charges of making the Mote building the Houses making the Hutches or buying the first Stock of Conies and such like they being all as one intire Stock which may last many years without repair we shall not therefore charge them to an account in this place The Inclosed Land for the Conie Warren being 10 Acres we shall value at 20 shillings the Acre yearly Rent which comes to 10 pound the year Two Maids will sufficiently tend and keep all the Conies as making clean the several rooms in the Hutches and feeding the Conies twice every day and will deserve for their yearly wages each Maid 50 shillings besides their Diets The Warrener or Man that buyes in the Provision and ordereth the Does and Bucks at the several seasons for breeding also to sell and dispose of the Rabbets and such like imployments may deserve besides his Diet 10 pound yearly wages Now these three Servants may be serviceable about other Imployments some certain time every day we shall reckon the Diet and Wages of these Servants to be worth 45 pound yearly In the next place we shall consider what Provision will be needfull for these Conies as also the weekly Expences and total Summ. The best food for them are Oats Bran Hay and Water but because Oats and Bran are costly feeding we shall therefore add unto them Grains especially in breeding time for when the Does give suck they will require the moistest food but not any kind of Grass or Herb for green food will not only rot them but also make them forsake their dry meat which is most wholsom and instead of Grains you may give them Water in a little earthen Pot made for the same use to stand in every Room one Pot with fresh water every day Now whereas these tame Conies breed but 6 times or months in the year those Months they do not breed there will not be so great a quantity of food spent as when they do because the young Rabbets after they are two weeks old will feed with their Dams and that charge or expence of food may continue a week or two as the Markets will take them off We shall compute the Expence of the whole Stock old and young every week one with the other throughout the year and that is 100 Bushels of Grains 30 Bushels of Bran 20 Bushels of Oats and 15 Hundred of Hay This is the weekly allowance which will sufficiently keep and maintain the whole Stock as aforesaid And that we may bring all the particular Charges to one total account we shall reckon or value the Grains at 3 pence the Bushel Wheat Bran at 12 pence heap and thrust or double Bushel the Oats at 16 pence the Bushel 15 Hundred of Hay at 2 shillings the Hundred All these summs being added the weekly Expence for Food arises to 5 pound 11 shillings 8 pence and the yearly Charge according to the same rate comes to 289 pound 14 shillings 8 pence Chalk mixed with the Conies meat will keep them sound there may be spent in one year 3 Cartload of the same and is valued at 20 shillings the 3 load We shall now add or bring all the several Sums into one total Sum for the whole year not knowing of any more Charges considerable or worth the mentioning in this place An Account of the yearly Expence by keeping a thousand Does and a hundred Buck Conies on 10 Acres of Land inclosed  l. s. d. Paid for the yearly Rent of 10 Acres of Land at 20 s. the Acre 010 00 0 For 3 Servants Wages and Diet 045 00 0 For a years Expence by Grains Bran Oats and Hay 289 14 8 For 3 Cart load of Chalk 001 00 0 To total Charge amounts to 345 14 8 The Ballance of our account is as followeth The total Summ of Profit amounts to 799 00 0 The total Summ of Charges amounts to 345 14 8 Remaining in Cash so much gained 453 05 4 There is no Creature in England or Ireland living or feeding on Grass more profitable than Sheep for to my own knowledg there are several Gentlemen that have kept some of them 5 thousand others 10 15 18 thousand Sheep alive all at one time in several Flocks and those Gentlemen have gained great Estates thereby Yet there is no Creature more subject to loss for they are incident to very many Diseases by reason of bad and unsound soyl land or grass which they feed on also idle unskilful Shepherds so that I have known lost in one years time 15 hundred nay sometimes 2 or 3 thousand out of the several Stocks of Sheep as aforesaid which have dyed of the Rot and many hundred more yearly lost by other Diseases And because most Shepherds are very ignorant of the several Diseases therefore come they short in the Cure To prevent mistakes we shall here give a Catalogue of those that are most dangerous and mortal First there are 3 kinds of Rot in Sheep the one is taken when they feed on Spear-wort Penny-wort Knot-grass or any Weed that grows from Inundations of water The second is a hungry Rot and that Disease is most incident to Field Sheep or those kept on Commons A third is the Pelt Rot which cometh by great store of rain immediately after Sheep are new shorn There is another cause of Rot and that is when Sheep in their feeding lick up little white snailes Besides these several Rots Sheep are incident to the Staggers and Stuâ—dy also Worms in the Guts loss of the Cud Loose teeth that they cannot feâ—d Cramp Looseness Pox Water in the Belly tough Fleam or
Stopping Overflowing of the Gall which causeth Choler and produceth the Jaundice and such like Lung-sick Maggots Redwater Fever â—cab or Itch Wildfire which is a very infectious sickness and will indanger whole Flocks I might here set down or prescribe several Antidotes against all the former Diseases but it is not my Task at this time Now as Sheep are veâ—y profitable Cattel and yet incident to many Diseases and therefore subject to loss so are Conies yet by the prudent care of the Shepherd and Warrener all these losses in both may be prevented for in Conies there are but 3 adherent Diseases which are Fevers Madness and the Rot but they have many Enemies as Tumblers Lurchers Greyhounds Mungrels Foxes Polecats Stotes Weasels Wild-cats House-cats and such like also other Vermin as Hauks Buzards Ringtails Kites Oules Ravens Crows and many more yet a greater than any of these is Man with all his Engins as Guns Bows Snares Ferrets Hayes Pursnets and the like Now considering all these a Warrener may charge to his account of profit and loss at least the one third part of every years Breed of Rabbets and if he save two parts of three it will sufficiently pay the Rent of the Land and return good profit into his Purse We should here have set down the several Receipts to Cure and prevent the Diseases in Conies with the manner and way of keeping and feeding them but especially designing the Improvement of this little Plot by other ways as well as that I proceed On the South-west side of the Dwelling-house and flanking the South Point of the Kitchen Garden and about the middle Distance between the said Point and North-east side of the South-west Grove just opposite to the Warren shall be made the quantity of 10 Acres of Land or 40 Perch square of ground into a Fish-pond this Water shall be kept in the nature of a Decoy but not absolutely so because it is an improper place being among Woods or the Wood growing so near unto it for the best decoy Ponds are in Champion Fenn Countries In the middle of this our Decoy Pond shall be made an Oval or round Island containing one Acre of Land and in the middle of this Island shall be built a round house 30 foot over or 90 foot about This House shall be one intire-Room 20 foot high built with heart of Oak the Roof of the said House would be covered with the best sort of Slait The other part of the House being built thick with Timber then the space between the said Timber shall be made up or inclosed with strong Wyer in the manner of a Bird-cage and the use of the said Cage or Aviary is to keep all kinds of singing and whistling Birds Through the middle of the Floor of the said House shall run a small stream of Water which may pass in and out through a leaden Pipe This water is not only for the Birds to drink but also to wash and bath themselves in There must be made likewise in this Aviary several Tables and convenient places with troughs to put their several seeds and food in also Perches or places to roost or perch on and they must be under the roof of the said House In 4 equal parts round the out side of the Aviary shall be built 4 Seats in the form of an Arbor or half Arbor the length of the said Seats would be about 6 foot both ends of two of the Seats must be planted with Holly or Holme Plants and the other two Seats are to be planted with Ivy and those Plants are to grow up and cover the top of the Seats by closing together and so become an Arbor Round the Island and about 3 foot from the water side must be planted at every 9 foot distance of land 4 Holly or Holme Plants and they must be set 4 square and 18 inches one from the other These bushes must be kept as shrubs by often cutting of them and not suffered to grow above 4 foot high but the 4 Plants are to grow that they may joyn close together on the top also round the sides to the bottom or ground as one Bush leaving only one small hole that the Ducks may go in at to lay their Eggs. This performed the bushes will make a gallant show and are of good use to save the Decoys Eggs from Crows Magpies and such like Vermin Round the outside of the Pond and Island would be planted with Reed such as usually grow on the sides of great Rivers or in the Fenn Countries The Stock of decoy Ducks constantly kept in this Pond shall be about 60 pair the Eggs and Breed of them may be worth 20 pound yearly besides that which may be gained by other advantages they bring in Moreover this Pond shall be stored with 2000 young Fish or Fâ—y of Carp Bream Tench and Pearch but I shall advise to put in a greater number of Carps than of all the other 3 kinds if 100 Eels be cast in they will not much prejudice the other Fish There may be likewise cast in good store of Gudgeon Loch Dace and Roch which are good prey and food for the greater sort of Fish and will make good sport and be a profitable Recreation for such as delight in Angling And because we have not feeding for these Carps as for those about the Warren therefore all the bottom and banks of the Pond would be paved with flot grass which naturally grows under water for it is a great feeder of fish Now about five years after the Pond is stored the Fish may be taken and will yield to be sold if not above 30 miles from London 80 pound also there may be left or reserved a sufficient Stock against the next Fishing season which may be about 5 years after Next to be considered and presented to view is a Dove-house which would be built in the middle of the Barn yard this House is not to be stored or stocked with ordinary wild or house Pigeons but with those called Carriers for we shall have of our ordinary wild Pigeons breed in the Woods as Ring-doves Stock-doves Turtle Doves and such like but those called Carriers the original of them came first out of Asia although many hundred are now kept in and about London and because they are known but to few people we shall tell you why they are so called and declare the use and profit of them In several Towns and Harbours bordering on the Seas and now under the Command of the Turk to omit particulars we shall mention one for all In Aleppo several persons keep these Pigeons in Houses built for the same purpose and do make the same profit of them as is made by Post Horses of these Pigeons there is of several Colours as white black and blew as also all these colours mixed as black and white blew and white motley dunn and kite-colour Such Ships as trade in those parts when they set sail
10 Acre Close of Cow-pasture to the Orchard or Cherry-garden Gate from this last Gate you shall be directed by 2 Rowes of Mulberry-trees vnto the Garden Gate On both sides joyning unto the said Gate is to be built a brick Wall 9 foot high which wall shall extend to the breadth of the Cherry Orchard and so reach to the Court-yard Wall and inclose the Garden The Cherry Orchard is 20 Perch square but not any of the trees to grow nearer then 18 yards of the Mulberry-trees that there may be full view of the Dwelling House The Apple-Orchard flanks the Cherry-Orchard and Flower-Garden on both sides and reaches to the Court-Yard Wall This ground is planted with the best sort of Fruit as Apples and Pears also Syder-Apples as Red-streaks and others and inclosed with a White-thorn Hedge Round the said Fence on the out-side runs a small Brook or Water-stream 9 foot broad which encompasses the whole scite of the House and is stored with Trouts Gudgeons and others the best sort of small Fish On the 4 Corners of the Orchard are raised 4 Mounts each of them 15 foot high and the way which goes to the top is round the Mount ascending the outside of the Walks is planted with several sorts of Plum-trees which shall be kept by pruning to grow not above 6 foot high The Ladies gathering of these Plums may ascend to the top of the Mounts with ease and pleasure whereby they shall be received into green Arbors planted with White-thorn which by often cutting or clipping growes so close and thick that neither wind sun nor aire will be offensive to them Round these Arbors in the inside are Oken Seats and Tables of Marble in the middle Entering the Garden of Flowers which Garden also is 20 Perch square you may behold on the North-east side a Vine-yard or Plot of ground answering the length of that side of the Garden planted with Vine Sets of the best sort of Grapes that will thrive there and that they may the better grow and ripen not only the earth is made by soil very rich but a Frame made of the heart of Oak Checker-work the length of the said Frame is 20 perch which is the length of the North-east side of the Garden but in breadth not above 9 foot This Frame is to stand on feet the lower side or the outmost legs to be not above 12 inches high from the ground and the other or highest side about 8 foot The outmost or shortest legs must stand 5 foot from the Wall and the innermost or longest about one foot The whole Frame must stand sloping and the upper side lean on the Wall Now the Vine Sets are planted all along against and before the lower part of the Frame and do spread and grow equally all over the Frame and not farther On the South-west side of the Garden and round the other Quarters excepting where the Vines are planted and about 2 foot distant from the Wall is comely to behold several Trees growing with the best sorts of Wall-fruit which by dressing or proyning are made to grow broad and bear the same figure as if they were fastned to the wall but to support them from being shaken by winds they have Frames made round the body and so reach to the boles or first armes of the Tree and about the body and armes are made great wisps of Hay and so that resting on the Frames on all sides they are kept from any harm by winds as we have said before in transplanting Trees for Timber These Fruit-trees will receive the heat and reflection of the sun from the wall to ripen the fruit better than if they were nailed thereunto also such Trees will live ten times the age and bear laâ—ger and better fruit than those planted close and fastned to the wall for such Trees as are faâ—tned to any wall are subject to many annoyances as bark-bound bark-bruised or peeled Cankers and many other evils and besides these Diseases there is but one side of the Tree hath the benefit of Air and Sun therefore they cannot long live or thrive On the North-east and South-west corners or sides of the Garden ranging even with the Dwelling-house you may behold in each Place a hansome built House one of them is the Master of the Gardens Study and the other a private Retiring-place for his Lady Opposite and not far from the 4 Corners of the Garden will appear 4 Oval Grass-Plots handsomely kept in the middle of each Plot a Wainscote Seat 6 foot in length covered over with 4 several kinds of Plants as Ever-green and Privet Holly Ivy and Cypress growing on the back side and by proyning brought into the form of an open Arbor and each Arbor covered over with one kind of Plants Now between these comely green Plots there will appear to your view 4 several Knots wherein grow all sorts of the best Flowers and because there are as many sorts or figures of Knots as Gardners have Inventions the Knots here made choice of although old figures yet such as are comely in this Garden and they are thus placed the Trefoul opposite to the Crossbow and the Oval Knot to the Fret In the middle of the Garden is to be seen a comely Maze well framed and planted with a Hedge of several sorts of the best kind of Berries the said Hedge is not allowed to grow above 5 foot high â— and in the middle of this Maze doth appear a Fountain built with Marble whose Chrystal streams are very serviceable in several Rooms of the House being conveyed in Pipes under ground On the top of this Fountain you may behold an artificial Sun-Dyall made so plain that the time or hour of day may be discerned by good eyes without entering into the Maze Round the Garden-wall and the Oval green Plots the square Flower-Knots before the Wall-fruit and round without the Maze you may walk in very comely large Walks made of fine sifted Gravel and Sand well mixed from thence we shall lead you through the Dwelling-house into a comely Court Yard and through that into a Common Yard being very large and spacious in which Yard is built several usefull Houses with Barn and Stable This Yard is so curiously paved with large pible stones and kept so clean and neat that neither straw stick nor loose stone shall be seen to lie therein We shall not detain you longer here but direct you into the Garden of Herbs and Roots not only for Food but Physick This Plot of land lyeth behind the great Yard and is in length from the Garden Gate to the farther end of the whole Plot 30 perch and in breadth 20 The Fence is of VVhite-thorn and the VVater running round as was said before In the middle of this great Plot which contains two Gardens is a handsome Bowling-green 60 yards square and at each corner of the said Green is a Seat made of Oak in the form of an open
compass answerable to the heigth will be a good size for most grounds neither must the hills be made piked or sharp on the top nor yet too flat and so retain or hold any rain or wet which shall fall upon it but you shall keep a due middle proportion convenient for the Plants and Poles Now these hills are not to be made intirely all of one Mould but there may be mixed with the natural earth Sope-ashes and the earth which lyeth under Dunghils or very old rotten Dung. These three bodies being equally mixed the hills are to be placed in an orderly manner making Allies between them about 4 foot broad and these hills must not stand all directly behind each other but the first Row being made the next must be placed over against the middle distance between the first Row of hills and so the third over against the second and the fourth over against the middle distance of the third Row and so forward till both the Acres be planted that the Sun may give comfort to every Plant and the best time to begin this Work is about October This being performed you shall then pare or hack up all the green swarth through all the alleys between the hills about 2 or 3 inches thick and with the said swarth so pared up cover all the hills almost to the top turning the green swarth next unto the earth of the hills so as it may rot then when the Alleys aâ—e thus clensed of the swarth take good store of Fern and lay the same of a good thickness quite through all the Alleys and round the sides of the hills and the said Fern having all the Winter to rot will not only be a comfort to the hills and much preserve the Plants from many evils but also kill both grass and weeds and being shovelled up together with the earth in the Spring will be a good Manure to replenish the hills and make them prosper exceedingly also will save much charges in providing other Manure Now the hills being thus prepared in October next following you may open the hills in the tops and set in every hill 4 Hop Plants and they must be set deep in the earth and covered all over at least 3 inches thick and if with the earth which covereth the Plants you mix Ox blood and lime it will not only give great comfort and nourishment to the Plants but defend and save the Roots from Worms other Vermin and Weeds In the following Spring about April finding the small Cyons which will issue or grow from the roots of the Plants you shall thâ—n set up the Poles which would be long and streight either of Ash Chesnut Withey or Alder-wood And in putting these Poles into the earth there ought to be care taken that they do not bruise or hurt the Hop-roots Secondly the said Poles must be put a good depth in the earth that the wind do not blow them down Thirdly your care must be to place the Poles round the hills at a good distance that one Pole may not shadow the other but so stand that every Plant may have benefit of the Sun The number of Poles that every hill will take up or require must be answerable to the Cyons which grow or issue from the Plants allowing to every Pole one or two Cyons and if the Plants will thrive then every hill will take up or require 4 Poles and not above These Cyons when the hills are poled must be twined about the several Poles with the Sun and loosely tyed to the said Poles and if the Plants put forth more Cyons then the number allowed for each Pole then the rest or overplus must be cut off close to the Stock of the Roots and if any Cyons do grow afterwards they must be pulled away thâ—t they may not run up the Poles Now although the Fern and Soap-Ashes formerly mentioned will by killing and destroying all manner of Weeds save much charges in weeding the Garden yet if any Weeds do grow they must be carefully pulled up especially from the Plants or hoed and with the earth laid up round the hills and that the Sun may destroy the Weeds and the earth be a comfort to the Stocks or Plants We shall now return again into the great Yard and view the Malt-house wherein is built an Artificial Kiln on which to dry the Hops Malt or other corn with any kind of Fuel or Firing and give no evil taste or smel either to the Hops or Malt. Here you may also see many other necessary Houses as to Brew Bake the Dairy-house and several other usefull Houses for keeping Pheasants Partridges and other Fowl to be spent in the Family or sold at Markets but time will not admit of a longer stay in this place If you please to walk through the Court Yard on the North east side 2 Rows of Chesnut and Walnut-trees equally mixed will direct you to the bounds of the Cony-Warren where there will be a Draw-bridge let down by which you may pass over the water and behold those profitable Creatures so little esteemed by most people Round the Warren and neer the Water are several small Hutches made of boards for the Spruce Ducks to lay their Eggs in Passing over the Mote again and walking through the pleasant Cow-pasture on the North-east of the Warren a Gate will be opened to receive you into the Grove and being entered a large Walk will lead you to a Fountain in the middle of the said Grove From thence issue 4 streams of water On both sides of this large Walk are several pleasant smaller Walks but of a greater length where you may chance to see many Pheasants running and if it be the season of the year you may delight your self with those several sorts of Nuts and Berries there growing Walking through the second Gate scituate at the North-east end of the large middle Walk you will enter into the great Wood of Timber-trees where may be seen 2 Herd of Deer containing 20 Brace of Bucks and Does 3 Brace of Roe Deer and two Brace of Harts and Hinds all the Male Dear are gelt except those that serve the Rut And if you carefully look up into the Trees you may chance to see several wild Peacocks and Turkies at perch and on the ground a brace or two of Haâ—es at squot Also in this Wood is kept a lease of bastard Barbary breeding Mares and a brace of handsom Geldings for present use and in the Stable a comely bastard Barbary Stone-horse to be a Stallion for the Mares And if it be the season of the year and day you may see 50 good Swine feeding on the Mast that fall from the trees there being a Swineherd tending on them On the South-west side of the Dwelâ—ing-House is also a Wood of Timber trees and a Grove inclosed containing the same number of Plants and Trees and the same quantity of Land planted as that on the North-east side Between
Pains also stayeth the Belly and Stomach from casting and easeth the pains and windiness of the Mother Endive Vertues and Vse A Syrup of the herb is a fine cooling Medicine for Fevers The Seed is available for Faintings Swounings and Passions of the Heart The Decoction of the Leaves or the Juice or the Distilled Water serveth well to cool the excessive heat in the Liver and Stomach and in the hot Fits of Agues and all other Inflammations in any parts of the Body This is also a very good Pot-herb Elecampane Vertues and Vse THe Roots and Herb beaten or bruised and put into new Ale or Beer and daily drunk cleare strengthen and quicken the sight of the Eyes wonderfully The Decoction of the Roots in Wine or the Juice taken therein killeth and driveth forth all manner of Worms in the Belly Stomach and Maw The dryed Root made into Powder and mixed with Sugar and taken is very effectual to warm a cold and windy Stomach or the pricking therein and stitches in the Sides caused by the Spleen and to help the Cough Shortness of Breath and Wheesing in the Lungs The fresh Roots preserved with Sugar or made into a Syrup or Conserve serveth to the same purposes The Root chewed fastneth loose Teeth and helpeth to keep them from putrefaction The Decoction of the Roots in Wine being drunk is good for those that are Bursten Eye-bright Vertues and Vse THe Juice of Eye-bright tunned up with strong Beer that it may work together or the Powder of the dryed herb mixed with Sugar a little Mace and Fennel-seeds and drunk or eaten in Broth or the said Powder made into an Electuary with Sugar doâ—h powerfully help and restore the Sight decayed by Age The Juice or Distilled Water of Eye-bright taken inwardly in White-wine or Broth or dropped into the Eyes for divers dayes together helpeth all Infirmities of the Eyes that causeth dimness of sight also helpeth a weak Brain and Memory Feaverfew Vertues and Vse THe Decoction of the Herb made with some Sugar or Hony put thereto is used with good success to help the Cough and stuffing of the Chest by Cold as also to cleanse the Reins and Bladder and help to expel the Stone in them The Herb boyled in White-wine and drunk cleanseth the Womb and expelleth the After-birth A Syrup of the Herb worketh the same effect The Powder of the Herb taken in Wine with some Oximel purgeth both Choller and Flegm and is available for those that are Short-winded and are troubled with Melancholly and Heaviness or Sadness of the Spirits This Herb is chiefly used for the Diseases of the Mother applyed outwardly or a Decoction of the Flowers in Wine with a little Nutmeg or Mace put therein and drunk often in a day Fumitory Vertues ' and Vse THe Juice of Fumitory and Docks mingled together with Vinegar and the places gently washed or wet therewith cureth all sorts of Scabs Wheals or Pushes on any part of the Bodyâ— The Juice or Syrup thereof or the Decoction made in Whey by it self with some other purging or opening Herbs and Roots to cause it to work the better is very effectual for the Liver and Spleen opening the Obstructions thereof and clarifying the Blood from faltish chollerick and adust humors and after the purging doth strengthen all the inward parts it is good also against the Yellow-Jaundice and spendeth it by Urin which it procureth in aboundance The Distilled Water of the Herb is also of good effect in the former Diseases and conduceth much against the Plague and Pestilence being taken with good Treacle The Powder of the dried Herb given for some time together cureth Melancholly but the Seed is strongest in operation for all the former Diseases Fennel Vertues and Vse THis is a very good Pot-herb or for Sallets and of good use to boyl with Fish for it consumes the Flegmatick humor which Fish most plentifully afford and annoy the Body by and therefore it is a most fit Herb for that purpose Fennel is also very good for Bees and is much used in dressing Hives for Swarms The Distilled Water of the whole Herb or the Juice dropped into the Eyes cleanseth them from Mists and Films that hinder the sight The Leaves or Seed boyled in Barley Water and drunk is good for Nurses to encrease their Milk and make it more wholsome for the Child The Roots are of most use in Physick-Drinks and Broths that are taken to cleanse the Blood to open Obstructions of the Liver and provoke Urin and amend the ill colour in the Face The Seed and the Root helpeth the painful and windy swellings of the Spleen and the Yellow-jaundice as also the Gout and Cramps Germander Vertues and Vse THe Decoction thereof taken for some dayes together driveth away and cureth both Tertian and Quartan Agues It is also good against all Diseases of the Brain as continual Head-ach Falling-sickness Melancholly Drowsiness and Dulness of spirit Convulsions and Palsies The Juice of the Leaves dropped into the Ears killeth the Worms in them Gromel Vertues and Vse THe Seed being bruised and boyled in White-wine or in Broth or the like or the Powder of the Seed taken therein Two drachms of the Seed in Powder taken with Womens Breast Milk is very effectual to procure a speedy Delivery to such Women as have sore pains in their Travail and cannot be delivered The Herb when the Seed is not to be had either boiled or the Juice thereof drunk is effectual to all the purposes aforesaid but not so powerful or speedy in operation It is an Herb of singular force as any other to break the Stone and avoid it and the Graveleither in the Reins or Bladder Goutwort Vertues and Vse THe very bearing of this Herb about one easeth the pains of the Gout and defends him that bears it from the disease therefore had not his Name for nothing but upon good experience is known to help the Cold-Gout and Sciatica as also Joynt-aches aud other cold Griefs Groundsel Vertues and Vse THis Herb is moist and somewhat cold withall thereby causing expulsion and repressing the heat caused by the motion of the internal parts in Purges and Vomits and is as gallant an universal Medicine for all Diseases coming of heat as the Sun shines upon The Juice taken in Drink or the Decoction of the Herb in Wine or Ale helpeth the pains in the Stomach proceeding of Choller It is good against the Jaundice and Falling-sickness being taken in Wine A drachm of the Juice given in Oximel is good to provoke Urin expelleth Gravel in the Reins or Kidneys It helpeth also the Sciatica Griping of the Belly and Chollick helpeth the defects of the Liver The Juice of the Herb or the Leaves and Flowers with some fine Frankincense in Powder used in wounds of the Body Nerves and Sinews doth singularly help to heal them The Distilled Water of the Herb performeth well all the aforesaid Cures Hysop Vertues and Vse
HYsop boyled with Figs is an excellent Medicine for the Quinsie or swelling in the Throat to wash and gargle it The green Herb bruised and a little Sugar put thereto doth quickly heal any Cut or green Wound and being taken either in a Syrup or licking Medicine it helpeth to expectorate tough Flegm and is effectual in all cold Griefs or Diseases of the Chest and Lungs Hysop boyled with Rue and Honey and drunk helpeth those that are troubled with Coughs Shortness of Breath Wheesings and Rheumatick Distillations upon the Lungs Taken with Oximel it purgeth gross humors by the Stool It helpeth those that have the Falling-sickness which way soever it be applyed Hops Vertues and Vse THe Decoction of the tops of Hops open Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen cleanseth the Blood loosens the Belly provokes Urin and cleanseth the Reins from Gravel A Syrup made of the Juice and Sugar cureth the yellow Jaundice easeth the Head-ach that comes of heat and tempereth the heat of the Liver and Stomach St. Johns wort Vertues and Vse THe Seed is much commended being drunk for forty dayes together to help the Sciatica the Falling-sickness and the Palsie The Decoction of the Herb and Flowers but of the Seed especially in Wine being drunk or the Seed made into Powder and drunk with the Juice of Knot-grass helpeth all manner of spitting and vomiting Blood be it by any Vein broken inwardly by bruises falls or howsoever the same helpeth those that are bitten or stung by any venemous Creature Two drachms of the Seed made into Powder and drunk in a little Broth doth gently expel Choller or congealed Blood in the Stomach Kidney-wort Vertues and Vse THe bruised Herb or the place bathed with the Juice or Distilled Water thereof healeth Pimples Redness the St. Anthonies Fire and other outward Heats and Inflammations The Juice or the Distilled Water being drunk is very effectual for all Inflammations and unnatural heats to cool a fainting hot Stomach or a hot Liver or the Bowels The said Water is available for the Dropsie and helpeth to break the Stone Liquoris Vertues and Vse THe Juice of Liquoris dissolved in Rose-water with some Gum Tragacanth is a fine licking Medicine for Hoarseness and Wheesings Liquoris boyled in fair Water with some Maiden-hair and Figs maketh a good Drink for those that have a dry Cough or Hoarseness Wheesings Shortness of Breath and for all Griefs of the Breast and Lungs Phthisick or Consumptions caused by the distillation of salt humors on them Lavender Vertues and Vse A Decoction made with the Flowers of Lavender Horehound Fennel and Asparagus Roots and a little Cinnamon is very profitably used to help the Falling-sickness and the giddiness or turning of the Brain to gargle the Mouth with the Decoction thereof is good against the Tooth-ach Two spoonfuls of the Distilled Water of the Flowers taken helpeth them that have lost their Voice as also the Tremblings and Passions of the Heart and Faintings and Swounings not only being drunk but applyed to the Temples or Nostrils to be smelt unto Lavender is of special good use for all the Griess of the Head and Bâ—ains that proceed of a cold cause Lettice Vertues and Vse THis is one of our good House-wifes Sallet-herbs but the use of them is forbiden to those that are short-winded or have any imperfection in their Lungs the best way of eating them is boyled The Juice of Lettice boyled with Oyl of Roses or mixed therewith and applyed to the Forehead and Temples procureth Sleep and easeth the Head-ach proceeding of an hot cause The Seed and Distilled Water of Lettice are as effectual as the Herb In all things Lettice being eaten helpeth Digestion loosens the Belly quenches Thirst encreases Milk in Nurses easeth griping Pains of the Stomach or Bowels that come of Choâ—ler Lovage Vertues and Vse THe Distilled Water of the Herb helpeth the Quinsie in the Throat and helpeth the Plurisie being drunk 3 or 4 times The Leaves bruised and fried with a little Hogs-Lard and laid hot to any Botch or Boil will quickly break it Half a drachm at a time of the dried Root in Powder taken in Wine doth wonderfully warm a cold stomach helping digestion and consuming all raw and superfluous moisture therein easeth all inward Gripings and Pains dissolveth Wind and resisteth Poison and Infection To drink the Decoction of the Herb is good for any sort of Ague Sweet-Marjerom Vertues and Vse THe Powder snuffed up into the Nose provoketh sneezing and thereby purgeth the Brain and chewed in the Mouth draweth forth much Flegm The Decoction of the Herb made with some Pellitory of Spain and Long Pepper or with a little of Acorus or Origanum being drunk is good for those that are beginning to fall into a Dropsie for those that cannot make water and against Pains and Torments in the Belly The Decoction of Marjerom being drunk helpeth all the Dâ—seases of the Chest which hinder the freeness of breathing and is also profitable for the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen It helpeth the cold Griefs of the Womb and the windiness thereof Mint Vertues and Vse THe Decoction of the Herb gargled in the Mouth cureth the Gums and Mouth that is sore as also with Rue and Coriander causeth the Pallat of the Mouth that is down to return to his place the Decoction being held and gargled in the mouth it also mendeth an ill-savoured Breath the Powder of Mint being dryed and taken after meat helpeth digestion and those that are splenetick taken with Wine helpeth Women in their sore travail in Child-bearing it is good against the Gravel and Stone in the Kidneys and the Strangury it is a safe Medicine for the biting of a Mad Dog the Herb being bruised with salt and laid thereon being smell'd unto it is comfortable for the head and Memory Marigolds Vertues and Vse A Plaister made with the dry Flowers in Powder Hogs-grease Turpentine and Rozin and applyed to the Breast strengthens and succours the Heart infinitely in all Fevers The Flowers either green or dried are used much in Possets Broths and Drinks as a Comforter of the heart and spirits and to expel any malignant or pestilential quality which might annoy them Mustard Vertues and Vse THe Seed taken either by it self or with other things either in an Electuary or Drink doth mightily stir up bodily Lust and helpeth the Spleen and Pains in the Sides and Gnawing in the Bowels and used as a Gargle draweth up the Pallat of the mouth being fallen down The Distilled Water of the Herb when it is in flower is much used to drink inwardly to help in any Diseases aforesaid but outwardly also for Scabs Itch or other like infirmities The Decoction of the Seed made in Wine and drunk provoketh Urin and resisteth the force of Poison We shall add an excellent Receit or Medicine for Old People or Weak Stomachs Take of Mustard-seed a drachm Cinnamon as much and having beaten