woollen cloath and so three dayes renewed and the third day an ox-gall is to be shaven and the shavings mixt with oyl and put in a linnen cloath and three dayes together layd on and then she shall conceive Finally it is strange that is written that some Egyptian women to become fat take in a bath 9 dayes a chirat of Cows-gall dissolved in Cow-pisse About the calves-gall understand that with vineger warmed it takes away Nits it lesses the chops of the eyes bruized with hony and especially Mirrhe and Safran and is very good to put into the eare with a Snakes-slough sprinkled with lees mixt with oyl it drives away gnats The stone in an Ox-gall the Philosophers call it Alcheron it is like a ring bruised to pouder and snuffed up helps the sight and prevents eye-rheums and is good for the falling-sicknesse if you take thereof the quantity of a pea with the juyce of into the nostrills The hide and glue also hath it's use in Phisick Burnt it heals kibes especially out of an old shoe with hony it eats off cankers in sores the ashes of an old soal burnt helps against a bruise from a pinching shoe Glew sod out of Ox-hides especially Bulls and that out of their ears and pizles of very soverain nor is any thing better against burnings But it is often counterfaited nothing more taken out of other leather to cozen you That of Rhodes is truest and therefore used by Painters and Phisitians The best at this day called German is of a light-red-colour very hard britled as glasse and blackish and twice as deere as the other It is called Xylocolla or wood-glue because it is used in gluing wood together others call it Taurocolla or Bulls-glue we owe the invention of it to Daedalus it joyns things firmer then any other thing can Melted in vineger it heals the scab adding lime-wit if it be not gone too far weakened in vineger and with brimstone boild on a soft fire to the thicknesse of hony and stird boyling with a fig-tree sprig applied twice a day it cures itch melted and dissolved the third day it heals and closest wounds made by iron Mixt with vineger and hony it removes Nits It helps teeth boyld in water and rubed on and presently taken of again and then the teeth washt with wine wherein hath been sod sweet pomegranet-Pomegranet-roots drunk with three cups with hot water it helps spitting of blood as also the hot collique and belly-ake if layd on The horne the top of it burnt two spoonfulls weight with hony swallowed in pills helps the Ptisick or short-breath or wheezing as much burnt to pouder with three cups of hot water and a litle vineger helps the Spleen taken three dayes in if fasting The hoof is also medicineable boyled and eaten with mustard it resists poyson burnt and drunk in pottage wine or other liquour it restores milk to womens dried breasts the smoke thereof kills or chases away Mice The Ancledust drunk with hony brings away worms with mulled vineger it lessens the Spleen with wine it fastens the teeth It is frivolous but not to be left out saith Pliny if it be but to please women that the ankle of a white heifer sod 40 dayes and nights till dissolved rub'd on with a linnen cloath makes a clear smooth skin The Hips burnt and drunk stopt fluxes of blood The thin skin moyst from the calving heals a sore face The Stone found in the head drunk out of the same water that the ox drinks helps effectually the head-ake The milke being thick and fat passes not so easily through us yet Pliny saith it loosens the belly and is drunk in the spring to purge because it comes from many herbs whereon the Cows feed hartily It works out poyson especially that that corrodes and inflames particularly it helps against Doryenium Colchicum Hemlock and the sea-hare Warmed and gargled it soon allayes the pain and swelling of the almonds under the eares Taken warme from the Cow it helps an exulcerated stomack A cupfull with so much deer-sewet tried and moyst pitch and Scythian red-oker helps strangely a consumption A black Cows milk with pouder of Sesamum is good to drink for a women that after child-birth vomits blood after fourty dayes The same boyled mitigates and removes fluxus and desire to stool if newly milk and two parts boyled away for the strangury a little hony must be added and if the pain be great lay on the navell dust of Harts-horn or Ox gall mixt with cummin-seed with flesh up-goared Nor are these the prescriptions only of Aëtius Galen and Pliny but our late Physitians prescribe the like and therein they quench a gad of steel nine times and apply it hot to the patient or glister wise Hippocrates prescribed it of old and others mixt with liquour For he when the guts were wounded and the breath came forth beneath apparently by the wound and the breasts emptied advised it to be given with a like quantity of milke wine and water And Gesner also testifies that some cried it up if the liquour mixt with wine and milke were drunk certain dayes in Maries-bath Butter although Pliny say it was a food prized only by Barbarians and poor common people yet Galen and Diosco and others proclaim great vertue to be in it Vitalis de Furno Cardinal and a famous Physitian saith that butter is naturally warm and moyst heat is predominant in it it is viscous and oylie Oft eaten it moystens the stomack and make loos-bodied softens the breast cures ulcers in breast and bowells especially when fresh and new agreeing to mans complexion helps apostumate breasts and lungs it being the proper quality to ripen disperse and cleanse all superfluous humours especially if eaten with hony and sugar Butter resists poyson supples the members softens and helps smeared on eye-smart disperses and ripens impostumes eases sore breasts and lungs and gripings of the bowels supples and loosens shriveled up sinews It is a speciall remedy against inward poyson if hartily drunk melted in hot milk after you have drunk venome for by its fatnesse it stops the passages that the venome reach not suddenly the heart But new butter is thus praise-worthy not so the old c. Thus far the Cardinall Cheese is good against flaxes strangury and colique Hippocrates uses the same against his third sort of consumption Donatus writes that he gave a pellet of Sicilian cheese dipt in hony to a boy troubled with wormes Of the whey hote or cold we shall elsewhere discusse certain it is that it thins and cleanse away the thick humours and brings down the belly to this last purpose the ancients have used it often especially in those which they would purge gently as the melancholy and those that had the falling sicknesse the leprous the scald and those that brake out with blisters over the whole body above all it is good for shortwinded
in Horses then Mares these weaken them with staling Horses have manes and crests and fore-tops The lower eylids have no hayr therefore the painter whether the Ephesian Apelles or Nicon Micon or Polygnostus is doubtfull is blamed for painting hayr there It is a mistake in Pliny and Arist. that except man they only grow gray or hoory by reason of the thinnesse of their brainpan for dogs also wax grizly Under the saddle on the scares of gall'd places ever grow white hayrs whether because that part is weak and perisht or for any other cause Yet they come forth of one colour if you sprinkle on them ground barly fried which hath a dispersing and cleansing power Of the Colours in the differences They have a continued rew of teeth on both sides and besides those in colts 40. Afore the rest are small ones as big as a bean that hinder their chewing and make them leaner The stone Horses are said to have more then Mares They change The foreteeth are shed first called cutters and suckers they are 12 6 in the upper 6 in the lower chap. These shew the Horses age For a Horse 30 moneths old looses first his middle teeth 2. above and 2 below Entring on their fourth year they shed as many more then come Columellares or eye-teeth In the fifth year they shed the second dogteeth in the sixth year they grow again and then they have their full number in the eighth year Three year after they break a tooth which becomes roundish and then 3 square when a rheum falls into their mouths After 7 they grow crooked stick out sometimes and wax hollow and after there is no guessing at their age Yet at 10 their temples grow hollow and their eybrows gray and their teeth stick out At 12 a blacknesse is seen in the midst of their teeth saith Vegetius but Varro and Arist. write then they wax brighter with age Pliny saith they grow reddish Some have their names from the variety of teeth among the Greeks they with the marke out of the mouth Agnomoi c. Some write besides of Grinders and double teeth They hold them fast though old and fed with hard meat because they eat nothing hot The Farrides call the cheekbone Psalion Gnathos jaw or chap. The chaps are very large and moved by great muscles because they eat stooping In the heart is sometimes a bone found Some say hee hath a gall some deny it Indeed hee hath no gall-bag in the liver Yet Ruinus in dissecting a Horse found on the right side of the liver a hollow receit for gall In most it is set in sprigs into the substance of the bowels whereby the liver easily disburthens it self of gall it layes it also into the duodenum gut or the first gut 12 foot long Nature it seems confines the gall to no one bag in him as in man and in other beasts because hee is ever eating and needs gall ever ready to provoke him to dung It is observed in their shape that the Foles are a little lower then their dams and being growen up cannot reach their head It is said a witchcraft of lust called Hippomanes is naturall to them and sticks in their foreheads it is black as big as a fig which the Mare presently after foaling bites off afore shee lets the fole suck such another grows on the Mares privities This venome but daubd on the brazen Olympick Mare set all the Horses a madding as Pliny Pausanias and Aelian H. A. l. 3. c. 17. and 14. 18. write Horses are found in all places almost They delight in marishes and places wel watered though plains or hills And such places are fittest for them not dry grounds nor pestered with trees and where tender shrubs grow rather then tall trees Horses for state and service in warre stand in the stable at rack and manger where they are tied with head-stalls Their feed is fruit it is a wise beast in choyse Barly is lesse windy for them then oats or wheat Wee use oats In England and elsewhere hors-loaves of beans and pease Grasse is the common and proper fodder and hay Melilote in Italy is called the Horse three-leave-grasse Strabo speaks of a Median Physick grasse that battens them Not the first cutting especially if it grow in stinking pudde water that is unwholesome They cut it 4 or 6 times a year Some commend Cytisus in winter being dry moystned Ten pound serves an Horse lesse other cattell In many places they give them bundles of vetches By Damascus pulse for a need other things Caesars Horses besieged by Scipio ate duck meat rinced in fresh water The Pompejan Horses at Dyrrachium in a siege ate leaves striped from trees and reed-roots In Senega that dry soyl fitches and mixt In Thrace by Strymon thistle-leaves In Parthia the herb Hippax In Tartary boughs and bark of trees and roots strook out of the earth with their hoofs In Aden they eat fish there being plenty there And dried fish in Golconda in Persia and among the Gedrosians the Celtae Macedonians Lydians and Paeons inhabiting the Prasian Lake The Arabs feed them twice a day with camels milk In spring with tender herbs They love to drink water whether troubled or clear running or standing muddy or other Some to make them metled give them wine especiall if leane of old beer of oats or corne say some The males live longest We read of one 70 years old At 33 they gender After 20 men use them for stallions One called Opuns held out 40 years Some judge their age by the pinching of their shoulder-skin if after pinching it unfold it self leysumly it is an old if presently a young horse Some judge by the joynts in the tayl after the mark is out of the mouth Mares leave growing at 5 males grow a year longer after they spread and so till 20. But Mares come sooner to their just pitch It is the most lustfull of all beasts whence a venerous man is compared to a Horse and called Hippobinos The Mares are most salacious among whom Cupid is by Poëts faind to be bred and whores all called Mares having been but a few dayes together they smell out one another The Horses by biting drive away strange Mares and hold to their owne feeding with them Some say a Mare great with fole will take Horse some deny it Gryllus in Plutarchs questions whether buggerers are not worse then beasts since beasts sollicite none Yet at Athens a Horse is said to have ravisht a girle the daughter of the last of the Codry called Hippomanes Those that begin to gender at two years old bring weak colts but they begin commonly at 3 or 30 moneths old and
horns very stubborn and not easily broken The tongue when pluckt out will pant a whole day The skins that hang down the throat are called palezar the dew-lap See the Greek names in Varrinus The teeth are continued and twice changed Those of two years old change teeth saith Pliny They want the upper-row they chew therefore with the four fore-teeth as hath been said Their peezel is very stiffe They have two udders between their legges Pliny saith four calling it seems the teats which are four udders Their arse gapes saith Horace Their taile is long the hair short The flesh dry and duskish The sinews hard and stubborn though not so long as the Bulls The blood full of strings therefore hastily congeals and hardens The ham-joynt not so fast as that of other beasts therefore he drags his feet more especially when he is lean and old It is said they have a stone in the head which they spit out when they look to be slaughtered Austin reports they have one also in the liver and reins Pliny saith there is a bone in his heart The milt is very long and blacker then the Swines especially when he grows old The reins resemble mans each as it were made up of many The ancles greater then the Camels In the Heifers second ventricle is found a rough sand-stone round as a ball very light Aldrovand had two of them in his study one reddish the other black for that was taken out of a red this out of a black Ox since it is sprung from haires that they lick in in chewing the cud as it sometimes happens they with licking themselves swallow something that gathers into an ovall chapt being mixt with flegme wee need not discourse much of the place where they are found For their meat they devour all that the earth yeelds especially grasse çitisus pease knot-grasse sedge willow oke-leaves olive-bows reed black-elder vines barly hirse wheat acornes date-kernels wild olive missle-toe these the most delight in All know grasse to be their feed in Summer and hay in Winter In the province of Narbon in Fount-Orges grows an herb so gratefull to Oxen that they will plunge themselves over head and eares to seek it They will do the like in the River Loïr about Veluin and in the Sebusian Fish-ponds And in the ditches pools and black waters thereabout grows a grasse with long reddish leaves flooting on the water after which they are so greedy that they will wade belly-deep and duck in the whole head to feed thereon which fattens them strangely and the Cows that fed there yeeld much more milk then neerhand Citisus breeds much and sweet milk but while it flourishes it is not so good but dries up milk Pease are commended but not sowed in March because it makes them wild-headed Pliny says that not onely that that is sowen in March is hurtfull to oxen but also that that is sowen in May is hurtfull to Oxen but also that that is sowen in Autumne makes them sleepy steep it and it is corrected Therefore Democritus prescribes such to be given them monthly in their drinke to strengthen them five bushells serves a yoak of oxen Clave grasse or three leaved fattens a carrion lean ox and cures a sick one Therefore wild Trifoly is diligently sowen in many parts of Spain especially in Valentia Yet it must be given sparingly else it dries milke and turns all the meat into blood fat and flesh Lotus gives best nourishment and sweetest and being sowen once in fallow ground flourishes many yeares after Elm-leaves especially those of Attinia the Romans held much of If you give it them dayly and then another sort of leaves they will be weary of them Virgil mentions willows nor hath Lucretius forgot them Fig-leaves if they may be had are very good for them yet oke-leaves and wild olive that is not thorny are thought better Black elder leaves bring a flush of milk Barly chaffe and that of other grain Hirse is sowen in Italy for them saith Porta fitches are given them in stead of pease ground in a hand-mill and weakned a little in water in Spaine Baetica A bushell of pulse serves to put an Ox into good case weakned three dayes in river or sea-water it grows sweet and then dried again is laid up for this use Acornes are advised to be gathered after seed time and cast into water and a half bushell to be given in spring to each Ox It is meet about the fall of the leafe to give each yoke of oxen 24 bushells The greater make them unhealthfull and when ever you give it if they have it not 30 dayes together they get the spring scab The Babylonians give their Oxen datekernels soakt in water and to their sheep They are fattened by misletoe They feed also on fish among the Paeonae who dwell by the Prashian marishes Neither do they abstain from Hemlock whether green or dry Nor doth eating of frogs do them any harme Briefly they delight to drinke clear water nor doth muddy hurt them About their manner of feeding see Aldrovand and writers of husbandry For their age the Cow lives 15 years at most the male 20 they are at their best at five Their age is knowen by changing their teeth the foreteeth they cast within a year and eight or ten months then after six months by degrees they loose the next till within three yeare they have changed them all when they are best disposed and so hold out to fifthteen At best their teeth stand fair long and even but growing old they diminish wax black and rot The Helvetians judge of their Cows age by certain circles almost at top of their horns they are three at five years old after more Some thinke they get a circle with every calving About their gendring lust coupling and calving I meet with these observations The Bull feeds with the Cow only in engendring time they couple with the elder twice a day with the yonger oftner and that with one and the same and quietly A geld one hath egendred saith Aristotle One Bull may serve 15 Cows Varro allows many more Hee abstaines from the cows that are with calf at first and as it were voluntarily divorces himself as it is to be seen in Epire especially where for most part hee is not to be seen for three months but feeds by himself The Cows salacity is famous See Aristotle about the excesse and signes of their lust as also Aelian H. A. l. 10. c. 27. About what heats then see Columella R. R. l. 6. thither I refer the reader for I list not to translate such stuffe The Cows are knowen to be with calf when their termes cease within 2 3 4 half a months space They goe 10 months and in the tenth they calve they bring forth nothing alive sooner saith Pliny Some say they calve when the tenth
they are better food then growen but fall short of Veal At Lions they like yearlings and those of six months and of two and three years old Bruier commends those that never took Bull. Their parts we shall now consider A Calves-head boyled and eaten warme is known good food the brain taken out boyled a while in water and then skin'd and sod in wine and seasoned with spice is good The jaw is counted a dainty but an Oxes is disputed of The Neats-tongue is prized in Germany both in the high and low-Countries Of old it was not sacrificed the Priests under a pretence of Religion preserving it for themselves Some stuffe it with spice and rost it The udder uses to be par-boyled and with fat or butter fryed and sprinkled with spice and so served in The paunch was in old times cried up the tripe among the Romans especially was a dainty Their Ancestors had such a special care of this beast that there are Presidents of some condemned by the people of Rome for killing an Ox and denying they had eaten the tripe and were banished as if they had murdered a husbandman The sweet-breeds were a service at great mens tables and of old magnified Nor are Neats-feet cast away Diogenes the Cynick is said to have died with eating one raw As for their use in medicine Beefe allayes a swelling and laid on hote disperses impostumes and boyles if Pliny be to be believed Cowes-flesh laid on the privities strangly heals the ulcers and coupissing Beefe-pottage stops the flux saith Simeon Sethis Pottage of Cow-beefe heals sore and chapped mouths Calves-broth is reakoned among the helps of the Collick and Bloody-flux Veal new killed sod in vineger and laid moyst under the arm-pits takes away the rank rammish smell If women about the time of conception eat it well rosted with heart-wort they shall bear males See Aldrovand about Neats-feet broth among the Portugeses And also the oyl of Neats-feet is good against all aches and lamenesse Holy saith that Ox-liver burnt and drunk is good against loosnesse and bloody-issues A distilled-distilled-water made of a Bull-calfs-liver cut small with a like quantity of Sage-leaves helps the hard swellings that lie crosse the bottom of the belly The extract of the Ox-spleen suppresses the monthly termes Pliny writes of superstitious and magical uses or rather abuses The paunch or tripe-broth taken in thought to expel venome especially poyson from Henbane and Hemlok The intrals of a Calfe fresh and warm chopt small yeelds a juice that with a like quantity of Sage and Parsly are good to rub cold wasted and palsied parts The pissle weakned in vineger and smeared on makes a smooth face A red Bulls dried to powder the quantity of a peece weight some say quench some say kindle lust Their marrow especially the Calves is a softner the Cowes marrow kneaded in flower and eaten as bread cures strangly the bloody-fluxes especially eaten with new cheese the Bulls is dryer and the powder taken in wine helps strangury and gut-wringing dissolved and with a fourth part of red myrrhe and of oyle of Bay or Laurel as much loosens the shrunk sinnews if you annoint the feet and hands morning and evening Pliny saith the Ox-marrow out the right fore-thigh poudered with sowte is good for the hair and the eye-lids and corners if they aile any thing Of the sewet and the preparation of the Bulls-tallow thus Pliny The way of fat the same is used about the sewet and tallow of the beasts that chew the cud the veins are taken out it is washed in Sea-water or brackish beaten into balls sprinkled with Sea-waters then sod oft till the rank smell be gone then by continual salting it is whitened that is most prized that is taken from the reins If you resume the old you must first melt it then oft wash it in cold water then try it again and pour very sweet wine or perfumed on it thus by often seathing the malignity is boyled out Dioscorides shewes how it should be sweetned It is much hotter and dryer then Swins-grease and cooler then the Lyons good for fiery and hard swellings with rosin and fullers chalk it is soften Aesculapius adds wax and perhaps it comes near to Galens fourfold medicine It takes spots and freckles out of the face with feed of Cunila and ashes of harts-horne if it be burnt in the beginning of the dogdayes with gum and hony it helps wax kernels and the like mixt with bears grase and wax a like quantity it strangely suppresseth impostumes and with nightshadened rue it helps freckles warts bunches and the like Calves fat take out of the flank boild with three pints of water and taken in as broth helps the collick Bruised and with salt it is good for lowsinesse and sore-heads mixt with a little nitre and like ser-cloth it is said to heal the swellings and other griefs of the cods It helps against poyson that uses to kill with exulcerating calves-sewet with goose-grease closes the chaps in the mouth Ox-sewet rubed on takes away the stifnesse and pain of the neck It helps the griefs of the fundament with flower of frankincense it heals cornes and leprosies morfew tetters fellons scurft taken with salt raisins origanum leven or bread For fellons this sewet with salt and goats-grease is smeared on or burnt in the Sun with roses The Ox-gall cures sore-heads presently if mingled with juice of Asses-dung and a little powder of Sea-onion and Bulls-gal or with nitre wine and oyl well mixt with fullers-earth and nitre it piels of the leprosie and scurfe It is applied to cankers and fiftulaes with juice of leeks and breast-milke rubed on with a woollen-cloath on the navel it voids worms smeared on with hony it helps the squincy closes the chapt fundament opens stopt emrods makes loos-bodied laid on the bottom of the belly with butter Deer-marrow and oyl of Bay rubed on the knees it helps them it helps the griefs of the privie parts annointed on with oyl as also of the cods dissolved in hot water it takes away the dead-flesh of the fingers and womens terms it helps laid on with moist woolen Ox-gal mixt with drawes splinters of yron and thorns and kneaded up to the thicknesse of hony daubt on with allom And Mirrhe is a speedy cure for worms in the privie parts it disperses kernels and impostumes in any part as also ox-blood and flesh layd hot on with oyl of palma Christi and roses it helps the hearing and layd on with cotton takes away tinkling noyses in the eare There are who think that the Kings-evill is helped by a linnen band dipt in a warm ox-gal and tied under the hips shifted and layd fresh on three dayes Hippocrates advices that if a woman hath not conceived her months shewing themselves on the third or fourth day all umbray'd moystened with ointment is to be layd on with a
if you tie the rams left or right testicle water also doth much in it since the cattell that drinke of the River Charadrus bring all males Rubbing on salt and nitre helps herein and overfatnesse hinders conception Men take a presage of a happy year from their coupling for the Shepheards say that if the older begin betimes it will be a good year if the younger be forward to couple they shall have a bad year The ancients call the conception after the ordinary season Cordum There is a secret liking between Sheep and Shee-goats therefore they willingly come on together From Rams-horns bruised and digged out some say Asparagus sprouts Dioscorides denies it If the same be buried at the root of a fig-tree the fruit shall the sooner ripen What is related of the Fliter-mous Pliny reckons among magical experiments They are thought to hold enmity with the Wolfe Beare Tiger Elephant especially the Wolf Raven Eagle Serpents Bees These plants are hurtfull to them wolf-bane pease acorns What is said of the wolfes entralls and some other things we shall elsewhere examine If they eat Sanguinaria their whole belly is distorted and they void a most filthy unsavoury foame at mouth If they eat Calamogrostis it makes them thirty lean and rascalls and draws blood up into their stomack Duva a French herb and name but tasted by them breeds in their liver litle black living things called also Duvae Pease sowen in March is unwholesome for them Acorns make them cast their lambs if they eat too freely of them In Attica they will not touch the root of Thapsia if strange ones to happen to eat of it it either cast them into a loosnesse or kills them They cast their lambs if frighted with thunders if not looked to In Thrace the Turks conceive there are two stars appearing in July and Agust just over their heads or verticall to them on whose lustre if sheep chance lifting up their heads but once to see they dy upon it Therefore then they are held in house They may live 10 years but for most part they dy sooner yet the place contributs much to the lengthning out of their life Some in dry pasture and by the sea-coast lives 20 years Some Aethiopian sheep last 12 or 13 years Bleating is their voice in Greek Blechathai Homer yet calls lambs Mekoomenas or meakers Claudian saith they grunt In coupling they have a peculiar voyce saith Aristot. As for their nature dispositions and usages they are so silly that thence a fool is called Probatoodes sheepish and it is become a Proverd There is no profit of sheep if the shepherd be away gentle they are and they only of all beasts rage not in yeaning nor presently after saith Aristotle but every slight occasion scares them yet Horace calls Lambs bold Beside the shepherd and his dog they have a Ram or bell-Weather for their leader whom the shepherd yet first teacheth and you may see them march out of their folds or stall as in martiall array especially if the shepherd conduct them whose very hisse they understand That the Rams are given to fight as soon as their horns peep out all know They will but at not only their own but sometimes at mankind Their rage is taken off if you bind with prickles abord a foot-broad crosse their fore-head on their horns or bore these through in the crooking near the ears of if you geld them Experience proves it untrue that some write that in the six winter-months they ly on their left-side and at spring-time on their right as the Sun about that time takes the right after the left-Hemisphere This Cattell loves coole-springs bites up grasse by the roots spoiles trees hath milk eight months in the fore-winter feeds greedily as if it foresaw the hard weather and want is impatient of cold though best cled of all beasts yet those fear it lesse that have large tailes Mizaldus saith they will follow him who shall stop his ears with wool The wild ones growing old are nourisht by their own breed They know their own Lambs by smelling on them behind They use harder layer then goats The Ews make a thicker water then the Males Both they and Goats shew their months at coupling-time and after for a time then they cease till yeaning-time then have a shew of them again whence shepherds knows that the time drawes near after they purge exceedingly first redish then very red stuffe Lambs-flesh the Ancients cared not for say some as Turnebus Yet Plautus speaks of eating it at Rome and Horace reckons it among delicates as Plautus mentions Lambs inwards At Athens none of old might eat of an unshorn-lamb The flesh is hot in a low degree but over-moyst and the younger the moyster therefore though good for the strong ill for a weak-stomack being slimy and cleaving though Crescentiensis commends yearlings Columella preferres Autumne afore Spring-flesh A Lambs-head is counted a delicate dish in a feast The Syringatus Terpianus Pasticus are but names of several dressing the Lamb. Rams-flesh is not moyst and well boyled breeds good blood especially if well gelded Weather-flesh is wholsome for people of all ages places and at all times if young two years old not too far and bred in a dry aire fed with good grasse Those are best that are bred in the high Trivican mountains saith Ferrus Those in moyst places in Campania are little set by Bellonius holds those most savoury that are roasted whole as the shepheard in Trace above the river Nessus use to do The Lambs-stones are counted dainties Arnoldus saith their marrow is poyson against which Phesants-flesh is an antidotes Yet Homer saith that Assianact used to feed on it Sheeps-flesh or Mutton for the taste and over-moysture hath been forbidden to be killed after the fifthteenth of Iuly or S. Iames-time as fitter food for Spring-time then Summer The feet trouble the stomach unlesse the worme afore spoken of be taken out The shoulder of Mutten roasted and cold again is much eaten The Lungs minched The Tigurine Helvetians of the Liver make puddings rouling them up in the call spitting them on sticks and roast them upon the grid-iron they mince sweet-herbs in Some bray it whole with bread crumed and strain it and besprinckle it with spices to give a good taste and handsome colour then make it hot and lay thereon thrushes par-boyled in flesh-pottage and fryed a while in butter The Milke the newer the better and the same is to be thought of the cheese Over-salt is disallowed As for Medicine a Lamb layed warm with gourds on a part bitten by a venemous creature fetches out the poyson and the pottage is very good in quartan agues The braine furthers madnesse as Gesner hath it out of a Manuscript Their feet yield a decoction good against the pains in the bladder The Rams-stones poudered and drunk in water
are good for the falling-sickness Their lungs take away bunches in the flesh roasted prevents drunkennesse shreded helps bruises and makes black scars white And is used for purges The Liver helps blood-shot-eyes and is good for a woman swelled in child-bearing taking in drink and with meat The Milt tosted powder taken in wine resists the collick which yet Pliny somewhere counts it superstition it being among the Magical precepts that the patient must say that he maks a remedy for the spleen and then he must hide and steal it up in his chamber and repeat a Verse three times nine times The Sheeps-bladder Galen advises them to take in drink burnt to powder who let water go from them in sleep Their Gall and honey cleanses the ears and smeared on the head with earth dryes up scurffe with the sewet it eases the Gout The Milk is cried up for wholesome against all kind of venome except the Buprestis and Hemlock Afore your quartan-fit take three cups of it with a dram of Swallows-dung If to a sixt part you adde four peny weight purified Cnicus and you drink the decoction it loosens The same boyled on hot stones is good against fluxes and of an exulcerated belly The Butter that comes from Sheeps-Milke smeared on with hony together with ashes of a dogs head or the womb boyled in oyl takes away dead-flesh growing about the fingers Old Cheese taken with our meat refreshes disentericks or eaten and scraped and taken in wine helps the collick Rams-horns burnt to powder with oyle some give to make the hair curle The ashes of the Trotters with hony heals the bite of a Mouse and a Spider The Curd in a dram of wine helps against pricks and all strokes and bites of the Peterman and other Sea-fishes And is good for Infants drunke out of water when troubled with pend or curdled breast-milke or given out of Vineger Put under or into the nostrils it strenches blood when other things help not The Sewet is taken either simply or for that that is taken from the ribs or call One saith that melt it and dip a cloth in it and lay it on a burnt part it helps It is laid on the kibe-heels with allum If mingled with ashes of womens hair it cures fellons It heals all kind of griefs about the privities mixt with ashes of the pumice and salt that fat taken from the call especially that from the reins The Lambs marrow melted by the fire drunke with oyle of nuts and white sugar dissolves the stone in the bladder The urine of a red or black sheepe mixt with hony is good for the dropsy Their dung a Physitian in Mysia used weakened in vineger to take away Cornes and hard knobs and mingled with rose-salve to close and skin over an ulcer from burning Out of vineger smeard on it works the same effects The pouder out of oyl applied as a cataplasme cures a fresh wound The ashes of the same with salpeter or the ashes of lambs hucklebones are good against the canker and ulcers that will not close Sheeps dung also heat and kneaded allays the swelling of wounds And is good for the colique A mountain-sheeps dung in September shut up the Moon decreasing the day afore gather up early and harden in the Sun and pounce it to pouder and keep it in a glasse or tin vessell for use A spoonfull of it given three dayes out of water cures the colique if a fever goe with it use wine The wool only layd on or with brimstone helps many unknowen griefs and is of that vertue that men put it on medicines The wool of a butting ram taken from between his hornes and burnt is good for the head-ake The ashes in Dioscor opinion draws over a crust hinders dead flesh closes ulcers Men burn it when clean and pickt in a new earthen pot to use as afore Some shear it some pluck it off and clip of the top dry and pick it and put it together into a new earthen pot and drench it in hony Others with lincks set it on fire it being sprinkled with oyle and rub the ashes with their hands putting in water and then let it stand and oft shift the water till it lightly touch but not bite the toung then they lay up and keep the ashes It hath a cleansing vertue to the cheeks Wool taken after sheep-shearing between the spring Aequinoctiall and the Solstice when they begun to sweat that from the neck is most commended Such wool helps green wounds cleansed and broken bones with oly vineger or wine since they soon suck up moysture and by reason of the ranknes of the cattell called Oesypus soften changed or applied seven dayes it heals the bite of a mad dogge and out of cold water heals the splents fingers out of hot oyle it helps running sores Herodotus relates that the Carthaginians sheephards with such wool sindge the veins of the crown of the head of their children when foure years old and some the temple-vein to prevent rheums and catarrs And if the children in finging chance with crampes the sprinkling of goats-pisse helps them If a plowsheard hurt an ox his legs or hoof stoned pitch and grease with brimstone wound up in shorn wool with a red hote iron thrust in cures it The same wool with oyl of roses stanches blood in the nose and another way is good to stop the eares of hearing Blood is also stanched by binding the joynt-ends Oesypus or the foul that cleaves to wool helps disgestion It eases closes supples ulcers It helps the inflammation of the matrice taken with butter and Melilote It cures wounds also taken with barly ashes and rust equally divided it helps also the canker and ulcers It eats out the swelling about ulcers and evens knobby flesh It cures Sint Antonies fire taken with Pompholyx It provokes sleep used with a little Mirrhe washt in two cups of wine It lessens face-spots with Corsick hony that is counted stronger About gathering and preparing it see Aldrovandus The skin of the feet and musles of the ox and sheep long boyled on a soft fire to a gelly taken out and dried in the open ayre when it whistles is commended agains ruptures So much for the medicinall use Sheep are also usefull otherwise outwardly both their fleece and pelts or skins yeeld us stuf for cloathing The Arabian Bedevini weare no other as Vitriacus relates Zeno Citicus and Crates of Thebes sewd Sheeps-skins within their cloaks Wolstan also Bishop of Worcester in England was ever clad in Sheeps-skins because not Leopards but the Lamb of God is celebrated in the Temples They were also used in Tragedies whence the wearers were called Diphtheriai Only beware of the skins of sheepe that dy of the plague for such breed not only lowsinesse but also Sint Anthonies fire That out of Aelian
is strange a garment of the wool of a Sheep bitten by the wolfe brings an itchon the wearer New married women among the Roamns weare girdles of wool The Pescia or Capucia were made of lambs-skins The Molostans was saith Festus sheeps-skin wherewith helmets were covered The same skin hath been used in stead of paper The Belly Diophanes makes good for killing vermine Purses have been made of rams stones And bellows saith Festus The smallguts make lute and bow-strings In May make Sheeps and Goats-cheese Their pisse yeelds matter for salpeter Their dung fattens the ground If you close a candle of pure rams-sewet in a linnen cloath and put it into your chests it keeps your cloath from moths Their differences wee shall take from their hair or wool or place and handle them promis-cuously The Scythian Sheep are soft the Sauromatan hard wooled Those of Tarentum soft-wooled The Colonian rougher because kept ever aborad Wee shall represent their shaggy shape to you They are called Montaneers from their rough and unkemed wool There are also Wild-Sheep not much greater then ours but swifter and with horns bending back armed with butting and strong fore-heads They oft in the woods strike to the earth fell Bores sometimes they combate fiercely with each other In the Gordian forrest memorable in Iul. Cap. time were many painted beasts kept and an hundered wild sheep In the Lybian deserts called Adimain was a beast shaped like a Ram as big as an Asse with long dangling-ears and short wool she would suffer herself to be backed though she was not kept for that use but only for the Milk Contrary to ours the Ewes are horned the rams not There they are commonly seen in Numidia also sometimes but counted prodigious The Egyptian-fleeces resembles rather haire then wool Garments of them being thredbare and died again last an age They are greater then those of Greece About Damiate the weathers have tayls round and so great they can scarce carry them Leo Affricanus saith hee hath seene of those tayls that weighed some 50. and an 100 pound In Aethiopia they have no wool but weare all rugged camels hair Their Sheep are very little and the natives cover their privities with the tayls In Nubia the rams are yeaned with horns the Ewes also are horned and which seems a miracle they drinke but once in every foure dayes At Tunis they are so loaden with their thick tayls that they can hardly stir themselves but those that tend them are faine to bind their tayls on litle carts when they would remoove them In England they never drinke any thing but dew and they of purpose keep them from water finding by experience that it hurts them In Arabia some drag tayls after them three cubits long some of a cubite broad Such are found in Arabia the stony and the Happy the tayls weighing some 26 some 44 pound Where also are Rams whose hair hangs to the ground That that is called the Indian but is indeed the Arabian Ram hath no hornes but long fleece and a tayle reaching to the ground There is a kind of smooth-rams called Moromorus who stands stone still and stays till any come near him sometimes hee is shy and flies for feare with his burden The Ram of Angola called Guineensis is of the bignes of ours thick of head the after part sticking out more then ours eares dangling the tayl reaches but to the anckles with a great tripe the yard in the midst of the belly the hornes small downward bending toward the eyes and as it were crumpled at the bottome of his neck a long hairy maine the rest of his body is short-haired like a goat but hee carries no wool black-headed and eared and the upper-half of his tayl the rest white as also the hinder-part of the head the fore-legs white to the knees the lower halfe black the hind-legs all black about the dock and back white the sides have black spots footed like the goat black-hoofed Yet these Sheep are as ours some coloured on one fashion some on another and one kind is thick-legged like a man and fat having no hanging mane nor wool but is haired like a goat Greater then ours their belly strutting out like an ox In Asia some are red-wooled The region Camanda feeds some as big as Asses and those fair and fat with tayls of 80 pound wight The Canusinian fleeces are reddish or yellowish Those of Chios for want of pasturage are very small but their Cheeses is much cried up The Clazomenian are some white some cole-black some Raven-black The Coraxine wool is of all the purest Therefore the Rams for breed are not bought under a talent Those of Creet on mount Ida called by the shepherds Striphoceri have straight-horns like a Unicorn round and hollow and wreathed like a shell-fish no bigger then our Rams In the Isle Erythraea it may be Gades their milk is so fat it yields no whey and they choke within thirty dayes if you blood them not In a part of Scotland the sheep are yellow their teeth gold colour the flesh and wool like saffran In Gortynis they are red and have four horns In Gothland are Rams with four and eight horns which makes them so fierce that to prevent mischief which they else do to each other and to other creatures they are fain to saw them off They bear a soft and long wool Hirta one of the Hebrides hath sheep taller then the greatest hee-goats with horns as thick as those of Oxen and somewhat longer and tailes touching the ground In Spain in Marineus his time there was such a glut of sheep that he knew many shepheards owners of thirty thousand where their Lambs ar better then elsewhere In Illyria they report the Ewes yean twice a year and for the most part couples nay many three at once and four and sometimes five And give two quarts and a half of milk at one time The Indian reacht in bignesse the greatest Asses and yean commonly four at once ever three at least Their tailes reach their feet which they cut off both that the Rams may come at them and that oyl may be fetched out of their fat The Rams tailes also are cut off and the fat taken out and are so neatly sewed on again that the seam is not to be seen Of which Rams we shall give a figure one without horns and taile but having something growing in stead with a kind of dew-lap under the chin all white except the head and hoof-ends which are black Another notably fenced with bending and wreathed horns they and the head of horn-colour the muzzle feet testicles and bottom of the taile of a shining white the rest all red The fleece of the sheep of Istria or rather Liburnia is liker hair then wool There is a kind said to be in Italy
horned They change colour and are sometimes variously generated The hair differs according to the sex thicker in the males softer and finer in the shee s Festus calls hairy men goatish Pliny denies that they are all horned but you may guesse their age by the horn which is long and sharp In Delos one of the horns is two cubites and weighs six and twenty pound Their eyes which they ever thrust into their corners look diversly at times in the dark they shine and dart forth light They are flat-nosed The shee hath no upper teeth besides the double-ones afore and the rest are fewer then those of the hee-goat They have all a shaggy-bard the Latines call it aruncus spirillus the Greeks Ereggos Krygkes The little that hang out of their jaws Festus calls Noneolas Varro Mammilias teats Pliny Lacinias rags others Warts The females have two dugs slender feet Some have thought as the Egyptians sayes and others that they breath by the ears Philes saith the signe is that if you stop their noses you offend them not Especially the wild ones who are said to have a passage betwixt the horns to the lungs which if you stop with wax you choke them Barthol Eustathius credits it the rather because he saith he hath found some such thing in man though Aristotle is against it They say the liver if you take it out stirs long after They have more bellies then one The milt is round The sharp artery is like that in man As for their place they abound in the North. In Candy is great store because there are no Wolves In Ithaca Homer calls Aigiboton goatish The best Goats-cheese is in the Helvetian Rhetia Switserland especially in the hilly-ground about the Fabarian baths They are found also in Achaia Africa Nubia Sardinia Cephalonia Miletum Damascus India the New-world in Spaine Corsica and else-where as we shall see anone in their differences The ground fittest for them the Greeks call Aigiboton c. Their food is manifold they delight most in shrubs the wild Cytisus Oken-leaves If they eat too many Acorns it causes abortion They love the Olive and so were said to be hated by Minerva and they will crop young Vines wherefore they were sacrificed to Bacchus Figs and Wheat Ash and Tamarisk Goats-beard and Dogs-rose Beans make them full of milk and cinque foyle if you give it five dayes together afore you let them drink And to this end some ty dittany under their belly In some places they are greedy after Hemlock c. Ladanum also a sleepy plant such as Arabia boasts of it may be this chance because of the offensivenesse of the smell Goats hurtful otherwise to all green things covets most sweet shrubs as if they knew their worth they will crop the stalks of sprigs that are full of sweet juice and wipe from their stinking beard that that thence drops thereon This they roul in dust and bake in the Sun and therefore are goats-hair found in Ladanum Later Writers tells us that the Arabian woods are made waste by the feeding of Goats and that juice cleaves to all the beards Thus is it also at Cyprus they say and that there sticks to Goats-beards and knees the flower of the Ivy being croped off afore the dew be off after the Sun dispelling the mist and the day clearing up a dust cleaves to the dewy goats-beards and thence ladanum is kammed out Their commonnest food is Spire-grasse and Capriola because better tasted then others that they delight in salt torturers well know for Dracula the Hungarian Governour oft cut out the soles of captive Turks feet and rubbed salt in and used Goats to lick it out again to increase the torment For their drink puddle standing water or long keept is disallowed After noon when stirred they drink most It is strange that at Zant about the season when the Etesiae wind use to blow the Goats stand gaping toward the North and that serves them without drinking The Goat is very lustfull for they at seven months old and while they suck begin to couple and with greater heat then sheep The yearlings couple three or four times if presently after a great rain falls it causes abortion They go five months and bring for most part but one at once sometimes two three four In good aire and well fed they bear twice a year It continues eight years Aristotle saith all their life long and that they bring twins if the Sire and Dam be of a lusty kind In the third year it failes Fatnesse makes them barren The meetest coupling time is the Winter or Solstice They conceive in November and bring forth in March when the shrubs begin to swell Some use one Hee for ten females some to fifteen some to twenty Rubbing their genitals with much salt and nitre and annointing them with peper and nettle-berries makes them lusty About their venery and coupling read Aristotle his History of four-footed-beasts They are lovers of sheep the Tiger the Sargus with the Poley and Fringo Offer a kid to a Tiger to eat he will fast two dayes after the third day he will desire some other food if he have it not he digs a hole yet he spares the kid as if it were his own kinde saith Plutarch The fish Sargus delights in their very shadow and loves to touch it while they stand on the shore but is by nature disabled from leaping ashore The Pulegium or Poley being tasted by the Goat makes them bleat whence some Greeks call it Blechon If a Shee-goat crop an Fringo stalk and carry it in her mouth the whole heard shall straight leave their pasture and as astonished at a new sight shall not give over gazing till the Goat-herd take away the stalk They hold enimity with the Wolfe Pard Elephant the Goat-sucking-bird they hate mans spittle hony and the Evonymus the Vine c. For the Wolfe devours them the Pard seazes them the Elephant terrifies them the Caprimulgus sucks them so that the udder mortifies and the Shee-goat turns blind upon it Aelian saith they avoid mans spittle Hony taken in weakens them the leaf or fruit of the Evonymus were but tasted by them kills them unlesse they purge it out again by Anochus If they drink water wherein Rose-tree-leaves are steeped they dy Savine is also poyson to them A young sprouting Olive-tree will not bear if a Goar but lick it The lung rosted prevents drunkennesse If they eat Conyza they dy with thirst The herb Aegolethrum in Lycia is their bane whence it hath the name Goat-bane Their voice is a kind of muttering or murmuring whence Homer calls them Mekades In Latine they and sheep are said balare to bleat The Hees are said Phrimassein to grumble Varinus saith they cry Ena ena They are ever stirring and swift and nimble Varro saith R.
R. l. 2. c. 3. that wild-Goats will frisk away from a stone above sixty foot They can better away with cold then sultry heat especially the breeders that conceive in deep winter They love woody furzy shrubby places much better then plain pasture-ground or medow and thrive best on clifty shadowy-land They hang so strangly on clifts and rocks that they who view them from beneath would verily believe they were falling whence the rocks are called Aigilipes and the flock Aipopolion from their loftinesse and clambring They skip and frisk wantonly about near brinks of rivers browzing on the banks Authours are not agreed about the quality of their flesh Hippocrates holds it raw windy in the stomack begetting crudities and belching but more harmlesse in Summer their feed being better At the falling of the leaf it is most unwholesome In Winter it breeds somewhat better blood Some affirm that though it be rank it nourishes and strengthens much Clitomachus of Carthage a follower of the new Academie saith that a wrestler of Thebes out-went all of that age in strength because kid or goat-flesh was his diet and that the toughest and hardest of digestion with eating whereof his sweet was rank and rammish Homer in Aâ—hillus his entertaining of Agamemnon his Ambassadours shews it to be souldiers diet The milk is as moderate as most kindes except womens breast-milk Yet is very different according to their age feed season of the year and length of time after they bring forth their young without hony it is dangerous food curdling in the stomack And it troubles the belly a little unlesse eaten with scammony and other things In some parts of the East those that are weaned at three months are wont to be fed with it The cheese follows the nature of the milke But hee-goats flesh is worst of all to dresse breeding ill blood and is most corrupt and offensive at coupling time And yet it hath been a dish at a feast in Antiphanes as bad and rank as it is The testicles and liver also are much condemned About kid writers are not agreed It was a delicate with the Patriarches under the old Testament And Ascraeus the Poët calls it good juicy nourishment And Platina after Galen cries it up for the best houshold fare easily disgested as having litle dros in it nourishing and breeding well tempered blood But Brujerinus cries it downe because shee-goats are feverish and therefore the kid cannot but be unwholsome Yet Jul. Alex. confessing it indeed to be hot yet the tendernes of the kids age is an allay to the hot and dry quality of the dam and especially if the kid suck yet not so much for the age as the nourishment which takes of from the heat and makes tender and juicy Heathen also of old made it a messe in their feasts seasoning it with Laser and other herbs The blood made into a dish was called Sanguiculus or blooding which the Laconians call Melas Xoomos or black-meat and Pollux Aâ—matian blood-meat Apycius will tell you how to dresse the liver and lungs The use of this creature in medicine is great Pliny speaks of a thousand medicines to be fetched from them Democritus magnifies that is borne alone The Magitians prescribed goats flesh rosted against a mans carcasse burning against the falling sicknes Hee-goats flesh sod in water breaks impostumes and divers ulcers The Porredge drives away Spanish flies Drusus the Tribune of the people is said to have drunke goats blood when hee with wannes and envy accused Q. Cepio of poysoning him The same washes out spots And fried it stops the pain in the bowells and the flux of the belly as Galen and Dioscorides relates Hee-gaots blood soon ripens make it hot mingled with somewhat waxy it eases the gout helps ill-eyes that of one fed with diereticall herbs dried to pouder and taken with parsly in wine is very good against the stone See in Aldrovand how and when it must be gathered Some call this medicine Gods hand Authors of great note as Scaliger and Ioubert c. say that goatsâ—blood can soften and dissolve the Adamants glasse heated therein and in juyce may be made as soft and yeelding as wax or clay and wrought into any shape but dip it in water it shall return to its former firmnes This is a secret of Geberus Albertus and an ingenious Bituricensian glasmaker which when hee was near death hee freely revealed to Antâ—Mizoaldus as himself relates The same mixt with vineger is good against vomiting and hauking and spitting The whey is good for them that have been bitten in right gut or the colon because it soon congeals It is very loosning taken with melanthins and brimstone and takes away morphew and spots and itch With goos grease deers marrow rosin and chalk it closes chapped lips If an oxes neck swell it is a golden soveraign help with soft pitch and ox-marrow and goat-sewet and old oyl of each an equall portion and unsod With chalk it scatters swellings with wax it stops spreading of ulcers with pitch and brimstone it is through healing and with hony and juyce of bramble it stops the running of the reines The fat of it self alone helps the sting of the green Spanish fly Magitians commend it against the falling sicknes with bulls gall boild in equall portions and put up in litle gallbags it must not touch the ground forsooth and is to be drunk out of water at doore The same with Ptisana or barly unhusked boyled is good for the colique Goats-fat boyled with barly rhoe and cheese they give for the bloody flux and taken in with juyce of barly unhusked And helps much against diseases in the bowells supt in in cold water It is also good against the dropsy Those of the Canary Islands annoint their flesh with goat-sewet and juyce of certain herbs to thicken their skins the better to endure cold because they goe naked It is used also against the gout with shee-goats dung and saffran and mustard with Ivy stalks bruised or the flower of wild-cucumber The same is an ingredient into Pomatum good for chapped lips The marrow next to deers and calves-marrow is commended The liver rosted and layd with oyl of mirrhe on the navell helps the cholique and is better then the same boild with sowr wine and drunk The same is good for Nyctalopia and against the falling sicknes and for convulsions It is also commended against the biting of a mad dog and layd on it takes away the feare of water they say which the bitten dread Hippocrates prescribes sheeps or goats liver buried in embers to a woman in child-birth sweld to be eaten for four dayes and old wine to be drunk therewith The gall yeelds many medicines It helps against venome from a wild Weezel with allom ashes it remooves the itch with fullers earth and vineger it helps scurf so
that the hairs by degrees dry With cheese and brimstone it takes away morfew with sponge-ashes thickened as hony It scatters swelling if often touched therewith at first rising Layd on the eybrows it takes away hair To say nothing of the squincy and eare-diseases Lastly smear your beds or walls with goats or bullsâ—gall steeped in keen-vineger you shall not be troubled with wall or bedsted-lice The spleen fresh taken out of the beast and laid on mans spleen in a few dayes strangly removes the spleenative pains if you after hang it up in the smok and there dry it The head with hair and all boiled and pounded strengthens the bowels The brain dropt through a gold-ring into Infants afore they have ever sucked the Magitians prescribe against falling-sicknesse and all other Infants-griefs With honey it heals carbuncles And water poured out of a goats palate and what ever it eats if mixt with houy and salt destroys liceâ—f you rub the head body with it in whay and is a remedy against belly ake The ashes of the skin smeared on with oyl rids strangly the kibe-heel Shaving thereof pounded with pumice and mingled with vineger helps the Mazels Bind a womans paps with a thong of goats-lether and it will stop excessive rheums out of her nostrils The hair burnt heals all fluxes and burnt with pitch and vineger and put into the nostrils stanches bleeding When burning it chases Serpents away The horn burnt mixt with meal laid on mends scurffe and scald-heads Pieces of it scorched in the flame with vineger are of good use against S. Anthonies fire Laid under a weak mans head it causes sleep Shave or burn it and mingle it with goats-gall and myrrhe and rub the arm-pits it takes away the rank-smell It helps against the Epilepsy and the sent of it rowseth out of a Lethargy or dead-sleep And burnt if you rub the teeth therewith it makes them clean and white The hoof burnt it drives away Serpents and the ashes smeared on with vineger helps baldnesse and shedding of hair Goats-milke also is many wayes medicinable Democratis to my knowledge saith Pliny caused Conâ—idia M. Servilius the Consuls daughter who could not bear strong physick to use goats-milke which sustained her long in her weaknesse The goats were fed with Mastixtrees There is a healing vertue in it A draught of it with uva taminia grape cures a Serpents bite That which is first milked lessens the fits of a quartan ague whether eaten or drunk Some Magi give swallows-dung a dram out of goats or sheeps-milk or sweet wine three measures afore the fit Annoint the gums therewith and the teeth are bred with more ease Drunk with salt and hony it loosens the belly it is given against the falling sicknesse palsy Melancholy leprosie c. Hot in barly-meal like pulse it is given against the pain in the bowels It cures the spleen after two dayes fasting the third day the goats being fed with Ivy if it be drunk three dayes without any other food The cheese being fresh heals bites being dry with vineger and hony it clenses wounds soft and kneaded with hony and laid on and covered with woolen or linnen it speedily helps bruises c. newly curdled laid on it helps sore eyes If a woman hath eaten what goes against stomack so that her belly ake and she be feverish Hippocrates prescribes a fift part of white Peplium and half a chaenix and as much nettle-feed and half an pound of goats-cheese shaved mixt with old wine and supped up And if in the womb any thing be putrified or blood or corruption come forth he prescribes goats-cheese tosted or scraped alone or with as much barly-meal and taken in with win fasting As for the curd a dram out of wine is good against the bite of the Pieterman and other Sea-fishes It is drunk also for fluxes and taken against curdled-milk A third part drunk out with vineger is good against rank excesse of blood the bignesse of a bean steeped in myrtle-wine taken fasting eases the collick It is good against the lask The pisse drunk with Sea-Aquin vineger helps against the biting of Serpents and breakis impostumes where ever they are poured into the ears it helps the pulling of the sinews The Carthaginian shepherds burn the crown veins of their children of four years old with unwasht wool and some the temple-veins to prevent rheums If they faint under the pain they sprinkle goats-pisse on them and fetch them again The same drunken two cups a day with spicknard is good against the water under the skin drawing it away by urine Sextus thinks it helps women in their months Their dung is of frequent use Spurathoris the Greeks call it it is of a digestive and eagre property softning the hardest swellings not only of the spleen but also of others parts Being burnt it is thinner but not stronger Given in vineger it cures the vipers bite in wine with frankincense female-issues Ty it on a cloath it stills children especially girles They daub it on parts out of joynt Sod in vineger it disperses throat and other swellings And warmed and smeared on it cures spreading ulcers Prepared with hony and laid on it heals cancers and belly carbunckles and disperses them Bruised to powder and mixt with vineger and applied to the fore-head it takes away the migram It cures burns and leaves no scar kneaded with vineger to the thickness of hony it loosens contracted joynts and removes tremblings with barly-meal and vineger especial in tough and rustical bodies it helps the sciatica Pills thereof are a remedy for the months and second-birth Adde hereto that in Plague-time if you keep a Goat at home his breath and smell is good against infection Besides all this of the Goats-hair are made sives of the skin garments shoos coverlids bottles boots bellows sails paper and whips Pirrhus of the horns made him a crest The Locrians the Ozoli wear sheeps and goat-skins and live among flocks of goats The Sardi and Getuli had no other cloaths In Cypris they make Chamlets of goats-hair and to that purpose near the rivers Betolis and Issa in Armenia the lesse they keep and shear a multitude of goats yearly The Turks also at Ancyra the head-City of Capadocia make their choysest watered stuffes thereof and also their tapestry The paper or parchment I speak of were first found out at the Troian Pergamus and thence obtain the name We read little of their differences The Egyptian bring five at a birth because they drink the fat fruitfull water of the river Nile In Phrigia there are four horned goats as Scaliger relates with long hair and snow-white in the Weveries they shear not but pluck the hair out The Egyptians say that when the Dog-starre arises the goats turn ever Eastward and their looking that way is a sure signe of the revolutions of that Star In the Nothern-coasts
they are great bodied thick thighed full and short shouldered bending eared small headed thick long and bright necked high and broad horned They are almost all white In Winter they live on Pine-bark Mosse and Poplar-boughs The skins are carried by great shipfuls into Germany and yield great gaine The Caspian Goats are whitest not horned and as big as Horses So soft is their hair that it may compare with Milesian-wool so that the Caspian Priests and the richest make it their wear In Cephalenia the Goats drink not dayly but gape and take in the wind Theophrastus therefore saith they drink not in six months In Cilicia and about the Syrtes they are as shorn At Damascus they have long eares manifold teats and are very fruitful The owners carry fourty or fifty up and down to sell their milke and they will milk them where you please in your dining-room though it be three stories high afore your eyes in tin vessels At Narbon they have broad and long ears In Illyria they are not cloven-footed they bring sometimes three four or five at a birth and give a gallon and a half of milk The same is said of the Indian near the City Tarnassuri and of the Affrican at the Promontory of the green-head Xaverius the Jesuit testifies that he hath seen at Amborna an Hee-goat suckling little kids in that corrupted History of Christ and Peter which the Authour wrote in the Persian language He had but one udder and gave a great sop of milk dayly The Mambron Shee-goat in the Region of Damiata they may ride with saddle and briddle and other Horse-furniture the ears dangle to the ground the horns hang downward and turn up again under the mouth Pharos an Island in the Aegean-Sea breeds Goats coloured like the Deer and greater by much with an horn twelve handfull long straight having but on knag reaching right forth In Sardinia their skins are hot in winter and cold in summer like the Musmones And some are swifter then any beast Among the Monsters we give hereafter the figure of one with three horns ARTICLE V. Of the wild-Goats in generall WEe are now to treat of wild-Goats both generally and specially with many names whereof we meet among the Greeks as Aix agrios Wild-Goat These have the wit with Dictany to draw arrows out of their bodies those namely that live in Candy and on the hill Ida. Aristotle denies there are any in Africa Virgil affirms it who takes the wild for those that are liker tame which Varro saith are a breed of the tamer Wee call them Roes Aigagros Oppian takes for a peculiar kind called Camozza about Trent The Aigokeroas or Capricorn is a wild wood-goat of a severall kind in Suidas Dâ—rkas Hermolaus conceives to be a divers kind but it seems to be but another name Scaliger takes Dorcas for a kid Dorcus for a Roe However it seems to have the name from sharp-sightednes for it hath a moysture within the bowelles that helps the sight The name is used in the Canticles The Dorcalides are short-tayled Proches-Gaza turns a Doe having the name from Proixesthai the swiftnes Pâ—oox from fearfullnes the Epithite that Homer gives the Hare It is as swift as a whirlewind yellow haired white tayled the eyes white and blew the eares stuck with long hair it swims very swiftly and with the feet can stem a streame it delights in lakes where it seeks repast among the bulrushes The Nebros some make a fawn some a kind of goat of Solinus a Doe Kolos is a Scythian wild-goat of bignes between a Deer and a Ram of a bright body very swift drinking with the nostrils and holds the water there many dayes and can make long shift in dry pasture With the Latines Caprea is a Rodi Rupicapra a wild-goat living among rocky places as the name gives it They love to clime high and to live on the loftiest mountains where your eye can hardly reach them yet if they be pursued by beast or man it can cast it self headlong from the steepest crags and yet help themselves so with their horns that they catch no harme They fall out often about the females in coupling time By consent of all they excell the tame in goodnes of tast savourines and nourishment in delicacy of temper easines of digestion and in paucity of excrements yet is their flesh somewhat drier therefore the Arabes invented the boyling them in oyl to make them juicier Yet some thinke that what is sod in oyl becomes dry and looses the glutinousnes as Psathuron and Kauron As for their use in physique wild Goats-flesh is good food for those who have the bloody flux The liver either unrosted or beaten to powder helps the cholique The steame thereof boyled in salt water helps thick-sighted eys Burnt and sprinkled on it stanches blood especially if you snuf up the powder The blood with sea-palme takes away the hair It helps to an easing by stool The gall is soveraign against venemous bites The same helps against bloodshotten and dim eyes and against ruggednes of the cheeks and eye-lids with conserve of roses or bruised with juice of leeks and droped warm into the nostrils it takes away the tinckling of the head with Athenian hony it eases the pain of the jaws and cures the exulceration of the pizzle The dung dried stamped and sifted and taken in a cup of hypocras takes away the yellow-Jaundice ARTICLE VI. Of the wild-Goats in particular POINT I. Of the Roe-Deer Fallovv-Deer Bucks and Doe THe kindes of wild-Goats are the Rupicapra c. The Rupicapra or Dorcos in Greek Aigastros or Aigagros that is Wild-goat It is of the same greatnesse with the shaggy-goat only a little taller and in shape liker the tall wild-beasts Bellonius takes it for a Buck. The colour is between dark and red it inclines more to the red in Summer then in Winter to the dusky But Scaliger saith it is in Summer yellowish in Winter ash-colour Gesner saw one black and white Some are all white but few It is red-eyed The ears are longer then the Rams and carnation coloured and on either side a streak above the eyes from the root of the horns straight to the end of the mouth and ending in the upper-lip The fore-head marked with a kind of star The upper part of the tail hairy black and round and as long as that of a Buck. The horns blackish nine or ten fingers long rough with knotty ringlets none in the hooked part which is smooth and sharp like a hook Almost paralel rising in equal spaces firm only at beginning only a thumbs length hollow and rounder then those of the tame Some say they can as we see Goats scratch their backs with them It is note-worthy what mischief they do themselves by that scratching they are thought to delight so in the tickling that they fasten the horn-tip so in
kept in a thick glasse-bottle waxed over It recovers the lost sent if you hang it in an open pot in a house of office For the use of Musk Authours differ about the temper of it Averroes holds it hot and dry in the end of the second degree Sethus in the third All confesse it to be a thin substance It drawes out blood put to the nose and opens the vessels of the body It is besides used to strengthen and against trembling fainting wind to purge the head in sweet-balls and wash-balls in censing in pomanders and sweet-oyntments Yet it is ill for the mother to some women as the Venetian and Northern women POINT VI. Of the Bezoar or the Pazahartica-Goat MEn write diversly in the describing of the Bezoartican-Goat Bellâ—nensis seems to deny there is any such beast while he relates out of Thiphasis the Arabian that that they call the Bezoar-stone is taken out of the veins The Arabs fetch it from the Harts Monardes from the testimony of eye-witnesses reports it to be as great as the Hart and resembling him Bontius saith that he is shaped like our goats of Europa except that they have more upright and longer horns and that some of them are partly coloured as Tigers and goodly to look on two whereof are to be seen in the fort in Batavia The greater or lesser the stone is that they carry the nimbler or heavier they go which the wily Armenians and Persians well know They feed on an herb like Saffran the eating whereof breeds that stone Whence it comes to passe that because an Isle between Cormandel and Ceylon called by the Portugals Isle de Vaccas or of Cows is sometimes overflowen that the goats must be transported thence to save them they being deprived of that herb breed not that stone and when the waters are down and they are brought back thether they yield the Bezoar-stone again which is as troublesome to them as to us the stone is in the bladders or reins Whence we may gather how vain their relations are that tell us that it is bred in their bowels or reins or the gall Some call it Pasani some Balsaar some Pazaher that is an antidote against poyson It is bred especially in Persia in Stabanon three dayes journey beyond Lara where the Persian Kings are watchful to challenge for themselves all the stones that exceed a certain weight They are of several shapes and kindes some much costlier then others and of greater vertue and efficacy There are counterfaits made Monardes from the relation of Guido de Lavaretus writes the right ones are made up of kind of lates or barks folded within one another very bright and shining as if they were pollished having within a dust or a chaffe Bontius thinks that Genuine that rubed on a piece of chalk shews a light-red cast into a bason full of water and left there three hours together looses nothing of the weight When the counterfait becomes hevier or lighter taken out of water and rubed with chalk splits Much is written by many of the vertues thereof that laid on any bare part of the body it defends it against poyson That the powder cures bites sprinkled on the bitten place That cast on wild beasts it benums them and kills vipers with any liquor That all receits taken against poyson and malignant Fevers are vain unlesse Bezoar be also used Monardes gives examples of diverse hereby rescued out of the very jawes of death It helps melancholy quartons fainting fits epilepsies giddinesse stone worms and what not But it is observed to be more helpful to women then men Some in India dream that it makes them young again Monardes hath a whole tract about it But Bontius writes that he findes by a thousand experiments that the vertue thereof is not so great He saith that the stones called pazahar bred in the stomack of the Simior are round and above a finger long and are counted the best Hether may be referred the Vicuna and Taruga The Vicuna is a swift beast of Peru. It is hornlesse else like a wild goat Nether is that any hinderance that he wants horns since there are dogs that are said to have horns when most have none He delights in mountanious and rocky places She loves cold and deserts She seems to be refreshed with snow and frosts She loves company and the Herd She runs from all men she meets putting her young ones afore being carefull of them She is taken by a swift chase to which end three thousand Barbarians compasse a mountain and by degrees make all the wild here together sometimes more then three hundred they send the females after the young ones They are taken also when they come to a convenient space and toyles of cord and lead laid for them They shear them to make coverlids their wool is fine as silke of a lasting colour being natural it needs no dye In hot whether it refreshes helping the inflammation of the reins wherefore they stuffe therewith tikes for beds It is said to ease the Gout The flesh hath no good relish yet it is an Indian dainty And a piece of it new killed and laid on the eye removes suddenly the smart They breed the Bezoar in the bowels next to the eastern Vicuna is the Taruca of that kind but swifter and greater and deeper colour of soft and dangling ears not delighting in company she wanders among rocks alone In these is the Bezoar-stone found both of greater vertue and bulk POINT VII Of the Scythian Suhak and the Goat with dangling eares OF the Scythian Suhak see Aldrovan pag. 313. We owe to Aristotle the mention of the Goat with hanging-ears a palm and more broad and reaching near the ground Probably it is that in the print here following which they call the Indian Goat and the Syrian Mambrina By the wool hair face and horns it seems to resemble a sheep rather then a Goat The colour is white POINT VIII Of the Oryx THree sorts of creatures are by the Greeks termed Oryges One a water one two land ones Of the first Strabo writes treating of Turdetamia which some suppose to be the Sea-orke Of the two latter kinds Pliny and Oppian mention The name Oryx comes from To Orytteâ—n or digging because at new Moon it turns eastward and digs up the earth with the fore-feet For the shape it is one-horned and cloven-footed It is of the kind of wild Goats But of a contrary hayr turning toward the head as it grows on the Aethiopian Bull. He is engendred in the driest parts of Africa ever without drinke and strongly usefull against thirst for the Getulian theeves hold out by a draught of wholesome liquor found in their bladders Albertus saith that he is as big as a Hart bearded used to the deserts and easily taken in a net Herodotus makes him as great as an Ox Nor have we any certainty of
his shape The horns are black and to be seen in most libraries like a swords blade at top diverse according to their age both in length bredth and number of knobs Wee give you here the images of two of them But Aldrovand himself durst define whether they are Indian Asses horns or no. But since the Aethiops called Sili used them for weapons against the Struthiophagi or Estridge-eaters and they are very hand and beamy long sharp-pointed and hollow they seeme to belong to the Oryx The Egyptians fain many things of him that they know when the Dog-star arises and then cry out that they gaze on the star and adored it like a God whether by a peculiar sympathy or that they know cold weather is past which they cannot well endure He seems to despise the Sun and Moon they dung against the rising Sun and never drink Columella and Martial mention the Orus but I beleeve it is not the same with this The later calls him Cavage the former reckons him among the beasts kept in warrens or parks for food Hee is said by Oppian to be wild a great foe to wild beasts and milke white So different are the relations about the Orus which must be a double kind one fearfull the other fierce Some in India are said to have four horns Ambr. Paréus T. 1. l. 5. c. 5. mentions a wild beast in some Island of the Red-sea called by the Arabs Kademotha by the inhabitants called Parasoupi as great as a mule and headed alike haired like a Beare but not so dark-coloured but yellowish footed like the Hart having two lofty horns but not beamed akin to the Unicorns horn The natives being bitten by any venomous beast are cured forthwith by drinking the water wherein the horn hath lien soaking certain dayes ARTICLE VII Of the Hart or Deer THe Latine name Cervus is taken from the Greek Kerata horns The Greeks give him very many names as Elaphos because of his nimblenesse or his delight to be about lakes or waters or because he drives away the serpent with the smell of his horn who rubs it on purpose against a stone to raise the sent and Beirix Bredos c. The Hinds first fawning they call Ptookas that is Procas the Calf or Fawn Nebros c. The Deer or Hart is cloven-footed tong-hoofed soft-haired and hollow within if you beleeve Junius which makes him swim well He is light coloured sandy reddish yet there are white ones as Sertorius his Hind which as he perswaded the Spaniards was propheticall No beast carries greater horns The Hind hath none ordinarily though some have been seen horned by Maximilian the Emperor and by Scaliger The Fawn of a year old hath beginnings of horns budding short and rough The second year he is called a pricket and hath plain horns called spellers or pipers The third year he is a sorell his horns branching once and sox increase to the sixt year Wee say there are in a stages head the Burre or round roll next the head then the Beam or main horn then the Browanteliers next above the Bezanteliers next the royall above the surroyall top In a Bucks head are Burre Beam Braunch Advancers Palm Spellers The fourth year the Buck is a Sore the fifth year a Buck of the first head the sixt he is a Buck or great Buck. But the branching is very different William Duke of Bavaria hath two each horn hath one and twenty branches Albertus speaks of eleven such in Germany Aemilian saw in the Duke of Ferrara his store-house a Hart little lesse then a Horse and so branched as the German heads At Antwerp is one with 15 branches Other hornes are hollow except at top the Harts solied throughout others cleave to the bone the Harts sprout onely out of the skin No beast casts the horns so as hee The horn is as firme and hard as a stone growing old it is lighter especially in the open air and sometimes moyst and dry again Gesner hath observed in a grown Hart at top of the horn two three or five branches and the beame six fingers broad beside the antlers and spellers below and he hath marked between the brain-pan and the horns litle bones or double-bony knobs about two fingers long smooth and the shorter the older the Hart is Wee English divide the Deer into red and fallow Deer among the red wee call the male a Stag the shee an Hind the young Calves among the fâ—llow Deer wee call the hee a Buck the shee a Doe the young Fawns And they all differ in hornes and in some they are grown together Gesner saith he hath seen a Stags-speller of 9 inches and of one of three years old with the speller of 18 inches Those wee have mentioned are smooth white not rugged They cast their horns yearly at a certain time in the Spring One hath been taken in whose horn green Ivy grew It is said that if you gueled them their horns fade away Their face is fleshy the nose flat the neck long the nostrils fourefold and with as many passages their musles slender and weake the ears as cut and parted as no other beasts have They that are about Argenusa on the hill Elapsus they have foure teeth on each side both below grinders and besides two other above greater in the male then the female they bend all downward and seeme bent They have all live-worms in the head bred under the tongue in a hollow of a turning joynt that joyns the neck to the head others as great bred in the flesh at least â—0 some have seen more and severed though some have none Some say Wasps are bred within theirs eye-bone and fly out thence The blood is like water having no strings but is curdled as many have observed with Baldus Angelus The eyes are great the heart as great as uses to be in all timerous creatures Divers write diversly of a stone in the corner of the eye called Belzahart or Bezaar Scaliger denies it that there is any stone there till the Deere be an 100 years old and then it begins to grow and waxes harder then a horn swelling out of the bones and over the face where it bunches out it is round and shining yellow and streaked with black so light that it scarce abides the touch you may see it withdrawn it self Scribonius calls it the eye-filth Almost in all Deers hearts are found bones the greater in the older sometimes shaped like a crosse interfering I have seen them saith Iordanus as big as a pigeons egg and framed of plates and which is pleasant to see break them and you find a bone in the midst like the other heart-bones about which those shells clings the heat of the heart ingenders them They are found from the midst of August to the middle of September Brasavolus calls it a sinew
thickets they seek after fresh pasture but ever return home again One uses like a Captain to lead the Herd they feed all day at high-noon they seek shade they are fearfull even to a proverb Cantharion Arcas was by the oracle nicknamed a Deere They are good at leaping whence a place near Frankfort hath the name where two stones are erected in memory of one that being hunted leaped 60 foot and upon a loaden cart to save himself When hardly chased they will rest themselves till the dogges draw near them When they despair of escaping they leave the woods fly into the fields and sometimes into towns and houses for shelter for most part they go with the wind Their sagacity and wit in deluding the dogges is strange If they are hunted by Eager-dogges they gather into parties then if pursued they fly among the Deere kept tame about house sometimes they mingle with the Herd to shrowed themselves sometimes they will drive the hunted Deere from them they will amuse the dogges by their uncertain steps going back the same wayes or where other Deere use to tread to confound the dogges sent they will run round and leap to put the dogges to alosse There hath been one seen to run among a Herd of oxen and leap on an oxes back and to ride him along way and trailing the hinder-feet on the ground to put the dogs to a cold sent They have been seen to leap into trees in shady places They eat Cinara against venomous grasse and crabs against the bite of Spiders They are very carefull that the Sun-beams shed not on their fresh wounds to purifie them afore they be closed With eating Dittany they can draw arrowes out of their bodies which goats also do They swim over seas by herds one resting the head on the others buttock and take turns when the first is weary This is most observed in the passage from Cilicia to Cyprus though they see not land they smell it They put the weakest last and venter not out till the wind favours them They fatten in summer and then lurk in corners that their weight may not make them an easy prey to the dogs They hide themselves also by day when they have cast their horns and keep in shady places to avoid annoyance from flies and feed in the night till their horns sprout again then they come into the Sun to confirm and harden them And when they can rub them against trees without pain they dare venture abroad again Some say they bury their horns some say but one the horn is seldome found which is medicinable In Epire they bury their right else-where their left horn In Parks neither though they cast their horns yearly When they have eat a Serpent that the poyson hurt them not they go to a river and plunge themselves in all but the head yet drink not till by tears they have sweet out the venome which the cold water expels at the eyes Eating serpents clears their eye-sight when taken they become not only tame but will come when called Nay you may briddle and sadle them It is certain that in Ptolomeis Triumphant-shew there were seven brace of Stags seen coupled in chariots Heliogabalus exhibited them by quaternions so yoked together They were to Mithridates as it were a life-guard Sertorius the Generall of the Spanjards the Roman carried a white one alwayes about with him making the world beleeve it was Diana Ptolomy used one to understand Greeke In fawning they forsake not beaten wayes no more then coverts They purge themselves with the herb Seselis that they may fawn with more ease after fawning they eat their after-birth that enwrapped their fawn then tast of a certain herb and then return to their fawns These they bring not up all one way the tenderest they carefully hide among thick shrubs or grasse and chastise them with taps of their feet to make them ly still and not disclose themselves When grown up a litle they exercise them to run and leap gapps A Shepheards Pipe and singing will intice them from their pasture As for their senses if they prick up their ears they are quick of hearing if they hang them downe they are easily surprised That they are sharpsighted their great ey is a token Authors are of divers opinions about their usefulnesse in food Some say their flesh is tender and light of disgestion and better tempered if cut afore their horns come Galen holds it to be hard of concoction and melancholy like Asses-flesh Simon Sethi saids it breeds black coller and that you must beware of it in summer because they eat serpents then If often eaten it brings the palsie in winter it is safer food Some say fawns-flesh is best Of old they praised the flesh till they were three years old The older the dryer and harder In rutting time their flesh is rank and rammish of smell like goats-flesh Avicen thinks it breeds quartan-agues But Pliny saith that he knew Gentle-women that used to tast it every morning and were for a long time free of agues especially if they dy of one wound Others by constant eating of venison promise themselves vivacity and spritefulnesse The liver is thought to be naught The horn newly shot forth hath been counted a delicate boyled and then fried in gobbets In Medicine many parts thereof are usefull The hair burnt under the belly prevent miscarrying of women The skin shaved with a pumice with vineger cures S. Anthonies fire The same fastened on the doore with the right feet scare away all venemous creatures The same helps against urine going from a man against his will in bed The marrow easens pain drives away serpents helps against scalding taken in water eases the pain in the bowelles allays the bloudy-flux taken glisterwise softens the womb helps in Lint monthly termes The sewet eases the gout takes away face-freckles burnt and mixt with a tosted oyster cures kibes and chilblaius layd fresh on cures the exulcerations of the womb The brains Rhasis commends against the pain in the hips and sides and against bruises The lungs Pliny prayses against corns chappings and hard flesh Marcellus sayes it helps feet pinched by strait shoes layed often fresh on it Dried in the smoak and poudered taken in wine it helps the Ptisique The ashes burnt in an earthen pot helps against sighing and pursines The pizle dried to powder taken in wine is given against the vipers bite smeard on with wine it makes a bull lusty dried it provokes urine and helps the wind collique if you drinke the water wherein it is washed Pliny speaks of the Magicall use or rather abuse of it The bones are good against fluxes Sextus saith the knee blade is good against priapisme if carried about one The heart burned with the skin and horn smeared on with oyl cures wounds The heart-bone is counted
they drinke so much as not only quenches thirst but serves for the day following They love muddy and avoid cleare water they stamp on purpose in their water to thicken it The later ones they say can refrain from drinking 12 nay 15 dayes together if need be and some eye-witnesses affirme that in Biled Elgerid if they feed on fresh grasse they never drinke About their Engendring the postrue and manner read Pliny and Aristotle In coupling-time they retire into lonely places when none can safely come near them but their keeper Some say the female goes ten months and in the eleventh brings forth and a year intermitted couples again They bring forth in the spring and some say they presently after couple Writers differ about it They have three enemies the Horse the Lion and the Gadfly Cyrus with his Camels worsted Craesus his Horse for Horses cannot endure their smell And the Arabs smeare their Camels with fish fat to keep away the flies from vexing them They are troubled with the gout whereof they dy and shedding all their hair is another of their diseases They run mad sometimes through lust and remember a wrong and kill whoever they meet even their guides This frensie lasts fourty dayes Some say Hierom writes of one in Bactria that had killed divers men there were above thirty men to master him with strong ropes and a great out-cry His eyes were blood-red he fomed at mouth his tongue swelled and he roared hideously Some live fifty years some last hundred unlesse change of hair bring them into diseases they live longest in Bactria Their disposition nature appears in their revengefulnes teachablenesse love of musick modesty and naturall affection He layes up an injury long being stroken and watches occasion to be revenged He may be taught by a drum to lead a dance they use a yong one to tread on a hote floor which makes him lift up his feet by turns a drum being still beaten at door They use him to it a year in this school and after when ever he hears a drum he falls a capring when he begins to tire musick will invite him on when blows cannot force him He will not couple with his dame If being blinded he be betrayed to it in revenge he will kill the causer of it He is compassionate He eats all night but forbeares if any in the stable be sick This the Indians observed When they would have them speedy they take their yong ones along some miles with the dame Shee will double her pace to returne to her yong ones He is very usefull In medicine the flesh provokes urine The fat of the bunch smoked helps the Hemrods The brain dried with vineger the falling sicknesse The blood furthers conception and is good against the stoppings of the mother if used after the moneths The milk eases the belly being thin and waterish it helps the cramp and wakens appetite The urine which fullers also use whitens and cleanses the teeth The tayl dried loosens The dung with oyl makes the hair curl The same white pounded with hony allays swellings and clenses wounds It is said that the bristles of the tayl wreath and tied to the left arme cures the quartane if you will beleeve it we know that the Arabs eat the milk Galen saith the Alexandrians eat the flesh Heliogabalus Apicius like fed on it sometimes at supper and the heels being tenderest The Jews of old made it their food Some reckon that and the milk among dainties This in those that are near foaling is of a lesse cheesy and buttery substance Historians relate their use in war Hence some armes have their names as we shall shew if God give leave in our Philology In Arabia Aegypt c. they travell not without them They are good for carriage but stinted to so much weight usually six hundred pound for a need a thousand While they are loaden and unloaden they ly down on their belly and feeling they have their just load they rise up and will carry no more The African Camels will travell with ease fifthy dayes together without intermission Some are fat some leane there are reddish and white The swiftest are called Dromedaries these are lower then the other They will travell above an hundred mile in one day They are fleeter then Nisaean horses The females are swiftest The Arabian are double-bunched on the back called thence Dityloi The Bactrian are held strongest and have one bunch under the belly to ly on The Caspian are as big as the greatest horse The African are of three kinds the first is called Hugium who are indeed huge great and strong able to carry a 1000 pound weight The second sort are lesse double-bunched on the back called Becâ—eti fit for carriage and to ride on the Asians know no other The last they call Raguahil they are lanke and slender fit onely for the sadle he will carry a man an hundred miles a day On these the King of Tambutus uses to send his messengers to Segelmessis or Darha 900 miles of in the space of eight dayes without any baiting or resting by the way ARTICLE II. Of the Camel-pard HEe borrows his name from the Camel whom in bulk he resembles and from the Pard or Panther whom he resembles in his spotted skin The name and the beast came first from Alexandria to Rome He bears other names as wilde Sheep from his gentlenesse and living in deserts and Nabis Nabuna by the Ethiopians Anabula Saffarat and Orasius but falsly Since that is a beautifull this a misshapen beast of late Giraffa corruptly Saffarat Nor Aristotle nor Aelian mention him Strabo and other ancients differently describe him One writes that he is so long-necked that he can reach his food from the highest trees and that his skin is checkered like a hinds and streaked he is lower behind then afore sitting he seems as high as an Ox he is taller then the Camell and gentle as tame cattell Pliny makes him horse-necked ox-thighed camel-headed with glistering white spots He is slender and swannecked Bellonius saith he saw three in Cair each had two small horns sticking six fingers long out the forehead and a bunch out the midst of the forehead like another horn about two fingers long the neck seven foot long and when he stretcheth it out it is sixteen foot from the ground he is eighteen foot from the tayl to the top of his head that his legs are of an equall length on his thighs afore stand much higher then those behind his back from his tayl to the top of his head rises like a ladder and as a ship-keel the whole body marked with great spots like a deers foure-squared nine inches broad the ends white and a finger broad The whole body like a net the spots are
they see a hunter but if one of their pigs be hunted they fly not not though one be alone but shee will rush on the huntsman they whet their teeth ere they fight though they in combate among themselves yet if they spy Wolves they combine against the common foe and hasten to help as soon as they heare the cry Fulvius Hirpinus was the first of the Gowndorder that had a parke for wild Boares and other wild and not long after L. Lucullus and Q. Hortensius imitated him How savoury meat they are is well knowen Servilius Rullus father to that Rullus who in Cicero his Consulship proclaimed the field or Agrarian law was the first Roman who set a whole Boar on his table at a feast Some such were a thousand pound weight that the Romans had to their suppers thence called Milliary from their weight Consult Apicius about the manner of seasoning them The flesh is much better then common porke soon disgested and very nourishing begetting a thick and glevy juice Heliogabalus for ten dayes together shewed on his table the paps of sowes that had newly farrowed three hundred a day On the day of Lentulus his instalment when he was made Flamen he had at his supper such pappes and teats with loyns and heads of brawn Wild Boares have also their place in Phisick The brain with the blood is commended as souverain against serpents and carbuncles in the privities Bacon boiled and bound about broken parts suddenly and strangely settles them heals men annoint with the fat of roses The pouder of the cheek-bones heals spreading sores The teeth shavings disperses the pleurisy The lungs mixt with hony some put under their feet when hurt by a strait shoos The liver rayses from a lethargy and helps mattery-ears if drop'd in Drunke in wine fresh and unsalted it stays a loosnesse The small stones found therein poudered help the stone The galle warme dissolves swellings the ashes of the hoof burnt sprinckled in drink provokes urine The claws burnt and bruised helps those that pisse abed The dung dried drunke in water or wine stanches blood eases an old pain of the side taken in vineger helps ruptures and convulsions and parts out of joynt with a serecloath and oyl of roses Fresh and hot it is good against running of the nose Kneaded with wine a plaster of it draws out what sticks in the body Poudered and searsed and kneaded with grasse-hony it helps the joynts Men pour the pisse into mattery eares The bladder boyled and eaten helps those that cannot hold their water See more in Gesner The Indians have a wild Boare of a strange nature on their mountains they call Koya Metl and by six other names like ours but lesse and not so handsome with the navell on the back and about the reins strange to behold pinch it and a watry humour gushes out yet it is properly no navel but a kind of soft grisly fat and under is nothing but as in other beasts as is well known by the dissecting of him Some thinke that he breaths that way He is noysome he gnashes with his tusks horridly and is leaner and slenderer then ours He is fierce The huntsmen climbe trees a herd of these Zaini bite at and teare the body of the tree not being able to come at the men who from above wound them with bore-spears They go in herds and choose a leader and as men report the least and vilest of the herd old and feeble nor part they company till he be slain they will dy ere they forsake him Some ascribe the like to the Bachirae They abhor the Tiger The captain of the Zaini calls of his kind more then three hundred together and conducts them as a Generall his forces with these he sets on the Tiger who though the fiercest of all American wild beasts is yet overmastered by multitude but not with a great destruction of the Zaini many of whom have been found lying dead with the Tigre and but a few left to ring their knell Hee bites shrewdly when first taken but when tamed men take pleasure in him His flesh is like porke or brawn but tougher and not so sweet his bristles are sharp and party-cloured black and white He feeds on acorns roots and other mountain-fruit and also on worms and such vermine as are bred in moyst-fenny places Their toes are some longer then other their tayls are short and their feet unlike those of ours one of their hinder-feet having no claw The flesh of the Indian wild Bores is moyster and wholesomer then ours but unlesse the navell of the Zainies be pared off they putrifie in one day Wee give you the picture of him with the Jajacu Kaaigora of the Marckgrave Ampliss de Laet had one very tame but died with eating moyst feed as it seemed Valckenburg calls that navell an udder but hee mistakes since it is well known that the young suck not at that part TITLE II. Of the vvater-cloven-hoofed Beasts CHAP. I. Of the Hippotame or River-Horse FOllowing Aristotle hether I refer the River-Horse though others and perhaps more properly to another head Hee is called an Horse not from his shape but his greatnesse Hee is stiled the Horse of Nile and the Sea-ox and the Sea-hog that afore resembles an ox in the rest of the body a swine called a Sea-Elephant from his vastnesse and the whitenesse and hardnesse of his teeth and the Elephant of Egypt the Rosmarus the Rohart the Gomarus in Pretebans country Writers differ in describing him Some say that hee is five cubites high and hath ox-hoofs three teeth sticking out each side of his mouth greater out then any other beasts eared tayled and neighing like the horse in the rest like the Elephant he hath a mane a snout turning up in his inwards not unlike an horse or asse without hair taken by boats Bellonius saw a small one at Byzantium cow-headed beardard short and roundish wider jaw'd then a lion wilde nostrills broad lips turning up sharp teeth as a horse the eyes and tong very great his neck short tayled like a hog swag-bellied like a sow his feet so short that they are scant foure fingers high from the ground But Fabius Columna describes him most accurately from the carcasse of one preserved in salt brought by a Chirurgion called Nicholas Zerenghus from Damiata into Italy hee saith that he was liker an ox then a horse and about that size leg'd like a bear thirteen foot long from head to tayl foure foot and an half broad three foot an half high squat-bellied his legs three foot and an half long and three foot round his foot a foot broad the hoofs each three inches groutheaded two foot and an half broad three foot long seven foot about in compasse his mouth a foot wide snout-fleshy and turning up litle-eyed each an inch wide and two long the ears about three the bulke thick the
the Helvetian Alps having spied afar of a Bear eating that root after the Beare was gone tasting it was so sleepy thereupon that he drop'd down where he stood When they come out of their holes they feed first on the herb Arum About Trent grows a thorny shrub with a white flower and red berries called Bears-bread They climb trees and eat the fruit and pulse and hony crabs ants and flesh fresh or rotten especially hony-combs Jovius tells a merry story of a Boore in Muscovy who slipping into a hollow tree up to the neck in hony and living there two dayes with no other sustenance a Bear came gently down into the same tree to eat hony on whose rugged hide the poor man catching hold was drawn out In Island and the frozen seas they live on fish They drink water but neither sipping as the sharp-toothed nor gulping in as the beasts that have a continued rew of teeth but champing it They are very venerous since because wild beasts excepting the Lizard and Hare when big use not to couple these are thought to hasten to bring forth their cubs the sooner by some force on themselves that they may engender a new It is reported that the males lust after young virgins and that one tooke a mayd away of the Allobroge and lay with her and fed her with wild apples which Philip Cosserus Bishop of Constance related to Gesner Saxo tells that a race of Danish Kings is derived from a Bear and some say the same of Gothish Kings They couple in February or in the beginning of winter not as other fourfooted beasts but as mankind Being with young they hide themselves and the males seemed to hold them in great regard They goe 30 dayes and bring one two sometimes five cubs together They breed and bring forth in hast which makes their cubs so ugly and mis-shapen litle lumps of white flesh without eyes or hair only clawed after a fashion which they are said to lick into shape and to lay to their breasts to cherish with their warmth to bring life and breath into them But of late experience shews the contrary and that is but a fancy that Ursus comes from Orsus begun or unfinished Above Trent one was taken in a vally and ripped up and all her cubs were found full shaped within her In a library of the Senate-house in Bononia a young cub cut out of the Dams belly exact at all parts is kept in a glascase Camerarius his guesse is not unlikely that the bed wherein the cub is wrapped is so thick that the dame is many daies licking it off which occasioned the vulgar errour They hate mortally the Sea-ox Horse Boor the Dead and a Table-cloath They abhor the Sea-calfe most of all The Horse can smell them that never saw a Bear and fortwith prepares to combate and kicks him on the head with his hinder feet mastring him more by sleight then strength They are thought to hate the dead because they will not touch a man layed at length with his face downward Seneca saith a Table-cloath incenseth them Hemlock kills them and the Bear called Marcillium or Consiligo There is also a black fish in Armenia the meal whereof sprinckled on figs if they eat it is their bane Experience shews that they delight in musick Their voyce is roaring or rather grumbling Having tasted Mandragora apples they lick ants When they are qualmish they go to Myrmesia or Myre-hools and sitting they loll out the tongue dropping with that sweet juice lightly holding it so long till they set it swarme with Pis-mires Being wounded they heal themselves with dry herbs The Shee-bears after their helping in to whelp comming into the light are so dazeled that you would thinke they were stark blind Because they are often hevy sighted they hunt so after hony and that having stung their mouth with bees they may be rid of that blood that oppresseth them They tumble into their dens that their footsteps may not be tracked where they ly quiet and at ease fourty dayes and for fourteen dayes stir not sustaining themselves only by licking their right foot so that through fasting their guts are klinged together and even shriveled up The males ly hid fourty dayes the females four months They furnish their dens with heaps of bows and shrubs or soft leaves making them weather proof and then lay themselves along and sleep the first seven dayes so soundly that wounds cannot wake them which strangely fattens them after they live by sucking their forefeet strange to say Theophrastus thinks that for that time Bears flesh boyled and kept might increase there is no shew in them that they have eaten but onely a little moysture found in the paunch and a few drops of blood about the heart and none in the rest of the body In the Spring they come forward and the males grows so fat that they hardly stirre the Shee-beare is leaner because they breed They hold their lodgings in their dens severally divided by trenches Comming abroad they eat greedily the herb Arum to loosen their guts that are so shriveled up and when they breed teeth they champ on slips thereof If they assault Bulls they make at the horns to tire them out and at the mustle because they know it to be tender Their very breath is so contagious that no wilde beast will touch what they have blowen on In Mysia they say are a kind of white bears that being hunted send forth such a breath that the steame that rots the flesh of the doggs Although their flesh be cold rank hard of disgestion and ill for the spleen and liver yet those about the Alps and the Helvetians count it a delicate And Bruerius saith that hee at supper at of it well seasoned at Symphorianus Campejus his table but it was of a young one killed in witner which indeed they use to eat For though they are fatter in July yet for their rammish sent they are banisht the table usually onely the forefeet are held the best food and affected by some great men Some say that salted and hung in the chimny to be smoaked they are a delicate and that they wonder not that in winter they suck their owne feet Savanorola saith the brain is poyson Divers parts of the Beare are of great use in Phisick The eye dried and hung about childrens neck is said to free them from feare in the night and bound on the left shoulder allays a quartan ague The blood dissolves waxen kernells and impostumes and helps against hairs bred in the eyes and kills fleas The fat takes out spots and with Lilly-roots is good against a burne some sudar it on against S. Anthonies fire mixt with red oker it heals ulcers on the skins and thighs with Allom it closes chaps in the feet it helps against baldnes they use
first white after of a clayish colour at length waxes black It smells strong at first to wonder men being layd in the open ayr and hardened it obtains that most gratefull fragrancy Some will have it to be his seed It is gathered in a silver spoon or one of brasse or horn every day a dram If you vex him with a small rod hee yeelds more at a time Some are said to pisse civet at a set time of the year Civet is best kept in horn There are some nobles of Ulyssipone that gaine thence yearly fifteen hundred pounds It is of use in Phisick and otherwise A grain put on hot bread applied to the navell eases the collique It is one good ingredient against giddinesse and apoplexy smeared on the nostrills temples and crown of the head It opens the mother Some adulterate it with ox-gall storax and hony It is used in preparing Cypres-pouder sope-balls strong-waters oyls spirits and perfumes CHAPTER XIII Of the Hare HE is called Lepus and Levipes light-foot from his fleetnesse or his soft going by reason of his shaggy feet Derived from the old Aeolick Lepori or from his uncertain footing Leioos that it is hard to trace him In Greeke Liporis Lagoos by the Athenians by the Ionians Lagos And Dasypous from his shaged feet and from his swiftnesse doubtlesse Dromalos Ptox Tachines In Candy Kekenas by Aristotle Trochos His head is short and round neck narrow round soft long prick-eared legs strait light breast not fleshy back-bone round breast sinking thighs light those afore near one another behind stradling the whole body pliable heart very great About Briletum Therne the Chersonesus the Propontis they seeme double livered The gristle under the fore corner of the ey is broad there lies somewhat near the brain like a worme the body round like a vault not found in other beasts The ear-tip thin and transparant as a cats Among the toothed and single-bellied beasts this alone hath cur'd They are everywhere both in hote and colder climates White ones are brought out of Africa In the Indian Isle Mazzua they abound so the natives everywhere kill them Their plenty on mount Athos is grown to a proverb They frequent uninhabited places most where huntsmen least trouble them In Ithaca are none nor live they if brought thether Of their food Bargeus hath composed nine queint Verses The summe is They nibble on rank grasse and corn-stalks and strings of herbs in the earth and soft barks of trees and moyst books apples acorns fitches milt elms-leaves especially wild mint water-cresses and betony and pennyroyall They gender averse as all other beasts that pisse backward They couple all the year especially in spring They admit of superfaetation Aelian speaks of pregnant leverets found in a Hare cut up In the time of Antiochus Gonata two Hares in Astypalaea in a short time bred above six thousand And all Geron an Isle of the Scarian sea was within a while pestered from one Hare big with young They breed in forrests in the most solitary places two three sometimes four at once you may know the female by the long head thick body longer ears and grisly hair inclining to black on the back and by her many doubles when hunted The male hath red shoulders and long hairs in the midst the head shorter and blunter the beard and brow hairs longer the ears shorter and broader Afore the hounds he will run strait on ten miles together They hate Eagles crows Weesels Foxes and Dogs They live seven years Their age may be gues'd by the clefts of their dung by the mouth of their forme Their voyce is squeaking or mourning They are well-sighted and sleep with their eyes open and are quick of hearing The noyse of shaken leaves makes them run and use their ears to guide them in their course when they go to sleep that their forme may not be found they run too and fro with doubles and then take a leap into their hole where they lies with their forelegs together and their ears layd squat on their shoulders They love to sit abroad in the Sun in fair weather They love the place best where they were bred Are easily tamed but dy if too fat yet on the least scope given they run away to their old liberty and fall to their first wildnesse They seldome grow fat in the woods because perhaps they live in fear Against winter they provide their house in Sunny places in summer Northward They run far for food on purpose to keep themselves long winded by dayly breathing and to use their feet To amuse the hunters they run through windy wayes shunning shrubs least their hair should stick thereon and so yeeld sent to the dogs They know how to proportion their course as the dogs are slower or fleeter and they lurk when hunted among clods because they are of their colour Jews may not eat them but among the Gentiles after Attalicus the Cydonian had made Hare a dish at his feasts it became a dainty ever after and was thought to make the face fair For certain Alexander Severus ate it dayly and Martiall writes something that sounds that way As for the temper of Hares flesh those of two or three months old leverets of six at most are most juicy and of easiest digestion if older as above a year old it breeds grosse blood yet there are jolly huntsmen that eat it every day But that Cato Censorinus prescribes it and pot-herbs to the sick it must be meant of young Leverets But those that live on hills or heaths feeding on Pennyroyall c. are much better then those that frequent waterish places They taste best as cold weather comes in See Ambrosin about the dressing of them In Phisick no part almost of the Hare that is not usefull even the very excrements The Head burnt with Bears-grease or vineger helps shedding the hair the Brain helps children in breeding teeth if oft rubbed on the gum drunk in wine it helps those that cannot hold their water the Heart is tied on those that are troubled with Quartains the powder of it dried with a third part of Manna Frankincense in white wine men drink seven dayes against the Falling-sicknesse the Lungs helps sore eyes the Liver with sowr wine the Collick the Gall in sugar pearls and dimnesse of the eyes the curd of one that hath eaten nothing but milk dried in the Sun or smoke is sovereign against bloody-fluxes It draws out a thorn mixt with flower of Frankincense and Oke-gum Some use it against the sting of Serpents and to help conception But it is said to kill what is conceived if drunk in the Reins boyled are ministred for the Stone stale and tied to the feet eases the Gout From the Mother some make medicines for the griefs of the bladder the Flesh fried in oyl is ministred
and Thrix no doubt some think it to be the African mouse in Plautus Isidore writes it without an aspiration and derives it from the noise he makes and rustling in shaking his bristles Claudian describes him to be long snowted like a Hog his bristles like horns stif his eyes fiery red under his rough back are seen the prints of a small whelp But Agricola makes him to be Hare-mouthed with four teeth two above two beneath eared like a man footed afore like a Badger behind like a Beare his bristles or prickles on his back and sides partly white partly black sometimes two palmes long which he can make to start up as a Pea-cock his traine They are common in Ethiopia and are in all Africa and India to be found in Italy and France now and then but seldome also in Galicia as the pilgrims of Compostella testify who weare their prickly quills in their caps They lurke in groves among the bushes They live on apples turneps peares parsnips and crumbled bread they drinke water but if mixt with wine most greedily They can dart their quills at their enemy and aime them like arrows whence it may be the Archers art came By night they feed most in winter they lurk in their holes They carry their young as many dayes as the Beare Gluttony hath not spared it neither some have eaten it and they cry it up for a dainty you may see how to dresse it in Ambrosine out of Scapius In Phisick it seemes to conduce to the same maladies as the Hedge-hog doth Pliny made tooth-picks of the prickles to fasten the teeth And women use them for bodkins to part their hair There is small difference between them Some distinguish them into sea and land Porcupines but too confidently no good Authour mentions the sea one Such a kind of beast Cardan saw at Papia fifteen hundred and fifty as big as a Fox mouthed like a Hare the teeth sticking like the squirrells the eyes black and serpent-like the hair like a Goats beard hanging in the neck the forefeet like the Badgers the hinder like the Bears eared like a man beset with almost an hundred pricklequils some crooked at top else fast but rustling as he went Goos-tailed the feathers spiny the voyce grumbling like a dogs he hated all dogs probably it was some mungrill sprung from the Porcupine and some other beast CHAPTER XXI Of the Tatus or the Brasil Hedge-hog THere is a kind of an armed beast called a Tate by the Spaniards Armadillo by the Portugese Sneubertado by the Italians Barbato by the Brasilians Tatau by some Tatusia and Tatus in new Spain Chirquincus and Cassamin elsewhere by other Indians Ajatochtli or a Gourdcony for he as they lives in burrows He can dig in one night fifty paces if he be not tied no place can hold him he mines through all in houses and towns and gets away There are sundry kinds of these armed beasts but the Ajatochtlus seemes to me the strangest rarely written or found He is armed with hard plates as I my self have seene As big as a Malta dog the feet small as a swines the snout long and slender He is all over armed as with male or armour like a Cavalier plated the plates joyned close distinct which he can move and every way fence himself with His belly is bright and soft-shined as ours having here and there long slender hairs He hunts after Ants lies on his back with his tail on his mouth so that the pis-mires comming on fall strait as a prey into his power which he eats It is said also that he fills with his own water the hollow on his belly between the plates and so the ants the moysture lying in their way come directly into his mouth when he flies in all hast he claps his head and tail on his belly and fences himself with his shell rolling up himself round If he be chased hard he flies at the hunters breast and oft strikes almost the breath out of his body He haunts marishes Feeds on worms fish berries and apples The flesh is very fat and sweet but flegmatick and breeds crudities The ancients used the tail to fence those they called their Zebratanae which were of frequent use among them Their shall is many wayes usefull both in warre and peace They say that a dram of the pouder thereof taken in helps to sweat out the French pox He is found in hot boggy places There are among the Lucatanenses two sorts of them some are as harmlesse and acceptable nourishment others unwholesome and poysonous provoking to vomite and filling the belly so with wind that they bring swounding fits and at length kill The Antidote is oyl of olives unlesse the venome have too farre prevailed then there is no remedy If happily any recover their hair falls off the colour fades and they pine away by degrees Those that beare eight shells or plates are harmlesse those with six venomous The harmles also want a hip-bone and have red spots about the belly this beast is beloved of the Vipers that have a voyce that they can live together in the same hole and never injure each other The former kinde is armed round to admiration other gates then those in Spain or elsewhere in Europa He is fourefooted covered all over tail and all with a hide like the slough of a Serpent called the American-Crocodile betwixt white and ash-colour but inclining more to white like a Barbed war-horse as big as an ordinary Dog harmles burrowing himself in the earth like the Conies they are taken in nets and with Cros-bows killed commonly in seed-time when the stubble is burnt or the ground tilled or husbanded to bring grasse Consalvus writes that he had often eat of them and that it is better tasted then kid and found wholesome He thinks that men might hence learne to Arme-horses completely capable Others are otherwise opinioned about them Some say he was never seen to eat but lives ever under and on earth Others say some few have been brought into France and been seen to eat seeds and fruits I refute neither they may speake of diverse kindes Platean and Clusius acknowleged three sorts of them One short-tayled one foot and foure inches long and fourteen inches about covered with a dusky hard crust so grown happily by age and oft handling after a manner checquered from the neck to the midst roundish the shells party-coloured the middle of the body set with three rows of diverse coloures fouresquare plates the hinder-parts as the first the head so plated to the nose the eares wide and pointed the tayl short not greater then a mans two fingers ends round and armed the belly soft and shaggy as the picture presented it as also the hinder-part of the thighs and the throat and nostrills three toes on the hinder-feet and spur'd two on the
forefeet and a spur the yard long and stretched out His chief strength lies in the tail-bone a pill whereof made of the dust as bigge as a birds-head and put into the eare asswages eare-paine and takes away tingling and thicknes of hearing as it is said but it is knowen to give certain ease I adde the craft of the Chirquinchus they that have seene it and report that when it raines he lies on his back gathers water on his soft belly that lies between the plates and remaines so while the shewre lasts though it rain the whole day till some Deere thirsty comes unawares to drink then he closes his plates and snaps the Deers slips and nose and let not go the hold till he stifle him And as the Hedge-hogge also he craftily rouls up himself round like a ball and nothing but fire can loosen him The Indians abuse the shells to their witchcrafts especially to discover and punish theeves first touching the ground therewith that the suspected person had toucht or any thing else they fill his mouth with the drinke Chicha then beat they drums the shells the while skip and daunce Hereby is the theeves face marked with a whelk that runs along his cheeks through either jaw if the charm hold ARTICLE III. Of tame foure-footed Beasts CHAPTER I. Of the Dog SO much for the half wilde Beasts the tame follow namely the Dog and the Cat. Varro fetches the Dogs name Canis from Canorus shrils in his barke The Greekes of old called him Kuoon from Kuoo doubtles to love or lust Of late Ekilos from his masterfulnes Ulaktoor from barking and Akanthis from fawning with his tayl not to insist on the description of so knowen a beast In dissection it is noted that the belly within forked the neck in shortnes and narrownes answering the middle-finger the corners are an handbreath a palme long of like thicknes not wreathed like a Swines the forkends reach to the reins tied by veins that come as far as the womb the testicles resting thereon by a thin skin At the first opening of the neck the body shews it self in bulk shape and colour like a Snails-head thrust forth out of the shell you cannot thrust a bodkin in till you cut it up a litle Dissect a bitch you find the puppies wrapt up in three beds called chorion allantoides and amnion the former can scarce be parted they are so thin In the right corner ly usually five whelps in the left foure each hath its bed the chorion in the midst girdles ly thwart two fingers broad streaked with black from the end and red in the middle each as blood-spotted The kell like a bag covering the upper-guts the top sprouting out of the stomack-bottome compassing the whole the hinder-part is set into the Spleen and the sweetbreads which latter shew themselves presently at the rise of the duodenum being fastned thereto and to the porturine which sends a trebble-branch to the neighbouring-parts Meseraick Spleen-guts the Paunch-branch runs beyond part of the stomack the Spleen-branch runs up strait to the mouth of the stomack The Spleen is tied to the mid-rif by a film two fingers broad and to the stomack by the kall the Spleen is like a foot with a wide shoo on Colon-gut it hath none the blind-gut receives the end of the strait one which unfolded is as long as your middle-finger At the end of the streight-gut within is one faire lappet and another lesse in the beginning of the blind-gut The streight-gut is much rumpled There is a fold of arteries from the aorta wound to the hollow of the liver approaching the pancreas pluck one you draw the other and the upper-bowells Above the upper-mouth of the stomack are two kernels both Spungy-moist the right harder and greater then the left Dogs-blood is black as burnt At the tip of the Tongue is set in a round muscle descending in a middle-line The right lappet of the heart is twice as big as the left On the parts of the pan that the temple-muscles cover appears no thin skin to enwrap them besides what is proper to the muscles but on the other parts of the brain-pan there is At the tongue-root is a small kernell on either side drawne out sideling The ringlets of the sharp artery lie thwart but not awry as in the Swine The brain is greater then a Swines Turn the brain up and certain mamillary-passages shew themselves and the beginning of the back-bone if you cut deep there you shall spy two small passages one comming from the paps in a strait line reaching to the end of the inner-brain the other a litle on this side lying upward thwart of that On the fore-feet are five toes on the hinder foure The Bitches-belly hath two rows of paps on either side Albert saith that the nostrils of a Dog of a good breed are at the ends round firme and blunt The temple muscles are noted to be very strong as in the Wolf and the Lion which inables his jaws to break bones There were no Dogs in Brasil till Vilagagnon's voyage If any come by hap into the Arabian Island Sigaron they wander and die They eat any thing even fish and carrion Onely they refrain dogs-flesh and what is thunder-strooke They eat grasse also and it is their Physick From Ash-apples they abstain because the turning-joints of their hips are thereby pained Drinking wine or strong water makes them run wild till the vapour be spent They are ever given to gendring seldomest in Autumne They hold on so till twelf years old sometimes give over at nine If they begin at foure the breed is better if at a year old not They are foureteen dayes hote and the Bitch six months after puppying go to Dog again They couple also promiscuously with other beasts as with Wolves by Cyrene whence spring Crocutae with Lions whence Leontomiges come with Beavers whence Castorides with Foxes whence Fox-dogs They carry their puppies sixty dayes some three-and-sixty They bring a litter of twelf sometimes sixteen A Hare-hound in Bononia puppied seventeen at once Albertus saw Mastives that brought in the first litter nineteen at another eighteen at a third thirteen Those that women dandle puppy one at once First they breed males next females then males again if they couple in due time The first resembles the sire the rest are as it happens They are all puppied-blind and the more they suck the longer they remain so yet none longer then one-and-twenty dayes nor do any see till seven dayes old some say if but one be puppied at nine dayes old he sees if two the tenth day and so on but it is not certain They have milke commonly five dayes ere they litter some sooner Their milke is thicker then other beasts except the Sows and Hares They seldome live above fourteene yeares some have lasted two-and-twenty The Dogs of Laconia ten
hungry dog See the rest in Gesner Some take two puppies newly puppied and four pound of oyl of violets and a pound of earthwormes prepared and make an ointment for wounds made by gunshot Andrew Furnerius cries up the destilled water out of whelps to prevent growing of hair Dogs differ in many respects Horned ones are said to be found in the Hellespont In Hispaniola are some that bark not In Guinee some strive to bark and cannot Some in regard of their qualities are Wind-hounds some coursers running-dogs some tumblers some house some gate-dogs some hunting some setting dogs some blood-hounds some shoks If we regard place there English Scotch Epire Cyrenaick Arcadian Indian c. dogs We shall in order treat of the severall sorts and first of mad dogs which become such by eating rotten and worm-eaten meats and flesh chiefly in the dog-daies Then they hate to eat and drink dread water rome up and down bark hoarsly fome extremely at mouth and ears look fearcely their tail hangs down they bite men without barking Many used manifold remedies as white hellebore with barly boyled to make them spew Hen-dung mixt with their meat blooding them after the third day in the swelling veins on the thighs casting them in a pond where many hors-leeches are to suck their bad blood away annointing them over with oyl of poplar washing them in a decoction of fumitory sorell and Elicampane root To prevent it some prescribe giving them while puppies breast-milk of one hath lien in of a son some cut off whelps tails when fourty dayes old Some pinch it off with their fingers the utmost joynt of the tail There are Malta dogs bred in that Isle over against Pachynus a promontory of Sicily some of them short some long haired with shagnecks Blondus prayses the black and white ones now the red and white are cried up As big as a wild weasle They keep and feed them in baskets to keep them little They are dainty of food If they whelp more then once they dy on a sudden That they may be whelped shaggy they strew the place where they ly with woolly fleeches that the bitches may have them ever in ey At Lions in France they are sould for ten pieces In Bononia for four hundred pound They are womens delights Hunting-dogs or Hounds are almost every-where Those are best that are bred in Hircania between a Bitch and a Tiger and those of Epire and the region of the Molossi and Chaonia The Persian are stoutest and fleetest The biggest are in Thebeth Those in the Province Gingue are so bold they dare venture to fasten on a Lion The writers of Husbandry shew how to breed such Alphonso King of Naples prized them and the great Cham of Tartary keeps five thousand of them They are diversly distinguished In relation to the sundry wild that they hunt or chase there are Hare-hounds and little Badger-dogs some good at a fowl that hunt them softly into the nets there are Water-spaniells others are to bait great beasts as Bull and Bear-dogs In respect to places there are those called Arcadian Ausonian Carian Thracian Iberian Hungarian Argive Lacedemonian Tegeatians Sauromatan Candian Celtan Magnetian Amorgan Hounds If you regard their colours there are ash-coloured hony-colour'd yellow white black The white are somewhat afraid of the water and will not willingly take water Those with black spots are thick and tender-footed The ash-coloured or russet are strong set and bold but slow-footed The black are stout but not so fleet as the white being lowthighed Men choose a Hound by his eager looke great head hanging upper-lip red-eyes wide nostrills sharp teeth thick neck broad breast lion liked That is the best Hare-hound that is long and plain-headed sharp-eared behind strait and little the upper-lips not hanging over the lower long and thick necked copped breast strait guts high and lean thighs tayl not thick nor too long not alwayes yelping Some of them go out a hunting of themselves and bring Hares home they call them Tumblers There are as many sorts of wind or sented as of hounds In Scotland are three kinds some bold and very fleet Some will catch fish Some red and black-spotted or black and red-spotted are lime-hounds that will hunt out theeves and stolen goods and take rivers to chase them The English and Scotch usually breed such blood-hounds up and count him a theef who is sky of letting them have accesse where ever they would hunt though into their bed-chamber Such a lime-hound must be low flat-nosed neat-mouthed the hind-thighs of one length not big-bellied plain-backed to the tayl dangling eares quick eyes The Brittish Spanish Gnosian and Tescan excell There is the Village and Shepheards Dog The white Dog is approoved being better distinguished from the Wolf Among the Turks no one master owns them nor come they into house they lay in yards on mats Of old the Romans kept five hundred of them to keep their stables We read little about the Warre-dogs and the useles Curres England breeds some that theeves murderers and traitors breed up for their cursed purpose and some that thirst after royall blood this very yeare Such the Spanjards in battell against the Indians which they feed with mans flesh to train them to hunt men Vazquez Nunnez used them in stead of hangmen The Indian Dogs in America are a new breed yet almost like ours in nature qualities shape The Xeloitzevintly is great most what above three cubits without hair sleek-skinned with yellow and blew spots Another sort they call from the country Itzcevinteporzotli michva canem like those of Malta white black and yellow a litle misshapen yet sportive pleasing fawning with an ugly bunch sticking out from the head and shoulders having almost no neck A third kind is the Tetichi not unlike ours but with a surly looke The Indians eat him as the Thracians of old Diocles the Physitian of the Asclepiad Schole prescribed Puppies-flesh to some Patients But the Cozumellol are a dainty with the Indians they fatten them as the Spanjards Conies and geld them to fatten the sooner and keepe many bitches to breed as shepheards with us for want of children they foster these and are found of them The Alco is a little Dog they are much taken with they pinch themselves to feed them travell with them on their shoulders or in their lap never are without them They have also dogs like Foxes that never barke bred in the Isle Cozumella If you strike them they will not complain nor cry These are called in Hispaniola Calamitan frogs spawned like Vermine by nature no need of an afterâ—birth dogs thin skin nor Hares-dung nor hair Pliny superstitiously seekes after them to strike dogs-dumb In Hispaniola are little dogs that grumble onely aâ—d bark not they taste well In Quivira they lay packs on their greatest Dogs CHAPTER II. Of the Cat. THe Cats
weight or tied to the body It were good to try whether those found in the stomack have that vertue or no. POINT II. Of the Tejuguacu Taraguira and Americima THe Tejuguacu and Temapara Tupinambis is a choyse Lyzard shaped like the Senembi with this difference that this is all black but sprinkled with goodly white spots and toward the tayl seems to have white prickles Next the tayl is thicker at the dock 3. It wants those sharp bristles along the back 4. The outertoe on the hind-feet stands a little a loof from the rest and is shorter 5. It hath a long cloven tongue red smooth which snake like it can suddenly thrust out a finger long and withdraw it It yeelds no voyce is patient loves raw-egs can fast long The Markgrave kept one in his chamber tied and sometime loosed gave it water out of a glasse unlesse when thirsty it used to sit all day moping in a corner It loved to ly on hot ashes One trod of a piece of the tayl yet it grew two fingers after In two month it ate not and so pined to death onely it sometimes licked in a litle water the flesh was eaten The Taraguira of Brasil is a Lizard in and near their houses common in their gardens and everywhere about a foot long and some lesse the body round all full of three cornered ash-coloured scales hath no crop under the chin the back plain they nod nirably with the head when they spy any things and run swiftly and wagging They wake a man if they see any Serpent or venemous creature making toward him As they couple the Hee bites the Shee gently on the neck and pulls her to his side The Brasil Americima is a small Lizard three fingers long and no thicker any where then a Swans-quill footed and ledged as the Senembi blacke-eyed almost square-bodied the back cloathed with ash-coloured scales the sides with dusky ones the head legs and tayl with blew ones all bright and smooth the toes like hogs-bristles The Portugees say it is venemous and longs to suck the blood of women great with child they report that if it but touch a woman nay her cloaths she never after conceives more POINT III. Of other Indian Lizards THe Carapopeba is with the Brasilians a venomous Lyzard three four five fingers long shaped as the other with five toes on the fore and four on the hinder-feet It is all liver-coloured with white spots and on the tail white streaks mixt with yellow eyes glistring and like glasse The Ameiva with the Brasilians and the Tupinambi is everyway like the Taraguira only this is forked tailed ending in two strait horns The Taraguico Aycuraba in Brasil is like the Taraguira only the scales on the tail are small and triangular at top but the tip plaine with four dusk spots the back chamleted The Brasil Tejunhana is as thick as your litle finger coped-headed black-eyed with golden ringlets fourfooted three fingers long the tail six fingers and an half long round and at the end sharp as a birds the head scaly sides thighs above skined soft as silke the tail hath fouresquare small scales the head greater and duskish the back and sides above shadowed with three streaks and checkered below green above one green streak from the head to the thighs there is another green streak at the parting of the dusk and green between the two streaks is a rank of green pricks in dusk and under the lower green streak a rew of black spots in green the thighs above wax-coloured with small dusky spots below white the tail above wax-coloured and also below but mixt with white the head beneath the throat and belly bright and blood-spotted it hath a cloven tongue CHAPTER III. Of the Salamander IT is uncertain whence it borrows the name whether as Valincendra from the ability to withstand fire or as a sole lover of fire or as Saulamandran from quiet lurking or as Selamandra as living between the void spaces of sheep-coates and caves or which is but too ridiculous from Sela Mana Dera from dimming brightnesse or from the Arabique Saanbras or Samabras which is likely but not sure Pliny calls it a starry beast Aetius a venemous Lizard There are two sorts the Land and the water-Salmander The Land one resembles the green Lizard only the head and belly of this are thicker It hath a short tail it is black spotted with clay-spots but smooth and transparant Gesner found one on the Alps all duskish and dark short-tailed and striking it a milky juice flowed out Some in the Germane forrests have black backs and red bellies Some have long and crooked tails and claws Some call it Liporrinon because it is shining and glistring as if greased over They haunt cold moyst gloomy places In Dutchland are many found knotted together They are oft seen about Trent and in the Ananiensian vale Some thinke they breath only at the mouth and so live others write that they covet hony-combs bees and milk and annoy hives and cows Pliny mistakes in saying they breed not and have no distinction of sex for some have seen their brood they lay egges wherein the young come to maturity Whether it live in or can put out fire we shall hereafter inquire They come abroad in rainy weather and afore storms It is never seen in winter or summer it is slow-gated In Cumana they crow If you cut them in two the forepart goes forward the hinder moves backward By nature it hates Frogs and tortoyses and fights eagerly with them It is found venomous whole families have been poysoned to death by drinking the water wherein one had falne Nay the fruit is thought deadly whereon their spittle is sprinkled They bite also to death as many testifie Gesner was told that where the tooth once fastens and bends it is mortall to it but he kept two at home that were never prone to bite if not provoked nor heard hee of any in Germany bitten by them But in France the bite is deadly And the Rhetians have a proverb that who so is bitten by them needs as many Physitians as the Salamander hath spots Physitians use the spittle among their psilothra Kiranides hangs the hart wrapped in a black skin on the arme against a quartan Not to speake of the fables of girdles of the skin to quench fire The Water-Salamander called the water Lizard and Cordulus and the water-Scincus or Crocodile hath a broad tayl and is of foure kinds 1. That with a tayl like a Rhomlus the tongue short and broad the teeth so small you cannot see them on the forefeet are foure on the hinder five toes the heart is spongy and lies on the right side whose left ear-lappet takes up the greatest part of the pericardium the milt reddish reins spongy liver black it hath egges in the belly big as peas lying orderly whereout
live young breake the back hath ugly bumps on it it is ash-colour or dun That Gesner dissected was seven fingers long black with white spots on the belly the rest spotted with black and rugged There is another sort with bright half circles on the back and there is of those the greater and the lesser Salamander The last is that of Matheolus common among the Utinenses the head rounder and shorter The Land-ones tayled like the eel black-backed with murry-spots they love dark ditches and fat soils and ponds with white mud there they cleave under stones and seldome swim above Gesner cast one into a tub of water and it put forth the mouth They are slow on ground and hold their mouths close shut you must force them open Cast them into salt they wagge the tayl and dy Beat them long they live The skinne so hard a sword cannot pierce it Out of the wounds comes milky matter Provoke them they swell and start upright and pour out poysonous sweat and look wistly on the provoker If a Sow eat one shee dies CHAPTER IV. Of the Stellio THis goes for a Lizard called Stellio from his starry marks and in Greeke Askalalotaes or Koolobataes from the soft and silent gate and creeping through walls and Galeotes because Weesellike it is ever climbing softly there are divers kinds of them That of the Greeks called Colotes and Ascalabotes it is full of spots and hath a harsh voyce and feeds on every thing That of Italy resembling Chamaeleon living on dew and Spiders and is said to be venomous as the other harmles Hether referre the little white beasts like small Lizards of a bright and brittle-body about Rome called Tarantulaes but the small Lizard is silver-coloured called Liakoni In Gazara was seen a black Stellio as big as a Weesel great-headed and big-bellied We give below a Print of the Matâ—â—â—oli and Facetan Lizard There are none in Germany France nor England but in Thrace Sicily and Syria and those more deadly then they of Italy They keep in chinks of doors and windows and chimnyes That that is foe to the Scorpion is not in Italy bred There are venomous ones In winter they ly hid and eat not Like snakes they grow young again they help the falling-sicknesse they ly in wait for Spiders and Bees and hunt them and Scorpions they seldome bite having bent teeth which they leave in a wound their bite benums but seldome kills The flesh plucks splinters out mans body it cures its own bite and putrified in oyl cures the Scorpions bite In Quartans some layd it in a box under the patients head to prevent the fit The ashes held in the left hand provoke in the right subdue Iust. The parts make sleepy and benum the liver-pounct eases tooth-ach sprinkled on The dung takes away warts the older the better against epilepsy drowned in wine the wine drunke breeds spots or freckles on the face the gall dissolved in water gathers Weesels CHAPTER V. Of the Scincus or Land-Crocodile THe Scincus so called perhaps from Tinsa in the Arabique is also called the land or lesser Crocodile either for being like or for dreading Saffran It â—s of the bignes of a green Lizard or the Salamander fourefooted a thumb thick and not above a quarter long the tayl round and scaly the scales small on the body many and clayish coloured the head long little thicker then the neck the belly as it were winged the tayl round as of the Lizard but shorter and crooked at the end a streak from head to tayl Gesner saw one with five toes and nails a thumb and half broad two palms long and another six palms long at Constantinople The are bred onely in Arabia about Mecha and are brought thence to Alexandria and Venice They live on sweet flowers therefore no wonder their dung sents so on dry ground they lay egges and bury them The flesh is a great antidote Rhasis uses to hang the young on those that are frighted in their sleep Pulverid it makes lustfull the same flesh helps the falling sicknes in India and makes fat The heart in black Sheep-wool of a Lamb first yeaned being worn is thought to chase away quartan-agues The gall with hony is cried up against bloodshot-eyes the reins increase seed the blood with borax smeard on the face removes freckles the fat helps reinpain the ashes of the skin some sprinkle on parts to be cut off to make them lesse sensible Aegineta of the tayl make his oyntment Entaticon out of the bowells is a perfume made against stopping of the matrix the dung is antiepileptick and clears the eyes the best is the white and mouldring that soon melts in water whores use it to keep their faces sleek and unwrinkled as you bruise it it smells like old leven Of old it was sophisticated with dung of stares fed with rice The Indian and Arabian are the biggest In India is bred a beast like it as great as a Malta Dog with a rough scaly skin called by the Indians Phatagen happily it is the Candiverbera or smitetayl In Cyprus is a Lizard everyway resembling the Scincus In the Lake of Vicenza is a divers sort a kind of Salamander The Scincus Rhasis hath a tayl not round but flat or squat about the sides CHAPTER VI. Of the Foure-footed Cordylus and other Lyzards IT is like the fish Cordylus called by some Latermen the land-Crocodile and the Candiverbera because it is ever whisking and clapping with the tayl which is like a knotted club and beats all that come near him Some say he hath gils but there hangs one in a publique library with onely two holes by the corners of the mouth It is like a Crocodile but lesse and moves the under-jaw headed and mouthed like a Tortoyse the neck short and swelling below each foot hath five toes the body scaly skin hard like a snakes slough tayl round with scaly ringlets inexpressible the scales are hard as bones and fouresquare hollowed a litle to make the tayl round joyned like tiles the corners sharp as thorns they are transparant and of a pale yellow as horn the belly struts out more then a Crocodiles the back broad and flat This may proove Aelians Indian Phattages by the description whose rough skin they use to cut with CHAPTER VII Of the Chamaeleon TE name imports a little Lion the notation from a Camel and a Lion is ridiculous of late the wild call it Gamaleon Zamaleon Hamaleon and Maleon It resembles a Lizard only the thighs stand uprighter and higher the sides are joyned to the belly as a fish and the back-bone such snouted like a hog the tail long and pointed with rounds viperlike it is crooked clawed it is rough-bodied as the Crocodile the eyes hollow and sunk great and coloured as the body the flesh is but little about the head jaws and dock
hath marked that the young have crept out of the sand where the egges have been hidden the egges grow not greater They hate the Ichneumon for spoyling their egges and endeavouring to creep into their mouths while they sleep and gnaw their bowell and the wild Ox that can over-master them The Tiger because they teare them when they take them lying on their backs and hauks and therefore the Coptitae that worship the Crocodile kill up the hauks They that carry the gall of water-serpent are said to be safe from the Crocodile They let the Porpisci alone for the prickles on his neck Dolphins get into Nilus under their bellies and tear them up Babillus Gouvernour of Egypt was eye-witnes of it Scorpions wound the young as they break out of the egge They feare a mans voyce and fly if a man pursue them the Tentyritae they hate who dwell on an Isle in the Nile a people of small stature but couragious against Crocodiles that are terrible in pursuit of those that fly them and fly those that pursued them but that people alone dare encounter them and swim and ride them and thrust a club in their mouths and as it were bridle them and captivate them and terrifie them with their very voyce and force them to disgorge bodies newly devoured to bury them so that Crocodiles shun onely that Island and fly if they but smell those men fly them as Serpents the Psylli When in Scaurus his time they were brought to Rome Tentyrites kept and managed them in shews in fish-ponds Among plants they avoid the prickled beane Diverse use to carry Potamogeton with them as an amulet or preservative against the Crocodile They agree well with the hogs so that they are saved by the Niles and with the Trochilus called king of birds in Italy that while they ly gaping after eating picks their teeth and jaws clean which the Crocodile likes so well that they invite the bird and gape on purpose With eating of much fish worms breed in their chaps which the Trochilus eats out which having done the Crocodile would devoure the bird too but that it hath a sharp prickle on the head and makes him open his mouth and so she scapes By night they keepe in the water by day on land the same way they come forth of the water they returne keeping a track Their legs are short and they cannot easily turne aside they leave a sweet sent where they goe especially the female so that no Arabian sweets excell it as the Inhabitants by the River Nilus say foure months some say fourty some sixty dayes they hide themselves and eat not Artemidore the Grammarian was so affrighted with the sight of one that he lost his wits and learning and verily beleeved that the beast had bit off his left legge When they feed on a mans carcasse they with their teares some say break the brain-pan for the brain They doe more harme to those that go up the stream because the fishers catch the fish they would prey on and so ravine fiercely on man and beast and so after Niles overflow when it returns within its chanell for want of fish in the shallows at the rivers mouth where they lurk in the slime watching for what ever comes to drink They follow boats against streame when the boat-men thrust with poles and with their tayl strike man and pole overbord It is a tayl that they hurt no man while Apis his birth is solemnized Achmed Ben-Tolon finding a leaden one at the foundations of Temples commanded it to be melted The Priests guesed that one of the Ptolomees was near death when their old and cheef Crocodile being called came not and refused the meat offered him Being tamed they know mans voyce and will let men handle them and rub their teeth with a napkin and gaped to that end No wonder then that in the Ombitan Marshes that they are brought up by art and tamed and fed with the heads of their sacrifices In the town Anteum and old woman was taken in bed with a Crocodile Many learned say they live as long as man some sixty years some eat them The Apollonopolitae were bound by their law to eat them either because the daughter of King Psammenitus was devoured by one or out of hate of the tyran Typhon who was fained to be turned into a Crocodile In India they roast them and in Florida they dry them and in winter feed on them The egges also in the new world are eaten and in Egypt Sodden they cure Spider-biting the dogs-teeth stuffed with Frankincense asswaged Fevers The blood clears eye-sight and helps stung-parts The fat annointed on is good against shaking in agues and old sores and cancer The skinne burnt mixt with dregs of oyl stupefies à lirib to be cut off or feared In India they cast delinquents bound to Crocodiles In Pegu they keep them in their City-ditches that no man may swim over in the night The Inhabitants because they worship them drink the ditch-ditch-water and beleeved that all killed by Crocodiles fly strait to heaven Firmus a Tyrant of Egypt being annointed over with their fat swam safely among them Some are greater some lesser as Scinci Some called Tenchea In Ganges there are harmles ones and harmfull with a horne on the snout In the Province of Xanagarra they leave a sent like musk where they goe THE SECOND TITLE Of the Beasts that have Toes that come of an egge and are shelled CHAPTER I. Of the Tortoyse in generall HEe is called Testudo from testa his shell In Greeke Chelis c. from Cheoo to be capacious It is no sightly beast covered with an ovall shell like a target whereunder it hides head feet and tayl the head litle the tayl as a snakes the looke rough Severall writers give the shell severall names as hided covering shell c. In Greeke Cheloonion and Ostrakon In stead of teeth it hath one continued bone the lungs are very large and bloodles Liver tainted testicles cleaving to the loyns milt very litle they have reins and bladder and but one passage for excrement which is therefore ever wet It is footed like the Lizard having five toes and nayls Cardan saw one with a nayl in the tayl like a cocks-spur and the tayl of such as of Lizards cut off grows again and harder They are found on land in Sea lakes or muddy places they abound in the Red-Sea and are sold in the Markets They are in the Isle Dioscoris now Socotora and Mauritius once Cerne they meet to gender as others that lay egges they delight not in coupling they lay egges like Henne-egges but lesse and longer with shell white and yolk the shell is so hard that a Cart may drive over it without bruising it it never changes it as other shelly creatures use In winter-moneths they hide themselves in
lambs Not to stay long on the description this beast being so well knowne Yet we shall set downe the most memorable things we meet with in authors Nature hath given the sheep a most weak head The braine is leane The horns of the ews are commonly smaller many have none Some lambs are yeaned with hornes the rams crooked and sometime more then two Cardan writes that he hath seene some choyce ones with foure we shew the figure of three and six-horned The gelded change the place of the hornes bearing them on a quite contary fashion their eyes look a side downwards far one from the other darkish or blackish and broad The lips thin contrary to ox-lips The teeth continued the ew having fewer then the ram After a year and half they change saith Crescentius namely the two fore-teeth and six moneth after the two next then the rest in three or foure years at most they shed them all The teeth of the younger are uneven when they are bigger equall when they wax old ungummed lessened and rotted Their bellies are as of all that shew the cud Those of the lamb we hereafter lay open Know that A denotes the stomach B the gummes C the salter D the Tripe The testicles fall to the ancles The udders of the ew are two as many the teats Those of Chalicis a part of Euboia have no gall those in Nexus a great and monstrous gall Aelian saith that here they have a double gall in Pontus none and that in very cold countries in deep snows and hard winters they have no gall nor being folded eat but in Spring as they come to pasture they get great galls and so it is with the Scythian sheep In Scopsis their spleen is very litle and round Their reins are even and the sewet lies thicker about them if they be quite compast with fat it kills them which comes from rank pasture as in the Leontine Land in Sicily wherefore the Shepheards there drive them late to pasture that they may not eat too much In Syria the fat lies thick between the skin and flesh in geld-rams as in hogs In their ford and hind-legs sticks a bump near the bottome shaped like a round worm within woolly and hairy like rose-cups that hold the seed inclosed in a softy and thin down It is oft taken out when the sheeps-feet are sod and resembles the rottennesse in worm-eten rotten-wood or chest-nuts Shepheards are of opinion that for this cleaving to the joynts no creature alive would be swifter then the sheep The tayl is thick of wooll Hesiod denies that the North-wind pearces their skin by reason of the hair or rather the wooll There is scarce a place where they are not found more or fewer and of great difference according to the place as we shall hereafter shew in the differences Their food is grasse whence called Poephaga grasse-eter yet they eat leaves also That grasse is sweetest to them that grows where the plow hath gone next that in dry medows To prevent fulsomnesse men lay salt in summer in wodden gutters which they lick when they come from pasture that as it were seasons it to them In winter they nibble or browse on elm ax leaves and the second cut-hay called Cordum They eat also the Cytisus tame fisses and if need be pulsechaffe Some give them a litle kern of resins and bran Those that are pastured in salt marishes yeeld more milk and more savoury cheese and are more fruitfull and more tender and sweeter fleshed such are those fat ones by Ostia and the neighbouring Portuensian Land by the tenth mile-stone from the city Rome which land the Tiber runs through where are many brackish marishes round about which Gomesius saith he tasted of The Sheep that drink river-water couple soonest and being used to salt from yeaning-time yeeld much more milk And on some Sea-coast where are dry and salt medows Sheep lives twinty years and bring young In Scotland they feed in the wilde on Cytisus In India they feed most especially among the Praessii on grasse well wetted with rain In Pontus they fatten on the bitterest worm-wood They that feed on Laserpitium usually are first cleansed by it then fatten on a sudden and their flesh is wondrous sweet When they will breed is known by this they after feed will neese and then fall a sleep The Jews give theirs palm-nuts which the Babilonian-Smiths use for their coles They delight also in Coluthea Aphax wool-herb vine-buds Adianthus and with the Brabanti in juy and rosemary and lastly Eryngius Among the Ichtyophagi or fish-eaters and about the Calami an Indian village and in the Province of Aden they feed on fish wheron also they wax fat in Lydia and Macedon For their drinke they batten on troubled water and where much is Also on rain-water after wind in summer after Northern cool showers in winter after Southern warm showers Change of water is thought to hurt them especially about coupling-time Ews of a year old may yean lambs but the lambs are better if the sire and dame be older Columella thinks the second yeare as a good breeding-time and so till five and at seven to cease breeding Florentinus is for breeding when two years old Aristot. and Palladius affirms that they may held on breeding till eight nay to eleven if well tended It is worthy noting that lambs slight yong and seeke old ews and themselves are better and more usefull when old They all couple from the setting of Arcturus that is from the third of the Ides of May till the setting of the Eagle that is to the 13 of August and those that are conceived later are huge and weakly Columella yet saith that the young couple in Spring the ews that have had lambs about Iuly They go five months with lamb and yean commonly but one at once yet sometimes two three nay foure In some places the goodnesse of the pasture and their naturall strength enables them to breed twins In some places they yean so twice or thrice After the third or fourth coupling they conceive and sometimes one Ram serves a whole flock Sometimes they yean monsters Albertus calls that Cinirus that comes of an ew and a hee-goat In Helvetia some lambs are yeaned like goats afore and sheep or rams behinde but such live not long The Musmon is ingendred between the shee-goat and Ram. From the coupling of sheep with wilde rams comes a brood of the sires colour which holds also in the succeeding breed the wooll in the first young rough in the following ones softer The brood is of the colour of the veins of the dames-tongue when pregnant-Males are ingendred by the ability of the dame and fire and the vertue of the waters they drinke Aristotle teaches that they must take in south-winds if females and northerne-blasts if males be engendred The same happens