good for it will burn up your seeds or plants this dung is too hot and quick for the seeds of Trees for 't is the nature of Pidgeons to eat Salt and to go to the sea-side early in the Mornings and there to pick up Salt which the heat of the Sun makes by drying up the salt water and then leaving the salt upon the sand Now this Fowl feeding so much upon salt the dung of it is hotter and salter than any Fowl I know Now the Reasons why it is good for cold Lands and withall to sow it Early are these Every one knowes that 't is the Nature of salt that the dryer and hotter 't is kept the more it keeps its own Body and doth not turn to water And when it stands in a cold and moyst place it then dissolves in a little time to water and when 't is turned into this Element of VVater then is it fit for the nourishing and feeding of seeds especially Annuals For they be alwayes prepared to set forward in their Journey provided they meet but with suitable Entertainment But the seeds of most Forrest-trees they will stay the time that their and our great God hath allotted them But then why Salt should be a feeder of Plants or Seeds I take the Reason to be this namely Salt-water yet I do not mean of Salt in a great quantity and in meet places that will turn it into water I have oft observed that Salt if fallen upon a Board or other place it will be long a drying and if Heat have made it drye then Dews or Rain make it moyst again then it steams forth and that it is which nourisheth all Plants VVhen if on a hot and dry ground and late in the Spring if dry weather come then it doth not nor cannot yield its steam or fume as Paracelsus in his Philosophy to the Athenians lib. 3. p. 57. saith Every Body or tangible substance is nothing but a curdled fume whence saith he we may conclude that there is a manifold Coagulation one of VVood another of Stones a third of Mettals but the Body is nothing but Fume smoaking out of the Matter or Matrix in which it is So that which groweth out of the Earth is a fume rising out of the Moysture of Mercury which is various and sendeth forth several fumes for Hearbs Trees c. I do remember when I was a Boy about fourteen years of Age the Sea brake a bank into a Marsh of my Fathers in Lincoln-shire and did over-flow that Marsh and some others with salt Sea-water the next Summer proving dry all our Grass was clearly burnt up so that I was very much concerned for some particular Reasons thinking that all our Grass had been quite killed and indeed so it appeared The next Summer proved wet so that towards the latter end we had some Grass again and the third Summer we had Grass enough but the fourth and many after in abundance So that it appears the ground was stupified with too much Kindness at first but after the Rain had allayed the too much strength of the Salt water then the Grass could well digest the gentle Fume I would have those that lay Salt on their Gravel-walks to kill their weeds observe if in a few years more they do not produce more weeds than some other that had not Salt laid on them at all Sea-sand is a very good Compost for Ground especially for stiffe Ground for there it doth the too main parts to plants or any seed or tree that is it makes way for the tree or seed to root in stiffe ground and makes a Fume to feed it but this is too nimble for the seeds of trees unless a very little observe the Reasons before Mault-dust is a most excellent Compost in a small quantity for many sorts of Annual seeds as I have oft tried with good success but the Reasons are still the same for this being a small part of the roots of the Barley and being very dry drinks in the Element of water which is the principal and first matter of all things as a learned Author hath it in the Genealogy of Minerals p. 44 So wonderfully hath God created VVater the first Matter of Nature which though it be so tender and feeble a substance yet from thence is created the most solid and durable Fruit that is from the fume of an Oyly Earthy water is the Life of all Plants The parts of the dust being thus filled upon the Suns attracting that and the Plant the Root embraces this Fume This little root it having not life to grow turns to Earth and its Grave is a room to lead the root of another Plant in it will give good entertainment to its own Kind Thus you see the Destruction of one is the increase of another A little of this is good for some seed of Forrest-trees but sow it not too thick for any thing lest it mold or turn Musty Note that the place which is best for the root to be in when the Tree or Plant is growing is the place that bringeth it soonest to Destruction when dead and contrary for a Tree cannot live in water or alwayes dry and those preserve the Timber longest when the Tree is dead This may be further improved by ingenuity Note also that the place which is best to keep the Fruit of a Tree in is the very worst for a Tree or Plant to grow in and contrary Old Rags of Woollen Cloth as is found by Experience by the industrious Farmer cut into small pieces are a good Compost for their Ground they draw the Dew and Rain to them and keep it till Sol's presence makes it fit for the Roots of the Plant I judge them to be best for a pure dry soyl because they hold their Moysture long and I suppose 't is a soyl that is lasting for Wooll will not rot with wet suddenly A little of this for the Trees or Seed on a dry Ground will do good to them as appears by the aforesaid Reasons For Annuals better Conny-clippings are of the same nature but I do suppose they will not last so long and are better for a stiffe ground Saw-dust if well rotten and of soft woods is very gratefull to the tender Roots or Seeds of any sort 't is good for dry ground for it holds water and makes way for the Roots of Trees very well and is as good as most Preparers are Rotten-dust out of hollow Trees especially those of soft wood is a rich Leader of tender young Roots the Reason is shewed before Soot is good to kill Moss for its heat kills the Roots for they lye on the top of the Earth and good also to keep worms from doing harm to your Seeds Sea-coal Ashes are very good in cold stiffe ground either for Trees or any other Plant to make that ground work well and to keep it hollow for the Roots to run in c. Rubbish of Buildings that
is broken Bricks and Stones and Lime is very good for the Roots of Trees in a stiffe cold Ground the Reason is told you Chalk broken small into pieces is a very good Compost for stiffe cold grounds There is much difference in Chalk but that which is soft fat Chalk is good for such Ground as aforesaid and for ground that is not very stiffe Let your Reason instruct you further Lime is a very rare Compost for cold Grounds and stiffe Clayes for its heat causeth a fume and its tenderness makes way for the Roots to fetch home their Nourishment and its heat is great at first therefore lay not on too much on no ground and let that be slacked If your dry ground be it your Tree delight to grow in and you are forced to set them on wet then adde some of this Lime among your Earth Clay especially that sort which is a light Brick-Earth is very good for such Land that is a light shovey Gravel or hath too much sand in it Such grounds as these they do not retain the spirit of Plants for when Nature hath by the two Lovers Star-Fire and VVater generated their Babe such ground as this doth drink down too fast and again doth drye too hastily so that the water cannot have time to leave nor to prepare its slime which is the Mercury that makes that fume which feeds all Plants and their seeds But this Clay must not be digged too deep for then it wanteth of that which feedeth Plants c. I have taken the green Slime that is common in standing waters I do not mean the Frogs Spawn which is cast many times into this and have dryed it and beat it into fine dust and then have mixed it with good fresh Earth and have found very good success in raising several sorts of flower-Flower-seeds and others Though I have Notes of them yet it is out of my Road to speak of them now being I am Writing of the stately Forrest-trees However I may its possible write somewhat of them if the Lord permits and according as I find these few Lines Accepted of by some of the Royal Oaks of this our Age. For I do suppose that there is not one thing in Gardening yet well known For as a Learned Author hath it he that knows a thing well must know what it was is and shall be Therefore all humane Knowledge is but a shadow of superficial Learning reflecting upon mans Imagination but not the least thing comprehended substantially But to the business in hand take Clay or Loom and lay it on your Ground not too thick the beginning of Winter and there let it be till the Frost hath made it fall into Mould then in some dry open time harrow it all over and if it be Ground you plow then plow it in a drye time but if it be Ground you trench for Forrest or Fruit-trees observe to order it so for by thus doing the Clay will mix with the Sand or Gravel much the better The better that any man cheweth his Meat it is certainly the easier to digest and the dryer you put it into your ground provided it hath but time to water it self well before your trees be set 't is the better for then it draws the Mercury and stores it up till the Roots have occasion for it for 't is quickly exhaled out of sand but the Clay holds his store till a time of Necessity and then contributes to the Roots that is in drye weather and the smaller you make it to mix with your ground the likelier the small Roots as well as the great are to meet with it Note further that the smaller your Plants be the finer must your Earth be made by skreening fifting beating turning c. I know by good success this to be true for the Right Honourable my Lord and the more to be honoured because a great Planter and as great a Lover thereof gave me order to make three Walks of Line-trees from the New Garden to the New Bowling-green and withall to make them descend towards the House as neer as we could which to doe I was forced to cut through one Hill thirty Rod most of the Hill two foot-deep into a sharp Gravel and the greatest part of all the length of the Walks was the same they being Trees that I raised of Seeds most of them and the rest of Layers at Hadham-Hail they being with my Lord ever since their Minority and he many times their Barber engaged him to have the more particular Kindness for them therefore he ordered me to doe what I thought good in preparing the ground for them which I did as followeth First I levelled the Hill and when I had brought the Ground neer to the Level concluded on I staked out my ground where every Tree should stand and then ordered my holes to be made for my Trees each hole three foot-deep and four foot-wide being the ground was so bad This I did neer a Year before I set my Trees and having the convenience of Brick-Earth near I got near a Load to every hole and mixed this with the Earth digged out of the Holes turning it over twice and in dry weather throwing out the greatest Stones but the Turf I did throw into each Hole the grass-side downward as soon as they were made but the Hill of Gravel I trenched that with Loom Cow-dung and the Litter under the Cow-racks two Spade deep and five foot on each side every row of Trees Thus having prepared my ground and the season of the year come about the beginning of November 1672. I had the Trees taken up with good help as carefully as I could and carried to Cashiobury the place of their now Abode and then having good store of help and good Mould prepared of the smallest and finest I set the Trees with the upper part of the Roots of each Tree level with the top of the Ground making a round hill half a foot high about every tree and the Compass of the Hole Having prun'd the heads of each Tree and cut off the bruised Roots and the Ends of such roots as were broken I sorted the Trees and observed this Method in placing them namely I set the highest next the Bowling-green and so shorter and shorter till the lowest were next to the Garden which I did for these Reasons Next the Green was the worst Ground and the Trees more in danger of being spoyled by reason of a Market-path that goeth cross that end of the VValks to Watford Thus having set my Trees streight in their Rows and trod the Earth close to their Roots and made my Hills I then laid round every Tree upon those Hills wet Litter taken off from the Dung-hill a good Barrow-full to every Tree and covered that with a little Mould leaving them to take their rest for a time but early in the Spring I found them to begin their Progress and that Summer they had such Heads
which was made clean the Michaelmas before I set these two pots thus filled in the open Air but in the shade and put into one of them a good handfull of Mints the Runners which I put in the first of March 1664. where I let them continue till the first of April next and then put in a fresh handfull and let that continue for one Moneth more and so I did both May and June I poured out this Water about the beginning of September to observe which of those Pots had the most of this slime whereupon I found that pot that had no Mints put into it had twice as much and being forced too to fill up that pot that had the Mints with the same water often and that pot that had no Herbs in it the slime of it was green the other pots settlement that was in it was black and of an Earthy colour I did intend to have prosecuted this further as to have filled two pots of fresh Earth and not too rich and to have sown in them several Seeds and to have kept them from all water but this and then to have noted well the success with more like Fancies which I thought on but I was prohibited by one of the Drones of this Age and did not know whether I should stay or not A Stone lying in water gets a kind of slime about it and if you put into water seeds that be quick of growth as most of your Annuals are keep it but temperately hot and they will in a little time spear out and then if you put them into fine Mould temperately moyst and warm you may if you pull up one of them and observe see the Roots feeding upon a white substance which I have often observed for in water is the seed of all things Likewise put seed into Earth and if it be very dry then though it be kept never so temperately hot it will rather keep the seeds from growing than hasten them But water dissolves then Life followeth the dissolution for water opens the parts of the Seed and makes them swell then they draw the Spirit of the water to them for the World is full of Spirit so the Seeds they have been so long in water till the body of them cracks which is as soon as it hath filled it self with enough to make a Root then that seed if once dryed and a stop put to its proceedings the Art of Man cannot make it grow again I have heard some affirm that Malt will grow but 't is false unless they mean some Barley-corns which never speared Therefore if you have once watered Seed keep them with watering if the Earth require and if your Earth be poor and your seeds great growers then water with rich dunged water and often but let it not touch the Leaves and if you think your ground be too Rich for the Nature of your seed then water your seed with water not very Rich but if your seeds be slow growers for such keep your ground only moyst and no more for though it be Earth that stores up the Spirit that seeds Plants yet it is water that sets it on motion and water is full of Spirit also but without Heat both these lie still for Heat draws out first the crude water and sends it into the Aire Therefore unless it be for Aquatick Plants or Plants that grow much and the weather be warm and drying do not water too much keep your Earth just moyst for when ground is full of water the Coelestial Fire heats first the superficies of the Earth and puts that into a fume but the Roots which are deeper in the ground being covered with water there is no fume riseth there till most of the water be drawn up by the Sun or settled into the Earth Therefore if your Ground be subject to be wet keep it loose and open by deep trenching and Earth to drein away water for it is oft seen that good Land that lies low in a wet Spring hath no great burden because it is over pressed with wet and dunged Land in a wet year bears the worst Corn especially if it be low stiffe Land for Dung then holdeth the Moysture and the ground being wet withall commonly doth produce great weeds which can digest the spirit of the Earth and Water better than Corn because they grow much quicker and so they spoyl the Corn For the greatest good that Dung doth to Land is to hold the water in the ground and to keep the ground hollow for the Roots to fetch their Nourishment For 't is the nature of Dung to draw water to it to fill it self like a Sponge and when dry weather comes then it spends it self in fume and so it wastes it self and feeds Plants by its decay Thus you may see and admire the Order of the great God of Nature that the Destruction of one should be the Preservation of another This you may observe in rotten Wood Malt-dust Wool woollen Rags Horn-shavings c. how full they will be with every little Dew and keep that longer than a Clod of Earth twice as big thus will they doe till they be turn'd to a very little Earth By this you may inform your self what sort of Dung will last longest Some sorts of Dung there be that if they be not over-pressed with Water will waste themselves by their own heat Witness your Hot-beds c. yet notwithstanding this heat is very Natural to Annual Plants Dung steeped in Water or water strained thorow Dung doth take a great part of the substance and strength of the Dung with it and that water when dryed up in the ground and evaporated when Rain or Dew falls on that place it there leaveth such an Oily or slimy substance as catcheth the Water or Dew and hindereth it from running deep into the Earth and then the Over-plus which the Plants receive not is rarified into Air till it hath spent it self as it were to nothing After dry weather in Summer if there comes a good shower and a warm day after you may see this Fume hang in the Aire sometimes low close to the ground as if it were loth to part with the Earth and toward the latter end of Summer if great Rain and warm VVeather happen then this Fume being great and the Nights something cold it will spend it self in Mushromes Puffes c. as old Trees and rotten VVood will doe where there is a great decay and nothing to feed on Therefore if you fear dry VVeather do not deferre too long before you water your Trees and Seeds but water while your ground is yet moyst for believe me I would not have you stay too long before you water if you be minded to water at all And also when you do water do it well Consider the depth of your Roots and those that root deepest water most and also when you begin to water continue it as long as you find occasion water Trees
Content of Man and these two Jewels no man that well understands himself would willingly be without For it is not onely set down for a certain Truth by many wise Men but confirmed by Experience The Learned Lord Bacon commends the following of the Plough in fresh Ground to be very healthful for Man but more the Digging in Gardens saying It is best to take the Air of the Earth new turned up by Digging with the Spade or standing by him that diggeth He tells you also that he knew a great Man that lived long who had a clean Clod of Earth brought to him every Morning as he sate in his Bed and would hold his Head over it a good pretty while c. See pag. 203. of his Natural History For though the Earth be two-fold External or Visible and Internal or Invisible the External is not the Element but the Body of the Element in which is the Sulphur Mercury and Salt for the Element of the Earth is Life and Spirit wherein lies the Astra's of the Earth which bring forth all growing things for it hath in it self the Seeds and seminal Vertues of all things for as it is made fruitfull by all the other Elements so it bringeth forth all things out of it self as Trees Herbs and Flowers and every one of these is again the Astrum and Seed See Philosophy Reformed p. 38. Thus is shewed that the Earth hath in it the Virtues of all Herbs it must then be also healthful as they be But for that part of the Earth that is neer the Surface the Plants suck most of its Virtue into them therefore that which lieth deeper may be the more healthfull for Man to smell of for Consumption Loss of Appetite c. And Trees do not onely catch the Mildew and other offensive Dews with their Leaves but screen the Aire of other bad ones and makes it much the healthfuller for Man Therefore you that live neer to Fenns Moors and other unhealthfull places plant your Seats round with Trees and some of those that yield healthfull smells For it is very certain what the aforesaid Learned Author saith p. 204. That Odours do Nourish for he saith he knew a Gentleman that would fast three or four dayes without Meat Bread or Drink by onely smelling to a great wisp of Herbs c. And in p. 44. in the History of his Life and Death saith That Odours are especially profitable for the Comforting of the Heart And further he saith We commend above all other Odours that of Plants growing and not plucked taken in the open Aire as Violets Gilly-flowers Pinks Bean-flowers Line-tree Blossoms Hony-suckles Wall-flowers Roses Mints Lavender c. Orange-trees Citron Mirtles c. Therefore to walk or sit neer the breath of these Plants would not be neglected Thus you see this Learned man takes notice of the Line-tree and if the simple Water that is distilled from the Flowers be good against the Plague or other infectious Diseases as certain it is then sure the smell from the Blossoms themselves must be very good therefore excellent to plant neer your Houses And as I have heard a wise Mans Opinion was That the Line-trees in the Cities in Holland adde much to the Health of the Inhabitants and it is my belief I have hinted at the bigness of one Lime or Line-tree in the ensuing lines and shall here shew you for your further encouragement to plant and preserve Trees the Content of one Tree as I had it from the Honourable Sir Henry Capell as followeth A Witch-Elm in Sir Walter Baggott's Park in the County of Stafford Two Men five dayes felling it It lay 40 yards in Length The Stool five yards two foot over Fourteen Load of Wood brake in the fall Forty eight Load in the Top. Eighty pair of Naves were made out of it Eight thousand six hundred and sixty foot of Boards and Planks It cost Ten pounds seventeen shillings Sawing The whole Substance was conceived to be 97 Tuns It was felled in the Year 1674. And now I shall set before you some Rocks which are in some Books and for their strangeness are entertained too long to the Abuse of many But these which I mark here pray endeavour to avoyd First Error It is affirmed by some that if you put your Seeds in a Box Shell or Squill and so set them in the Ground these seeds will unite in one and so bring forth larger and better Fruit but if they should joyn in Roots or Branches that will not make the Fruit the better or larger nor of two kinds in Taste as some have said I rather think that putting seeds into such things will stupifie them and destroy them but if they should unite in one shoot that shoot that groweth the fastest would lead all the sap into its Head and so strain it through its Pores that it would make no more Alteration of a Fruit that such a shoot would Naturally have had than a Graft doth by being grafted on several stocks For what Alteration there is of Plants it is from their Seed and is stamped in them at their first Conception and Nativity which the Art of Man helpeth and may improve somewhat but never to alter the Kind by Budding Grafting c. I shall not trouble you and my self in Answering these following Errors but if you be not satisfied with my saying they are so I shall answer them when you desire me as well as I can So I shall onely name them and shew you them as I have found them Second Error To water Seeds with coloured water or Plants to make them produce what coloured Flowers or Fruit you please It is in vain to think so Third Er. To graft or bud Stone-Fruit or Kernels or Nuts or to bud such Fruit as beareth Kernels on such as beareth Nuts or Stones or to bud Fruits-trees on Forrest and the contrary or to graft or bud Figs on Peaches or Apricocks or to bud any sort of Trees on Coleworts or to bud Peaches on the Mulberry-tree to have them Early or to bud Damsons on Gooseberry Mulberry or Cherries to have them Ripe all Summer or by budding Cherries on these Stocks and to wet them in Honey and Cloves makes them taste sweet and spicy or by budding or grafting to make a Fruit taste half an Apple and half a Pear or half a Pippin and half a Pearmain or an Apple half-sweet half-soure or to graft a Rose on a Holly or to graft Cherries on other Stone-fruit to come without Stones or to graft a Vine on a Cherry or to take the Pith out of two Grafts and then joyn them together and graft them brings a Fruit without Kernels so they may when both grow or to graft a Cyon with the small End downward will make it bring a Fruit without Core These and the like are great Errors and very false in Grafting and Budding Fourth Er. To set a whole Apple or Pear the Pippins will come
Plants have Salt Sulphur Mercury and Spirit in them some more than others according to their Heat or Coldness but that they feed on these is not certain to me But it is as I conceive the Fume Steam or more properly the Spirit of the Earth that they feed on for the Earth is full of Spirit which is the cause of the vast many productions of Plants and Insects which are produced every year and from no seed or sperm but according to the fit Matrix of the Earth and the Star-fire and Virgin Mercury their Dame Nature is then busie to make some Plant or Insect according as she hath provided a Breast to suckle and feed them The Earth is then but onely a Lodging-place and simple Water is onely its Garment for simple crude Water feeds nothing but is rather Destructive as is seen by Water that runs forth on a Gravel and the stream quick there is feldome good Meadows by such Rivers unless there be some Town that washeth it self into the River or good Rich Land or Lanes or the like Your Spring-water unless it have some assistance is the like but of Water see more in the next Chapter And now I shall give you an Example of Earth by which you may well perceive that Plants do not feed on simple Earth nor crude Water My Lord was the Author that told me this and as soon as the Season of the year did permit me I then did try the Experiment which was thus performed I took out of a Hill of good Rich fresh Earth which I had prepared for other things some of the dryest somewhat above a good large Flower-pot full this I carried into a little Room which I had at Hadham-Hall it joyned upon the Bake-house there I spread this Earth thin upon the shelves now and then turning it till it was as dry as dust and as I thought as dry as it well could be provided it were not burned having thus prepared my Earth I filled a Flower-pot with it which pot and Earth thus filled weighed as exactly as I could weigh it just eighteen pounds and a half March approaching in the year 1666 I put this pot into a hot bed to secure the seeds and withall to help forward my design to preserve them the seeds were Purslain which I sowed in it the quantity was very small I kept this pot in hot Beds till the beginning of May and then I set it under a South Wall where it stood till that Moneth was out and then I set it in the shade from the Meridian Sun there it stood till the latter end of August and then finding my Plants full of seed and at a stand I then cut up the Purslain close to the ground at Noon-time when it was very dry and weighed the Purslain as exactly as I could and it weighed just six pound two ounces Then I took the pot of Earth and set it in a South Window in a Banqueting House to dry turning the Earth to the Sun to dry out some of the moisture for the Earth was wet for I had kept this pot with watering all the Summer as occasion served then I took this pot of Earth and carried it into the little Room to dry the Earth as I did before and putting some of the Earth into a Box and the rest in the pot I made it as dry as it well could be or at least as dry as it was when I sowed my seeds in it and then putting all my Earth into the pot again I weighed it as exactly as I had done before and then the pot and the Earth weighted just eighteen pound and seven ounces there was I confess the roots of the Purslain but when they were dryed I do believe they did not weigh one ounce and this one ounce that it lost of weight might be Earth dashed over with Rains Now these Plants weighing so much and the Earth wasted or decreased in its weight so little doth plainly shew that Plants do not feed onely on Earth for I do believe this that the earth that was wasted was dashed out of the pot by hasty watering and by sudden showers of Rain or perchance some might go out of the holes of the pot with the Water Now though Plants do not feed on earth yet Earth is the Nurse and receptacle of most things and the Earth is spongy and porous fit to receive the several Influences of the Heavens of Heat Rains and Dews and stores them up for the Conservation of her products and when the seed or plant desire it is put into Motion by the Coelestial heat the earth freely gives out of her store according as the Plant can dispose of it And if there be no Plants to feed on this Spirit of the Earth then many times Nature makes some which do for the earth will produce several Plants of its self without seed or root but they be Plants of no long lasting and when they die they then turn to Air and Spirit as all things do for there is nothing that is at a certain stay for all things have their time of increasing and their time of decaying till they be turned to that of which they were made No man can see Trees grow yet all men know that they doe It is plain to see when a Trees is decaying yet to know how long it will be before it is of its own decaying turned to Earth or Dust is hard to know Though it is Reported that an Oak is a hundred years a growing a hundred years stands at a stay and a hundred years decaying yet this is very erroneous for on shallow Grounds an Oak will not grow so long and on deep ground much longer and neither it nor any thing else stands at a stay but when it doth begin to decay it keeps on according as it meets with Accidents till it comes to dust Thus have I ghess'd but whether right or no The Criticks lash I 'm sure to undergoe I to th'ingen'ous Practiser direct These lines which hope with him to gain Respect For Learned men oft-times mistaken are When Fools as oft ghesse right though unaware CHAP. IX Of Water for Trees and Seeds and watering them I Have oft observed your Cisterns and other places that are onely filled with Rain-water that that water will in a Summers time produce several sorts of Insects and some sort of Water-plants and also that it will leave a green slime not much unlike to Plants which substance or slime as I tearm it would certainly be spent into Plants were there but some quantity of Aquatick Plants put into this water such as Mints of any sort yellow Water-flagge Flower-de-luce Crabs-claws or water Sen-green Brook-lime Ducks-meat c. I once made an Experiment to trye this which I have here inserted and thus it was I took two water-pots and filled them full of water out of a Fountain which had been filled by Snow and Rain the Winter before and
well and Seeds and small Plants often use not VVell-water especially for tender Plants for it is so strained thorow the Earth that it hath little spirit to mak Nourishment in it for Plants Rivers that run quick and long on sharp gravel are little better therefore if you must use such let them stand some time in the Sun in Tubs c. mixed with Dung Let the Quantity and Quality of your Dung be according to the Nature of your Plants as if your Plants be great growers and require heat then put Horse-dung c. in the water If your Plants be fine and tender then put Sheeps Dung or Cows-dung c. into the water remembring that if you think your ground be bad you must adde the more Dung If your VVater be bad as is aforesaid and that you put Dung into it to help it let it then stand in the Sun and open Aire uncovered Take care you water no Plants with standing stinking Ditch water nor no water that stinketh for sweet water not too clear and fresh Mould not musty or tainted by stinking weeds c. is as proper for tender Plants as sweet and good Food and warm and clean Lodging is to a tender fine-bred man Rain-water I take to be very good if not too long kept yet if your Vessel be large the oftner you stirre it the longer it will keep sweet Large and Navigable Rivers such as our Thames that receive much Soyl by the washing of Streets and the many Sinks that run into it and which by its own motion doth cleanse it self from that which is noxious both to Man and Plants is a most excellent Water for all sorts of Plants The larger that Ponds be the better their water is for Plants and if they have the shoot of some Stable-yard into them it addes much to their goodness the opener they be to the Sun the better and the more of motion they have as by Horses washing in them or Geese or Ducks swimming in them 't is so much the better for the swimming of Ducks in Summer in your small Ponds will keep the Water from smelling Now having shewed you several wayes of raising Forrest-trees with some other hints of their Seed c. and of Compost for them and of VVater and VVatering them I now shall shew you the manner how to raise them of Seed which is to be preferred before all others though some of the aforesaid wayes for some Trees are much easier and quicker Good Aire for Plants as well as Men is much assisting to their Health and Life for without this nothing can live and that which is most healthfull for tender Men is also the best for tender Plants Aire takes up the earthy Exhalations of all sorts and there mingles them together and being touched with Coelestial Fire it reduceth them into general Principles for great uses I shall say no more of Aire for it is an Hermaphrodite and is inclosed in Water therefore near a-kin to it CHAP. X. Of the Oaks Raising and Improving I Shall not trouble you with the several kinds there be though the Learned J. Evelyn Esq Reduceth them to four in his Discourse of Forest-Trees but if they were distinguished by several Names as we do our Pears you might find as many varieties onely according to the shape and taste of the Acorn for as we know by Experience that several of our Pear-Trees grow Pyramid-like as the Oakman-berry and Bordon-Musk-Pears c. And some likewise grow much spreading as the Winter-Bonchristian the back Pear of Worcester c. Even so do some of your Oaks therefore if you desire aspiring Trees take care to gather your Acorns off from such Trees or rather gather them from under some such Trees when fallen and in a dry time if you can When you have so done lay your Acorns thin in some open Room to dry and when they be dry keep them in some dry place till the latter end of January and having prepared some good fresh Loomy Ground by digging and keeping it clean before-hand sow them and let them be covered about an Inch and a half or two Inches deep by sowing them at this time you shall save a great many which otherwise would have been spoyled by Mice or other Vermin but if it happen to be a wet time when they fall then will they begin to spear out in a short time after And then so soon as you see them shoot forth a little bud at the small ends commit them to their Spouse as soon as may be for when they be come to the time that the Almighty hath alotted them and be sed and made lusty by the dews and showers of the Heavens then the Star-fire impregnats the Moysture in the seed and then the seed throws off or endeavours to do it and then takes his Lodging in the Earth where he prepares a room for his Off-spring that is as soon as the seed hath imbibed himself in the Water and received heat for without both these no seeds can produce its kinds the Body of the Acorn cracks and the spear shoots into the Earth and as soon as it hath got Entertainment there and the Season of the year agreeable the Body of the seed either turns into leaves or spends it self into leaves and that little small part of the seed the spear that shoots forth Root and then shot and leaves so that if the Acorn hath had a convenient quantity of heat and moisture but if too much of either of these that is deadly to all seeds then the seed spears forth and if it be not committed to the Ground before it be dryed and the spear withered then for certain that Seed Acorn Nut or Stone will never grow For Nature if once set on Motion will rather cease to be than alter its course for Nature hates violence neither can the seed receive this precious sperm without these two Father and Mother and these two must have a sutable Agreement between them for though one Vessel be sufficient to perfect the Infant in the Womb yet Nature hath not been wanting to provide several Breasts to Nourish it Therefore if your Acorns have taken wet and the heat hath made them spear you must sow them as soon as you can and venture them a whole Winter in the Ground remembring to keep some Traps set to catch the Mice In the Spring following they will come up keep them clean from Weeds and let them stand two or three years on their first bed then having prepared a piece of good fresh Ground by adding some rotten dung to it if poor or good fresh Rich Ground which is better than dung cut the tap-root and the side-boughs and set them as you do other Trees in your Nurseries keep your Ground with digging and the Trees with pruning up every year thus Order them till you find them fit to Remove and you will then find no such hazard in the Removing them as if
such up you spoyl their spearing by breaking it off or by letting in the drye Aire and so kill it therefore keep your Beds clean from weeds and about the middle or latter end of August they will be come up About the midst of September sift a little richer Mould all over the Bed but not so much as to cover them thus doe the next Summer and take off the side â— boughs though young and when they have stood two years on that Bed then plant them on beds in your Nursery keeping them with digging and pruning up yearly till you have got them to the stature you think convenient to plant abroad In setting this or any sort of Tree forget not to top the ends of the tap-root or other long ones and also not to leave a bruised End uncut off You may set them in streight lines in your Nursery about a yard one Row from another and about a foot and a half one Tree from another in the Rowes mind the Natural depth it first did grow at and set it so when you remove it have a care of setting any Tree too deep and also keep not this Tree nor a Walnut long out of the ground for their spongy Roots will in a little time grow Mouldy and be spoyled Therefore if you cannot set them let them be covered with Earth and then you shall find this Tree as patient in removing and as certain to grow as any Tree I know The ground they like best is a light Brick-earth or Loom as I said before that they dislike most is a rocky ground or a stiffe clay but if one have a mixture of Brick-earth c. and the other of small Gravel Drift-sand Sand c. then there they will do pretty well They naturally increase very much of themselves and the more where they meet with natural ground if you fell a thriving Tree and fence in the place you then may have a store to furnish your Woods and Hedge-rows with the worst and the straightest to nurse up in your Nurseries for to make VValks Avenues Glades c. with for there is no tree more proper for the certainty of its growing especially if you make good large and deep holes and where the ground is not natural there help it by some that is and then you may hope for a stately high growing Tree if you take care in pruning it up as is before shewed of the Oak You need not much fear its growing top-heavy for it having such a thick bark the sap is subject to lodge in it and break out many side-boughs and the Roots apt to break out with suckers the more when pruned therefore prune it up high and often but let the season be February for then its fine dark green-coloured Leaf and long hanging on it is the more ornamental and fit for walks As for the way to increase it from the Roots of another Tree I doe referre you to the seventh Chapter which will shew you fully how to perform the same observing but them Rules you may raise many fine young Trees from the Roots of another much better than naturally they will be produced from the Roots I advise you where you find your ground Natural in your Hedge-rowes there to plant some of this most usefull wood for it will run in the Banks and thicken your Hedges with wood and is very courteous to other sorts of wood growing by it Do not let ignorant Tradition possess you that it will grow of the Chips or of Truncheons set like Sallowes though the Author of the Commons Complaint saith it will for I assure you it neither doth nor will In Lopping of this be carefull to cut your boughs close and smooth off minding to keep them perpendicular to the Horizon the better to shoot off the wet It will grow well of Laying as is before noted and also directed in the Chapt. of Laying in which if you take but a little labour more than ordinary from one Tree you may have in a few years many in your Hedge-rowes or elsewhere therefore deferre not but put this in practice especially the great Kind My Lord Bacon adviseth to bud it to make the Leaves the larger but that is needless Part of these Rules I wrote some years agoe at the request and for the use of the truely ingenious Planter and Lover thereof Sir Henry Capell and I shall give you the same Conclusion now that I did then to him which take as followeth Since Gard'ning was the first and best Vocation And Adam whose all are by Procreation Was the first Gard'ner of the World and ye Are the green shoots of Him th' Original Tree Encourage then this innocent old Trade Ye Noble Souls that were from Adam made So shall the Gard'ners labour better bring To his Countrey Profit Pleasure to his King CHAP. XII Of Raising and Ordering the Ash AND as for Raising the Ash I shall give you the same Rules as I did to the aforesaid Honourable Person the same time before the Discourse of Forrest-trees was written Let your Keyes be thorow ripe which will be about the middle or end of October or November When you have gathered them lay them thin to dry but gather them off from a young straight thriving Tree My Reason to gather them off a young thriving tree is because there will the Keyes or seeds in the Keyes be the larger and solider therefore by consequence they are the abler to shoot the stronger and to maintain themselves the better and longer Though I know by experience that the seeds of some old Plants will come up sooner so the seed be perfect than the seed of young Plants and also that old seed so it will but grow will come up sooner than new Seed My aforesaid Reasons do in part demonstrate this Or thus Nature finding her self weak doth like a provident Mother seek the sooner to provide for her weak Children for Nature is one in divers things and yet various in one thing Now if you gather them off from a straight tree 't is the likelier they will run more up and grow straighter than those which be gathered off a Pollard or crooked tree for it is well known and might be proved by many Instances that Nature doth delight in Imitation and the Defects of Nature may be helped by Art for the great Alterations which many times we find visible in many Vegetables of the same species they all proceed either from the Earth the Water or the Heavenly Influences but the last is the greatest Author of Alteration both in Sensibles Vegetables and Animals However Like still produceth its Like and since there is such plenty of Forrest-trees that bear seed you may as well gather all sorts of Keyes and Seeds off or under such Trees as not As for the time of sowing them let it be any time between the latter end of October and the last of January for they will lie till Spring
I have shewed you that it is not the mixing of Earth with other Plants that will make them change into such Plants as you mix the Earth with or make the Plant alter to any purpose for the main alteration of all Plants is from their Seed though it may be mixing such Plants or Shavings with the Earth you sow Seed in may cause them to have some quality of the Physical use of the Plant in them as is the Opinion of the Learned that Misceltoe on the Oak and Polipody of the Oak and Elder on the Willow c. do partake of the Physical uses of those Plants on which they grow for in Nature you may find that many Bodies do not onely by their Qualities Affect their Adjacents but also infuse their Virtue into them and endue them with the same faculty as the Loadstone doth not onely attract Iron but Communicates its Virtue to it and makes it Magnetical by touching c. But I shall leave the Stones and return to the Walnut-tree Let your Nuts be very Ripe and when they begin to fall then beat the rest off from the Tree and lay them by that the outward Husk may Crack then peel them but do not wash them for wet doth make the Kernel Crack and Mould and spoyls it When you have taken off the Husk lay them thin to dry in some dry open Room turn them sometimes with a Broom When they have sweat and are dry about the beginning of October put them into Sand a little moyst making it a little wetter about Christmas for then they will begin to spear and then will digest it Sow them not in their Husks neither steep them as some Advise Set or Sow them about the latter end of January or beginning of February in good fresh Ground minding the aforesaid Rules and you shall not lose one in a hundred and cover them about an Inch and a half or two Inches keep them well Weeded on their first bed and when they have stood two Summers then Remove them into other beds setting them about a yard asunder one Row from another and about a foot and a half one from another in the Rows Cut the Tap-root and all bruised Roots off and the side-boughs but cut not off the Head of a Walnut-tree Keep them with digging and hoing and pruning up till you have got them five or six foot high then bud them it will make them bear sooner and then you are certain of a good Kind for I presume you will not bud them with a bad Kind if you know it If you do not bud them let them Head about six foot high a year or two and then Remove them but keep them not long in the open Air for the Roots being of a spongy Nature will take in the Air so fast that they will soon Mould and Kill your Tree therefore set them as soon as you can when once taken up Remove them young off from the Seed-bed as is before Advised for if you let them stand to be great on the place where they were first sowed they will be much more dangerous to Remove and not so likely to thrive The Ground they Love is a deep Soyl and of a dry Nature on a sharp Gravel if the Ground be shallow they will not prosper but if the Gravel be mixed with Loom they will do well They Love not a stiff Clay but if it be mixed Naturally with stones or Chalk and not too shallow then they will thrive on it It is a proper Tree to set in Woods for it will run up if the side-boughs be taken off to a great height and yield very good Timber for many Uses CHAP. XV. Of Raising and Ordering the Chesnut TOuching the Kinds of this Nut there may be several but I know but three one of them is very good which ought to be the more Increased For the time of Gathering Observe the same as before is said of the Walnut When you have gathered them and taken the Husks off lay them to dry and sweat but not too thick Do not steep them in Water as some Advise you for it is not good to steep any sort of Seed unless some Annuals and to steep them is good especially if lated in sowing but to steep Stones Nuts or Seeds that are not of quick growth watering them may Kill them by making the Kernel swell too hastily and so crack it before the spear causeth it or it may Mould and stupifie the spear therefore let no Seeds whatsoever that are not quick of growth have too much wet at first You must put your Chesnuts then in Sand a little moist about the beginning or middle of November make it a little moister about the beginning of January and at the latter end or beginning of February sow them on beds and cover them about two Inches or you may set them by a Line as you set Beans or you may sow them in drills as Beans or you may sow them where you intend they shall stand and in any of these ways or places keep them clean from Weeds the first or second year then you may Remove them into your Nursery off from the Seed-bed prune off the side-boughs and Roots They are Subject to put forth many side-boughs near the Ground whereby they may be increased by Laying very easily to do which see Chap. 5. But the best way is to Raise them of Nuts Set them in Rows in your Nursery and Order them as is shewed of the Walnut The Soyl they Love is such as the Walnut takes delight to grow in They be Excellent to set in Coppices or Woods the Timber is very Useful and they will grow to be large for under-wood if the Tree be much crooked fell it it will yield great store of strong shoots from the stemme some of which it will be convenient to Lay whereof you may leave some Layed to thicken the place and others to Plant where you please and may have great shoots from the stemme for several Uses also CHAP. XVI Of Raising and Ordering the Sarvice-Tree AS for the Kinds of the Sarvice they may be many there is one whose Fruit is much better than the other but whether it is the Ground makes it so I cannot positively say We have them grow at Hadham on very stiff Ground the Trees bear well and the Fruit is good and at Cashiobury we have them on a sharp Gravel the Fruit naught and the Trees bear very badly It may be Raised of the Seed or Stone that is in the Berries which when they are rotten are then Ripe that is about the latter end of September or beginning of October eat off the Fleshy part or rub it off by Rolling them in Sand then dry them in the open Aire and keep them in moyst Sand till the beginning of January then sow them on moist Ground or in the shade keep them from weeds then let them stand two or three Years and then
is written in this Book CHAP. XXX General Rules for planting Forrest-trees in Avenues Walks or Orchards as in a Natural Ground FIrst as to the Ground your Ground that hath been fed for many years Winter and Summer as your common Pasture-ground or the like such Ground if it be any thing good is the Best The next is your Meadow-ground and then your plowed Land if your Land be of Soyl alike Thus I preferre them Several Reasons might be given for this but I shall instance onely in these few As namely your Ground that is constantly fed hath likewise constantly a supply of Cattels Dung and Urine with the variety of Kinds which addes much to the strength of the ground and likewise your Pasture-ground though it abound with great variety of Herbs or Grass according to the Nature of the Ground as also your Meadow-ground doth yet your Pasture-ground hath not only a constant supply of Soyl by one sort of Cattel or other but the Grass which growes on it doth seldom run to flower or seed which when they doe they draw forth much more of the Salt or Spirit or strength of the Earth as we find the Herbs or Grass on Meadow-grounds most commonly doe Therefore I judge your Commons the best and both common Field Ground and Meadow better than constant plowed Land for that being kept with plowing to prevent what naturally it would produce this makes the Ground the Better for 't is certain that where your Houses stand or High-wayes are there the Earth is full of Salt and Spirit or the Life of Plants not only because there is often some Assistance of Soyl which I confess makes it much Richer but also because it cannot produce those Plants which naturally it would were it not Restrained For still it receives a constant supply from Nature and as the Holy Scripture saith the Almighty causeth the Sun to shine on the Vnjust as well as the Just so also hath the foresaid Earth the secret Influence of the Heavens as well as any other unless Accidentally prevented but this by the way Now as for your plowed Land 't is granted to be much better for plowing but this being sowen with Annual Grain very much draweth out the strength of the Earth for I judge that your Annuals are much more drawing Plants than those which will last several years it being in my Judgement with your Annual Plants as it is with a man which hireth a House for a Year when his year is out he knowing he must remove cleareth the House especially of his own when as your Durable Vegetable like a man whose house is his own is favourable to its situation having a kind of secret Knowledge as I may say that there they and theirs may continue many years If this be understood I hope you then will say with me that your common Pasture is best to plant on next to that Meadow then plowed Land that is if all three be of equal goodness and soyl CHAP. XXXI Of planting Forrest-trees to make Woods or to fill up Naked places in Woods where they want TO tell some men of planting of Woods is very needless for there are too many men more inclined to stock up than to plant them but I suppose the greater sort of Men and I am sure the best sort are more inclined to preserve and plant than to destroy and stock them up To those then that love either their Countrey or themselves or especially their Posterity and have any kindness for stately Forrest-trees do I give this Advice First Let the Ground be of what Soyl soever be sure to plant most of such Trees as will grow best on that Soyl As if it be Gravel then Beech Holly Hasel c. if mixt with Loom then Oak Ash or Elm c. if stiffe then Ash Hornbeam Sycomore c. if a light Loom then most sorts and withall have an eye to the adjacent Trees and which sort soever you see thrive best be sure to furnish your Ground with store of them Secondly If your Ground be moyst then set in good store of the Cuttings of Alder Willow Sallow especially the two last on any Ground for if there comes a wet Spring or a moyst Summer many of them will grow and produce good under-wood if set as is directed in the 26 th or 27 th Chapters Though the Ground be drye and a Gravel-Bottom yet they will thrive and produce good shoots in a little time as I have found true at Cashiobury c. Thirdly If you be minded to sow seeds then you must prepare your Ground with a good Tillage before you sow your seed as much as you doe for sowing of Barley and having all your Seeds ready prepared by being kept some time in a House till they be fit to spear or speared a little then about the beginning of February sow them The particular Chapter of each Kind will tell you how long it is before they will spear If you plow your Ground into great Ridges it will make the Earth lie the thicker on the top of each Ridge and there the Roots will have the more depth to search for Nourishment and the Furrowes will in little time be filled up with Leaves which when rotten will lead the Roots from one Ridge to another If your Ground be very drye then plow your Ridges cross the descent of the Hills not to drayn the water off but to keep it on your Ground and if your Ground be very wet then the contrary But be mindfull to sow most of those seeds your Ground is most naturally for The most of these seeds following may be sown on your Ground Oaks Ash Beech Sycomore Hornbeam Crab or Apple Cherry Walnuts Chesnuts Holly Hasel-nuts Maple Sarvice c. Which of these you find are not Natural for your Ground neglect them Some do sow their Seeds with a Crop of Barley but the season of sowing of Barley is too late for your seeds if they be prepared before-hand but if you will be so saving as to have a Crop of that Tillage then sow your seeds with Oats for they may be sown with the season of your seeds Do not sow your Oats too thick and they may do well but the best way for your seeds is to sow them without any Crop of Corn. Fourthly If you are minded to have a Wood soon then plant it with Setts and if your Ground be a good Natural Ground for Trees then you may make only holes two foot wide and as much deep and about half a Rod asunder so there will be four holes in every Rod square But for fear my Reader should be at a stand here and ask me how four Trees may stand in a Rod square or four holes made in a Rod square and yet the Middles be each half a Rod or eight foot and ¼ asunder I shall here satisfie him by Example and it shall be of a supposed piece of Ground three Rod square
Syder if your Fruit be good and very ripe you may put more if the contrary less let the tubs be covered and stand thus with the water and stampings together four or five dayes and nights if it be cold weather let them stand a week then you may press the stampings and as soon as you have got as much as you think will fill a vessel put it on the fire and scum it well and when you find the scum begins not to rise very fast then take it off from the fire and put it into Tubs or Coolers to cool and when it is cold then Tun it up and when it hath done working then bung it up and in a months time it will be fit to drink you may if you please boyl a little Ginger in it or a little Cloves Juniper berries or other things which you fancy to please the pallet or against some distempers you fear for small things taken in time may prevent dangers very great Syrupe of Rasburies gives a very pleasing taste in Syder Perry may be made and ordered after the same manner only take care your Pears be not too ripe for if they be you will be troubled to get your Liquor fine those Pears be best for Perry that have a hard flesh and stony at the core the juice easily separating from the flesh the Fruit yielding a good plenty of juice the Pears commonly of a harsh taste But those Pears that have a soft flesh as many of our best eating Pears have are not good for Perry as the Burry Borgatmotes Green-feilds Green-chesels and several others of like nature We have a Pear at Cashiobury and it is at other places near Watford it is a little harsh juicy Pear but makes excellent Liquor as my Honourable Lord can testifie and several others its only inconvenience is it is but a small Fruit but the quantity it yields is good I take it to be a kind of wild Pear never grafted but for its excellency aforesaid the kind deserves to be preserved by the curious I know no name it hath as yet Captain Wingate near Welling hath an excellent Pear for Perry I have tasted of the Liquor and have seen the fruit but whether it is a good bearer or no I know not which should be a property in Perry Pear-trees There is a Pear called by my ingenious Friend Mr. Pritchet Gardner to my Lord of Salisbury Rufins Pear which makes excellent Perry and is a good bearer as I have oft been informed by him by the taste of the fruit it is very good for Perry Indeed most sorts of baking Pears make good Perry or any that is Qualified as is beforesaid and that bears well and yields great store of Liquor Mind your Vessels be sweet you put your Syder or Perry in for a little tang in the Vessel will spoil all a Sack Vessel is very good though discommended by some so is your White-wine or Clarret-wine casks or a Vessel where Syder hath been before c. FINIS Here place the Figures The Contents of each particular Chapter Chap. 1. OF the several wayes of Raising Trees The best for Forrest-trees is by their Seeds Keys or Nuts c. pag. 1. Chap. 2. How to observe and know the nature of Seeds so as the better to raise them p. 3. Chap. 3. The shape of Seeds and their Weight do Inform you how to set them p. 5. Chap. 4. Observations of all sorts of Keyes and Seeds p. 6. Chap. 5. Of the several wayes to raise Forrest-trees or others and how to perform the same by Laying p. 9. Chap. 6. Of those sorts of Trees that will grow of Cuttings and how to perform the same p. 12. Chap. 7. Of such sorts of Trees as may be Raised by the Roots of another Tree and how to Raise them p. 13. Chap. 8. What Soyl or Dung is best sor Trees or their Seeds p. 14. Chap. 9. Of Water for Trees and Seeds and watering them p. 20. Chap. 10. Of Oaks Raising and Improving p. 34. Chap. 11. Of Raising and Ordering the Elm p. 50. Chap. 12. Of Raising and Ordering the Ash p. 53. Chap. 13. Of Raising and Ordering the Beech p. 57. Chap. 14. Of Raising and Ordering the Walnut p. 58. Chap. 15. Of Raising and Ordering the Chestnut p. 63. Chap. 16. Of Raising and Ordering the Sarvice-tree p. 64. Chap. 17. Of Raising and Ordering the Cherry-tree p. 65. Chap. 18. Of Raising and Ordering the Line-tree p. 67. Chap. 19. Of Raising and Ordering the Maple p. 72. Chap. 20. Of Raising and Ordering the Sycamore ibid. Chap. 21. Of Raising and Ordering the Hornbeam p. 73. Chap. 22. Of Raising the Quickbeam p. 75. Chap. 23. Of Raising the Birch ibid. Chap. 24. Of Raising the Hasel p. 77. Chap. 25. Of Raising the several sorts of Poplars ibid. Chap. 26. Of Raising the Alder p. 81. Chap. 27. Of Raising the Withy Willows Sallow Oziers p. 82. Chap. 28. Of the Pine Firre Pinaster c. p. 84. Chap. 29. Of Raising the Yew Holly Box Juniper Bayes c. p. 86. Chap. 30. General Rules for planting Forrest-trees in Avenues Walks or Orchards as in a natural ground p. 88. Chap. 31. Of planting Forrest-trees to make VVoods or to fill up Naked places in VVoods where they want p. 89. Chap. 32. Of Planting Young Hedges and how to improve and keep old Hedges p. 95. Chap. 33. Of Planting several sorts of Forrest-trees in order to making the best advantage of Ground as Orchards or the like p. 104. Chap. 34. Of Pruning Trees some general Observations p. 112. Chap. 35. Of the Diseases of Trees p. 117. Chap. 36. Of Felling and Ordering VVoods and Coppices p. 119. Chap. 37. How to take the height of a Tree several wayes the better to judge the worth of them c. p. 126. Chap. 38. Of making VValks Avenues or Lawns p. 135. Chap. 39. Of several superficial Figures and how they are to be measured p. 148. Chap. 40. To Divide a Right Line given according to any Proportion Required and how to Divide Land or VVoods with some uses of the four-pole Chain p. 151. Chap. 41. Of Measuring Holes and Borders that be under a pole broad by which you may the better let or take them to doe by the Pole-square c. with several Tables of Measures p. 160. Chap. 42. Of Measuring Timber and other solid Bodies with several Tables useful thereunto p. 170. Chap. 43. Of the Oval how to make it and how to Measure it with other Observations thereon p. 176. Chap. 44. Suppose you have a Plot to draw on one or many sheets of Paper and you would draw it at as large as the Paper will bear to know what Scale you shall Draw it by p. 179. Chap. 45. To finde what Scale a Plate or Draft is drawn by the content of the Ground being given p. 181. Chap. 46. The Description of the Line of Numbers or Gunters Line p. 181. Chap. 47. Numeration on the Line or to read a Summe on the Line of Numbers p. 184. Chap. 48. Addition on the Line of Numbers p. 186. Chap. 49. Substraction on the Line of Numbers p. 187. Chap. 50. Multiplication on the Line of Mumbers p. 188. Chap. 51. Division on the Line p. 193. Chap. 52. The Rule of Three on the Line p. 194. Chap. 53. The Golden Rule Reverse by the Line of Numbers p. 196. Chap. 54. Of Levelling any Ground and to make Slopes or Batteries c. p. 198. Chap. 55. Rules for making of Syder p. 200. A Catalogue of Books of Husbandry Sold by Peter Parker at the Leg and Star in Cornhil THe English Gardner or a sure guide to young Planters and Gardners in three Parts 1. Shewing the way and order of Planting and Raising all sorts of stocks Fruit-trees and shrubs with the divers wayes and manners of Ingrafting and Inoculating in their several seasons 2. How to order the Kitchin Garden for all sorts of Herbs Roots and Sallads 3. The ordering the Garden of pleasure how to Raise all sorts of flowers and their seasons with directions touching Arbors and Hedges in Gardens likewise several other things fit to be known to all that delight in Orchards and Gardens By Leonard Meager above thirty years Practitioner in the Art of Gardening The Countrey-mans Recreation or the Art of Planting Graffing and Gardening in three Books 1. Declaring divers wayes of Planting and Graffing 2. Treateth of the Hop-garden with Instructions for making and the maintenance thereof 3. The expert Gardener containing divers necessary and rare secrets belonging to that Art with Directions to know the time and season to Sow and Plant all manner of Seeds also how to destroy Snails Canker-worms Moles and all other Vermin which usually breed in Gardens Whereunto also is added the Art of Angling The manner of ordering Fruit-trees by the Sieure Le Gendre Curate of Henonville where in treated of Nurseries Wall fruits hedges of Fruit trees Dwarf-trees high standers c. Written in French and translated faithfully into English at the request of several persons of Honour A Piece so highly approved of in France that it hath been divers times Printed there The Government of Cattle divided into three Books 1. Treating of Oxen Kine and Calves and how to use Bulls and other Cattle to the Yoake or fell 2. Discoursing of the Government of Horses with approved medicines against most Diseases 3. Of the ordering Sheep and Goates Hogs and Dogs with true remedies to help the infirmities that befall any of them Also instructions for taking Moles and husbanding of Grounds composed by Leonard Mascal