Spirit of Wine and immersed the Ball and part of the Stem in a Vessel of Water which was half buried in Snow and Salt and when the Water began to freeze at the bottom and about the sides the Liquor was Subsided to 5 2 ◠Divisions each Division being half an Inch and then the Weather-glass being taken out of the Water and applied to the Snow and Salt it Subsided to 1 ½ Division To this we shall add another which shews That the Water tho' froze was warmer than the Spirit of Wine when the Mixture of Snow and Salt was applied to it Jan. 15 the Weather-glass being kept in the Water till it began to freeze descended to 5 ½ but being removed into the Snow and Salt it Subsided first briskly and then more gradually till it sunk to the Bottom of the Stem but being removed into the Water again it ascended to the same height the Water had before depressed it to For a further Tryal how much Liquors may be condensed by Cold we took Oyl of Turpentine rectified in a gentle Heat and having weighed a Glass-ball with a long Stem it being one Ounce one Dram five Grains and a half we poured on it so much of the Turpentine as increased the weight to two Ounces seven Drams and thirty four Grains and a half which reaching a little way into the Stem we marked the Superficies with a Diamond after which we poured a Dram more in and successively more still marking how high each Parcel which was weighed exactly rought in the Stem till the Additional weight increased the former to three Ounces one Dram four Grains and a half and then taking a wide-mouth'd Glass with Water in it we immerged the Weather-glass in the Water as before the Vessel in which it was contain'd being first encompass'd with Snow and Salt When the Water began to freeze we mark'd the Stem of the Glass which contain'd the Oyl at the place to which it subsided and then conveying it into a Mixture of Snow and Salt when it had subsided as low as it could we mark'd the Superficies and then remov'd it into the Air till it rose to it's first station and then we pour'd so much of the Oyl out into another Glass carefully poised in a pair of Scales that the Superficies of the Oyl remain'd at the Mark which it subsided to in the Water and we found that the Oyl poured off weigh'd about 10 Grains And so much more being pour'd off as made it stand at the Mark to which the Snow and Salt depress'd it it weigh'd about as much as the former so that the Oyl was Artificially condensed so far That it subsided as much after it had been condensed by Cold strong enough to freeze Water as it was caused to fall by the force of that And by dividing the whole Proportion of Oyl by the number of Grains whose Bulk it seem'd to lose by subsiding in Water we found that it was condensed by the first degree of Cold to a 94th Part of it's Bulk and by dividing it by the Additional number of the Grains more we found that the Snow and Salt had condensed it a 47th Part of it's Bulk Having circumscrib'd Water moderately Cold with a Mixture of Snow and Salt what it shrunk was if not insensible inconsiderable To measure the differing weight and Density of the same Proportion of Water in the Heat of Summer and when extremely Cold we weighed a Glass-Bubble in it which was Heavier than Water moderately cool and by the Diminution of it's weight in that Medium we found according to the Rules of Hydrostaticks the weight of a Portion of Water of equal Bulk And then weighing it in Water cool'd by a Mixture of Snow and Salt we were inform'd by a new Decrement of it's weight of the weight of an equal Bulk of that Cold Water by which we were enabl'd to make an Estimate of the Gravity and Density acquired by the Action of Gold and by weighing the same Bubble in the same Water in hot Weather we Learnt further how much more dense and heavy Water moderately Cold and extremely Cold is than warm Water It would be of use to try such Experiments as these in Italy where they have the Conveniency of keeping Snow and of freezing warm Water speedily A Glass-Bubble which in the Air weighed 150 Grains being weighed in Water on a Day not frosty it weighed 29 ◠8 and being weighed in Water which was a little froze in a Mixture of Snow and Ice it was not above ⅛ Part of a Grain lighter than before so that the Water by Condensation lost not above a 230th Part of it's former Bulk How far it may be of use at Sea to make such Experiments as these and whether they may thereby learn to know by finding the Density of the Water in several Places what Loads to carry in their ships and what the Water will be able to bear I shall leave others to Judge But if such Experiments be try'd in several Parts our Seal'd Weather-glasses or that which contains the Pendulous drop of Water may be of use since they not being subject to be varied by the Alterations in the Atmosphere's Gravity and since they may be conveniently carried from one Country to another the different degrees of Cold in various Regions may be better Estimated a Register being kept of the degrees the Liquor or Pendulous drop stood at such times as the Tryals were made and where and when exposed to such a degree as was able to freeze To conclude this Title I shall add that in making these Experiments with the Thermometer in which the Pendulous Water is contain'd the Stem may for conveniency be held either Horizontal upwards or Perpendicular TITLE V. Experiments concerning the Tendency of Cold upwards or downwards What way or in what Line Cold acts most vigorously THAT Heat generally acts most powererfully on Bodies above it and that it's Tendency is upwards is self-evident But to discover in what Line Cold acts most vigorously and furthest we made the following Experiments A Glass-Bubble with Water in it having a flat Bottom was suspended within less than half an Inch over a Mixture of Ice and Salt but froze not A Bottle which contain'd a Mixture of Snow and Salt being held under Water it was cased with Ice especially about the Bottom so that the Action of Cold seems chiefly to tend downwards But I rely less upon this Experiment because it is observ'd That when a frigorifick Mixture is exposed in a Vial the Ice on the outside is always opposite to the Mixture not reaching higher or lower than that Mixture above half the Breadth of a Barly-corn and as the Mixture dissolves and that which swims upon the dissolv'd Part grows less and less so Proportionably the circle of Ice grows narrower on the outside till the Mixture is wholly dissolv'd and then the Ice vanishes And from an experiment shortly to be
vitrify'd Sand as filled a Retort and two or three fluxing Additaments of small price sixteen grains of pure Gold And tho' by some it is thought strange that there should be a necessity of fixing Gold yet I have elsewhere made it appear that by a small addition of another Substance Gold may be sublimed without a naked Fire and form several Crystals like Rubies And if Sands as well as Earths and Stones abound with Mineral Ingredients it may be convenient to take an account where such Substances are found and likewise to take a Sample of them as also of the Ores of different Mines and to try them Hydrostatically for I have observ'd that in English Lead Ores of several kinds those in which thirty pound of Lead is only to be got out of an hundred of Ore are looked upon as not worth working those that yield half their weight of Metal are indifferent and other Ore which yields from fifty five to sixty in the hundred is looked upon to be very good but those that afford eighty Pound in the hundred are accounted very rich but I have not met with any that afforded more than seventy five in a hundred weight Which Ore seemed to consist wholly of Metal and was made up of Parts of a Cubical Figure and much resembling Dies placed one by another But besides what hath been already proposed to be inquired after concerning Metalline Fossils not only its Proportion is to be consider'd but the plenty or scarceness of the Mineral the easiness or difficulty of coming at it as also its depth and freeness from Waters its nearness to plenty of Fuel its nearness to Water to drive Mills and to transport it c. are to be consider'd likewise before one begins to work a Mine An Explication of the Instruments employed in these Experiments and those in the following Chapter aa The Beam See Plate 1. Fig. 00. bb the Dishes cc the Frame to suspend the Beam upon which d a sliding Socket e its Arms containing f a Pulley over which g another Pulley passes h a Line fastned to i a moveable Weight by which the Beam is raised up or let down k a Hair to suspend l the Body to be weighed in the Water held in m the Glass Cistern n the Bucket for Liquors o the Box of grains p the Forceps to manage them q the Pile of Weights r the Handle of the Ballance ssss the Table CHAP. XI Medicina Hydrostatica FROM what is contain'd in the fore-going Chapter it appearing that white Marble or Crystal may be a Standard to distinguish mineral Substances from other Bodies I shall here subjoin the way of weighing sinking Bodies in Water The method of weighing Bodies And first the solid Body to be examin'd is to be suspended by a Horse-hair at one of the Scales just now described and there to be counterpoised then the Weights being taken out by deducing from the weight of the Body in Air the weight of it in Water by the Remainder divide the whole weight of the given Body in the Air and the Quotient will shew the Proportion in specifick Gravity betwixt the examin'd Solid and as much Water as is just equal to it in Bulk For Example if the Weight of a Cubick Inch of Rock-Crystal be 1169 grains in the Air and 738 in Water the Remainder will be 431 grains by which the 1169 grains being divided the Quotient will be found to be 2 × 71 100 or near enough 7 10 for the proportion of the Gravity of white Marbles to Water In which Direction it is requisite to observe first Cautions requisite to be observ'd That what we have said implys that the Body weighed must be heavier than Water Secondly Horse-Hairs are more convenient than other strings because they are nearer to a specifick Gravity with Water Thirdly Where the Figure of a Body disabled us from suspending it by tying a hair about it we platted a sort of net of Hairs to hold it in Fourthly So much of the Hair as is above the Water must be counterpoised by a Weight in the other Scale Fifthly Sometimes instead of the Scale I counterpoised the opposite with a weight of Lead and suspended the Horse-Hair at the String but when I did not take off the Scale I caused it to be perforated in the middle Sixthly Care must be taken that the Water below touches not the bottom of the Scale and that the Body be freely suspended and wholly immersed in the Water Seventhly Care must be taken that no Bubbles of Air be contained in the Pores of the Body weighed since the success will be apt to fail in some Tryals upon that account And these circumstances being observed it will be easie to know by the method proposed the difference betwixt the specifick weight of other Bodies heavier than Water It being agreeable to that Hydrostatical Paradox of Archimedes That a Body heavier than Water weighs less in Water than in the Air by the weight of as much Water as is equal to it in Bulk or Magnitude And The first Use of this method of weighing Bodies By this Method we found That the weight of Lapis Hematites to Water was as four 15 100 to one and by subliming it with Sal-Armoniack we found by the Astringency of it that it abounded with Metalline Parts of a Martial Nature which was further confirmed by observing that a grain of it turned an Infusion of Galls black Lapis Lazuli was to its bulk of Water in weight as three to one A Load-Stone which besides Magnetical hath Medicinal Vertues appeared to be as four 93 100 to one Lapis Calaminaris was as four 169 100 to one In which Concretes the Medicinal Virtues seem to depend on the plentiful mixture of metalline Ingredients but some Bodies which abound less with Mineral Substances may be as operative by reason of some more active Particles But This Hydrostatical method of weighing Bodies Use II may be further serviceable in distinguishing Stones from Plants or other petrified Substances as Coral which weighs in proportion to Water as two 68 100 to one and therefore appears to be a Stone being heavier than Crystal A monstrous Pearl taken out of an Oyster which weighed 206 grains was to Water as two 51 100 to one A Calculus Humanus which weighed six drams and a half was in proportion to Water as one 76 100 to one and another that weighed four drachms and a half was to Water as one 69 100 to one These Stones tho' the productions of Distempers have been accounted better than Oriental Bezoar in their Effects Choice Bezoar Stones which weighed three drachms in the Air being weighed in Water one of them was as one 47 100 to one another somewhat lighter was as one 53 100 to one a third which was taken out of another Stone which being weighed in the Air weighed six drachms wanting nine grains was in proportion to Water as one 55 100 to
Mass in a Viol cover'd with Ashes and being preserv'd in Fusion for a little time afforded a Luna Cornea But if instead of dropping the Salt upon the Solution the same Method just before laid down be taken with the Crystals yielded by that Solution moderately evaporated they will shoot into Diaphanous brittle Crystals much different from those of other Metals endu'd with several other Qualities the Quantity of Salts interpos'd betwixt the Parts of the Metal weighing but a third part of the Compounded Mass In the Foregoing Process the following Phaenomena may be taken Notice of to our present Purpose First That tho' Acids and Alcalyes have generally contrary Effects yet both Oyl of Tartar per Deliquium and Spirit of Salt have the same Effect in Precipitating Silver which evinces That the Precipitation of Bodies is neither to be attributed to Alkalyes nor Acids consider'd as such But to a mutual Interposition and Texture of the Parts of the Matter whereof those Bodies consist Secondly It may be observ'd That Bodies Diaphanous and void of Colour may be chang'd into Opacous and white ones Thirdly That a white Powder may be turn'd into a Yellow Body in some measure Transparent Fourthly That Silver by a Mixture of Saline Parts may be render'd so apt to Fusion that it will melt like Wax at the Flame of a Candle Fifthly It is remarkable That tho' either of the Ingredients of this Mix'd Body would readily dissolve in Water yet the Composition would not Sixthly It is to be admir'd that a Body in Texture not unlike a piece of Horn should be the Result of an Association of two rigid Bodies Wherefore to be satisfy'd That the Alteration depended on the Texture of Parts of the Ingredients I made use of the Oyl of Vitriol instead of Spirit of Salt and found that the Concrete resulting from an Union of that with the Crystals of Silver differ'd from the former it being much more brittle and easily divided into Parts But what is more remarkable is That a Body compounded of one of the most Bitter and another of the sowerest Taste should be it self insipid or of a different Taste from either of them And it is yet as strange that Salts so fugitive and apt to dissipate in the Air as those of Aqua fortis and Spirit of Salt should by acquiring a New Texture put on such a degree of Fixedness as to melt with a Metal and that without the least perceivable Evaporation EXPERIMENT IV. Several Phaenomena in Proof of the Doctrin of Forms and Qualities Having made a Salt of very different Qualities from all others and which is so nice in the Preparation that it is as difficult to direct how it is to be made as to make it I shall rather chuse to mention what Phaenomena it afforded me The First Thing Observable was That tho' the Ingredients of this Salt were Eminently Saline yet the Salt it self was judg'd by a Stranger to be Sweet tho' it had a Sweetness peculiar to it self as every Sweet Body hath Another Thing Considerable is That tho' it be of an Inoffensive Smell when cool yet if expos'd to a considerable Heat it emitted Effluviums more strongly faetid than those of Aqua fortis Spirit of Armoniack Salt or Distill'd Urine whereas those Fumes being again united into a Salt became Inoffensive as before And it is further to be Observ'd That tho' all Volatile Fix'd and Lixiviate Salts are so specifically different from each other that being mix'd together they ferment and by that means destroy each other and unite into a Substance different from each yet this Salt is so powerful as to be destroy'd by none of them but being mix'd with any of them remains quiet and without the least Ebullition But to be further satisfy'd that it was different from each of the foremention'd Salts I try'd several Experiments by which I sound that it would neither turn Syrup of Violets red as Acids do nor green as Volatile and Fix'd Salts usually do and tho' Spirit of Armoniack Salt or Urine will turn a Solution of Sublimate in Water white and Salt of Tartar will give it an Orange Colour yet was it not in the least alter'd by this Nay tho' this Salt was dropt into a Solution of Syrup of Violets along with Acids and Alkalyes yet did it not hinder their Effects Tho' in Dissolving several Substances this Salt exceeds both Aqua fortis and Oyl of Vitriol And it is further Observable That tho' by a gentle Heat this Salt wholly Sublimes yet when mix'd with Liquors it does not fly away as other Volatile Salts do and tho' it be Volatile yet it will run per Deliquium as soon as any Salt can do and as present reassumes its own Form the Superfluous Moisture being taken from it add to this That by a gentle Heat it may be dissolv'd in a Limpid Liquor And it is endu'd with a Quality yet more Admirable for it will readily dissolve either in Spirit of Wine or Water or Oyls themselves whereas some Bodies which may be dissolv'd in Water cannot incorporate with Oyls or Spirit of Wine and è conversò EXPERIMENT V. Several Changes in Bodies may be effected by the Addition or Substraction and new Modification of Matter The Experiment which I am about to deliver I presume will be sufficient to shew That Considerable Alterations in Bodies may be effected by the Access of some Parts and a Recess of others the Remaining Parts being Modify'd afresh The Experiment is the following viz. Digest for some Time one Part of Sea-Salt with a double Proportion of Spirit of Nitre which being distill'd in a Retort till the Caput Mortunm remains dry the following Changes of Qualities will be observable First That it becomes an Aqua Regis and would dissolve Gold but not Silver yet would precipitate the Latter when dissolv'd in Aqua Regis Secondly The Taste is more mild affecting the Sensory rather like Nitre than common Salt Thirdly It becomes Fusible like Salt-Petre and like Nitre dissolves in the Flame of a Candle But Fourthly Tho' it be a Quality of Sea-Salt to resist the Action of Fire and of Acid Spirits to cool Inflammations yet a Lump of this Matter cast upon Coals flam'd like Nitre as also by an Addition of Charcoal when melted in a Crucible it wou'd burn with a lasting and splendid Flame which would again renew upon a fresh Addition of burning Charcoal But what I chiefly design'd in this Experiment was to turn an Acid into an Alkaly An Acid may be turn'd into an Alkaly which was effected by consuming the more Fugitive Parth of the Salts by repeated Deflagrations whereupon it acquir'd instead of an Acid a Lixiviate Taste would turn Syrup of Violets green precipitate a Solution of Sublimate into an Orange Colour and as other fix'd Salts would ferment with even Spirit of Salt which Alkalyzate Nature could not be suppos'd to proceed from the Charcoal Ashes because the
black but also One saturated with Copper a Succedaneum to which may be made by adding to Sulphur as it melts over the Fire and equal Proportion of Salt of Tartar finely powder'd stirring them till they incorporate and become red Which Mixture being put into a Glass Retort with half it's weight of Sal-Armoniack dissolv'd in Water let it be distill'd in Sand shifting the Receivers as the Liquor drawn off is ting'd more or less so that the strongest may be preserv'd by it self And such Tryals as these will be of more use than those usually made with a bare Tincture of Galls since there are several Mineral Substances and other Bodies which Mineral Waters may be impregnated with which discover not themselves in an Infusion of Galls As Sulphur or Copper may be so lock'd up in these Waters as not to be perceiv'd till the Body of the Liquor is open'd by some proper Additament And even Arsenick it self may be so disguised as not to be perceiv'd when mix'd with the Waters yet if Spirit of Urine or Oyl of Tartar per Deliquium be dropp'd into a Solution of it it presently precipitates in the Form of a white Powder and so likewise if a Solution of Sublimate be added to it Whether Mineral Waters have Arsenick dissolved in them But to discover whether Mineral Waters be impregnated with Arsenick or not I put Dantzick or English Vitriol into a Solution of it either of which caus'd a dark precipitate gradually to subside 14. Whether Spirituous Acids volatile Alkalys or Lixivial Salts will precipitate such Waters 15. The Manner of Extracting Salts from such Waters and what Quantities may be extracted Guesses may be made concerning the Saltness of these Waters by trying whether they will Lather with Soap and if not what Quantity of Curdled Matter they will yield I have observ'd that even the lightest Waters will yield a small Quantity of common Salt 16. How to discover what Acidity is to be found without Evaporation Having taken a peculiar Method to try the Acidity of Mineral Waters by mixing them with an Infusion of Lignum Nephriticum in simple Water I found that tho' German Spaw yielded a small Quantity yet in that of Action there was none discernible 17. What may be observ'd by Distillation in Balnco 18. What and whether the same Quantity of Caput Mortuum be afforded by Evaporation and Distillation 19. Whether Mineral Waters will acquire the same Qualities and Texture by a Reunion of their Caput Mortuum when distill'd to such a Consistence in Glass-Vessels exactly luted which they had before 20. What Changes if any Mineral Waters undergo by being boil'd in Water in a Glass Hermetically seal'd From whence might be learn'd whether a Change of Qualities would succeed an Alteration of Texture without a manifest loss of Parts And whether an Agitation of Parts without the Influence of the Air would precipitate any thing or deprive it of it's Power to turn a Tincture of Galls Purple 21. How much the Mineral Waters exceed their Caput Mortuum in Proportien 22. What Parts are contain'd in the Caput Mortuum and whether dissoluble in Water 23. How much the Saline and Terrestrial Parts differ in Proportion 24. Whether in strong Fires the Salts be Volatile or Fix'd and to what Degree 25. Whether the Salts will Crystallize per se or with other Salts and what 's the Figure of the Genuine or Compounded Crystals 26. Whether Acid or Alkaline Qualities are most predominant The Acidity will either appear to the Taste or Smell or may be discover'd by turning Syrup of Violets red as also by making use of an Infusion of Lignum Nephriticum which upon a Mixture of Acids loses it's Blue Colour Their Acidity may likewise be discover'd by trying whether they will be precipitated by Alkalys or ferment with them And if Alkaly be predominant it on the contrary discovers it self by a Lixivial Taste and Smell and may be discover'd by turning Syrup of Violets Green or precipitating a Solution of Sublimate or Fermenting with Aqua fortis or lastly by increasing the Colour of a Tincture of Brasil or Log-wood in Common-water And tho' we have no such Springs here in England as afford Alkaline Salts yet without question in Egypt such may be found since their Latron or the Egyptian Nitre abounds with a Salt of an Alkaline Nature and I have obtain'd such an Alkaly from that Famous Water of Bourbon in France which would turn Syrup of Violets green and ferment with Volatile Acids If such Waters abound with Vitriol they 'll turn an Infusion of Galls black and Vomit those that drink them and if an Alkaly be added will yield a yellow Precipitate upon dropping of Spirit of Vrine or Salt of Tartar into them I have not found any of the Waters about London to be impregnated with Vitriol and I am told that in France the Mineral Waters are so far from being impregnated with Vitriol that there is a Vitriolate Spring in that Kingdom As for the Nature of the Salt which most Mineral Waters are impregnated with I think that it is not to be referr'd to any Glass but is either sui generis and a peculiar one or a Compound Salt made up of such as the Water is impregnated with in it's Passage through the Earth and that Purgative Salts may by a Change of Texture be made of Salts not at all Purgative I the rather believe because I have been told by an Ingenious Emperick That a Salt which I made of Salt of Tartar and Common Sulphur mix'd together had a gentle Purging Virtue 27. In what Menstruums the Caput Mortuum may be dissolv'd and in what it may not Whether Volatile or Fixt and what Qualities it hath in Respect of Colour or Smell What Proportion of Salt Mineral Waters afford It is to be admir'd what a great deal of Caput Mortuum some Mineral Waters yield in Comparison of others since those Waters which are purely Diuretick have very little if compared with the Caput Mortuum of Purging Waters For tho' a pound of Barnet Waters yielded a Drachm yet the same weight of Tunbridge afforded but a Grain And It is not a little strange that so small a Quantity of a Mineral should impregnate so much Water as I have by Tryal found a Grain of Iron Stone did enabling it to Tincture an Infusion of Galls deeper than Tunbridge or German Spaw Water would And I have try'd that half a Grain of Marchasite dissolv'd in Spirit of Nitre communicated a Tincture to 61440 Parts of Water tho' Part of that Marchasite was Sulphur and Part of it Caput Mortuum And here it may be seasonable to take notice That if so small a Portion of a Metalline Substance would when grosly dissolv'd impregnate so large a Quantity of Water how much more may it when rais'd in the Form of a Subtile Mineral Fume and as in such a Form it may impregnate a larger Quantity of Water so will it be
part of Sugar A Fourth had 5 parts of Water and one of Sugar included with an Apple cut in Pieces Decemb. 21. In the first the Sugar was not Melted The Mercury ascended a little In the Second the Sugar was Melted and the Apples shrivel'd they yeilded much Air when First included in the Receiver In the other Two the Mercury ascended a little In the Third the pieces of Apple were corrupted very much for the Skin was taken off Decemb. 22. Air was produced in all the Receivers but most in the Second and Third Decemb. 27. In the 3 First the Mercury was 10 Digits high in the Fourth 6. Decemb. 31. In the 1st and 2d It was 13. In the 3d. 15. In the 4th 9. Jan 2. 79. In the 1st and 2d almost 14. In the 3d. 17. In the 4th 11. Jan. 7. In the 2d It was 16. In the 3d. 36. In the Fourth 15. The Mercury in the First rose no higher but the Air made it's escape when the Screw was eased Jan. 9. In the first it was 6 Inches high In the 2d 16. In the 3d. 39. In the Fourth 15. Jan. 17. In the 1st 13. In the 2d 19. In the 3d. 56. In the 4th 17. Jan. 30. In the 3d. 76. Digits The Liquor broke out and therefore I opened the Receiver The Fruit had communicated it's Taste which was pleasant to the Water The Mercury in the 2d being raised no higher I opened it and found that the first was better Tasted than the former and having communicated in a great Measure it 's Taste to the ambient Sugar It was in the form of a good Syrup Feb. 16. The Mercury in the First Receiver was 22. In the Fourth 33. The Receiver being opened I found that the Taste of the First being wholly imparted to the Water had made it very Pleasant Feb. 27. The Mercury in the First Receiver was 30 Digits high March 15. The Receiver being opened I found that tho' the Colour of the Apple was good yet the Pulp was Spungy and had in a great Measure lost it's Taste Hence it appears that Sugar does not preserve Fruit so well as Fermented Liquors See EXP. VII EXPERIMENT XVIII Decemb. 23. A Glass Vessel being full of Milk Milk included in a Receiver and stopped with a Screw was conveighed into one Receiver and Milk with a Lark in it into another Decemb. 24. In the Evening the Caseous and Butyrous Parts were separated both in the Milk in the Receivers and in some of the same exposed to the Air. Decemb. 27. No Air generated where the Lark was The other Gage was spoiled Decemb. 31. The Mercury was raised in that which held the Lark 3 days since Milk that had all the while been exposed to the Air Stunk Jan. 1. 79. The Mercury was 10 Inches high where the Lark was contained Jan. 2. It was 14 ½ The Milk below the Butyrous Part seemed red Jan. 4. It rose to 19 Digits White Serum grew together in the Bottom of the Milk Jan. 9. The Mercury was 29 Digits high Jan. 25. The Receivers being opened the Lark Smelled strong but when Boll'd Tasted Pleasant tho' it had been kept 32 Days In the other Receiver the Butyrous part was sowre but the Caseous Part Tasted subacid From hence it appears that Milk may Preserve Flesh EXPERIMENT XIX Decemb. 24. 78. A Lark was put into a Small Receiver A Lark with Melted Butter and the Remaining space filled up with Melted Butter Decemb. 27. The Mercury sunk the Butter grew Yellow below White in the Middle and Fluid above Jan. 5. 79. The Mercury gradually rose 9. It was a little higher 28. It was altered but little the Receiver being opened the Butter contiguous to the Leather which Lined the Cover was of an ungrateful Taste and white The Rest of the Butter was Yellow and Rancid The Lark being Roasted was Pleasant to the Palate Hence it appears that Butter when Melted and hot does not preserve Flesh so well as otherwise EXPERIMENT XX. Jan. 4. 79. A Receiver being filled with Boil'd Flesh and Broth whilst the Screw was Set Boiled Flesh and Broth. they were so Compressed as to Raise the Mercury 6 Digits but it soon subsided again Jan. 28. The Mercury had subsided 8 Digits below it's usual Height The Receiver being opened we found the Flesh Sweet and Pleasant The Broth Subacid and well Tasted This Experiment Teaches that Beef being kept in Receivers as long as Experience shews that it may and then taken out and Boil'd and included again in Receivers may be carried to Sea without Salting it which may be of no small use in helping to preserve Beef Fresh in long Voyages See EXP. XII EXPERIMENT XXI Jan. 30. 79. Raw Flesh with Pepper and Cloves RAw Flesh was included with Pepper and Cloves in one Receiver and in another by it self Feb. 11. In the First the Mercury was 3 Digits high In the Second almost 1 ½ Feb. 12. In the First 4 ½ In the Second 1 ½ Feb. 13. In the First 6 ✚ In the Second 3. The Flesh of the First being boiled was Tender and Pleasant Feb. 14. In the Second 5 19 In the Second 6 20 In the Second 11. The Flesh being Boil'd was Tender and good tho' it was kept in B. Mariae but 5 hours Some of it before it was boil'd was put into a Receiver free from Air. Feb. 28. The Ascent of the Mercury was small March 20. The Mercury was 16 Digits high The Flesh being taken out Tasted Pleasant but was inclining to corruption EXPERIMENT XXII Feb. 10. RAw Beef Seasoned with Pepper and Cloves was put into one Receiver In another it was enclosed with Salt In a Third alone Feb. 19. In the 1st and 3d. the Mercury ascended In the 2d it did not Feb. 21. In the 1st it was 4 ½ In the 3d. 10 In the 2d 0. 25 In the 1st it was 6 In the 3d. 19 In the 2d ½ 26. No Ascent The Third being opened and the Flesh Boil'd it tasted well In the former Experiment Spices seem'd to hinder but here they promote the Generation of the Air So that I am inclined to think that the difference in these two Experiments depends on this Viz. that in the former the Ingredients were shut up so close that there was no Room for Air to be Generated in March 9. The Mercury in the 1st was 8 Digits In the 2d None 12. In the 1st it was 12 In the 2d 1. April 3. In the 1st it was 11 In the 2d 1. April 3. In the 1st it was 11 In the 2d 1. The Receiver being open'd and the Flesh boil'd it was sweet and tender From this Experiment we may infer that Salt hinders the Generation of Air. Less air was generated in the second Receiver because it was more exactly fill'd To preserve Flesh without Salt the Air must be kept out and likewise there must be a great compression in the Receiver Of what use these
Concretes out of lixiviate Solvents such as crude Antimony And tho' common Sulphur yields a white Precipitate call'd Lac Sulphuris yet I concluded that Antimony would yield a yellow one as well by being made by Oyl of Vitriol as Length of time Wherefore I put a fresh Solution of Antimony into one Glass and some of the Orange colour'd Mixture into another where by dropping Oyl of Vitriol into the latter it would become transparent whereas the same Oyl would turn the other clear Solution into a deep Yellow But in this Experiment we are to observe that the Solution of Antimony must be fresh otherwise in Winter it will scarce succeed Reflections on the XL Experiment compar'd with the X and XX. Tho' the X and XX Experiments shew how Acids may be distinguish'd from Urinous and Alkalizate Salts yet thence we cannot distinguish Urinous Salts from Alkalous But by the Preceding Experiment I was enabled to distinguish Lixiviates by their precipitating an Orange Tawny from a Solution of Sublimate in Water whereas Urinous Salts would make it either White or Milky So that by this Experiment I could discover that Sal Armoniack drawn from an Alkaly is but a Urinous Salt more refin'd the Alkaly separating and retaining the Sea-Salt mix'd with it for it would not only turn Syrup of Violets green and Verdigrease Azure but would precipitate a White Substance from a Solution of Sublimate And from hence we may not only learn to conclude Affirmatively but Negatively of the Nature of Salts since Spirit of Wine and Essential Oyls have either no Salt in them or it is of a peculiar kind since they will neither turn Syrup of Violets Red nor Green nor a Solution of Sublimate White or Yellow I found that Spirit of Oak tho' it be a Chymical Principle yet it would turn Syrup of Violets Purple and destroy the Blewness of a Tincture of Lignum Nephritium as Acids do and would corrode Coral like Spirit of Vinegar but when the Acid Part of this Spirit was separated from the other it would have no more Effect upon any of those Liquors as Spirit of Wine or Essential Oyls And by this Method we may discover the Nature of most Salts produced either by Art or Nature And by the same Method here laid down I have observ'd several Liquors which tho' run per Deliquium would have no other Effect than Spirit of Wine And I know how to make a strong saline Body which will neither Work upon Syrup of Violets or a Solution of Sublimate And now to what I have said it may be seasonable to add that the Effects of Salts upon a Solution of Sublimate depend on the peculiar Texture not only of the Solution but of the Bodies by which it is precipitated for a Solution of Gold in Aqua Regia will yield a yellow Precipitate whether Oyl of Tartar Spirit of Urine or Sal Armoniack be added to it yet Oyl of Vitriol which precipitates a Solution of Silver in Aqua Fortis will have no such Effect And the Crystals of Silver dissolv'd will yield a White Precipitate whether an Alkaly or an Acid. was dropp'd into the Solution yet Sal Armoniack would not produce the like Effect So that the Superfluous Moisture being evaporated the metalline Corpuseles with the saline ones that had imbib'd them coagulated into Salt as such Solutions usually do when the Metal hath been precipitated EXPERIMENT XLI AN Azure Solution of Copper in Spirit of Urine being shaken with Oyl of Vitriol would become clear as Water And tho' Aqua Fortis usually extracts a Blew greenish Solution from French Verdigrease yet being dropped into a Solution of it in Water it almost render'd it Colourless but upon an Affusion of Oyl of Tartar or Spirit of Urine it will disclose a Colour somewhat different from the Solution of Verdigrease it self EXPERIMENT XLII THE dry'd Calx remaining after an Evaporation of a Solution of Quicksilver in Aq. Fortis gave a yellow Tincture but Quicksilver being put into a Retort with four times it's Weight of Oyl of Vitriol and the saline Menstruum being drawn off in a Sand-heat till a dry Calx remain'd in the Bottom tho' this Calx was of a White Colour it would pass through a Milky Colour to a Yellow upon an Affusion of Water And Beguinus Tyr. Chym. Lib. 2. cap. 13. Prepares Turbith Mineral which he calls Mercurius praecipitatus Optimus by digesting and then two or three times Cohobating one Part of Quicksilver with two of Oyl of Sulphur and by frequent Ablutions in hot distill'd Water c. But tho' this Yellow of ours be a much finer than any in the Painters Shops yet it is too dear for ordinary use were we certain it would agree with oyl'd Colours From whence it appears that a Menstruum which is devoid of Colour may produce a Colour being mix'd with a White Calx EXPERIMENT XLIII TO shew that a Colour may be produc'd by a Liquor that hath neither Colour nor saline Parts we pour'd Water on a gray Calx of Vitriol and tho' at the first the Mixture was of a muddy Colour yet being shut up in a Viol for some days the Calx being partly dissolv'd and shot into Vitriol gave the Water a vitriolate Colour and so it did to fresh Water pour'd on the Calx when the tinged Liquor was decanted EXPERIMENT XLIV BY dropping a few Drops of a Tincture of Cochinele or Brazil into Water it will acquire a Pink Colour from which by successive Additions it will pass from that to a fine Red and from that to a Crimson and after that to an Opace Red and several intermediate Colours may be perceiv'd in it's Passage from one Colour to another But these variations will be more conspicuous if we make use of cylindrical Pipes instead of Viols And I have observ'd that a Tincture of Brazil being put into a Viol that in the Body of it appear'd Blew but that in the Neck which the Rays of Light trajected more plentifully appeared green and I had a Piece of Glass which being held betwixt the Eye and the Light seem'd clear and when the Eye was placed betwixt it and the Light it appear'd slightly discolour'd yet being apply'd to the Glass it was knock'd off it appear'd as green as Grass And I have had Bottles which tho' they were made of the same Materials with the Stopples were nevertheless different in Colour And I have a flat Glass which obverted to the Eye flat appears like ordinary Window Glass but if the Edge of it be obverled to my Eye in a convenient Posture it will appear like an Emerald And I have had a certain Pigment which if it lay thick upon a Piece of Paper would appear to be of a Crimson but being spread thin on the Paper it would seem green And I have likewise observ'd that that blew Substance call'd Litmase being dissolv'd in Water gave it a Tincture betwixt Crimson and Purple yet it stain'd Paper Blew
Water severed from it by Ice nine or ten Foot thick Besides I think it altogether inconceivable how Wind by taking upon the outside of a Glass should cause the Water within to freeze since the freezing of Water is an action much different from the putting of the Glass into a trembling motion besides we see that Water will not be froze by the blowing of a strong Wind against the outside of a Glass tho' it will when enclosed in Liquors where no Wind can come at it and those two which are not subject to freeze themselves And whereas Mr. Hobbes gives it as a Reason why some Wells freeze not because the Wind hath not liberty to blow strong enough upon the Water I shall add that those Wells that are subject to be froze when Northerly or Easterly Winds blow will freeze tho' covered over and sufficiently guarded from the Winds and in Cold Winters whether the Wind blows or not And Whereas Mr. Hobbes tells us that the lightness of Ice above Water proceeds from the bubbles received into it whilst it is freezing the Contrary is evident since Water froze in a seal'd Glass will be plentifully stocked with bubbles as well as that which is frozen in the free Air. Postscript To conclude this History of Cold I shall instead of some other Experiments designed for this Treatise subjoyn an Experiment elsewhere mention'd in the History of whiteness and blackness viz. Take a piece of Cork and having burnt it till it be reduced to a black Coal and then having slacked it in fair Water it will by being mixed with Gum-water form a black Ink which you may write what you please with which writing if it be interlined with a colourless Solution of Minium in Spirit of Vinegar upon wetting the Paper with a spunge dipped in a fluid Liquor prepared by mixing three Parts of Quick-lime and one of yellow orpiment and digesting them two or three hours in sixteen Parts of Water the invisible Solution of Minium will exhibit black Letters and the other black ones will disappear but whilst this fetid Liquor is preparing it must be well shaken several times that the Quick-lime and the powdered orpiment may the better impregnate it and then the decanted and filtred Liquor must be kept for use But besides this there are several other ways of making Ink which I could be glad to learn And I my self have tryed that Words might be writ with a Solution of Minium which I could render legible by the help of the fire CHAP. VIII An account of Freezing made in December and January 1662. By Dr. Merret Several Experiments about freezing THE following Experiments were made in Weather which was very frosty continuing six weeks yet not without some alternate Relaxations in Stone-Windows exposed to the North and North-East-Winds The Vessels in which they were tryed were Glass-Canes of several Bores Earthen and Pewter Vessels c. Cold Water exposed to the Air in open Pans was froze in an hour boiling Water in two boiling and Cold Water mix'd in ½ the Cold Water beginning to freeze at the top and and sides but the other at the bottom and when the Water was Cold at the top The same succeeded with Water thrown upon a Table the Cold Water being first froze A four ounce Vial with a Stem a Foot long and half filled being exhausted of Air in Vacuo Boyliano was almost froze as soon as Water exposed in an open Pan and appear'd white seeming to consist purely of bubbles Water in which Arsnick was eight Months infused congealed into a white Ice sooner than Water and so did Solutions of all sorts of Vitriols and sooner than Solutions of other Salts except Allum which froze into an Ice whiter than Milk and stuck so fast to the Pan that I could scarce separate it Sandever presently freezeth but Eris sooner and Kelp in less time than that all of them forming white lumps of Ice Sal-Armoniack frequently froze before the rest of them but once after them Two drams of common Salt dissolved in four ounces of Water was in hard frost congealed into a white Ice in about thirty hours Stinking Sea-Water full of Salt being exposed in a Beer-Glass was covered with a film of Ice as thick as ½ a Crown in twenty six hours when froze it tasted Salt and smelled stinking but when thawed it had lost the fetor In four days more the whole was froze but that in the bottom tasted sharper than the rest The same Water in broad Pans was quite froze through in thirty six hours and sooner in a Mixture of Snow and Salt neither a strong Solution of Salt-Petre no◠Bay-Salt nor Sal-Armoniack were froze in six days But a Solution of Salt of Tartar froze in a little more time than Water and being exposed in a Tube it began to freeze at the bottom top and sides all once whereas other Liquors freeze uniformly either at the top or bottom first Salt-Petre in a Cold season was in twenty eight hours froze into a white Ice which was mistaken for Sal-Prunel and sparkled in the fire as that Salt usually does A lixivium of it made with Copperas or Allum singly or mixed set in Snow and Salt or Snow alone was frozen in one Night Sal-Gem tho' Snow and Salt were mixed with it and tho' it were set in Snow and Salt would not be brought to freeze But Phlegm of Vitriol froze sooner than the Solutions before mention'd Oyl of Vitriol is coagulated sooner than any of the afore mention'd Liquors except Water a large Tube being filled ¼ with it and being froze tasted of a strong Vitriolate taste the coagulated Part was of a paler colour than the other and both being poured together in a Bottle it became too hot to hold in one's hands this coagulated Part remain'd unthaw'd a week after the rest of the Liquors and another Tube of the same Oyl being wholly froze it subsided ½ an Inch below its station to which it rose again upon a thaw but the other Liquors rose upon congelation A flask of small Beer froze in thirty eight hours but three Parts of Ale continued unfroze after six days hard Frost but at four a Clock in the morning the unfroze Liquor tasted much stronger and brisker than before it was froze the Ice was less firm and fuller of bubbles than common Ice and being thawed was very pale and of a quick Aleish taste A Beer-Glass of Hull-Ale being exposed to the Cold in a Glass in twenty four hours was crusted over with Ice as thick as half a Crown and that being taken off it yielded another and so successively till the whole was froze these Laminae were all of the same colour and taste but the lowest was the most tender This Ale would not freeze so soon as that which I exposed before Hull-Ale hath a brackish taste Claret exposed in a spoon in thirty five hours was turned into a soft Ice which had the Genuine
Water turned Syrup of Violets green and fermented with Acids 4. Some of this Liquor being contained in a Vial and convey'd into our Pneumatick Engin tho' the Air could not be so far exhausted but that there was a sufficient quantity left behind to kindle the Flame yet the Commotion occasion'd by Pumping would be as if it were ventilated or blown up and made to shine more vividly And a piece of Paper moisten'd with this Liquor being convey'd into a Receiver tho' by the Commotion of the Receiver the Flame seemed to be still increased yet in those Parts betwixt the Folds it appeared to be much less than in the open Air and tho' when moist Air was let in again the Flame was extinguish'd yet upon a removal of the Receiver when the Paper was exposed to the open Air it renewed its Flame 5. Some of this Liquor being at the first filtred the Substance remaining in the Filtre being enclosed with it in a wide-mouthed Glass it became luminous when exposed to the Air. And another piece of Paper being shut up in another Glass when it was spread open in a dark Place several Flashes sprang out incessantly and successively first in one place then in another and were not only various in their Figures but had frequent Emications and Tremblings 6. Some of this luciferous Matter being dissolv'd in an aqueous Liquor which was transparent when it was setled tho' a moderate Agitation would not produce Light in it yet being set in a Sand-heat in a Bolt-head 'till the Ball was too hot to be touched with ones hand I caused it to be removed into a dark place and found that it had acquir'd a manifest Luminousness and the Liquor being variously agitated and broke several Flakes of Light ascended to the top of the Stem and when the Liquor was agitated 'till it was spread over the inside of the Ball and part of the Stem it was adorned with luciferous parts of Matter which twinkled like so many Stars and descended in Lines some of which were very oblique and pleasant 7. Once I observ'd that when the Liquor contain'd in a Bolt-Glass was not very hot having given it a rude shake a Spark rose on one side and spread all over the Cavity of the Ball. And to what hath been observ'd I shall add that some of this Liquor was having been hermetically sealed up it retain'd its luciferous Qualities a long time 8. The way to make the Phosphorus Balduini is the following viz. Having dissolved fine white Chalk in Spirit of Nitre or clean Aqua fortis it must be filtred through Cap-paper and the clear Solution is to be evaporated 'till there remains a dry substance which being spread over the inside of a round Vessel which will endure the Fire you are to give it a peculiar degree of Heat and which commonly requires a convenient shaped Vessel whereby the Flame or Heat may be reverberated 'till the Matter hath acquired a disposition to retain Light and then the Vessel must be covered with a Glass or fine Crystal Cover to keep it from the outward Air. 10. The Process which we took to make our Aery Noctiluca was the following We took a considerable quantity of putrified Urine which was distill'd 'till all the spirituous Parts were drawn off after which the superfluous moisture was also abstracted 'till the remaining Substance was brought to the Consistence of a thick Syrup which being well incorporated with three times its Weight of white Sand the Mixture was put into a strong Retort to which a large Receiver was joined in a good measure filled with Water Then the two Vessels being carefully luted together and a naked Fire being gradually administred for five or six Hours that the Phlegmatick or Volatil Parts might come over first When this was done the Fire was increased and at the length for five or six Hours made as strong and intense as the Furnace was capable of giving by which means good store of white Fumes came over almost like those that appear in the Distillation of Oyl of Vitriol which when they are past and the Receiver grew clear they were after a while succeeded by another sort which seemed in the Receiver to give a faint blueish Light almost like that of little burning Matches dipt in Sulphur And last of all the Fire being very vehement a more ponderous Substance passed over which fell to the bottom of the Water which being taken out appeared to be luciferous But whether the shining Faculty depends on the volatil and spirituous Parts of this Animal Liquor or of the fixed Salt and ponderous faetid Oyl I shall not determine 'till further satisfy'd by Observations An Appendix to the Aeerial Noctiluca 1. Some luciferous Matter that had a long time lost its shining Faculty being heated by the Fire presently shone vividly enough and continu'd to do so whilst it was sufficiently warm but in a few Weeks it likewise lost this Disposition of Heating And tho' some consistent Matter had lost its Power of shining yet the Superficies being taken off the Matter that lay under it rubbed upon my Hand would presently become luminous 2. Tho' this luminous Matter be not feculent yet it usually leaves some of its gummy Parts sticking to the sides of the Vial which may be discover'd by heating the Vial or if it be broke in pieces and agitated in another Vessel for by that means the Parts being rubbed one against another and variously placed with their sides upwards and downwards they would every way diffuse a clear Light 3. A twelfth part of a Vial being filled with a liquid Phosphorus of another kind so that a greater quantity of Air might be contained in it it continu'd to shine without unstopping the Vial. And I sometimes observ'd several Exhalations like Clouds or Aggregates of Smoak to roll to and fro in the Cavity of the Vessel and would grow much more lucid upon shaking the Vial. 4. When it had lost its Light for some time it filled the Cavity of the Vial when unstopped with Fumes which like those of the other Noctiluca's appeared white in the Light and luminous in the Dark A Bolt-head half full of this luminous Matter being sealed up hermetically it continued luminous six Days and Nights and when a great part of the Liquor was poured off the remaining Sediment being spread about the sides of the Glass by inverting it they appeared like so many bright twinkling Stars in a clear Night CHAP. XXV New Phenomena exhibited by an Icy Noctiluca or a solid self-shining Substance and first some Qualities of the Noctiluca it self Some Qualities of the Noctiluca HAving by a method not unlike that taken to produce the Aerial Noctiluca obtain'd the following Qualities in it and first It came over in Distillation in little Grains of different Shapes and Sizes and most commonly irregular being void of Colour and when held against the Light transparent and the greater Pieces looked so like Ice
the Root are impelled into it and thence conveighed into the other Parts of the Tree being conveighed in the form of Sap which passing through new strainers receives alterations requisite to turn it into Wood Bark Leaves Fruit c. And in young thriving Animals it cannot be imagined how the nourishment should be conveighed to all the Parts without supposing them furnished with Pores for its reception and passage Another Argument of the Porosity of Animal Bodies may be brought from the plenty of Humours carried off by sweat and insensible Transpiration And by the help of good Microscopes we may discern Pores in the skins of Animals and especially in the inward sides of Gloves which are nothing but skins dressed and they are further evident since Quick-silver readily passes through the Pores of Sheeps skins and leaves the dross behind in the Leather and the like I have tryed with the skin of a Man's Arm tanned which Pores according to Steno and Malpighius are the Excretory Vessels of the Glandulae Miliares contained in the skin And that the skins and shells of Eggs are not void of Pores appears since the moisture contained is so far dissipated through them as to diminish their weight And Sanctorius in his Medicina Statica tells us that if the Meat and Drink taken one day amounts to eight Pound five Pound will be carried off by insensible Transpiration And he elsewhere says that in the space of twenty four hours â—n the Winter time a healthful Body may exhale fifty ounces or more a great part of which is carried off through the Pores of the Membranes of the Aspera Arteria And if ones finger in hot Weather be held to the Surface of any cold Body it will presently be sullyed over with the steams that issue out of the Pores of the skin And their Porosity is further confirmed by observing how soon those black and blue spots in the skin occasioned by bruises are removed for which use Helmont employs white Bryony root and I have seen a Poultess of chopped Hyssop and fresh Butter remove the Pain and black colour of a contusion in a little time And not only the Skins but the Membranes of Bodies are stocked with Pores since the Bladder of a dead Animal appears to be full of them for if Salt of Tartar be put into a Bladder and it be then immersed in Water enough of it will penetrate the Bladder to dissolve the Salt and render it Liquid and the like succeeded but much more slowly when the Experiment was tryed with Sugar and some say that Syrups made this way instead of using ordinary Water are much more preferable And as a further instance of the Porosity of the shells of Eggs I shall add that one having been immersed in very sharp Vinegar tho' the shell was part of it consumed yet being taken out and wiped it was considerably swelled and heavier than before the Menstruum being imbibed and insinuated into the Pores of it And I am not only told that the Chineses had a way of salting Eggs but I found by coating one over with Clay after it had lain some time in Brine the substance contained tasted evidently Salt And I know a Physician who was affected with a giddiness upon the use of Clysters of Sack and another told me that having applyed Tobacco to the sore Leg of one of his Patients it caused her Stomach to turn or actual Vomiting and another told me that he used to Vomit himself by applying Decoctions of Tobacco to his wrists or other extream Parts and it is a common custom to Purge Children by the Application of external things and it hath been observed that Bathing the sore Heads of Children with a Decoction of Tobacco hath caused a giddiness And a Virtuoso told me that having taken another by the Hand which was gently besmeared with Oyl it gave him three or four stools presently And to what hath been delivered of the Porosity of Membranes I shall add the aptness of Lute-strings to imbibe into their Pores moist Particles and also the Metastasis or Translations of Morbifick matter in diseased Bodies as the matter which causes a Feaver being discharged upon the Brain causes a Delirium and other Distempers as it is discharged upon the Pleura the Membranes of the Chest the Throat or Guts Another Argument of the Porousness of Animal Bodies may be drawn from their aptness to imbibe Effluvia from without as when Cantharides externally applyed affect the Bladder to which instance may be added the effects of Plasters and Oyntments and Pericarpia for I have often cured Agues with a Mixture of â—â—â—ians Hops and Bay-Salt and it is vulgarly known that Mercury externally used in Oyntments will salivate To which may be added the effects of Periapta and Appensa of Blood-stones in stopping of Hemorragies and of another kind of Stone made use of by the Indians in Obstructione Menstruum And I have found my self that the Moss of a dead Man's skull would stop an Hemorrhage as soon as warmed by the contiguous skin And Zwelfer tells us of one who preserved several from the Plague by using Helmonts Troches of Toads in Amulets and several of these Troches being put upon the Plague sores of the infected they were afterwards cured by the use of vulgar Remedies And to these I shall add that having drawn a Spirit from a Mixture of flowers of Brimstone powdered Sal-Armoniack and good Quick-lime in equal quantities by degrees of fire in a Retort till the sand be red hot if a piece of Copper be foulded up in Sheeps Leather and held over the Vial it is contained in the Metal will be tinged with the rising fumes without discolouring the Leather and the same will succeed only more slowly through a double fold of Leather And all the alteration the Leather received from these pervading fumes was that they gave it a sulphureous smell And this Experiment may favour the accounts we have of the Effects of Lightning which hath been observed to discolour the money in Men's Pockets without burning them and the same effect hath been taken notice of by some who have ascended a burning Mountain in America And it is observed that Lambs Leather hung up in the Air acquires a moisture which adds considerably to its weight And to these instances may be added the effects of Cantharides upon some that only carried them in their Pockets the Effluviums of them having caused them to piss Bloody Urine And as a further Confirmation of the Porousness of Bodies I shall subjoyn that the Permeating Liquor above mentioned had the like effect upon Copper through the tough skin of an Egg and likewise through a wet Sheeps Bladder and to confirm what I have said of the Porousness of Animal Bodies I shall add that a Gentleman who had a long time a Perforation in his Thorax and was wont to inject medicated Liquor often to cherish the Parts and likewise to wear a silken Bagg
Titles for the Natural History of Blood I. Of the Colours of Human Blood Arterial and Venal II. Of the Taste of Human Blood III. Of the Odours of Human Blood IV. Of the Heat of freshly emitted Human Blood which is observed to be much violenter after it hath run a while than when it first began The Blood that came out of the Veins of a young Gentlewoman falling upon the Ball of a Thermoscope caused the Liquor to ascend above an Inch nearer the smaller and upper Ball of the Glass And in another Tryal it was raised almost as high as to the Ball of an ordinary Thermoscope but being held in the Blood of a healthful and lusty Man the Heat raised the tinged Liquor a good way into the upper Ball which was higher than the Heat of the Air in the Dog-days usually does and the Blood of a healthful Man continued its Heat so lo long that it raised the tinged Liquor three or four Fingers breadth when it was coagulated V. Of the inflamability and some other Qualities of Human Blood A piece of Human Blood being dryed 'till it was fit to be powdered and then held in the flame of a Candle it took Fire and afforded a flame not much unlike that which caused it burning with a Crackling noise and here and there melting and if it was laid upon live Coals and now and then blown it would yield a very yellow Flame and during its Deflagration would seem to fry upon the Coals and in a great measure to melt into a Black Substance almost like Pitch And some of the Powder of Blood being cast into the flame of a Candle they took Fire in their passage and flashed not without some noise as if they had been Rosin VI. Of the Aerial Parts naturally mixed with Human Blood and also found in its distinct Parts VII Of the Specifick Gravity of Human Blood entire It may be different in several Persons according to their Sex Age Constitution c. as also in the same Person according to the time of the Year the Day or as it is taken out at a less or greater distance from a Meal But to make an Estimate of its Specifick Gravity we took the Blood of a sound Man and put it into an oblong Glass and when it was setled we marked with a Diamond that part of the Glass to which the Liquor wrought and then weighing the Glass and the Blood contained in a very Tender Ballance we poured out the Blood and having washed the Vessel we filled it up to the same Mark and then weighed it in the same Ballance and then weighing the Glass and deducting that from the weight of the Glass and the two Liquors the Water weighed nine Ounces six Drams and fifty Grains And the Blood equal to it in Bulk weighed ten Ounces two Drams and four Grains so that the Blood being three Drams and fourteen Grains heavier it was about â— 2â— part heavier than Water VIII Of the Specifick Gravity of the Fibrous and Red part and of the serous part of the Blood IX Of the Consistence of entire Human Blood X. Of the Disposition of Human Blood to Concretion and the time wherein it was performed XI Of the Liquors and Salts that coagulate Human Blood Clotted Blood being kept some Hours in Spirit of Wine which is a Menstruum fit to dissolve some Bodies it was taken out as hard as if it had been dryed by the Fire XII Of the Liquors and Salts that obstruct or dissolve its Coagulation XIII Of the Liquors c. that preserve Human Blood XIV Of the Mixture that Human Blood may receive from Aliments XV. Of the spontaneous or Natural Analysis of Human Blood into a serous and a fibrous Part. XVI Of the respective Quantities of the serous and fibrous part of Human Blood XVII Of the differences betwixt the serous and the Red part of Human Blood XVIII Of the Artificial or Chymical Analysis of Human Blood and first of its Spirit XIX Of the Volatil Salt of Human Blood and of its Figures This Salt is so fusible that one part of it may be brought to boil whilst the other flies way and this Observation will hold in most Volatil Salts And tho' this Salt when sublimed looks white and Clean and a very homogeneous substance yet I am apt to think that it is made up of Parts of Matter of sizes and shapes different enough for having weighed some Grains of re-sublimed Salt of Human Blood that seemed pure its smell was very strong and diffusive so that one would have expected it to fly away in a little time but we observed that it was very little diminished in seven or eight days time yet what remained had lost its Odour but retained a saline Taste and being put upon a Solution of Sublimate in common Water turned it White so that its diffusive and penetrant Humour seemed to depend on some more volatil Parts of the Blood But it may be a Question to be solv'd by further Experience whether the fixedness of this Salt may not proceed from the Coalition of an Acid Salt in the Air. A Dram of Volatile Salt of Human Blood sublimed in a Lamp-furnace was put into common Water and when a Thermoscope was brought to its right temper being immersed in this mixture the tinged Spirit of Wine manifestly subsided about 2 10 parts of an Inch tho' a considerable part of the Salt lay undissolved in the bottom of the Water And when the Liquor would descend no further we added to the Solution strong Spirit of Nitre 'till it would no longer make a manifest Conflict with the Salt and then we observed that whilst the Conflict lasted the Spirit of Wine rose above three Inches and a half higher than the station it stood at before The figure of this Salt may be either considered in reference to single Grains or an Aggregate of them when they are raised and sublimed to the top of the Glass the latter of which may be best observed when they fasten themselves to the inside of the Glass that is set to receive them for in the begining of the Operation one may observe the little saline Concretions to lye in rows sometimes straight enough and sometimes more or less crooked with different Coherings and Interferings so that they sometimes represent either Trees or their Branches or Harts-horn c. which are casual figurations depending on several accidental causes and circumstances as the degree of fire made use of to sublime the Salt the quantity of the ascending matter in reference to the Capacity of the Vessel that receives it And the like diversity of Configurations I have observed amongst the Salts of other Volatile Salts as well as those of Human Blood And as for the single grains of the Salt of Human Blood I discovered a good many of them to be finely shaped but whether they were accidental or not experience must determine But these figures were
only observed in the sublimate of the first Distillation for those obtained by rectifying the Salt and distilling it again were of a considerable bigness and solidity tho' differently shaped some of them being Cubes others Parallelopipeds others Octoedrons being almost like grains of Allom but most of them prettily shaped being comprehended by Planes smooth finely figured and aptly terminating in solid Angles as if the concretions had been cut and polished Another way I took to discover the figures of the Salts of the Blood was to rectifie the Spirit so that it may be fully satiated with the Salt whilst the Liquor continues warm for when it is refrigerated a number of saline Concretions of different sizes several of which shoot into very smooth Crystalline Plates prettily figured having their broad and parallel Surfaces of an Hexagonal or an Octogonal figure regular enough A drachm of dry Volatile Salt of Blood being dissolved in some distilled Water we dropped into it good Spirit of Nitre till the two Liquors would no longer manifestly act one upon another and when the conflict ceased we slowly evaporated the superfiuous moisture which steamed almost all away before the saline part would coagulate At length it became dry and the middlemost part appeared in the form of thin Crystals not unlike those of Salt Petre but the rest which was by much the greatest part of the Concretion seemed to be a confused mass without any distinct figure and this mass weighed but twelve grains above a drachm so that Volatile Salt of Blood may be satiated with a fifth part of its weight of the saline Parts of Spirit of Nitre This Salt exposed to the open Air in a window was very apt to run per Deliquium and a little of it being put upon a live Coal it melted and seemed to boil and towards the end made a noise and afforded a flame yellower than that of common Nitre XX. Of the Phlegm of distilled Human Blood XXI Of the two Oyls of Human Blood By distillation in a Retort it affords an Empyreumatical and a very fetid Oyl whose colour is almost black which seems to be occasioned by the increase and opacous redness of the Liquor since some of it being spread thin upon Glass and held against the light appeared yellow or of a reddish colour as they lay thicker or thiner upon it but when it was well dryed before committed to Distillation it yielded a greater quantity of Oyl so that once out of a Pound of not over-dryed Blood we obtained an ounce and a half of Oyl and from another we had a much greater quantity of Oyl And having once prepared Blood by a convenient Digestion and rectified very carefully the distilled Liquor that came over with the flame of a Lamp I obtained amongst other things two Oyls of very different colours the one being of a pale Amber or yellow colour and the other of a deep red and tho' these Oyls were both of them afforded by the same Blood and were clear and pure enough yet they would swim in distinct Masses one over another and if mixed by shaking would again separate like Oyl and Water Whether the difference in specifick Gravity betwixt these two Oyls kept them from mixing permanently as well as it kept them distinct before they were mixed or whether the seeming incongruity proceeded from the Texture of these Liquors I shall not now stay to dispute To shew that the Oyl of Human Blood contains several saline Particles capable of being separated from it we put a parcel of unrectified Oyl to a convenient quantity of distilled Water and having mixed them sufficiently by agitation so that the Water might rob the Oyl of its separate saline Particles the event was that after the Liquors were well setled the Water was found to be impregnated with saline Particles that it obtained by dissilution from the Oyl so that it acquired a moderatly brisk taste and would readily turn Syrup of Violets green and precipitate a white Powder out of a solution of Sublimate but whether the like will succeed with other Empyreumatical Oyls or not drawn from Bodies belonging to the Animal Kingdom I shall leave others to determine Having put some unrectified Oyl of Human Blood into a concave piece of Glass and then dropped as much Oyl of Vitriol into it as might amount to a third or fourth part of the fetid Oyl we stirred them together with a slender piece of solid Glass upon which the Mixture emitted store of whitish fumes or Smoak and acquired a considerable degree of Heat so that tho' it amounted to not much more than a spoonful yet I was not able to hold my finger under that Part of the Glass that contained the Liquor Having taken some Empyreumatical Oyl of Human Blood unrectified tho' it was dark and gross and muddy yet it would easily in the cold dissolve in rectified Urinous Spirits to which it gave a reddish colour deep enough XXII Of the fixed Salt of Human Blood To obtain but one ounce of it there is requisite to employ a considerable quantity of Blood and duly prepared by a very obstinate fire for the Caput Mortuum being kept three or four hours in the fire it will yield no fixed Salt at all But having by an obstinate Calcination obtained three or four drachms of this Salt I found that it was of the Nature of common or Sea-salt tho' a little different for it tasted like it and a strong solution did not readily turn Syrup of Violets green nor precipitate a Brick colour or brownish yellow no more than a white Powder out of a solution of Sublimate nor did the Spirit of Salt dissolve it as an Alkaly And having put a little Oyl of Vitriol upon our dryed Salt it immediatly as it several times did upon common Salt corroded it with great violence and with much foam and Smoak We also dropped a little of it dissolved in Water upon a solution of Silver made in Aqua Fortis upon which a white Powder was immediatly precipitated And having put some Leaf-Gold upon Aqua Fortis which would not work upon it whilst it was swimming there without being so much as discoloured I put a little of our powdered Salt into it which being thereby turned into a kind of Liquor did without the assistance of Heat presently dissolve it XXIII Of the Terra Damnata of Human Blood From twenty four ounces of dryed Blood we got after two days Calcination but two drachms and nine grains of Earth which probably was not pure Earth since it had a red colour like that of Colchotar of Vitriol XXIV Of the Proportion of the differing Substances Chymically obtain'd from Human Blood they are scarce to be determin'd not only because of the sometimes great disparity as to proportion that may be met with of the fibrous part to the Serum in the Blood of several Persons but of the same according to different Circumstances and also because it is hard to