this kind that came to my knowledge I shall add only by and by the Product of a more recent Tryal 2. As far as I have hitherto observ'd those Ferruginous Waters that are not heavier than common Water and in most Drinkers prove but diuretick afford but very little Caput Mortuum or dry Substance upon the total Evaporation of the Liquor whereas Mineral Waters that are purging and manifestly more ponderous in Specie than common Water leave upon Evaporation a considerable quantity of residence thô some far less than others 3. At once to explain and partly prove what I have been saying I shall here recite that from a pound of Barnet VVater which is known to be purgative slowly evaporated we obtain'd a Dram of VVhite Powder But from the like quantity of Tunbridge VVater we obtain'd but about one grain of Caput Mortuum And if I misremember not we had but about a grain and a half from 25. Ounces of the German Spaw Water 4. It may seem scarce credible to many that so small a quantity of matter of which perhaps not one half is Saline or Metalline the rest being teresstrial should impart a manifest vertue to so great a proportion of VVater But this difficulty did not much trouble me who have purposely made divers Experiments to discover how small a proportion of Mineral matter may suffice when dissolv'd to impregnate common VVater I remember I took one grain of Iron stone casually found near the Springs at Islington from which Mineral 't is probable those VVaters derive their vertue this being open'd by the fire and dissolv'd as far as it would be in a little Spirit of Salt we let fall a drop or two of the yellowish solution into a great proportion of Infusion of Galls to which it presently gave a deeper colour than Tunbridge Water or even the German Spaw VVater was wont to give here at London with the Powder of Galls So that we guess'd that if we had then had at hand a competent quantity of the infusion the remaining part of the Martial Solution would have been able to colour ten times a greater quantity of the Infusion than our Tryal was made upon This will be easily believ'd by him that shall consider an Experiment we afterwards made to the same purpose which was this VVe dissolv'd a half grain of a good Marcasite taken up not far from London in a small quantity of Spirit of Niter which for a certain Reason I made choice of thô other Acid Menstruums as Aqua-fortis and Spirit of Salt would have dissolved the Mineral This small solution we put into a pound of pretty high Tincture of Galls made by infusing them in common Water and finding as we expected that this mixture grew very dark we fill'd a Vial with it and emptying that Vial into a larger Glass we fill'd the same Vial three times with common Water to dilute it notwithstanding which this new mixture being put into one of our usual Glasses appeared of a colour much deeper than that which the Water of Tunbridge or the German Spaw had formerly given with the Powder of Galls So that probably if another Vial of common Water had been added it would yet have afforded a purple colour if not a deeper so that one part of dissolv'd Marcasite communicated a Tincture to 61440 sixty one thousand four hundred and forty parts of Infusion of Galls And that which makes this Experiment more considerable is that this small quantity of Marcasite was not it self all Martial or Metalline For from our English Marcasites as well as others I have obtain'd a pretty quantity of Sulphur like common Sulphur besides that they afford a not despicable quantity of Terrestrial Substance about whose nature I have not yet satisfy'd my self 5. I shall now add this reflexion that since the Marcasite impregnated so much Water with its corporeal Parts if I may so call them obtain'd by bare dissolution it seems highly probable that the same quantity of Liquor may be impregnated by a far less quantity of Mineral matter attenuated into a kind of Spirituous slate by being rais'd in the form of Fumes or exhalations and that imperfect or embryonated Iron may be so will scarce be deny'd by them that consider the way that I have in another Paper deliver'd to make Iron manifestly emit copious Fumes without the help of external Fire And if it be with some such Spirituous and volatile Exhalations that a Mineral Water as that of Tunbridge or of Islington is impregnated 't is not hard to conceive that they may easily lose their chief vertue by the avolation of most or many of their fugitive Parts upon their being remov'd to a distance from the Spring head And to make it probable that vitriolate Corpuscles may be made to ascend without losing their nature I shall here mention an Experiment that I devis'd to give some light in this matter I had often found by Tryal that a Spirit richly impregnated with volatiliz'd Sulphur would with vitriol whether in the form of a powder or a solution produce in a trice a very dark or blackish colour And guessing that in Mercury turn'd by the addition of Salt and Vitriol into corrosive sublimate many of the Vitriolate Corpuscles might ascend with the Mercurial ones I took such a Volatile Sulphureous Tincture as I have been mentioning which for this purpose ought to be deep and having dropt it upon good Sublimate I found it turn presently of a very opacous colour To show also that to make a great dilatation or dispersion of the Martial Corpuscles of an Ore or Mineral there needs no Spirit of Salt or the like distill'd Menstruum I procur'd from a copperas-work or place where vitriol is made by art some of the Liquor they imploy before they cast in Iron that being corroded by it it may increase the weight and give solidity and some other Qualities to the designed Vitriol Now thó this Liquor be made without any Chymical Menstruum barely by Rain or Snow-Water that impregnates it self with Saline or Metalline Particles in its passage through Beds of Marcasites that lye expos'd to the Sun and Air yet in this Water such numbers of Martial Corpuscles are dispers'd that having shaken four drops of it into 12 Ounces and a half of common Water this Liquor as I expected was thereby so impregnated that with powder of Galls it presently produc'd as deep a colour as good Tunbridge Water would have done So that supposing a drop of this Liquor to weigh about a grain as by some Tryals purposely made we found it to do it appears that one part of the vitriolate Water was able manifestly to impregnate 1500 Parts of common water And yet of these 4 drops or Grains of Vitriolate Liquor a considerable part may very probably be concluded from the way of its production to have been Rain Water as will easily be granted when I shall have added that to examine this supposition or
powder must be stale 34 35 16. The best way for producing of new colours with Mineral Waters is to make the infusion of Galls with a certain weight of the Powder in a determinate weight of Water 35 36 17. Oaken leaves dryed red Rose leaves the Juice the Peel of Pomegranates the Blossoms called commonly Callaustia and some other astringent vegetables may be substituted to Galls 38 18. The Eye must be Judge of the Impregnation of the Water by the infusion or Powder of Galls 37 19. The way of trying Mineral Waters by the change of colours that Galls produce in them is neither of that extent nor of that certainty 't is vulgarly presumed to be of 39 20. There are divers Metalline Oars and other Mineral Bodies which not particpating of Iron will not be discoverable by the infusion of Galls ib. 21. A Body of a Metalline Nature and not participating of Iron may with infusion of Galls afford a very dark colour 40 22. 'T is not certain if all the Liquors impregnated with Iron will be discovered to be so by the colour they afford with Galls ib. 23. That it is a mistake generally taken for granted viz. That the infusion of Galls will certainly discover by becoming black or Purple of a Mineral Water that is mix'd with it be to vitriolate 41 24. An odd kind of whitish Earth to be found in the Northern Countreys of England where there come divers Mineral Waters 42 25. Galls being cast into the solutions of several Metals produc'd no blackish colour except with the solution of Gold 44 26. A Sulphureous Liquor proclaiming notable changes of colours with several solutions of Metals ib. 27. 'T is fit if not necessary that the experimenter look upon the change of colours made by Galls both while'tis a producing and where'tis produced in a good light and with a heedful eye 46 28. That there may be a kind of Physiognogmy of natural Bodies as well as of Humane faces ib. 29. A way to vary the Shades and other Phoenomena of Colours produc'd with Mineral Liquors 47 30. Another way somewhat differing from the former 48 31. 'T is convenient to use besides Galls or Oaken-leaves for the producing of new Colours with Mineral Waters red-Red-Roses Balerustium Leolewood Brasil and other astringent Pigments 50 32. A way of making a Liquor which will turn black with a solution either of Martial or Capreous Vitriol 51. 33. Many Waters may partake of Sulphur without being taken notice of to do so 54 34. That Copper that hath been melted into a body may be so subtilised and disguised as to have a multitude of its metalline parts made ascend with others in the form of a transparent Liquor like common Water and yet by putting to it another substance as volatile and colourless as it self it will presently discover the Copper it contain'd by turning as blew as Saphire 55 35. Experiments discovering the inexistence of Arsenick in Water and somewhat of the nature of that dangerous Mineral 56 36. The deleterious nature of Arsenick consists not only or mainly in a transcendently Acid nor in a lixiviate causticle quality but in a corrosiveness sui generis ib. 37. An useful way for Water-drinkers of examining a Mineral Water suspected to contain Arsenick 60 38. Why the Author hath insisted so much upon the Thirteenth Article of the set of Titles 61 39. To what the knowledge of the degree of coldness in the Water especially if it be extraordinary may be useful 63 40. Divers ways of estimating the degrees of coldness and heat in the Water 64 41. The usefulness of the knowledge of the specifick gravity of a Mineral Water ib. 42. The difficulty of weighing exactly Liquors 67 43. The most exact way of measuring the weight of Waters 68 44. The determinate weights of most Mineral Waters and others about London as likewise of the German Spaw-water 69 45. How to discover the kind of Soil through which the Water hath passed 71 46. No difference observed between Mineral Waters and common Water look'd upon through good Microscopes 72 47. That the little Creatures we discover through magnifying Glasses in Water wherein Pepper has been infused are not inanimate concretions but really living creatures 73 48. Where the Scent of several Mineral Waters are best judged of 74 49. That there are some Springs of â—â—l Viny odour ib. 50. That men are apt to take all stinking Waters for sulphureous whereas sometimes they are bituminous tho the Spring may sometimes partake both of Sulphur and Bitumen 75 51. That there is a manifest difference in reference to transportation in such Ferruginous Waters as are lighter than common Water 76 52. how we may ghess at the Saltness of Waters 79 53. That it is not easy to discover the accidity of Liquors 81 54. By what waies we may know the predominancy of Acidity in the Salt proposed 85 55. How we may know the predominancy of an Alcaly in the Salt of a Mineral Water 86 56. Salt afforded by the famous Waters of Bourben in France found to be Alcalisate 88 57. Several ways of discovering Vitriol to be predominant in the Saline part of a Mineral Water ib. 56. What Salts our English waters are impregnated with and from what Salt the purgative vertue that is found in many of them as in Epsom Barnet and Acton Waters c. does proceed 90 57. That two Bodies which are neither of them Cathartick may by change of texture wrought in one another compose a third Body that is briskly purgative 92 58. How great an inequality may be sometimes met with in the proportion that the same quantity of two differing Mineral Waters bear to the Caput Mortuum they respectively afford 94 59. That a small quantity of matter of which perhaps not one half is Saline or Metalline the rest being terresstrial may impart a manifest vertue to a great proportion of Water 95 60. A Spirit richly impregnated with volatiliz'd Sulphur produceth with Vitriol in a trice whether in the form of a powder or solution a very dark or blackish colour 99 61. Titles for the natural History of a Mineral Water propos'd consider'd as a Medicine being the third part of the design'd work 102 62. A short discourse of the Author relating to this present Treatise 110 63. If the fall of Rains weakneth the Vertue of the Mineral Waters 6 113. Short Memoirs FOR THE Natural and Experimental HISTORY OF Particular Mineral Waters Address'd to his Learned Friend Dr. S. L SECT I. SO many years Sir have past since I had occasion to consider Mineral Waters and opportunity to make Tryals on them with any Application of Mind that tho' since that time some Virtuosi have been pleas'd publickly to declare that they found some directions they received from me not unuseful to the Examen of such Waters yet having sorgotten many of my past thoughts and lost on mislaid most of my Memorials about matters of fact relating to
I have not time to write an ample com ment upon it all yet I thought fit to illustrate most of its Particular Articles by such Notes as may either explicate the meaning of what is but briefly couch'd or deliver some of the practical ways of Tryal that I make use of on occasion of the Subject mention'd in the Title or Article whereto the Notes belong These being divers of them too large to be conveniently plac'd the Margin are all of them set down together after this Sett of Titles TITLE 1. Of the actual coldness or heat of the Mineral Water propos'd 2. Of the specific Gravity of the Mineral Water propos'd 3. Of the Transparency the Muddiness or the Opacity of the Mineral Water 4. Whether the Mineral Water will by slading for a competent time let fall of it self any Oker or other earthy substance especially tho' the Liquor be kept from the Air. 5. Whether any thing and if any thing what can be discover'd in the Mineral Water by the help of the best Microscopes adapted to view Liquors 6. Of the colour or colournes of the Mineral Water 7. Of the odour of the Mineral Water as Acetous Winy Sulphureous Bituminous c. 8. Of the tast of the Mineral Water as Acid Ferruginous Vitriolate Lixivial Sulphureous c. 9. Whether any change will be produc'd in the transparency colour odour or tast of the Mineral Water by its being taken up at the Spring-head or other Receptacle or remov'd to some distance by its being kept stop'd or unstop'd for a greater or lesser space of time and by its being much warm'd or refrigerated and also by naturally or artificially produc'd cold turn'd into Ice and thaw'd again 10. Of the thinness or viscosity of the Mineral Water 11. Whether the Mineral Water be more easy to be heated and cool'd and to be dilated and condens'd than common Water 12. Whether the Mineral Water will of it self putrify and if it will whether sooner or later than common Water and with what kind or degree of stink and other Phaenomena 13. Of the change of colours producible in the Mineral Water by astringent Drugs as Galls Pomgranate-peels Balaustium red Roses Myrobolans OakenLeaves c. as also by some Liquors or Juices of the Body 14. Whether any thing will be precipitated out of the Mineral Waters by Salts or Saline Liquors whether they be Acid as Spirit of Salt of Niter Aqua Fortis c. Or volatile Alcali's as strong Spirit of Urine Sal-armoniac c. Or Lixiviate Salts as Oyl of Tartar per deliquium fixt Niter c. 15. How to examine with evaporation whether the Mineral Water contain common Salt and if it do whether it contains but little or much 16. How to examine without evaporation whether the Mineral Water have any acidity tho' it be but very little 17. Of the Liquor or Liquors afforded by the Mineral Water by Destillation in Balneo and other wayes 18. Of the residence Cap. Mort. of the Mineral Water when the Liquor is totally evaporated or distill'd off and whether the Cap. Mort. be the same in quantity and quality if produc'd by either of those wayes 19. Whether the propos'd Water being in Glass-Vessels exactly luted together slowly and warily abstracted to a thickish substance This being reconjoin'd to the distill'd Liquor the Mineral Water will be redintegrated and have again the same Texture and Qualities it had at first 20. Whether a Glass-full of the Mineral Water being Hermetically seal'd and boil'd in common Water deep enough to keep it always cover'd will have its Texture so alter'd as to suffer an observable change in any of its manifest Qualities And if it do in what Qualities and to what degree of alteration 21. Of the proportion of the dry Cap. Mort. to the Mineral Water that affords it 22. Of the division of the Cap. Mort. into saline and terrestrial and other parts not dissoluble in Water in case it contain both or more sorts 23. Of the proportion of the Saline part of the Cap. Mort. to the Terrestrial 24. Of the fixity or volatility of the Saline part in strong fires 25. Whether the Saline part will shoot into Crystals or no and if it will what figure the grains will be of and if it will not whether being combin'd with a Salt that will as purify'd Sea-Salt Peter c. it will then chrystallize and if it do into what figures it will shoot especially if any of them be reducible to those of any species of Salt known to us 26. To examine whether the Saline part be ex praedominio acid alcalizate or adiaphorous 27. Of the observables in the Terestrial portion of the Cap. Mort. as besides its quantity in reference to the Saline its colour odour volatility or fixity in a strong fire it s being soluble or not dissoluble by divers Menstruum's as Spirit of Vinegar Spirit of Urine Oyl of Tartar c. 28. Whether and if any thing how much the mineral waters Earth looses by strong and lasting Ignition What changes of colour c. it thereby receives whether it be capable of Vitrification perse and what colour if any it will impart to fine and well powder'd Venice glass if they be exactly mix'd and flux'd into a Transparent Glass 29. Of the Oeconomical and Mechanical uses of the Mineral Water as in Brewing Baking VVashing of Linnen Tanning of Leather or Dying of Cloth Callico's Silks c as these may assist in discovering the Ingredients and Qualities of the Liquor propos'd 30. Of the imitation of Natural Medicinal Waters by Chymical and other artificial wayes as that may help the Physician to guess at the quality and quantity of the Ingredients that impregnate the Natural Water propos'd An Appendix Containing 1. PAralipomena or things directly belonging to the History and pretermitted in it 2. A Chaos of Observations and Experiments remotely or indirectly referable either to one or more of the foregoing Titles or to the common Subject of them all SECT IV. Experimental Remarks upon the usual way of examining Mineral Waters by the help of Galls Deliver'd by way of Larger Annotations upon the XIII Article of the II. Part. SInce the change of colour that Mineral Waters produce in the Infusion or Tincture of Galls is the most usual way that many Physicians and the almost only that some of them endeavour to discover or examine Mineral Waters by it may be worth while in this place to set down some remarks that I have made about this way of probation the rather because it may mutatis mutandis be not unusefully apply'd to the exploring the Quality's of Mineral Waters by Colorations tho' made with other Materials than Galls First then it may be observ'd that one need not make an Infusion or Tncture of Galls in common Water to try if by their means a new colour will be produc'd For I am wont to beat them to Powder and keep them in a Glass not too
big exactly stop'd by which means I have them alwaies in readiness to mingle with the Mineral Water and alter the colour of it if Galls be able to do it almost in atrice whereas to draw the Tincture of Galls with Simple Water often takes up several hours and the tinging parts are much weakn'd by being diluted by the Menstruum If you would have a Tincture the Powder of Galls ty'd up close in a Ragg and with it hung in the Liquor makes the Infusion less muddy If you be in hast and have none of the Powder at hand you may scrape as much of a Gall-Apple as you need into the Mineral Water 2. I have observ'd those Parts of the Infusion of Galls especially it made by heat that produce the new Colour with Ferruginous Waters to be more apt to fly away than one would think the Infusion becoming often unfit to alter the Colour of the Martial Waters whilst yet it self appears sufficiently high colour'd Upon which account I choose to make a Tincture of Galls not long before I mind to use it And if I imploy dry Galls to take Powder that is not stale 3. 'T is no safe way and may be very erroneous that is usually taken in mixing Galls or their Infusion with the Water to be explor'd so carelesly as is wont to be done For those that are curious to make good Ink will easily believe that much of the deepness of the Colour depends upon the Proportion of Galls to the other Ingredient and accordingly that by putting a much greater or a much lesser quantity of Galls into such a quantity of the Mineral Water the resulting Colour may be more or less intense To obviate which inconvenience I take this course when the occasion deserves it I make my Infusion of Galls with a certain weight of the Powder in a determinate weight of Water As for instance I put about five gr of powder'd Galls to sleep for so many hours in an Ounce of Water But if I make use of the dry Powder then I am wont to put three or four grains into an Ounce of the Liquor to be examin'd which is a way far more certain than the Common wherein the Ingredients are aestimated but by Guess I have have mention'd various proportions of powder'd Galls to the same quantity of Liquor because I have observ'd that there is really a great inequality among the Mineral VVaters in which it may be put and I have found by Tryal that in an Ounce of the German Spaw a single grain of Powder would immediately produce a sufficiently deep purple colour 'T is an inconvenience that not only Galls but the other Drugs hereafter to be mention'd impart a high Tincture of their own to the common VVater they are infus'd in and therefore it were to be wish'd and is fit to be endeavour'd that we had some Drugg that without imparting a colour to the common VVater it impregnates would afford an Infusion fit to strike a blackish or a purple colour with Martial VVaters Though it be useful yet 't is not necessary to imploy Galls to produce a colour in the Mineral VVater propos'd For besides that 't is known that usually tho' not alwayes as I have try'd the same thing may be done but somewhat more faintly with Oaken Leaves we may successfully enough substitute for the same purpose some other astringent vegetables as dry'd red-Red-Rose Leaves the Peel and as we have try'd the Juice of Pomegranates and what I find to be a notable stiptick the blossoms of the same plant which are vulgarly call'd in the Shops Ballaustium To which may be added Myrobolans Logwood and some others that need not now be mention'd whose strong Infusions have yielded me a Tincture very dark and blackish with some Martial Liquors 6. In regard that the Galls or other Drugs to be infus'd in common VVater are not alwayes of the same goodness or strength 't is adviseable not so to trust to any determinate proportion of the Pigment to the VVater as not to take in the help of the Eye to judge by the Colour of the Tincture whether the Liquor be duely and not too much or too little impregnated 8. Whereas there is an intimation in the Close of this thirteenth Article of the present Sett of Titles that Animal Liquors may be imploy'd to produce new colours with Mineral VVaters I gave that hint not only because 't is usually observ'd in Martial VVaters such as those of Tunbridge the Spaw c. that the gross excrements of the lower belly are blacken'd by a commixture of their Metalline Parts but in Tunbridge VVaters particularly I have observ'd that after the drinking of larger doses of them the root of the tongue and perhaps some neighbouring parts would also acquire a dark colour by the operation of the transient Liquor Though the way of trying Mineral VVaters by the change of colours that Galls produce in them be useful and recommended by being easy cheap and expeditious yet I do not take it to be either of that extent or of that certainty that 't is vulgarly presum'd to be of For its main if not only considerable use is to discover by striking or not affording a black or blackish or at least a purple or a purplish colour with a Mineral Water to manifest the Liquor to be or not to be either of a vitriolate or a ferruginous nature But there are divers Metalline Ores and other Mineral Bodies which not participating of Iron will not by this way be discoverable and yet may strongly impregnate the VVater propos'd As for example to try whether if Arsenic were mingl'd with VVater Galls would discover it by producing with it a dark colour I put some of the Powder of them into a Decoction of arsenic but did not perceive that it gave the Liquor any deeper colour than it would have done to common VVater And as the extent of this explorer of VVaters is not very great so neither do I find the informations it gives us to be so certain as they are presum'd For if I much misremember not I long since found upon tryal purposely made that another Body of a Metalline nature and that did not partake of Iron would with infusion of Galls afford a very dark colour that might easily among ordinary Beholders pass for the colour produc'd by a Martial VVater and I do somewhat doubt whether so much as all Liquors impregnated with Iron will de discover'd to be so by the colour they afford with Galls for I have sometimes made such a Liquor with no Mineral Substance in it save steel or Iron but I did not find it would turn the Infusion of Galls either blackish or purple which made me suspect that these colours are afforded only by such Martial VVaters as have been wrought upon more or less by some Acid Salts or Fumes 9. Unto these things I shall add that I found that to be a mistake which is generally