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water_n	cold_a	hot_a	moist_a	5,078	5	10.3751	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A52346	An embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, Emperor of China deliver'd by their excellencies, Peter de Goyer and Jacob de Keyzer, at his imperial city of Peking : wherein the cities, towns, villages, ports, rivers, &c. in their passages from Canton to Peking are ingeniously describ'd / by Mr. John Nieuhoff ... ; also an epistle of Father John Adams their antagonist, concerning the whole negotiation ; with an appendix of several remarks taken out of Father Athanasius Kircher ; English'd, and set forth with their several sculptures, by John Ogilby Esq. ...; Gezantschap der Neerlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie aan den grooten Tartarischen Cham, den tegenwoordigen keizer van China. English	Nieuhof, Johannes, 1618-1672.; Goyer, Pieter de.; Keizer, Jacob de.; Kircher, Athanasius, 1602-1680. China monumentis. Selections. English.; Ogilby, John, 1600-1676.; Schall von Bell, Johann Adam, 1592?-1666.; Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Compagnie.	1673 (1673)	Wing N1153; ESTC R3880	438,428	416

for no Trees will grow in this part of the Country They boast likewise of store of Windmills whose Sails are made of Mats The great Product of the Country consists of Rice which the Peasant stands oblig'd to look after very narrowly lest it perish upon the Ground by too much Moisture or too much Heat and Drought so that their Eyes are continually upon the Crop otherwise it suddenly withers to nothing or a small Increase The Windmills therefore are to draw out the Water in a moist Season or to let it in as they think fit to keep their Hopes from burning up in a dry and hot Season so that by this means the Chineses enjoy twice a Year a plentiful Harvest By the Ruines of the Wall and great Edifices this City appears to have been formerly a very famous Place rich and populous but was totally destroy'd in the late War by the Tartars Amongst other Edifices which are yet standing is a most famous Idol-Temple without the Wall on the North-side of the City built after the fashion of the Chineses The Royal Channel runs quite through the Country up to the very Walls by which means they water their Grounds in a dry Season This part of the Country is also full of Draining-Mills to be us'd upon occasion Upon the 28. we came to the famous Sea-Town of Hoaigan which is reckon'd for the eighth Capital City of this Province of Nanking It lies on the East-side of the Royal River about thirty English Miles from Pancien in a flat and Morish Soil through the midst thereof runs a Wall seeming to make two distinct Towns but another Wall which surrounds both Divisions takes away the distinction and renders it one intire City That part which lies toward the South is call'd Hoaigan and the other toward the North-East Yengehing The former of these has stately Suburbs well built and full of People On one side of this City we saw the Fields full of Tombs and Grave-stones In this Capital City the Vice-Roy keeps his Court in great Splendor and State he has full Power over the seven Southerly Provinces and only owns the Emperor for his Supreme Head His Office is to look after the Grand Cham's Revenue consisting chiefly in Provisions of Rice c. which when got in is afterwards Transported to Peking in his Majesties own Vessels On the North-side of the City we saw three great Torrents of Water the first of which and nearest to the River Hoai is very dangerous and by its Inundations has often done great harm To prevent this River from overflowing the adjacent Countries they have rais'd and made two great Sluces with strong Banks on both sides which confine him in his highest Tide In the Suburb of Hoaigan stand two Toll-houses in the one the Custom is paid of all Goods and Merchandises which pass this Way in the other of the Ships which belong to the Subjects and with some part of this Money they maintain their Dikes and Sluces for the defence of the City against the sudden and violent Ruptures of Water Though this City be built upon a Morish Ground yet the Country about it is very fruitful in the product of Rice and Corn The City is well built and full of wealthy Citizens Not far from hence lies a famous Mountain which shoots to the Sky by the Chineses call'd Yocheu upon which stands a stately Temple with Cloysters to Lodge those who daily Offer to the Idol of the Place The Chineses come from several Parts with Presents to this their God suppos'd the Protector and Defender of their Country This Province of Nanking abounds with strange Mountains for in the Country of the second Chief City Fungyang near the seventh small City Xeu upon a Hill call'd Cukin was found a great lump of massie Gold said to be soveraign in several Distempers Some will have it because this Gold cures so many Diseases that Chymists made it In the same Country near to the City of Hintai there is a notable Mountain call'd Moyang and known by the Name of The Shepherdesses Hill because as they say a very fair Virgin formerly kept her Flocks there The whole Country of this Hoaigan has several Rivers running through it and is also replenish'd with many Lakes Amongst other Pools you have here the great Pool of Xeho which toward the North is situated next to the great Indian Sea and waters various Parts of this Country which abounds with Fish Towards the East of the Chief City lies also a great Pool call'd Hung producing great store of Reeds which serve them for Firing Wood being very scarce through the whole Province No sooner were the Ambassadors arriv'd before this Capital City but they sent for Horses Palakins and Litters to go and salute the Vice-Roy and the Magistrates but because the Weather was foul the Governors sent a Messenger to the Ambassadors to thank them for their intended Visit desiring to be excus'd from giving them the like trouble The Mandorine Pinxenton according to his wonted custom gave us a very Noble Dinner upon that Day In the Evening came Father Gascomer a Iesuit who lived in the City to salute the Ambassadors aboard their Vessels and to bid them welcome into those Parts He was very pleasant and civil but did so admire at our arrival as if we had dropt out of the Sky being very inquisitive to know whither we were bound and upon what account we came thither The Ambassadors shew'd themselves courteous and civil to him giving him a handsom Entertainment for his Visit. He seem'd to be a very open-hearted Person and made protestation of a particular Inclination and Affection to our Nation offering the Ambassadors his House if they pleas'd to accept thereof or any other Service he could do them He gave them likewise darkly to understand That upon their Request and Desire of Free Trade in China or any thing else they would meet with great opposition at Peking from the Portuguese who would do their utmost to hinder it as we found afterwards in the Sequel of our Business The Ambassadors were very thankful to this Good Father for his kind and faithful Admonition who thereupon took leave wishing us a prosperous Voyage We staid not long in this City but departed the next day early in the Morning and in our Passage we saw on both sides luxurious Fields well manur'd as likewise a great Company of small Boats lying up and down in this Royal Channel About Sun-set we came to a famous Village call'd Siampu at the entrance whereof lies a very great Sluce through which we past This Village is situated betwixt the Royal Channel and the Yellow River and is of a very great length handsomly adorn'd with Temples and fair Houses on both sides of the Water It has some Privileges belonging to it as also a Toll-house where the Toll-masters appointed by the Emperor reside to receive Toll of all such Goods and Vessels which pass out

the Moon Many Writers of Natural Observations report That the Stone call'd Selenitis hath the same effect amongst us This is a kind of Talcus or Specular Stone which I have oftentimes observ'd not only to shine at the Brightness and Splendor of the Moon but perfectly to shew as in a Glass the Figure of the Moon when at Full when an half-Moon and when in a Sextile Figure whence I suppose the Fable to have its original That this Lunary Stone sometimes increaseth and sometimes decreaseth according to the appearance of the Moon They have an Earth call'd Quei a Mineral very bright and much esteem'd by the Women being endow'd with a Cosmetick Faculty which infus'd in Water with a gentle Fucus mundifies the Skin taking away all Morphew Freckles Flushing Pimples and such Rubifying Ebullition they call it Quei X● that is The Noble Lady There is in the Province of Xantung a Stone taken out of a Cows Paunch of a Clay colour about the bigness of a Gooses Egge but inferior to a Bezoar in solidity being of a lighter Substance and therefore thought by some to be the more eminent in Vertue In the Province of Kiangsi at the Mountain Yangkiu is seen a wonderful Stone which being form'd into an humane Shape either by Nature of Art assumeth divers Colours according to the various Temperature of the Air as some affirm by which they prognosticate either fair or foul Weather There is a City call'd Iaocheu on the Northern Bank of the River Po in the Province of Kiangsi which alone hath the honor to make the best Porcelane Ware or China Dishes so highly esteem'd in Europe and elsewhere yet they fetch their Materials from another City that hath that precious Vein of Earth in great abundance which yields them small Audits not being able to make the like use thereof The Body of this Earth is rather of a sandy than cla●ie Substance tender and brittle which they knead with often sprinkling Water into a contiguous Paste thence raising and modeling Vessels of what size or Shape they please which they bake with great care by gentle yet continu'd Heats till they bring it to some perfection and being broken they new mould them bringing them almost to their first value As the Mountains of China are replenish'd with other Metals so also there are plenty of Gold and Silver Mines but by the Emperor's Edicts they are prohibited to dig them because from the virulent Exhalations of that Earth the Workmen are expos'd to Diseases and Death But they have Golden Ore which they extract from the Sand of Rivers and Springs And besides they have those which promise to themselves and others Mountains of Gold by the Art of Chymistry and there is a Place near Pukiang in the Province of Sucheu that boasts it self for the Birth-place of Hoangtius the first Professor of Alchymie and Transmutation of Metals into Gold two thousand five hundred years before the Birth of our Saviour And that this Empire is rich in Gold and other Metals the plenty of hot Baths the abundance of Nitre Alumen Vitriol Sulphur and Subterranean Fires do sufficiently evidence There is a Spring in the Province of Honan the upper part of whose Water is cold but if you thrust your Hand in a little depth you will find it to be scalding hot But that which is most worthy of admiration is That in the Province of Xansi are Wells of Fire and those as common as Springs of Water in other Parts the Inhabitants dress their Meat therewith closing up the Mouth of the Well that it admitteth of nothing else but the Pot or Kettle and the Heat so contracted easily makes the Pot boil Father Martinius in his Atlas saith That this Fire is thick and not so bright as other Flame and though very hot yet consumeth not Wood cast into it being collected as in a Stove it may easily be carried about and us'd to boil Meat but at last it will expire They have also in this Province Mines of Coal like to that us'd in England being of great use to the Northern Chineses especially for heating their Furnaces they are digg'd up in huge great Pieces but they break them and mix'd with Water they make them up into Lumps which with difficulty take fire but when once kindled burn fiercely and continue long The Fnrnaces in their Stoves are like those in Germany but sometimes they are made like unto a Bed and serve to lie upon in the Winter Thus Martinius in his Atlas SOME Special Remarks TAKEN OUT OF ATHANASIUS KIRCHER'S Antiquities of China PART V. THE PREFACE ALthough the Chineses have not that knowledge of the Speculative Sciences as the Europeans yet they are very capable of them and have profited so far in the Mathematicks that although formerly they hardly understood any part but Astronomy and Arithmetick yet diligently studying the Books Compos'd by the Europeans they have attempted to publish somewhat concerning Occult Philosophy abundantly laboring in the Ethicks and Politicks together with the Oeconomicks judging him fittest for the great Dignities and Employments of the Empire that is best Read therein And in these Arts their Governors are great Proficients as will appear if you consider with what admirable Order their Laws are form'd for the Preservation Glory and Riches of so large an Empire CHAP. I. Of the Bridges and wonderful Fabricks of the Chineses AND first the Bridge call'd Loyang in the Province of Fokien built by a Prefector Governor call'd Cayang exceedeth all admiration the Longitude whereof extendeth about sixty Perches and the Latitude six Where this Bridge now stands there was formerly a Passage for Ships but very dangerous by reason of the extraordinary violence of the Current The building of this Bridge cost 4000000 Crowns concerning which the Author of the Atlas gives this Relation I twice beheld saith he the famous Bridge Loyang with amazement it is all built of one sort of black hewn Stone having no Arches but is erected upon three hundred Massie Stone-Piles all of the Figure of a Ship on each side ending in an acute Angle that they may the less suffer by the force and beating of the Waves on the tops of these Piles are laid Stones of an equal length every one of which is twenty two Paces in length and two in breadth as I measur'd them and of these Stones there are 1400 all alike and to prevent falling off there are Rails with Lions cut in Stone on both sides with many other Ornaments A most stupendious Work and deservedly admir'd But this is only the Description of part of this Bridge which lieth between the Town Logan and a Castle built upon the Bridge the other part being equal That this Bridge should be built with so little Cost is no wonder considering the greatest part of the Laborers serve gratis in Publick Works and those that receive Wages have not the tenth part so much as our Laborers in Europe Marcus Paulus

Account of this Earthen Ware and to receive his Duty which is of each sort the fifth piece according to the Laws of the Kingdom the rest they afterwards sell to the Inhabitants of this Village Ucienjen where as they say is the Staple of this Porcelane Trade which is sent from this Village not only through all China but also through the whole World We departed the same Day from this Place and upon the 26. came to the Chief City of Nankang which lies upon the West-side of this Lake which is very broad and long This City is built upon a mountainous Soil about fifty Miles from Nankang the Walls are both high and strong and fortifi'd with Bulwarks Within the City stands a well-built Tower the Streets are very full of Windings and Turnings which makes them very troublesom to such as use them The first Street which lies on the left-hand as you come in has several Triumphal Arches standing in it very artificially built according to the Chinese fashion Beside these Ornaments there is nothing rare in this City for the Houses are but mean and slightly built In prospect of this City lie several stately Temples whereof the biggest and chiefest are built upon the Mountains Quangliu and Iuenxiu The Inhabitants round about worship these Mountains upon which dwell a great company of Priests and Friers each of which has a little Hutch where he daily cruciates and afflicts himself by scourging and disciplining his Body the enduring of which Castigation makes him a Miracle to those People of implicit Faith who fancy these their Sufferings to merit after Death the highest Felicities in another World for they believe that their Souls are transmigrated into other Bodies The Inhabitants told us that upon the Mountain Quanglu there are as many Cloysters as Days in the Year They said likewise that this Mountain was always cover'd with Clouds and Fogs though round about the Weather were clear and serene The Country produces store of Hemp whereof the Inhabitants make themselves Clothes for the Summer which very much keep off the scorching Heat of the Sun On the West-side of this City lies a Hill which the Chineses call Kien The Water that falls from the Brow of this Hill is held by the Chineses very soveraign for several Diseases The Pool Poyang divides the Territories belonging to this City into two parts both which are very fruitful in Rice and Corn of all sorts Upon the 29. we made for the City of Hukeu being the fourth small City of the fifth Chief City Kieukiang to furnish our selves with Provisions This City lies forty Miles from the foregoing Chief City of Nankang upon the narrow of the Lake Poyang and upon the right-side of the River Kiang which mingles with it and receives no small share of its Water On the North-side of the City doth appear a very pleasant and antique Rock which hangs somewhat over the River and appears a most delightful Prospect being overgrown with Trees At the bottom of this Mountain stands a large and beautiful Idol-Temple The Walls of this City are very thick and high and for the greater safety of the City are Guarded in several places with Foot-Soldiers This City drives a handsom Trade is full of People and well built all manner of Provisions are sold very cheap especially Fish which yields but a small Price About this City lies a Hill call'd Xechung which signifies A Stone Bell for the Waves and Billows which rise out of the Pool Poyang in foul and stormy Weather beat against this Hill and occasion thereby such a strange and ringing noise that it very much resembles the sound of a Bell. We were no sooner come to an Anchor but the news of our Arrival fill'd the whole City with joy so that both old and young came running to the Shore to view us and our Vessels who beheld us with great admiration and fain would have been talking to us if the difference of Language had not hindred We caus'd our Trumpets to sound that old Tune of William of Nassaw supposing to have delighted them but on the contrary they were so much affrighted with their brazen Voice that they ran roring with full speed for shelter to the City Having provided our selves with Necessaries we departed from this Place and came to Pengce the fifth small City under this Capital one of Kieukiang Thus far had we proceeded in our Voyage upon the River Can from Kancheu to Nanking from whence we passed over the Pool Poyang and so came into the River Kiang which to prosecute the remainder of our Voyage to Peking we were to Sail up Eastward This River Kiang which signifies The Son of the Sea divides all China into Northern and Southern gliding from West to East and receives several Names from the Provinces through which it runs The foremention'd City Pengce lies thirty Miles from Hukeu behind an Island on the East-side of the River Kiang and has behind it high and famous Hills it is a well-built Place but far less than Hukeu Not far from this Pengce lies a Mountain call'd Siaocu which is so steep high and inaccessible that none could ever scale the top It is surrounded with Water and has on the South-side a small but very safe Road for Ships in foul Weather Upon the South-side of the River Kiang lies also a Hill call'd Makang talk'd on with terror through all China for the abundance of Shipwracks which happen near this Place for if the Pilot miss never so little his Steerage they seldom escape bilging on the neighboring Rocks The Ambassadors with some of their Followers went Ashore upon the said Island but were forc'd immediately to return having observ'd the footing of a Tyger which sort of Beast is very numerous in this Country When the Chinese Pilots saw our Cook going to make a Fire to dress Dinner they came into the Cabbin to the Ambassadors fell down upon their Knees and earnestly entreated that they would forbid any such thing to be done for that as they said there was a certain Spirit who kept himself under Water about this Pool and appear'd in the shape of a Dragon or great Fish and had the Command over this Countrey whose Nature and Constitution was such that he could not endure the scent in his Nose of roasted Poultry boil'd Bacon or other savory Smells for so soon as he was sensible of any such thing he immediately rais'd a Storm which did infallibly cast away the Vessel The Ambassadors at their earnest Entreaty sent word to the Cook that they should be content with a cold Dinner for that Day During the Discourse there appear'd playing above the Water two or three Tunny Fishes which put the Chineses into no little fear in regard they imagin'd the Water-Spirit had already given order for the casting away of their Vessel Thus far we had travell'd through the Province of Kiangsi when about Noon we came in sight of two Columns which stood

carry thence to sell in other Provinces The Inhabitants are generally very dull of understanding and few of them addicted to Learning but they are for the most part very strong bodied fit to undergo any Labor The Children do not only go naked in the Winter but will leap into the cold Water Several of them live by Theft and Robbery and these Companies are oftentimes so numerous that they break through all opposition whatsoever when they make Inroads to plunder the Country which is already much ruin'd by the late Invasion In this whole Province of Xantung lie six Capital Cities twenty nine small Cities and thirteen Carrisons The six great Cities are Cinan Yencheu Tungchang Cingcheu Tengche● and Laicheu Cinan Commands over thirty Cities as Cinan Changkieu Ceuping Chagxan Sinching Ciho Citung Ciyang Chihuen Iuching Li●ye Changcing Fiching Cingching Ling Taigan Siniai Laivu Te Teping Pingyven Vuting Yangsin Haifung Laling Xangho Pin Lioin Chenhoa and Putahi Yencheu Commands over 26 Cities as Yencheu Kioheu Niuyang Ceu Teng Ye Kiuhiang Yutai Tan Chingvu Cao Tingtao Cining Kiaciang Kiuye Kiunching Tungping Venxang Tungpo Pingyn Iangco Xeuchang Wy Tanching Fi and Suxui Tungchang Commands over eight Cities as Tungchang Tangye Poping Choangping Kieu Sin Cingping Ken Lincing Quontao Caotang Gen Hiacin Vucing Po Fan Quonching and Chaoching Cingcheu Commands over 14 Cities as Cingcheu Linchi Pohing Caoyven Logan Xeuquang Changlo Linkiu Gankiu Chuching Mungin Kiu Yxui and Gechao Tengcheu Commands over eight Cities as Tengcheu Hoang Foxan Leuhid Chaoyven Laiyang Ninghai and Vemeng Laicheu Commands over seven Cities as Laicheu Pingtu Vi Changye Kiao Caomi and Gieme The thirteen Garrisons are Nincing Cinghai Chingxan Gueihai Sanxan Kixan Civenxan Mauan Siaoye Haicang Punglai Cin and Xechin In this Province there are also several Islands amongst which these three are the chiefest as first Feuxeu which lies toward the West is but small yet exceeding well built The second is Teuhang situate in the Sea near to Caomy This Island is very famous by reason of a sad Accident of five hundred Chinese Philosophers who drown'd themselves in the Sea because the Emperor Xuis hated all Learned Men as mortal Enemies The third Island is Xaumen the biggest and fullest of People The Chinese Accompt-Book which comprehends the number of People in each Place mentions in this Province Seven hundred and seventy thousand five hundred and sixty Families Sixty seven hundred fifty nine thousand six hundred and seventy Fighting Men. The yearly Revenue of the Province belonging to the Emperor consists of Twenty eight hundred twelve thousand one hundred and nineteen Bags of Corn Fifty four thousand nine hundred and nineteen Rolls of Throw'd Silk Fifty two thousand four hundred and forty nine Pounds of Cotton and Thirty eight hundred twenty four thousand two hundred and nineteen Trusses of Straw and Hay for the Emperor's Stables besides several Tolls paid upon the Royal Channel of Iun which amounts yearly to ten Millions of Golden Crowns This Village Kia-kia lies encompass'd with pleasant and fruitful Fields most delightful to behold and is very rich well built and handsomly adorn'd with indifferent large Structures The Fields round about are full of Rosemary which are not only very pleasant to the Eye but also cast a fragrant smell at a great distance before you come near them We saw likewise not far from the City several Herds of Stags and Bucks and abundance of all sorts of Fowl especially Pheasants We took great delight in Hunting the Stag whereof we kill'd several with the assistance of the Tartars who are skilful at the Game They were very much pleas'd with our way of shooting Pheasants flying The Flesh of these Deer tastes so much of Rosemary as if the Venison were season'd with the Sprigs We were three days upon this Channel Iun before we reach'd any other considerable Place but upon the eleventh of the same Month we arriv'd at a famous Village call'd Iax-Hinno situated upon the Royal Channel In and about this Village stand 36 stately Towers built rarely well on either side of the River Here we lay all Night but the next Morning set Sail by Day-break and that Day and the next we saw upon each Bank of the River great store of good Corn-Ground Toward the East of this Royal Channel lie several high and great Hills whereof these following are the chiefest Near to Taigan the sixteenth small City of Cinnan appears a Mountain call'd Tai which is very steep and broad the Chinese Geographers say that it is at least five Miles in heighth from the Basis to the Crown Upon this Mountain are several Temples to which belong great store of Priests who live after the same manner as the Calvisians in Europe Not far from Laivu the eighteenth small City under the Iurisdiction of this Place arises the Mountain Taxe in which they find great store of Iron Near to Ciohu the second small City under the Chief City Yengcheu is the Mountain call'd Fang very famous for the Tomb where the Ancestors of that Learned Chinese Philosopher Confutius lies Interr'd Not far from the fourth small City Ceu lies a Mountain call'd Changping upon which as the Chineses report Confutius was born in a Town also call'd Changping the Ruins whereof are still to be seen Near to Tunping the eighth small City of the said Capital City stands a great Mountain call'd Fung full of Wood and goodly Pastures Upon the thirteenth of the same Month we came to Cinningsin or Cining the fourteenth small City under the Command of the second Chief City Yengcheu In this Cining the Ambassadors were nobly Treated in the absence of the Governor by the Agents of the young Canton Vice-Roy he being gone from home to order the making of a Fence-work against the breaking in of the Yellow River The Country round about this City lies low and plashy being full of Pools and Rivers which abound with Fish Near to Cao the twelfth small City is a Lake call'd Lui which signifies The Thunder-Pool in the middle whereof appears a Stone representing a Dragon with the Head of a Man The Chineses call this The Spirit of Thunder and affirm That when any one strikes upon the Belly he draws a hideous sound from the Monster like Thunder Near to the third small city Nynyang which is likewise under the Command of the Capital City Yengcheu and about two Miles from Cining runs a small River call'd Tao out of which the Chineses report That the great Philosopher Confutius refus'd to drink though ready to die of Thirst because it was call'd The Water of Thieves so great an aversion had this Ethnick Philosopher to the very Name of wicked Villany and Robbers All the Inns and Publick Victualling-houses have their Fidlers and Comedians belonging to them to recreate their Guests at Meals Provisions of all sorts are very cheap in those Parts We paid but two Shillings a piece for our Dinner which consisted of several Dishes out of which the Players were

than the Inland Water On the North side of the City lies a Wooden Brige of nine Arches over which ●ou may pass conveniently from one part of the City to the other in the middle whereof is a Draw-Bridge to let through such Vessels as have paid their Custom The City is well-built and is adorn'd with several stately Temples it lies in a flat sandy Soil and is surrounded with an Earthen Wall the top whereof is cover'd with Stones it is also very large and well Peopled We had here great abundance of all manner of Fruit amongst the rest some well-relish'd Pears which keep a great while Without the Wall on the North-side of the City stands a most famous Temple with a high Tower exceeding rare in the manner of Building You climb up to the top of this Tower by a Pair of Winding Stairs which are not built in the middle of the Tower but between two Walls The fashion or form of this Tower consists of eight Corners and nine Rounds or Stories each thirteen Foot and a half so that the whole height of the Tower is above 120 Foot and according to the heighth a proportionable thickness The outward Wall is made of the same Mould that the China Dishes are of and full of Fret-work the Walls within are polish'd Marble of several Colours and so smooth that you may see your Face as in a Mirrour The Galleries or Rounds which are nine adorning the Structure are of Marble cut in Figures or Images and have hanging at their Corners very fine Copper Bells which when the Wind blows amongst them make a very pleasant jingling murmur The Lights or Windows belonging to these Galleries are full of gilded Bars which when the Sun shines upon them return Beams as bright as they receive Upon the top of the Tower stands a Figure signifying the Goddess of the Place to whom this Structure is Dedicated This Image is made of Plaister-work thirty Foot high and wrought with Gold and Silver Round about this Tower stand several great and small Images which are so curiously wrought that they may be reckon'd amongst the greatest Curiosities in China Pinxenton left his Wife and Children in this City of Lincing but he himself continu'd the Voyage with us to Peking Here also died one of our Trumpeters nam'd Verman who was buried in an Idol-Temple with the consent of the Magistrates who seldom suffer any Strangers to be interr'd in their hallow'd Ground Having got through the River Iun we entred into the Guei which divides the Province of Xantung from Peking whose Head springs on the West-side of Gueihoei the fourth Chief City of the Province of Honan running from thence with many Meanders and Turnings toward the East betwixt the Provinces of Xantung and Peking disemboguing into an Arm of the Sea about ninety Miles from this City We Sail'd Eastward up this River and arriv'd upon the 25. at the City of Utin which is accounted the fourteenth small City of the great Tunchang thirty Miles from Lincing situate upon the South-side of the River Guei upon the utmost Confines of the Province of Xantung and handsomly vested with a four-square Wall Upon the North-side of it are large Suburbs close built with stately Houses The great Edifices and other eminent Ornaments of this City were all ruin'd by the conquering Tartar and the Inhabitants most miserably abus'd a great many of them being put to the Sword and others carried away Captive as those that were left related unto us with great reluctance The Situation seems delightful being pleasantly varied with the prospect both of Hills and Vallies and luxurious in the product of all manner of Fruits The River Guei running close by this City abounds with Fish and serves to water the Fields in a dry Season to the great increase thereof I find my self again necessitated before I proceed in my Relation to describe the Condition Confines and the Number of great and small Cities through which we pass'd in this Province of Peking Peking which is reckon'd the first of the fifteen Provinces exceeds all the rest in Dignity because of the Imperial City of Peking where the Emperor resides at present and from whence it hath Denomination for the Chinese Emperors especially those who Commanded since the Incarnation setled their Abodes in this City The Race of Taming first transferr'd the Imperial Court from Nanking to Peking the better to oppose the Inroads of the Tartars but though the Imperial Residence was thus remov'd to Peking yet to this day the Court of the Emperor and all Soveraignty and Magistracy stands firm in the same manner at Nanking as at Peking though all the Royal Palaces were totally destroy'd by the last Invasion The East of this Province is border'd by an Arm of the Sea which divides the Islands Corea and Iapan on the North-East lies the Province of Leaotung toward the North the great Tartarian Wall and toward the West the Province of Xangsi where a long ridge of Hills call'd Hengi separates these Countries The Yellow River which runs through Xansi parts this Province toward the South from that of Honan and toward the South-East of the River Guei unites this with the Province of Xantung And though this Province of Peking lies in the Latitude but of 42 Degrees yet the Cold and Frost is so great and intense there that oftentimes for four Months together all the Rivers and Waters are frozen up in such a manner that they commonly ride their Horses on the Ice all which time the Vessels lie fast frozen in and Winter-bound The Frost begins commonly in November and seldom is gone till March twenty four Hours freezes up all which is not thaw'd in many Days The Country lies low but is dry and healthful though very barren in comparison of the other Provinces because of the great sandy Places and Wildernesses but in respect the Court keeps there and so draws great store of People and Traffick this natural Defect is much repair'd This place produces store of Corn but little Rice which the Courtiers and their Followers devour In this Province are white rough Cats not unlike the Malteeza Dogs with long Ears which are there the Ladies Foisting-hounds or Play-fellows they will catch no Mice being too much made of There are other Cats that are good Mousers but they are very scarce and had in great esteem They have here a convenient way of Travelling by Land in a Waggon with one Wheel which only holds three Persons one in the middle and on each side one Formerly this Province was divided into several Parts and had particular Names as Ieu Ki and many more It contains eight Capital Cities each of which Commands over several small ones insomuch that one Capital City alone with the lesser under its Iurisdiction is in effect a whole Province They reckon in this Province a hundred and thirty five Cities great and small which are Wall'd and Fenc'd for the number of the

Trade upon equal Terms with those three Nations they would in acknowledgment thereof every third Year come and Salute his Majesty bringing Presents but with this Proviso That the Ship or Ships which brought the Ambassadors might have Licence to depart in due time without staying for the return of them because the Vessels which were us'd to salt Water could not be continu'd in fresh without very great damage But the Ambassadors after all their Endeavors were not able to effect any thing being not well furnish'd with Money the Key of the Work and that which gives a quick dispatch to all Affairs in China for they had already disposed both of their Presents and Silver and to take up Money at Eight or Ten per Cent. for a Months time they did not think it convenient and therefore they resolv'd to apply themselves to the Emperor himself who was pleas'd to send to know how far the Council had proceeded in the Business and understanding that the Ambassadors offer'd every five years to come and Salute the Emperor he himself was pleas'd to put out with his own hand the number of Five and to insert that of Eight out of a particular Inclination to the Hollanders alledging That they had need have five whole years to go and come if so be they would only Travel by Day for said the Emperor How is it possible for them to continue such tedious Voyages if you allow them no longer time Beside why should we straiten them in such a Point who do not stand in need of me nor fear me but out of a singular Respect and Affection come to Salute me with their Goods and Presents Certainly we ought to use these People more kindly that so after they have perform'd such Undertakings they may tarry at home and rest themselves for two or three years This favorable Answer of the Emperor gave great encouragement to the Ambassadors to hope well of their Business but the Chancellors chief Secretary did all that possibly he could to disswade them from making over much haste with what they had to desire further of his Imperial Majesty saying Is it not enough that such who never till then address'd themselves in Embassy to Salute his Majesty and were so much prejudic'd by former Aspersions as made them almost unacceptable to many great Persons in China be receiv'd and admitted as Friends and Allies at the first Overture and have leave to progress through the Country wherefore he endeavor'd to perswade the Ambassadors not to insist too much upon a free Trade that being the way to unhinge their well-begun Business for they were not to imagine that the Emperor and his Council were oblig'd to grant at first sight all what'ere they should desire and therefore advis'd them to forbear mentioning a free Trade till their next Return when they would have a better opportunity But the Ambassadors did not think fit to follow his Advice because the time drew near that the Emperor was to make his Entrance into his new Palace when he had appointed and promised the Ambassadors to give them Audience But before they could have a Hearing they were first to perform Obedience in the old Palace where the Emperor's Treasure and Seal are kept in regard according to a Proverb amongst the Chineses this Place is older than the Emperor and therefore chosen and bless'd by Heaven and the first Honor doth also belong unto it so that all Foreign Ambassadors who refuse to pay such Respects must not appear before the Emperor but depart without a Hearing as it hapned to the Ambassador of Muscovy who to preserve the Dignity and Esteem of his Lord and Master would not perform here the usual Complement and Ceremony Likewise all the Grandees of the Kingdome must do their Duty here ere they appear before his Majesty nay more the Emperor himself before he is Install'd is oblig'd to come and bow here This Custom is usually perform'd by Ambassadors three Days before their Audience Upon the 22. of August came the Agents of the Canton Vice-Roys with the Mandorin Pinxenton and others of Canton early in the Morning to our Lodgings and not long after also appear'd three Chinese Doctors and some of the Court in very rich Habits These Persons conducted the Ambassadors and their Followers in great State into a Room of the old Palace much like a Library for we saw none but Scholars and Gown-men with Books in their Hands from whence after some short stay we were conducted into an open Court within a high Wall where we were commanded at the voice of the Herald to kneel three times and to bow our Heads to the Ground after a short pause the Herald proclaim'd aloud in the Chinese Language Caschan which in English is God hath sent the Emperor afterwards he cried aloud Quee that is Fall upon your Knees then he pronounced the word Canto signifying Bow your Head after that Coe bidding them Stand up and this did he three times in order one after another wherein we also conform'd at last he signified to us that we should stand aside which we did All these Ceremonies were perform'd in presence of at least a hundred Chinese Doctors or Rabbies after which we return'd to our Lodgings And now the Ambassadors according to the Custom were to appear upon the 25. of August before the Emperor but were prevented by the sudden Death of the Emperor's youngest Brother who being about six years of Age hapned to die upon the 23. of the same Month not without suspicion of Poyson by some of the Council who it seems as we were told did not think him worthy to live because he had provoked the Emperor in some ill Language before our arrival at Peking But others ascrib'd his Death to a violent Cold he took by drinking a Glass of ice-Ice-Water being very hot which put him into such a violent Distemper that he died in few hours after The Emperor seem'd very much to lament his Death for he would not be seen by any Person in three Days This young Prince was kept a whole Month before his Interment so that the Ambassadors were held from having Audience of the Emperor until the second of September Upon the 14. of August they understood that the Ambassador of Muscovy went from thence without Audience becaus'd he refus'd to bow to the Seal of the Emperor so to preserve the Honor and Dignity of his Lord and Master One of his Gentlemen came about Noon whilst the Ambassadors were at Dinner and took leave in the Name of the all the rest and he desir'd likewise the favour of a Letter to shew in Russia that he had found us here which was presently granted Afterwards we were inform'd That this Ambassador was not suffer'd to depart till such time as the Emperor had given him a Pass Upon the Day appointed for this long expected Audience came the Mandorin Pinxenton with the Agents and Mandorins of the Canton Vice-Roys and some

that it is heard some Miles distant In the Province of Kiangsi hard by the Chief City Nanchange is the Mountain Pechang which signifies The Mountain of a hundred Rods because the Waters there run so far with great impetuousness In the River Chuem which runs near to Xunking through steep and cragged Rocks are thirty six great Water-falls which continually rore with a most hideous noise Near to the tenth Principal City of this Province is a River call'd Xemuen or Heng which runs with great boisterousness from a Water-shoot that falls into it The River Yao in its Passage by the City Liniao makes so great a noise as if it Thunder'd From the Mountain of Taye are Cataracts that fall with great force at least four hundred Rods. Near to the City Tau is so plentiful a Water-fall that it has caus'd a Mere or Lake Near to the Chief City of Choxang is a River call'd Xangyung wherein is so great a fall of the Waters that when at any time a Stone is but flung into it it causes Rain and Thunder which may well be esteem'd a Prodigy Near to the City Hoeicheu lies the River Singan which has at least three hundred and sixty Water-shoots falling into it between Vales and Rocks In the Province of Fokien near the City Tingcheu is a River which runs to Ienping which hath many of these Water-falls and dangerous Sands and Rocks insomuch that when any Vessels Sail down with the Stream the Skippers to avoid Shipwrack fling out great Bundles of Straw beforehand which stopping against the Rocks preserve the Vessels that strike against them from beating themselves in pieces Near to the City Kiegan lies the River Can where the dangerous Rocks call'd Xetapan take their rise it is very hazardous to Sail down the River from this City by reason of blind Cliffs and Sands which have destroy'd many Vessels for the Sands are not easily discoverable the River running with great swiftness over them and therefore whatever Skippers Sail that way take with them always an expert Pilot from this City Near to the City Ce lies the River Tan which signifies Red because the Water thereof looks like Blood They report that this Water was formerly very clear and white but that it receiv'd this colour by means of one Pei a very faithful Governor of his Country who for some reasons unknown kill'd himself upon the side of this River and ever since the Waters have retain'd a bloody tincture There runs a River before the small City Cu in the Province of Suchue call'd The River of Pearls for that in the Night it glitters and sparkles as if it were full of Precious Stones Also before the City of Iungcheu runs the River Siang whose Water is of a Crystal clearness so that though it be several Fathoms deep yet one may see plainly any thing that lies at the bottom Near to Foming runs a small River from the Mountain Talao the Water whereof turns blue in Harvest at which time the Inhabitants wash their Clothes in the same to give them that colour which it doth with as good effect as any artificial Dyer could do The River Kiemo near to Paogan is said to have such an occult Quality that it will bear no Vessel of Wood but as soon as it comes upon it it sinks as suddenly as if it vanish'd in the Air. The like is the River Io near to Kancheu which is therefore call'd The Weak River because it will bear nothing that is heavy Near to Chingtien upon the Mountain Cucai is a small River whose Waters are very sweet and well scented Near to Choxan is the River Cungyang whose Water takes Spots and Stains out of all sorts of Cloths and is so naturally cooling to the Air that it tempereth the Heat of Summer and therefore the Emperors of China have built a Palace over this River to which they frequently resort to avoid the extraordinary Heats The River Kinxa or The River of Gold is so nam'd because the Inhabitants find great quantities thereof in the same Near to the City Pezan runs the River Che but more peculiarly call'd Hoanglung that is The Yellow Dragon for the Inhabitants fancy that they saw a yellow Dragon therein in the time of the Race of Hana The River Siangyn which runs before Mielo is famous because it was the occasion of the observation of the Feast Tuonu which is observ'd and kept through all China upon the fifth Day of the fifth Month in memory of a certain faithful Governor who drowned himself in this River to prevent some Traitors that were plotting to take away his Life he being a Man well belov'd by the People over whom he Rul'd they to this day as an honor to his Posterity and to continue his Fame make great Entertainment In the Province of Kiangsi near to the City of Vucheu runs the River Lieufan from whence the Chineses fetch the Water which they use in Hour-glasses in stead of Sand because this Water is of all others the least subject to alteration either of Time or Weather Near to Kiegan is a River call'd Senting which signifies A Pipe or Flute because the Water running very swift through Cliffs and stony places makes a very musical and delightful noise Near to Xincheu is the River Xo which doth infallibly cure several sorts of Diseases In the Province of Chekiang near the Chief City of Hangcheu runs a River which in regard of its Course is call'd sometimes Che sometimes Cientang and in some Places Cingan This River causeth upon the eighteenth Day of the eighth Month such a very high Tide before this City that it extremely puzzles the Philosophers themselves to find out the meaning or give the reason thereof for upon that Day the Water riseth Higher than at any other time of the Year by reason of which so very famous is this Day that the whole City about four a Clock makes toward the River to behold the wonderful Operation Of Springs Wells and Fountains IN Chinting the fourth Chief City of the Province of Peking lies a Mere which hath its rise from two Springs the Waters of the one are very hot the other cold and yet they lie but at a small distance asunder Upon the Hill Ganlo near to the City Iungchang is a Stone in the form of a Mans Nose and from his Nostrils arise two Springs whereof the one is warm the other cold In Tengcheu the Chief City of the Province of Xantung is a Spring call'd Hanuen which is a Miracle in Nature for it bubbles forth Water both hot and cold at the same time which separate and divide themselves In the Province of Xensi in the City of Lincheng is a Fountain as clear as Crystal being scarcely five Foot deep yet the top thereof is very cold but the bottom so hot that there is no enduring to touch it with ones Foot In the Province of Quangsi is a Spring the one half whereof is

clear and the other muddy although any Person take of the Waters and mingle them yet nevertheless they immediately part and divide each receiving presently their former Colours Near to Iungping is a Spring whose Water is so hot that it will boil an Egg. Near to the City Hiqoy is a Hill call'd Caotung upon which are several warm Baths and hot Springs Near to Iungcheng is a Hill call'd Gailo upon which is a very deep Well which serves the Inhabitants by observation of its rise or fall for a sign of a fruitful or barren Year There are several other Springs and Waters in many other Places of China which are very remarkable for their Qualities and have great esteem among them because they have had sufficient experience of their Vertues wherewith we shall no longer detain the Reader but proceed to what follows CHAP. XIII Of Hills and Mountains VEry curious and indeed nice even to Superstition are the Chineses in the choice of Hills for they say and believe all their Fortune depends upon it being places inhabited as they imagine by Dragons unto whom they attribute the cause of all their good Fortune And for this cause when any of them intend to erect a Tomb which is generally done among the Mountains by rich People they diligently examine the shape and nature of the Hill for its situation and are very sollicitous to discover a happy piece of Earth and such they esteem so which has the resemblance of the Head Tail or Heart of a Dragon which once found they imagine that according to wish all things shall go well with their Posterity And this Fancy is so generally prevalent with them that there are many who profess the Art of telling Fortunes by the form of Hills In the Description of Hills and Mountains I shall not only mention their largeness heighth c. but likewise their Nature Shape Form and the Beasts that live upon them The Mountain Lungciven near to Kungyang is about two Miles and half big Suming near to Xaohing fills a place of seven Miles and a half Lofeu near to Polo is in its circumference eighteen Miles and a half Tiengo near to Pinkiang is thirty one Miles in extent so also is the Mountain Quanghia near to Nanking The Heng near to Hoenyuen is fifty Miles large The Yen begins at Iotyen and teaches sixty three Miles in length At Kinhoa near to Yu lies the Mountain Kiming which is the largest in extent of all the Mountains of China The Ximus near to Taigan is three Miles and a half high It is said that upon the top thereof at the first Crowing of the Cock the Sun may be seen to rise The Tientai is five Miles high The Vempi in the Province of Queicheu reaches with its top above the Clouds At Sintien lies the Mountain Pie which is the highest of all Hills and reaches far above the Clouds Near to the City Xefan lies the Mountain Tafung which seems to touch the very Skies Near to Cangki is a very high Mountain call'd Iuntai which they entitle The Throne of Heaven The Hocang is so high that it ascends ten thousand Foot above the Earth and never any Rain or Snow was seen to fall upon it The Kiming near to the City Yn requires nine days Travel to the top of it In Quangsi near the City Ieyang lies the Mountain Paofung whose top reaches to the very Clouds and yet hath a Stone House built upon it There are very many other wonderful Hills and Mountains in the Provinces of China which we shall omit to mention for brevity sake and shall proceed to speak of their Shapes and Nature The Hills of Umuen show as if they hung in the Air. In the Province of Quangsi is a Hill which bears the shape of an Elephant The Mountain Utung resembles the shape of a Man standing upright with his Head bowing downward Near to Paoki is a Hill call'd Chincang whose concave parts are such that before stormy Weather or Thunder it will rore in so fearful a manner that the noise may be heard two Miles Near to Sinyang is a very high and pleasant Hill whose top against Rain is always cover'd with a Cloud Near to Pingchai lies the Mountain Pequi of which it has been observ'd that the melting of the Winter Snow upon its top is a sign of a plentiful Year but if it continues all Summer unmelted it is a bad sign Upon the Mountain Kesin near to the Garrison-Cities it is extraordinary cold Near to Nanking is a great Hill nam'd Quanglin which in the fairest Weather is always so very much cover'd with Clouds that it is hardly to be seen at any little distance Near to Xaicheu lies the Mountain Lingfung upon which if any Rain do fall in the day-time a great flame of Fire appears in the Night but in dry Weather there is seen no such appearance The Mountain Hoo is call'd The Fiery Mountain because in the night-time certain Lights appear upon the same as so many burning Candles Country People speak them to be a sort of Glow-worms which creep out of the River by Night and shine after this manner Near to Munghoa lies the Mount Tienul call'd The Ear of Heaven famous for a notable Echo The Mountain Quan is stor'd with brave Hawks and Kites which the Great Ones use for their Recreations The Chinese Historians relate That near to Sinfung lies a very great Hill upon which such wild Beasts and Men live whose likes are not to be found in any other Place Upon the top of the Hill Fungcao as is said the incomparable and seldom seen Phenix hath her Nest under which is found an extraordinary Precious Stone In the Province of Xensi upon the Mountain Holan is a great Race of wild Horses and upon that of Liniao breed several wild Oxen Tygers and other Creatures In the Province of Chekiang upon the Mountain Cutien an incredible thing to be told are Tygers who have left off their fierceness the nature of the Soil being of that Quality that if any are brought thither wild from other Places they become tame in a short time the same thing happens to Snakes Near to Cinyven in the Province of Iunnan is the Mountain Nilo where is great abundance of Tygers and Leopards In the Province of Suchue near to Cungkiang upon a Mountain call'd Toyung are Monkies which very much resemble a Man Near to the City Changcheu lies the Hill Cio upon which is said to lie a Stone of five Rod high end eighteen Inches thick which of its self rolls and moves up and down against foul Weather Near to Lioyang upon the Mountain Yoinea which signifies The Mountain of the Rich Woman is to be seen a Statue of a very beautiful Woman not made by Art but grown there naturally Near to the City Iengan in a certain hollow place of the Mountain Chingleang is to be seen a whole Herd of strange Idols to the number of above a thousand