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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A65093	The works of the famous antiquary, Polidore Virgil containing the original of all arts, sciences, mysteries, orders, rites, and ceremonies, both ecclesiastical and civil : a work useful for all divines, historians, lawyers, and all artificers / compendiously English't by John [i.e. Thomas] Langley.; De rerum inventoribus. English	Vergil, Polydore, 1470?-1555.; Langley, Thomas, d. 1581.	1663 (1663)	Wing V596; ESTC R28374	121,672	340

as it appears by Josephus is very antient For Cain Adam's son was very greedy in gathering together of money Herodotus writeth that the Lydians first coyned Silver and Gold to buy and sell with For before the siege of Troy as Homer witnesseth men used to change one commodity for another Yet in the time of Abraham there was Money currant for he bought the Cave to bury his Wife Sarah of the Hittite Ephron for 400 Shekels of Silver which was before the siege of Troy many years In Rome the first coyn of Gold was made in the 547th year of the City and it was named a Duckat and after it began to be used in many places at sundry times Phedon began Silver coin in the Isle Egina It was minted in Rome in the 484th year after the City was builded the print of it was a Chariot with two horses and some with four Janus did cause Brasse to be coyned with a face on the one side and a ship on the other side to the intent to gratify Saturnus which arrived there in a ship by setting forth his memory to their posterity and successours Servius Tullius first coyned Brasse with an Image of a sheep and an Oxe Looking Glasses of Silver were devised by Praxiteles in the time of Pompeius Magnus There were also invented looking Glasses of Steel Lead Chrystal-Glasse and mingled stuffe wherein we behold our visages Though it is uncertain who did first find them yet Pliny saith that one Sidon invented them of Glasse Rings with a piece of stone wrought in them be reported of Pliny to have been made of Jupiter to keep in memory the punishment of Prometheus for that he deluded the gods of the Element of fire and did traduce it to mans use but that is a fable not to be credited The use of Rings and precious stones is of great antiquity for I read in Genesis that Judah gave his daughter in Law Thamar a Ring and broches as pledges of his promise And Moses who was 300 years before the battel of Troy speaketh of Rings and precious stones for making of the Ark and vestures of Aaron as Oriches and Smaragdus or Emrode In Rome at the first they used Rings of Iron every man saving the Tribunes It was long before the Senatours had any Rings of Gold and as Macrobius writeth they used them not so much for trimming and decking of themselves as to seal letters with them insomuch that it was not permitted to any man to have more then one and that was allowed to none but Freemen Afterwards they began to grave Seals in precious stones And least they should be broken with stresse they ware them on the finger of the left hand that is next the little finger because the left hand is not put to so much labour as the right hand or else as Macrobius saith because there goeth a Vein from that finger to the Heart Rings also were used and worn of the Knights in Rome that by them they might be distinguished and known from the common sort of people CHAP. XIV The Original of Glasse Amber Vermilion Mirrhe and Crystall IN Phoenice which is a part of Syria at the foot of the Mount Carmel there is a Pool called Candebea whereof the River Belus springerh in the which Glasse as Pliny writeth is ingendred For it is reported that on a time when a Merchants Ship that was fraighted with Salt-peeter for so some expound nitrum arrived there and as they prepared their meat on the sands and Sea-banks It fortuned that because they had no store of stones to bear up their Vessels wherein they sod their meat they took great pieces of Nitre out of their Ship to set their Victuals on which after they chanced to be on fire and mingled with the sand there ran bright flakes of this precious Liquor By this River is Menon's Tomb and as Josephus writeth the nature of that water is to turn and transform other metals into glasse Amber as Diodorus witnesseth was found in the Isle Basilia which lyeth against Scythia above Galatia in the great Ocean where it was first cast up and was never seen not found in any other place before Vermilion or Red Lead was found in Ephesus by Gallius an Athenian And it was i● Rome counted and taken for holy insomuch that on their Feastival dayes they painted the face of Jupiters Imag● with it and the bodies of them that triumphed and Camillus triumphed so as Pliny witnesseth Myrrh which is a● humour congealed and constipated together with heat cometh out of the East parts and namely out of Carmania● Pompeius in his triumph of the Pyrates and Robbers on the Sea brought it first into Rome Crystal is a stone that is congealed of pure water not with cold but by a power of divine heat whereby it retaineth its hardnesse and never relenteth or melteth and receiveth divers colours and this is the opinion of Diodorus But Pliny supposeth that it commeth of the Ice extreamly Frozen Neverthelesse it is uncertain who found it CHAP. XV. The beginning of Imagery and of Alexander's Image COncerning the use of making Images from whence it came Authors differ and vary For Macrobius citeth one Epicardus that saith it began of a superstition of Hercules who according to the number of his Companions whom he lost in his Voyage into far Countries when he came home into Italy made Images of them and cast them down at the Bridge Sublicius into Tyber to the intent they should be carried into their natural Countries thinking that to be a just Funeral Neverthelesse he taketh it that they came rather of the custome of the Arcadians which as Diodorus writeth in their wandring abroad repaired into Italy and builded a Chappel to Pluto and an Altar to Saturnus where they pacified Pluto with the heads of men and burned the bodies to Saturn For so they expounded their Oracle Et capita inferno et patri transmittite lumen Give heads to Pluto the God infernal And Saturn his father the fire lustral The sacrifices that were offered to Saturn were named Saturnalia After Hercules as he passed through Italy when he had conquered and subdued Gerion advertised them to change that unlucky sacrifice into fortunate oblations and taught them to make Images of heads of men to Pluto And to light Tapers of Wax in honour of Saturn Lactantius saith Prometheus made first Images of soft Clay and taught the way to make statues Some say as Diodorus writeth that the Aethiopians found the first use of Images and of them the Aegyptians learned Notwithstanding I find that Images were long before that time For Rachel when her Husband fled out of Mesopotamia from Laban his Father in Law did steal away her fathers gods And some think that men took occasion from God to make Images who willing to shew to the grosse wits of men some

number of years and sometimes by nails For every year the Consull or chief Judge called Praetor in the Ides of September fastned a nail in the wall of Jupiters Temple next joyning to the Temple of Pallas to signify the space of years And we use to write our numbers with these seven letters C I D L M U X. or with these Figures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. which because they be in quotidian use it needeth not to declare CHAP XVI Physick and the parts thereof PHysick which with remedies provided by God doth much comfort and cure men in their maladies and diseases that break forth in their bodies is thought worthily to have been invented of the Gods For it is supposed that Mercury found it among the Egyptians some say it was Apys their god or Arabus son to Apollo some refer it to Apollo himself because the moderate heat of the Sun is banisher of all sicknesse Clement doth attribute the finding of it to the Egyptians in general and the amplifying and enlarging of it to Aesculapius which beside other things found the plucking out of Teeth Notwithstanding whosoever found the notable knowledge of Medicines it is no doubt but it was perceived by what things were wholesome and what unwholesome And as they observed how the sick folks used their diet and marked how some for greedinesse did eat much and some forbare their meat because of faintnesse of their stomach Whereby they learned that abstinence was a helper and furtherer of health and by such observance other Precepts of Physick were gathered It hath three parts one of Dieting another of Medicines the third of Surgery for by one of these three wayes are diseases relieved But forasmuch as it often changeth it was very obscure till Hippocrates did renew it and whereas they had a custome that the Patient being restored to health should write in the Temple of the God that helped him both his name and the manner of healing that the example might help the like disease our of all such precedences he gather●d Precepts of Physick and brought it first to a formall Art In Rome Archagathus of Peloponuesus was the first Physitian in the five hundred thirty fifth year of the City Lucius Emilius and Marcus Livius being Consulls and was made Freeman of the City which was first made a Surgeon after for the sharpnesse of his cutting and searing he was named a Butcher and Murtherer and afterward when the number began to increase they were expulsed out of Rome and banished by Marcus Cato as Pliny telleth in his thirty sixth Book In Egypt and Babylon they used no Physitians but brought the sick persons into the streets and common places that the men which passed by might tell them what manner diet or means they themselves had used in the like disease to escape it Neither was it lawfull for any man to passe by till he had communed with the Patient In the latter dayes the Egyptians distributed the Art of Medicines in such sort that every Disease had a diverse Physitian to minister in it as one for the eyes one for the head others for the entrails and likewise other for other sicknesses and so it came to passe that all places were full of Physitians In this Art Cassius Calpitanus Aruntius Rubrius Antonius Musa Galenus Avicenna excelled CHAP. XVII The Inventours of herbs medicinable what remedies men learned of beasts NAture doubtlesse the Mother and Governesse of all things did create hearbs as may appear by many examples partly for the delectation and partly for the Health and preservation of mens bodies For Xanthus an Historiographer as Pliny recordeth telleth how a Dragon revived his young Faun that was slain by the vertue of an hearb called Balin and the Hechewall if a wedge be driven into the hole of her nest for she maketh her nest in the hole of a Tree that she worketh with her beak compelleth it to fall out with an hearb that she knoweth and some of the Indians live onely by hearbs Appianus writeth that the Parthians which Anthony put to flight constrained by extream famine chanced to eat a certain hearb whose nature was to make them that eat it to forget all other things and onely dig up stones as if they would do some great matter and after such extream travail died Of such Medicines made with Herbs Chiron son to Saturnus and Phillara was the finder and devised also salves for wounds Sores Biles although some think it was Apollo and some refer it to his son Aesculapius whom Chiron brought up to the Samothracians But I suppose they attributed the Invention of it to Chiron because he found the Herb Century wherewith he healed the wound that he had by Hercules shafts falling on his foot as he was handling of his weapons Notwithstanding Celsus saith that the Art of Physick is very ancient but he maketh no mention of the Author of it onely he saith Aesclepiadss which was an excellent Physitian did abolish the use of it for asmuch as it annoyed the stomack and engendred evill humours Mercury found the use of Moly Achilles Yarow Esculapius Panace and sundry men found sundry hearbs Medicines of Honey Sol the son of Oceanus invented and beasts taught men certain hearbs necessary for Medicines As the Hart stricken with an Arrow driveth it out with Dittany and if he be stinged with a Spider he healeth himself with eating Pills or a certain hearb named Cancer Selandine wh●ch is a soveraign hearb for the sight was perceived by the Swallows which healed the eyes of their young ones with it The Snail or Torteise ready to fight with the Serpent armeth himself with Savery or Marjoram The Boar in his sicknesse cureth himself with the Ivy. Of the water Horse in Nylus men learned to let bloud For when he is weak and distempered he seeketh by the River side the sharpest Reed-stalks and striketh a Vein in his Leg against it with great violence and so easeth his body by such means and when he hath done he covereth the wound with the mud The Ibis a bird much like the Stork of the same Country taught Physicians to Minister Glisters For when she is full she purgeth her self with her crooked beak at the Fundament The Wesil in chasing the Serpent preserveth her self with Rue and the Stork with Organy In Greece Orpheus Museus Dioscorides In Rome Marcus Cato Pompeius Leuius wrote of the nature of Hearbs Pliny thinketh that this Art was first received among the Romans CHAP. XVIII The beginning of Magick driving out of Spirits Charms Prophecying in sundry manners MAgick had its beginning of Physick and was the invention of Zoroastres King of the Bactrians which reigned eight hundred years after the siege of Troy the same time that Abraham and Ninus reigned

man might not marry that Maid to whom his father was a God-father It was confirmed first by Gregory and after by Alexander the third That no man should marry his brother's wife lest it should be thought to be a counterfeit of the Hebrews Lanuch was the first that ever had two wives whose example many others ensued afterwards The custome of purifying of women was taken of the Hebrews but there is no day or time appointed for it Nevertheless for an honest order they use commonly not to be purified before the moneth day and then with a few honest Matrons she cometh accompanied to the Church and offereth a wax Taper and the Chrisome CHAP. V. Of the Temples Church-yards when the Crosse was first had in reverence IN the Old Testament Moses set up a Tabernacle curiously edified to God wherein Supplication and Intercession was made to him for the 〈◊〉 of the people And in that he made the Ark of Covenant in the which he put the two Tables of stone containing the Law of the Ten Commandements Aaron's rod and the pot of Manna After him Solomon King of the Hebrews made at Hierusalem ● Temple of costly array and sumptuously wrought I cannot to say truth perfectly tell where the first Church of Christians was builded but by all conjecture it seemeth that it was made of the Apostles either in Ethiopia where Matthew preached or in Lower India where Bartholomew taught or in Scythia where Andrew shewed the Word of God Where they doubtlesse either cause new Churches to be edified or else transposed the Idol's Temples to serve the Christians use abolishing Superstition and planting the true Religion of Christ Albeit it were not against reason to suppose there was a Temple or house of prayer appointed by James at Jerusalem In Rome the first that I read of was consecrated by Pius Bishop of Rome in the street called Patricius at Novatus Baths in honour of the Virgin Prudentia at the request and suit of Praredis her sister And after Calistus made a Temple to the Virgin Mary in a place beyond Tiberis and instituted a Church-yard in Apius's street and called it after his own name But Abraham was the first that made any place of burial in Hebron where he bought of Ephron an Hittite the double Cave for 300 shekels of silver with the the ground about it and there was Sarah his wife and he himself buried Noah builded the first Altar and offered upon it a burned Sacrifice to the Lord. And Bonifacius the third caused that they were covered with linnen cloaths Constantinus when he had won the battail against Maxentius by reason of a vision that he saw of the crosse the day of the battle ordained that from thenceforth no man should suffer death on the crosse And so in processe of time it was had in much reverence and worship And Theodosius made a law That there should no Image of the crosse be graven in stone marble or in earth lest men should tread on it Hellen Constantine's Mother a very vertuous woman repaired to Jerusalem to seek the Crosse of our Lord where with great labour and diligence she fouud it and with it the other two whereon the Theeves were hanged but it was ease to perceive Christ's Crosse by the Title which then did remain albeit sore wasted and corrupted with Antiquity CHAP. VI. Of the ancient rite or sacrificing Feast-dayes dedicating Temples the mystery of Fire Holy Water CAin and Abel the two sons of our first Father Adam offered in sacrifice to God the first fruits of their goods Abel his oblation was a Lamb Cain his gift was Corn. Afterward when the Priesthood was ordained Aaron and his sons offered divers things with sundry Ceremonies which he shewed at large in the book of Leviticus The Gentiles almost all sacrificed to the Idols men or women after sundry rites as appeareth in the Histories of Gentile-Authors And if it fortuned that they omitted any such abominable idolatry they had great punishment destruction of their fruit corruption of their water infection of the Ayr death of Cattel great droughts women had evil deliverance with many such plagues as Dionysius Halicarnasseus witnesseth which the spirits of the ayr procured to delude and seduce men and confirm them in their errour The holy-dayes among the Jews were divers as the Sabbath-day the Feast of the new Moon the Passeover the Feast of unleavened bread Pentecost the Feast of Tabernacles the Dedication day which be all shewed largely in the Old Testament The use of dedicating Churches is of great antiquity for Moses did sanctifie the Tabernacle and Solomon consecrated the Temple that he builded at Jerusalem And Esdras after when they returned from the Captivity of Babylon hallowed the Temple new again Of them we receive our Rite of hallowing of Churches albeit we have more ceremonies then they had Fire was kept continually on the Altar by the Priests for without it and salt could no sacrifice be duly made or ordinarily offered and we in our Masses have ever a Taper of Wax burning And the Emperours of Rome had Fire born before them and the Vestals had ever perpetual Fire in the Temple where they served Vesta The spirits of the ayr that gave doubtfull answers to them that enquired any question of them were at the coming of Christ all destroyed For when he was carried into Egypt which is a Country full of superstition and Idolatry all the Idols of that Region were overthrown and fell to the ground at his coming thither And in the time of Adrian the Emperour both the wicked sacrifices were abolished and also the Oracles of Apollo at Delphos Jupiter-Hammon in Egypt with like vanities were subverted by the power of God through his Son Jesus Christ Holy Water was ordained by Alexander the first to be consecrated to drive away Spirits and was commanded that it should be kept as well in Churches as in private houses for the same use whereof are grown among the common people many superstitious errours contrary to the Word of God CHAP. VII Who ordayned Praying Why we look Eastward Ministring the Sacrament of the Altar FOrasmuch as we are created of God after his own Image for the intent to honour and serve him and so finally to enjoy the eternal inheritance of Heaven which we must attain to by Prayer acknowledging our own infirmities and referring us to the mercy of our most loving Father It shall therefore be convenient to declare the institution of Prayer Prayer therefore was from the beginning as Abel prayed Noah Abraham Isaac Jacob with other Patriarks prayed to God in all their doubtfull affairs and gave thanks for the good atchieving of them Moses and Aaron with other as Anna the wife of Helcanah shewed us an example of Prayer But Christ is the first that did shew us any special form of Prayer as appeareth in the Gospell of Matthew

VEnus 95 Venus a common woman 152 Vermilion 114 Vigils 229 Vizzards were found by Echilles 33 Voyces 72 Vowes 246 Use of Scotland 17 Use in the Service 224 Vulcanus 108 Vultursii 96 Uxor ab ungendo 19 W. WAggons 92 Walls of houses 135 Washing of feet on Maundy-Thursday 184 Washing dead bodies 241 Watch-words 89 Watches wards ibid. Water is cause material 7 Water-Dial 82 Weights and Measures 53 Weaving 129 Weather-cocks 51 Whit-Sunday 164 Wimble 147 Winds 50 Wine 124 Wine-Taverns 125 Winter-garlands 103 Wooll 129 Women had commendations in Rome 141 Women may not base their heads in the Church 182 Women of India 139 Works due on the Holy-dayes 232 World made of nought 8 World was made by Meter 31 Wrestling 94 Writing in Egypt 143 Writing Tables 192 X. X The letter 25 Xamolxis 46 Xerxes 95 Y. YAwning 248 Year who found it 77 Yoking Oxen. 123 Z. ZEphus 40 Zeno 11 Zoroastes found Magick 60 FINIS Ephes 6. Oracles doubtfull What men were deified Isis Neptunus Faunus Pallas Apollo Jupiter Belus Opinions of the Philosophers Thales Cleanthes Anaxagoras Chrisippus Diagoras Theodorus Protagoras Epicurus Anaximan Saturnus father of the gods To speak of the nature of God is dangerous Simonides One God What God is Water is cause material Fire Four Elements Ayre Atomos The World was made of naught Plato The opinions of the birth of man The second opinion The Egyptians opinion of man Mice engendred of the mud The story of Psammaticus The Aethiopians opinion of man Aborigines Anaximander Democritus Zeno. Poets God made man Adam the first man Diversity of speeches Religiou Babylon Division of Nations Sons of Noah Authors of the names of Countries Instruction of wedlock Marriage began in Paradise Cecrops The manners of divers Nations in Marriages Massagites Arabians Punishment for Adultery Buying of Wives Nazamones The use sof Scotland Malcolme King of the Scots Single livers Divorcement Spurius Servilius Moses ordained Divorcements Rites of Marriages Fire and Water given in token of chastity Maids of Rome and Greece Vxor ab ungendo Occasion of Idolatry Images of Kings Melissus Belus Aethiopians Janus Cadmus Orpheus Cecrops Cain Abel Enos Letters Diodorus Menon The Egyptianss letters Pliny Cadmus found fourteen letters Palamedes added four letters Epicarmus Cadmus Eumolphus Moses The Sons of Seth found the letters Hebrew letters Greek letters Evander brought letters into Italy Demeratus taught the Hetrurians letters The letter F. was taken of the Ae●lians Two parts of Gramm Epicurus taught Grammer first Crates taught Grammer in Rome Antonius-Enipho a Schoolmaster Poetry Poets be called holy of Ennius Hebrews were Authors of Poetry Moses David The Psalter of David Solomon Job Orpheus Linus Livius Andronicus The World was made by Metre Diverse kinds of Meter Heroical verse Archilocus found Jambus Daphnis found the Shepheards Carolls Tragedies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Visards were found by Eschylus Famous Tragedies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Tragedy A Comedy Archilaus A Satyre Two sorts of Satyres Liberty of the old Satyre New Comedy Menander Satyres whereof they were named Histories Cadmus wrote the story of Cyrus Moses did write the first Stories Priests of Egypt wrote stories Pheresides Greek stories Latin stories Rhetorick Mercury Empedocles Corax and Thiseas gave rules of Rhetorick Cicero Parts of Rhetorick Orpheus Finders of Musick after divers Authours Zephus Amphion Arcadians Mercury found the Concords Tubulcain Nature gave Musick to men Labourers passe away the time with Songs Musick maketh men effeminate Socrates Themistocles Salii Martis David Mercury Harp The strings in the Harp Amphion Gods of favour Shalms Dardamus Trezenius Pipe Singing to the lute Regalls Nebles Dulcimers Brazen Trumpet Dyrceus Captain of the Lacedemonians Moses found the Trumpet Arcadians brought Instruments into Italy Lacedemonians manner of war Drumslades in war Pipers Fidlers Magitians Chaldees Gymnosophists Druides Ochus Xamolxis Orpheus Atlas Hebrews were Authors of Philosophy Pythagoras calleth himself a Philosopher Three parts of Philosophy Five parts The power of the Stars Observing of dayes Chaldees Astrology Egyptians Mercury Abraham Grecians learned in Egypt Atlas Seth his posterity Two Pillars preserved Astrology from the Flood Archimedes Aeolus Four Winds Andronicus Images of Winds Weather-cocks Fans Nilus overfloweth Egypt Prognostication of plenty and scarcenesse Egyptians found out Geometry The Jews found out Geometry Abraham taught the Egyptians Contents of Geometry Measures and Weights Numbers Manner of reckoning years Counting by Nails Letters to count with Figures of Arithmatick Inventors of Physick Apollo god of Medicines Drawing out of Teeth Observing of diet was the beginning of Physick Three parts of Physick Hippocrat●s reduced it to an Art Archagathus the first Physitian in Rome Marcus Cato banished Physitians out of Rome The manner of the Egyptians in their diseases Every disease had a sundry Physitian Famous Physitians Hearbs were created for man Hearb called Balin Hechewall Parthians Chiron was Author of Medicines and Salves Centaury was found by Chiron Aesclepiades abolished Physick Moly Panace Dittany Cancer Selandine Savery Marjoram Ivy. Letting of bloud Rue Organy Zoroastres found Magick Thessaly used Magick Hosthanes wrote books of Magick Driving out of spirits Charms Eleazar driveth out spirits Two kinds of Prophesying Natural Artificial Beholding the bowels of beasts Feeding flying and chattering of birds Massolanus letteth the Augury Dreams-reading Law The Laws Natural Civil Law Law-makers Ceres God was the true Author of Laws Moses promulgated the first laws in writing The manner of ruling the Common-wealth Monarchy Aristocracy Democracy Kingdom began in Egypt Democracie began in Athen● First Kings how they behaved themselves Ninius did enlarge his Empire Hebrews ordained Democracy Aristocracy Theseus first Tyrant Nemroth Bondage Areopagites judged in the night Giving of voyces Kings of Rome Consuls in Rome Dictator first in Rome The space of the Dictator's Office The time of denouncing the Dictator Decrees Tribunimilitum Democracie began in Rome P. Licinius a man of the Commons L. Sylla C. Marius Royall Ornaments Divers devisions in the year The great year Romulus ordered the year Numa added to the year Julius Caesar made the year perfect Leap-year Bissextus Dayes of every Moneth Mercurius Trismegistus appointed 12 hours M. Valerius Messala ordained a Dial in Rome Water Dial. Clocks Sand-Diall Striking of the Clocks Sundry Divisions Parts of the Night Pisistratus made the first Books Atheus made many books Ptolomeus Libraries Aristotle had the first Library Asinius Pollio F. Feltrius John Cuthenbergus found Printing Men wrote in Plates of Lead Men of great Memory Mars author of Chivalry Tubulcain Palamedes appointed Watches and Warding Watch-words What year Guns were found Riding of Horses Playes or Shews Corilus Exercises used in the Olympiads The reward of the Victors Nemei Pyrrhusdance Xerxes Talus Chancebone Odd and Even The Rites of these feasts Sword-Players Truce Truce for Years Hours Barceans League Triumph Camillus Posthumius Tubertus Baccbus Moses Pausias Pericles Cups were crowned Aethiopus devised Oyntments Oyntments might not