the_o exiguity_n of_o the_o water_n which_o do_v not_o grow_v thick_a but_o resolve_v for_o although_o you_o take_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n and_o that_o you_o provoke_v with_o a_o light_n and_o gentle_a fire_n that_o the_o resolution_n may_v be_v impede_v yet_o the_o water_n acquire_v no_o salt_n taste_v 3._o lake_n and_o marsh_n though_o heat_v by_o the_o sun_n yet_o wax_v not_o salt_n this_o objection_n also_o scaliger_n endeavour_v to_o avoid_v say_v that_o this_o happen_v by_o the_o succession_n of_o fresh_a water_n and_o the_o same_o be_v find_v in_o those_o stand_a pool_n and_o lake_n which_o only_o proceed_v from_o rain_n or_o snow_n dissolve_v where_o there_o be_v no_o place_n for_o that_o refuge_n of_o succession_n for_o those_o lake_n be_v rather_o dry_v when_o that_o it_o rain_v not_o for_o a_o long_a space_n than_o turn_v into_o salt_n or_o render_v salt_n therefore_o reject_v those_o false_a opinion_n concern_v the_o cause_n and_o original_n of_o salt_n in_o the_o ocean_n let_v we_o lay_v hold_n of_o one_o of_o the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n with_o little_a or_o no_o difficulty_n in_o it_o viz._n 1._o that_o these_o particle_n be_v coeternal_a with_o the_o very_a ocean_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v no_o more_o dispute_v concern_v their_o original_n than_o concern_v the_o original_n of_o the_o ocean_n itself_o the_o earth_n yea_o and_o of_o the_o original_n and_o generation_n of_o the_o world_n 2._o if_o that_o this_o opinion_n be_v less_o complacent_fw-la we_o may_v make_v choice_n of_o another_o viz._n that_o these_o salt_n particle_n be_v here_o and_o there_o pull_v from_o the_o earth_n and_o so_o dissolve_v into_o water_n now_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o there_o be_v many_o saline_a mountain_n or_o rock_n in_o the_o bosom_n of_o the_o sea_n rock_n isle_n of_o ormus_n a_o salt_n rock_n the_o whole_a isle_n of_o ormus_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o white_a and_o hard_a salt_n of_o which_o they_o make_v the_o wall_n of_o their_o house_n and_o therefore_o no_o fountain_n of_o fresh_a water_n be_v find_v in_o that_o isle_n and_o none_o can_v be_v ignorant_a how_o that_o many_o mine_n of_o salt_n be_v find_v on_o the_o land_n and_o we_o have_v relate_v concern_v some_o in_o the_o eleven_o chapter_n but_o we_o need_v not_o particular_n let_v we_o consider_v the_o whole_a earth_n it_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n have_v much_o salt_n in_o it_o the_o great_a part_n of_o which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o salt_n for_o it_o have_v its_o consistency_n from_o salt_n for_o the_o chemical_a philosopher_n do_v right_o prove_v that_o the_o consistency_n and_o compaction_n of_o every_o thing_n proceed_v from_o salt_n and_o experience_n be_v answerable_a to_o the_o assertion_n for_o if_o that_o you_o take_v a_o hard_a piece_n of_o earth_n and_o burn_v it_o to_o ash_n much_o salt_n will_v be_v find_v in_o it_o nothing_o can_v be_v allege_v against_o this_o opinion_n that_o be_v of_o any_o value_n and_o be_v not_o easy_o refute_v for_o some_o say_v that_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o those_o salt_n part_n of_o the_o earth_n shall_v perpetual_o suffice_v and_o shall_v not_o at_o some_o time_n or_o other_o be_v consume_v by_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n which_o continual_o take_v away_o some_o part_n of_o they_o unto_o this_o i_o answer_v that_o the_o salt_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v not_o consume_v in_o so_o great_a abundance_n that_o it_o shall_v stand_v in_o need_n of_o much_o instauration_n and_o if_o that_o any_o be_v consume_v yet_o notwithstanding_o that_o be_v lay_v up_o in_o another_o place_n see_v that_o it_o be_v not_o remove_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n proposition_n ix_o whether_o that_o water_n be_v the_o fresh_a in_o the_o ocean_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v nigh_a the_o bottom_n and_o why_o in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n fresh_a water_n be_v find_v in_o the_o bottom_n sea_n of_o the_o freshness_n of_o water_n in_o the_o sea_n unto_o the_o first_o i_o answer_v that_o experience_n do_v not_o testify_v concern_v that_o sweetness_n but_o in_o some_o place_n of_o which_o the_o other_o question_n speak_v that_o in_o these_o place_n in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v fountain_n of_o fresh_a water_n i_o have_v sufficient_o say_v for_o it_o can_v natural_o be_v that_o the_o more_o salt-water_n shall_v exist_v above_o water_n less_o salt_n see_v that_o that_o be_v more_o heavy_a those_o place_n of_o the_o sea_n where_o fresh_a water_n be_v find_v to_o spring_v at_o the_o bottom_n may_v be_v collect_v by_o those_o that_o be_v studious_a from_o the_o writer_n of_o geography_n proposition_n x._o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n become_v less_o salt_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v near_o the_o pole_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o more_o salt_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v more_o near_o the_o aequator_fw-la or_o torrid_a zone_n although_o this_o may_v be_v understand_v of_o most_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n yet_o the_o proposition_n admit_v of_o some_o exception_n the_o cause_n of_o this_o inequality_n in_o saltness_n be_v sixfold_a place_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o inequality_n of_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o different_a place_n 1._o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n lift_v up_o more_o vapour_n from_o the_o ocean_n into_o the_o cloud_n than_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n which_o be_v the_o vapour_n of_o freshwater_n because_o that_o the_o particle_n of_o salt_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o gravity_n be_v not_o so_o easy_o lift_v up_o see_v therefore_o that_o from_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n or_o where_o the_o place_n be_v more_o near_o the_o torrid_a zone_n so_o much_o the_o vapour_n be_v separate_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o water_n that_o be_v lest_o be_v find_v more_o salt_n there_o than_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n where_o there_o be_v not_o so_o much_o freshwater_n separate_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o weak_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n cause_n the_o second_o cause_n 2._o the_o second_o cause_n be_v the_o heat_n or_o cold_a of_o the_o water_n for_o the_o same_o numerical_a water_n or_o salt_n meat_n as_o also_o pickle_a meat_n sauce_n and_o the_o like_a afford_v a_o more_o sensible_a saltness_n to_o the_o taste_n when_o they_o be_v eat_v hot_a than_o when_o cold_a for_o the_o heat_n or_o particle_n of_o the_o fire_n do_v move_v and_o render_v the_o particle_n of_o the_o salt_n contain_v in_o such_o meat_n more_o acute_a and_o separate_v they_o from_o the_o admixture_n whence_o they_o bite_v and_o prick_v the_o tongue_n more_o sharp_o now_o because_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v the_o more_o hot_a by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v nigh_a the_o aequator_fw-la or_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o sun_n at_o every_o day_n and_o contrariwise_o the_o more_o cold_a by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v more_o near_o the_o pole_n thence_o it_o follow_v that_o water_n though_o they_o shall_v contain_v the_o same_o quantity_n of_o salt_n yet_o they_o must_v seem_v and_o appear_v so_o much_o the_o salt_a to_o the_o taste_n by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v near_o to_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v more_o near_o the_o pole_n by_o so_o much_o they_o have_v less_o sensible_a salt_n cause_n the_o 3d_o cause_n 3._o the_o three_o cause_n be_v the_o more_o or_o less_o quantity_n of_o salt_n in_o the_o diverse_a part_n of_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o ocean_n for_o as_o we_o find_v in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o there_o be_v not_o pit_n of_o salt_n in_o they_o all_o neither_o where_o they_o be_v find_v be_v there_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o salt_n must_v be_v hold_v concern_v the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o the_o sea_n wash_v or_o cover_v that_o be_v the_o channel_n or_o the_o shore_n where_o there_o be_v therefore_o most_o quantity_n of_o salt_n or_o mineral_n in_o the_o bottom_n or_o shore_n of_o the_o ocean_n there_o the_o water_n be_v more_o salt_n because_o that_o it_o be_v impregnate_v with_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o salt_n so_o the_o isle_n of_o ormus_n consist_v all_o of_o salt_n therefore_o the_o adjacent_a ocean_n have_v very_a salt_n water_n but_o whether_o there_o be_v great_a plenty_n of_o salt_n in_o the_o channel_n and_o shore_n of_o the_o ocean_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n or_o more_o saline_a mine_n than_o in_o the_o north_n be_v very_o doubtful_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o want_n of_o observation_n yet_o it_o seem_v probable_a unto_o some_o that_o there_o be_v great_a quantity_n of_o salt_n in_o those_o place_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n by_o which_o the_o part_n of_o the_o water_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o terrestrial_a and_o
salt_n but_o this_o be_v a_o deceitful_a sign_n cause_n the_o four_o cause_n 4._o the_o four_o cause_n of_o the_o unequal_a saltness_n be_v the_o frequency_n or_o scarcity_n of_o rains_n unto_o which_o we_o may_v add_v snow_n and_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n snow_n and_o rain_n be_v frequent_a in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n they_o be_v less_o frequent_a in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o year_n and_o in_o othersome_a they_o be_v almost_o continual_a and_o therefore_o in_o these_o place_n in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v not_o so_o salt_n on_o the_o shore_n and_o have_v less_o salt_n in_o it_o than_o in_o the_o dry_a month_n yea_o in_o many_o region_n of_o the_o coast_n of_o malabar_n the_o ocean_n be_v fresh_a in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o abundance_n of_o water_n that_o flow_v from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n gatis_n and_o fall_v into_o the_o sea_n for_o this_o very_a reason_n in_o divers_a season_n of_o the_o year_n the_o same_o ocean_n be_v of_o a_o various_a saltness_n yet_o because_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n the_o rain_n and_o snow_n be_v continual_a throughout_o the_o whole_a year_n therefore_o this_o sea_n be_v less_o salt_n than_o in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n cause_n the_o 5_o cause_n 5._o the_o five_o cause_n be_v the_o dissimilary_a solution_n or_o unequal_a faculty_n of_o the_o water_n to_o dissolve_v this_o salt_n and_o unite_v it_o to_o its_o self_n for_o hot_a water_n soon_o unit_v salt_n unto_o itself_o then_o cold_a water_n although_o therefore_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n of_o the_o ocean_n the_o shore_n and_o channel_n of_o the_o same_o contain_v more_o or_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o salt_n that_o those_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n do_v yet_o because_o the_o water_n be_v there_o more_o cold_a it_o be_v not_o so_o able_a to_o dissolve_v and_o unite_v the_o salt_n to_o itself_o so_o subtle_o we_o the_o water_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n which_o be_v more_o hot_a cause_n the_o 6_o cause_n 6._o the_o six_o cause_n be_v the_o exoneration_n of_o many_o and_o great_a river_n into_o the_o sea_n but_o this_o cause_n only_o take_v place_n in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n that_o be_v vicine_fw-la to_o the_o shore_n but_o be_v not_o discover_v in_o the_o remote_a part_n so_o mariner_n affirm_v that_o the_o ocean_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o brasilia_n where_o the_o silver-river_n disburthen_v itself_o lose_v it_o saltness_n and_o afford_v fresh_a water_n fifteen_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o shore_n the_o same_o be_v observe_v of_o the_o african_a ocean_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o congi_n where_o the_o river_n zaire_n exonerate_v itself_o and_o of_o many_o more_o river_n unto_o these_o add_v run_v fountain_n in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ocean_n these_o be_v the_o cause_n which_o seem_v to_o concur_v to_o the_o variety_n and_o diversity_n of_o saltness_n in_o divers_a part_n of_o the_o ocean_n from_o which_o the_o saltness_n of_o every_o one_o of_o the_o sea_n may_v be_v explain_v from_o whence_o also_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o give_v a_o account_n why_o the_o water_n of_o the_o german_a and_o northern_a ocean_n be_v less_o apt_a to_o separate_v salt_n from_o itself_o by_o coction_n than_o the_o water_n of_o the_o spanish_a ocean_n the_o canary_n isle_n and_o that_o of_o cape_n verd_fw-mi whence_o the_o dutch_a fetch_v salt_n in_o great_a abundance_n and_o transport_v it_o into_o the_o northern_a region_n viz._n this_o ocean_n be_v more_o near_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o receive_v water_n from_o the_o ocean_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n the_o other_o be_v more_o remote_a from_o the_o frigid_a zone_n yet_o i_o can_v deny_v the_o constitution_n of_o the_o channel_n themselves_o to_o be_v more_o or_o less_o saline_a the_o sea-water_n at_o guinee_n in_o the_o ethiopic_a ocean_n afford_v salt_n at_o one_o coction_n as_o white_a as_o snow_n such_o as_o neither_o the_o spanish_a ocean_n nor_o any_o other_o in_o europe_n do_v produce_v at_o one_o coction_n or_o boil_a proposition_n xi_o why_o rain-water_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v find_v sweet_a but_o the_o water_n which_o we_o separate_v from_o the_o marine_a or_o salt-water_n either_o by_o decoction_n or_o distillation_n be_v yet_o notwithstanding_o find_v salt_n when_o yet_o the_o rain-water_n proceed_v from_o the_o vapour_n exhale_v from_o the_o sea_n salt-water_n freshwater_n abstract_v from_o salt-water_n the_o learned_a chemist_n or_o true_a naturalist_n have_v hitherto_o labour_v in_o vain_a that_o they_o may_v find_v out_o a_o art_n by_o which_o they_o may_v distil_v and_o abstract_n fresh_a water_n from_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n which_o will_v be_v of_o great_a advantage_n but_o as_o yet_o their_o labour_n have_v prove_v fruitless_a for_o although_o as_o well_o in_o the_o decoction_n as_o distillation_n salt_n may_v be_v leave_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n yet_o the_o water_n separate_v by_o decoction_n as_o well_o as_o distillation_n be_v yet_o find_v salt_n and_o not_o fit_a for_o man_n to_o drink_v which_o seem_v wonderful_a unto_o those_o that_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o cause_n yet_o chemistry_n that_o be_v true_a philosophy_n have_v teach_v the_o reason_n for_o by_o the_o benefit_n of_o this_o we_o know_v that_o there_o be_v a_o twofold_a salt_n in_o body_n or_o two_o kind_n of_o salt_n which_o although_o they_o agree_v in_o taste_n yet_o they_o much_o differ_v in_o other_o quality_n one_o of_o these_o artist_n term_v fix_v the_o other_o volatile_a salt_n the_o fix_a salt_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o gravity_n be_v not_o elevate_v in_o distillation_n but_o remain_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n but_o the_o volatile_a salt_n be_v full_a of_o spirit_n and_o indeed_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o most_o subtle_a spirit_n that_o be_v elevate_v by_o a_o very_a light_a fire_n and_o therefore_o in_o the_o distillation_n ascend_v with_o the_o fresh_a water_n and_o be_v more_o firm_o unite_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o subtlety_n of_o the_o atom_n neither_o be_v this_o volatile_a salt_n find_v only_o with_o fix_a salt_n in_o sea-water_n but_o almost_o in_o all_o body_n as_o chemistry_n prove_v by_o experience_n but_o in_o some_o in_o a_o great_a and_o in_o othersome_a in_o a_o lesser_a quantity_n in_o a_o great_a quantity_n in_o sharp_a taste_v herb_n in_o a_o lesser_a in_o oily_a herb_n therefore_o difficulty_n consist_v in_o the_o separation_n of_o this_o salt_n spirit_n or_o volatile_a salt_n from_o the_o water_n but_o why_o the_o pluvial_a water_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v no_o less_o fresh_a than_o on_o the_o land_n see_v that_o yet_o it_o be_v generate_v by_o abstraction_n of_o the_o exhalation_n of_o the_o ocean_n cause_v by_o the_o fervour_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o from_o some_o subterraneous_a fire_n which_o evaporation_n do_v little_o differ_v from_o distillation_n the_o cause_n seem_v to_o be_v fourfold_o 1._o a_o slow_a operation_n by_o which_o the_o tenuous_a part_n be_v only_o elevate_v from_o the_o ocean_n which_o although_o it_o contain_v a_o saline_a volatile_a spirit_n yet_o it_o have_v it_o in_o less_o quantity_n than_o if_o that_o this_o exhalation_n be_v cause_v by_o a_o more_o forcible_a heat_n 2._o the_o long_a way_n that_o this_o vapour_n pass_v through_o before_o that_o it_o arrive_v unto_o that_o region_n of_o the_o air_n where_o it_o be_v condensated_a into_o rain_n in_o passage_n it_o be_v possible_a that_o the_o saline_a spirit_n be_v by_o degree_n separate_v from_o the_o watery_a particle_n 3._o the_o admixture_n of_o other_o watery_a particle_n exist_v in_o the_o air_n 4._o a_o refrigeration_n coition_n and_o condensation_n of_o the_o vapour_n for_o these_o exhalation_n exhale_v from_o the_o ocean_n by_o degree_n be_v more_o and_o more_o refrigerated_a and_o be_v conjoin_v with_o other_o obvious_a and_o admix_v vapour_n they_o condense_a into_o a_o more_o thick_a vapour_n or_o cloud_n in_o this_o refrigeration_n and_o condensation_n or_o coition_n of_o the_o saline_a spirit_n with_o the_o fiery_a particle_n they_o fly_v into_o the_o more_o exalt_a part_n of_o the_o air._n now_o why_o the_o same_o be_v not_o perform_v in_o distillation_n where_o the_o vapour_n exalt_v be_v also_o condense_v the_o cause_n be_v 1._o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o small_a passage_n the_o saline_a spirit_n be_v as_o yet_o over_o strait_o conjoin_v to_o the_o watery_a particle_n 2._o that_o the_o vapour_n restrain_v in_o the_o vessel_n admit_v not_o a_o free_a passage_n to_o the_o evolant_fw-la spirit_n proposition_n xii_o sea-water_n be_v more_o ponderous_a than_o fresh_a water_n and_o the_o water_n of_o one_o sea_n be_v more_o heavy_a than_o another_o water_n sea_n water_n more_o heavy_a than_o fresh_a water_n the_o cause_n be_v manifest_a from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v
by_o reason_n that_o the_o sea_n water_n contain_v a_o fix_a salt_n which_o be_v a_o far_o more_o weighty_a body_n than_o fresh_a water_n and_o we_o have_v show_v that_o in_o divers_a part_n of_o the_o sea_n there_o be_v a_o divers_a quantity_n of_o salt_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o follow_v that_o water_n be_v more_o heavy_a by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v the_o more_o salt_n which_o do_v not_o augment_v the_o gravity_n but_o lessen_v it_o and_o yet_o render_v the_o water_n very_a salt_n proposition_n xiii_o salt_n water_n do_v not_o so_o easy_o freeze_v as_o fresh_a or_o a_o great_a dègree_n of_o cold_a be_v require_v to_o the_o congelation_n of_o sea_n water_n than_o of_o fresh_a fresh_a salt_n water_n do_v not_o so_o soon_o freeze_v as_o fresh_a experience_v sufficient_o show_v this_o against_o the_o aristotelian_o who_o defend_v that_o water_n be_v so_o much_o the_o lesser_a obnoxious_a to_o congelation_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v the_o more_o pure_a and_o therefore_o shall_v more_o easy_o congeal_v as_o recede_v more_o from_o the_o elementary_a water_n which_o be_v false_a now_o the_o cause_n be_v that_o in_o the_o salt_n itself_o their_o be_v a_o certain_a spirit_n which_o resist_v congelation_n and_o be_v separate_v from_o the_o salt_n admit_v of_o no_o congelation_n from_o the_o hard_a frost_n as_o those_o that_o be_v skilful_a in_o chemistry_n know_v for_o the_o spirit_n of_o salt_n be_v a_o medicament_n sufficient_o know_v and_o of_o frequent_a use_n proposition_n fourteen_o why_o the_o ocean_n be_v not_o big_a see_v that_o it_o receive_v so_o many_o river_n the_o cause_n be_v 1._o that_o the_o water_n return_v to_o the_o sea_n through_o subterraneous_a passage_n unto_o the_o fountain_n of_o the_o river_n as_o shall_v be_v explicate_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n 2._o because_o that_o many_o vapour_n be_v elevate_v from_o the_o ocean_n whereof_o many_o be_v resolve_v into_o rain_n fall_v into_o the_o ocean_n and_o part_n on_o the_o land_n proposition_n xv._o certain_a part_n of_o the_o ocean_n differ_v in_o colour_n colour_n the_o water_n in_o the_o ocean_n in_o all_o place_n not_o of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o colour_n experience_n testify_v that_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n the_o sea_n seem_v of_o a_o more_o black_a colour_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n of_o a_o duskish_a colour_n in_o other_o place_n of_o a_o blue_a about_o certain_a shore_n of_o new_a guinee_n the_o ocean_n be_v find_v of_o a_o white_a colour_n in_o some_o other_o place_n of_o a_o yellow_a in_o streights_n the_o water_n appear_v to_o incline_v to_o white_a at_o the_o shore_n of_o congi_n not_o far_o from_o bay_a a_o d'alvaro_n gonzales_n a_o rivulet_n or_o a_o arm_n be_v disburden_v into_o the_o sea_n of_o somewhat_o a_o redish_n colour_n take_v from_o a_o mine_n of_o red_a earth_n through_o which_o it_o flow_v but_o the_o arabian_a gulf_n call_v therefore_o the_o red_a sea_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o property_n of_o the_o colour_n some_o will_v have_v the_o denomination_n take_v from_o king_n erythreus_n other_o from_o the_o splendour_n which_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n repercuss_v do_v effect_n but_o the_o more_o probable_a opinion_n and_o that_o which_o be_v confirm_v from_o experience_n be_v that_o the_o redness_n do_v arise_v from_o the_o sand_n of_o a_o red_a colour_n which_o be_v find_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o this_o sea_n and_o on_o the_o shore_n and_o be_v frequent_o admix_v with_o the_o water_n it_o the_o water_n in_o the_o red_a sea_n only_o red_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o red_a sâ—â—â—â—_n in_o it_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o admixture_n which_o seem_v contrary_a to_o the_o ponderousness_n of_o sand_n be_v the_o vehemency_n of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o water_n or_o its_o swiftness_n and_o agitation_n in_o this_o sea_n by_o which_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o sand_n or_o gravel_n be_v agitate_a and_o move_v up_o and_o down_o and_o so_o hinder_v by_o the_o continual_a motion_n of_o the_o sea_n that_o it_o can_v rest_v mariner_n affirm_v that_o the_o water_n of_o this_o sea_n sometime_o appear_v as_o red_a as_o blood_n but_o if_o take_v up_o in_o a_o vessel_n the_o sand_n will_v sink_v down_o and_o then_o the_o water_n appear_v otherwise_o it_o often_o happen_v that_o storm_n from_o the_o red_a sea_n rush_v into_o arabia_n or_o africa_n carry_v with_o they_o so_o great_a a_o abundance_n of_o sand_n and_o cast_v it_o on_o the_o earth_n that_o it_o cover_v whole_a troop_n of_o man_n and_o beast_n whence_o proceed_v the_o true_a mummy_n whether_o from_o the_o same_o or_o another_o cause_n the_o sea_n between_o california_n and_o america_n be_v term_v red_a vermejo_n i_o have_v not_o as_o yet_o find_v it_o observe_v by_o writer_n proposition_n xvi_o certain_a peculiar_a thing_n be_v find_v in_o certain_a part_n of_o the_o ocean_n place_n of_o thing_n in_o the_o ocean_n peculiar_a to_o certain_a place_n the_o sea_n term_v diego_n sargasso_n by_o the_o portugal_n which_o begin_v not_o far_o from_o cape_n verd_fw-mi in_o africa_n about_o the_o isle_n of_o salt_n and_o extend_v itself_o from_o the_o 20_o degree_n of_o northern_a latitude_n unto_o the_o 34th_o of_o south_n latitude_n the_o colour_n of_o this_o sea_n seem_v to_o be_v green_a which_o be_v not_o the_o colour_n of_o the_o sea_n itself_o but_o of_o a_o certain_a small_a leave_a herb_n in_o the_o bottom_n of_o it_o call_v by_o the_o portugal_n sargasso_n the_o leaf_n of_o this_o weed_n mutual_o complicate_v one_o into_o another_o swim_v on_o the_o face_n of_o this_o ocean_n in_o so_o continue_v a_o tract_n that_o the_o water_n can_v hardly_o be_v see_v so_o that_o the_o seaman_n afar_o off_o discover_v this_o ocean_n take_v it_o for_o a_o island_n and_o green_a land_n neither_o can_v they_o pass_v through_o this_o knot_n of_o weed_n except_o that_o they_o be_v help_v by_o a_o moderate_a wind_n at_o least_o the_o herb_n bear_v a_o small_a berry_n whence_o it_o arise_v be_v not_o yet_o know_v see_v that_o this_o sea_n be_v not_o so_o near_o any_o land_n that_o it_o shall_v have_v its_o original_n from_o they_o neither_o be_v it_o probable_a that_o it_o shall_v come_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o profundity_n of_o this_o sea_n be_v such_o that_o in_o many_o place_n it_o exceed_v the_o length_n of_o any_o line_n or_o cord_n in_o the_o ocean_n not_o far_o from_o the_o promontory_n of_o good_a hope_n be_v many_o float_a redlike_a shrub_n of_o a_o great_a thickness_n discover_v unto_o which_o the_o herb_n sargasso_n be_v implicate_v seaman_n take_v it_o for_o a_o certain_a that_o if_o they_o see_v they_o thereabouts_o that_o they_o be_v near_o to_o the_o promontory_n of_o good_a hope_n or_o else_o have_v just_a past_o it_o madagascar_n coral_n find_v on_o the_o shoar_n of_o madagascar_n on_o the_o shoar_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o madagascar_n the_o ocean_n cast_v up_o red_a and_o white_a coral_n which_o augment_v like_o shrub_n under_o the_o water_n and_o although_o that_o they_o be_v soft_a in_o some_o place_n yet_o between_o madagascar_n and_o africa_n there_o be_v report_v to_o be_v rock_n of_o hard_a coral_n in_o the_o baltic_a ocean_n nigh_o to_o the_o shoar_n of_o borussia_n the_o shoar_n cast_v forth_o most_o excellent_a succinum_fw-la which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v teach_v when_o certain_a wind_n do_v blow_n to_o draw_v up_o with_o certain_a iron_n hook_n zone_n amber_n only_o in_o the_o ocean_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n the_o ocean_n cast_v up_o amber_n only_o in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n viz._n at_o the_o shoar_n of_o brazile_n where_o a_o piece_n of_o 500_o l._n weight_n be_v take_v up_o by_o a_o dutch_a soldier_n and_o present_v unto_o count_n nassaw_n at_o the_o isle_n of_o madagascar_n at_o cape_n verd_fw-mi at_o the_o isle_n of_o maurice_n at_o the_o isle_n of_o sumatra_n and_o other_o indian_a isle_n garcias_n relate_v that_o a_o piece_n of_o 200_o l._n weight_n be_v find_v yea_o that_o some_o island_n consist_v whole_o of_o amber_n but_o he_o do_v not_o name_v they_o in_o the_o aethiopic_a ocean_n at_o guinea_n congo_n and_o angola_n this_o be_v peculiar_o observe_v that_o at_o the_o side_n of_o the_o keil_n of_o the_o ship_n whilst_o that_o they_o remain_v there_o green_a cockle_n like_v unto_o grass_n do_v stick_v which_o hinder_v the_o sail_v of_o the_o ship_n and_o eat_v the_o wood_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o languedock_n in_o france_n bird_n unshape_a first_o of_o all_o then_o by_o degree_n they_o receive_v form_n and_o fix_v of_o their_o bill_n in_o the_o wood_n when_o they_o begin_v to_o move_v by_o degree_n they_o be_v pull_v off_o and_o swim_v on_o the_o water_n like_o goose_n the_o excrement_n of_o the_o ocean_n term_v the_o scum_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v find_v float_v in_o
4._o some_o be_v sandy_a some_o rocky_a clay_n or_o chalky_a 5._o some_o include_v or_o contain_v the_o spring_n of_o river_n whereas_o other_o be_v without_o they_o 6._o some_o be_v adorn_v with_o wood_n and_o other_o some_o destitute_a of_o tree_n 7._o some_o be_v burn_v and_o smoke_v whereas_o other_o be_v without_o fire_n 8._o some_o be_v rich_a in_o metal_n and_o other_o without_o they_o 9_o and_o some_o mountain_n be_v cover_v with_o snow_n all_o the_o year_n whereas_o other_o have_v no_o snow_n at_o all_o proposition_n v._o to_o enumerate_v the_o burn_a mountain_n and_o those_o that_o cast_v out_o flame_n mountain_n of_o vulcan_n or_o burn_a mountain_n such_o mountain_n at_o this_o day_n be_v call_v vulcan_n which_o appellation_n the_o portugal_n marines_n first_o introduce_v and_o now_o be_v common_o so_o call_v and_o such_o be_v 1._o the_o most_o famous_a be_v aetna_n aetna_n mount_v aetna_n a_o mountain_n in_o sicilia_n at_o this_o day_n call_v gebel_n from_o who_o top_n the_o eject_v flame_n and_o smoke_n be_v discover_v at_o a_o long_a distance_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n even_o to_o malta_n which_o be_v 40_o german_a mile_n howbeit_o that_o the_o ejaculation_n of_o the_o flame_n be_v continual_a yet_o notwithstanding_o sometime_o it_o rage_v with_o a_o great_a force_n in_o the_o year_n 1537._o from_o the_o first_o of_o may_n to_o the_o twelve_o earthquake_n a_o great_a strange_a earthquake_n all_o sicilia_n be_v shake_v with_o a_o earthquake_n than_o a_o great_a and_o horrible_a noise_n be_v hear_v as_o if_o canon_n have_v be_v fire_v there_o follow_v the_o destruction_n of_o many_o edifice_n throughout_o the_o whole_a isle_n when_o that_o this_o storm_n have_v continue_v for_o eleven_o day_n the_o earth_n be_v rend_v in_o twain_o or_o open_v itself_o with_o a_o vast_a gulf_n whence_o a_o great_a flame_n and_o fire_n break_v forth_o by_o which_o within_o the_o space_n of_o four_o day_n all_o be_v consume_v and_o burn_v which_o be_v not_o distant_a above_o five_o mile_n from_o aetna_n a_o little_a after_o the_o funnel_n which_o be_v on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n for_o three_o day_n cast_v forth_o a_o abundance_n of_o ash_n and_o coal_n which_o be_v not_o only_o disperse_v throughout_o all_o the_o isle_n but_o also_o beyond_o the_o sea_n into_o italy_n and_o the_o ship_n in_o the_o sea_n about_o 200_o league_n distant_a steer_v towards_o venice_n be_v much_o damnify_v farellus_n have_v at_o large_a describe_v the_o fire_n of_o this_o mountain_n and_o do_v also_o say_v that_o the_o foot_n of_o it_o be_v 100_o italian_a mile_n in_o circuit_n and_o in_o anno_fw-la 1669._o the_o flame_n break_v forth_o in_o a_o violent_a manner_n to_o the_o great_a damage_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o those_o part_n hecla_n mount_v hecla_n 2._o hecla_o a_o mountain_n of_o island_n do_v sometime_o rage_n as_o much_o as_o aetna_n and_o cast_v forth_o great_a stone_n and_o continual_a fire_n in_o it_o want_v a_o free_a evacuation_n oftentimes_o send_v forth_o noise_n like_v unto_o lamentation_n thence_o many_o simple_a people_n suppose_v that_o there_o be_v the_o place_n of_o hell_n where_o the_o soul_n of_o the_o damn_a be_v torment_v soma_fw-it vesuvius_n or_o monte_fw-fr de_fw-fr soma_fw-it 3._o vesuvius_n at_o this_o day_n mont_fw-fr de_fw-fr soma_n not_o far_o from_o the_o city_n of_o naples_n be_v plant_v with_o most_o fertile_a vine_n which_o without_o the_o time_n of_o the_o conflagration_n make_v the_o best_a falernum_fw-la but_o it_o be_v obnoxious_a to_o frequent_a burn_n dion_n cassius_n relate_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o vespasian_n its_o conflagration_n and_o the_o force_n of_o its_o flame_n be_v so_o vehement_a that_o the_o ash_n cast_v forth_o from_o its_o bottom_n with_o the_o sulphureous_a smoke_n be_v not_o only_o carry_v by_o the_o wind_n to_o rome_n but_o also_o beyond_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n into_o africa_n even_o to_o egypt_n moreover_o the_o bird_n be_v suffocate_v in_o the_o air_n fall_v to_o the_o earth_n the_o fish_n perish_v in_o the_o adjacent_a infect_v warm_a and_o frequent_a water_n concern_v this_o conflagration_n and_o the_o sad_a mutation_n of_o the_o mountain_n there_o be_v a_o excellent_a epigram_n in_o martial_a who_o live_v at_o that_o time_n and_o see_v the_o mountain_n in_o its_o verdure_n and_o afterward_o bury_v in_o its_o ash_n but_o then_o the_o conflagration_n cease_v and_o the_o shower_n water_v the_o sulphureous_a embers_o and_o ash_n in_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o mountain_n here_o and_o there_o be_v great_a fertility_n of_o wine_n but_o again_o within_o these_o few_o year_n this_o mountain_n burn_v a_o fresh_a and_o send_v forth_o a_o abundance_n of_o smoak_n the_o adjacent_a land_n be_v burn_v and_o become_v dangerous_a to_o traveller_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o various_a pit_n which_o the_o flame_n cause_v note_n a_o mountain_n in_o java_n worthy_a of_o note_n 4._o a_o mountain_n in_o the_o island_n of_o java_n not_o far_o from_o the_o city_n panacura_n this_o in_o the_o year_n 1586._o when_v it_o have_v never_o burn_v before_o first_o be_v rend_v with_o a_o violent_a eruption_n of_o flame_a sulphur_n so_o that_o about_o 10000_o person_n be_v say_v to_o have_v perish_v in_o the_o neighbour_a place_n and_o it_o eject_v exceed_v great_a stone_n into_o the_o city_n and_o for_o the_o space_n of_o three_o day_n it_o vomit_v forth_o so_o much_o black_a smoke_n mix_v with_o ash_n and_o embers_o that_o it_o obscure_v the_o face_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o almost_o clothe_v day_n with_o night_n dark_a mantle_n gonnapi_n the_o mountain_n gonnapi_n 5._o gonnapi_fw-la a_o mountain_n in_o one_o of_o the_o isle_n of_o banda_n this_o in_o the_o year_n 1586._o in_o the_o month_n of_o april_n when_o that_o it_o have_v burn_v for_o 17_o year_n be_v rend_v with_o a_o great_a noise_n and_o cast_v forth_o such_o a_o abundance_n of_o great_a stone_n of_o sulphur_n and_o ardent_a matter_n on_o the_o sea_n and_o land_n that_o it_o astonish_v all_o person_n the_o abundance_n of_o ash_n and_o embers_o also_o render_v the_o cannon_n of_o the_o hollander_n in_o their_o castle_n unserviceable_a such_o a_o vast_a heap_n overwhelm_v they_o vast_a stone_n be_v find_v in_o the_o sea_n with_o a_o multitude_n of_o small_a one_o so_o that_o the_o bark_n have_v scarce_o a_o free_a passage_n the_o water_n on_o the_o shore_n so_o boil_a as_o if_o that_o fire_n have_v be_v place_v under_o it_o a_o abundance_n of_o fish_n be_v kill_v and_o see_v float_v on_o the_o water_n balaluanum_fw-la balaluanum_fw-la 6._o balaluanum_n a_o mountain_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o sumatra_n cast_v forth_o smoke_n and_o flame_n as_o aetna_n fire_n many_o place_n in_o the_o molucco_n isle_n cast_v forth_o fire_n 7._o in_o the_o molucco_n isle_n the_o land_n in_o many_o place_n belch_v forth_o fire_n with_o a_o huge_a noise_n but_o it_o be_v chief_o note_v for_o the_o funnel_n of_o turnate_a the_o mountain_n be_v advance_v to_o the_o cloud_n and_o very_o steep_a the_o low_a part_n of_o which_o be_v cover_v with_o thick_a wood_n the_o upper_a naked_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o fire_n on_o the_o top_n be_v the_o funnel_n of_o a_o vast_a wideness_n which_o be_v in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o amphitheatre_n with_o many_o circle_n the_o great_a include_v the_o lesser_a thence_o in_o the_o equinoctial_o especial_o those_o in_o the_o spring_n and_o autumn_n certain_a wind_n blow_v chief_o the_o northern_a with_o a_o horrible_a noise_n flame_v mix_v with_o black_a smoke_n and_o embers_o break_v forth_o and_o fill_v all_o place_n to_o a_o great_a distance_n with_o ash_n there_o be_v annual_a season_n of_o see_v it_o neither_o can_v one_o ascend_v but_o by_o rope_n or_o chain_n in_o certain_a place_n maffaeus_n see_v maffaeus_n here_o in_o some_o place_n of_o this_o mountain_n the_o inhabitant_n gather_v good_a sulphur_n 8._o one_o of_o the_o island_n of_o maurice_n 60_o league_n distant_a from_o moluccoe_n oftentimes_o the_o whole_a isle_n be_v shake_v with_o a_o earthquake_n and_o vomit_v fire_n and_o ash_n and_o there_o be_v so_o great_a a_o abundance_n of_o fire_n that_o whole_a mountain_n and_o rock_n do_v burn_v oftentimes_o fiery_a stone_n break_v forth_o of_o a_o vast_a bigness_n when_o the_o wind_n be_v more_o vehement_a so_o vast_a a_o abundance_n of_o ash_n be_v pour_v forth_o that_o people_n labour_v in_o the_o field_n be_v force_v to_o return_v home_o be_v cover_v with_o ash_n those_o ash_n also_o kill_v their_o live_a creature_n from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n this_o black_a and_o dismal_a fire_n break_v forth_o with_o a_o dreadful_a noise_n like_v unto_o thunder_n or_o great_a gun_n and_o from_o thence_o come_v abundance_n of_o pumice_n stone_n and_o other_o stone_n burn_v in_o the_o fire_n note_n a_o mountain_n in_o japan_n worthy_a of_o note_n 9_o in_o japan_n as_o
vicine_fw-la place_n be_v to_o be_v find_v whereby_o it_o may_v come_v unto_o those_o northern_a region_n see_v that_o therefore_o this_o flux_n be_v perpetual_a neither_o do_v the_o water_n come_v by_o a_o manifest_a way_n unto_o those_o region_n whence_o the_o flux_n be_v make_v therefore_o it_o seem_v necessary_a to_o conclude_v that_o the_o water_n come_v through_o subterraneous_a passage_n unto_o those_o northern_a region_n and_o so_o there_o to_o be_v effuse_v from_o the_o hole_n of_o the_o channel_n as_o from_o a_o spring_n and_o that_o the_o water_n move_v hence_o towards_o the_o south_n there_o fall_v in_o another_o cause_n take_v from_o the_o former_a for_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v more_o heavy_a than_o that_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a abundance_n of_o salt_n as_o we_o have_v prove_v in_o the_o eight_o and_o twelve_o proposition_n therefore_o the_o water_n or_o ocean_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n do_v more_o press_n through_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o subterranean_a passage_n than_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n and_o therefore_o in_o these_o place_n the_o water_n less_o resist_v suffer_v the_o water_n to_o flow_v from_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o channel_n unto_o this_o i_o answer_v that_o that_o flux_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v not_o only_o from_o the_o north_n as_o the_o objection_n seem_v to_o infer_v and_o as_o some_o especial_o the_o ancient_n conceive_v of_o it_o who_o will_v have_v the_o water_n to_o flow_v in_o four_o channel_n from_o the_o very_a pole_n as_o also_o some_o geographical_a map_n do_v exhibit_v it_o neither_o be_v it_o continual_a but_o be_v observe_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o frequency_n of_o northern_a wind_n moreover_o the_o great_a and_o perpetual_a abundance_n of_o snow_n and_o rain_n in_o those_o place_n augment_v the_o water_n and_o cause_v it_o to_o flow_v towards_o the_o south_n add_v likewise_o that_o in_o other_o part_n another_o motion_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v find_v concern_v which_o see_v the_o follow_a chapter_n 3._o it_o seem_v not_o absurd_a but_o rather_o most_o true_a that_o all_o the_o fountain_n of_o river_n take_v together_o disburthen_v themselves_o into_o the_o ocean_n be_v the_o very_a fountain_n of_o the_o ocean_n for_o see_v that_o in_o perpetual_a progress_n of_o time_n so_o great_a a_o abundance_n of_o water_n flow_v from_o they_o into_o the_o ocean_n questionless_a the_o water_n come_v from_o the_o ocean_n to_o the_o very_a spring_n and_o channel_n of_o the_o river_n partly_o through_o the_o subterranean_a passage_n and_o partly_o by_o ra_n 4._o it_o may_v seem_v to_o prove_v that_o the_o fountain_n of_o the_o ocean_n may_v be_v in_o the_o very_a channel_n because_o that_o in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ocean_n in_o some_o part_n sweet_a or_o fresh_a water_n be_v find_v which_o can_v not_o be_v but_o by_o some_o fountain_n flow_v in_o the_o bottom_n linschaten_a relate_v that_o in_o ormus_n fresh_a water_n be_v draw_v by_o divers_a in_o the_o ocean_n at_o the_o depth_n of_o four_o or_o five_o orgya_n and_o the_o like_a fountain_n be_v find_v in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n and_o bays_n unto_o this_o i_o answer_v that_o few_o such_o spring_n have_v yet_o be_v find_v which_o suffice_v not_o the_o vast_a ocean_n neither_o do_v we_o dispute_v concern_v these_o fountain_n as_o we_o have_v say_v before_o hence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o in_o some_o sort_n it_o be_v true_a and_o we_o may_v well_o say_v that_o the_o ocean_n have_v spring_n but_o not_o in_o that_o sense_n that_o we_o be_v wont_v to_o speak_v concern_v the_o spring_n of_o river_n and_o in_o which_o we_o will_v have_v our_o proposition_n to_o be_v take_v hence_o also_o it_o be_v manifest_v what_o we_o ought_v to_o think_v concern_v that_o question_n viz._n whether_o the_o sea_n be_v always_o one_o and_o the_o same_o and_o perpetual_o so_o remain_v or_o whether_o it_o be_v another_o thing_n who_o part_n be_v perpetual_o consume_v and_o generate_v again_o proposition_n viii_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o water_n proceed_v from_o the_o particle_n of_o salt_n which_o be_v mix_v with_o it_o but_o whence_o they_o may_v exist_v or_o be_v so_o augment_v be_v the_o doubt_n sea-water_n of_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o sea-water_n experlence_n prove_v the_o first_o member_n of_o the_o proposition_n by_o which_o it_o be_v common_o know_v that_o salt_n be_v make_v of_o sea-water_n by_o decoction_n of_o the_o water_n or_o by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fervour_n of_o the_o fire_n in_o germany_n and_o other_o place_n the_o water_n be_v separate_v by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o fire_n in_o france_n the_o great_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n perform_v the_o same_o the_o ocean_n be_v let_v into_o certain_a trench_n make_v in_o which_o in_o the_o space_n of_o some_o month_n the_o water_n be_v exhale_v by_o the_o force_n of_o the_o sun_n make_v of_o salt_n and_o of_o what_o make_v concrete_v and_o hard_a salt_n be_v find_v on_o the_o shore_n of_o many_o region_n as_o of_o england_n and_o other_o part_n plenty_n of_o bay-salt_n be_v find_v the_o sea-water_n continual_o overflow_a those_o shore_n leave_v daily_o some_o particle_n or_o humour_n from_o which_o the_o water_n exhale_v and_o concrete_a salt_n be_v leave_v who_o blackness_n be_v take_v away_o by_o boil_v although_o it_o be_v wash_v away_o and_o dissolve_v from_o many_o coast_n by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o ocean_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o it_o be_v not_o find_v on_o all_o coast_n see_v therefore_o that_o this_o experiment_n be_v common_a aristotle_n have_v small_a reason_n to_o allege_v a_o false_a experiment_n concern_v a_o waxen_a vessel_n let_v down_o into_o the_o sea_n hence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o proximate_a cause_n of_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o sea-water_n or_o the_o true_a subject_n of_o this_o saltness_n be_v the_o saline_n particle_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o that_o water_n therefore_o the_o aristotelian_o with_o their_o master_n speak_v improper_o and_o obscured_o without_o cause_n when_o they_o defend_v and_o say_v that_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o sea_n proceed_v from_o the_o adustion_n of_o the_o sea_n cause_v by_o the_o sun_n or_o from_o the_o adust_a particle_n but_o of_o this_o more_o anon_o the_o chief_a difficulty_n and_o controversy_n be_v concern_v the_o other_o member_n of_o the_o proposition_n whence_o these_o salt_n particle_n of_o the_o ocean_n exist_v aristotle_n suppose_v that_o dry_a exhalation_n or_o fume_n all_o which_o he_o say_v be_v of_o a_o adust_a and_o saline_n nature_n elevate_v from_o the_o earth_n be_v mix_v with_o humid_a vapour_n and_o when_o that_o these_o have_v meet_v together_o in_o rain_n they_o fall_v with_o these_o into_o the_o sea_n and_o that_o thence_o proceed_v the_o saltness_n and_o salt_n particle_n in_o the_o sea_n 7._o see_v aristotle_n lib._n 2._o chap._n 7._o and_o on_o this_o account_n he_o seem_v to_o defend_v this_o opinion_n because_o that_o from_o thence_o he_o may_v render_v a_o reason_n why_o the_o sea_n be_v always_o salt_n but_o other_o peripatetic_n will_v have_v it_o and_o so_o do_v endeavour_v to_o draw_v aristotle_n to_o their_o part_n that_o this_o saltness_n be_v in_o the_o sea_n itself_o by_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v perpetual_o scorch_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n a_o sign_n of_o which_o be_v that_o the_o water_n be_v find_v by_o so_o much_o the_o less_o salt_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v more_o deep_a or_o remote_a from_o the_o superficies_n for_o in_o the_o superficies_n we_o discover_v it_o to_o be_v most_o salt_n both_o these_o opinion_n be_v obstruct_v with_o great_a difficulty_n and_o absurdity_n so_o that_o it_o seem_v wonderful_a that_o the_o mind_n of_o philosopher_n and_o learned_a man_n can_v acquiesce_v in_o they_o first_o the_o opinion_n of_o aristotle_n be_v thus_o obstruct_a that_o salt-rain_n shall_v be_v find_v in_o the_o ocean_n which_o never_o yet_o be_v find_v to_o be_v void_a of_o all_o taste_n of_o salt_n second_o the_o sea_n shall_v be_v less_o salt_n when_o it_o rain_v not_o for_o a_o long_a time_n the_o contrary_a of_o which_o yet_o be_v find_v the_o other_o opinion_n have_v these_o difficulty_n 1._o it_o be_v false_a that_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v find_v the_o less_o salt_n by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v nigh_o to_o the_o bottom_n for_o there_o be_v few_o place_n viz._n in_o those_o bottom_n where_o spring_n of_o fresh_a water_n do_v flow_v 2._o experience_n testify_v that_o fresh_a water_n although_o long_o expose_v to_o the_o sun_n or_o heat_n of_o the_o fire_n yet_o do_v not_o become_v salt_n this_o objection_n scaliger_n endeavour_v to_o avoid_v by_o a_o overnice_a subtlety_n for_o he_o say_v that_o this_o happen_v in_o these_o observation_n by_o reason_n of_o
flux_n or_o deflux_n yea_o those_o term_n be_v not_o apt_a enough_o but_o it_o be_v better_a to_o call_v it_o a_o intumescency_n and_o detumescency_n so_o that_o by_o these_o peculiar_a appellation_n the_o quality_n of_o the_o flux_n or_o motion_n may_v be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o motion_n or_o flux_n itself_o for_o the_o sea_n always_o flow_v from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n and_o only_o appear_v to_o re-flow_a by_o reason_n that_o when_o in_o one_o place_n there_o be_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n and_o that_o it_o flow_v with_o vehemency_n to_o a_o certain_a place_n afterward_o in_o another_o time_n this_o impetus_fw-la cease_v but_o it_o be_v therefore_o term_v a_o reflux_n because_o that_o the_o sea_n seem_v in_o bay_n and_o shore_n to_o draw_v near_o and_o depart_v according_a to_o the_o extension_n of_o bay_n and_o shore_n which_o happen_v not_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o motion_n itself_o but_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o situation_n of_o coast_n and_o channel_n viz._n that_o the_o water_n do_v return_v back_o to_o a_o contrary_a quarter_n but_o that_o the_o sea_n fall_v down_o this_o proceed_v not_o from_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o coast_n but_o from_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o place_n itself_o neither_o ought_v or_o can_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v regard_v from_o the_o appulse_n to_o the_o shore_n for_o whatsoever_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v or_o unto_o what_o quarter_n soever_o it_o be_v make_v the_o flux_n be_v always_o towards_o the_o shore_n which_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o fluid_a nature_n of_o the_o water_n now_o see_v that_o both_o the_o flux_n or_o reflux_n or_o in_o the_o intumescency_n and_o detumescency_n the_o sea_n be_v move_v towards_o the_o same_o quarter_n viz._n from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n and_o do_v not_o re-flow_a again_o be_v collect_v from_o hence_o first_o that_o in_o the_o ocean_n remove_v from_o the_o shore_n under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n no_o other_o motion_n be_v find_v than_o that_o by_o which_o it_o be_v carry_v from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n second_o in_o the_o strait_n which_o direct_o extend_v from_o east_n to_o west_n and_o in_o which_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v join_v as_o the_o strait_n of_o magellan_n manillan_n java_n and_o other_o among_o the_o indian_a isle_n in_o these_o strait_n i_o say_v the_o sea_n indeed_o swell_v and_o fall_v in_o twelve_o hour_n but_o yet_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o detumescency_n do_v flow_v back_o from_o out_o the_o strait_n from_o the_o west_n to_o the_o east_n therefore_o another_o orifice_n of_o the_o straight_a into_o the_o west_n which_o be_v a_o manifest_a sign_n that_o this_o intumescency_n and_o detumescency_n be_v not_o a_o peculiar_a motion_n but_o a_o modification_n of_o the_o general_a motion_n neither_o do_v the_o sea_n flow_v back_o into_o the_o east_n therefore_o scaliger_n and_o all_o other_o be_v deceive_v which_o here_o introduce_v a_o double_a motion_n replicate_v into_o itself_o but_o yet_o this_o must_v be_v understand_v that_o when_o we_o say_v that_o this_o motion_n be_v make_v from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n the_o cardinal_n quarter_n be_v not_o only_o understand_v but_o also_o those_o quarter_n that_o be_v collateral_a viz._n the_o sea_n be_v move_v also_o by_o this_o flux_n from_o the_o collateral_a quarter_n of_o the_o east_n unto_o the_o collateral_a quarter_n of_o the_o west_n yea_o unto_o the_o north_n and_o south_n but_o not_o by_o so_o forcible_a and_o valid_a motion_n proposition_n xi_o to_o declare_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o intumescency_n and_o detumescency_n of_o the_o sea_n or_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n vulgar_o so_o term_v sea_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o sea_n there_o be_v almost_o no_o phaenomenon_n of_o nature_n that_o have_v more_o exercise_v the_o wit_n of_o learned_a man_n and_o philosopher_n and_o that_o have_v delude_v more_o endeavour_n some_o have_v make_v the_o sea_n and_o earth_n to_o be_v a_o animal_n which_o by_o its_o inspiration_n and_o expiration_n have_v cause_v the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n other_o make_v the_o cause_n to_o be_v a_o great_a vortex_n near_o to_o norway_n which_o for_o six_o hour_n suck_v up_o the_o water_n and_o for_o so_o many_o spu_v they_o out_o again_o scaliger_n and_o other_o suppose_v the_o coast_n especial_o those_o of_o america_n to_o be_v the_o cause_n thereof_o by_o reason_n that_o they_o repel_v the_o appulse_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o proceed_v from_o the_o general_a motion_n but_o many_o when_o that_o they_o discover_v the_o connexion_n of_o this_o intumescency_n and_o detumescency_n with_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o moon_n determine_v that_o it_o only_o depend_v on_o that_o but_o how_o this_o shall_v be_v be_v a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a task_n to_o discover_v see_v that_o they_o reply_v nothing_o else_o but_o that_o the_o moon_n do_v attract_v upward_o humour_n by_o a_o occult_a quality_n and_o sympathy_n but_o these_o be_v only_a word_n which_o signify_v nothing_o else_o but_o that_o the_o effect_n be_v cause_v by_o the_o moon_n after_o some_o mode_n that_o we_o be_v ignorant_a of_o but_o this_o be_v the_o mode_n demand_v cartesius_n deduce_v it_o from_o his_o general_a hypothesis_n after_o this_o manner_n let_v the_o diagram_n of_o the_o nine_o proposition_n be_v take_v scheme_n see_v scheme_n in_o which_o let_v a_o b_o c_o d_o be_v that_o vortex_n which_o have_v the_o earth_n for_o its_o centre_n which_o with_o it_o and_o with_o the_o moon_n be_v carry_v in_o a_o great_a vortex_n about_o the_o sun_n m_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o vortex_n e_o f_o g_o h_o the_o earth_n 1234_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n from_o which_o for_o the_o great_a perspicuity_n we_o do_v suppose_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v encompass_v on_o every_o side_n and_o 5678_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o air_n encompass_v of_o the_o sea_n now_o if_o that_o there_o be_v no_o moon_n in_o this_o vortex_n the_o point_n t_o which_o be_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n aught_o to_o be_v in_o the_o point_n m_o which_o be_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o vortex_n but_o the_o moon_n be_v towards_o b_o this_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n t_o oughts_z to_o be_v between_o m_n and_o d_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o celestial_a matter_n of_o this_o vortex_n be_v somewhat_o more_o quick_a move_v than_o the_o moon_n or_o the_o earth_n which_o it_o carry_v with_o it_o except_o that_o the_o point_n t_n be_v a_o little_a more_o distant_a from_o b_o than_z from_z d_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o moon_n will_v hinder_v that_o that_o shall_v not_o so_o free_o flow_v between_o b_o and_o t_o so_o see_v that_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o this_o vortex_n be_v not_o determinate_v excâ—â—â—_n from_o the_o equality_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o celestial_a matter_n flow_v about_o it_o therefore_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o it_o ought_v somewhat_o to_o approach_v towards_o d._n and_o after_o the_o same_o mode_n when_o the_o moon_n shall_v be_v in_o c_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n ought_v to_o be_v between_o m_n and_o a_o and_o so_o always_o the_o earth_n depart_v a_o little_a from_o the_o moon_n moreover_o because_o by_o this_o mean_n from_o this_o that_o the_o moon_n be_v towards_o b_o not_o only_o the_o space_n through_o which_o the_o celestial_a matter_n flow_v between_o b_o and_o t_o but_o also_o that_o space_n through_o which_o it_o flow_v between_o t_n and_o d_o be_v render_v more_o angust_n thence_o it_o follow_v that_o this_o celestial_a matter_n there_o flow_v more_o swift_o and_o therefore_o do_v more_o press_v both_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o air_n in_o 6_o and_o 8_o and_o also_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n in_o 2_o and_o 4_o than_o if_o that_o the_o moon_n be_v not_o in_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o vortex_n b_o d_o now_o see_v that_o both_o the_o body_n of_o the_o air_n and_o water_n be_v fluid_a and_o easy_o obnoxious_a to_o this_o pression_n they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v so_o high_a above_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n f_o and_o h_n as_o if_o the_o moon_n be_v without_o this_o diameter_n b_o d_o and_o so_o also_o on_o the_o contrary_n they_o ought_v to_o be_v high_o towards_o g_o and_z e_z so_o that_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n 1_o and_o 3_o and_o of_o the_o air_n 5_o and_o 7_o do_v there_o protuberate_v now_o because_o that_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o be_v now_o in_o f_o on_o the_o opposite_a quarter_n of_o the_o point_n b_o where_o the_o sea_n be_v very_o little_a high_a after_o six_o hour_n it_o will_v be_v in_o g_o on_o the_o opposite_a region_n of_o the_o point_n c_o where_o it_o be_v most_o high_a and_o after_o other_o six_o hour_n in_o h_n on_o the_o region_n of_o
apprehend_v it_o from_o his_o word_n neither_o do_v i_o see_v how_o it_o can_v follow_v from_o his_o hypothesis_n it_o be_v probable_a that_o the_o sun_n and_o general_a wind_n do_v very_o much_o contribute_v to_o this_o intumescency_n of_o the_o water_n and_o see_v that_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o aequinoctial_o do_v incumb_fw-la on_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o sea_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n therefore_o either_o he_o or_o the_o wind_n cause_n that_o the_o sea_n than_o swell_v more_o than_o at_o another_o time_n but_o as_o concern_v the_o solstice_n we_o must_v say_v in_o a_o contrary_a mode_n or_o that_o the_o same_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o great_a intumescency_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o aequinoctial_o either_o of_o the_o spring_n or_o autumn_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o more_o frequent_a rain_n wind_n and_o inundadion_n in_o those_o season_n proposition_n fourteen_o in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n gulf_n and_o shore_n great_a be_v the_o increase_n and_o decrease_v of_o the_o water_n in_o the_o influx_n and_o deflux_n in_o other_o some_o it_o be_v very_o small_a in_o some_o not_o discernible_a and_o so_o there_o be_v no_o flux_n and_o reflux_n or_o intumescency_n and_o detumescency_n ocean_n the_o increase_n and_o decrease_v of_o the_o water_n in_o several_a part_n of_o the_o ocean_n those_o place_n receive_v great_a augmentation_n and_o decrease_n 1._o that_o be_v under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n between_o the_o tropic_n for_o then_o the_o moon_n press_v for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v there_o carry_v round_o 2._o in_o place_n that_o be_v direct_o extend_v from_o east_n to_o west_n or_o nigh_o the_o collateral_a quarter_n 3._o in_o those_o gulf_n that_o be_v long_a and_o less_o broad_a the_o augmentation_n be_v the_o more_o sensible_a 4._o in_o those_o place_n in_o which_o few_o island_n or_o procurrent_n adjoyn_v to_o the_o earth_n cambaja_n the_o great_a flux_n and_o deflux_n in_o the_o straight_a of_o cambaja_n the_o great_a flux_n and_o deflux_n hitherto_o observe_v be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o straight_a of_o cambaja_n in_o one_o of_o the_o inlet_n of_o the_o river_n indus_n and_o it_o have_v strike_v many_o with_o admiration_n for_o the_o water_n recede_v to_o a_o high_a distance_n and_o that_o very_o speedy_o whence_o not_o without_o reason_n the_o river_n indus_n or_o the_o gulf_n of_o cambaja_n be_v think_v to_o be_v that_o unto_o which_o when_o that_o alexander_n the_o great_a come_v and_o endeavour_v to_o pass_v his_o army_n over_o as_o it_o be_v there_o relate_v the_o water_n present_o go_v back_o and_o leave_v his_o ship_n a_o ground_n hence_o he_o go_v no_o far_o but_o judge_v that_o the_o god_n have_v here_o fix_v the_o bound_n of_o his_o expedition_n with_o a_o prohibition_n of_o proceed_v any_o far_o the_o cause_n be_v the_o small_a or_o narrow_a and_o deep_a depression_n of_o the_o channel_n but_o yet_o it_o be_v probable_a there_o be_v some_o other_o cause_n damman_n fluv_n and_o reflux_n at_o damman_n at_o the_o city_n damman_n in_o india_n not_o far_o from_o surat_n the_o altitude_n of_o the_o water_n by_o flux_n and_o reflux_n be_v vary_v at_o two_o and_o a_o half_a orygas_n and_o the_o sea_n depart_v from_o the_o shore_n the_o space_n of_o half_a a_o mile_n in_o the_o gulf_n of_o cambaja_n the_o flux_n augment_v the_o altitude_n five_o orgyas_n other_o say_v seven_o which_o unusual_a augmentation_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o loss_n of_o many_o ship_n by_o unexperienced_a mariner_n for_o the_o water_n fall_v they_o have_v be_v split_v on_o the_o rock_n red-sea_n no_o constant_a time_n of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n in_o the_o strait_n of_o magellan_n the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n in_o the_o red-sea_n in_o the_o gulf_n and_o shore_n of_o the_o strait_n of_o magellan_n no_o constant_a time_n of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n be_v observe_v for_o sometime_o the_o water_n flow_v and_o reflow_v in_o three_o hour_n othersome_a in_o twelve_o hour_n which_o inconstancy_n be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v to_o the_o violent_a irruption_n of_o the_o ocean_n into_o that_o straight_a and_o from_o the_o various_a agitation_n of_o the_o wind_n about_o malacca_n also_o at_o the_o straight_a of_o sunda_n a_o notable_a flux_n and_o deflux_n be_v observe_v in_o the_o arabian_a gulf_n or_o red_a sea_n some_o of_o the_o ancient_n have_v write_v that_o there_o be_v so_o great_a a_o reflux_n as_o scaliger_n write_v that_o moses_n and_o the_o israelite_n pass_v over_o without_o any_o miracle_n but_o it_o be_v false_a because_o the_o reflux_n be_v not_o there_o so_o great_a as_o to_o leave_v the_o channel_n dry_a on_o the_o coast_n of_o china_n the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n be_v very_o sensible_a as_o also_o at_o the_o isle_n of_o japan_n at_o panama_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o america_n lie_v at_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n the_o sea_n be_v very_o much_o exalt_v panama_n the_o sea_n at_o the_o flux_n much_o exalt_v at_o panama_n and_o by_o and_o by_o depress_v again_o in_o the_o full_a moon_n the_o flux_n be_v so_o much_o augment_v that_o water_n enter_v into_o the_o house_n of_o the_o city_n yea_o in_o almost_o all_o the_o shore_n of_o the_o south_n sea_n the_o altitude_n of_o the_o water_n be_v wonderful_o augment_v and_o diminish_v so_o that_o in_o the_o reflux_n the_o decrease_n be_v sensible_a for_o two_o mile_n in_o the_o gulf_n of_o bengala_n at_o the_o shore_n of_o sâ—am_n the_o flux_n augment_v the_o altitude_n ten_o foot_n sea_n the_o flux_n not_o perceivable_a in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n but_o in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n which_o flow_v in_o through_o the_o strait_n of_o gibraltar_n from_o the_o west_n to_o the_o east_n the_o flux_n be_v not_o perceivable_a because_o the_o situation_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o quarter_n into_o which_o the_o sea_n be_v move_v and_o therefore_o the_o water_n of_o it_o be_v little_o augment_v by_o the_o flux_n so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o discernible_a unless_o in_o the_o gulf_n of_o venice_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o long_a extension_n and_o small_a latitude_n show_v the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n when_o in_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o notable_a latitude_n that_o little_a augmentation_n and_o decrease_n be_v not_o discover_v whence_o this_o flux_n and_o reflux_n be_v unknown_a to_o the_o grecian_n as_o also_o to_o the_o roman_n in_o the_o time_n of_o scipio_n africanus_n and_o the_o grecian_n as_o well_v as_o the_o roman_n account_v it_o as_o miraculous_a what_o sometime_o they_o discover_v in_o other_o place_n as_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o expedition_n of_o alexander_n the_o great_a and_o of_o scipio_n in_o the_o expugnation_n of_o carthage_n but_o in_o the_o time_n of_o cicero_n it_o be_v know_v to_o the_o roman_n yet_o some_o observe_v it_o a_o little_a at_o massilia_n also_o at_o certain_a coast_n of_o barbary_n it_o be_v note_v enough_o out_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n not_o yet_o find_v out_o in_o the_o baltic_a ocean_n as_o also_o in_o the_o whole_a northern_a sea_n beyond_o england_n towards_o norway_n and_o greenland_n the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o yet_o find_v out_o as_o neither_o in_o the_o north_n coast_n of_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n but_o the_o cause_n be_v not_o yet_o sufficient_o know_v unless_o you_o will_v say_v that_o those_o sea_n be_v remote_a from_o the_o course_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o also_o that_o they_o be_v extend_v from_o the_o west_n to_o the_o east_n and_o north_n moreover_o that_o many_o isle_n and_o procurrency_n of_o land_n do_v hinder_v these_o three_o must_v be_v conjoin_v to_o impede_fw-la the_o flux_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o these_o place_n proposition_n xv._o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v a_o violent_a motion_n viz._n a_o impulse_n but_o the_o reflux_n be_v a_o natural_a motion_n of_o the_o water_n for_o the_o flux_n be_v cause_v by_o the_o pression_n of_o the_o moon_n or_o matter_n between_o the_o moon_n and_o the_o earth_n or_o also_o because_o that_o the_o sea_n do_v not_o remain_v in_o that_o situation_n which_o be_v receive_v in_o the_o flux_n this_o be_v a_o sign_n that_o it_o be_v a_o violent_a motion_n but_o in_o the_o reflux_n the_o sea_n be_v move_v from_o a_o more_o high_a place_n to_o a_o more_o depress_a place_n which_o be_v the_o natural_a motion_n of_o water_n lemma_n the_o place_n of_o the_o moon_n be_v give_v in_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o the_o latitude_n and_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n from_o a_o ephemerides_n or_o by_o supputation_n or_o astronomical_a observation_n to_o find_v on_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n the_o place_n unto_o which_o the_o moon_n at_o the_o hour_n give_v be_v vertical_a also_o to_o exhibit_v all_o those_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n unto_o
number_n and_o almost_o all_o send_v forth_o spring_v scaliger_n and_o other_o assert_v that_o this_o caspian_a sea_n be_v carry_v by_o a_o subterraneous_a passage_n into_o the_o euxine_a sea_n but_o he_o allege_v no_o probation_n of_o it_o yet_o that_o may_v be_v a_o sign_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o euxine_a sea_n perpetual_o send_v forth_o water_n in_o great_a abundance_n through_o the_o bosphorus_n which_o abundance_n of_o water_n some_o think_v that_o it_o do_v not_o receive_v from_o the_o river_n but_o by_o a_o subterranean_a passage_n from_o the_o caspian_a sea_n but_o it_o seem_v not_o so_o to_o i_o to_o have_v any_o conjunction_n with_o the_o sea_n and_o therefore_o i_o suppose_v it_o to_o be_v a_o lake_n and_o so_o rather_o to_o be_v call_v than_o a_o sea_n now_o whence_o it_o be_v first_o generate_v be_v a_o great_a difficulty_n some_o say_v that_o great_a mountain_n of_o salt_n be_v find_v in_o its_o bottom_n and_o that_o thence_o it_o have_v its_o saltness_n but_o the_o water_n they_o suppose_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o multitude_n of_o river_n that_o exonerate_v themselves_o into_o this_o lake_n or_o sea_n yet_o although_o these_o water_n make_v to_o the_o conservation_n of_o it_o yet_o i_o think_v it_o more_o probable_a that_o this_o sea_n for_o some_o age_n since_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o ocean_n neither_o do_v i_o question_v but_o that_o the_o euxine_a sea_n will_v at_o length_n become_v a_o lake_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o bosphorus_n be_v obstruct_v proposition_n ix_o to_o make_v a_o lake_n in_o a_o place_n if_o that_o it_o be_v possible_a lake_n of_o make_v lake_n it_o may_v be_v do_v if_o that_o there_o be_v a_o river_n in_o the_o land_n adjoin_v or_o that_o a_o spring_n be_v find_v in_o the_o place_n and_o that_o the_o place_n be_v somewhat_o more_o depress_v and_o low_a than_o in_o the_o adjacent_a place_n although_o small_a lake_n may_v be_v also_o make_v on_o the_o top_n of_o mountain_n therefore_o the_o place_n must_v be_v hallow_v and_o the_o earth_n dig_v away_o unto_o so_o great_a a_o depth_n and_o amplitude_n as_o we_o require_v and_o its_o side_n must_v be_v fence_v with_o bank_n uphold_v by_o wood_n if_o need_v so_o require_v then_o a_o inlett_n be_v make_v from_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o river_n the_o water_n must_v be_v let_v in_o or_o if_o that_o a_o fountain_n in_o that_o place_n afford_v a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o water_n there_o be_v no_o need_n of_o that_o inlett_n or_o aqueduct_v proposition_n x._o to_o take_v away_o or_o dry_v up_o a_o lake_n lake_n of_o dry_v up_o of_o lake_n that_o may_v be_v perform_v two_o way_n 1._o if_o the_o bottom_n of_o that_o lake_n be_v high_o or_o of_o almost_o a_o equal_a depression_n with_o the_o vicine_fw-la place_n a_o aqueduct_v be_v make_v the_o water_n will_v flow_v from_o the_o place_n or_o lake_n and_o at_o length_n will_v render_v the_o bottom_n dry_a the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n assist_v and_o earth_n be_v cast_v in_o 2._o if_o that_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o lake_n be_v low_a than_o the_o vicine_fw-la place_n it_o must_v first_o be_v fence_v with_o a_o trench_n in_o its_o whole_a circuit_n leave_v only_o some_o channel_n or_o open_a passage_n then_o make_v use_n of_o water-mill_n the_o water_n must_v be_v expel_v and_o draw_v out_o and_o then_o the_o bottom_n must_v be_v cover_v with_o earth_n and_o dung_n and_o such_o seed_n cast_v in_o which_o sudden_o will_v take_v root_n as_o mustardseed_n colewort_n and_o the_o like_a by_o this_o mode_n the_o dutch_a very_o well_o know_v how_o to_o drain_v lake_n and_o to_o make_v fruitful_a land_n of_o they_o proposition_n xi_o marsh_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n some_o be_v ouzey_a and_o consist_v of_o a_o mix_a substance_n as_o it_o be_v viz._n of_o water_n and_o earth_n so_o that_o it_o will_v not_o suffer_v the_o footstep_n of_o a_o man_n other_o have_v small_a stand_a pool_n with_o small_a portion_n of_o dry_a land_n here_o and_o there_o sort_n marsh_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n of_o the_o first_o sort_n be_v those_o that_o receive_v or_o send_v forth_o no_o river_n such_o marsh_n be_v in_o holland_n brabant_n where_o be_v the_o marish_a de_fw-fr peel_n and_o many_o in_o westphalia_n to_o which_o some_o of_o the_o second_o sort_n be_v admix_v but_o many_o of_o the_o second_o kind_n be_v find_v at_o the_o original_n or_o spring_n of_o river_n whence_o some_o be_v wont_a to_o call_v these_o spring_n or_o fountain_n marsh_n as_o the_o marsh_n of_o tanais_n in_o moscovia_n of_o the_o nile_n etc._n etc._n such_o marsh_n also_o seem_v to_o be_v in_o savolax_n a_o province_n in_o finland_n in_o a_o great_a tract_n of_o land_n also_o the_o marsh_n of_o enarack_n the_o chelonides_n marsh_n of_o africa_n the_o marsh_n of_o chaldea_n through_o which_o the_o euphrates_n do_v pass_v these_o marsh_n be_v frequent_o find_v in_o wood_n and_o desert_n that_o be_v ericose_v because_o that_o the_o rain_n which_o irrigate_v those_o lane_n and_o collect_v in_o its_o cavity_n be_v not_o attract_v by_o the_o sun_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o leave_n of_o tree_n do_v repel_v its_o ray_n such_o kind_n of_o marsh_n be_v find_v here_o and_o there_o in_o germany_n and_o moscovia_n moreover_o these_o marsh_n of_o the_o second_o sort_n be_v fourfold_a viz._n some_o both_o receive_v and_o send_v forth_o river_n some_o only_o receive_v some_o only_o send_v forth_o and_o some_o neither_o receive_v nor_o send_v forth_o the_o first_o sort_n be_v generate_v and_o conserve_v partly_o by_o occult_a spring_n and_o water_n effuse_v before_o that_o it_o be_v bring_v to_o a_o certain_a channel_n and_o also_o from_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n than_o can_v possible_o be_v bring_v through_o a_o channel_n many_o of_o which_o sort_n be_v in_o moscovia_n and_o finland_n marsh_n of_o the_o last_o kind_n probable_o be_v conserve_v and_o spring_n from_o rain_n and_o small_a spring_n aristotle_n call_v the_o palus_n maeotis_n a_o lake_n and_o that_o more_o right_o proposition_n xii_o marsh_n have_v a_o sulphurous_a bituminous_a and_o fat_a earth_n this_o be_v discover_v both_o from_o the_o black_a colour_n and_o from_o the_o reed_n which_o be_v generate_v from_o it_o marsh_n of_o the_o earth_n of_o marsh_n and_o easy_o take_v fire_n as_o be_v find_v in_o holland_n and_o other_o place_n the_o cause_n be_v by_o reason_n that_o such_o substance_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o raise_v of_o the_o earth_n where_o these_o marsh_n do_v exist_v yet_o all_o marsh_n be_v not_o such_o but_o where_o the_o earth_n be_v stony_a and_o hard_a there_o be_v no_o marsh_n for_o where_o there_o be_v a_o soft_a earth_n there_o for_o a_o certain_a be_v a_o fat_a and_o sulphurous_a substance_n proposition_n xiii_o to_o drain_v marsh_n and_o fen_n fen_n of_o drain_n of_o fen_n although_o some_o fen_n have_v a_o high_a profundity_n yet_o no_o more_o be_v require_v to_o drain_v they_o to_o such_o a_o depth_n which_o we_o may_v do_v if_o that_o we_o cause_v the_o water_n to_o flow_v away_o by_o 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where_o beneath_o the_o earth_n those_o aqueduct_n full_a of_o salt_n or_o sea-water_n be_v find_v 4._o because_o that_o dig_v to_o a_o great_a depth_n as_o also_o in_o mine_n much_o water_n be_v find_v of_o which_o neither_o the_o rain_n nor_o the_o air_n can_v be_v make_v the_o efficient_a cause_n how_o water_n come_v from_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o place_n of_o fountain_n so_o as_o to_o become_v sweet_a we_o have_v now_o show_v viz._n the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o every_o where_o rocky_a or_o stony_a but_o in_o many_o place_n sandy_a muddy_a gravelly_a spongy_a drink_v the_o water_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o by_o a_o continuation_n of_o the_o earth_n bring_v it_o by_o degree_n to_o a_o long_a distance_n from_o the_o sea_n where_o at_o length_n the_o guttulae_fw-la unite_v especial_o in_o a_o narrow_a space_n such_o as_o be_v mountain_n and_o make_v a_o fountain_n in_o the_o give_v place_n or_o cavity_n but_o if_o so_o be_v that_o cavity_n be_v hide_v from_o the_o earth_n than_o the_o water_n so_o collect_v either_o follow_v another_o way_n wheresoever_o it_o be_v make_v and_o so_o a_o fountain_n seem_v to_o break_v forth_o in_o another_o place_n which_o yet_o be_v not_o in_o than_o place_n but_o be_v a_o river_n derive_v from_o the_o former_a place_n by_o a_o subterraneous_a passage_n or_o if_o that_o the_o water_n of_o that_o cavity_n find_v no_o way_n about_o itself_o neither_o by_o violence_n can_v break_v through_o the_o earth_n that_o cover_v it_o than_o that_o water_n be_v not_o augment_v but_o what_o water_n flow_v unto_o it_o to_o have_v be_v its_o increase_n that_o be_v avert_v to_o another_o place_n for_o that_o be_v the_o property_n of_o all_o humid_a body_n that_o all_o their_o part_n and_o particle_n be_v move_v towards_o that_o place_n where_o the_o deflux_n be_v make_v so_o if_o you_o fill_v a_o vessel_n with_o water_n that_o the_o swell_a or_o tumour_n may_v be_v above_o the_o brim_n of_o the_o vessel_n than_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o extant_a water_n have_v a_o equal_a inclination_n and_o power_n of_o deflux_n in_o the_o vicine_fw-la part_n of_o the_o brim_n but_o yet_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mutual_a coherence_n of_o the_o particle_n who_o cause_n be_v declare_v in_o natural_a philosophy_n if_o that_o the_o deflux_n be_v make_v in_o one_o part_n of_o the_o brim_n all_o the_o other_o part_n leave_v the_o vicine_fw-la brim_n and_o draw_v to_o that_o part_n of_o the_o brim_n or_o they_o follow_v where_o the_o deflux_n be_v make_v so_o if_o you_o immerge_n a_o long_a crust_n of_o bread_n into_o water_n you_o shall_v see_v the_o water_n bear_v upward_o and_o and_o the_o part_n of_o the_o bread_n that_o be_v not_o immerge_v to_o be_v humid_a cavern_n the_o sea_n go_v under_o the_o earth_n through_o cavern_n moreover_o the_o sea_n go_v under_o the_o earth_n through_o cavern_n from_o which_o after_o the_o same_o mode_n the_o water_n may_v glide_v or_o creep_v forth_o unless_o you_o have_v rather_o ascribe_v it_o to_o evaporation_n which_o be_v carry_v upward_o and_o unite_n the_o drop_n in_o a_o narrow_a place_n but_o because_o there_o be_v many_o thing_n which_o may_v seem_v to_o render_v this_o opinion_n less_o probable_a these_o aught_o also_o to_o be_v consider_v that_o it_o may_v be_v evident_a that_o they_o weaken_v not_o this_o assertion_n lay_v down_o note_v thing_n to_o be_v note_v 1._o the_o place_n of_o fountain_n be_v more_o elevate_v than_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n by_o reason_n that_o most_o of_o they_o be_v in_o mountainous_a place_n therefore_o water_n can_v flow_v from_o the_o sea_n to_o those_o place_n because_o the_o nature_n of_o water_n be_v to_o move_v to_o place_n more_o depress_v or_o less_o elevate_v as_o it_o be_v manifest_a from_o river_n and_o the_o artifices_fw-la of_o drainer_n 2._o although_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v gravelly_a muddy_a and_o sandy_a so_o that_o the_o water_n may_v penetrate_v itself_o through_o its_o particle_n yet_o the_o reason_n do_v not_o appear_v evident_a enough_o but_o that_o it_o may_v more_o moisten_v the_o adjoin_a earth_n and_o that_o which_o be_v not_o so_o high_a than_o to_o glide_v upward_o to_o the_o place_n of_o fountain_n see_v especial_o that_o the_o earth_n be_v rocky_a and_o stony_a as_o in_o the_o mountain_n of_o the_o island_n of_o st._n helena_n 3._o there_o be_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o water_n so_o glide_v from_o the_o sea_n shall_v not_o break_v forth_o in_o a_o middle_a way_n between_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o fountain_n 4._o in_o the_o most_o profound_a mine_n none_o or_o very_o little_a water_n be_v find_v as_o thurnheuserus_n witness_v 5._o this_o water_n of_o the_o fountain_n shall_v be_v salt_n because_o that_o it_o do_v proceed_v from_o the_o sea_n these_o be_v the_o chief_a argument_n which_o may_v seem_v to_o weaken_v the_o opinion_n propose_v for_o i_o pass_v by_o those_o slight_a one_o allege_v by_o other_o answer_v other_o argument_n answer_v viz._n that_o they_o suppose_v that_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o supply_v so_o many_o river_n then_o again_o that_o river_n than_o shall_v never_o be_v diminish_v if_o that_o be_v the_o true_a cause_n of_o river_n that_o we_o have_v lay_v down_o but_o unto_o these_o two_o the_o answer_n be_v easy_a because_o that_o the_o sea_n again_o receive_v the_o water_n again_o from_o the_o river_n that_o it_o send_v forth_o into_o the_o fountain_n then_o as_o for_o the_o other_o we_o have_v show_v before_o that_o the_o question_n be_v not_o neither_o do_v we_o determine_v that_o all_o the_o water_n of_o the_o river_n be_v from_o the_o sea_n but_o only_o concern_v the_o water_n of_o spring_n which_o be_v not_o the_o alone_a cause_n of_o river_n as_o we_o have_v say_v already_o and_o we_o also_o assert_v that_o the_o water_n of_o fountain_n be_v augment_v from_o rain_n and_o dew_n because_o that_o these_o moisten_v the_o earth_n glide_v or_o be_v draw_v towards_o the_o place_n of_o fountain_n concernment_n four_o other_o argument_n of_o great_a concernment_n where_o the_o efflux_n of_o the_o water_n be_v make_v which_o we_o have_v explain_v by_o other_o example_n we_o come_v now_o to_o those_o four_o argument_n allege_v which_o may_v seem_v to_o carry_v some_o weight_n with_o they_o the_o first_o be_v esteem_v very_o valid_a as_o be_v take_v from_o multiplicit_fw-la experience_n therefore_o many_o solution_n be_v bring_v and_o allege_v by_o learned_a man_n first_o they_o the_o most_o easy_o discharge_v themselves_o who_o defend_v the_o ocean_n to_o be_v more_o high_a than_o the_o earth_n for_o so_o they_o deny_v the_o assertion_n and_o they_o say_v that_o this_o altitude_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o spring_n because_o that_o spring_n be_v less_o high_a than_o the_o water_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o ocean_n persia_n see_v olearius_n his_o voyage_n into_o persia_n moreover_o olearius_n in_o the_o description_n of_o his_o voyage_n into_o persia_n relate_v that_o he_o ascend_v the_o mountain_n that_o adjoin_v to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o with_o a_o astrolabe_n or_o rather_o a_o gaeodetical_a instrument_n to_o observe_v the_o elevation_n of_o this_o mountain_n above_o the_o superficies_n of_o that_o sea_n but_o find_v none_o but_o that_o the_o extreme_a superficies_n of_o that_o sea_n be_v see_v in_o the_o horizontal_n line_n yea_o somewhat_o elevate_v above_o it_o so_o that_o the_o tumour_n of_o this_o sea_n be_v find_v a_o little_a more_o high_a than_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o mountain_n on_o which_o he_o make_v his_o observation_n but_o in_o truth_n this_o solution_n can_v be_v admit_v of_o 13._o see_v chap._n 13._o because_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o thirteen_o chapter_n that_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v not_o high_a than_o the_o mountain_n
and_o shore_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o frequent_a observation_n of_o mathematician_n make_v on_o tower_n or_o shore_n testify_v it_o and_o as_o for_o the_o observation_n of_o olearius_n that_o seem_v to_o cause_v no_o small_a difficulty_n here_o for_o that_o the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v no_o high_a than_o the_o vicine_fw-la land_n much_o less_o than_o the_o mountain_n be_v collect_v from_o hence_o viz._n that_o many_o river_n do_v exonerate_v themselves_o into_o the_o sea_n therefore_o we_o must_v say_v that_o refraction_n obstruct_v the_o observation_n of_o olearius_n and_o cause_v the_o water_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o appear_v high_a than_o in_o truth_n it_o be_v and_o peradventure_o the_o wave_n of_o the_o sea_n increase_v the_o cause_n and_o the_o mountain_n that_o he_o ascend_v be_v none_o of_o the_o high_a some_o discover_v the_o weakness_n of_o this_o argument_n bring_v this_o that_o the_o natural_a place_n of_o water_n be_v above_o the_o earth_n and_o therefore_o that_o it_o must_v cover_v the_o whole_a earth_n because_o that_o it_o be_v high_a than_o the_o earth_n now_o by_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v impede_v from_o its_o natural_a place_n by_o the_o mountain_n above_o the_o earth_n arise_v towards_o the_o mediterranean_a place_n therefore_o that_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v where_o the_o mountain_n and_o elevate_v part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v see_v that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o its_o natural_a place_n do_v press_v down_o the_o subject_v water_n which_o indeed_o be_v in_o its_o natural_a place_n but_o yet_o be_v drive_v or_o press_v to_o the_o bottom_n by_o the_o superior_a water_n which_o be_v not_o in_o its_o natural_a place_n where_o when_o it_o find_v no_o way_n neither_o can_v give_v place_n it_o retire_v towards_o the_o side_n and_o pass_v under_o the_o root_n of_o the_o mountain_n where_o be_v collect_v as_o in_o a_o cistern_n it_o be_v squeeze_v out_o by_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n press_v towards_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o mountain_n no_o other_o than_o in_o a_o vessel_n which_o have_v on_o the_o side_n a_o funnel_n touch_v the_o very_a bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n from_o whence_o we_o infuse_v water_n or_o other_o liquor_n into_o glass_n if_o i_o say_v we_o drop_v in_o a_o stone_n into_o such_o a_o vessel_n full_a or_o half_a full_a of_o liquor_n the_o liquor_n fly_v out_o through_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o funnel_n this_o be_v the_o subtlety_n of_o scaliger_n but_o in_o truth_n it_o be_v very_o thick_a for_o water_n be_v not_o expel_v so_o from_o the_o bottom_n of_o mountainous_a place_n towards_o the_o vortex_n because_o that_o experience_n testify_v the_o contrary_a in_o trench_n and_o if_o that_o be_v so_o all_o spring_n water_n shall_v be_v salt_n moreover_o it_o be_v false_a that_o he_o assume_v that_o part_n of_o the_o water_n be_v not_o in_o its_o natural_a place_n and_o therefore_o press_v down_o the_o subject_v part_n for_o this_o be_v take_v up_o gratis_o and_o contrary_a to_o experience_n because_o that_o the_o water_n press_v not_o down_o the_o subject_v part_n except_o when_o it_o be_v high_a than_o the_o vicine_fw-la water_n and_o therefore_o where_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v spherical_a it_o rest_v but_o if_o that_o any_o motion_n be_v make_v from_o the_o pressure_n this_o will_v drive_v the_o water_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o coast_n where_o the_o place_n be_v more_o broad_a not_o through_o the_o small_a cavern_n of_o the_o earth_n now_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o water_n flow_v in_o from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n through_o the_o great_a cavern_n but_o they_o make_v not_o the_o fountain_n fresh_a because_o they_o take_v not_o away_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o water_n i_o think_v not_o the_o solution_n of_o the_o argument_n to_o be_v difficult_a if_o that_o we_o consider_v how_o water_n come_v to_o the_o fountain_n viz._n not_o from_o any_o channel_n from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n or_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n for_o so_o it_o will_v retain_v its_o saltness_n but_o by_o or_o through_o a_o continual_a progression_n of_o the_o watery_a particle_n or_o a_o creep_a in_o the_o terrestrial_a matter_n to_o the_o place_n adjacent_a to_o the_o fountain_n where_o at_o length_n it_o be_v gather_v into_o drop_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o cavity_n and_o continual_a succession_n of_o the_o water_n and_o so_o cause_v a_o spring_n earth_n vein_n of_o water_n in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n for_o this_o we_o find_v in_o the_o earth_n dig_v to_o a_o great_a depth_n that_o here_o and_o there_o drop_v of_o water_n do_v consist_v and_o be_v force_v by_o those_o that_o be_v nigh_o so_o that_o a_o little_a rivulet_n be_v make_v which_o be_v term_v vein_n of_o water_n many_o such_o rivulet_n if_o collect_v into_o one_o cavity_n make_v a_o fountain_n as_o those_o person_n well_o know_v that_o be_v skill_v in_o make_v of_o fountain_n or_o aquiduct_n or_o wells_n for_o in_o wells_n water_n be_v collect_v from_o many_o drop_n which_o meet_v together_o in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o well_o from_o the_o adjacent_a earth_n and_o those_o that_o make_v aquiduct_n bring_v the_o water_n by_o gutter_n and_o trench_n into_o one_o place_n so_o that_o the_o drop_n may_v fall_v from_o the_o high_a place_n into_o the_o cavity_n but_o if_o that_o you_o object_n that_o many_o fountain_n bubble_v up_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o stone_n by_o reason_n of_o which_o it_o be_v not_o probable_a that_o the_o watery_a particle_n shall_v so_o creep_v forward_o to_o that_o i_o answer_v that_o this_o confirm_v our_o opinion_n for_o those_o stone_n do_v not_o go_v through_o from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n at_o least_o in_o those_o mountain_n where_o the_o fountain_n be_v find_v but_o only_o occupy_v the_o superficies_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o a_o certain_a small_a profundity_n within_o the_o earth_n of_o the_o mountain_n be_v more_o soft_a or_o less_o stony_a or_o at_o least_o such_o as_o may_v receive_v and_o attract_v water_n therefore_o when_o by_o penetration_n it_o be_v come_v to_o the_o stony_a part_n because_o that_o it_o can_v penetrate_v no_o far_o there_o it_o stand_v and_o be_v collect_v into_o drop_n and_o make_v a_o spring_a fountain_n between_o the_o stony_a part_n to_o wit_n if_o that_o a_o passage_n be_v grant_v and_o that_o the_o mountain_n and_o rock_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o st._n helena_n and_o almost_o of_o all_o island_n be_v not_o within_o so_o rocky_a and_o hard_a be_v collect_v from_o hence_o that_o almost_o all_o those_o mountain_n have_v sometime_o burn_v or_o at_o the_o least_o smoke_v which_o be_v discover_v from_o the_o ash_n on_o the_o earth_n and_o also_o the_o brimstone_n or_o sulphur_n find_v in_o those_o place_n add_v moreover_o what_o we_o observe_v before_o that_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o water_n be_v not_o always_o there_o where_o it_o seemeh_a to_o be_v but_o flow_v from_o some_o high_a place_n through_o a_o subterraneous_a passage_n to_o the_o fountain_n and_o so_o cause_v the_o water_n to_o leap_v up_o with_o some_o force_n which_o i_o suppose_v to_o be_v do_v in_o many_o fountain_n and_o the_o more_o if_o we_o consider_v that_o fire_n be_v move_v also_o downward_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o continuation_n of_o the_o matter_n when_o in_o truth_n if_o that_o the_o same_o be_v free_a it_o tend_v upward_o so_o if_o you_o put_v the_o end_n of_o a_o long_a piece_n of_o iron_n in_o the_o fire_n this_o will_v penetrate_v through_o the_o whole_a iron_n until_o it_o come_v to_o the_o other_o extreme_a although_o this_o other_o extremity_n do_v not_o tend_v upward_o but_o downward_o answer_v the_o second_o argument_n answer_v so_o much_o for_o the_o first_o argument_n unto_o the_o second_o i_o answer_v that_o a_o reason_n may_v be_v give_v why_o the_o sea_n water_n shall_v not_o penetrate_v so_o much_o into_o the_o earth_n towards_o the_o centre_n as_o towards_o the_o mountain_n viz._n because_o the_o earth_n be_v there_o more_o full_a of_o metal_n and_o hard_a as_o experience_n testify_v but_o where_o it_o be_v not_o so_o hard_a there_o the_o water_n penetrate_v and_o therefore_o we_o deny_v not_o but_o that_o river_n or_o at_o least_o sweet_a or_o salt_n lake_n may_v be_v find_v beneath_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n within_o the_o earth_n towards_o the_o centre_n where_o any_o such_o cavity_n be_v but_o because_o that_o there_o be_v few_o such_o cavity_n and_o that_o every_o where_o the_o earth_n be_v metallous_a and_o hard_o beneath_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n therefore_o it_o can_v continual_o imbibe_n water_n but_o when_o it_o be_v full_a it_o cease_v to_o imbibe_n any_o more_o neither_o do_v it_o receive_v more_o therefore_o than_o the_o water_n glide_v towards_o high_a place_n unto_o the_o motion_n
touch_v on_o it_o because_o that_o no_o geographer_n have_v hitherto_o make_v mention_n of_o it_o as_o also_o of_o the_o river_n jeniscea_n and_o yrtiis_fw-la orellana_n the_o river_n orellana_n 7._o orellana_n in_o america_n so_o call_v from_o francis_n orelli_n be_v account_v among_o the_o great_a river_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v fountain_n be_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o peru_n in_o the_o province_n of_o quito_n in_o the_o south_n latitude_n of_o 72_o degree_n but_o this_o be_v not_o altogether_o certain_a its_o mouth_n be_v fifteen_o mile_n in_o latitude_n two_o degree_n southerly_a it_o be_v tract_n be_v say_v to_o be_v 1500_o spanish_a mile_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o great_a number_n of_o bend_n when_o that_o in_o truth_n it_o extend_v not_o 700._o other_o confound_v with_o it_o or_o make_v the_o river_n maragnon_n to_o be_v a_o branch_n of_o it_o it_o be_v in_o some_o place_n four_o or_o five_o league_n broad_a but_o it_o receive_v not_o its_o water_n so_o much_o from_o a_o spring_n as_o from_o rains_n fall_v on_o the_o mountainous_a part_n of_o peru_n so_o that_o in_o the_o dry_a mouth_n of_o those_o mountain_n it_o carry_v little_a water_n and_o indeed_o the_o modern_n do_v much_o detract_v from_o its_o magnitude_n plata_fw-la rio_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr plata_fw-la 8._o rio_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr plata_fw-la in_o brasilia_n its_o fountain_n be_v in_o the_o mountain_n of_o peru_n its_o mouth_n be_v in_o the_o south_n latitude_n of_o 37_o degree_n and_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v about_o twenty_o mile_n but_o when_o it_o overflow_v it_o have_v many_o outlet_n which_o some_o account_n for_o one_o at_o that_o time_n it_o carry_v not_o much_o water_n the_o native_n call_v it_o paramaguasu_n that_o be_v a_o water_n like_o the_o sea_n as_o some_o observe_v omaranna_n the_o river_n omaranna_n 9_o omaranna_n also_o a_o river_n in_o brasilia_n flow_v from_o the_o mountain_n of_o peru_n in_o a_o long_a tract_n these_o three_o great_a river_n in_o brasilia_n viz._n orellana_n rio_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr plata_fw-la and_o omoranna_n meet_v somewhere_o in_o some_o lake_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a place_n of_o brasilia_n and_o emorge_v again_o be_v disjoin_v canada_n the_o river_n canada_n 10._o and_o last_o canada_n or_o st._n laurence_n in_o america_n septentrionalis_n its_o spring_n be_v in_o the_o lake_n call_v des_fw-fr iroquis_fw-la it_o be_v large_a mouth_n be_v in_o the_o 50th_o degree_n of_o north_n latitude_n and_o its_o tract_n be_v no_o lesser_a than_o 600_o german_a mile_n proposition_n xxviii_o whirlpool_n be_v find_v in_o the_o channel_n of_o some_o river_n so_o in_o the_o river_n sommona_n between_o amiens_n and_o abbeville_n in_o picardy_n in_o france_n be_v a_o secret_a whirlpool_n into_o which_o the_o water_n rush_v with_o such_o violence_n that_o their_o sound_n may_v be_v hear_v for_o some_o mile_n proposition_n xxix_o riverwater_n be_v more_o light_a than_o sea-water_n riverwater_n sea-water_n more_o heavy_a than_o riverwater_n the_o cause_n be_v easy_o know_v to_o wit_n sea-water_n carry_v much_o salt_n in_o it_o thence_o it_o happen_v that_o many_o thing_n sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n in_o rivers_n which_o float_v on_o the_o sea_n which_o frequent_o be_v see_v in_o ship_n heavy_a lade_v that_o be_v raise_v up_o in_o the_o sea_n high_o than_o when_o in_o rivers_n now_o various_a be_v the_o proportion_n betwixt_o these_o water_n because_o that_o the_o sea-water_n be_v not_o every_o where_n of_o the_o same_o gravity_n nor_o the_o water_n of_o divers_a river_n but_o yet_o the_o proportion_n be_v about_o 46_o to_o 45_o so_o that_o 46_o ounce_n of_o riverwater_n do_v equal_o ponderate_v 45_o of_o sea-water_n chap._n xvii_o of_o mineral_n water_n bath_n and_o spaw_n because_o that_o there_o be_v many_o kind_n of_o liquid_a body_n or_o water_n the_o peculiar_a property_n of_o which_o man_n do_v admire_v at_o therefore_o geographer_n be_v wont_a to_o treat_v of_o they_o but_o all_o of_o they_o hitherto_o except_o a_o bare_a recital_n of_o their_o name_n and_o a_o reckon_n up_o of_o some_o wonderful_a fountain_n or_o spring_n have_v add_v nothing_o to_o solid_a knowledge_n but_o we_o shall_v treat_v more_o clear_o of_o they_o and_o that_o with_o a_o declaration_n of_o their_o cause_n proposition_n i._n no_o water_n be_v pure_a and_o elementary_a but_o contain_v or_o have_v admix_v particle_n such_o as_o be_v find_v in_o terrestrial_a body_n these_o particle_n be_v not_o only_a earth_n but_o also_o they_o be_v various_a as_o oil_n spirit_n and_o the_o like_a that_o be_v term_v mineral-water_n which_o contain_v so_o many_o or_o such_o particle_n of_o a_o different_a nature_n from_o the_o water_n so_o that_o from_o they_o it_o gain_v or_o have_v notable_a quality_n which_o we_o discover_v by_o sense_n or_o the_o property_n be_v notable_a by_o sense_n particle_n no_o water_n be_v pure_a but_o have_v admix_v particle_n the_o truth_n of_o the_o proposition_n be_v manifest_a by_o experience_n and_o be_v prove_v both_o from_o the_o difference_n of_o taste_n and_o from_o distillation_n and_o all_o naturalist_n agree_v that_o simple_a or_o pure_a water_n as_o the_o other_o element_n separate_v from_o other_o do_v not_o exist_v in_o nature_n the_o cause_n be_v the_o various_a and_o perpetual_a agitation_n of_o the_o particle_n but_o in_o water_n that_o i_o may_v say_v somewhat_o in_o particular_a concern_v our_o matter_n in_o hand_n by_o the_o cause_n of_o admixtion_n of_o heterogeneous_a they_o receive_v spiritual_a particle_n the_o rain_n and_o the_o air_n itself_o touch_v the_o water_n consist_v of_o divers_a particle_n therefore_o all_o water_n have_v admix_v particle_n of_o another_o nature_n but_o there_o be_v not_o the_o like_a quantity_n in_o all_o of_o they_o into_o the_o rhine_n indeed_o the_o danube_n and_o albis_n and_o into_o all_o great_a river_n other_o riveret_n do_v flow_v in_o impregnate_v with_o innumerable_a particle_n and_o in_o such_o quantity_n that_o they_o be_v evident_a to_o the_o sense_n but_o because_o beside_o these_o many_o other_o riveret_n do_v flow_v into_o they_o not_o impregnate_v with_o so_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o heterogeneous_a particle_n as_o be_v discoverable_a to_o the_o eye_n and_o because_o that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o water_n that_o they_o carry_v consist_v of_o rain_n and_o air_n therefore_o also_o in_o these_o great_a river_n those_o heterogeneous_a particle_n be_v not_o easy_o discover_v but_o must_v be_v separate_v from_o they_o by_o art_n if_o that_o any_o one_o will_v have_v they_o discover_v to_o the_o sense_n but_o we_o shall_v especial_o call_v they_o mineral_n water_n which_o have_v some_o notable_a property_n beyond_o the_o common_a water_n that_o be_v that_o contain_v such_o a_o admixture_n of_o heterogeous_a particle_n that_o thence_o possess_v a_o notable_a and_o sensible_a quality_n proposition_n ii_o mineral_n water_n be_v of_o three_o kind_n water_n of_o mineral_n water_n some_o be_v corporeal_a we_o want_v a_o apt_a word_n other_o spiritual_n otheâ—s_v both_o corporeal_a and_o spiritual_a i_o term_v those_o corporeal_a mineral_n water_n which_o contain_v solid_a and_o fix_a particle_n of_o mineral_n so_o that_o these_o may_v be_v discover_v and_o separate_v by_o the_o sight_n these_o corporeal_a body_n be_v twofold_a some_o carry_v those_o particle_n of_o mineral_n of_o a_o very_a great_a magnitude_n that_o without_o any_o trouble_n or_o very_o little_a at_o the_o least_o they_o may_v be_v behold_v in_o the_o water_n and_o to_o speak_v proper_o they_o be_v not_o commix_v water_n such_o be_v those_o of_o which_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n because_o that_o the_o grain_n of_o gold_n silver_n and_o the_o like_a be_v contain_v in_o their_o water_n therefore_o they_o be_v term_v gold_n and_o silver-bearing_a river_n but_o these_o water_n in_o property_n of_o speech_n be_v not_o to_o be_v term_v mineral_n because_o that_o they_o have_v not_o these_o particle_n commix_v with_o they_o but_o free_a neither_o do_v they_o receive_v any_o property_n or_o quality_n from_o they_o yet_o because_o that_o man_n also_o admire_v such_o river_n and_o the_o explication_n of_o they_o have_v great_a affinity_n with_o the_o enodation_n of_o mineral_n water_n proper_o so_o term_v therefore_o i_o comprehend_v they_o under_o the_o general_a appellation_n of_o mineral_n water_n bituminous_a fountain_n and_o the_o like_a may_v be_v reduce_v under_o this_o classis_fw-la water_n corporeal_a mineral_n water_n but_o those_o be_v term_v more_o proper_o corporeal_a mineral_n water_n which_o contain_v indeed_o solid_a particle_n of_o mineral_n but_o so_o little_a small_a and_o altogether_o commix_v that_o they_o be_v not_o present_o discover_v by_o the_o sight_n but_o either_o by_o art_n or_o a_o long_a tract_n of_o time_n subside_v and_o concrease_v and_o be_v reduce_v into_o a_o sensible_a quantity_n as_o be_v saâ—â—_n spring_n sulphureous_a fountain_n and_o such_o
isle_n esteem_v about_o 1100_o neither_o ought_v we_o to_o doubt_v of_o it_o see_v that_o narrow_a euripuse_n pass_v through_o every_o two_o of_o these_o maldivian_n isle_n so_o that_o in_o some_o place_n they_o exceed_v not_o four_o or_o five_o ell_n but_o in_o progress_n of_o time_n many_o of_o they_o unite_v into_o one_o the_o euripus_n be_v diminish_v and_o all_o of_o they_o at_o length_n will_v conjoin_v in_o one_o oblong_v island_n yea_o all_o the_o oriental_a isle_n situate_a between_o the_o continent_n of_o asia_n and_o the_o land_n of_o magellan_n in_o a_o great_a number_n seem_v to_o arise_v from_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o ocean_n the_o land_n be_v separate_v for_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v move_v by_o a_o perpetual_a motion_n and_o force_n from_o the_o west_n to_o the_o east_n that_o be_v from_o america_n to_o those_o oriental_a isle_n moreover_o a_o perpetual_a wind_n great_o augment_v the_o violence_n of_o the_o ocean_n towards_o that_o oriental_a quarter_n therefore_o it_o be_v not_o improbable_a see_v that_o all_o these_o island_n be_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n but_o that_o asia_n former_o do_v adhere_v to_o the_o south-land_n or_o that_o of_o magellan_n in_o a_o continual_a tract_n of_o land_n then_o at_o length_n the_o violence_n of_o the_o ocean_n eat_v off_o and_o separate_v sometime_o here_o and_o sometime_o there_o until_o that_o a_o way_n be_v make_v on_o every_o side_n it_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o indian_a ocean_n and_o make_v so_o many_o island_n as_o that_o we_o stand_v amaze_v at_o this_o day_n in_o that_o quarter_n be_v distant_a a_o very_a small_a space_n java_n celebe_n borneo_n madera_n amboina_fw-la etc._n etc._n concern_v the_o island_n in_o the_o gulf_n of_o mexico_n as_o also_o in_o the_o strait_n of_o malacca_n we_o conjecture_v altogether_o the_o same_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o aegean_a sea_n whether_o they_o have_v a_o be_v from_o the_o divulsion_n make_v by_o or_o from_o the_o sea_n the_o sea_n flow_v from_o the_o euxine_a sea_n and_o the_o mediterranean_a raise_v up_o of_o contrary_a flood_n or_o after_o the_o former_a mode_n by_o a_o subsidency_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a matter_n which_o the_o propontis_n have_v carry_v from_o the_o euxine_a sea_n as_o yet_o i_o doubt_v it_o be_v more_o probable_a that_o a_o divulsion_n be_v make_v and_o peradventure_o that_o famous_a inundation_n of_o deucalion_n here_o also_o exercise_v its_o force_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o isle_n euboea_n at_o this_o day_n call_v negropont_n do_v former_o adhere_v to_o greece_n as_o author_n of_o no_o mean_a credit_n do_v relate_v for_o so_o small_a a_o euripus_n interflow_v that_o it_o may_v be_v join_v by_o a_o bridge_n we_o shall_v show_v that_o island_n may_v be_v make_v of_o sand-bank_n by_o many_o example_n so_o the_o island_n in_o the_o river_n nile_n and_o in_o the_o river_n of_o st._n laurence_n be_v former_o sand-bank_n river_n make_v island_n after_o another_o manner_n when_o that_o they_o send_v forth_o a_o branch_n which_o they_o receive_v into_o themselves_o in_o another_o place_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o wolga_n tanais_n and_o other_o place_n that_o this_o be_v not_o do_v by_o nature_n but_o by_o the_o industry_n of_o man_n we_o ought_v not_o to_o question_v the_o river_n ob_fw-la do_v the_o same_o these_o two_o river_n rengo_n and_o coanza_n make_v the_o isle_n loanda_n situate_v on_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n which_o exonerate_v themselves_o into_o the_o sea_n in_o that_o place_n by_o reason_n that_o they_o bring_v great_a store_n of_o mud_n and_o rubbish_n with_o they_o they_o fall_v with_o a_o exceed_a force_n from_o mountainous_a place_n so_o that_o they_o lest_o this_o and_o as_o yet_o the_o same_o in_o their_o inlet_n and_o so_o in_o course_n of_o time_n make_v the_o island_n landa_n first_o make_v a_o sand-bank_n now_o most_o fertile_a and_o likewise_o populous_a and_o so_o we_o suppose_v that_o many_o sand-bank_n former_o make_v the_o island_n situate_v at_o the_o coast_n although_o that_o some_o be_v also_o cause_v by_o a_o divulsion_n make_v by_o the_o sea_n as_o norway_n and_o it_o be_v more_o probable_a that_o this_o be_v the_o mode_n of_o generation_n of_o island_n in_o stony_a and_o rocky_a isle_n but_o in_o the_o indian_a sea_n island_n may_v have_v a_o original_a both_o by_o divulsion_n and_o subsidence_n or_o sink_v of_o matter_n because_o that_o whilst_o it_o force_v away_o it_o also_o eat_v between_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o at_o length_n it_o put_v in_o another_o place_n unto_o this_o many_o furious_a wind_n which_o be_v very_o frequent_a in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n from_o may_n to_o september_n do_v much_o conduce_v for_o by_o these_o the_o sea_n be_v mighty_o trouble_v so_o that_o the_o sand_n and_o gravel_n be_v separate_v from_o its_o bottom_n and_o from_o other_o region_n which_o matter_n be_v force_v on_o the_o coast_n of_o india_n so_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o port_n of_o goa_n by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o winter-wind_n from_o may_n to_o september_n be_v so_o obstruct_v with_o congest_a heap_n of_o sand_n that_o they_o hardly_o afford_v a_o passage_n to_o small_a vessel_n so_o these_o heap_n of_o sand_n shut_v up_o the_o port_n of_o cocin_n on_o those_o month_n so_o that_o neither_o small_a nor_o great_a vessel_n can_v pass_v for_o a_o continual_a rain_n on_o the_o mountain_n gatis_n and_o a_o frequent_a ecnephias_n or_o impetuous_a wind_n from_o a_o cloud_n break_v forth_o with_o a_o abundance_n of_o water_n from_o the_o cloud_n which_o be_v behold_v to_o hang_v as_o it_o be_v on_o the_o top_n of_o gatis_n send_v forth_o such_o a_o abundance_n of_o water_n and_o with_o that_o violence_n that_o it_o carry_v much_o sand_n with_o it_o to_o the_o shore_n where_o the_o ocean_n resist_v which_o sand_n when_o that_o the_o winter_n end_v be_v take_v away_o by_o the_o ocean_n and_o the_o port_n be_v open_v there_o be_v some_o land_n so_o nigh_o the_o shore_n that_o the_o flux_n of_o the_o sea_n do_v make_v they_o island_n and_o in_o the_o reflux_n they_o be_v in_o appearance_n part_n of_o the_o continent_n and_o if_o that_o the_o interpose_a channel_n acquire_v a_o great_a altitude_n in_o progress_n of_o time_n at_o length_n the_o flux_n of_o water_n be_v exclude_v and_o the_o island_n become_v part_n of_o the_o continent_n without_o reciprocal_a mutation_n and_o also_o the_o nile_n overflow_a egypt_n every_o year_n cause_v the_o city_n and_o hill_n of_o egypt_n then_o to_o seem_v island_n so_o the_o river_n wolga_n do_v so_o increase_v in_o the_o month_n of_o may_n and_o june_n that_o it_o cover_v the_o sand_n and_o island_n and_o many_o of_o the_o isle_n that_o adjoyn_v unto_o india_n become_v sands_n in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n where_o that_o the_o nile_n and_o the_o ganges_n do_v overflow_v the_o region_n proposition_n xiii_o there_o be_v yet_o another_o mode_n beside_o the_o two_o already_o relate_v by_o which_o island_n have_v a_o be_v or_o original_a viz._n for_o the_o coherent_a earth_n sudden_o to_o be_v carry_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o superficies_n original_a another_o mode_n by_o which_o island_n have_v a_o original_a other_o suppose_v this_o mode_n and_o that_o not_o undeserved_o to_o have_v proceed_v from_o the_o fabulous_a grecian_n and_o poet_n but_o seneca_n a_o grave_a author_n relate_v that_o the_o island_n thracia_n in_o his_o time_n spring_v up_o in_o the_o aegean_a sea_n whilst_o that_o the_o mariner_n look_v on_o although_o therefore_o that_o very_o few_o example_n of_o such_o production_n of_o island_n be_v to_o be_v find_v yet_o it_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v suppose_v impossible_a for_o it_o may_v be_v that_o a_o porous_a spungy_a sulphureous_a earth_n do_v exist_v as_o there_o be_v a_o various_a difference_n and_o mixture_n of_o sight_n earth_n which_o even_o now_o have_v increase_v to_o a_o notable_a altitude_n yet_o so_o as_o that_o it_o yet_o remain_v beneath_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n now_o if_o that_o such_o a_o sand_n or_o earth_n adhere_v less_o firm_a at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n it_o may_v be_v separate_v by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o sea_n because_o that_o it_o be_v little_o light_a than_o the_o water_n or_o almost_o of_o the_o same_o levity_n therefore_o it_o will_v ascend_v to_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n and_o sudden_o a_o island_n will_v seem_v to_o spring_v up_o or_o a_o spirit_n or_o wind_n include_v in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n without_o any_o violence_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o endeavour_v to_o break_v forth_o may_v send_v forth_o such_o a_o island_n above_o the_o water_n for_o great_a be_v the_o force_n of_o wind_n include_v in_o the_o earth_n and_o require_v a_o large_a space_n as_o be_v evident_a from_o
earthquake_n by_o which_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o sometime_o mountain_n be_v send_v forth_o of_o the_o earth_n and_o sometime_o swallow_v up_o the_o same_o be_v manifest_a from_o warlike_a mine_n where_o the_o wind_n break_v up_o great_a tower_n and_o wall_n and_o carry_v they_o into_o the_o air._n if_o that_o therefore_o such_o a_o island_n of_o a_o sudden_a spring_a in_o the_o sea_n adhere_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n we_o must_v necessary_o say_v that_o it_o be_v force_v upward_o by_o the_o violence_n of_o some_o subterraneous_a wind_n as_o some_o write_v that_o mountain_n sometime_o be_v thrust_v forth_o of_o the_o earth_n but_o if_o that_o it_o no_o long_o adhere_v to_o the_o bottom_n as_o well_o the_o wind_n as_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o water_n may_v separate_v it_o from_o the_o bottom_n so_o that_o at_o length_n by_o its_o own_o levity_n it_o be_v carry_v upward_o to_o the_o superficies_n proposition_n fourteen_o whence_o another_o doubt_n do_v arise_v viz._n whether_o that_o there_o be_v certain_a island_n that_o swim_v on_o the_o sea_n as_o thales_n suppose_v the_o whole_a earth_n to_o swim_v on_o the_o ocean_n for_o the_o opinion_n of_o thales_n it_o be_v sufficient_o refute_v see_v that_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v find_v continuous_a to_o the_o land_n but_o reason_n persuade_v we_o that_o there_o may_v be_v swim_v island_n if_o that_o the_o land_n be_v light_a and_o sulphureous_a seneca_n add_v experience_n for_o he_o say_v that_o he_o see_v the_o isle_n catylias_n swim_v which_o have_v tree_n and_o bring_v forth_o grass_n and_o herb_n that_o the_o water_n sustain_v it_o and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o only_o drive_v hither_o and_o thither_o by_o the_o wind_n but_o also_o by_o the_o air_n and_o that_o it_o continue_v not_o in_o one_o station_n either_o by_o day_n or_o by_o night_n moreover_o there_o be_v another_o island_n in_o the_o lake_n vadimon_n another_o in_o the_o lake_n station_n so_o the_o ancient_n relate_v that_o delos_n and_o all_o the_o cyclades_n former_o swim_v in_o the_o sea_n neither_o may_v you_o object_v why_o do_v not_o those_o island_n swim_v at_o this_o day_n for_o unto_o this_o the_o answer_n be_v easy_a that_o such_o a_o swim_a can_v continue_v long_o for_o see_v that_o those_o island_n almost_o touch_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n whilst_o that_o they_o be_v move_v hither_o and_o thither_o they_o be_v carry_v more_o or_o less_o elevate_v to_o the_o sand_n or_o channel_n especial_o if_o that_o they_o come_v in_o the_o midst_n between_o two_o sand_n that_o motion_n be_v stop_v and_o other_o collect_v earth_n be_v unite_v with_o this_o sand-bank_n or_o channel_n and_o so_o of_o swim_v island_n they_o become_v firm_a in_o fondura_fw-it a_o country_n in_o america_n at_o this_o day_n be_v a_o lake_n in_o which_o be_v many_o hill_n which_o be_v move_v to_o and_o fro_o with_o the_o wind_n in_o the_o great_a lake_n of_o scotland_n call_v loumond_n be_v a_o isle_n that_o swime_v and_o be_v move_v about_o although_o that_o it_o be_v apt_a for_o pasturage_n as_o boetius_fw-la write_v hitherto_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o generation_n of_o the_o land_n or_o of_o the_o acid_n part_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o be_v extant_a on_o the_o superficies_n we_o shall_v now_o consider_v how_o the_o ocean_n and_o water_n may_v change_v their_o place_n and_o possess_v new_a proposition_n xv._o rivers_n possess_v certain_a tract_n of_o land_n which_o they_o possess_v not_o before_o and_o that_o for_o divers_a reason_n before_o certain_a tract_n of_o land_n which_o river_n possess_v which_o they_o possess_v not_o before_o 1._o when_o that_o they_o first_o arise_v from_o their_o fountain_n and_o receive_v a_o channel_n either_o from_o nature_n or_o by_o art_n of_o which_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o fifteen_o chapter_n 2._o if_o that_o a_o river_n make_v another_o channel_n for_o itself_o or_o send_v forth_o a_o branch_n from_o itself_o which_o be_v most_o common_o do_v by_o man_n viz._n that_o they_o may_v bring_v part_n of_o the_o river_n unto_o city_n or_o into_o another_o river_n example_n of_o which_o we_o have_v allege_v in_o the_o forecited_a chapter_n 3._o if_o that_o river_n more_o and_o more_o possess_v the_o bank_n in_o progress_n of_o time_n which_o happen_v 1._o if_o that_o the_o channel_n become_v high_a from_o the_o sink_v down_o of_o the_o earth_n or_o sand._n 2._o if_o that_o it_o eat_v off_o the_o side_n of_o the_o bank_n by_o its_o swift_a course_n 3._o if_o that_o it_o be_v augment_v by_o another_o river_n and_o by_o a_o abundance_n of_o rain_n or_o a_o exhydria_n or_o impetuous_a wind_n accompany_v with_o a_o mighty_a fall_n of_o water_n 4._o if_o that_o they_o overflow_v the_o earth_n which_o if_o not_o go_v back_o again_o but_o do_v more_o and_o more_o augment_v they_o become_v lake_n or_o if_o they_o return_v to_o their_o ancient_a channel_n the_o water_n be_v effuse_v into_o the_o field_n become_v a_o marsh_n if_o that_o there_o be_v great_a abundance_n of_o it_o corollary_n it_o be_v probable_a therefore_o then_o that_o there_o be_v a_o time_n in_o which_o those_o tract_n of_o land_n which_o now_o the_o rhine_n elbe_n and_o the_o nile_n possess_v as_o also_o other_o river_n be_v dry_a and_o possess_v by_o the_o earth_n proposition_n xvi_o lake_n marsh_n and_o standing-pool_n occupy_v part_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o before_o they_o possess_v not_o not_o lake_n marsh_n and_o pool_n possess_v part_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o former_o they_o do_v not_o 1._o when_o that_o they_o first_o spring_v up_o and_o be_v augment_v in_o progress_n of_o time_n of_o which_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o fifteen_o chapter_n 2._o if_o that_o abundance_n of_o rain_n fall_v 3._o if_o that_o river_n bring_v store_n of_o water_n with_o force_n into_o the_o lake_n 4._o if_o that_o the_o channel_n become_v more_o high_a 5._o if_o that_o the_o lake_n be_v agitate_a by_o often_o and_o more_o vehement_a flood_n by_o degree_n do_v more_o eat_v the_o bank_n and_o cover_v the_o land_n with_o water_n so_o the_o lake_n of_o harlem_n within_o thirty_o or_o forty_o year_n have_v extend_v beyond_o its_o former_a bank_n about_o the_o space_n of_o the_o twenty_o part_n of_o a_o mile_n corollary_n therefore_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o there_o be_v a_o time_n when_o those_o tract_n of_o land_n which_o now_o the_o lake_n zaire_n lemanus_n parina_n harlem_n maeotis_n or_o the_o marsh_n of_o westphalia_n and_o all_o other_o former_o possess_v be_v dry_a land_n proposition_n xvii_o the_o ocean_n possess_v part_n of_o the_o land_n which_o former_o it_o do_v not_o possess_v possess_v land_n possess_v by_o the_o ocean_n which_o former_o it_o do_v not_o possess_v this_o happen_v after_o various_a manner_n 1._o when_o that_o break_n through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o land_n it_o make_v streights_n and_o gulf_n as_o the_o mediterranean_a the_o arabian_a that_o of_o bengala_n camboja_n and_o such_o like_a so_o the_o straight_a between_o sicily_n and_o italy_n between_o geilan_n and_o india_n between_o greece_n and_o euboeja_n between_o manilla_fw-la and_o magellan_n and_o also_o the_o danish_a etc._n etc._n neither_o be_v it_o improbable_a but_o that_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n be_v so_o generate_v and_o that_o america_n be_v so_o divide_v from_o the_o old_a world_n or_o at_o least_o from_o europe_n which_o some_o do_v the_o more_o easy_o embrace_v that_o they_o may_v thence_o only_o deduct_v the_o original_a of_o the_o american_n nation_n from_o adam_n indeed_o the_o egyptian_a priest_n relate_v unto_o solon_n about_o six_o hundred_o year_n before_o christ_n as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o dialogue_n of_o plato_n term_v timon_n that_o there_o be_v former_o opposite_a to_o the_o herculean_a streight_n of_o gibraltar_n a_o isle_n big_a than_o asia_n and_o europe_n together_o call_v atlantis_n and_o that_o part_n of_o it_o afterward_o by_o a_o great_a earthquake_n and_o a_o great_a deluge_n of_o one_o day_n and_o one_o night_n be_v swallow_v up_o in_o the_o ocean_n from_o which_o narration_n we_o may_v collect_v that_o in_o former_a time_n among_o the_o egyptian_n there_o be_v a_o fame_n especial_o among_o those_o that_o be_v learned_a of_o the_o separation_n of_o america_n from_o our_o world_n make_v many_o age_n before_o but_o it_o be_v far_o more_o likely_a that_o the_o north_n part_n of_o america_n in_o which_o be_v new_a france_n new_a england_n canada_n and_o the_o like_a do_v in_o former_a age_n adhere_v to_o ireland_n the_o ancient_n write_v that_o the_o strait_n of_o gibraltar_n be_v dug_n through_o by_o hercules_n 2._o when_o with_o a_o violent_a wind_n the_o ocean_n be_v force_v and_o overflow_v the_o land_n by_o break_v through_o or_o over_o the_o bank_n that_o be_v make_v by_o nature_n and_o art_n there_o be_v
top_n of_o the_o approach_a mast_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o tower_n may_v be_v see_v to_o find_v out_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o tower_n or_o mast_n of_o the_o ship_n in_o the_o diagram_n of_o the_o former_a proposition_n in_o the_o triangle_n n_o o_fw-fr t_o from_o the_o give_v n_n t_n t_o o_o the_o arch_n n_o p_o be_v find_v which_o be_v substract_v from_o the_o know_a arch_n p_o f_o from_o the_o give_v distance_n turn_v into_o minute_n the_o arch_n f_o n_n or_o the_o angle_n n_o t_o s_o be_v leave_v and_o in_o the_o triangle_n n_o t_o s_o the_o right_a angle_n n_o t_n be_v give_v and_o n_n be_v the_o right_a angle_n therefore_o the_o hypotenusa_fw-la t_o s_o shall_v be_v find_v from_o which_o if_o t_o f_o be_v take_v f_o s_o be_v leave_v the_o demand_v altitude_n of_o the_o tower_n or_o mast_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o of_o any_o mountain_n proposition_n vii_o the_o refraction_n of_o ray_n in_o the_o air_n augment_v the_o apparent_a semidiameter_n of_o the_o sensible_a horizon_n air._n of_o refraction_n of_o ray_n in_o the_o air._n for_o there_o be_v a_o divers_a refraction_n of_o the_o air_n in_o divers_a place_n but_o the_o thick_a by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v near_o the_o earth_n therefore_o although_o a_o ray_n can_v come_v by_o a_o direct_a way_n to_o the_o eye_n o_o from_o the_o point_n situate_v beyond_o n_n for_o example_n f_o yet_o his_o ray_n may_v be_v so_o break_v in_o the_o air_n that_o the_o refract_v may_v be_v n_z o_o or_o the_o tangent_fw-la of_o the_o earth_n chap._n xxxv_o of_o the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o nautick_a art_n and_o in_o special_a of_o the_o first_o part_n viz._n the_o make_n or_o build_v of_o ship_n proposition_n i._o that_o be_v term_v the_o nautical_a art_n or_o science_n which_o teach_v how_o a_o ship_n may_v most_o safe_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o wind_n be_v sail_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o through_o the_o sea_n sea_n by_o the_o wind_n ship_n be_v carry_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o in_o the_o sea_n because_o in_o this_o discipline_n the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v compare_v among_o themselves_o or_o mutual_o to_o themselves_o and_o their_o respective_a situation_n be_v examine_v therefore_o deserve_o it_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o respective_a part_n of_o geography_n now_o i_o suppose_v that_o three_o part_n may_v convenient_o be_v constitute_v of_o this_o most_o noble_a art_n so_o much_o useful_a to_o human_a society_n 1._o the_o art_n of_o building_n of_o ship_n which_o also_o consider_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o ship_n in_o the_o water_n or_o else_o presuppose_v it_o as_o know_v 2._o concern_v the_o lade_n of_o ship_n 3._o the_o direction_n gubernation_n or_o sail_v of_o a_o ship_n which_o be_v term_v the_o art_n of_o the_o master_n or_o pilot_n and_o in_o general_a the_o art_n of_o navigation_n by_o way_n of_o excellency_n unto_o which_o also_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o nautick_a art_n be_v most_o of_o all_o agreeable_a and_o this_o part_n with_o great_a right_n do_v appertain_v unto_o geography_n than_o the_o two_o former_a which_o be_v more_o true_o refer_v to_o the_o staticks_n and_o mechanic_n now_o the_o art_n of_o sail_v do_v whole_o depend_v on_o geography_n proposition_n ii_o in_o the_o fabric_n of_o ship_n these_o thing_n follow_v must_v be_v observe_v hip_n thing_n to_o be_v note_v in_o the_o fabric_n of_o hip_n 1._o that_o the_o matter_n or_o wood_n be_v take_v which_o may_v endure_v very_o long_o in_o the_o water_n of_o which_o vitruvius_n and_o other_o author_n be_v to_o be_v consult_v hither_o also_o belong_v how_o the_o wood_n be_v to_o be_v prepare_v and_o their_o density_n to_o be_v augment_v the_o unuseful_a moisture_n to_o be_v consume_v with_o fire_n pitch_a and_o defend_v from_o corruption_n this_o doctrine_n must_v be_v take_v from_o philosophy_n 2._o that_o such_o a_o figure_n or_o shape_n be_v give_v to_o a_o ship_n that_o be_v most_o apt_a for_o a_o quick_a motion_n and_o may_v be_v move_v by_o a_o small_a power_n 3._o in_o this_o fabric_n and_o in_o reference_n to_o the_o figure_n this_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o a_o ship_n may_v with_o ease_n be_v defend_v against_o storm_n and_o tempest_n but_o of_o this_o i_o shall_v treat_v in_o the_o second_o part_n where_o i_o shall_v speak_v of_o the_o lade_n of_o ship_n ship_n the_o magnitude_n of_o ship_n 4._o the_o magnitude_n of_o ship_n must_v be_v consider_v where_o there_o be_v a_o great_a comparison_n between_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_n some_o suppose_v that_o the_o ship_n of_o alexandria_n make_v by_o archimedes_n by_o the_o command_n of_o hiero_n king_n of_o sicily_n and_o present_v to_o ptolemy_n king_n of_o egypt_n be_v of_o 12000_o tun_n the_o ship_n of_o philopater_n be_v deliver_v by_o calixenus_n to_o have_v be_v in_o length_n 280_o cubit_n in_o breadth_n 38_o and_o in_o height_n 48_o cubit_n the_o great_a ship_n at_o this_o day_n be_v those_o of_o the_o spaniard_n or_o portugal_n they_o call_v they_o caraca_v but_o of_o all_o nation_n in_o christendom_n the_o english_a may_v best_o brag_v of_o their_o gallant_a ship_n for_o the_o service_n of_o war._n 5._o there_o belong_v to_o the_o build_n of_o ship_n the_o knowledge_n of_o every_o part_n as_o the_o keil_n the_o rudder_n rib_n head_n stern_n mast_n yard_n cables_n and_o anchor_n etc._n etc._n of_o which_o not_o only_o the_o matter_n figure_n and_o coherency_n but_o also_o the_o weight_n and_o magnitude_n be_v to_o be_v explain_v 6._o to_o the_o fabric_n of_o ship_n belong_v the_o skill_n how_o to_o prevent_v a_o breach_n leak_n or_o other_o defect_n of_o ship_n thus_o much_o in_o brief_a of_o the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o nautick_a art_n of_o building_n of_o ship_n chap._n xxxvi_o of_o the_o lade_n of_o ship_n or_o the_o second_o part_n of_o the_o nautick_a art_n proposition_n i._o the_o burden_n to_o lade_v ship_n withal_o be_v express_v by_o last_n and_o tun_n ship_n of_o the_o lade_n of_o ship_n the_o tun_n of_o a_o ship_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v 2000_o pound_n weight_n the_o last_v twelve_o tun_n proposition_n ii_o the_o body_n or_o matter_n which_o be_v high_o than_o water_n be_v not_o mergent_fw-la altogether_o in_o the_o water_n but_o some_o part_n of_o it_o be_v above_o but_o if_o it_o be_v of_o a_o great_a weight_n than_o water_n it_o will_v sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n if_o of_o the_o same_o weight_n it_o keep_v the_o give_v place_n in_o the_o water_n hitherto_o belong_v the_o various_a knowledge_n of_o the_o weight_n of_o body_n as_o of_o lead_n gold_n iron_n wheat_n sand_n oil_n wine_n the_o gravity_n of_o all_o which_o must_v be_v compare_v with_o water_n corollary_n from_o hence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o matter_n to_o lade_v the_o ship_n with_o take_v with_o the_o burden_n of_o the_o ship_n aught_o to_o be_v lesser_a than_o the_o burden_n or_o gravity_n of_o the_o water_n who_o mole_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o solidity_n or_o capacity_n of_o the_o whole_a ship_n proposition_n iii_o by_o how_o much_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o ship_n come_v to_o a_o ordinate_a that_o be_v to_o a_o cubick_a equality_n of_o longitude_n latitude_n and_o thickness_n by_o so_o much_o the_o more_o it_o can_v sustain_v the_o great_a burden_n in_o the_o water_n the_o demonstration_n must_v be_v seek_v from_o the_o staticks_n proposition_n iv_o in_o the_o lade_n of_o ship_n respect_n must_v be_v have_v to_o two_o thing_n first_o that_o there_o be_v not_o impose_v so_o great_a a_o burden_n that_o its_o weight_n take_v may_v be_v equal_a with_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o great_a than_o the_o mole_n of_o the_o water_n which_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o solidity_n of_o the_o ship_n but_o that_o it_o be_v lesser_a though_o not_o much_o but_o if_o the_o matter_n to_o lade_v the_o ship_n be_v so_o light_a the_o burden_n must_v be_v augment_v with_o ballast_n second_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o water_n must_v be_v consider_v through_o which_o the_o ship_n be_v to_o sail_v ship_n ballast_n require_v in_o a_o ship_n for_o although_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o water_n admit_v of_o this_o or_o that_o weight_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o lade_n when_o this_o be_v lesser_a than_o the_o equal_a gravity_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v to_o the_o mole_n of_o the_o water_n yet_o if_o the_o water_n have_v lesser_a profundity_n than_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n beneath_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n the_o bottom_n will_v not_o grant_v a_o motion_n to_o the_o ship_n but_o detain_v it_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o spanish_a ship_n carry_v great_a burden_n than_o dutch_a dutch._n spanish_a ship_n carry_v great_a burden_n than_o the_o dutch._n because_o they_o have_v the_o sea_n deep_o on_o
the_o shore_n and_o in_o the_o harbour_n as_o also_o great_a ship_n come_v to_o zealand_n than_o to_o holland_n proposition_n v._o if_o a_o ship_n be_v so_o burden_v that_o its_o weight_n or_o gravity_n be_v almost_o equal_a to_o the_o weight_n or_o gravity_n of_o the_o sea_n water_n equal_a to_o the_o capacity_n of_o the_o ship_n yet_o it_o sink_v not_o in_o the_o sea_n but_o when_o it_o shall_v be_v bring_v into_o any_o river_n it_o sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o water_n of_o rivers_n be_v light_a than_o the_o water_n of_o the_o sea_n therefore_o if_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o lade_a ship_n be_v almost_o equal_a to_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o marine_a water_n therefore_o it_o shall_v be_v great_a than_o the_o gravity_n of_o river_n water_n and_o so_o the_o ship_n shall_v be_v sink_v in_o the_o river_n or_o carry_v to_o the_o bottom_n many_o ship_n for_o this_o reason_n have_v perish_v which_o have_v be_v over_o lade_v by_o unskilful_a mariner_n or_o not_o unburden_v in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n now_o how_o much_o this_o gravity_n shall_v be_v be_v know_v from_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o sea_n water_n to_o river_n water_n proposition_n vi_o any_o body_n swim_v on_o the_o water_n have_v that_o weight_n that_o the_o watery_a mole_n have_v equal_a to_o the_o demergent_a part_n of_o this_o body_n corollary_n the_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v give_v which_o be_v under_o water_n the_o weight_n of_o the_o whole_a burden_a ship_n may_v be_v find_v for_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o water_n be_v know_v or_o be_v easy_a to_o be_v find_v for_o example_n one_o cubick_a foot_n of_o water_n be_v 70_o li._n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n under_o water_n be_v 2000_o cubick_a foot_n therefore_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o watery_a mole_n which_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n under_o water_n shall_v be_v 140000_o li._n so_o much_o also_o shall_v be_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o ship_n jade_v proposition_n vii_o a_o ship_n be_v most_o common_o account_v commodious_o to_o carry_v that_o quantity_n of_o burden_n who_o gravity_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o gravity_n of_o half_a the_o mole_n of_o water_n which_o the_o ship_n can_v contain_v for_o example_n if_o the_o ship_n can_v carry_v 500000_o tun_n of_o water_n whereof_o every_o one_o be_v account_v at_o 2000_o li._n weight_n that_o be_v if_o it_o contain_v the_o water_n of_o 1000000000_o li._n you_o may_v convenient_o lade_v it_o with_o the_o burden_n of_o 250000_o tun_n 1000000000._o in_o this_o sense_n you_o must_v understand_v it_o when_o they_o say_v that_o ship_n be_v so_o many_o tun_n or_o carry_v so_o many_o last_v the_o spanish_a carract_n carry_v 1200_o last_n the_o great_a holland_n indian_a ship_n 800_o last_n proposition_n viii_o by_o how_o much_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o ship_n jade_v be_v great_a by_o so_o much_o the_o less_o it_o be_v toss_v with_o storm_n and_o tempest_n lade_v a_o jade_a ship_n be_v not_o so_o subject_a to_o be_v toss_v in_o tempest_n as_o when_o not_o lade_v ship_n of_o 2000_o tun_n be_v not_o in_o danger_n of_o those_o tempest_n which_o be_v vexatious_a to_o ship_n of_o 300_o or_o 500_o tun_n much_o more_o may_v be_v say_v but_o this_o may_v suffice_v for_o element_n chap._n xxxvii_o of_o the_o three_o and_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o nautick_a aâ—t_n viz._n the_o art_n of_o guide_v or_o navigate_a of_o a_o ship_n and_o its_o subdivision_n of_o the_o four_o part_n proposition_n i._o that_o be_v term_v the_o art_n of_o guide_v or_o navigate_a of_o a_o ship_n which_o teach_v unto_o what_o quarter_n a_o ship_n be_v to_o be_v guide_v in_o any_o situation_n of_o it_o in_o the_o sea_n that_o it_o may_v come_v to_o the_o purpose_a place_n without_o danger_n i_o make_v four_o part_n of_o it_o ship_n of_o the_o guide_v or_o steer_v of_o ship_n 1._o special_a geography_n that_o be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o space_n intercept_v between_o two_o place_n and_o the_o property_n of_o the_o same_o 2._o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o quarter_n in_o every_o place_n 3._o the_o cognition_n of_o the_o line_n by_o which_o the_o ship_n be_v to_o be_v bring_v from_o one_o place_n to_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v between_o every_o two_o place_n infinite_a intercept_v line_n this_o part_n be_v term_v histriodromice_n 4._o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o situation_n of_o every_o place_n unto_o which_o by_o sail_v we_o arrive_v or_o how_o these_o place_n be_v situate_v unto_o that_o place_n unto_o which_o the_o ship_n be_v to_o be_v direct_v this_o be_v the_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o art_n of_o sail_v proposition_n ii_o the_o cognition_n of_o the_o intermedial_a space_n comprehend_v these_o thing_n map_n thing_n observe_v from_o special_a geography_n and_o nautical_a map_n 1._o the_o situation_n of_o the_o place_n the_o procurrence_n of_o angle_n the_o bend_n of_o the_o shore_n the_o aspect_n of_o promontory_n mountain_n bay_n the_o depth_n of_o water_n the_o sight_n of_o island_n and_o coast_n of_o land_n all_o which_o be_v know_v from_o special_a geography_n and_o nautical_a map_n but_o most_o easy_o and_o with_o great_a certainty_n from_o observation_n and_o frequent_a navigation_n through_o any_o tract_n of_o land_n which_o be_v the_o only_a cause_n that_o some_o mariner_n be_v more_o fit_a to_o guide_v a_o ship_n to_o such_o place_n and_o other_o to_o another_o 2._o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o general_n and_o special_a wind_n and_o those_o that_o be_v peculiar_a unto_o any_o place_n which_o be_v exceed_o necessary_a in_o navigation_n which_o be_v undertake_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o adjacent_a place_n for_o here_o a_o general_a wind_n and_o in_o many_o place_n anniversary_n wind_n which_o we_o have_v show_v to_o be_v call_v moussons_n motion_n in_o our_o xx._n chapter_n do_v rule_n which_o either_o promote_v or_o hinder_v navigation_n for_o the_o indian_a sea_n be_v sail_v by_o these_o anniversary_n wind_n of_o these_o and_o also_o of_o storm_n and_o tempest_n we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o xx._n chapter_n 20._o see_v chap._n 20._o 3._o the_o condition_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o every_o tract_n also_o the_o quarter_n of_o it_o into_o which_o quarter_n the_o sea_n and_o wave_n be_v bear_v for_o they_o carry_v the_o ship_n with_o they_o the_o diversity_n of_o those_o motion_n in_o many_o place_n we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o xvii_o chap._n 17._o see_v chap._n 17._o first_o of_o all_o there_o be_v require_v a_o knowledge_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o time_n or_o hour_n of_o the_o increase_n and_o decrease_v at_o every_o day_n the_o supputation_n of_o which_o be_v term_v the_o reckon_n of_o the_o tide_n for_o except_v a_o master_n know_v this_o the_o ship_n be_v often_o much_o hazard_v when_o it_o be_v near_a shore_n or_o sand_n whereof_o most_o in_o the_o great_a increase_n of_o the_o water_n do_v not_o hinder_v the_o passage_n of_o the_o ship_n but_o most_o do_v in_o the_o decrease_n so_o with_o a_o flux_n the_o navigation_n be_v more_o facile_a to_o the_o shore_n and_o to_o the_o inlet_n of_o river_n and_o the_o contrary_n be_v discover_v in_o the_o reflux_n of_o the_o supputation_n of_o this_o time_n we_o have_v speak_v a_o little_a in_o the_o proposition_n of_o the_o xvii_o chapter_n chap._n xxxviii_o of_o the_o knowledge_n of_o place_n viz._n the_o north_n south_n east_n and_o west_n and_o the_o intermedial_a quarter_n proposition_n i._o in_o every_o place_n to_o know_v the_o plagas_fw-la viz._n the_o north_n south_n east_n and_o west_n and_o the_o intermedial_a quarter_n navigation_n the_o quarter_n very_o neccessary_a in_o navigation_n the_o knowledge_n of_o this_o be_v the_o most_o necessary_a of_o all_o the_o problem_n of_o the_o whole_a art_n of_o navigation_n see_v that_o a_o ship_n must_v be_v guide_v unto_o some_o quarter_n which_o if_o unknown_a there_o can_v be_v no_o direction_n and_o the_o very_a defect_n of_o this_o knowledge_n alone_o hinder_v the_o navigation_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o in_o this_o be_v the_o chief_a difference_n between_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_a navigation_n for_o the_o ancient_n have_v not_o a_o method_n by_o which_o at_o any_o time_n in_o the_o large_a ocean_n they_o may_v know_v where_o be_v the_o north_n where_o the_o south_n and_o the_o other_o quarter_n therefore_o they_o can_v not_o nor_o dare_v they_o commit_v themselves_o to_o the_o vast_a ocean_n but_o only_o coast_v the_o shore_n so_o that_o they_o may_v know_v the_o quarter_n from_o other_o sign_n quarter_n the_o ancient_n have_v a_o double_a method_n of_o find_v out_o the_o quarter_n the_o ancient_n have_v a_o double_a method_n which_o serve_v also_o to_o the_o modern_a navigation_n of_o find_v out_o the_o quarter_n
must_v be_v great_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o rich_a commodity_n that_o be_v find_v here_o he_o be_v so_o powerful_a that_o in_o 1616_o he_o put_v to_o sea_n 60000_o man_n of_o war_n in_o 200_o ship_n and_o 60_o galley_n with_o store_n of_o cannon_n and_o ammunition_n to_o make_v war_n against_o the_o portugal_n in_o malacca_n and_o he_o alone_o drive_v they_o from_o the_o fort_n which_o they_o have_v in_o pacem_fw-la and_o hinder_v they_o from_o take_v footing_n in_o sumatra_n isle_n the_o fertility_n commodity_n etc._n etc._n of_o these_o isle_n the_o air_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a heat_n be_v very_o unhealthful_a but_o withal_o be_v very_o fertile_a abound_v in_o rice_n millet_n oil_n beef_n goat_n sheep_n fowl_n fish_n store_n of_o fruit_n also_o it_o be_v rich_a in_o gold_n though_o of_o a_o low_a alloy_n in_o silver_n copper_n iron_n tin_n in_o precious_a stone_n in_o silk_n in_o several_a spice_n as_o long_o and_o common_a pepper_n ginger_n cinnamon_n clove_n nutmeg_n also_o in_o medicinal_a drug_n in_o wax_n honey_n camphire_n cassia_n bezoar_n lignum_fw-la musk_n civet_n amber_n aloe_n whole_a wood_n of_o white_a sandale_n abundance_n of_o cotton_n etc._n etc._n the_o hollander_n be_v in_o good_a intelligence_n with_o the_o people_n and_o king_n of_o sumatra_n and_o particular_o with_o he_o of_o achem_n they_o have_v no_o place_n or_o fortress_n in_o the_o isle_n but_o at_o jambay_n a_o kingdom_n city_n and_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n in_o one_o degree_n and_o fifty_o minute_n beyond_o the_o equator_fw-la they_o have_v build_v on_o this_o river_n and_o 25_o league_n from_o the_o coast_n a_o house_n to_o accommodate_v their_o traffic_n with_o the_o islander_n their_o trade_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n pepper_n which_o they_o send_v from_o this_o house_n to_o the_o sea_n by_o canoe_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v many_o of_o they_o good_a artificer_n and_o expert_a mariner_n they_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n gentile_n yet_o of_o late_a mahometism_n have_v creep_v in_o among_o they_o they_o be_v of_o a_o olive_n colour_n complexion_n flat-faced_n but_o indifferent_a well_o proportion_v and_o content_v themselves_o with_o a_o mean_a habit_n fertility_n the_o isle_n of_o borneo_n its_o situation_n and_o fertility_n the_o island_n of_o borneo_n like_v to_o sumatra_n be_v part_n on_o this_o side_n and_o part_n beyond_o the_o equator_fw-la but_o it_o reach_v on_o this_o side_n unto_o the_o seventeen_o degree_n of_o north_n latitude_n and_o beyond_o only_a to_o the_o four_o of_o south_n latitude_n it_o be_v form_n be_v almost_o round_o have_v only_o 250_o league_n from_o north_n to_o south_n and_o little_o less_o from_o west_n to_o east_n contain_v in_o its_o continent_n more_o than_o sumatra_n or_o any_o other_o isle_n we_o have_v knowledge_n of_o in_o asia_n but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o well_o inhabit_v nor_o of_o so_o great_a trade_n as_o sumatra_n yet_o more_o fertile_a and_o beside_o the_o same_o commodite_n have_v quantity_n of_o myrabolan_n its_o forest_n be_v full_a of_o tree_n which_o bear_v the_o most_o excellent_a camphire_n in_o the_o world_n which_o be_v utter_v in_o the_o indies_n be_v too_o dear_a to_o be_v bring_v far_o that_o which_o come_v to_o we_o from_o china_n be_v so_o falsify_v and_o of_o so_o little_a value_n in_o respect_n of_o that_o which_o come_v pure_a from_o borneo_n that_o one_o hundred_o pound_n of_o the_o one_o be_v not_o worth_a one_o pound_n of_o the_o other_o it_o have_v also_o plenty_n of_o provision_n borneo_n bendarmissin_n lave_v and_o hormeta_n be_v the_o fair_a city_n or_o at_o least_o the_o best_a know_v of_o the_o isle_n for_o we_o yet_o know_v nothing_o of_o the_o eastern_a coast_n borneo_n be_v on_o a_o salt_n lake_n or_o rather_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o gulf_n of_o the_o sea_n as_o venice_n be_v and_o be_v on_o the_o north-west_n of_o the_o island_n its_o house_n be_v build_v of_o wood_n and_o upon_o pile_n and_o be_v account_v to_o be_v 20_o or_o 25000._o through_o every_o street_n run_v a_o channel_n or_o river_n of_o water_n the_o palace_n of_o the_o king_n and_o the_o house_n of_o the_o principal_a lord_n be_v of_o stone_n and_o on_o the_o firm_a land_n bendarmassin_n and_o lave_v be_v towards_o the_o south_n regard_v the_o great_a java_n and_o both_o belong_v to_o the_o same_o king_n they_o build_v many_o juncos_fw-la at_o bendarmassin_n the_o river_n of_o succadan_n and_o the_o neighbour_a forest_n furnish_v they_o easy_o with_o wood_n and_o all_o that_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o build_n of_o those_o vessel_n lave_v be_v near_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o this_o river_n as_o succadan_n yield_v diamond_n hormeta_n be_v describe_v by_o the_o hollander_n on_o the_o coast_n westward_n of_o the_o isle_n and_o they_o esteem_v it_o to_o have_v 2_o or_o 3000_o house_n inhabitant_n its_o inhabitant_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v great_a of_o a_o olive_n colour_n of_o a_o good_a countenance_n their_o woman_n brown_a and_o chaste_a a_o thing_n very_o rare_a in_o the_o neighbour_a island_n they_o trade_v little_a to_o distant_a place_n be_v more_o incline_v to_o theft_n and_o piracy_n then_o to_o trade_n exercise_v this_o only_a with_o their_o neighbour_n the_o other_o with_o stranger_n far_o off_o they_o be_v expert_a in_o all_o sort_n of_o arm_n of_o good_a wit_n and_o capable_a of_o arts._n their_o apparel_n be_v much_o the_o same_o with_o the_o indian_n which_o be_v a_o linen_n cloth_n about_o their_o privy_a part_n and_o on_o their_o head_n turbet_n in_o their_o religion_n they_o be_v either_o mahometant_n or_o gentile_n isle_n several_a small_a isle_n about_o borneo_n be_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o little_a isle_n bonquerano_n 3_o degree_n st._n john_n 4._o jolo_n or_o zolo_fw-la 5._o tagyma_fw-la 6._o and_o combahan_n 8_o degree_n of_o latitude_n this_o last_o be_v on_o the_o north_n of_o the_o gulf_n and_o city_n of_o borneo_n near_o that_o gulf_n be_v pulogitgan_a etc._n etc._n all_o these_o island_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n or_o king_n of_o borneo_n breadth_n isle_n of_o java_n major_n and_o minor_a their_o situation_n length_n and_o breadth_n the_o two_o island_n of_o java_n major_n and_o minor_n be_v to_o the_o south_n of_o borneo_n however_o there_o be_v much_o dispute_n about_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o little_a one_o the_o great_a lie_n from_o the_o six_o unto_o the_o eight_o nine_o or_o ten_o degree_n of_o south_n latitude_n for_o we_o know_v not_o its_o certain_a breadth_n and_o from_o the_o 145_o meridian_n beyond_o the_o 155_o this_o length_n be_v 250_o league_n and_o its_o breadth_n little_o less_o we_o have_v scarce_o knowledge_n of_o any_o but_o the_o north-coast_n of_o this_o island_n none_o at_o all_o of_o its_o southern_a trade_n the_o city_n of_o bantam_n describe_v with_o its_o great_a trade_n along_o the_o north-coast_n of_o bantam_n where_o be_v one_o of_o the_o great_a trade_n of_o all_o the_o east-indies_n and_o where_o the_o merchant_n of_o the_o east-india_n company_n of_o england_n have_v their_o residence_n and_o where_o once_o there_o be_v a_o like_a company_n for_o the_o hollander_n which_o they_o have_v transport_v to_o jacatra_n or_o batavia_n bantam_n be_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o a_o hill_n from_o which_o descend_v three_o river_n of_o which_o one_o pass_n through_o the_o middle_n the_o other_o long_o and_o on_o the_o two_o side_n of_o the_o city_n communicate_v by_o divers_a channel_n convenient_a for_o the_o mahometan_n who_o believe_v themselves_o purge_v from_o their_o sin_n as_o often_o as_o they_o wash_v but_o all_o too_o shallow_a for_o ship_n to_o sail_v in_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n be_v of_o brick_n of_o no_o great_a strength_n as_o also_o be_v their_o gate_n which_o make_v they_o have_v the_o great_a care_n in_o guard_v they_o the_o city_n be_v indifferent_a great_a yet_o have_v they_o but_o three_o principal_a street_n and_o these_o all_o but_o upon_o the_o castle_n at_o every_o corner_n of_o the_o street_n there_o stand_v a_o guard_n and_o at_o sunset_n they_o make_v fast_o all_o passage_n boat_n so_o that_o in_o the_o night_n there_o be_v no_o stir_v in_o the_o street_n the_o house_n be_v but_o mean_o build_v either_o of_o reed_n or_o straw_n and_o cover_v with_o coco_n leave_v but_o for_o preservation_n of_o good_n they_o have_v storehouse_n make_v of_o stone_n they_o have_v several_a place_n or_o market_n for_o the_o sale_n of_o commodity_n as_o also_o a_o exchange_n where_o merchant_n meet_v commodity_n its_o commodity_n the_o commodity_n of_o bantam_n be_v these_o of_o the_o isle_n as_o all_o sort_n of_o drug_n pepper_n sugar_n preserved_n ginger_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o sweetmeat_n both_o wet_a and_o dry_a rice_n honey_n etc._n etc._n also_o in_o this_o city_n be_v find_v several_a good_a commodity_n which_o be_v the_o product_n of_o other_o
west_n and_o advance_v a_o little_a towards_o the_o south_n so_o that_o st._n anthony_n and_o brava_n make_v the_o two_o end_n or_o point_n towards_o the_o west_n bona_n vista_n make_v the_o middle_a of_o the_o half_a circle_n towards_o the_o east_n sancta_fw-la lucia_n nicholas_n st._n nicholas_n st._n nicholas_n and_o st._n jago_n be_v the_o great_a have_v each_o 100_o or_o 120000_o pace_n of_o length_n 15_o 20_o or_o 30000_o of_o breadth_n and_o 200_o or_o 250000_o pace_n of_o circuit_n st._n anthonio_n and_o st._n vincent_n be_v less_o by_o more_o than_o half_a and_o not_o of_o above_o 100000_o pace_n in_o circuit_n the_o rest_n which_o be_v the_o least_o have_v not_o above_o 30_o 40_o or_o 50000_o pace_n i_o make_v no_o account_n of_o seven_o or_o eight_o other_o who_o name_n have_v not_o be_v give_v we_o and_o which_o be_v rather_o rock_n than_o isle_n st._n jago_n be_v the_o great_a and_o the_o chief_a of_o all_o have_v a_o bishop_n seat_n in_o the_o city_n of_o the_o same_o name_n jago_n st._n jago_n beside_o which_o be_v ribera_n grande_n with_o a_o good_a port_n towards_o the_o west_n praya_n towards_o the_o east_n st._n marry_o towards_o the_o north_n all_o with_o their_o port_n some_o place_n likewise_o st._n thomas_n who_o port_n be_v dangerous_a other_o st._n domingo_n other_o st._n michael_n possible_o these_o fall_n under_o some_o of_o the_o other_o ribera_n grande_n have_v 500_o house_n the_o air_n be_v unhealthful_a the_o land_n hilly_a but_o the_o valley_n fruitful_a in_o grain_n vine_n fruit_n sugar_n cane_n million_o etc._n etc._n feed_v much_o fowl_n and_o cattle_n and_o particular_o goat_n in_o abundance_n these_o beast_n bring_v forth_o young_a every_o four_o month_n and_o three_o of_o four_o at_o a_o time_n and_o the_o kid_n be_v very_o fat_a and_o delicate_a anthony_n sancta_fw-la lucia_n st._n vincent_n st._n anthony_n sancta_fw-la lucia_n be_v the_o best_a people_v after_o that_o of_o st._n jago_n st._n nicholas_n st._n vincent_n and_o st._n anthony_n have_v be_v esteem_v desert_n yet_o they_o appear_v to_o have_v many_o inhabitant_n though_o not_o so_o many_o as_o they_o can_v feed_v the_o ship_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n pass_v here_o in_o 1622._o find_v in_o that_o of_o st_n anthony_n 500_o person_n man_n woman_n and_o child_n all_o aethiopian_n st._n vincent_n and_o st._n nicholas_n have_v no_o less_o at_o mayo_n these_o aethiopian_n be_v strong_a and_o of_o good_a stature_n but_o it_o be_v to_o be_v believe_v that_o every_o where_o be_v some_o portugal_n to_o keep_v the_o rest_n in_o awe_n vista_n salt_n bona_n vista_n the_o isle_n of_o salt_n of_o bona_z vista_n of_o mayo_n and_o of_o st._n jago_n yield_v so_o great_a quantity_n of_o salt_n which_o be_v make_v natural_o of_o the_o water_n which_o the_o sea_n from_o time_n to_o time_n leave_v that_o beside_o what_o they_o consume_v in_o the_o country_n they_o jade_v every_o year_n more_o than_o 100_o ship_n which_o be_v transport_v into_o other_o country_n and_o yet_o there_o remain_v six_o time_n as_o much_o which_o become_v useless_a it_o be_v report_v that_o the_o isle_n of_o mayo_n can_v make_v alone_o lade_v for_o two_o thousand_o sail_n of_o ship_n yearly_a and_o the_o other_o not_o much_o less_o the_o other_o riches_n of_o the_o country_n lie_v in_o the_o skin_n of_o their_o goat_n which_o be_v in_o so_o great_a quantity_n through_o all_o these_o isle_n that_o many_o flock_n be_v see_v of_o 1000_o head_n the_o skin_n be_v send_v to_o brasil_n portugal_n and_o other_o place_n and_o make_v excellent_a cordovant_n the_o flesh_n be_v salt_v in_o the_o country_n and_o sell_v to_o ship_n go_v and_o return_v from_o brasil_n to_o the_o indies_n beside_o the_o salt_n and_o woat_n which_o be_v the_o principal_a riches_n of_o the_o country_n they_o have_v many_o wild_a horse_n ox_n ape_n etc._n etc._n also_o cotton_n whereof_o they_o make_v several_a manufacture_n also_o rice_n and_o many_o sort_n of_o grain_n among_o their_o fowl_n they_o have_v one_o kind_a particular_a to_o they_o which_o they_o call_v flamencos_fw-la the_o feather_n of_o their_o body_n be_v all_o white_a and_o those_o of_o their_o wing_n red_a as_o blood_n their_o tortoise_n be_v not_o above_o two_o or_o three_o foot_n long_o they_o come_v out_o of_o the_o sea_n and_o lay_v their_o egg_n in_o the_o night_n cover_v they_o with_o sand_n and_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n hatch_v they_o brava_fw-la fuego_n brava_fw-la in_o fuego_n and_o brava_n they_o gather_v wine_n which_o yield_v little_a to_o those_o of_o the_o canary_n sea_n the_o sargasso_n sea_n between_o the_o island_n of_o cape_n verde_n and_o the_o main_a land_n incline_v towards_o the_o canary_n the_o sea_n be_v call_v sargasso_n because_o from_o the_o 20_o to_o the_o 24_o degree_n and_o for_o the_o length_n of_o 30_o 40_o or_o 50_o league_n the_o sea_n be_v cover_v with_o a_o herb_n like_a to_o that_o which_o be_v find_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o wells_n and_o which_o the_o portugal_n call_v sargasso_n this_o herb_n except_o that_o it_o be_v more_o yellow_a resemble_v sea-parsley_n bear_v certain_a grain_n or_o fruit_n at_o the_o end_n but_o of_o neither_o taste_n nor_o substance_n many_o have_v be_v much_o trouble_v to_o know_v from_o whence_o these_o weed_n come_v which_o be_v distant_a from_o the_o isle_n and_o from_o the_o firm_a land_n more_o than_o 60_o league_n and_o in_o a_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n where_o there_o be_v no_o bottom_n find_v nevertheless_o they_o be_v so_o close_o and_o in_o so_o great_a quantity_n that_o the_o water_n seem_v rather_o a_o meadow_n or_o green_a field_n than_o a_o sea_n ship_n which_o fall_v among_o these_o weed_n have_v need_n of_o a_o good_a wind_n to_o disengage_v themselves_o and_o i_o believe_v it_o be_v these_o which_o hinder_v sataspes_n from_o finish_v his_o course_n about_o africa_n and_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o misfortune_n this_o sataspes_n son_n of_o teaspes_n one_o of_o the_o achemenides_n sataspes_n a_o story_n of_o sataspes_n have_v ravish_v the_o daughter_n of_o zopyrus_n the_o son_n of_o magabises_n be_v condemn_v by_o xerxes_n to_o be_v crucify_v his_o mother_n the_o sister_n of_o darius_n cause_v this_o punishment_n to_o be_v change_v into_o another_o to_o wit_n he_o be_v cause_v to_o make_v the_o circumnavigation_n of_o africa_n which_o can_v not_o be_v do_v without_o great_a difficulty_n and_o hazard_n he_o embark_v in_o egypt_n pass_v the_o pillar_n of_o hercules_n enter_v into_o the_o occidental_a ocean_n and_o pass_v far_o to_o the_o south_n along_o africa_n but_o know_v that_o it_o will_v yet_o require_v much_o time_n and_o pain_n to_o end_v this_o course_n he_o return_v into_o egypt_n and_o thence_o to_o the_o court_n where_o he_o say_v he_o have_v meet_v with_o somewhat_o that_o hinder_v his_o ship_n from_o pass_v far_o xerxes_n take_v he_o for_o a_o liar_n and_o make_v he_o suffer_v the_o death_n he_o be_v before_o condemn_v to_o but_o to_o continue_v verde_n the_o isle_n of_o cape_n verde_n the_o position_n wherein_o the_o isle_n of_o cape_n verde_n be_v now_o find_v answer_v much_o better_a to_o the_o position_n of_o the_o fortunate_a isle_n of_o ptolemy_n then_o that_o of_o the_o canary_n ptolemy_n place_n his_o fortunate_a isle_n between_o the_o 10_o and_o 16_o degree_n of_o latitude_n the_o isle_n of_o cape_n verde_n be_v between_o the_o 13_o and_o 19_o the_o canary_n beyond_o the_o 26._o the_o meridian_n of_o the_o fortunate_a isle_n of_o ptolemy_n be_v at_o 8_o degree_n of_o longitude_n from_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n and_o towards_o the_o west_n the_o least_o meridian_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o cape_n verde_n be_v at_o 8_o degree_n of_o longitude_n from_o the_o same_o coast_n and_o towards_o the_o same_o side_n the_o least_o meridian_n of_o the_o canary_n touch_v the_o coast_n of_o africa_n ptolemy_n confine_v his_o fortunate_a isle_n under_o one_o meridian_n and_o extend_v they_o from_o south_n to_o north_n between_o the_o ten_o to_o the_o sixteenth_o parallel_n or_o degree_n of_o latitude_n which_o be_v five_o degree_n of_o latitude_n the_o isle_n of_o cape_n verde_n be_v not_o just_o under_o one_o meridian_n but_o under_o two_o or_o three_o and_o extend_v themselves_o from_o the_o 13_o ½_n to_o the_o 19_o which_o be_v five_o degree_n of_o latitude_n the_o canary_n on_o the_o contrary_a be_v all_o couch_v from_o west_n to_o east_n and_o almost_o under_o the_o same_o parallel_n or_o degree_n of_o latitude_n which_o be_v the_o 27_o lengthen_v themselves_o from_o the_o first_o to_o the_o 6_o of_o longitude_n these_o four_o reason_n be_v very_o strong_a to_o prove_v that_o the_o isle_n of_o cape_n verde_n do_v rather_o answer_v to_o the_o fortunate_a isle_n of_o ptolemy_n than_o the_o canary_n their_o distance_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la be_v
these_o be_v the_o three_o sort_n of_o property_n to_o be_v declare_v in_o special_a geography_n although_o those_o terrestrial_a property_n which_o make_v up_o the_o three_o rank_n be_v not_o so_o right_o refer_v to_o geography_n but_o we_o must_v yield_v somewhat_o to_o custom_n and_o the_o profit_n of_o learner_n we_o will_v beside_o these_o join_v many_o chapter_n to_o particular_a geography_n concern_v the_o practice_n of_o geography_n but_o in_o general_n geography_n which_o we_o will_v unfold_v in_o this_o book_n first_o the_o absolute_a property_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o its_o constitution_n be_v consider_v last_o in_o the_o comparative_a part_n those_o thing_n shall_v be_v propose_v which_o be_v offer_v unto_o we_o in_o the_o compare_v one_o place_n with_o another_o the_o principle_n of_o geography_n the_o principle_n which_o geography_n use_v for_o the_o confirm_v the_o truth_n of_o her_o proposition_n be_v threefold_a 1._o geometrical_a arithmetical_a and_o trigonometrical_a proposition_n 2._o astronomical_a precept_n and_o theorem_n although_o it_o may_v seem_v like_o a_o miracle_n for_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o which_o we_o dwell_v to_o use_v the_o celestial_a body_n which_o be_v so_o many_o thousand_o mile_n remote_a from_o we_o 3._o experience_n for_o indeed_o the_o great_a part_n of_o geography_n especial_o that_o which_o be_v particular_a be_v uphold_v by_o the_o only_a experience_n and_o observation_n of_o man_n who_o have_v describe_v every_o country_n the_o order_n of_o geography_n concern_v the_o order_n which_o i_o esteem_v sit_v to_o observe_v in_o this_o art_n of_o geography_n it_o have_v be_v already_o speak_v in_o the_o division_n and_o explication_n of_o the_o property_n thereof_o yet_o here_o meet_v we_o a_o certain_a difficulty_n concern_v the_o order_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o explication_n of_o these_o property_n forsooth_o whether_o to_o all_o country_n their_o own_o property_n be_v to_o be_v attribute_v or_o whether_o the_o country_n themselves_o be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v to_o the_o property_n general_o explicate_v aristotle_n in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o history_n of_o live_v creature_n as_o also_o in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o the_o part_n of_o live_a creature_n move_v the_o like_a doubt_n and_o dispute_v it_o at_o large_a whether_o according_a to_o the_o single_a â—orts_n of_o live_a creature_n their_o property_n be_v single_o to_o be_v reckon_v up_o or_o else_o whether_o these_o property_n be_v general_o to_o be_v declare_v and_o the_o live_a creature_n in_o which_o the_o may_v be_v find_v be_v then_o to_o be_v subjoin_v the_o like_a difficulty_n occur_v also_o in_o other_o part_n of_o philosophy_n we_o in_o general_n geography_n have_v general_o unfold_v some_o property_n which_o in_o special_a geography_n we_o will_v apply_v to_o the_o application_n of_o single_a country_n the_o method_n of_o geography_n as_o touch_v the_o method_n and_o manner_n of_o prove_v the_o truth_n of_o geographical_a tenant_n very_o many_o be_v prove_v in_o general_a geography_n by_o demonstration_n proper_o so_o call_v especial_o celestial_a property_n but_o in_o special_a geography_n the_o celestial_a property_n only_o except_v which_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v be_v in_o a_o manner_n declare_v without_o demonstration_n because_o experience_n and_o observation_n do_v confirm_v they_o neither_o can_v they_o be_v prove_v by_o any_o other_o mean_n also_o very_a many_o proposition_n be_v prove_v or_o rather_o demonstrate_v by_o the_o terrestrial_a artificial_a globe_n and_o also_o by_o geographical_a map_n and_o some_o of_o these_o proposition_n which_o be_v thus_o explain_v upon_o the_o globe_n etc._n etc._n may_v be_v confirm_v by_o lawful_a demonstration_n again_o some_o proposition_n can_v in_o no_o wise_n be_v so_o prove_v but_o be_v therefore_o receive_v because_o we_o suppose_v that_o all_o place_n in_o the_o globe_n and_o map_n be_v so_o dispose_v even_o as_o they_o lie_v on_o the_o earth_n yet_o in_o these_o thing_n we_o will_v rather_o follow_v the_o description_n make_v by_o author_n of_o geography_n the_o globe_n and_o map_n serve_v for_o the_o clear_n and_o more_o easy_a comprehension_n thereof_o the_o original_a of_o geography_n the_o original_a of_o geography_n be_v not_o new_a nor_o bring_v into_o the_o world_n at_o one_o birth_n neither_o come_v she_o to_o we_o from_o one_o man_n but_o her_o principle_n and_o foundation_n be_v lay_v long_o ago_o yea_o many_o age_n since_o although_o ancient_a geographer_n be_v employ_v only_o in_o describe_v country_n which_o be_v the_o part_n of_o chorography_n and_o topography_n the_o roman_n be_v accustom_v when_o any_o country_n by_o they_o be_v subdue_v to_o show_v in_o their_o triumph_n the_o chorography_n thereof_o lively_o pencil_v and_o draw_v on_o a_o table_n and_o flourish_v with_o picture_n to_o the_o beholder_n there_o be_v beside_o at_o rome_n in_o lucullus_n his_o porch_n many_o table_n of_o geography_n expose_v to_o the_o view_n of_o all_o man_n the_o senate_n of_o rome_n about_o a_o hundred_o year_n before_o christ_n birth_n send_v surveyor_n and_o geographer_n into_o divers_a part_n of_o the_o world_n that_o they_o may_v measure_v out_o the_o earth_n but_o they_o come_v far_o short_a thereof_o neco_n king_n of_o the_o egyptian_n many_o age_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n command_v that_o the_o whole_a outer-side_n of_o africa_n shall_v be_v discover_v by_o the_o phoenician_n in_o three_o year_n space_n king_n darius_n command_v that_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n indus_n and_o the_o ethiopian_a eastern-sea_n shall_v be_v search_v out_o alexander_n the_o great_a in_o his_o voyage_n to_o asia_n take_v with_o he_o diognetus_n and_o beton_n as_o pliny_n note_v two_o surveyor_n and_o describer_n of_o his_o journey_n out_o of_o who_o annotation_n and_o journal_o geographer_n of_o succeed_a age_n take_v many_o thing_n imperfect_a ancient_a geography_n very_o imperfect_a but_o the_o geography_n of_o the_o ancient_n be_v very_o lame_a and_o imperfect_a for_o first_o they_o know_v not_o america_n in_o the_o least_o 2._o the_o northern-land_n 3._o the_o south-land_n and_o magellan_n be_v utter_o unknown_a to_o they_o 4._o they_o know_v not_o whether_o the_o earth_n may_v be_v sail_v about_o or_o the_o main_a ocean_n with_o a_o continual_a trace_n do_v encompass_v it_o but_o yet_o i_o deny_v not_o but_o that_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_n be_v of_o that_o opinion_n yet_o i_o utter_o deny_v they_o know_v it_o certain_o 5._o they_o know_v not_o whether_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v habitable_a 6._o they_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o true_a dimension_n of_o the_o earth_n although_o they_o write_v many_o thing_n in_o this_o business_n the_o excellency_n of_o geography_n first_o the_o study_n of_o geography_n be_v commend_v to_o we_o by_o the_o great_a worthiness_n thereof_o because_o it_o most_o of_o all_o become_v man_n be_v a_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o endue_v with_o reason_n above_o all_o live_a creature_n second_o it_o be_v also_o a_o pleasant_a thing_n and_o indeed_o a_o honest_a recreation_n to_o contemplate_v the_o kingdom_n and_o property_n of_o the_o earth_n three_o the_o commodity_n and_o necessity_n of_o it_o be_v notable_a insomuch_o as_o neither_o divine_n physician_n lawyer_n historian_n nor_o other_o professor_n can_v want_v the_o knowledge_n thereof_o but_o the_o excellency_n of_o geography_n have_v be_v sufficient_o handle_v i_o place_v hereunder_o a_o table_n which_o open_v the_o order_n in_o special_a geography_n to_o the_o observe_v the_o explication_n of_o single_a country_n special_a geography_n consider_v in_o every_o region_n ten_o terrestrial_a 1._o limit_n and_o circumscription_n 2._o longitude_n of_o place_n and_o situation_n 3._o figure_n 4._o magnitude_n 5._o mountain_n the_o appellation_n situation_n and_o altitude_n their_o property_n and_o thing_n contain_v in_o they_o 6._o mine_n 7._o wood_n and_o desert_n 8._o water_n the_o sea_n lakes_n marsh_n river_n their_o spring_n inlet_n tract_n and_o latitude_n the_o quantity_n of_o water_n the_o celerity_n the_o quantity_n the_o cataract_n 9_o fertility_n sterility_n and_o fruit_n 10._o the_o animal_n eight_o celestial_a 1._o the_o distance_n of_o place_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o pole_n 2._o the_o obliquity_n of_o motion_n above_o the_o horizon_n 3._o the_o quantity_n of_o day_n 4._o the_o clime_n and_o zone_n 5._o the_o heat_n the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n the_o wind_n rain_n and_o other_o meteor_n 6._o the_o rise_n and_o stay_v of_o the_o star_n above_o the_o horizon_n 7._o the_o star_n pass_v through_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o place_n 8._o the_o celerity_n or_o quantity_n of_o their_o motion_n according_a to_o the_o hypothesis_n of_o copernicus_n ten_o human_a thing_n 1._o the_o stature_n life_n meat_n and_o drink_n and_o the_o original_a of_o the_o inhabitant_n 2._o the_o income_n art_n merchandise_n or_o traffic_n 3._o virtue_n and_o vice_n the_o genius_n and_o erudition_n 4._o
five_o mile_n distance_n four_o some_o gulf_n or_o whirlpool_n be_v find_v in_o the_o sea_n five_o earthquake_n do_v also_o prove_v the_o be_v of_o cavity_n under_o the_o earth_n six_o some_o river_n bury_v themselves_o under_o the_o earth_n as_o niger_n tigris_n etc._n etc._n seven_o salt-spring_n which_o without_o doubt_n for_o the_o great_a part_n spring_n and_o flow_v from_o the_o sea_n be_v find_v in_o many_o place_n eight_o so_o in_o many_o place_n the_o ground_n at_o the_o entrance_n of_o man_n walk_v tremble_v and_o shake_v as_o about_o the_o abbey_n of_o st._n omer_n in_o flanders_n in_o the_o province_n of_o brabant_n die_v peel_n proposition_n iu._n the_o superficies_n or_o surface_n of_o the_o land_n be_v continual_a but_o that_o of_o the_o water_n be_v not_o so_o indeed_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o land_n appear_v out_o above_o the_o water_n be_v continue_v or_o always_o the_o same_o to_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o this_o of_o the_o sea_n again_o be_v continue_v to_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o land_n appear_v above_o river_n one_o continual_a superficies_n of_o the_o ocean_n bays_n and_o river_n so_o there_o be_v one_o continual_a superficies_n of_o the_o ocean_n the_o bays_n and_o river_n but_o not_o of_o all_o water_n because_o there_o be_v some_o lake_n which_o be_v not_o join_v with_o the_o ocean_n in_o the_o superficies_n as_o the_o lake_n parime_n and_o the_o caspian_a sea_n proposition_n v._o it_o be_v certain_a how_o or_o in_o what_o manner_n the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o be_v remove_v from_o the_o surface_n that_o be_v from_o our_o habitation_n towards_o the_o centre_n some_o man_n think_v that_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o bottom_n about_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n loadstone_n the_o body_n of_o the_o earth_n within_o according_a to_o gilbert_n a_o english_a man_n be_v a_o hard_a loadstone_n but_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a true_a that_o the_o earth_n occupy_v that_o place_n gilbert_n a_o english_a man_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o body_n of_o the_o earth_n within_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o most_o hard_a loadstone_n but_o that_o those_o part_n to_o which_o man_n have_v admittance_n by_o dig_v and_o in_o which_o herb_n grow_v and_o we_o also_o live_v be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o shell_n or_o crust_n of_o the_o earth_n wherein_o continual_a generation_n and_o corruption_n be_v make_v scheme_n make_v see_v fig._n but_o cartesius_n be_v of_o a_o different_a opinion_n see_v scheme_n cartesius_n his_o opinion_n be_v not_o much_o different_a from_o this_o who_o think_v that_o there_o be_v three_o region_n or_o part_n of_o divers_a substance_n in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o most_o inward_a region_n of_o the_o earth_n he_o deem_v to_o be_v about_o the_o centre_n thereof_o the_o second_o he_o judge_v to_o be_v thick_a and_o dusky_a of_o very_o small_a part_n the_o three_o he_o think_v wherein_o man_n be_v employ_v to_o be_v make_v up_o of_o little_a parcel_n not_o well_o cleave_v together_o but_o indeed_o touch_v this_o thing_n there_o can_v scarce_o any_o certainty_n be_v affirm_v it_o be_v manifest_a by_o the_o hotbath_n that_o in_o very_a many_o place_n under_o the_o earth_n fire_n and_o fume_n be_v lift_v up_o from_o sulphur_n proposition_n vi_o the_o consistency_n or_o stand_v and_o fast_o cleave_v together_o of_o the_o earth_n be_v from_o salt_n salt_n in_o all_o kind_n of_o earth_n may_v be_v find_v a_o certain_a kind_n of_o salt_n the_o artificial_a resolve_v of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n show_v that_o in_o all_o earth_n may_v be_v find_v a_o certain_a kind_n of_o salt_n and_o so_o much_o the_o more_o as_o the_o hard_a the_o body_n be_v a_o few_o oily_a one_o be_v except_v as_o in_o metal_n stone_n etc._n etc._n and_o that_o the_o concretion_n or_o hard_o grow_v together_o of_o all_o thing_n be_v by_o reason_n of_o salt_n be_v manifest_a by_o stone_n which_o we_o may_v by_o art_n make_v very_o hard_a with_o salt_n burr_n if_o you_o separate_v the_o salt_n from_o the_o earth_n she_o will_v no_o long_o cleave_v or_o stick_v together_o but_o will_v be_v a_o powder_n neither_o can_v it_o be_v reduce_v to_o hardness_n without_o the_o admixtion_n of_o salt_n thereto_o proposition_n vii_o the_o kind_n of_o earth_n be_v divers_a way_n mix_v together_o in_o the_o earth_n mine_n of_o metal_n find_v in_o mine_n thus_o in_o mine_n be_v find_v small_a piece_n of_o gold_n silver_n lead_v etc._n etc._n not_o heap_v together_o and_o join_v apart_o from_o other_o but_o both_o mix_v among_o themselves_o and_o also_o with_o unprofitable_a earth_n according_a to_o the_o least_o part_n that_o artificer_n not_o at_o the_o first_o sight_n but_o by_o divers_a sign_n do_v find_v out_o what_o may_v be_v contain_v in_o any_o metalline_a earth_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n in_o the_o field_n sand_n be_v mix_v with_o clay_n or_o loam_n lime_n salt_n etc._n etc._n amsterdam_n of_o the_o different_a sort_n of_o earth_n as_o do_v appear_v by_o the_o well_o dig_v at_o amsterdam_n when_o as_o on_o a_o certain_a time_n at_o amsterdam_n for_o make_v a_o well_o the_o earth_n be_v dig_v out_o even_o to_o the_o depth_n of_o 232_o foot_n these_o sort_n of_o earth_n be_v show_v to_o the_o beholder_n viz._n of_o garden-earth_n 7_o foot_n of_o black-earth_n fit_v for_o fire_n which_o be_v call_v peat_n 9_o foot_n of_o soft-clay_n 9_o foot_n of_o sand_n 8_o foot_n of_o earth_n 4_o foot_n of_o clay_n 10_o foot_n of_o earth_n 4_o foot_n of_o sand_n upon_o which_o the_o house_n of_o amsterdam_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v ram_v and_o pave_v 10_o foot_n of_o clay_n 2_o foot_n of_o white-loam_n 4_o foot_n of_o dry-earth_n 5_o foot_n of_o muddy_a 1_o foot_n of_o sand_n 14_o foot_n of_o sandy-clay_n 3_o foot_n of_o sand_n mix_v with_o clay_n 5_o foot_n of_o sand_n mix_v with_o sea-fish_n shell_n 4_o foot_n than_o a_o bottom_n of_o clay_n to_o the_o depth_n of_o 102_o foot_n and_o last_o of_o loam_n 31_o foot_n where_o the_o dig_v cease_v and_o they_o come_v to_o water_n the_o figure_n of_o which_o see_v among_o the_o scheme_n proposition_n viii_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o as_o well_o the_o outward_a disposition_n thereof_o and_o the_o position_n of_o its_o part_n be_v not_o perpetual_o the_o same_o but_o be_v at_o divers_a time_n divers_a substance_n the_o water_n of_o the_o seamake_v divers_a change_n and_o ruin_n in_o the_o earth_n where_o likewise_o lie_v hide_v spirit_n and_o sulphureous_a substance_n indeed_o not_o only_o the_o water_n of_o the_o sea_n make_v divers_a change_n and_o ruin_n in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n whilst_o certain_a hole_n be_v stop_v up_o some_o be_v make_v more_o broad_a but_o also_o spirit_n and_o sulphury_a substance_n lie_v hide_v here_o and_o there_o in_o the_o earth_n when_o they_o begin_v to_o increase_v and_o to_o be_v resolve_v into_o vapour_n do_v impetuous_o shake_v and_o thrust_v forward_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o it_o be_v manifest_a by_o earthquake_n and_o it_o be_v likely_a that_o such_o like_a motion_n be_v make_v in_o the_o interior_a part_n and_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o great_a part_n of_o which_o we_o feel_v not_o neither_o perceive_v but_o we_o will_v speak_v of_o the_o mutual_a change_n of_o the_o water_n and_o earth_n in_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o the_o eighteen_o chapter_n the_o earth_n be_v divide_v into_o land_n and_o water_n the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n extant_a out_o of_o the_o water_n by_o the_o interflux_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v distinguish_v into_o these_o four_o part_n 1._o into_o great_a continent_n or_o great_a island_n of_o which_o four_o be_v reckon_v by_o we_o 1._o the_o old_a world_n who_o part_n be_v asia_n africa_n and_o europe_n the_o bound_n of_o this_o continent_n be_v on_o the_o north_n the_o freeze_a and_o tartarian_a ocean_n on_o the_o east_n the_o pacifick_n and_o indian_a ocean_n on_o the_o south_n the_o southern_a ocean_n on_o the_o west_n the_o atlantic_a ocean_n 2._o the_o new_a world_n or_o america_n who_o part_n be_v meridionalis_fw-la septentrionalis_n the_o bound_n of_o it_o be_v on_o the_o north_n davis_n streights_n on_o the_o east_n the_o atlantic_a ocean_n on_o the_o south_n the_o pacifick_n ocean_n on_o the_o west_n the_o strait_n of_o magellan_n 3._o the_o polary_a north-land_n or_o greenland_n be_v every_o where_o encompass_v by_o the_o sea_n and_o streights_n 4._o the_o south-land_n and_o land_n of_o magellan_n yet_o undiscovered_a 2._o into_o peninsulas_fw-la or_o chersonesus_n which_o be_v part_n of_o those_o continent_n round_o who_o latitude_n and_o longitude_n be_v equal_a about_o africa_n itself_o peloponesus_fw-la the_o chersonesus_n of_o grecia_n chersonesus_n taurica_n or_o tartary_n
rain_n and_o cavity_n and_o depression_n of_o the_o place_n in_o which_o such_o stand_a pool_n be_v for_o if_o that_o any_o place_n be_v situate_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o elevate_a place_n all_o the_o rain-water_n rune_v unto_o it_o and_o so_o cause_v a_o pool_n pool_n in_o india_n be_v many_o pool_n so_o in_o india_n there_o be_v many_o pool_n or_o standing-water_n make_v by_o the_o industry_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n whereof_o some_o be_v in_o compass_n a_o mile_n and_o some_o two_o encompass_v with_o a_o stone-wall_n which_o be_v fill_v in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n that_o in_o the_o summer_n month_n they_o may_v furnish_v those_o with_o water_n who_o live_v far_o from_o river_n or_o fountain_n after_o the_o like_a mode_n small_a lake_n and_o pool_n be_v make_v by_o the_o exundation_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o rivers_n so_o the_o river_n nilus_n and_o niger_n exundate_v when_o that_o they_o have_v reflow_v leave_v many_o pool_n behind_o they_o which_o either_o the_o native_n fortify_v or_o make_v that_o thence_o they_o may_v draw_v water_n on_o the_o other_o month_n of_o the_o year_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n in_o moscovia_n finland_n lapland_n in_o the_o spring_n summer_n and_o autumn_n be_v many_o lake_n partly_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o shore_n and_o partly_o because_o of_o the_o dissolve_v of_o the_o snow_n and_o ice_n but_o although_o some_o lake_n be_v dry_v up_o in_o the_o summer_n and_o after_o a_o long_a cessation_n of_o rains_n we_o may_v not_o thence_o firm_o conclude_v that_o they_o have_v all_o their_o water_n from_o those_o rain_n for_o they_o may_v be_v dry_v up_o as_o for_o other_o lake_n without_o river_n that_o be_v not_o dry_v up_o their_o generation_n may_v be_v also_o refer_v to_o the_o rain_n viz._n if_o that_o they_o have_v a_o profound_a channel_n in_o which_o so_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o water_n collect_v from_o rains_n may_v be_v keep_v as_o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v not_o of_o force_n enough_o to_o consume_v it_o all_o before_o that_o another_o rain_n fall_v but_o it_o be_v more_o probable_a that_o these_o lake_n have_v peculiar_a rivulet_n in_o the_o bottom_n from_o which_o they_o receive_v so_o much_o water_n as_o be_v consume_v by_o the_o exhalation_n and_o this_o cause_n alone_o take_v place_n in_o those_o pool_n that_o be_v find_v on_o the_o top_n of_o mountain_n as_o in_o the_o mountain_n bructerus_n in_o cenisius_n and_o other_o now_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o some_o of_o these_o also_o be_v generate_v long_o since_o by_o a_o great_a inundation_n of_o water_n and_o thence_o conserve_v by_o river_n nay_o without_o question_n some_o of_o these_o lake_n that_o be_v near_o the_o sea_n and_o also_o salt_n have_v their_o be_v from_o some_o inundation_n of_o the_o sea_n through_o some_o passage_n as_o the_o lake_n harlem_n and_o other_o in_o holland_n there_o be_v also_o many_o salt_n lake_n in_o peru._n large_a not_o many_o lake_n without_o river_n and_o those_o not_o large_a neither_o be_v there_o any_o great_a number_n of_o these_o lake_n without_o river_n some_o small_a one_o be_v find_v in_o moscovia_n and_o finland_n the_o lake_n or_o pool_n lychnitis_n in_o macedonia_n the_o lake_n appollonia_n in_o mysia_n one_o in_o carniola_n call_v zrinzee_n a_o round_a one_o in_o china_n another_o call_v hilam_n in_o cochinchina_n one_o in_o zanhaga_n one_o at_o the_o city_n of_o mexico_n twelve_o league_n in_o length_n all_o these_o be_v small_a except_o that_o in_o china_n in_o comparison_n of_o great_a one_o lake_n the_o lake_n parima_fw-la the_o great_a lake_n there_o be_v only_o one_o great_a lake_n of_o this_o kind_n in_o the_o whole_a earth_n and_o which_o exceed_v all_o other_o to_o wit_n that_o of_o parima_fw-la in_o america_n which_o be_v about_o 300_o mile_n in_o length_n from_o east_n to_o west_n and_o about_o a_o hundred_o in_o breadth_n where_o broad_a yet_o nevertheless_o it_o do_v not_o receive_v nor_o send_v forth_o any_o river_n how_o it_o have_v its_o original_n be_v no_o mean_a doubt_n whether_o long_o since_o cause_v by_o the_o inundation_n of_o the_o ocean_n or_o flow_v from_o some_o subterranean_a fountain_n or_o spring_n also_o whether_o it_o be_v conserve_v by_o rain_n or_o from_o the_o same_o spring_n it_o seem_v to_o i_o probable_a that_o it_o have_v spring_n at_o the_o bottom_n that_o supply_n as_o much_o as_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n consume_v proposition_n iv_o to_o declare_v the_o generation_n and_o conservation_n of_o those_o lake_n that_o neither_o receive_v nor_o send_v forth_o any_o river_n river_n of_o the_o generation_n and_o conservation_n of_o lake_n that_o neither_o receive_v nor_o send_v forth_o river_n there_o be_v a_o infinite_a namber_n of_o these_o lake_n see_v that_o most_o river_n flow_v from_o lake_n as_o from_o fountain_n or_o spring_n especial_o those_o that_o arise_v in_o moscovia_n finland_n and_o lapland_n viz._n where_o there_o be_v any_o cavity_n in_o the_o place_n of_o a_o spring_n but_o not_o so_o large_a as_o to_o contain_v a_o quantity_n of_o run_v water_n than_o it_o become_v a_o lake_n thence_o proceed_v a_o river_n the_o water_n glide_v to_o the_o adjacent_a place_n neither_o may_v we_o doubt_v but_o that_o these_o lake_n have_v their_o generation_n and_o conservation_n from_o spring_n in_o the_o bottom_n whether_o it_o be_v a_o true_a spring_n or_o a_o apparent_a spring_n viz._n water_n flow_v from_o another_o place_n thither_o through_o a_o subterraneous_a passage_n which_o last_o appear_v more_o probable_a in_o reference_n to_o certain_a lake_n which_o immediate_o send_v forth_o great_a river_n of_o such_o small_a lake_n there_o be_v a_o great_a multitude_n as_o i_o have_v say_v as_o volga_n from_o whence_o be_v the_o first_o original_n of_o the_o river_n volga_n odoium_n from_o whence_o flow_v tanais_n adac_n the_o original_n of_o one_o of_o the_o branch_n of_o the_o river_n tigris_n osera_n in_o moscovia_n the_o spring_n of_o the_o river_n sosnam_n which_o be_v discharge_v into_o volga_n and_o many_o other_o small_a one_o we_o only_o reckon_v up_o the_o great_a of_o most_o note_n 1._o the_o famous_a lake_n chiamy_n not_o far_o from_o india_n in_o the_o latitude_n of_o 31_o degree_n from_o which_o run_v four_o river_n of_o note_n magnitude_n and_o inundation_n into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sian_n pegu_n and_o the_o like_a viz._n the_o river_n menam_fw-la axa_fw-la cosmum_fw-la and_o martavam_fw-la but_o some_o map_n have_v a_o very_a small_a river_n which_o rune_v into_o this_o lake_n 2._o the_o lake_n cincuyhay_n in_o china_n which_o send_v forth_o a_o great_a river_n towards_o the_o north_n which_o join_v with_o another_o enter_v china_n 3._o the_o lake_n titicaca_fw-la in_o america_n meridionalis_fw-la of_o 80_o mile_n compass_n it_o send_v forth_o a_o great_a river_n which_o terminate_v in_o a_o small_a lake_n neither_o be_v it_o see_v any_o far_a and_o about_o this_o lake_n be_v many_o city_n and_o to_n 4._o in_o nicaragua_n in_o america_n be_v a_o lake_n so_o call_v about_o four_o mile_n from_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n and_o 100_o mile_n from_o the_o atlantic_a into_o which_o it_o rune_v in_o a_o great_a channel_n 5._o the_o lake_n iroquois_n in_o canada_n the_o original_n of_o the_o river_n of_o st._n laurence_n 6._o the_o lake_n annibi_n in_o asia_n under_o the_o latitude_n of_o 61_o degree_n proposition_n v._o to_o declare_v the_o generation_n and_o conservation_n of_o those_o lake_n that_o receive_v river_n and_o let_v out_o none_o none_o of_o lake_n that_o receive_v river_n and_o let_v our_o none_o now_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o these_o lake_n be_v generate_v and_o conserve_v from_o those_o river_n which_o they_o receive_v and_o that_o flow_v into_o they_o for_o when_o that_o river_n have_v go_v from_o their_o spring_n and_o arrive_v in_o their_o passage_n at_o any_o note_a and_o ample_a cavity_n the_o water_n be_v collect_v in_o this_o and_o make_v a_o lake_n now_o if_o the_o earth_n at_o the_o bottom_n prove_v porous_a it_o suck_v in_o the_o water_n and_o transmit_v it_o the_o to_o adjacent_a earth_n or_o that_o which_o i_o suppose_v to_o be_v more_o frequent_a if_o there_o be_v a_o subterraneous_a passage_n or_o that_o such_o a_o one_o be_v cause_v by_o the_o water_n through_o this_o part_n of_o the_o flow_a water_n be_v carry_v away_o so_o that_o on_o that_o account_n the_o lake_n do_v not_o flow_v over_o of_o these_o kind_n of_o lake_n there_o be_v but_o a_o small_a number_n on_o the_o earth_n 1._o in_o the_o precede_a proposition_n we_o have_v say_v that_o the_o lake_n nicaragua_n send_v forth_o a_o river_n which_o end_v in_o a_o small_a lake_n this_o lake_n therefore_o shall_v be_v one_o of_o this_o number_n 2._o the_o lake_n asphaltites_n in_o palestine_n term_v also_o the_o dead-sea_n receive_v the_o river_n jordan_n but_o send_v
forth_o none_o it_o be_v seventy_o mile_n long_o and_o five_o broad_a 3._o a_o small_a one_o in_o asia_n minor_fw-la 4._o a_o small_a one_o in_o macedonia_n call_v janna_n which_o receive_v little_a river_n 5._o the_o lake_n of_o geneva_n 6._o a_o lake_n in_o persia_n 7._o the_o lake_n soran_n in_o moscovia_n which_o receive_v two_o small_a rivulet_n 8._o the_o river_n ghir_n in_o africa_n rise_v in_o mount_n atlas_n end_v in_o a_o lake_n as_o leo_n africanus_n write_v and_o so_o some_o map_n do_v represent_v it_o but_o other_o bring_v the_o river_n into_o nubia_n proposition_n vi_o to_o explain_v the_o generation_n of_o those_o lake_n which_o both_o receive_v and_o send_v forth_o river_n river_n of_o lake_n which_o both_o receive_v and_o send_v forth_o river_n there_o be_v a_o threefold_a difference_n of_o they_o as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o second_o proposition_n for_o either_o they_o receive_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n than_o they_o send_v forth_o or_o a_o equal_a quantity_n or_o a_o lesser_a if_o that_o they_o send_v forth_o a_o great_a quantity_n it_o be_v manifest_a that_o that_o lake_n have_v occult_a spring_n if_o less_o it_o be_v a_o sign_n that_o there_o be_v secret_a aqueduct_n in_o the_o bottom_n or_o a_o spongious_a earth_n but_o if_o it_o be_v equal_a we_o gather_v that_o there_o be_v neither_o occult_a aqueduct_v nor_o hide_a spring_n in_o the_o bottom_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o generation_n therefore_o be_v partly_o the_o same_o which_o we_o show_v in_o the_o four_o proposition_n viz._n the_o cavity_n and_o depression_n of_o the_o place_n and_o the_o quantity_n of_o water_n unto_o which_o be_v adjoin_v occult_a spring_n and_o much_o rain_n and_o dissolve_v snow_n and_o ice_n help_v on_o the_o same_o those_o that_o be_v generate_v from_o the_o influx_n of_o one_o river_n they_o be_v place_v in_o the_o middle_a tract_n of_o the_o river_n and_o render_v the_o river_n direct_o and_o of_o these_o there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n so_o the_o river_n niger_n make_v four_o lake_n in_o its_o passage_n the_o nile_n make_v many_o lake_n in_o its_o passage_n which_o the_o map_n do_v not_o show_v the_o river_n duina_n pa_v through_o six_o or_o seven_o at_o least_o and_o you_o shall_v see_v other_o river_n in_o moscovia_n and_o finland_n in_o the_o great_a map_n to_o make_v sixteen_o lake_n before_o that_o they_o come_v to_o their_o mouth_n but_o it_o be_v best_o to_o consider_v those_o which_o produce_v other_o river_n than_o they_o have_v receive_v the_o most_o famous_a for_o magnitude_n be_v these_o zaire_n the_o lake_n zaire_n 1._o zaire_n a_o lake_n of_o the_o procurrent_a of_o africa_n lie_v between_o the_o thirteen_o and_o six_o degree_n of_o south_n latitude_n and_o therefore_o in_o longitude_n have_v 105_o mile_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o it_o lie_v a_o island_n beside_o other_o small_a one_o of_o that_o magnitude_n that_o they_o can_v bring_v into_o the_o field_n at_o least_o twenty_o or_o thirty_o thousand_o fight_a man_n this_o isle_n do_v in_o a_o manner_n twice_o cut_v the_o lake_n so_o that_o one_o part_n be_v account_v for_o a_o peculiar_a lake_n it_o be_v call_v zembre_n from_o this_o lake_n flow_v three_o mighty_a river_n nile_n cuama_n and_o zaire_n but_o certain_a small_a rivulet_n do_v flow_v into_o the_o same_o which_o do_v not_o only_o seem_v sufficient_a to_o supply_v the_o great_a of_o the_o same_o so_o that_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o it_o have_v certain_a spring_n at_o the_o bottom_n although_o the_o inundation_n to_o be_v ascribe_v to_o be_v the_o shower_n that_o fall_v in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n zaflan_n the_o lake_n zaflan_n 2._o zaflan_n a_o lake_n not_o far_o from_o zaire_n between_o the_o ten_o and_o six_o degree_n of_o south_n latitude_n and_o therefore_o about_o sixty_o mile_n in_o longitude_n it_o send_v forth_o a_o branch_n into_o the_o nile_n and_o receive_v small_a river_n sachaf_n the_o lake_n sachaf_n 3._o the_o lake_n sachaf_n not_o far_o from_o zaire_n towards_o the_o promontory_n of_o good_a hope_n send_v forth_o a_o rivulet_n which_o be_v augment_v with_o other_o water_n at_o length_n make_v the_o river_n of_o the_o holy_a ghost_n it_o receive_v small_a river_n aquilunda_n the_o lake_n aquilunda_n 4._o the_o lake_n aquilunda_n receive_v a_o branch_n from_o the_o lake_n zaire_n and_o send_v forth_o many_o river_n into_o congo_n onega_n the_o lake_n onega_n 5._o onega_n a_o lake_n in_o finland_n between_o the_o 60_o and_o 63_o degree_n of_o latitude_n have_v 44_o mile_n in_o length_n and_o 30_o in_o breadth_n where_o it_o be_v at_o the_o broad_a it_o receive_v many_o small_a river_n which_o proceed_v from_o other_o lake_n and_o send_v forth_o the_o moderate_a river_n sueri_n into_o the_o lake_n lodoga_n lodoga_n the_o lake_n lodoga_n 6._o the_o lake_n lodoga_n 30_o mile_n long_o and_o 15_o broad_a it_o receive_v the_o river_n sueri_fw-la from_o onega_n and_o many_o lesser_a from_o other_o place_n a_o moderate_a one_o from_o ilman_n a_o note_a lake_n in_o moscovia_n it_o send_v forth_o a_o river_n into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n osera_n the_o lake_n osera_n 7._o the_o lake_n osera_n receive_v the_o river_n kousam_n and_o other_o and_o send_v forth_o sosnam_n which_o rune_v into_o the_o volga_n enaraok_n the_o lake_n enaraok_n 8._o enaraok_v a_o lake_n or_o marish_a in_o lapland_n in_o length_n 40_o mile_n in_o breadth_n 15_o it_o receive_v the_o river_n avilan_n and_o other_o lesser_a river_n and_o send_v forth_o the_o river_n paes_n into_o the_o lappian_n sea_n ula_fw-la the_o lake_n ula_fw-la 9_o vla_n a_o lake_n in_o moscovia_n 30_o mile_n long_o and_o 15_o broad_a it_o have_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o it_o a_o island_n as_o in_o the_o lake_n zaire_n it_o receive_v a_o river_n that_o pass_v through_o 10_o lake_n and_o send_v forth_o a_o famous_a river_n there_o be_v many_o more_o in_o moscovia_n finland_n and_o norway_n china_n lake_n in_o china_n 10._o in_o china_n be_v four_o famous_a lake_n which_o receive_v river_n and_o again_o distribute_v they_o into_o divers_a part_n brasil_n lake_n in_o brasil_n 11._o in_o brasil_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o in_o china_n be_v the_o lake_n euparia_n and_o puerto_n de_fw-fr los_fw-la reyes_n in_o which_o the_o river_n argenta_n and_o omoranna_n do_v meet_v and_o pass_v through_o proposition_n vii_o many_o lake_n contain_v fresh_a water_n very_o few_o salt_n or_o marine_n salt_n divers_a lake_n contain_v freshwater_n very_o few_o salt_n those_o that_o have_v their_o be_v from_o rains_n or_o rivers_n as_o also_o those_o that_o have_v their_o own_o proper_a spring_n more_o remote_a from_o the_o sea_n but_o those_o that_o be_v cause_v by_o a_o inundation_n of_o the_o sea_n through_o a_o certain_a passage_n be_v salt_n as_o also_o some_o which_o have_v spring_n of_o salt-water_n in_o the_o bottom_n so_o the_o lake_n harlem_n and_o other_o in_o holland_n be_v salt_n there_o be_v a_o salt_n lake_n find_v in_o the_o isle_n of_o madagascar_n in_o peru_n in_o cuba_n which_o have_v two_o league_n in_o circuitâ—_n â—scituate_a not_o far_o from_o the_o sea_n and_o although_o it_o receive_v certain_a river_n of_o freshwater_n and_o breed_v fish_n and_o tortoise_n yet_o it_o be_v salt_n so_o the_o lake_n asphaltites_n although_o it_o receive_v the_o freshwater_n of_o jordan_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o sweet_a but_o send_v forth_o so_o stink_v and_o violent_a a_o vapour_n that_o the_o circumjacent_a land_n for_o the_o space_n of_o half_a a_o mile_n be_v barren_a proposition_n viii_o whether_o the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v a_o lake_n streight_n or_o gulf_n of_o the_o ocean_n gulf_n the_o caspian_a sea_n whether_o a_o lake_n streight_n or_o gulf_n some_o will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v proper_o term_v a_o sea_n but_o no_o sea_n can_v proper_o be_v term_v a_o sea_n except_o it_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n that_o be_v except_o it_o do_v adhere_v to_o the_o ocean_n by_o some_o manifest_a tract_n but_o they_o will_v have_v it_o join_v to_o the_o ocean_n by_o some_o subterraneous_a passage_n the_o ancient_n indeed_o will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v join_v with_o the_o indian_a ocean_n other_o with_o the_o northern_a but_o experience_n sufficient_o show_v both_o to_o be_v deceive_v concern_v a_o subterraneous_a passage_n the_o matter_n be_v uncertain_a yet_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v probable_a from_o thence_o that_o it_o receive_v so_o many_o river_n and_o those_o note_v for_o great_a quantity_n which_o quantity_n of_o water_n the_o channel_n can_v not_o possible_o contain_v except_o that_o it_o exonerate_v the_o same_o by_o subterraneous_a cavern_n and_o passage_n into_o the_o ocean_n but_o other_o suppose_v that_o quantity_n of_o water_n otherwise_o to_o be_v consume_v viz._n that_o it_o penetrate_v not_o into_o the_o ocean_n but_o into_o the_o vicine_fw-la mountain_n of_o which_o there_o be_v a_o great_a
term_v arm_n which_o proceed_v from_o a_o river_n divaricate_v into_o two_o channel_n 7._o a_o fountain_n or_o spring_n be_v water_n bubble_v and_o flow_v forward_o from_o a_o certain_a place_n of_o the_o earth_n 8._o a_o well_o be_v when_o the_o water_n bubble_v up_o but_o flow_v not_o forward_o proposition_n ii_o torrent_n and_o rivulet_n may_v sometime_o proceed_v from_o a_o quantity_n of_o rain_n and_o dissolve_v snow_n proceed_v from_o whence_o torrent_n and_o rivulet_n do_v proceed_v for_o in_o the_o mountainous_a or_o more_o elevate_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v find_v many_o cavity_n small_a lake_n and_o stand_v pool_n now_o if_o that_o so_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o water_n flow_v into_o these_o from_o the_o fall_v of_o rain_n or_o snow_n that_o they_o can_v well_o contain_v they_o they_o overflow_v and_o run_v down_o on_o the_o more_o depress_a place_n and_o because_o that_o on_o every_o year_n this_o happen_v it_o make_v a_o channel_n for_o itself_o but_o sometime_o torrent_n do_v flow_v without_o any_o channel_n from_o this_o cause_n viz._n rains_n and_o the_o dissolution_n of_o snow_n many_o rivulet_n be_v make_v also_o torrent_n and_o moderate_a or_o indifferent_a river_n in_o those_o place_n which_o have_v ridge_n of_o mountain_n in_o a_o long_a tract_n as_o the_o procurrent_a of_o africa_n india_n peru_n sumatra_n and_o the_o like_a and_o these_o rivulet_n flow_v neither_o in_o the_o summer_n nor_o in_o the_o night_n but_o only_o in_o the_o day_n proposition_n iii_o most_n rivulet_n proceed_v from_o fountain_n but_o river_n of_o a_o great_a magnitude_n have_v their_o original_a either_o from_o the_o congress_n of_o many_o rivulet_n and_o indifferent_a river_n or_o flow_v from_o lake_n and_o marsh_n for_o no_o river_n of_o any_o considerable_a magnitude_n as_o the_o albis_n the_o rhine_n do_v flow_v from_o one_o fountain_n but_o exist_v from_o many_o small_a spring_n or_o lake_n fountain_n rivulet_n proceed_v from_o fountain_n but_o these_o proceed_n from_o lake_n be_v augment_v by_o the_o accession_n of_o other_o river_n the_o river_n volga_n or_o rha_n receive_v two_o hundred_o and_o more_o partly_o rivulet_n and_o partly_o indifferent_a river_n before_o that_o it_o discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o the_o danube_n as_o many_o before_o she_o flow_v into_o the_o pontus_n and_o although_o that_o pliny_n and_o cardan_n write_v that_o no_o river_n flow_v into_o the_o nile_n yet_o experience_n testify_v the_o contrary_a to_o they_o that_o have_v travel_v in_o abyssine_n the_o proposition_n be_v easy_o prove_v by_o a_o enumeration_n of_o example_n mountain_n spring_n proceed_v common_o from_o hill_n &_o mountain_n the_o spring_n of_o some_o rivulet_n and_o river_n be_v in_o mountain_n and_o elevate_v place_n and_o some_o on_o a_o plane_n as_o for_o the_o spring_n of_o those_o river_n that_o proceed_v from_o lake_n we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n that_o those_o spring_n be_v in_o the_o bottom_n or_o channel_n of_o the_o lake_n and_o that_o such_o lake_n be_v as_o it_o be_v conduit_n and_o effusion_n about_o the_o spring_n before_o that_o the_o water_n flow_v in_o a_o channel_n or_o in_o a_o great_a quantity_n for_o some_o spring_n be_v cover_v with_o earth_n or_o water_n other_o open_z the_o spring_n on_o a_o plane_n be_v of_o those_o river_n from_o which_o tanais_n and_o albis_n exist_v in_o their_o first_o tract_n unto_o which_o other_o do_v accede_v it_o be_v easy_a to_o collect_v other_o example_n cardanus_n deny_v â—â—h_v these_o fountain_n to_o be_v generate_v in_o these_o plane_n place_n but_o to_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o vicine_fw-la mountain_n by_o some_o subterraneous_a passage_n but_o i_o suppose_v that_o such_o spring_n first_o make_v a_o stand_a pool_n or_o marsh_n for_o tanais_n seem_v not_o to_o flow_v from_o a_o spring_n but_o from_o a_o marsh_n or_o some_o less_o profound_a lake_n many_o be_v the_o mountainous_a spring_n of_o rivulet_n as_o of_o those_o of_o the_o rhine_n po_n danube_n borysthenes_n etc._n etc._n the_o nile_n wolga_n and_o the_o great_a river_n of_o st._n laurence_n in_o canada_n flow_v from_o a_o lake_n yet_o there_o be_v one_o mode_n by_o which_o from_o one_o fountain_n a_o great_a river_n may_v proceed_v viz._n if_o that_o the_o fountain_n be_v on_o a_o elevate_v place_n but_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o river_n must_v be_v a_o little_a high_o than_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o inlet_n so_o the_o flow_a water_n first_o in_o a_o more_o swift_a current_n then_o in_o a_o more_o slow_a be_v collect_v in_o the_o channel_n and_o in_o course_n of_o time_n may_v be_v a_o very_a great_a river_n by_o reason_n that_o so_o much_o do_v not_o flow_v out_o in_o the_o first_o generation_n proposition_n iu_o river_n be_v very_o much_o augment_v by_o frequent_a rain_n and_o dissolve_v snow_n and_o that_o in_o divers_a season_n and_o month_n of_o the_o year_n snow_n river_n be_v much_o increase_v by_o rain_n and_o snow_n so_o in_o the_o region_n of_o peru_n and_o chili_n some_o river_n be_v so_o small_a that_o they_o flow_v not_o in_o the_o night_n time_n but_o only_o in_o the_o day_n because_o that_o then_o the_o water_n flow_v from_o snow_n dissolve_v on_o the_o mountainâ—_n of_o the_o andes_n through_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n so_o the_o river_n both_o in_o the_o oriental_a and_o occidental_a coast_n of_o the_o procurrent_a of_o africa_n as_o in_o congo_z angola_n and_o the_o like_a be_v big_a in_o the_o day_n than_o in_o the_o night_n so_o it_o be_v also_o in_o the_o shore_n of_o malabar_n and_o chormandel_n in_o india_n yea_o in_o those_o four_o region_n in_o summer_n time_n the_o river_n be_v almost_o dry_v up_o and_o in_o the_o winter_n or_o wet_a season_n be_v overflow_a so_o wolga_n in_o the_o month_n of_o may_n and_o june_n abound_v with_o water_n so_o that_o the_o land_n and_o island_n be_v then_o cover_v with_o water_n in_o the_o other_o month_n the_o sand_n will_v hardly_o admit_v a_o passage_n over_o they_o for_o ship_n that_o be_v lade_v the_o reason_n be_v because_o that_o then_o the_o snow_n be_v dissolve_v on_o the_o mountain_n whence_o those_o rivulet_n proceed_v which_o be_v more_o than_o one_o hundred_o do_v exonerate_v themselves_o into_o the_o volga_n so_o the_o nile_n ganges_n indus_n etc._n etc._n be_v augment_v from_o rain_n or_o snow_n so_o that_o they_o overflow_v the_o land_n but_o these_o augment_v happen_v in_o a_o different_a season_n because_o that_o they_o arise_v from_o divers_a cause_n and_o divers_a place_n for_o by_o reason_n that_o rain_v be_v more_o frequent_a in_o the_o winter_n therefore_o river_n be_v more_o high_a at_o the_o season_n except_o another_o cause_n intervene_v from_o the_o dissolution_n of_o snow_n which_o sometime_o happen_v in_o some_o place_n and_o mountain_n in_o the_o spring_n in_o other_o in_o the_o summer_n and_o in_o other_o in_o the_o intermedial_a time_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o snow_n be_v then_o dissolve_v on_o the_o mountain_n that_o be_v adjacent_a to_o the_o rivulet_n of_o these_o river_n moreover_o some_o river_n especial_o the_o great_a proceed_v from_o remote_a place_n where_o it_o be_v then_o summer_n when_o it_o be_v winter_n in_o the_o place_n through_o which_o they_o flow_v and_o those_o variation_n cause_v the_o swell_a of_o river_n in_o divers_a season_n but_o most_o river_n do_v so_o in_o the_o spring_n because_o that_o then_o snow_n be_v dissolve_v in_o most_o place_n the_o variety_n of_o these_o cause_n must_v be_v show_v in_o the_o particular_a description_n of_o every_o river_n concern_v that_o peculiar_a spring_n of_o japan_n which_o flow_v every_o day_n only_o for_o two_o hour_n we_o shall_v speak_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n proposition_n v._o what_o may_v be_v the_o original_a of_o that_o water_n which_o flow_v from_o spring_n or_o whence_o be_v river_n generate_v spring_n the_o cause_n of_o water_n flow_v from_o spring_n we_o have_v before_o our_o eye_n the_o great_a river_n rhine_n albis_n and_o other_o the_o generation_n of_o which_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o abundance_n of_o water_n seem_v more_o admirable_a than_o that_o of_o rivulet_n but_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o precedent_n and_o three_o proposition_n that_o the_o water_n of_o river_n partly_o proceed_v from_o 〈…〉_o and_o the_o dissolution_n of_o snow_n partly_o from_o lake_n and_o partly_o from_o the_o meeting_n of_o rivulet_n and_o river_n therefore_o the_o question_n be_v not_o so_o much_o concern_v the_o rise_n and_o spring_n of_o river_n as_o the_o original_a and_o perpetuity_n of_o fountain_n and_o spring_n various_a the_o opinion_n of_o philosopher_n and_o geographer_n be_v various_a the_o opinion_n of_o philosopher_n and_o geographer_n concern_v it_o be_v various_a 1._o some_o think_v that_o all_o the_o water_n of_o spring_n of_o river_n proceed_v from_o rain_n or_o
and_o there_o be_v find_v whirlpool_n in_o a_o river_n place_n more_o depress_v and_o on_o the_o contrary_a ridge_n and_o little_a hill_n thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o one_o part_n of_o the_o channel_n although_o more_o remove_v from_o the_o spring_n be_v high_a than_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o channel_n which_o be_v more_o nigh_o the_o fountain_n and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o water_n flow_v from_o this_o to_o that_o because_o that_o quantity_n of_o water_n flow_v into_o the_o place_n depress_v that_o the_o superficies_n of_o it_o become_v high_a than_o the_o little_a hillock_n or_o ridge_n or_o the_o vicine_fw-la patt_n which_o be_v more_o elevate_v lie_v towards_o the_o mouth_n and_o there_o be_v scarce_o any_o river_n to_o be_v find_v who_o channel_n have_v not_o these_o inequality_n especial_o in_o the_o nile_n and_o wolga_n these_o ridge_n do_v abound_v what_o a_o cataract_n what_o and_o where_o the_o water_n fall_v from_o a_o high_a place_n to_o a_o more_o depress_a part_n of_o the_o channel_n if_o the_o depression_n be_v great_a the_o place_n be_v term_v the_o cataract_n of_o the_o river_n where_o the_o river_n rune_v downward_o with_o a_o great_a violence_n such_o cataract_n great_a river_n have_v especial_o the_o nile_n for_o the_o nile_n in_o two_o place_n of_o his_o channel_n fall_v down_o between_o the_o mountain_n with_o that_o noise_n and_o rapidness_n that_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v report_v to_o be_v deafen_a by_o the_o same_o wolgda_n also_o a_o small_a river_n in_o moscovia_n not_o wolga_n have_v two_o cataract_n near_o ladoga_n so_o the_o zaire_n a_o river_n in_o congo_n six_o mile_n from_o the_o shore_n have_v a_o cataract_n where_o it_o fall_v from_o a_o mountain_n also_o the_o rhine_n at_o belefilda_n and_o scaffusia_n fall_v with_o a_o great_a noise_n but_o drainer_n have_v observe_v that_o if_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o channel_n be_v depress_v one_o pass_n in_o 200_o pace_n it_o will_v hardly_o be_v navigable_a by_o reason_n of_o its_o celerity_n see_v therefore_o that_o all_o great_a river_n be_v navigable_a we_o infer_v that_o the_o depression_n of_o the_o channel_n be_v no_o great_a than_o one_o pass_n or_o mile_n in_o 200_o but_o particular_a cataract_n and_o whirlpool_n be_v except_v now_o this_o depression_n of_o one_o part_n of_o the_o channel_n beneath_o the_o other_o part_n be_v term_v libramentum_fw-la and_o the_o depression_n of_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n beneath_o the_o place_n of_o the_o fountain_n be_v term_v the_o libramentum_fw-la of_o the_o river_n proposition_n xi_o why_o river_n have_v or_o acquire_v a_o great_a latitude_n in_o one_o part_n of_o they_o than_o in_o the_o other_o rivers_n of_o the_o latitude_n of_o rivers_n the_o cause_n be_v fourfold_a 1._o if_o that_o the_o bank_n or_o shore_n be_v more_o low_a in_o this_o part_n than_o in_o that_o 2._o if_o that_o the_o earth_n of_o the_o shore_n be_v less_o hard_a and_o coherent_a as_o not_o be_v sufficient_a to_o resist_v the_o violent_a access_n of_o the_o river_n which_o sometime_o proceed_v from_o the_o wind_n or_o plenty_n of_o water_n 3._o if_o that_o the_o channel_n on_o that_o part_n be_v less_o profound_a or_o hallow_v or_o have_v ridge_n and_o 4._o if_o that_o it_o flow_v from_o any_o cataract_n into_o that_o part_n proposition_n xii_o the_o channel_n of_o river_n become_v more_o or_o less_o depress_v sometime_o in_o this_o and_o sometime_o in_o that_o part_n they_o become_v less_o depress_v or_o elevate_v and_o not_o so_o hollow_a 1._o if_o that_o ridge_n be_v generate_v 2._o if_o that_o the_o river_n become_v more_o broad_a on_o that_o part_n 3._o if_o that_o the_o flux_n become_v less_o swift_a the_o depression_n or_o cavity_n of_o the_o channel_n be_v augment_v if_o that_o the_o flux_n of_o the_o river_n be_v more_o vehement_a and_o swift_a especial_o from_o some_o cataract_n or_o between_o the_o narrowness_n of_o the_o shore_n more_o especial_o if_o that_o the_o whole_a bottom_n consist_v of_o earth_n less_o coherent_a proposition_n xiii_o why_o some_o river_n run_v with_o a_o more_o swift_a current_n and_o other_o with_o a_o more_o slow_a and_o why_o one_o and_o the_o same_o river_n be_v carry_v with_o a_o swift_a current_n in_o one_o place_n and_o with_o a_o slow_a in_o another_o which_o be_v observe_v of_o the_o rhine_n in_o many_o place_n rivers_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o rivers_n the_o cause_n be_v 1._o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o spring_n 2._o the_o depression_n in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o channel_n or_o bottom_n especial_o in_o the_o mouth_n for_o if_o that_o the_o bottom_n be_v depress_v one_o mile_n in_o two_o hundred_o drainer_n have_v observe_v that_o the_o water_n be_v so_o swift_o move_v that_o there_o be_v great_a danger_n in_o sail_v for_o where_o there_o be_v cataract_n there_o the_o river_n rush_v with_o a_o mighty_a violence_n and_o therefore_o torrent_n be_v carry_v so_o furious_o because_o that_o they_o flow_v from_o mountain_n 3._o the_o straightness_n of_o the_o channel_n and_o profundity_n join_v with_o a_o abundant_a quantity_n of_o water_n as_o when_o river_n pass_v between_o two_o mountain_n or_o procurrent_a land_n river_n famous_a for_o their_o swift_a course_n be_v the_o tigris_n indus_n danube_n yrtiis_fw-la malmistra_fw-la that_o flow_v with_o so_o great_a a_o noise_n that_o it_o may_v be_v hear_v a_o great_a distance_n off_o proposition_n fourteen_o the_o mouth_n of_o river_n may_v be_v by_o so_o much_o the_o more_o easy_o obstruct_v by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v the_o more_o broad_a and_o by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v the_o deep_a or_o less_o depress_v and_o by_o how_o much_o there_o be_v less_o quantity_n of_o water_n and_o the_o flux_n be_v less_o swift_a and_o vehement_a for_o these_o cause_n make_v the_o river_n to_o be_v carry_v with_o a_o lesser_a violence_n neither_o do_v it_o thrust_v forth_o the_o terrestrial_a matter_n which_o be_v collect_v in_o its_o mouth_n but_o rather_o suffer_v it_o to_o sink_v proposition_n xv._o very_o few_o river_n be_v carry_v in_o a_o direct_a course_n from_o the_o spring_n to_o the_o outlet_a many_o seek_v divers_a quarter_n in_o their_o flux_n and_o some_o flow_n with_o many_o wind_n spring_n the_o course_n of_o river_n from_o the_o spring_n the_o cause_n seem_v partly_o to_o be_v the_o industry_n of_o man_n partly_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o water_n partly_o the_o interposition_n of_o a_o ridge_n or_o bank_n in_o its_o direct_a course_n wind_v river_n be_v 1._o rio_n de_fw-fr orellana_n in_o brazilia_n make_v innumerable_a wind_n so_o that_o its_o passage_n or_o channel_n be_v reckon_v to_o be_v above_o 1500_o mile_n when_o in_o a_o direct_a line_n from_o the_o spring_n of_o it_o to_o the_o mouth_n be_v only_o 700_o mile_n 2._o the_o river_n de_fw-fr madres_n in_o anatolia_n which_o have_v 600_o wind_a 3._o the_o river_n toera_n arise_v in_o siberica_n flow_v with_o so_o many_o curvature_n or_o wind_n and_o the_o russian_n and_o siberian_o when_o they_o sail_v in_o it_o carry_v the_o boat_n or_o small_a vessel_n and_o its_o lade_n by_o land_n from_o one_o wind_v to_o another_o to_o avoid_v great_a expense_n proposition_n xvi_o whether_o the_o lake_n through_o which_o some_o river_n do_v seem_v to_o pass_v or_o to_o enter_v into_o and_o to_o go_v out_o from_o be_v cause_v by_o river_n or_o whether_o they_o have_v their_o peculiar_a spring_n and_o augment_v the_o water_n of_o rivers_n also_o whether_o that_o a_o river_n flow_v from_o a_o lake_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o which_o flow_v in_o lake_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o lake_n all_o river_n have_v not_o such_o lake_n but_o some_o only_o nubia_n a_o river_n of_o africa_n have_v five_o the_o river_n niger_n four_z rhodanus_n the_o lake_n lemanus_n etc._n etc._n concern_v those_o lake_n we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o precede_a chapter_n viz._n that_o a_o river_n go_v forth_o must_v be_v compare_v with_o that_o which_o enter_v in_o if_o that_o which_o go_v forth_o be_v great_a than_o that_o which_o enter_v in_o there_o will_v be_v peculiar_a spring_n in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o lake_n which_o cause_v that_o river_n but_o if_o that_o a_o lesser_a or_o at_o least_o not_o great_a go_v forth_o this_o lake_n be_v make_v and_o conserve_v by_o the_o river_n enter_v in_o and_o the_o cause_n or_o original_n of_o its_o generation_n be_v the_o latitude_n and_o cavity_n or_o depression_n of_o the_o channel_n and_o a_o lake_n may_v be_v make_v from_o any_o river_n as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o precede_a chapter_n although_o the_o river_n go_v forth_o be_v situate_v almost_o in_o a_o direct_a line_n with_o the_o river_n enter_v in_o yet_o those_o two_o river_n shall_v be_v account_v one_o river_n or_o the_o part_n of_o one_o river_n viz._n when_o that_o which_o go_v forth_o be_v
great_a than_o that_o which_o enter_v in_o for_o if_o it_o be_v lesser_a or_o no_o great_a i_o think_v we_o ought_v not_o to_o question_v whether_o that_o which_o go_v forth_o be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o which_o come_v in_o other_o note_n or_o sign_n be_v in_o some_o as_o the_o rhodanus_n enter_v the_o lake_n lemanus_n and_o again_o go_v forth_o and_o yet_o cause_v not_o that_o lake_n which_o be_v discover_v beside_o other_o token_n from_o the_o colour_n which_o this_o river_n bear_v contrary_a to_o the_o lake_n neither_o do_v the_o rhine_n cause_n any_o lake_n but_o be_v produce_v and_o conserve_v from_o water_n bubble_v under_o the_o earth_n yet_o i_o do_v not_o propose_v these_o as_o undoubted_a proposition_n xvii_o most_o river_n be_v by_o so_o much_o the_o broad_a by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v near_o to_o their_o mouth_n or_o remove_v from_o their_o spring_n and_o great_a be_v their_o latitude_n in_o their_o mouth_n or_o outlet_n spring_n the_o mouth_n of_o river_n broad_a than_o at_o their_o spring_n the_o cause_n be_v 1._o because_o other_o river_n enter_v into_o that_o which_o exonerate_v itself_o into_o the_o sea_n and_o so_o the_o quantity_n of_o water_n be_v augment_v 2._o because_o the_o channel_n be_v less_o depress_v in_o the_o part_n near_o the_o mouth_n 3._o because_o that_o the_o water_n be_v force_v back_o by_o the_o wind_n blow_v from_o the_o sea_n from_o the_o mouth_n to_o the_o fountain_n which_o violence_n be_v only_o discover_v in_o the_o part_n near_o to_o the_o mouth_n not_o in_o those_o remote_a and_o near_o the_o fountain_n 4._o the_o sea_n itself_o when_o such_o a_o wind_n blow_v enter_v the_o mouth_n and_o render_v it_o more_o large_a and_o broad_a by_o vehement_a agitation_n and_o by_o so_o much_o the_o outlet_n be_v large_a and_o broad_a in_o great_a river_n by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v the_o few_o great_a be_v the_o mouth_n or_o outlet_n of_o the_o river_n maragnon_n in_o brazilia_n of_o st._n laurence_n in_o canada_n of_o the_o zaire_n in_o africa_n of_o rio_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr plate_n in_o brazilia_n for_o this_o river_n be_v carry_v into_o the_o sea_n by_o a_o outlet_a of_o 40_o mile_n as_o some_o have_v observe_v or_o as_o other_o of_o 20_o mile_n only_o and_o i_o suppose_v those_o that_o write_v of_o 40_o mile_n comprehend_v the_o other_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n together_o those_o who_o have_v be_v in_o congo_n relate_v that_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o zaire_n be_v 28_o mile_n and_o these_o river_n send_v forth_o such_o a_o large_a quantity_n of_o water_n overcome_v and_o obscure_v both_o the_o salt_n taste_v of_o the_o water_n and_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n towards_o the_o shore_n and_o that_o unto_o 10_o or_o 12_o mile_n in_o the_o sea_n proposition_n xviii_o the_o water_n of_o rivers_n carry_v with_o it_o many_o particle_n of_o various_a metal_n mineral_n sand_n of_o oily_a or_o fat_a body_n they_o river_n in_o their_o course_n carry_v various_a thing_n with_o they_o some_o river_n carry_v gold_n that_o be_v sand_n mix_v with_o some_o grain_n of_o gold_n and_o such_o be_v 1._o some_o in_o japan_n 2._o in_o the_o island_n of_o lequeo_fw-la not_o far_o from_o japan_n 3._o a_o riveret_n call_v arroe_n in_o africa_n which_o spring_v in_o monomotapa_n from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n of_o the_o moon_n in_o which_o mountain_n there_o be_v golden_a mine_n and_o it_o flow_v into_o magnice_n a_o river_n in_o soffalae_n 4._o in_o guiney_n where_o the_o negro_n separate_v these_o grain_n from_o the_o sand_n and_o sell_v it_o or_o exchange_v it_o with_o the_o european_n for_o toy_n or_o slight_a commodity_n 5._o in_o the_o riveret_n about_o mexico_n grain_n of_o gold_n be_v also_o gather_v up_o especial_o after_o shower_n of_o rain_n which_o must_v be_v understand_v of_o all_o these_o riveret_n for_o except_v in_o the_o time_n of_o shower_n scarce_o any_o or_o very_o little_a be_v find_v 6._o in_o peru._n 7._o in_o sumatra_n 8._o in_o cuba_n 9_o in_o hispaniola_n and_o other_o adjacent_a isle_n 10._o in_o guiana_n a_o province_n in_o america_n 11._o in_o the_o river_n of_o caribana_n great_a grain_n be_v find_v after_o shower_n 12._o many_o riveret_n and_o spring_n be_v find_v in_o the_o region_n about_o the_o alps_n in_o germany_n especial_o in_o the_o province_n of_o tirol_n from_o the_o water_n of_o which_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v extract_v although_o nothing_o of_o grain_n be_v conspicuous_a in_o they_o because_o they_o carry_v very_o small_a particle_n or_o atom_n the_o rhine_n also_o carry_v golden_a clay_n in_o many_o place_n as_o also_o the_o abbis_n in_o time_n past_o the_o river_n tagus_n be_v famous_a for_o roll_a down_o sand-gold_n but_o at_o this_o day_n no_o such_o be_v find_v in_o it_o neither_o do_v i_o remember_v that_o any_o river_n in_o europe_n be_v celebrate_v for_o such_o riches_n also_o in_o hassia_n at_o this_o time_n a_o small_a river_n be_v report_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o sand_n of_o which_o be_v grain_n of_o gold_n but_o i_o have_v read_v no_o author_n worthy_a of_o credit_n concern_v it_o no_o silver_n rivers_n or_o riveret_n be_v take_v notice_n of_o by_o writer_n yet_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o there_o as_o many_o or_o more_o riveret_n which_o carry_v grain_n of_o gold_n but_o because_o they_o be_v not_o so_o easy_o discover_v from_o the_o sand_n and_o no_o great_a gain_n can_v be_v obtain_v therefore_o it_o have_v not_o yet_o be_v observe_v by_o any_o the_o same_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n why_o we_o meet_v with_o no_o mention_n of_o those_o riveret_n that_o carry_v grain_n of_o iron_n copper_n tin_n except_o of_o very_a few_o of_o which_o questionless_a there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n the_o admirable_a effect_n of_o which_o be_v discover_v man_n admire_v and_o be_v amaze_v and_o vulgar_a philosopher_n fly_v to_o a_o occult_a quality_n let_v we_o only_o cast_v a_o eye_n on_o that_o river_n in_o upper_a germany_n germany_n a_o strange_a river_n in_o germany_n which_o change_v iron_n into_o copper_n as_o the_o vulgar_a think_v so_o that_o if_o you_o hang_v a_o iron_n shoe_n in_o it_o you_o will_v draw_v it_o out_o copper_n but_o the_o iron_n be_v not_o change_v into_o copper_n as_o be_v vulgar_o suppose_v but_o the_o grain_n and_o particle_n of_o copper_n and_o vitriol_n that_o be_v in_o this_o river_n corrode_v the_o iron_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o water_n and_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o iron_n be_v remove_v those_o of_o the_o copper_n succeed_v in_o their_o place_n this_o the_o modern_a physician_n that_o be_v skilful_a in_o chemistry_n have_v learn_v by_o another_o experiment_n much_o less_o be_v the_o riveret_n that_o be_v impregnate_v with_o many_o particle_n of_o kind_n of_o earth_n and_o salt_n observe_v but_o we_o shall_v explain_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n the_o mineral_n and_o metallick_n spring_v from_o this_o admixture_n of_o various_a particle_n proceed_v the_o great_a diversity_n of_o water_n in_o river_n and_o wells_n the_o water_n of_o some_o if_o that_o you_o use_v it_o to_o boil_v meat_n make_v it_o black_a which_o be_v a_o sign_n that_o it_o be_v impregnate_v with_o iron_n neither_o be_v pease_n so_o easy_o soften_v as_o when_o they_o be_v boil_a in_o other_o water_n which_o be_v somewhat_o more_o fat_a of_o divers_a water_n the_o same_o or_o like_a beer_n can_v be_v make_v now_o the_o albis_n be_v of_o the_o number_n of_o these_o fat_a one_o as_o i_o may_v so_o say_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o variety_n be_v to_o be_v seek_v from_o the_o variety_n of_o the_o land_n through_o which_o the_o river_n rune_v which_o be_v either_o stony_a gravelly_a or_o metallic_v and_o experience_n testify_v that_o river_n who_o water_n be_v fat_a do_v run_v through_o clayie_a land_n so_o all_o the_o place_n that_o adjoyn_v to_o the_o albis_n be_v fruitful_a proposition_n xix_o the_o water_n of_o most_o river_n differ_v in_o colour_n gravity_n and_o other_o quality_n quality_n the_o water_n of_o most_o river_n be_v of_o different_a quality_n for_o some_o water_n be_v black_a some_o incline_n to_o black_a some_o incline_n to_o red_a some_z to_z white_z and_o this_o diversity_n of_o they_o be_v chief_o note_v when_o that_o two_o river_n do_v meet_v for_o we_o may_v discover_v for_o many_o mile_n those_o water_n where_o now_o they_o exist_v in_o the_o same_o part_n of_o the_o channel_n from_o whence_o also_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o they_o differ_v in_o gravity_n when_o that_o one_o rather_o sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o channel_n than_o the_o other_o although_o this_o be_v make_v more_o manifest_a by_o the_o examination_n by_o weight_n the_o water_n of_o the_o ganges_n be_v account_v the_o most_o wholesome_a and_o the_o most_o light_a and_o
fruitful_a by_o its_o fat_a water_n proposition_n xxi_o to_o explain_v how_o spring_n or_o fountain_n break_v forth_o fountain_n of_o the_o break_n forth_o of_o spring_n and_o fountain_n in_o the_o four_o proposition_n we_o have_v show_v whence_o the_o water_n arise_v that_o flow_v from_o fountain_n now_o here_o we_o demand_v by_o what_o force_n that_o water_n collect_v in_o the_o earth_n be_v thrust_v forth_o see_v that_o it_o seem_v not_o possible_a to_o be_v do_v without_o a_o violent_a remove_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o the_o cause_n be_v various_a which_o make_v way_n for_o a_o spring_n in_o any_o place_n 1._o if_o that_o in_o any_o place_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a cavity_n the_o water_n distil_v into_o that_o without_o the_o help_n of_o any_o other_o cause_n when_o that_o by_o creep_v it_o come_v into_o it_o and_o then_o in_o course_n of_o time_n make_v great_a passage_n for_o itself_o until_o that_o cavity_n be_v fill_v it_o flow_v out_o and_o make_v a_o river_n the_o same_o also_o happen_v without_o a_o cavity_n if_o that_o the_o spring_n be_v on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o mountain_n also_o for_o this_o reason_n frequent_a spring_n be_v find_v in_o wood_n and_o shady_a place_n for_o the_o rain-water_n moisten_v the_o earth_n and_o because_o it_o be_v not_o extract_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o a_o open_a and_o free_a air_n by_o degree_n it_o allure_v to_o itself_o the_o hide_a water_n of_o a_o future_a fountain_n 2._o a_o way_n be_v prepare_v and_o the_o earth_n remove_v by_o the_o spirit_n which_o be_v admix_v with_o the_o water_n yet_o in_o the_o earth_n also_o the_o rarefaction_n of_o water_n in_o the_o earth_n by_o which_o it_o require_v the_o large_a place_n for_o the_o water_n whilst_o that_o yet_o they_o be_v hide_v within_o the_o earth_n carry_v many_o spirit_n also_o subterranean_a fire_n add_v not_o a_o little_a to_o this_o 3._o oftentimes_o fountain_n be_v bring_v to_o light_n by_o shower_n for_o shower_n do_v render_v the_o pore_n of_o the_o earth_n more_o ample_a and_o large_a when_o that_o they_o conjoin_v with_o the_o water_n of_o the_o hide_a fountain_n and_o so_o this_o follow_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mutual_a conjunction_n and_o coherency_n 4._o sometime_o spring_n be_v open_v by_o a_o earthquake_n so_o a_o earthquake_n send_v forth_o the_o river_n ladon_n 5._o sometime_o they_o be_v discover_v by_o the_o industry_n of_o man_n by_o dig_v the_o earth_n 6._o many_o fountain_n have_v be_v discover_v by_o animal_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o dig_v up_o the_o earth_n with_o their_o snout_n so_o a_o hog_n first_o discover_v the_o first_o salt_n spring_n in_o lunenburgh_n for_o when_o he_o have_v root_v up_o the_o earth_n and_o make_v a_o gutter_n the_o water_n spout_v out_o which_o fill_v the_o gutter_n the_o hog_n according_a to_o their_o custom_n lay_v down_o in_o it_o then_o when_o he_o arise_v and_o that_o his_o back_n be_v dry_a some_o discover_v a_o very_a white_a colour_n on_o he_o which_o when_o they_o have_v more_o accurate_o contemplate_v they_o find_v it_o to_o be_v white_a salt_n then_o they_o go_v to_o the_o spring_n and_o from_o thence_o forward_o many_o more_o be_v seek_v and_o find_v out_o from_o which_o the_o city_n obtain_v almost_o â—ll_o its_o riches_n and_o splendour_n and_o in_o memorial_n thereof_o the_o hog_n be_v quarter_v and_o smoak-dried_n and_o be_v keep_v at_o this_o very_a day_n in_o the_o palace_n of_o lunenburgh_n to_o be_v see_v proposition_n xxii_o a_o place_n be_v give_v in_o the_o earth_n to_o inquire_v whether_o a_o spring_n or_o well_o may_v be_v make_v in_o it_o see_v vitruvius_n in_o the_o eight_o book_n of_o his_o architecture_n 1._o see_v vitruvius_n lib._n 8._o cap._n 1._o chap._n 1._o at_o this_o day_n we_o perform_v the_o same_o by_o dig_v up_o the_o earth_n oftentimes_o to_o a_o great_a depth_n and_o for_o the_o most_o part_n vein_n or_o head_n of_o spring_n or_o well_n or_o the_o well_n and_o spring_n themselves_o be_v find_v proposition_n xxiii_o a_o place_n be_v give_v to_o make_v a_o spring_n or_o well_o in_o it_o if_o that_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o be_v make_v we_o will_v allege_v the_o word_n of_o vitruvius_n as_o be_v a_o man_n excellent_o skill_v in_o these_o affair_n 7._o see_v vitruvius_n cap._n 7._o see_v that_o we_o never_o use_v ourselves_o to_o this_o kind_n of_o exercise_n in_o his_o seven_o chapter_n thus_o he_o speak_v reason_n must_v not_o be_v contemn_v in_o dig_v of_o well_n but_o the_o natural_a reason_n of_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v with_o sharpness_n of_o wit_n and_o great_a prudence_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o earth_n have_v many_o and_o various_a thing_n within_o it_o for_o it_o be_v compound_v as_o other_o thing_n of_o four_o principle_n and_o the_o first_o be_v terrene_a and_o have_v from_o the_o humidity_n of_o the_o water_n fountain_n also_o heat_n whence_o proceed_v sulphur_n alom_n bitumen_n and_o gross_a spirit_n of_o air_n which_o be_v thick_a when_o by_o the_o fistulous_a intervening_n of_o the_o earth_n they_o come_v to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o well_o be_v dug_n and_o find_v man_n dig_v by_o their_o natural_a vapour_n they_o stop_v up_o the_o animal_n spirit_n of_o those_o that_o work_n at_o their_o nostril_n so_o that_o those_o that_o fly_v not_o quick_o away_o be_v there_o choke_v now_o to_o avoid_v this_o we_o must_v thus_o act_v let_v a_o candle_n be_v light_v and_o let_v down_o and_o if_o that_o it_o continue_v burn_v you_o may_v descend_v without_o danger_n but_o if_o that_o the_o light_n be_v extinguish_v by_o the_o force_n of_o the_o vapour_n then_o let_v aestuary_n be_v dug_n on_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n near_o the_o wâ—ll_n so_o as_o by_o the_o nostril_n the_o spirit_n will_v be_v dissipate_v when_o those_o be_v so_o explicate_v and_o that_o you_o be_v come_v to_o the_o water_n let_v the_o structure_n be_v so_o sence_v that_o the_o vein_n be_v not_o stop_v but_o if_o that_o the_o place_n shall_v prove_v hard_a or_o that_o the_o vein_n shall_v not_o be_v altogether_o at_o the_o bottom_n than_o assistance_n must_v be_v take_v from_o the_o cover_n of_o plaster-work_n now_o this_o must_v be_v observe_v in_o plaster-work_n that_o the_o rough_a and_o pure_a sand_n be_v get_v that_o the_o cement_n be_v break_v with_o a_o flint_n that_o the_o most_o vehement_a chalk_n be_v mix_v with_o the_o mortar_n so_o that_o five_o part_n of_o sand_n answer_v to_o two_o of_o chalk_n or_o lime_n let_v the_o cement_n be_v add_v to_o the_o mortar_n of_o it_o let_v the_o wall_n in_o the_o depress_a trench_n unto_o the_o measure_n of_o the_o future_a altitude_n be_v spage_v the_o bar_n be_v make_v of_o iron_n the_o wall_n be_v plaster_v let_v that_o which_o be_v earthy_a in_o the_o midst_n be_v evacuate_v to_o the_o low_a measure_n or_o libration_n of_o the_o wall_n and_o the_o bottom_n be_v level_v let_v the_o pavement_n be_v plaster_v with_o the_o same_o mortar_n unto_o the_o thickness_n that_o be_v appoint_v now_o these_o place_n if_o they_o shall_v be_v make_v double_a or_o treble_a that_o they_o may_v be_v transmutate_v by_o the_o percolation_n of_o the_o water_n will_v make_v the_o use_n of_o it_o far_o more_o wholesome_a for_o the_o mud_n when_o that_o it_o have_v find_v a_o place_n to_o sink_v in_o the_o water_n become_v more_o clear_a and_o will_v keep_v its_o taste_n without_o any_o scent_n if_o not_o you_o must_v of_o necessity_n add_v salt_n and_o extenuate_v it_o proposition_n xxiv_o to_o prove_v whether_o the_o water_n of_o a_o spring_n be_v wholesome_a not_o of_o spring-water_n whether_o it_o be_v wholesome_a or_o not_o concern_v this_o vitruvius_n thus_o write_v their_o probation_n must_v be_v thus_o look_v after_o if_o that_o they_o flow_v and_o be_v open_a before_o that_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v draw_v look_v on_o they_o and_o observe_v of_o what_o membrature_n they_o be_v what_o inhabitant_n dwell_v about_o those_o fountain_n whether_o they_o be_v of_o strong_a body_n of_o good_a colour_n not_o lame_a blear_a or_o sore-eyed_n if_o so_o the_o water_n be_v very_o excellent_a also_o if_o that_o a_o new_a spring_n be_v dug_n and_o the_o water_n be_v put_v into_o a_o corinthian_a vessel_n or_o any_o other_o kind_n make_v of_o brass_n and_o if_o it_o cause_v no_o stain_n it_o be_v then_o most_o excellent_a water_n also_o if_o that_o that_o water_n be_v heat_v and_o afterward_o settle_v and_o pour_v forth_o and_o that_o no_o sand_n or_o mud_n be_v find_v in_o the_o bottom_n that_o water_n be_v also_o very_o good_a also_o if_o that_o root_n put_v in_o that_o water_n be_v quick_o boil_v they_o show_v the_o water_n to_o be_v good_a and_o wholesome_a also_o that_o the_o water_n in_o the_o fountain_n be_v clear_a
like_a and_o chemical_a water_n in_o wâ—â—â—_n metal_n be_v dissolve_v water_n spirituous_a water_n spirituous_a water_n be_v 〈◊〉_d that_o contain_v only_o a_o volatile_a spirit_n such_o as_o be_v find_v in_o mineral_n but_o no_o fix_a particle_n and_o therefore_o none_o can_v be_v elicitate_v from_o they_o apparent_a to_o the_o sight_n these_o be_v term_v corporeal_a and_o spirituous_a water_n together_o by_o i_o which_o have_v both_o fix_v or_o solid_a and_o volatile_a or_o spirituous_a particle_n of_o mineral_n in_o they_o we_o shall_v allege_v example_n of_o the_o species_n of_o they_o in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n proposition_n iii_o to_o explain_v how_o mineral_n water_n be_v generate_v water_n of_o the_o generation_n of_o mineral_n water_n 1._o if_o that_o water_n be_v carry_v by_o a_o violent_a torrent_n or_o course_n through_o subterraneous_a passage_n in_o which_o metallick_n earth_n and_o mineral_n be_v less_o thick_a it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o water_n may_v take_v and_o carry_v away_o from_o these_o with_o it_o grain_n of_o those_o mineral_n water_n this_o therefore_o be_v the_o generation_n of_o corporeal_a mineral_n water_n that_o carry_v grain_n 2._o if_o that_o the_o mineral_n be_v imperfect_a or_o less_o dense_a as_o vitriol_n sulphur_n and_o the_o like_a or_o also_o the_o salt_n which_o of_o their_o own_o nature_n be_v easy_o unite_v to_o the_o water_n if_o that_o the_o water_n or_o riveret_n be_v carry_v through_o these_o earth_n without_o channel_n or_o aqueduct_v as_o we_o have_v explain_v in_o the_o generation_n of_o fountain_n the_o water_n come_v to_o the_o fountain_n this_o will_v have_v the_o atom_n of_o these_o mineral_n admix_v and_o it_o will_v be_v a_o corporeal_a mineral_n water_n of_o a_o subtle_a conjunction_n according_a to_o the_o atom_n now_o whether_o that_o the_o water_n can_v unite_v the_o atom_n of_o metal_n after_o this_o manner_n to_o itself_o be_v question_v because_o that_o they_o be_v hard_a and_o solid_a neither_o be_v they_o easy_o unite_v to_o the_o water_n i_o suppose_v it_o possible_a to_o be_v do_v but_o not_o by_o simple_a water_n but_o by_o a_o salt_n vitriolated_a water_n which_o be_v like_a unto_o the_o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la of_o the_o chemist_n for_o as_o these_o water_n of_o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la dissolve_v metal_n into_o atom_n and_o intimate_o unite_v they_o to_o themselves_o so_o that_o they_o sink_v not_o to_o the_o bottom_n unless_o that_o they_o be_v separate_v by_o art_n so_o also_o if_o that_o such_o water_n be_v carry_v through_o metallary_n earth_n they_o be_v able_a to_o dissolve_v the_o metallic_a particle_n and_o unite_v they_o to_o themselves_o after_o this_o mode_n be_v the_o generation_n of_o mineral_n corporeal_a water_n of_o the_o second_o classis_fw-la explain_v 3._o in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n before_o that_o metal_n be_v generate_v vapour_n and_o fume_n be_v condense_v unto_o the_o extant_a angle_n of_o the_o rock_n unto_o which_o they_o adhere_v and_o first_o they_o meet_v together_o in_o a_o soft_a substance_n and_o at_o length_n they_o be_v condense_v therefore_o if_o that_o the_o water_n be_v carry_v or_o glide_v through_o the_o earth_n where_o such_o vapour_n be_v and_o be_v raise_v they_o be_v impregnate_v by_o they_o and_o so_o spirituous_a mineral_n water_n be_v make_v but_o imperfect_a mineral_n after_o another_o mode_n cause_n mineral_n water_n of_o their_o own_o nature_n viz._n because_o that_o be_v heat_v by_o their_o own_o or_o subterraneous_a heat_n they_o send_v forth_o spirit_n and_o vapour_n as_o salt_n sulphur_n vitriol_n coal_n and_o such_o like_a and_o such_o fume_n and_o exhalation_n be_v continual_o make_v in_o place_n of_o such_o mineral_n through_o which_o if_o that_o the_o water_n glide_v it_o be_v impregnate_v with_o the_o spirit_n there_o be_v some_o that_o suppose_v these_o spirituous_a water_n may_v be_v generate_v only_o by_o be_v carry_v through_o the_o metallic_a earth_n or_o by_o a_o continual_a stay_n upon_o they_o or_o in_o their_o mine_n but_o it_o be_v certain_a by_o experience_n that_o the_o water_n receive_v no_o quality_n from_o the_o metal_n and_o mineral_n if_o that_o they_o shall_v lie_v 100_o year_n immerse_v in_o they_o therefore_o lay_v aside_o this_o opinion_n we_o affirm_v that_o those_o water_n be_v generate_v or_o spirit_n receive_v from_o first_o the_o seed_n of_o metal_n as_o i_o may_v so_o say_v or_o their_o primordia_fw-la or_o second_o we_o may_v say_v that_o those_o water_n be_v now_o impregnate_v by_o other_o subtle_a spirit_n of_o vitriol_n or_o salt_n by_o the_o benefit_n of_o which_o a_o spirit_n be_v extract_v from_o the_o hard_a metal_n but_o i_o attribute_v the_o less_o to_o this_o cause_n or_o mode_n of_o generation_n because_o here_o arise_v a_o question_n again_o concern_v the_o generation_n of_o the_o spirituous_a water_n of_o mineral_n vitriol_n and_o salt_n 4._o from_o these_o together_o it_o be_v evident_a how_o mineral_n water_n that_o be_v both_o corporeal_a and_o spirituous_a be_v generate_v proposition_n iu._n there_o be_v innumerable_a kind_n of_o mineral_n water_n according_a to_o the_o variety_n and_o diversity_n of_o the_o particle_n which_o they_o contain_v of_o divers_a mineral_n in_o the_o precedent_a proposition_n we_o have_v explain_v how_o that_o mineral_n water_n may_v receive_v those_o particle_n from_o which_o their_o admirable_a quality_n do_v arise_v from_o mineral_n or_o fossils_n water_n many_o kind_n of_o mineral_n water_n now_o because_o that_o there_o be_v various_a sort_n of_o mineral_n thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o mineral_n water_n be_v various_a and_o different_a in_o their_o quality_n yea_o they_o be_v almost_o infinite_a for_o neither_o only_a be_v every_o one_o of_o these_o water_n impregnate_v by_o one_o kind_n of_o mineral_n but_o together_o many_o of_o many_o wherefore_o mineral_n water_n will_v either_o be_v simple_a or_o mix_v and_o the_o mix_a will_v have_v something_o either_o from_o three_o or_o four_o or_o from_o many_o fossils_n or_o mineral_n thence_o 1._o be_v metallick_n water_n viz._n of_o gold_n silver_n copper_n tin_n lead_v iron_n 2._o salt_n water_n viz._n of_o common_a salt_n niter_n alum_n vitriol_n 3._o bituminous_a water_n sulphureous_a antimonial_a of_o coal_n and_o of_o amber_n 4._o the_o water_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o stone_n viz._n lime-water_n chalk_n ochre_n marble_n alabaster_n 5._o mercurial_a water_n and_o the_o like_a these_o denomination_n or_o kind_n of_o water_n ii_o see_v prosition_n ii_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v according_a to_o the_o triple_a mode_n by_o which_o in_o the_o second_o propasition_n we_o say_v that_o mineral_n water_n be_v 1._o some_o corporeal_a and_o even_o manifest_a to_o the_o sense_n or_o corporeal_a by_o a_o subtle_a and_o accurate_a commixion_n 2._o that_o other_o be_v spirituous_a 3._o that_o other_o be_v corporeal_a and_o also_o spirituous_a these_o difference_n must_v be_v apply_v to_o every_o kind_n of_o mineral-water_n viz._n to_o demonstrate_v by_o one_o or_o another_o example_n gold-water_n be_v 1._o corporeal_a which_o carry_v grain_n of_o gold_n of_o that_o magnitude_n that_o with_o little_a trouble_n they_o be_v discernible_a to_o the_o sense_n neither_o have_v they_o any_o accurate_a coherency_n admix_v unto_o they_o 2_o corporeal_a water_n which_o possess_v very_o small_a particle_n of_o gold_n and_o indeed_o very_o close_o connex_v to_o the_o water_n such_o water_n i_o suppose_v to_o be._n although_o the_o nature_n of_o gold_n be_v such_o that_o the_o least_o grain_n in_o the_o water_n sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n yet_o that_o such_o may_v be_v be_v manifest_a from_o the_o aqua_fw-la regius_fw-la of_o the_o chemist_n in_o which_o gold_n be_v dissolve_v into_o atom_n but_o this_o aqua_fw-la regius_fw-la be_v not_o simple_a therefore_o neither_o do_v those_o water_n that_o be_v find_v in_o nature_n to_o have_v atom_n of_o gold_n admix_v want_v other_o particle_n of_o mineral_n 3._o spiritual_a golden-water_n which_o conceive_v a_o spirit_n and_o vapour_n in_o the_o earth_n from_o whence_o gold_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v generate_v 4._o golden_a corporeal-water_n and_o also_o spiritual_a which_o possess_v both_o atom_n of_o gold_n and_o a_o vapour_n generate_a gold_n water_n a_o fourfold_a difference_n of_o mineral_n water_n after_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o reader_n must_v apply_v this_o fourfold_a difference_n unto_o every_o kind_n of_o mineral_n water_n both_o simple_a and_o admix_v whence_o innumerable_a kind_n do_v exist_v for_o either_o the_o body_n of_o the_o mineral_n or_o the_o spirit_n or_o the_o body_n of_o one_o with_o the_o spirit_n of_o another_o be_v conjoin_v in_o the_o water_n so_o leaden-water_n be_v fourfold_a viz._n 1._o manifest_o corporeal_a 2._o corporeal_a of_o a_o subtle_a mixture_n 3._o infect_v with_o a_o spirit_n of_o lead_n and_o 4._o impregnated_a both_o with_o the_o spirit_n and_o atom_n of_o lead_n so_o those_o four_o divers_a
water_n on_o which_o drop_v of_o oil_n do_v flow_v in_o scotland_n two_o mile_n from_o edinburgh_n a_o fountain_n flow_v on_o the_o whole_a superficies_n of_o which_o drop_v of_o black_a oil_n do_v swim_v the_o inhabitant_n use_v it_o to_o mollify_v the_o skin_n and_o to_o take_v away_o scab_n so_o the_o river_n cilicia_n term_v liparis_n be_v famous_a among_o the_o ancient_n in_o which_o those_o that_o wash_v themselves_o be_v anoint_a by_o the_o water_n whether_o it_o be_v so_o at_o this_o day_n i_o much_o doubt_n so_o likewise_o there_o be_v a_o lake_n in_o aethiopia_n which_o anoint_v those_o that_o swim_v it_o also_o there_o be_v a_o fountain_n in_o india_n which_o on_o a_o clear_a day_n send_v forth_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o oil_n in_o zant_n and_o about_o dyrrachium_fw-la and_o appallonia_n as_o vitruvius_n write_v there_o be_v fountain_n which_o vomit_v out_o abundance_n of_o pitch_n with_o water_n there_o be_v a_o lake_n in_o babylon_n of_o great_a magnitude_n call_v limb_n asphaltis_n it_o have_v liquid_a bitumen_n swim_v upon_o it_o with_o which_o the_o black_a semiramis_n encompass_v babylon_n with_o a_o wall_n at_o this_o day_n also_o at_o monasterium_fw-la in_o bavaria_n be_v the_o fountain_n degemsce_fw-mi on_o the_o top_n of_o which_o oil_n swim_v and_o be_v daily_o take_v off_o the_o acid_n water_n of_o schwalback_n if_o they_o be_v take_v in_o a_o vessel_n and_o have_v be_v settle_v for_o some_o day_n small_a drop_n of_o oil_n swim_v on_o the_o top_n of_o they_o there_o be_v a_o great_a quantity_n in_o the_o fountain_n term_v oelbrum_n not_o far_o from_o hagenaw_n at_o the_o village_n lamperscholch_n also_o in_o the_o many_o bath_n be_v find_v bituminous_a particle_n if_o so_o be_v that_o they_o stand_v quiet_a for_o some_o day_n as_o in_o the_o bath_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n term_v the_o bath_n of_o petrolei_n now_o the_o fountain_n that_o send_v out_o not_o a_o oil_n swim_v on_o the_o water_n but_o a_o mere_a fat_a or_o bituminous_a liquor_n be_v also_o many_o near_a gersbachium_n in_o the_o valley_n call_v lebersthal_n from_o a_o antiquate_a and_o exhaust_v i_o oil_n or_o bitumen_n flow_v with_o which_o the_o country_n swain_n besmear_v their_o cart-wheel_n neither_o do_v the_o inhabitant_n know_v its_o excellency_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o sumatra_n be_v a_o spring_n from_o which_o naptha_n like_v unto_o oil_n flow_v other_o say_v that_o it_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o balsam_n they_o report_v fountain_n of_o amber_n to_o be_v there_o likewise_o in_o peru_n near_o the_o sea_n be_v a_o bituminous_a fountain_n send_v forth_o a_o branch_n or_o riveret_n into_o the_o sea_n the_o native_n use_v it_o instead_o of_o pitch_n neither_o do_v they_o use_v any_o other_o matter_n in_o persia_n not_o far_o from_o schimachia_n at_o or_o near_o the_o high_a mountain_n barmach_n in_o a_o valley_n be_v about_o thirty_o fountain_n of_o bitumen_n or_o naptha_n but_o run_v in_o deep_a well_n with_o a_o great_a force_n the_o depth_n be_v about_o two_o ell_n wooden_a step_n be_v make_v for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o descent_n it_o send_v forth_o a_o sulphureous_a and_o strong_a spirit_n it_o be_v of_o a_o twofold_a colour_n in_o some_o red_a in_o other_o white_z the_o cause_n of_o these_o bituminous_a fountain_n be_v a_o sulphureous_a and_o bituminous_a matter_n in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n thrust_v forth_o by_o a_o heat_n and_o spirit_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o difference_n be_v to_o be_v seek_v from_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o fat_a matter_n themselves_o as_o succinum_fw-la amber_n oil_n of_o petrolei_n pitch_n naptha_n and_o the_o like_a proposition_n x._o to_o explain_v the_o generation_n of_o bitter_a water_n and_o to_o reckon_v up_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o which_o they_o be_v find_v find_v of_o the_o generation_n of_o bitter_a water_n and_o the_o place_n where_o they_o be_v find_v many_o fountain_n and_o well_n in_o the_o region_n of_o india_n on_o the_o choromandel_n have_v bitter_a water_n although_o that_o they_o ebulliate_v in_o and_o flow_v from_o rock_n in_o pontus_n a_o region_n of_o asia_n minor_a a_o little_a river_n term_v exampeus_n at_o the_o town_n callipadus_n be_v very_o bitter_a it_o render_v the_o river_n hypanis_n into_o which_o it_o flow_v also_o very_o bitter_a they_o arise_v from_o impure_a sulphur_n bitumen_n nitre_n ink_n copper_n as_o water_v leave_v a_o long_a time_n in_o a_o copper_n vessel_n acquire_v a_o bitter_a taste_n the_o lake_n asphaltites_n in_o palestine_n which_o be_v call_v mare_n mortuum_n or_o the_o dead_a sea_n have_v a_o bitter_a water_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o impure_a bitumen_n whence_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o fat_a water_n of_o the_o former_a proposition_n it_o send_v forth_o a_o stink_a scent_n and_o vapour_n all_o thing_n without_o life_n sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n but_o it_o suffer_v not_o any_o animal_n to_o sink_v neither_o do_v it_o grow_v sweet_a although_o that_o it_o continual_o swallow_v up_o the_o river_n jordan_n it_o be_v venomous_a by_o reason_n that_o it_o contain_v arsenic_n proposition_n xi_o the_fw-mi explain_v the_o cause_n of_o very_o cold_a spring_n and_o to_o enumerate_v the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n where_o they_o be_v find_v spring_n the_o cause_n of_o cold_a spring_n in_o the_o province_n of_o dauphin_n in_o france_n not_o far_o from_o vienna_n be_v a_o fountain_n of_o so_o great_a cold_a that_o the_o mouth_n of_o those_o that_o drink_v it_o be_v swell_v with_o it_o neither_o can_v they_o endure_v their_o hand_n in_o it_o it_o be_v not_o diminish_v for_o the_o water_n that_o be_v draw_v out_o of_o it_o nor_o augment_v by_o the_o water_n pour_v into_o it_o in_o arabia_n or_o aethiopia_n be_v most_o cold_a spring_n although_o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v most_o excessive_a there_o in_o stiria_n not_o far_o from_o gretz_n be_v fountain_n so_o cold_a at_o the_o bottom_n that_o none_o can_v drink_v any_o water_n run_v or_o draw_v from_o thence_o in_o a_o mile_n from_o calma_n a_o spring_n send_v forth_o water_n as_o it_o be_v boil_v with_o a_o great_a wind_n when_o yet_o it_o be_v very_o cold_a hence_o they_o call_v it_o the_o mad_a water_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o coldness_n of_o these_o fountain_n be_v 1._o the_o admixture_n of_o nitre_n and_o alom_n also_o of_o mercury_n iron_n and_o the_o like_a 2._o the_o depth_n of_o the_o spring_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o defect_n of_o the_o solary_a beam_n and_o of_o the_o sulphureous_a subterraneous_a heat_n there_o be_v also_o some_o spring_n which_o be_v sometime_o cold_a and_o sometime_o hot_a in_o gatalonia_n the_o lake_n and_o fountain_n salsula_n in_o the_o winter_n be_v hot_a and_o in_o the_o summer_n very_o cold_a this_o be_v common_a to_o it_o with_o many_o other_o i_o think_v the_o cause_n to_o be_v that_o in_o the_o summer_n the_o pore_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v open_a through_o which_o the_o hot_a spirit_n break_v forth_o in_o the_o winter_n they_o be_v close_v whence_o within_o there_o be_v hot_a furnace_n that_o heat_v the_o water_n so_o some_o fountain_n be_v more_o hot_a in_o the_o night_n than_o in_o the_o day_n proposition_n xii_o to_o explain_v the_o generation_n of_o those_o water_n which_o seem_v to_o change_v body_n into_o another_o kind_n and_o to_o reckon_v up_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n where_o they_o be_v find_v there_o be_v some_o water_n which_o change_v wood_n into_o the_o hard_a stone_n in_o ireland_n etc._n of_o the_o generation_n of_o water_n which_o change_v body_n into_o another_o kind_n etc._n etc._n above_o the_o city_n armagh_n in_o a_o pool_n not_o very_o large_a a_o stake_n of_o wood_n if_o it_o be_v fix_v for_o some_o month_n the_o part_n that_o stick_v in_o the_o mud_n will_v be_v iron_n the_o part_n which_o be_v touch_v with_o the_o water_n be_v turn_v into_o stone_n and_o the_o rest_n remain_v wood_n so_o giraldus_n and_o maginus_fw-la relate_fw-la but_o brietius_n say_v i_o know_v not_o by_o what_o authority_n that_o it_o be_v a_o mere_a fable_n the_o water_n of_o loches_n in_o blois_n a_o province_n in_o france_n turn_v all_o thing_n put_v into_o it_o into_o stone_n at_o the_o city_n senon_n in_o burgundia_n near_o a_o lake_n a_o spring_n flow_v which_o harden_v into_o stone_n vitruvius_n say_v that_o in_o cappadocia_n between_o mazaca_n and_o tuana_n be_v a_o large_a lake_n which_o change_v a_o reed_n or_o wood_n put_v into_o it_o in_o one_o day_n into_o stone_n in_o bohemia_n near_o the_o bath_n of_o charles_n be_v a_o fountain_n in_o which_o wood_n lie_v long_o be_v change_v into_o stone_n other_o water_n be_v think_v to_o change_v iron_n into_o copper_n which_o yet_o real_o they_o do_v not_o but_o by_o reason_n that_o water_n themselves_o carry_v particle_n and_o spirit_n of_o copper_n
strait_n 4._o river_n 5._o lake_n 6._o pool_n and_o 7._o marsh_n 1._o marsh_n may_v be_v exsiccate_v or_o drain_v either_o by_o subduction_n of_o the_o water_n or_o by_o exsiccation_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o none_o can_v doubt_v for_o in_o many_o region_n the_o soil_n be_v fruitful_a where_o there_o be_v marsh_n some_o year_n since_o as_o in_o westphalia_n gelderland_n brabant_n holland_n muscovia_n 2._o the_o same_o be_v the_o account_n of_o pool_n see_v that_o they_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o marsh_n proposition_n v._o rivers_n leave_v their_o channel_n or_o shoar_n that_o be_v part_n of_o their_o channel_n and_o afford_v new_a land_n land_n river_n quit_v their_o shoar_n and_o afford_v new_a land_n 1._o if_o that_o they_o carry_v much_o terrestrial_a matter_n sand_n or_o gravel_n with_o they_o which_o sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n in_o progress_n of_o they_o time_n so_o augment_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o channel_n that_o it_o be_v no_o more_o depress_v than_o that_o place_n from_o whence_o the_o water_n flow_v from_o the_o vicine_fw-la earth_n but_o if_o that_o that_o matter_n sink_v into_o one_o place_n in_o part_n of_o the_o channel_n it_o will_v separate_v one_o part_n which_o then_o at_o length_n will_v be_v dry_v up_o 2._o if_o that_o the_o river_n take_v another_o channel_n whether_o it_o be_v do_v by_o art_n or_o nature_n and_o a_o violent_a cause_n as_o by_o wind_n inundation_n or_o the_o like_a 3._o if_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o river_n be_v obstruct_v or_o cease_v to_o send_v forth_o water_n the_o earth_n be_v fall_v in_o or_o condensated_a or_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o sand_n be_v drive_v by_o the_o wind_n into_o the_o fountain_n or_o adjacent_a place_n example_n of_o river_n who_o channel_n be_v exsiccate_v at_o this_o time_n either_o in_o whole_a or_o in_o part_n be_v every_o where_o obvious_a in_o writer_n yet_o not_o of_o great_a river_n but_o of_o small_a or_o of_o the_o part_n of_o any_o great_a river_n so_o a_o channel_n of_o a_o arm_n of_o the_o rhine_n which_o flow_v by_o leyden_n flow_v in_o time_n pass_v into_o the_o german_a ocean_n now_o for_o some_o age_n desert_v by_o the_o water_n at_o this_o day_n be_v land_n the_o rhine_n stagnate_v between_o leyden_n and_o the_o vicus_n cattorum_fw-la the_o shore_n be_v uncover_v from_o the_o water_n of_o river_n and_o that_o some_o river_n run_v in_o a_o more_o narrow_a channel_n than_o they_o do_v former_o be_v manifest_a from_o many_o example_n and_o from_o thence_o that_o some_o at_o this_o day_n be_v not_o navigable_a which_o former_o be_v may_v easy_o be_v collect_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o water_n be_v diminish_v and_o none_o at_o all_o to_o be_v leave_v in_o their_o channel_n at_o some_o time_n or_o other_o as_o in_o the_o river_n scaldis_n therefore_o governor_n of_o commonwealth_n have_v a_o great_a care_n that_o the_o mud_n and_o sediment_n be_v draw_v from_o out_o the_o channel_n of_o river_n that_o they_o may_v remain_v navigable_a as_o be_v see_v in_o many_o place_n but_o great_a river_n can_v be_v dry_v up_o or_o change_v into_o land_n except_o in_o many_o age_n because_o that_o many_o lesser_a river_n flow_v from_o divers_a part_n make_v they_o of_o which_o though_o some_o may_v be_v dry_v up_o or_o change_v their_o course_n yet_o all_o do_v not_o suffer_v the_o same_o except_o in_o a_o long_a space_n of_o time_n and_o the_o channel_n be_v deep_a but_o one_o heap_n or_o ridge_n of_o sand_n may_v cause_v the_o river_n to_o run_v through_o another_o channel_n and_o the_o former_a to_o be_v dry_v up_o yet_o it_o take_v not_o away_o the_o river_n except_o the_o fountain_n or_o branch_n of_o it_o be_v obstruct_v therefore_o it_o be_v true_a that_o neither_o the_o nile_n tanais_n albis_n or_o the_o rhine_n or_o other_o river_n always_o flow_v or_o shall_v perpetual_o flow_v but_o that_o there_o be_v earth_n before_o and_o shall_v be_v afterward_o where_o they_o now_o flow_v proposition_n vi_o lake_n be_v dry_v up_o and_o change_v into_o land_n land_n lake_n dry_v up_o and_o change_v into_o land_n 1._o if_o that_o a_o lake_n be_v constitute_v from_o river_n that_o flow_v in_o that_o mutation_n be_v make_v by_o the_o abduction_n withdraw_a or_o cessation_n of_o the_o river_n and_o also_o by_o evaporation_n 2._o if_o that_o a_o lake_n receive_v water_n by_o a_o subterraneous_a passage_n from_o the_o ocean_n or_o sea_n there_o will_v be_v a_o mutation_n of_o that_o lake_n after_o that_o those_o subterraneous_a passage_n be_v obstruct_v and_o so_o lake_n be_v first_o change_v into_o stand_a pool_n and_o marsh_n then_o at_o length_n into_o dry_a land_n it_o be_v evident_a say_v aristotle_n that_o because_o a_o force_n of_o water_n have_v bring_v in_o mud_n or_o something_o of_o that_o sort_n he_o speak_v of_o lake_n make_v of_o river_n therefore_o stand_v pool_n be_v make_v and_o the_o earth_n be_v dry_a and_o that_o their_o water_n be_v leave_v and_o stand_a in_o succession_n of_o time_n it_o be_v exsiccate_v and_o altogether_o vanish_v so_o the_o land_n that_o touch_v upon_o the_o lake_n maeotis_n by_o the_o soil_n bring_v down_o by_o the_o river_n be_v increase_v so_o much_o that_o ship_n now_o far_o less_o than_o those_o about_o 60_o year_n since_o for_o traffic_v sake_n enter_v into_o it_o there_o be_v many_o example_n find_v of_o small_a lake_n change_v into_o dry_a land_n especial_o in_o holland_n proposition_n vii_o strait_n be_v exsiccate_v and_o change_v into_o isthmuss_n or_o continent_n that_o happen_v streights_n streights_n when_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o continual_a sink_v of_o the_o terrestrial_a matter_n make_v in_o a_o long_a time_n the_o channel_n of_o the_o straight_o be_v become_v so_o high_a that_o it_o deni_v a_o passage_n to_o the_o sea_n so_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o the_o isthmus_n between_o africa_n and_o asia_n be_v a_o straight_a by_o which_o the_o mediterranean_a and_o red-sea_n be_v conjoin_v as_o we_o shall_v show_v in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n in_o many_o strait_n at_o this_o day_n the_o altitude_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o channel_n be_v find_v lesser_a than_o in_o former_a time_n which_o be_v a_o certain_a token_n that_o those_o strait_n shall_v have_v no_o water_n in_o they_o in_o the_o time_n to_o come_v and_o shall_v be_v change_v into_o a_o dry_a isthmus_n so_o the_o straight_a through_o which_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n make_v a_o gulf_n which_o the_o hollander_n call_v snyder-zee_a and_o the_o texell_n at_o this_o day_n receive_v no_o large_a land_n ship_n and_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v every_o year_n find_v lesser_a and_o the_o land_n high_o therefore_o where_o the_o water_n be_v at_o the_o texell_n there_o after_o some_o age_n will_v be_v dry_a land_n concern_v the_o vlier_n the_o same_o in_o time_n to_o come_v will_v also_o happen_v proposition_n viii_o the_o bay_n or_o gulf_n which_o the_o ocean_n make_v between_o the_o mid-land_n in_o course_n of_o time_n do_v become_v dry_a place_n land_n bay_n or_o gulf_n in_o time_n do_v become_v dry_a land_n this_o be_v do_v by_o a_o double_a cause_n 1._o if_o that_o the_o straight_a by_o which_o the_o bay_n be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o ocean_n become_v a_o isthmus_n or_o else_o be_v stop_v by_o sand_n and_o gravel_n which_o be_v do_v in_o progress_n of_o time_n as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o precede_a proposition_n for_o by_o this_o cause_n the_o bay_n of_o the_o ocean_n and_o a_o part_n or_o member_n of_o it_o shall_v be_v cut_v off_o from_o the_o body_n and_o shall_v become_v a_o lake_n and_o then_o a_o stand_a pool_n and_o marish_a and_o by_o exsiccation_n become_v earth_n and_o no_o water_n shall_v be_v see_v there_o 2._o if_o that_o the_o very_a channel_n of_o the_o bay_n become_v high_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o river_n flow_v into_o it_o and_z carrying_z sand_n along_o with_o it_o that_o it_o in_o time_n can_v receive_v the_o sea_n so_o by_o degree_n the_o sea_n will_v recede_v from_o the_o shore_n of_o that_o bay_n therefore_o the_o mediterranean_a the_o baltic_a the_o red_a persian_a and_o other_o sea_n that_o be_v bay_n of_o the_o ocean_n will_v cease_v in_o time_n to_o be_v sea_n and_o will_v be_v change_v into_o land_n which_o shall_v be_v full_o prove_v in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n proposition_n ix_o the_o ocean_n for_o sake_v some_o shore_n or_o coast_n so_o that_o it_o become_v land_n where_o the_o ocean_n former_o be_v shore_n where_o the_o ocean_n former_o be_v be_v now_o land_n by_o its_o forsake_v the_o shore_n that_o happen_v for_o these_o cause_n 1._o if_o that_o the_o force_n of_o water_n be_v break_v at_o the_o shore_n by_o rock_n here_o and_o there_o on_o the_o coast_n or_o cliff_n in_o the_o sea_n for_o that_o
and_o sand_n from_o the_o shore_n or_o some_o bank_n also_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o bottom_n be_v advance_v and_o lift_v up_o and_o be_v carry_v by_o the_o impetuosity_n of_o the_o river_n until_o it_o come_v to_o a_o more_o large_a and_o ample_a channel_n and_o be_v remove_v from_o the_o fountain_n or_o cause_n of_o abundancy_n of_o water_n for_o here_o the_o vehemency_n of_o the_o motion_n be_v remiss_a and_o then_o the_o terrestrial_a part_n subside_o and_o sand-bank_n be_v generate_v of_o which_o many_o be_v find_v in_o place_n where_o there_o be_v broad_a river_n but_o none_o almost_o in_o narrow_a neither_o be_v there_o any_o mischief_n which_o take_v away_o more_o splendour_n from_o the_o most_o flourish_a and_o rich_a empory_n or_o place_n of_o trade_n without_o any_o hope_n of_o recovery_n or_o bring_v great_a detriment_n to_o ship_n that_o we_o may_v pass_v over_o those_o ancient_a city_n now_o for_o many_o age_n bury_v in_o oblivion_n we_o have_v example_n before_o our_o eye_n of_o stavoren_n in_o friezland_n armuyen_n in_o zeiland_n of_o dort_n in_o holland_n antwerp_n in_o brabant_n and_o stade_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o bremen_n nothing_o take_v away_o the_o power_n of_o traffic_n from_o these_o city_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o all_o their_o splendour_n and_o riches_n but_o the_o bank_n of_o sand_n arise_v in_o their_o river_n or_o the_o neighbour_a sea_n neither_o be_v there_o almost_o any_o empory_n that_o be_v maritimate_a that_o be_v free_a from_o the_o fear_n of_o these_o sand-bank_n those_o that_o be_v in_o the_o albis_n or_o the_o elbe_n have_v destroy_v many_o hamburgian_n ship_n that_o have_v escape_v the_o grand_a storm_n of_o the_o ocean_n the_o same_o be_v manifest_a in_o other_o to_o he_o that_o consider_v especial_o in_o the_o texel_n and_o vlie_n of_o amsterdam_n they_o be_v discover_v in_o a_o great_a number_n on_o the_o seacoast_n of_o flanders_n and_o friezland_n and_o the_o suff_v of_o the_o sea_n go_v down_o many_o 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that_o they_o will_v join_v to_o the_o continent_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o sea_n will_v be_v dry_v between_o these_o sand-bank_n and_o the_o adjacent_a land_n but_o if_o that_o the_o sand-bank_n be_v generate_v after_o the_o second_o mode_n than_o we_o may_v conjecture_v that_o those_o sand-bank_n will_v not_o so_o easy_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o adjacent_a earth_n but_o that_o the_o sea_n rather_o will_v far_o overspread_v the_o land_n proposition_n xii_o island_n be_v produce_v in_o the_o sea_n and_o rivers_n after_o the_o same_o mode_n that_o sand-bank_n be_v yea_o island_n may_v proceed_v from_o sand-bank_n yet_o they_o be_v also_o make_v after_o another_o mode_n island_n of_o the_o generation_n of_o island_n for_o if_o that_o in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n so_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o sand_n gravel_n mud_n and_o ouze_n be_v aggregated_a in_o progress_n of_o time_n that_o it_o become_v high_a than_o the_o sea_n it_o 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have_v their_o original_n the_o same_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v the_o original_n of_o the_o molucco_n isle_n for_o if_o that_o you_o dig_v on_o the_o plain_a to_o a_o small_a depth_n you_o shall_v meet_v with_o a_o abundance_n of_o sand_n and_o shell_n sea_n other_o isle_n separate_v from_o the_o continent_n by_o the_o sea_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o ceiland_n relate_v that_o the_o isle_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o procurrent_a of_o india_n and_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a so_o the_o isle_n of_o sumatra_n be_v suppose_v former_o to_o have_v be_v unite_v to_o malacca_n the_o isle_n of_o the_o maldives_n in_o time_n past_a be_v be_v say_v to_o adhere_v to_o india_n and_o be_v a_o continuous_a continent_n yet_o at_o this_o day_n they_o be_v far_o in_o the_o sea_n and_o divide_v into_o a_o innumerable_a many_o
either_o more_o thick_a or_o subtle_a than_o the_o former_a they_o be_v refract_v where_o they_o have_v enter_v at_o this_o other_o medium_fw-la or_o deflect_v from_o a_o strait_a direct_a course_n to_o the_o side_n the_o explication_n be_v easy_a from_o a_o vulgar_a experiment_n let_v any_o vessel_n be_v take_v and_o let_v a_o ball_n of_o gold_n or_o copper_n or_o gold_n money_n be_v affix_v to_o the_o bottom_n then_o depart_v back_o from_o the_o vessel_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o obstacle_n of_o the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n you_o can_v no_o long_o see_v the_o money_n at_o the_o bottom_n then_o pour_v water_n into_o the_o vessel_n which_o be_v do_v you_o shall_v see_v again_o in_o the_o former_a distance_n the_o money_n at_o the_o bottom_n from_o hence_o it_o follow_v that_o see_v no_o ray_n can_v direct_o come_v from_o the_o money_n to_o the_o eye_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o yet_o afterward_o the_o water_n be_v infuse_v 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refract_v r_o l_o who_o incident_a ray_n be_v s_o r_o and_o direct_v r_o m_z and_o therefore_o the_o star_n s_o appeareth_z high_a by_o reason_n of_o refraction_n than_o it_o be_v and_o in_o another_o place_n it_o appear_v high_a in_o the_o arch_n x_o g_o or_o in_o the_o angle_n r_o l_o g_o as_o if_o it_o be_v in_o x_o when_o indeed_o it_o be_v in_o s_o for_o this_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o refraction_n that_o the_o ray_n fall_v from_o a_o more_o rarify_v medium_n on_o a_o more_o thick_a as_o from_o the_o aether_n upon_o the_o air_n they_o become_v refract_v or_o decline_v towards_o the_o perpendicular_a draw_v through_o the_o point_n of_o incidency_n or_o fall_v into_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o incidency_n or_o medium_n for_o example_n the_o ray_n s_o f_o fall_v in_a from_o the_o aether_n on_o the_o air_n f_o be_v the_o point_n of_o the_o incidency_n t_o f_o the_o perpendicular_a draw_v through_o f_o to_o the_o superficies_n d_o r_o f_o p_o therefore_o the_o ray_n s_o f_o n_z shall_v be_v refract_v f_o t_n that_o of_o f_o n_z may_v be_v make_v f_o l._n so_o of_o r_o m_o be_v make_v r_o l_o but_o the_o contrary_n be_v when_o that_o the_o ray_n proceed_v from_o the_o water_n to_o the_o air_n for_o than_o they_o more_o recede_v from_o the_o perpendicular_a line_n draw_v last_o this_o also_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o refraction_n that_o the_o ray_n fall_v in_o perpendicular_o on_o the_o superficies_n of_o another_o medium_n be_v not_o refract_v but_o only_o those_o that_o fall_v oblique_o and_o not_o perpendicular_o and_o by_o so_o much_o they_o be_v the_o more_o refract_v by_o how_o much_o they_o fall_v in_o the_o less_o perpendicular_o or_o by_o how_o much_o the_o more_o they_o depart_v from_o the_o perpendicular_a so_o the_o ray_n s_o t_n f_o t_o h_o d_o t_o be_v not_o refract_v because_o that_o they_o be_v perpendicular_a on_o the_o superficies_n d_o r_o f_o p_o but_o the_o ray_n s_o f_o s_o r_o be_v refract_v because_o that_o they_o fall_v oblique_o and_o indeed_o s_n f_z more_o than_o s_n r._n from_o whence_o it_o follow_v which_o experience_n also_o testify_v that_o by_o how_o much_o the_o star_n be_v more_o near_o the_o horizon_n by_o so_o much_o the_o more_o they_o refract_v their_o ray_n by_o how_o much_o the_o high_a by_o so_o much_o the_o less_o and_o astronomer_n have_v observe_v that_o the_o refraction_n be_v insensible_a where_o the_o star_n have_v attain_v the_o altitude_n of_o 20_o degree_n not_o that_o there_o be_v no_o refraction_n but_o that_o it_o be_v very_o small_a and_o for_o many_o example_n the_o skilful_a in_o the_o optic_n and_o late_a mathematician_n have_v derive_v the_o rule_n of_o refraction_n of_o all_o ray_n fall_v in_o oblique_o viz._n that_o in_o every_o medium_n there_o be_v one_o constant_a account_n between_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n fall_v in_o and_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n refract_v to_o wit_n the_o angle_n n_z f_o t_n be_v term_v the_o angle_n of_o incidency_n l_o f_o t_o the_o angle_n refract_v n_z f_o l_o the_o angle_n of_o refraction_n and_o so_o in_o the_o refraction_n of_o the_o ray_n s_o r_o m._n therefore_o as_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o f_o n_z be_v to_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o f_o l_o the_o same_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o r_o m_o to_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o r_o l._n thence_o it_o follow_v that_o if_o from_o observation_n we_o have_v the_o quantity_n of_o refraction_n to_o the_o elevation_n of_o one_o ray_n we_o may_v thence_o know_v the_o quantity_n of_o the_o refraction_n of_o all_o other_o howsoever_o elevate_v proposition_n xxii_o the_o atmosphere_n or_o air_n cause_v the_o sun_n or_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o star_n to_o be_v see_v before_o that_o they_o arise_v in_o the_o horizon_n also_o to_o appear_v for_o some_o small_a space_n of_o time_n after_o that_o they_o have_v set_v also_o that_o they_o appear_v high_a than_o they_o be_v and_o in_o another_o place_n of_o the_o heaven_n as_o long_o as_o that_o they_o be_v no_o high_a than_o 20_o degree_n horizon_n the_o air_n cause_v the_o sun_n and_o star_n to_o be_v see_v before_o they_o arise_v in_o the_o horizon_n we_o have_v sufficient_o explain_v the_o cause_n in_o the_o precedent_a proposition_n only_o we_o shall_v add_v some_o experience_n or_o natural_a phaenomenon_n when_o that_o the_o dutch_a winter_v in_o nova_n zembla_n the_o sun_n appear_v to_o they_o soon_o by_o sixteen_o day_n than_o it_o be_v in_o the_o horizon_n that_o be_v when_o that_o it_o be_v as_o yet_o depress_v beneath_o the_o horizon_n about_o four_o degree_n and_o that_o in_o a_o serene_a air._n and_o famous_a astronomer_n have_v find_v it_o out_o with_o tycho_n brahe_n that_o in_o our_o place_n the_o morning-sky_n or_o air_n be_v serene_a we_o may_v behold_v the_o sun_n elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n 34_o minute_n when_o that_o as_o yet_o he_o be_v whole_o under_o the_o horizon_n yet_o so_o that_o his_o limbus_n or_o skirt_n do_v enlighten_v the_o horizon_n and_o the_o sun_n seem_v to_o arise_v when_o that_o as_o yet_o he_o be_v depress_v about_o 34_o minute_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n to_o wit_n the_o air_n of_o the_o place_n where_o we_o be_v be_v serene_a so_o the_o spica_fw-la virgin_n a_o bright_a star_n seem_v to_o rise_v to_o we_o when_o that_o yet_o he_o be_v depress_v 32_o minute_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n which_o be_v thence_o collect_v because_o be_v seem_v to_o arise_v when_o the_o cauda_fw-la leonis_fw-la be_v 34_o degree_n 30_o minute_n high_a and_o in_o the_o same_o quarter_n in_o which_o this_o star_n of_o the_o
the_o air_n than_o it_o will_v do_v without_o this_o refraction_n we_o shall_v anon_o allege_v a_o example_n of_o the_o appearancy_n of_o the_o sun_n proceed_v from_o refraction_n 4._o the_o full_a moon_n and_o near_o the_o full_a remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n for_o many_o day_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v depress_v beneath_o it_o viz._n for_o so_o many_o more_o day_n by_o how_o much_o that_o place_n be_v more_o near_o the_o pole_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o so_o high_o elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n as_o to_o cause_v any_o warmness_n but_o the_o full_a moon_n in_o those_o month_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n in_o a_o whole_a revolution_n the_o full_a moon_n be_v never_o above_o the_o horizon_n horizon_n the_o planet_n not_o always_o the_o same_o above_o horizon_n 5._o the_o fix_a star_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o always_o above_o the_o horizon_n but_o not_o the_o planet_n for_o saturn_n remain_v 15_o year_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o the_o place_n near_o the_o pole_n and_z 15_o beneath_o the_o same_o jupiter_n 6_o year_n beneath_o and_o 6_o above_o the_o same_o horizon_n mars_n 1_o year_n venus_n and_o mercury_n about_o half_a a_o year_n from_o this_o cause_n it_o be_v likely_a that_o there_o be_v great_a diversity_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o air_n and_o season_n in_o divers_a year_n 6._o the_o land_n in_o most_o place_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n be_v stony_a rocky_a and_o as_o hard_o as_o flint_n in_o few_o place_n chalky_a sulphureous_a and_o fat_a in_o these_o place_n there_o be_v a_o moderate_a fertility_n in_o the_o other_o a_o sterility_n 7._o those_o region_n be_v encompass_v with_o the_o sea_n but_o for_o the_o mediterranean_a we_o as_o yet_o have_v no_o certain_a account_n 8._o some_o of_o the_o region_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n have_v mountain_n of_o a_o moderate_a height_n but_o most_o want_v they_o run_v on_o a_o plain_a for_o a_o long_a space_n 9_o the_o cold_a wind_n there_o frequent_o blow_v from_o the_o polary_n plaga_fw-la seldom_o the_o east_n wind_n and_o least_o of_o all_o the_o west_n in_o the_o cold_a arctic_a plaga_fw-la the_o north_n wind_n rage_n in_o the_o antarctic_a the_o south_n 10._o cloud_n and_o rain_n frequent_o perplex_v these_o region_n from_o these_o cause_n it_o be_v not_o difficult_a to_o collect_v what_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o season_n in_o these_o region_n be_v for_o in_o the_o winter_n time_n when_o the_o sun_n rise_v not_o for_o whole_a day_n it_o can_v otherwise_o be_v but_o that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n thick_a cloud_n frost_n and_o cold_a must_v render_v the_o land_n uninhabitable_a they_o be_v not_o altogether_o deprive_v of_o light_n for_o that_o time_n for_o the_o moon_n be_v above_o the_o horizon_n for_o a_o long_a time_n give_v light_a and_o the_o twilight_n be_v daily_o afford_v from_o the_o sun_n to_o the_o vicine_fw-la horizon_n but_o the_o snow_n the_o stick_n close_o about_o the_o earth_n which_o can_v be_v discuss_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o therefore_o hinder_v the_o aspect_n of_o remote_a thing_n there_o be_v no_o fertility_n but_o all_o barren_a and_o uncultivated_a for_o that_o which_o some_o suppose_v by_o how_o much_o any_o region_n be_v near_a to_o the_o pole_n by_o so_o much_o less_o it_o feel_v the_o intenseness_n of_o the_o cold_a and_o the_o field_n be_v find_v more_o fertile_a seem_v not_o probable_a to_o i_o when_o neither_o in_o nova_n zembla_n which_o be_v distant_a 16_o degree_n from_o the_o pole_n nor_o in_o spitzbirga_n which_o be_v only_o 8_o degree_n distant_a such_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v find_v but_o a_o roughness_n and_o hardness_n and_o almost_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o summer_n snow_n or_o at_o least_o shower_n and_o very_o cold_a wind_n neither_o be_v their_o opinion_n help_v by_o one_o example_n observe_v by_o mariner_n in_o a_o certain_a region_n 9_o degree_n distant_a from_o the_o pole_n which_o most_o man_n suppose_v to_o be_v groenland_n for_o in_o this_o green_a grass_n be_v find_v and_o a_o air_n more_o warm_a than_o in_o nova_n zembla_n as_o be_v most_o certain_a the_o only_a animal_n peculiar_a to_o these_o northern_a region_n venison_n rhinoceros_n a_o kind_n of_o venison_n be_v the_o rhinoceros_n and_o this_o in_o the_o space_n of_o a_o month_n become_v exceed_o fat_a by_o feed_v on_o this_o grass_n nevertheless_o see_v that_o as_o yet_o not_o many_o region_n be_v hitherto_o find_v of_o this_o temperature_n in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n it_o be_v not_o expedient_a for_o we_o from_o this_o single_a example_n to_o make_v a_o general_a conjecture_n especial_o see_v that_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o peculiar_a constitution_n be_v manifest_a for_o that_o land_n be_v full_a of_o marsh_n and_o sedgey_a and_o the_o grass_n by_o which_o the_o rhinoceros_n or_o dear_a be_v tender_v so_o fat_a be_v not_o a_o kind_n of_o terrestrial_a grass_n but_o sedge_n and_o osier_n but_o other_o herb_n be_v not_o there_o find_v or_o any_o tree_n from_o whence_o we_o may_v gather_v that_o that_o land_n contain_v some_o fat_a and_o sulphureous_a substance_n which_o be_v mix_v which_o the_o water_n produce_v such_o a_o oil_n and_o fatten_v sedge_n but_o that_o the_o like_a earth_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n have_v not_o as_o yet_o be_v observe_v but_o rather_o the_o contrary_n therefore_o in_o the_o winter_n in_o these_o place_n be_v little_a light_n but_o a_o incredible_a and_o great_a violence_n of_o cold_a snow_n shower_n and_o polary_a wind_n and_o this_o winter_n begin_v in_o the_o northern_a frigid_a zone_n when_o the_o sun_n first_o enter_v capricorn_n although_o also_o the_o autumn_n the_o sun_n go_v from_o the_o 1_o degree_n of_o libra_n to_o the_o 1_o of_o capricorn_n be_v little_o different_a from_o this_o violent_a winter_n the_o spring_n indeed_o be_v less_o infest_a with_o this_o violence_n of_o the_o air_n yet_o it_o be_v without_o snow_n shower_n and_o cold_a polary_a wind_n yet_o the_o increase_n of_o heat_n in_o the_o day_n or_o rather_o the_o decrease_n of_o cold_a be_v discover_v at_o that_o time_n viz._n the_o sun_n go_v from_o the_o 1_o degree_n of_o aries_n to_o the_o 1_o of_o cancer_n and_o in_o this_o vernal_a season_n or_o in_o the_o latter_a day_n of_o it_o the_o sun_n continue_v above_o the_o horizon_n in_o entire_a revolution_n and_o therefore_o then_o there_o be_v discover_v a_o moderate_a heat_n which_o yet_o be_v not_o of_o that_o force_n as_o to_o melt_v and_o dissolve_v the_o snow_n of_o all_o those_o place_n into_o water_n much_o less_o be_v it_o able_a to_o melt_v the_o ice_n whence_o mariner_n report_v that_o here_o be_v to_o be_v find_v snow_n and_o ice_n of_o a_o perpetual_a duration_n then_o the_o summer_n shall_v be_v from_o the_o go_n of_o the_o sun_n from_o the_o 1_o degree_n of_o cancer_n to_o the_o 1_o of_o libra_n in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o which_o the_o sun_n yet_o remain_v for_o whole_a day_n above_o the_o horizon_n and_o augment_v the_o heat_n by_o some_o accession_n so_o that_o june_n july_n and_o august_n be_v month_n of_o a_o tolerable_a air._n in_o some_o place_n among_o the_o mountain_n the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v intense_a but_o the_o shower_n and_o cloud_n do_v much_o hinder_v this_o benignity_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o especial_o the_o most_o sharp_a northern_a wind_n unto_o which_o sometime_o snow_n be_v adjoin_v so_o that_o no_o fruit_n or_o corn_n can_v here_o arrive_v to_o any_o maturity_n except_o in_o some_o place_n near_o the_o arctic_a circle_n chap._n xxvii_o of_o the_o shadow_n which_o the_o body_n erect_v in_o the_o earth_n and_o illuminate_v by_o the_o sun_n do_v cast_v and_o of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n arise_v from_o thence_o see_v that_o the_o shadow_n in_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o the_o illuminate_v body_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v cast_v be_v carry_v into_o divers_a place_n and_o fall_v on_o the_o sense_n have_v much_o variety_n hence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o man_n who_o be_v ignorant_a of_o this_o cause_n be_v strike_v with_o a_o admiration_n and_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o earth_n divide_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o it_o be_v into_o three_o sort_n which_o division_n must_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o to_o its_o superficies_n so_o that_o they_o term_v some_o amphiscij_fw-la other_o heteroscij_fw-la and_o the_o rest_n periscij_fw-la the_o explication_n of_o which_o term_n see_v that_o they_o contain_v but_o small_a learning_n we_o shall_v say_v somewhat_o also_o concern_v shadow_n which_o although_o they_o do_v not_o pertain_v to_o geography_n yet_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o near_a affinity_n they_o may_v be_v propose_v in_o this_o chapter_n shadow_n of_o
gueye_v timocove_n etc._n etc._n who_o have_v in_o part_n take_v and_o receive_v the_o manner_n and_o barbarousness_n of_o the_o tartar_n their_o neighbour_n place_n its_o part_n and_o chief_a place_n cochin-china_n likewise_o be_v divide_v into_o chiampaa_n and_o cochin-china_n chiampaa_o between_o camboja_n and_o cochin-china_n regard_v the_o isle_n of_o sonde_n towards_o the_o south_n the_o philippines_n towards_o the_o east_n and_o touch_v on_o tunquin_n to_o the_o north._n it_o be_v principal_a city_n bear_v the_o same_o name_n according_a to_o most_o author_n but_o according_a to_o other_o pulocacein_o it_o have_v nothing_o which_o be_v not_o common_a to_o cochin-china_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v say_v no_o more_o cochin-china_n particular_o take_v be_v better_a know_v than_o all_o the_o neighbour_a country_n because_o it_o be_v whole_o upon_o the_o sea_n have_v 150_o league_n of_o coast_n and_o not_o above_o 40_o or_o 50_o in_o breadth_n between_o the_o mountain_n of_o kemois_n a_o barbarous_a people_n and_o the_o sea_n its_o province_n be_v descend_v from_o north_n to_o south_n sinuva_n cacciam_fw-la quangiva_fw-la quingin_n or_o pulacambis_n and_o ranran_n the_o two_o first_o touch_n upon_o tunquin_n the_o last_o touch_n on_o the_o kingdom_n of_o chiampaa_n the_o king_n make_v his_o ordinary_a residence_n in_o the_o province_n of_o sinuva_n or_o at_o cacciam_fw-la city_n of_o the_o same_o name_n with_o their_o province_n people_n it_o be_v fertility_n commodity_n temperature_n and_o people_n all_o the_o country_n be_v fertile_a abound_v in_o rice_n fruit_n and_o herb_n breed_v many_o fowl_n and_o beast_n and_o the_o sea_n excellent_a fish_n it_o produce_v cinnamon_n pepper_n lignum_fw-la aquilae_fw-la calamba_n and_o benjamin_n it_o be_v temperature_n be_v pleasant_a though_o under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n the_o air_n healthful_a and_o the_o soil_n so_o abundant_a in_o all_o thing_n that_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v no_o knowledge_n either_o of_o contagion_n or_o famine_n they_o have_v gold_n silver_n silk_n porcelain_n and_o divers_a other_o valuable_a commodity_n all_o sort_n of_o nation_n frequent_v its_o coast_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o goodness_n of_o its_o port_n and_o because_o its_o inhabitant_n be_v courteous_a liberal_a kind_a to_o stranger_n and_o faithful_a in_o their_o deal_n they_o be_v courageous_a and_o more_o warlike_a than_o those_o of_o tunquin_n or_o china_n handle_v all_o sort_n of_o arm_n with_o no_o small_a activity_n they_o be_v idolater_n christianity_n be_v introduce_v in_o 1620_o and_o begin_v to_o flourish_v but_o their_o king_n have_v of_o date_n very_o much_o persecute_v they_o among_o the_o particularity_n and_o rarity_n of_o the_o country_n we_o must_v place_v the_o lutt_n a_o inundation_n which_o in_o autumn_n cover_v with_o its_o water_n almost_o all_o the_o country_n it_o renew_v from_o 15_o to_o 15_o day_n remain_v only_o 3_o day_n at_o a_o time_n make_v the_o earth_n so_o fruitful_a that_o it_o bring_v forth_o its_o increase_n twice_o or_o thrice_o a_o year_n their_o saroyboura_a find_v several_a rarity_n here_o find_v or_o matter_n wherewith_o certain_a swallow_n make_v their_o nest_n which_o after_o those_o bird_n leave_v dry_a and_o harden_a they_o gather_v in_o great_a quantity_n which_o be_v steep_v and_o moisten_v in_o water_n serve_v for_o sauce_n to_o all_o sort_n of_o meat_n and_o as_o former_o manna_n communicate_v such_o a_o variety_n of_o taste_n that_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v compose_v of_o cinnamon_n clove_n pepper_n and_o other_o spice_n their_o lignum_fw-la aquilae_fw-la and_o calamba_n come_v from_o the_o same_o tree_n the_o first_o from_o the_o trunk_n of_o a_o young_a tree_n the_o last_o from_o the_o trunk_n of_o a_o old_a tree_n but_o this_o last_o be_v much_o more_o esteem_v than_o the_o other_o both_o for_o its_o odour_n and_o virtue_n a_o pound_n of_o it_o on_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v beat_v down_o be_v worth_a 5_o ducat_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o port_n 15_o or_o 16_o and_o if_o transport_v to_o japan_n 200._o if_o some_o piece_n be_v find_v to_o make_v a_o whole_a pillar_n it_o be_v worth_a 3_o or_o 400_o ducat_n the_o pound_n the_o lignum_fw-la aquilae_fw-la among_o other_o thing_n serve_v to_o burn_v the_o dead_a body_n of_o their_o king_n prince_n and_o priest_n burn_v wood_n as_o heavy_a as_o iron_n and_o which_o consume_v not_o except_o burn_v among_o the_o wood_n they_o use_v for_o building_n there_o be_v two_o sort_n which_o they_o call_v uncorruptible_a whether_o in_o water_n or_o earth_n their_o tree_n they_o call_v thin_n the_o wood_n of_o the_o one_o be_v near_o as_o black_a as_o ebony_n the_o other_o near_o the_o colour_n of_o yew_n both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o take_v out_o of_o the_o bark_n be_v smooth_a and_o glib_a so_o solid_a and_o weighty_a that_o it_o sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n and_o serve_v also_o for_o anchor_n for_o ship_n they_o make_v pillar_n on_o which_o they_o erect_v their_o building_n and_o before_o the_o time_n of_o the_o lutt_n they_o drive_v joist_n and_o plank_n between_o those_o column_n and_o with_o cane_n and_o reed_n accommodate_v divers_a apartment_n which_o they_o take_v away_o in_o the_o time_n of_o those_o inundation_n that_o the_o water_n may_v run_v the_o free_a tunqvin_n the_o kingdom_n of_o tunqvin_n be_v part_n on_o the_o sea_n and_o part_n on_o the_o main_a land_n situation_n the_o kingdom_n of_o tunquin_n its_o bound_n extent_n and_o situation_n it_o bound_n on_o the_o sea_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o gulf_n of_o cochin-china_n there_o where_o it_o divide_v china_n from_o cochin-china_n and_o have_v about_o 150_o league_n of_o coast_n on_o the_o land_n it_o extend_v itself_o from_o the_o seventeen_o degree_n of_o latitude_n on_o this_o side_n the_o equator_fw-la unto_o the_o twenty_o three_o which_o be_v likewise_o 150_o league_n from_o north_n to_o south_n its_o breadth_n be_v only_o about_o 100_o league_n from_o east_n to_o west_n part_n its_o part_n this_o kingdom_n contain_v seven_o province_n of_o which_o the_o three_o most_o southern_o be_v bochin_n gehan_n and_o tinhoa_n the_o four_o most_o northern_o be_v beramar_n kedom_n kenam_n and_o kethay_n bochin_n touch_v on_o cochin-china_n and_o the_o two_o other_o advance_v along_o the_o gulf_n towards_o the_o north_n among_o the_o four_o last_o beramar_n and_o kedun_n be_v towards_o china_n kenan_n and_o kethay_n towards_o the_o people_n lay_v powerful_a the_o king_n very_o powerful_a the_o king_n of_o tunquin_n ordinary_o entertain_v a_o militia_n of_o 50000_o man_n take_v from_o the_o three_o southern_o province_n and_o pay_v by_o the_o four_o northern_a because_o these_o last_o late_o revolt_v and_o the_o other_o remain_v in_o obedience_n place_n it_o be_v chief_a place_n kecchio_n be_v the_o chief_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n where_o the_o king_n ordinary_o reside_v it_o be_v not_o above_o twenty_o mile_n in_o circuit_n but_o have_v a_o million_o of_o inhabitant_n some_o author_n will_v have_v it_o call_v tunquin_n that_o be_v the_o court_n of_o the_o west_n and_o that_o the_o kingdom_n take_v its_o name_n from_o it_o the_o land_n have_v beautiful_a plain_n and_o water_v with_o many_o great_a river_n which_o with_o the_o rain_n and_o melt_a of_o the_o snow_n which_o descend_v from_o the_o mountain_n that_o separate_v it_o from_o the_o lay_n the_o kingdom_n of_o ciocangue_n china_n and_o cochin-china_n make_v it_o fruitful_a by_o their_o inundation_n render_v it_o better_o and_o more_o abundant_a than_o cochin-china_n yet_o have_v it_o neither_o corn_n vines_n nor_o olive_n tree_n commodity_n it_o be_v fertiliy_v and_o commodity_n but_o they_o gather_v rice_n twice_o a_o year_n of_o which_o they_o make_v bread_n they_o fetch_v in_o wine_n and_o instead_o of_o oil_n make_v use_v of_o the_o matter_n take_v from_o swallow_n nest_n of_o which_o they_o have_v no_o less_o quantity_n than_o cochin-china_n they_o have_v neither_o ass_n nor_o sheep_n but_o many_o horse_n elephant_n and_o rhinocerote_n who_o flesh_n skin_n bone_n tooth_n nail_n and_o horn_n serve_v for_o antidote_n against_o poison_n they_o have_v so_o much_o pullain_n pigeon_n turtle_n and_o other_o fowl_n that_o they_o give_v they_o almost_o for_o nothing_o among_o their_o fruit_n they_o have_v fair_a pomegranate_n which_o beyond_o the_o ordinary_a excellency_n of_o that_o fruit_n have_v here_o a_o particular_a and_o delightful_a juice_n for_o fish_n they_o make_v account_n that_o in_o the_o season_n there_o daily_o go_v 10000_o bark_n out_o of_o their_o port_n to_o fish_n christianity_n they_o embrace_v christianity_n the_o catholic_n religion_n be_v so_o introduce_v here_o some_o year_n past_a that_o there_o be_v esteem_v to_o be_v more_o than_o 200000_o christen_v soul_n 200_o great_a church_n and_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o chapel_n and_o oratory_n there_o have_v since_o happen_v divers_a change_n in_o these_o kingdom_n the_o portugal_n have_v several_a
the_o fire_n it_o be_v sap_n infuse_v in_o water_n heat_v and_o take_v lukewarm_a purge_v phlegm_n and_o cure_v venerial_a distemper_n fruit_n their_o fruit_n among_o their_o fruit_n they_o have_v damson_n twice_o as_o big_a as_o we_o mirabolan_n of_o many_o kind_n anana_n citron_n orange_n pomegranate_n grape_n date_n coco-nut_n etc._n etc._n they_o gather_v maniguet_n ginger_n and_o divers_a root_n which_o they_o eat_v instead_o of_o bread_n and_o which_o serve_v for_o divers_a other_o use_n they_o have_v quantity_n of_o rice_n millet_n bean_n pease_n french-bean_n both_o red_a white_z green_a and_o all_o sort_n of_o pulse_n the_o sensitive_a herb_n be_v find_v among_o the_o tapates_n who_o leaf_n touch_v they_o all_o close_a and_o shut_v up_o one_o within_o anothen_fw-ge hang_v towards_o the_o ground_n and_o not_o raise_v up_o nor_o open_v themselves_o again_o till_o a_o good_a while_n after_o and_o that_o by_o little_a and_o little_a place_n it_o be_v chief_a place_n the_o isle_n have_v many_o good_a road_n and_o commodious_a port_n and_o every_o where_o be_v find_v good_a water_n and_o victual_n but_o the_o air_n be_v unhealthful_a to_o the_o european_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a heat_n which_o here_o reign_v it_o lie_v under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n yet_o the_o french_a have_v establish_v a_o colony_n sometime_o in_o one_o place_n and_o sometime_o in_o another_o the_o bay_n of_o anton-gil_n or_o of_o st._n anthony_n be_v the_o best_a in_o all_o the_o island_n on_o the_o same_o coast_n and_o far_o towards_o the_o north_n be_v boamarage_v more_o towards_o the_o south_n arganda_fw-la and_o continue_v cacambout_o manialoufe_v manajara_n or_o the_o port_n of_o prune_n matatane_n manapate_n or_o the_o port_n of_o galleon_n manatenga_n andâ—â—boul_n romag_n near_o the_o port_n st._n case_n and_o antipere_fw-la or_o sancta_fw-la clara_n near_o cape_n st._n romain_n all_o these_o place_n or_o port_n be_v build_v with_o wood_n cover_v with_o leave_n and_o enclose_v with_o pallisadoe_n as_o throughout_o all_o the_o isle_n on_o the_o other_o side_n towards_o the_o west_n and_o direct_o opposite_a to_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n be_v vingagora_n st._n andreâ—â—â—_n the_o bay_n of_o pracel_n st._n vincent_n st._n james_n the_o port_n or_o gulf_n of_o st._n augustine_n the_o best_a next_o to_o antongil_n tombaja_n etc._n etc._n the_o middle_n of_o the_o isle_n rise_v into_o mountain_n cover_v with_o wood_n where_o be_v ebony_n saunders_n orange-tree_n citron-tree_n etc._n etc._n describe_v the_o isle_n of_o sancta_fw-la mary_n describe_v about_o madagascar_n be_v a_o great_a many_o of_o isle_n as_o that_o of_o sancta_fw-la mary_n near_o the_o bay_n of_o anton-gil_n about_o ten_o or_o twelve_o league_n in_o circuit_n be_v fair_a and_o fertile_a afford_v store_n of_o provision_n and_o potter_n earth_n and_o their_o sea_n quantity_n of_o whale_n which_o they_o catch_v by_o dart_v on_o they_o a_o certain_a iron_n fix_v to_o the_o end_n of_o a_o cord_n which_o when_o they_o have_v tire_v themselves_o they_o make_v to_o the_o shore_n and_o of_o these_o whale_n they_o make_v oil_n with_o which_o as_o also_o with_o their_o provision_n and_o potter_n earth_n they_o drive_v a_o trade_n describe_v the_o isle_n of_o comeres_fw-la describe_v the_o isle_n of_o comeres_fw-la be_v five_o principal_a one_o as_o st._n christopher_n st._n esprit_fw-fr loura_n comera_n and_o gasidsa_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o last_o be_v perfidious_a the_o other_o more_o civil_a and_o under_o one_o king_n alone_o who_o reside_v at_o ansuvanny_n where_o there_o be_v some_o trade_n the_o most_o part_n be_v mahometan_n the_o soil_n be_v pleasant_a and_o fertile_a because_o of_o the_o river_n which_o descend_v from_o the_o mountain_n and_o water_v their_o field_n they_o have_v all_o sort_n of_o bird_n they_o have_v no_o iron_n they_o fetch_v from_o madagascar_n rice_n millet_n ambergris_n and_o slave_n which_o they_o transport_v into_o arabia_n and_o the_o red_a sea_n from_o whence_o they_o bring_v stuff_n and_o indian_a habit_n amfium_n or_o opium_n in_o 1613._o the_o hollander_n tauch_v on_o this_o island_n and_o receive_v great_a refreshment_n it_o be_v observe_v that_o for_o a_o choir_n of_o common_a paper_n they_o have_v a_o ox_n for_o a_o common_a looking-glass_n another_o for_o a_o dozen_o of_o little_a bell_n which_o they_o fasten_v to_o hawk_n leg_n another_o for_o a_o bar_n of_o iron_n three_o ox_n etc._n etc._n describe_v the_o isle_n of_o maurico_n describe_v the_o isle_n maurice_n or_o sancta_fw-la appollina_n between_o 19_o and_o 20_o degree_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v inhabit_v before_o the_o hollander_n establish_v a_o colony_n it_o be_v about_o 15_o league_n in_o compass_n mandelslo_n say_v that_o this_o island_n have_v a_o good_a haven_n both_o deep_a and_o large_a enough_o for_o fifty_o say_a of_o great_a ship_n to_o harbour_v in_o which_o make_v it_o to_o be_v very_o pleasant_a have_v many_o mountain_n which_o be_v well_o clothe_v with_o tree_n and_o always_o green_a among_o which_o some_o be_v so_o lofty_a that_o they_o seem_v to_o overtop_v the_o cloud_n and_o its_o valley_n as_o pleasant_a and_o green_a and_o adorn_v with_o several_a sort_n of_o tree_n as_o well_o those_o that_o bear_v fruit_n as_o cocoe_n date_n orange_n citron_n etc._n etc._n as_o those_o which_o yield_v none_o as_o great_a quantity_n of_o excellent_a ebony_n and_o other_o tree_n some_o of_o who_o wood_n be_v yellow_a other_o red_a other_o mix_v and_o all_o with_o fair_a and_o lively_a colour_n the_o leave_n of_o their_o palm-tree_n be_v large_a enough_o to_o cover_v a_o man_n the_o bird_n be_v here_o so_o tame_a that_o they_o suffer_v themselves_o to_o be_v take_v with_o the_o hand_n or_o kill_v with_o a_o stick_n they_o have_v tortoise_n strong_a enough_o to_o bear_v a_o man_n but_o fourfooted_a beast_n they_o have_v none_o beside_o these_o isle_n aforesaid_a there_o be_v several_a other_o which_o be_v seat_v about_o the_o isle_n of_o madagascar_n as_o two_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o deigosoare_n two_o by_o the_o name_n of_o nunni_n pereirae_fw-la three_o by_o the_o name_n of_o diego_fw-es roix_n four_o by_o sancta_fw-la clara_n two_o by_o st._n romanus_n three_o by_o st._n julianus_n three_o by_o st._n jacobus_n nine_o by_o st._n vincent_n three_o by_o st._n christopher_n three_o by_o comora_n and_o eight_o by_o the_o name_n of_o bugi_n also_o the_o isle_n of_o boamarage_n st._n anthony_n st._n maria_n radix_fw-la mascarenhae_fw-la johannis_n de_fw-fr lisboa_n syrtium_fw-la and_o mosambicha-nova_n with_o some_o other_o shipwreck_n the_o bank_n of_o india_n very_o dangerous_a for_o shipwreck_n between_o the_o isle_n of_o madagascar_n and_o the_o main_a land_n about_o 70_o league_n from_o the_o isle_n 100_o from_o cefala_n and_o 150_o from_o mozambique_n be_v the_o bank_n of_o india_n infamous_a for_o shipwreck_n and_o particular_o for_o that_o of_o the_o admiral_n fernando_n mendoza_n in_o 1586._o the_o bank_n and_o rock_n be_v of_o sharp_a stone_n and_o with_o divers_a point_n like_v to_o coral_n some_o black_a other_o white_z other_o green_z but_o all_o horrible_a even_o to_o behold_v there_o rest_v a_o great_a number_n of_o island_n to_o the_o north_n and_o east_n and_o between_o the_o north_n and_o east_n of_o madagascar_n and_o among_o these_o isle_n many_o bank_n and_o rock_n we_o will_v omit_v a_o particular_a description_n of_o they_o as_o unnecessary_a and_o only_o say_v that_o the_o french_a have_v often_o design_v to_o establish_v a_o powerful_a colony_n in_o the_o country_n encourage_v by_o its_o commodity_n and_o the_o great_a commerce_n it_o be_v like_a to_o maintain_v the_o isle_n of_o cape_n verde_n viz._n the_o isle_n of_o cape_n verde_n describe_v viz._n one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o league_n from_o cape_n verde_n and_o towards_o the_o west_n be_v a_o body_n of_o island_n which_o extend_v themselves_o from_o 13_o ½_n unto_o the_o 19_o degree_n of_o latitude_n and_o from_o 153_o ½_n unto_o 157_o or_o thereabouts_o of_o longitude_n they_o be_v call_v in_o general_a the_o isle_n of_o cape_n verde_n because_o that_o cape_n be_v the_o near_a main_a land_n to_o they_o among_o these_o isle_n there_o be_v 10_o in_o some_o consideration_n though_o a_o part_n of_o they_o not_o inhabit_v they_o be_v range_v almost_o in_o form_n of_o a_o crescent_n or_o semicircle_n of_o which_o the_o convex_a part_n regard_v the_o continent_n and_o the_o two_o point_n the_o ocean_n that_o which_o make_v the_o point_n towards_o north_n and_o west_n be_v that_o of_o st._n antonio_n which_o those_o of_o st._n vincent_n st._n nicholas_n and_o sancta_fw-la lucia_n follow_v advancing_z between_o east_n and_o south_n then_o those_o of_o salt_n bona_n vista_n and_o maya_n descend_v from_o north_n to_o south_n and_o be_v the_o most_o easterly_a of_o all_o those_o of_o st._n jago_n of_o fuego_n and_o brava_n the_o most_o southern_a return_v from_o east_n to_o
fifteen_o or_o sixteen_o league_n where_o with_o a_o great_a declension_n it_o strike_v against_o some_o traverse_n other_o divide_v its_o water_n into_o many_o branch_n reassembles_a they_o and_o after_o have_v be_v so_o long_o in_o foam_n and_o froth_n disengage_v from_o these_o rock_n it_o repass_n but_o in_o every_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n once_o only_o be_v hear_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o river_n a_o certain_a lowing_n which_o raise_v up_o the_o water_n but_o which_o endure_v but_o for_o a_o moment_n and_o the_o river_n retake_v its_o ordinary_a course_n which_o be_v navigable_a above_o and_o below_o the_o cataract_n describe_v the_o province_n of_o urvaig_n with_o its_o chief_a place_n describe_v the_o province_n of_o vrvaig_n be_v on_o the_o sea_n and_o between_o brazile_n and_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o paraguay_n it_o take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n of_o vrvaig_n that_o be_v of_o snail_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o prodigious_a quantity_n here_o find_v its_o habitation_n be_v la_fw-fr conception_n there_o where_o the_o vrvaig_n fall_v into_o the_o paraguay_n st._n nicholas_n on_o the_o river_n piration_n st._n francis_n xavier_n up_o within_o land_n and_o likewise_o on_o the_o vrvaig_n ibicuit_fw-la or_o the_o visitation_n on_o the_o paraguay_n and_o almost_o direct_o opposite_a to_o buenos_n ayres_n on_o the_o other_o side_n but_o there_o have_v be_v no_o relation_n of_o these_o part_n since_o those_o of_o 1626._o and_o 1627._o which_o be_v print_v in_o 1636_o in_o antwerp_n and_o in_o 1637_o in_o france_n if_o these_o people_n have_v since_o incline_v themselves_o to_o christianity_n as_o those_o relation_n say_v they_o have_v begin_v to_o do_v no_o doubt_n but_o they_o be_v by_o this_o time_n all_o or_o the_o great_a part_n christian_n the_o magellanick_n land_n and_o island_n bound_v the_o magellanick-land_n bound_v south_n of_o chili_n tucaman_n and_o rio_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr plata_fw-la lie_v a_o great_a region_n and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o isle_n which_o we_o pass_v under_o the_o name_n of_o the_o magellanick_n they_o make_v together_o the_o last_o and_o most_o southern_a part_n of_o america_n meridionalis_fw-la wash_v on_o the_o east_n by_o the_o mere_n del_fw-it nort_n on_o the_o west_n by_o the_o mere_n del_fw-it shall_fw-mi or_o the_o pacifique-sea_n on_o the_o south_n by_o the_o magellanick-sea_n which_o may_v in_o general_n be_v extend_v over_o all_o the_o coast_n of_o these_o magellanick-land_n and_o island_n portugal_n the_o straight_a of_o magellan_n first_o discover_v by_o magellan_n the_o portugal_n the_o straight_a of_o magellan_n only_o former_o render_v all_o these_o quarter_n famous_a because_o that_o the_o people_n of_o europe_n and_o particular_o the_o castilian_n seek_v a_o passage_n other_o then_o that_o of_o the_o cape_n of_o good-hope_a to_o go_v to_o the_o moluccoe_n and_o east-indies_n magellan_n a_o portugal_n gentleman_n but_o in_o the_o name_n and_o service_n of_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n for_o some_o discontent_n he_o have_v receive_v in_o the_o payment_n of_o his_o wage_n in_o portugal_n be_v the_o first_o that_o find_v this_o straight_a at_o the_o extremity_n of_o america_n meridionalis_fw-la and_o who_o pass_v from_o mer_n deal_v nor_o unto_o that_o del_fw-it shall_fw-mi between_o the_o 21_o of_o october_n and_o the_o 27_o or_o 28_o of_o november_n in_o the_o year_n 1520_o give_v mean_n not_o only_o to_o the_o castilian_n to_o pretend_v the_o discovery_n of_o the_o molucco_n by_o the_o west_n against_o the_o portugal_n who_o boast_v to_o have_v first_o discover_v they_o by_o the_o east_n but_o likewise_o show_v a_o way_n to_o make_v the_o whole_a circuit_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n which_o certain_o have_v never_o before_o be_v do_v the_o two_o open_n of_o our_o straight_a as_o well_o towards_o we_o and_o the_o mere_n del_fw-it nort_n as_o on_o the_o other_o side_n and_o towards_o the_o mere_n del_fw-it shall_fw-mi be_v between_o the_o 52_o and_o 53_o degree_n of_o latitude_n the_o middle_n descend_v unto_o the_o 54._o and_o the_o two_o cape_n of_o the_o first_o open_v be_v that_o of_o the_o virgin_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o on_o the_o continent_n and_o that_o of_o st._n severin_n or_o of_o st._n espritt_n on_o the_o left_a and_o in_o the_o magellanick_n isle_n or_o terra_fw-la del_fw-it fogo_n the_o two_o cape_n which_o end_v the_o other_o open_v be_v cape_n victory_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o cape_n desire_v on_o the_o left_a straight_a the_o length_n &_o breadth_n of_o this_o straight_a the_o length_n of_o this_o straight_a be_v near_o two_o hundred_o league_n its_o breadth_n only_o two_o three_o six_o ten_o league_n and_o sometime_o more_o incommodious_a for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v subject_a to_o whirlpool_n the_o wave_n of_o the_o mere_n del_fw-it shall_fw-mi predominate_v for_o fifty_o and_o odd_a league_n the_o rest_n be_v beat_v on_o by_o those_o of_o the_o mere_n del_fw-it nort_n and_o it_o be_v observe_v that_o so_o long_o as_o the_o mere_n del_fw-it shall_fw-mi predominate_v the_o straight_a be_v lock_v between_o very_o high_a mountain_n and_o rock_n always_o cover_v with_o snow_n and_o which_o seem_v to_o touch_v on_o the_o other_o which_o make_v the_o approach_n difficult_a on_o this_o side_n and_o withal_o the_o sea_n be_v exceed_o deep_a the_o bottom_n of_o that_o which_o be_v beat_v by_o the_o mere_n del_fw-it nort_n be_v easy_o find_v and_o the_o field_n and_o valley_n according_a to_o the_o season_n be_v very_o pleasant_a both_o on_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o side_n and_o moreover_o here_o the_o straight_a much_o enlarge_n itself_o and_o have_v store_n of_o commodious_a port_n and_o road_n not_o fast_o distant_a from_o one_o another_o where_o the_o water_n likewise_o be_v good_a and_o the_o wood_n which_o be_v find_v in_o the_o mountain_n above_o the_o coast_n have_v something_o of_o cinnamon_n and_o be_v put_v in_o the_o fire_n render_v a_o agreeable_a odour_n 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knowledge_n and_o make_v report_n in_o spain_n of_o all_o the_o coast_n harbour_n anchorage_n and_o particular_o of_o place_n where_o fort_n may_v be_v build_v and_o colony_n establish_v in_o this_o straight_a this_o report_n make_v in_o spain_n dom._n diego_n de_fw-fr valdes_n be_v send_v with_o twenty_o three_o vessel_n and_o twenty_o five_o hundred_o man_n but_o this_o voyage_n be_v likewise_o unhappy_a for_o seven_o or_o eight_o ship_n with_o about_o seven_o or_o eight_o hundred_o man_n be_v lose_v almost_o in_o sight_n of_o spain_n also_o some_o other_o of_o his_o ship_n with_o about_o three_o or_o four_o hundred_o man_n likewise_o perish_v during_o the_o voyage_n and_o valdes_n return_v into_o spain_n with_o seven_o or_o eight_o of_o his_o ship_n sarmento_n with_o four_o remain_v be_v at_o this_o straight_a build_v nombre_n de_fw-fr jesus_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o straight_a and_o leave_v there_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o man_n and_o
of_o which_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o the_o mutation_n of_o the_o height_n of_o the_o sea_n avail_v much_o sometime_o in_o this_o and_o sometime_o in_o that_o part_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o flood_n wave_n or_o tempest_n for_o the_o water_n be_v make_v high_o more_o press_v the_o water_n and_o promote_v its_o ingress_n through_o the_o earth_n to_o the_o spring_n and_o see_v that_o every_o day_n the_o altitude_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v augment_v and_o diminish_v in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n not_o only_o by_o storm_n but_o also_o by_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n therefore_o such_o a_o pressure_n happen_v every_o day_n but_o i_o question_v whether_o this_o cause_n can_v effect_v much_o answer_v the_o three_o argument_n answer_v unto_o the_o three_o argument_n i_o say_v that_o the_o reason_n be_v the_o disposition_n of_o the_o place_n and_o of_o the_o earth_n itself_o and_o as_o i_o say_v that_o the_o humour_n be_v move_v and_o glide_v towards_o that_o part_n where_o the_o flux_n 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from_o spring_n and_o partly_o from_o rain_n and_o snow_n proposition_n vi_o certain_a river_n hide_v themselves_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o passage_n under_o the_o earth_n and_o in_o another_o place_n rise_v up_o again_o as_o if_o they_o be_v new_a river_n again_o of_o river_n which_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o passage_n hide_v themselves_o under_o the_o earth_n and_o rise_v again_o the_o most_o celebrate_a of_o they_o be_v 1._o the_o river_n niger_n which_o meet_v the_o mountain_n of_o nubia_n be_v observe_v under_o they_o and_o come_v forth_o again_o from_o the_o other_o occidental_a quarter_n 2._o tigris_n have_v pass_v the_o lake_n arethusa_n meet_v the_o mountain_n taurus_n be_v hide_v in_o a_o cave_n and_o flow_v out_o on_o the_o other_o side_n then_o when_o it_o have_v pass_v the_o lake_n thospite_v it_o be_v again_o obscure_v in_o subterranean_a cavern_n and_o then_o after_o it_o have_v thus_o run_v the_o space_n of_o about_o six_o german_a mile_n it_o break_v forth_o again_o 3._o about_o arcadia_n in_o peloponnesus_n many_o such_o riveret_n be_v to_o be_v find_v as_o aristotle_n write_v in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o meteor_n chapter_n eleven_o 4._o alpheus_n a_o river_n of_o achaia_n be_v absorb_v by_o the_o earth_n the_o grecian_n write_v that_o it_o keep_v its_o course_n under_o the_o sea_n and_o beneath_o the_o earth_n even_o unto_o sicilia_n where_o they_o will_v have_v it_o to_o emerge_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o syracuse_n and_o to_o be_v that_o river_n that_o be_v call_v arethusa_n in_o sicilia_n now_o this_o they_o especial_o collect_v from_o this_o viz._n that_o arethusa_n in_o sicilia_n every_o five_o summer_n cast_v up_o the_o dung_n of_o those_o beast_n at_o that_o time_n when_o the_o olympian_a game_n be_v celebrate_v and_o the_o dung_n and_o garbage_n of_o the_o slay_a victim_n be_v cast_v into_o alpheus_n therefore_o be_v carry_v with_o a_o direct_a current_n they_o be_v cast_v up_o in_o sicilia_n 5._o the_o river_n guadiana_n between_o portugal_n and_o biscay_n in_o time_n past_o call_v anas_n whole_o obscure_v itself_o at_o medelina_n and_o about_o 8_o german_a mile_n further_a discover_v itself_o again_o 6._o dan_o which_o flow_v with_o the_o river_n jor_n make_v jordan_n break_v forth_o some_o mile_n from_o its_o fountain_n phiala_n straw_n or_o rush_n be_v cast_v into_o the_o same_o be_v find_v and_o discover_v in_o the_o fountain_n or_o proruption_n of_o the_o river_n dan._n the_o reason_n why_o these_o river_n hide_v themselves_o under_o the_o earth_n and_o again_o emerge_n be_v 1._o the_o obstacle_n of_o a_o more_o elevate_a place_n than_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o river_n 2._o either_o perchance_o some_o cavity_n exist_v in_o the_o earth_n or_o some_o inconstant_a matter_n which_o easy_o give_v place_n to_o the_o glide_a river_n there_o be_v also_o other_o river_n which_o hide_v themselves_o under_o the_o earth_n but_o do_v not_o again_o emerge_n as_o we_o shall_v show_v in_o the_o follow_a 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