i_o shall_v content_v myself_o to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o obvious_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o cold_a that_o in_o river_n pond_n and_o other_o receptacle_n of_o water_n the_o congelation_n begin_v at_o the_o top_n where_o the_o liquor_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o immediate_a contact_n of_o the_o air_n which_o sufficient_o argue_v that_o the_o air_n be_v cold_a than_o the_o water_n since_o it_o be_v able_a not_o only_o sensible_o to_o refrigerate_v it_o but_o to_o deprive_v it_o of_o its_o fluidity_n and_o congeal_v it_o into_o ice_n whereas_o if_o the_o water_n itself_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la either_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v at_o least_o as_o to_o the_o major_a part_n of_o it_o always_o congeal_v or_o we_o may_v just_o demand_v a_o reason_n why_o when_o it_o do_v freeze_v the_o glaciation_n shall_v not_o begin_v in_o the_o middle_n or_o at_o the_o bottom_n as_o soon_o as_o at_o the_o top_n if_o not_o soon_o and_o our_o argument_n against_o the_o precedency_n 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prove_v that_o those_o thick_a mass_n of_o ice_n be_v not_o solid_a and_o entire_a piece_n but_o rather_o heap_n of_o many_o 〈◊〉_d and_o other_o fragment_n of_o ice_n which_o run_v upon_o one_o another_o or_o slide_v under_o one_o another_o be_v by_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o intercept_a water_n and_o perchance_o half_o thaw_v snow_n as_o it_o be_v cement_v together_o into_o misshapen_v and_o unwieldy_a mass_n which_o conjecture_n agree_v very_o well_o with_o that_o observation_n of_o the_o ingenious_a captain_n james_n which_o he_o deliver_v in_o these_o word_n it_o seldom_o rain_v after_o the_o middle_n of_o september_n but_o snow_n and_o that_o snow_n will_v not_o melt_v on_o the_o land_n nor_o sand_n at_o low_a water_n when_o it_o snow_v which_o it_o do_v very_o often_o the_o sand_n be_v all_o cover_v over_o with_o it_o which_o the_o half_a tide_n carry_v 〈◊〉_d ous_o twice_o in_o twenty_o four_o hour_n into_o the_o great_a bay_n which_o be_v the_o common_a rendezvous_n of_o it_o every_o low_a water_n be_v the_o sand_n leave_v clear_a to_o gather_v more_o to_o the_o increase_n of_o it_o thus_o do_v it_o daily_o gather_v in_o this_o manner_n till_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o octob._n and_o by_o that_o time_n have_v it_o bring_v the_o sea_n to_o that_o coldness_n that_o as_o it_o snow_v the_o snow_n will_v lie_v upon_o the_o water_n in_o flake_n without_o change_v its_o colour_n but_o with_o the_o wind_n be_v wrought_v together_o and_o as_o the_o winter_n go_v forward_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o it_o two_o or_o three_o inch_n or_o more_o in_o one_o night_n which_o be_v carry_v with_o the_o half_a tide_n meet_v with_o some_o obstacle_n as_o it_o soon_o do_v and_o then_o it_o crumple_v and_o so_o run_v upon_o itself_o that_o in_o few_o hour_n it_o will_v be_v five_o or_o six_o foot_n thick_a the_o half_a tide_n still_o flow_v carry_v it_o so_o fast_o away_o that_o by_o december_n it_o be_v grow_v to_o a_o infinite_a multiplication_n of_o ice_n thus_o far_o this_o navigator_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v another_o passage_n out_o of_o one_o of_o his_o countryman_n mr._n hudson_n famous_a for_o the_o northern_a discovery_n that_o bear_v his_o name_n by_o which_o add_v to_o what_o have_v be_v elsewhere_o deliver_v to_o the_o same_o purpose_n we_o may_v be_v invite_v to_o believe_v that_o the_o vast_a hill_n and_o island_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o about_o the_o strait_o of_o weigat_n and_o elsewhere_o be_v not_o generate_v of_o the_o sea_n itself_o 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v no_o marvel_n say_v he_o that_o there_o be_v so_o much_o ice_n in_o the_o sea_n towards_o the_o pole_n so_o many_o sound_v and_o river_n be_v in_o the_o land_n of_o nova_n zembla_n and_o newland_n to_o engender_v it_o beside_o the_o coast_n of_o pechora_n russia_n and_o greenland_n with_o lappia_n as_o by_o proof_n i_o find_v by_o my_o travel_n in_o these_o part_n 15._o but_o for_o all_o this_o i_o think_v not_o fit_a as_o do_v the_o ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o to_o make_v the_o water_n indifferent_a as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a for_o as_o i_o former_o note_v concern_v the_o earth_n so_o i_o must_v now_o represent_v touch_v the_o water_n that_o set_v aside_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v but_o adventitious_a where_o it_o do_v operate_v and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d many_o vast_a portion_n of_o that_o element_n which_o it_o 〈◊〉_d not_o 〈◊〉_d reach_v the_o insensible_a part_n of_o water_n be_v much_o less_o agitate_a than_o those_o of_o our_o sensory_n temperate_o dispose_v and_o consequent_o may_v in_o regard_n of_o we_o be_v judge_v cold_a for_o though_o water_n be_v a_o liquor_n i_o ready_o allow_v it_o a_o various_a motion_n of_o its_o component_a corpuscle_n that_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v a_o body_n fluid_fw-la yet_o such_o a_o agitation_n which_o be_v sufficient_a for_o fluidity_n may_v be_v and_o often_o be_v far_o more_o remiss_a then_o that_o of_o the_o spirit_n blood_n and_o other_o liquor_n of_o so_o hot_a a_o sanguineous_a animal_n as_o man_n as_o we_o see_v that_o urine_n though_o after_o it_o have_v be_v long_o omit_v it_o continue_v a_o fluid_a body_n yet_o its_o part_n be_v far_o less_o agitate_a than_o they_o be_v when_o it_o come_v hot_a and_o reek_v out_o of_o the_o bladder_n 16._o and_o upon_o this_o occasion_n i_o shall_v add_v what_o by_o inquiry_n i_o have_v learn_v that_o except_o the_o part_n somewhat_o near_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n which_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o neighbour_a lower_v region_n of_o the_o air_n may_v give_v some_o warmth_n to_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v very_o cold_a for_o be_v very_o well_o acquaint_v with_o one_o that_o for_o some_o time_n get_v a_o livelihood_n by_o go_v down_o into_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o fetch_v up_o what_o can_v be_v recover_v out_o of_o shipwrack_a vessel_n i_o purposely_o inquire_v of_o he_o what_o cold_a he_o feel_v under_o water_n and_o he_o more_o than_o once_o tell_v i_o that_o though_o near_a the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n the_o cold_a be_v very_o moderate_a yet_o when_o he_o be_v necessitate_v to_o descend_v a_o great_a depth_n he_o find_v it_o so_o great_a that_o he_o can_v not_o very_o long_o support_v it_o and_o particular_o he_o tell_v i_o that_o have_v occasion_n to_o descend_v about_o twelve_o or_o fourteen_o fathom_n deep_a which_o be_v nothing_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o many_o sea_n to_o fasten_v rope_n to_o the_o ordinance_n of_o a_o great_a ship_n that_o be_v some_o year_n since_o cast_v away_o near_o the_o coast_n of_o one_o of_o the_o northern_a country_n though_o the_o engine_n that_o be_v let_v down_o
with_o he_o supply_v he_o so_o well_o with_o air_n that_o he_o be_v not_o incommodate_v in_o point_n of_o respiration_n and_o though_o he_o feel_v no_o other_o inconvenience_n that_o may_v dissuade_v his_o tarry_n long_a yet_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o great_a and_o troublesome_a that_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o endure_v it_o above_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n but_o be_v constrain_v to_o remount_v to_o a_o mild_a as_o well_o as_o a_o high_a region_n i_o wish_v several_a time_n he_o have_v have_v with_o he_o a_o seal_a weatherglass_n for_o ordinary_a thermometer_n will_v on_o that_o occasion_n have_v be_v unserviceable_a to_o prevent_v some_o little_a doubt_n that_o may_v be_v make_v whether_o the_o intense_a cold_a he_o feel_v may_v not_o be_v only_o and_o chief_o in_o reference_n to_o his_o body_n which_o may_v be_v so_o alter_v and_o dispose_v by_o this_o new_a briny_a ambient_fw-la as_o to_o make_v such_o a_o disturbance_n in_o the_o course_n or_o texture_n of_o his_o blood_n as_o that_o which_o make_v aguish_a person_n so_o cold_a at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o fit_a though_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la body_n continue_v the_o same_o but_o this_o be_v not_o the_o only_a person_n that_o find_v the_o sea_n exceed_o cold_a for_o i_o remember_v 1._o beguinus_n relate_v from_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o marseillian_a knight_n that_o be_v overseer_n of_o the_o coral-fishing_a in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o tunis_n that_o have_v upon_o that_o coast_n let_v down_o a_o young_a man_n to_o feel_v whether_o coral_n be_v hard_a or_o soft_a as_o it_o grow_v in_o the_o water_n when_o this_o man_n be_v come_v about_o eight_o fathom_n near_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n he_o feel_v it_o exceed_o cold_a to_o which_o we_o shall_v add_v the_o testimony_n of_o a_o sober_a traveller_n josephus_n acosta_n who_o tell_v 11._o we_o that_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n remarkable_a that_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o ocean_n the_o water_n can_v be_v make_v hot_a by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o sun_n as_o in_o river_n final_o he_o subjoin_v even_o as_o salt-petre_n though_o it_o be_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o salt_n have_v the_o property_n to_o cool_v water_n even_o so_o we_o see_v by_o experience_n that_o in_o some_o part_n and_o haven_n the_o salt_n water_n do_v refresh_v the_o which_o we_o have_v observe_v in_o that_o of_o callao_n where_o they_o put_v the_o water_n or_o wine_n which_o they_o drink_v into_o the_o sea_n in_o flagon_n to_o be_v refresh_v whereby_o we_o may_v undoubted_o find_v that_o the_o ocean_n have_v this_o property_n to_o temper_n and_o moderate_v the_o excessive_a heat_n for_o this_o cause_n we_o feel_v great_a heat_n at_o land_n then_o at_o sea_n caeteris_fw-la paribus_fw-la and_o common_o country_n lie_v near_o the_o sea_n be_v cool_a than_o those_o that_o be_v far_o off_o by_o all_o these_o testimony_n it_o seem_v to_o appear_v that_o both_o in_o very_o cold_a region_n and_o very_o hot_a the_o deep_a part_n of_o the_o sea_n seem_v to_o 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often_o do_v at_o the_o top._n 18._o the_o next_o opinion_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v be_v that_o of_o the_o stoic_n of_o old_a and_o adopt_v by_o the_o generality_n of_o modern_a philosopher_n that_o be_v not_o peripatetic_n who_o assert_v the_o air_n to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o be_v ere_o long_o more_o particular_o to_o treat_v of_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n we_o will_v reserve_v till_o then_o to_o examine_v whether_o it_o be_v cold_a of_o its_o own_o nature_n or_o not_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n we_o shall_v here_o take_v leave_n to_o question_n whether_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v esteem_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o not_o to_o mention_v that_o aristotle_n and_o the_o school_n with_o many_o other_o learned_a man_n think_v the_o air_n so_o far_o from_o be_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o element_n that_o they_o reckon_v it_o among_o the_o hot_a one_o because_o i_o confel_n their_o opinion_n be_v not_o i_o not_o to_o represent_v the_o heat_n 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that_o captain_n james_n who_o have_v very_o good_a opportunity_n to_o try_v allow_v not_o in_o case_n the_o ice_n be_v not_o make_v by_o accumulation_n that_o the_o frost_n pierce_v above_o two_o yard_n perpendicular_o downward_o from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n even_o in_o the_o cold_a habitable_a region_n and_o this_o will_v seem_v the_o more_o rational_a if_o we_o consider_v that_o in_o case_n the_o coldness_n of_o the_o sea_n proceed_v constant_o from_o the_o air_n as_o such_o the_o cold_a will_v be_v great_a near_o the_o surface_n where_o it_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n then_o in_o the_o part_n remote_a from_o it_o and_o yet_o the_o contrary_n may_v appear_v by_o the_o passage_n late_o recite_v 20._o but_o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o this_o at_o best_a can_v prove_v no_o more_o then_o that_o the_o air_n be_v not_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la notwithstanding_o which_o it_o may_v be_v the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o answer_v i_o must_v proceed_v 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ingenious_a modern_a naturalist_n who_o acknowledge_v that_o the_o air_n have_v a_o weight_n which_o mr._n hobbs_n also_o do_v in_o effect_n admit_v though_o he_o make_v not_o so_o good_a use_n of_o it_o as_o they_o do_v by_o that_o explicate_v the_o ascension_n of_o water_n in_o weather-glass_n teach_v that_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n make_v the_o include_v air_n shrink_v into_o far_o less_o room_n than_o it_o possess_v before_o the_o water_n in_o the_o subjacent_a vessel_n be_v by_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o incumbent_a air_n which_o press_v on_o it_o more_o forcible_o in_o all_o the_o other_o part_n of_o its_o surface_n than_o it_o be_v press_v upon_o in_o that_o include_v in_o the_o shank_n impel_v up_o into_o that_o part_n of_o the_o shank_n which_o be_v new_o desert_v by_o the_o self-contracting_a air._n but_o though_o this_o account_n be_v preferable_a by_o far_o to_o those_o which_o we_o mention_v before_o it_o and_o though_o it_o be_v not_o only_o ingenious_a 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strong_a and_o proportionable_o we_o may_v conceive_v that_o though_o cold_a at_o least_o such_o as_o we_o meet_v with_o in_o this_o climate_n of_o we_o do_v make_v the_o spring_n of_o a_o include_v parcel_n of_o air_n weak_a than_o it_o be_v before_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o that_o air_n yet_o it_o may_v not_o make_v it_o so_o much_o weak_a but_o that_o the_o aerial_a corpuscle_n may_v be_v keep_v so_o far_o extend_v as_o not_o at_o all_o or_o scarce_o sensible_o to_o quit_v the_o room_n they_o possess_v before_o in_o case_n there_o be_v not_o contiguous_a to_o they_o any_o other_o body_n which_o by_o its_o pressure_n endeavour_v to_o thrust_v they_o inward_o and_o so_o make_v they_o desert_n part_n of_o that_o space_n which_o clause_n i_o therefore_o add_v because_o that_o if_o the_o case_n propose_v do_v happen_v it_o be_v obvious_a to_o conceive_v that_o the_o weaken_a spring_n of_o the_o air_n can_v retain_v so_o much_o force_v to_o resist_v a_o external_a pressure_n as_o it_o 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glass-pipe_n of_o about_o 10._o inch_n long_o and_o much_o big_a than_o a_o large_a swan_n quill_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n and_o at_o the_o other_o fill_v top_n full_a with_o water_n so_o that_o the_o open_a orifice_n be_v immerse_v under_o the_o vessel_v water_n of_o the_o viol_n there_o remain_v no_o air_n at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o pipe_n then_o as_o much_o of_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o viol_n neck_n as_o be_v not_o fill_v by_o the_o pipe_n be_v careful_o close_v with_o cement_n that_o no_o air_n can_v get_v in_o or_o out_o the_o viol_n be_v place_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n till_o the_o vessel_v water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n and_o bottom_n and_o according_a to_o our_o expectation_n we_o find_v that_o notwithstanding_o this_o great_a degree_n of_o infrigeration_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o viol_n the_o water_n in_o the_o pipe_n do_v not_o at_o all_o descend_v so_o that_o either_o the_o air_n do_v not_o shrink_v by_o so_o great_a a_o cold_a or_o the_o water_n whether_o to_o avoid_v a_o vacuum_n or_o otherwise_o do_v not_o remove_v out_o of_o the_o pipe_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n desert_v by_o the_o refrigerated_a air._n afterward_o we_o endeavour_v to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n with_o the_o same_o glass_n but_o have_v have_v occasion_n to_o be_v absent_a a_o little_a too_o long_o though_o not_o very_o long_o we_o find_v at_o our_o return_n the_o upper_a and_o seal_a part_n of_o the_o pipe_n beat_v out_o which_o we_o suppose_v to_o have_v be_v do_v by_o the_o intumescence_n of_o the_o water_n in_o the_o viol_n upon_o its_o glaciation_n wherefore_o we_o fasten_v into_o the_o same_o viol_n another_o pipe_n some_o inch_n long_o than_o the_o former_a and_o draw_v very_o slender_a at_o the_o seal_a end_n that_o it_o may_v
which_o more_o proper_o belong_v to_o the_o consideration_n about_o heat_n where_o we_o have_v already_o handle_v it_o partly_o because_o our_o design_n in_o the_o follow_a collection_n be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o gather_v and_o set_v down_o observation_n that_o be_v obvious_a to_o any_o that_o be_v furnish_v with_o a_o mediocrity_n of_o attention_n as_o experiment_n purposely_o make_v in_o order_n to_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a and_o partly_o too_o because_o in_o this_o collection_n though_o we_o do_v as_o occasion_n serve_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o experiment_n and_o phaenomena_n that_o relate_v to_o cold_a in_o general_n or_o indefinite_o yet_o our_o chief_a work_n have_v be_v to_o find_v out_o and_o deliver_v the_o phaenomena_n of_o congelation_n or_o of_o that_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a which_o either_o do_v freeze_v the_o body_n it_o work_v upon_o or_o at_o least_o be_v capable_a of_o turn_v common_a water_n fit_o expose_v to_o it_o into_o ice_n and_o this_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o general_a advertisement_n about_o the_o ensue_a paper_n and_o consequent_o have_v premise_v it_o we_o shall_v without_o any_o further_a preamble_n proceed_v to_o the_o set_n down_o such_o thing_n as_o we_o have_v try_v and_o observe_v concern_v those_o matter_n beginning_n with_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o title_n prefix_v to_o the_o first_o part_n or_o section_n of_o our_o history_n 1._o the_o body_n that_o be_v cold_a enough_o to_o freeze_v other_o be_v in_o this_o climate_n of_o we_o but_o very_o few_o and_o among_o the_o most_o remarkable_a be_v a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o though_o little_o know_v and_o less_o use_v here_o in_o england_n be_v in_o italy_n and_o some_o other_o region_n much_o employ_v especial_o to_o cool_v drink_n and_o fruit_n which_o man_n may_v easy_o do_v by_o bury_v in_o this_o mixture_n glass_n or_o other_o convenient_a vessel_n fill_v either_o sole_o with_o wine_n or_o other_o drink_n or_o else_o with_o water_n that_o have_v immerse_v in_o it_o the_o fruit_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a 2._o the_o circumstance_n we_o be_v wont_n to_o observe_v in_o make_v and_o employ_v this_o mixture_n we_o shall_v hereafter_o in_o due_a place_n deliver_v and_o therefore_o here_o we_o shall_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o we_o can_v not_o find_v upon_o some_o trial_n that_o such_o glass_n fill_v with_o water_n as_o will_v be_v freeze_v easy_o enough_o by_o this_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v be_v in_o like_a manner_n freeze_v in_o case_n we_o employ_v snow_n alone_o without_o mingle_v any_o salt_n with_o it_o i_o deny_v not_o that_o it_o be_v very_o possible_a that_o in_o very_o cold_a country_n as_o well_o snow_n as_o beat_a ice_n may_v freeze_v water_n pour_v into_o the_o interval_n of_o its_o part_n but_o there_o be_v great_a odds_o betwixt_o water_n so_o intermingle_v with_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o only_o surround_v with_o it_o in_o a_o vessel_n where_o the_o water_n be_v as_o it_o be_v in_o one_o entire_a body_n and_o of_o a_o comparative_o considerable_a thickness_n and_o there_o be_v also_o a_o great_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o 〈◊〉_d air_n of_o frigid_a region_n and_o of_o england_n and_o perhaps_o too_o there_o may_v be_v some_o disparity_n betwixt_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n of_o ice_n and_o snow_n in_o those_o climate_n and_o in_o we_o and_o we_o must_v have_v a_o care_n that_o in_o case_n a_o vial_n full_a of_o water_n bury_v all_o night_n shall_v freeze_v we_o ascribe_v not_o the_o effect_n to_o the_o bare_a operation_n of_o the_o snow_n which_o may_v be_v entire_o or_o in_o great_a part_n due_a to_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n which_o will_v perhaps_o have_v perform_v the_o effect_n without_o the_o snow_n 3._o but_o though_o snow_n and_o salt_n mix_v together_o will_v freeze_v water_n better_o than_o snow_n alone_o yet_o we_o must_v not_o think_v that_o there_o be_v any_o such_o peculiar_a virtue_n in_o sea-salt_n to_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v but_o that_o there_o be_v divers_a other_o salt_n each_o of_o which_o concur_v with_o snow_n be_v capable_a of_o produce_v the_o like_a effect_n for_o we_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o we_o can_v freeze_v water_n without_o the_o help_n of_o sea_n salt_n by_o substitute_v in_o its_o place_n either_o nitre_n or_o alum_n or_o vitriol_n or_o shall_v ammoniac_a or_o even_o sugar_n for_o either_o of_o those_o be_v mingle_v with_o a_o due_a proportion_n of_o snow_n will_v serve_v the_o turn_n though_o they_o do_v not_o seem_v equal_o to_o advance_v the_o congeal_a power_n of_o the_o snow_n nor_o scarce_o any_o of_o they_o do_v do_v it_o so_o well_o as_o sea_n salt_n but_o of_o this_o elsewhere_o more_o 4._o when_o we_o have_v make_v the_o new_o mention_v trial_n some_o particular_a conjecture_n we_o have_v long_o have_v about_o the_o nature_n of_o salt_n invite_v we_o to_o try_v whether_o votwithstand_v the_o comminution_n and_o consequent_a change_n produce_v in_o salt_n by_o distillation_n the_o saline_n corpuscle_n that_o abound_v in_o the_o distil_a liquor_n of_o those_o concretes_n as_o well_o as_o in_o their_o solution_n will_v not_o likewise_o by_o be_v mix_v with_o it_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v water_n at_o least_o in_o small_a and_o slender_a glass_n this_o we_o first_o go_v about_o to_o try_v with_o good_a spirit_n of_o salt_n but_o we_o find_v as_o we_o fear_v that_o though_o it_o make_v a_o sufficient_o quick_a dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n it_o wrought_v upon_o yet_o its_o fluidity_n hinder_v it_o from_o be_v retain_v long_o enough_o by_o the_o snow_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o which_o it_o will_v fall_v before_o they_o have_v stay_v so_o long_o together_o as_o be_v requisite_a to_o freeze_v so_o much_o as_o a_o little_a essence-bottle_n full_a of_o common_a water_n 5._o wherefore_o we_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o a_o expedient_a whereby_o to_o try_v the_o operation_n not_o only_o of_o those_o spirit_n but_o of_o divers_a other_o body_n which_o be_v unapt_a for_o a_o due_a commixture_n of_o snow_n after_o the_o way_n new_o mention_v or_o of_o which_o we_o have_v too_o little_a or_o value_v they_o too_o much_o to_o be_v willing_a to_o spend_v quantity_n of_o they_o upon_o these_o trial_n and_o this_o way_n that_o remain_v to_o be_v mention_v we_o somewhat_o the_o better_a like_v because_o the_o experiment_n make_v according_a to_o it_o will_v also_o prove_v experiment_n of_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o the_o extreme_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o glass_n and_o even_o in_o this_o way_n of_o try_v we_o do_v at_o first_o meet_v with_o a_o discouragement_n which_o lest_o it_o shall_v happen_v to_o other_o we_o shall_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o namely_o that_o have_v put_v a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o snow_n into_o a_o somewhat_o thick_a green_a glass_n vial_n though_o we_o copious_o 〈◊〉_d mix_v with_o it_o a_o somewhat_o weak_a spirit_n of_o salt_n be_v loath_a to_o employ_v the_o best_a we_o have_v and_o have_v well_o stop_v the_o vessel_n do_v careful_o 〈◊〉_d together_o and_o thereby_o agitate_v the_o mixture_n in_o it_o yet_o the_o glass_n appear_v only_o bedew_v upon_o the_o outside_n without_o have_v there_o any_o thing_n freeze_v but_o suspect_v that_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o glass_n may_v be_v that_o which_o hinder_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o include_v mixture_n we_o put_v snow_n and_o a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o the_o self_n same_o spirit_n of_o salt_n into_o a_o couple_n of_o thin_a vial_n one_o of_o which_o we_o close_v exact_o and_o the_o other_o negligent_o and_o have_v long_o shake_v they_o we_o find_v that_o what_o adhere_v to_o they_o on_o the_o outside_n be_v though_o but_o somewhat_o faint_o and_o thin_o freeze_v 6._o and_o as_o to_o this_o sort_n of_o experiment_n we_o shall_v here_o observe_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d all_o that_o the_o snow_n or_o ice_n include_v 〈◊〉_d with_o the_o saline_n ingredient_n whatever_o that_o be_v be_v always_o thaw_v within_o the_o glass_n and_o that_o consequent_o it_o be_v the_o condense_v vapour_n of_o the_o air_n or_o other_o liquor_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n which_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o mention_v these_o experiment_n we_o often_o use_v the_o word_n freeze_v in_o a_o transitive_a sense_n to_o signify_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n upon_o other_o body_n 7._o this_o premise_a let_v we_o proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o we_o afterward_o take_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o mix_v it_o with_o snow_n in_o such_o a_o other_o vial_n as_o that_o last_o mention_v we_o find_v its_o freeze_a power_n far_o great_a than_o that_o of_o spirit_n of_o salt_n and_o lest_o it_o shall_v be_v pretend_v that_o in_o these_o experiment_n the_o cold_a be_v not_o transmit_v
these_o weather-glass_n be_v so_o exceed_o sensible_a even_o of_o the_o minute_n difference_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a as_o manifest_o to_o discover_v disparity_n which_o other_o thermoscope_n be_v not_o nice_a enough_o to_o give_v we_o any_o notice_n of_o only_o this_o advertisement_n we_o must_v add_v about_o they_o that_o when_o we_o use_v they_o to_o examine_v the_o coldness_n not_o of_o liquid_a but_o of_o consistent_a body_n we_o alter_v a_o little_a the_o figure_n of_o the_o wide_a end_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o instead_o of_o ma_v it_o a_o round_a bubble_n as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o describe_v we_o make_v it_o with_o a_o flat_a or_o flattish_a bottom_n that_o the_o whole_a instrument_n may_v thereon_o as_o on_o a_o basis_n stand_v of_o itself_o upright_o and_o so_o be_v still_o take_v up_o by_o the_o open_a and_o slender_a end_n for_o fear_v of_o rarify_n the_o include_v air_n which_o caution_n be_v here_o give_v once_o for_o all_o may_v be_v transfer_v with_o a_o pendulous_a drop_n in_o the_o pipe_n and_o place_v sometime_o on_o one_o and_o sometime_o on_o another_o of_o the_o solid_a body_n to_o be_v examine_v by_o it_o for_o if_o the_o body_n it_o be_v remove_v to_o be_v more_o or_o less_o cold_a than_o that_o it_o rest_v on_o before_o that_o coldness_n communicate_v through_o the_o glass_n to_o the_o air_n by_o which_o the_o pendulous_a drop_n be_v support_v that_o air_n expansion_n or_o contraction_n will_v manifest_o appear_v by_o the_o rise_n or_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o drop_n and_o thus_o we_o have_v take_v pleasure_n to_o remove_v it_o from_o one_o kind_n of_o wood_n to_o another_o from_o wood_n to_o metal_n and_o from_o metal_n to_o stone_n etc._n etc._n but_o the_o expedient_n that_o may_v be_v propose_v to_o improve_v these_o little_a instrument_n to_o the_o purpose_n we_o have_v be_v treat_v of_o and_o the_o caution_n that_o may_v be_v add_v to_o prevent_v man_n draw_v mistake_a inference_n from_o the_o information_n they_o seem_v to_o give_v they_o will_v take_v up_o more_o time_n than_o we_o be_v willing_a to_o spend_v npon_o a_o occasion_n that_o will_v not_o perhaps_o be_v think_v to_o deserve_v it_o nor_o much_o to_o require_v any_o other_o than_o those_o we_o shall_v by_o and_o by_o subjoin_v and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o the_o experiment_n promise_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o title_n or_o section_n 2._o to_o make_v so_o much_o as_o a_o tolerable_a estimate_n of_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o such_o great_a degree_n as_o be_v not_o any_o of_o they_o too_o weak_a to_o congeal_v water_n be_v a_o thing_n which_o as_o we_o have_v not_o yet_o know_v to_o be_v attempt_v so_o it_o seem_v not_o easy_a to_o be_v perform_v for_o freeze_v have_v be_v common_o repute_v the_o ultimate_a effect_n or_o production_n of_o cold_a man_n have_v not_o be_v solicitous_a to_o look_v beyond_o it_o and_o though_o the_o disparity_n we_o find_v betwixt_o several_a fit_n of_o weather_n all_o of_o they_o frosty_a seem_v to_o be_v too_o manifest_a and_o frequent_a to_o be_v probable_o ascribe_v to_o nothing_o but_o the_o differ_a disposition_n of_o our_o body_n yet_o how_o to_o estimate_v that_o difference_n it_o be_v not_o so_o obvious_a for_o though_o we_o shall_v have_v recourse_n to_o common_a weather-glass_n yet_o they_o may_v easy_o deceive_v we_o since_o not_o only_o by_o estimate_v by_o they_o the_o cold_a day_n of_o one_o winter_n with_o the_o cold_a day_n of_o another_o but_o in_o judge_v of_o the_o coldness_n of_o any_o two_o day_n in_o the_o same_o fit_a of_o frosty_a weather_n there_o intervene_v time_n enough_o to_o make_v it_o doubtful_a whether_o the_o varied_a gravitation_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n produce_v not_o the_o change_n observe_v in_o the_o weatherglass_n beside_o that_o admit_v vulgar_a thermometer_n can_v not_o as_o they_o easy_o may_v misinform_v we_o they_o be_v employ_v only_o to_o give_v we_o a_o account_n of_o those_o degree_n of_o cold_a 〈◊〉_d nature_n of_o her_o own_o accord_n produce_v in_o the_o air_n but_o not_o to_o discover_v whether_o or_o no_o nature_n assist_v by_o art_n may_v not_o produce_v great_a and_o it_o will_v easy_o be_v grant_v that_o they_o be_v yet_o less_o make_v use_n of_o to_o help_v we_o to_o a_o estimate_n of_o this_o disparity_n and_o though_o some_o guess_n may_v be_v make_v by_o the_o operation_n of_o cold_a upon_o liquor_n expose_v to_o it_o yet_o some_o as_o water_n and_o very_o aqueous_a liquor_n will_v freeze_v too_o soon_o and_o other_o as_o vinous_a spirit_n will_v not_o at_o all_o that_o we_o have_v find_v here_o in_o england_n and_o though_o french-wine_n will_v sometime_o be_v bring_v to_o begin_v to_o freeze_v yet_o that_o happen_v but_o very_a seldom_o and_o in_o many_o winter_n not_o at_o all_o and_o leave_v too_o great_a a_o interval_n betwixt_o the_o degree_n necessary_a to_o congeal_v wine_n and_o sufficient_a to_o congeal_v water_n not_o to_o mention_v the_o uncertainty_n proceed_v from_o the_o differ_a strength_n of_o the_o wine_n 3._o upon_o these_o and_o other_o consideration_n we_o think_v it_o requisite_a to_o make_v use_n of_o a_o expedient_a who_o nature_n and_o use_n will_v be_v easy_o gather_v out_o of_o the_o follow_a experiment_n and_o though_o by_o a_o mischance_n that_o break_v my_o weatherglass_n i_o have_v be_v hinder_v from_o measure_v exact_o in_o what_o proportion_n to_o the_o whole_a bulk_n the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v contract_v by_o the_o surplusage_n of_o cold_a that_o be_v more_o than_o necessary_a to_o make_v water_n freeze_v yet_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o something_o of_o use_n to_o our_o present_a theme_n may_v be_v thence_o collect_v and_o especial_o the_o main_a thing_n design_v will_v manifest_o appear_v which_o be_v the_o intensity_n of_o cold_a produce_v by_o art_n beyond_o that_o which_o nature_n need_v to_o employ_v upon_o the_o glaciate_a of_o water_n 4._o a_o small_a seal_a weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n the_o ball_n be_v about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o large_a nutmeg_n and_o the_o cylindrical_a stem_n be_v very_o slender_a and_o about_o ten_o inch_n long_o the_o ball_n and_o part_n of_o the_o stem_n be_v immerse_v in_o a_o vessel_n of_o water_n half_o bury_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n when_o the_o water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n the_o bottom_n and_o the_o side_n but_o before_o the_o ice_n have_v reach_v the_o ball_n for_o fear_v it_o shall_v break_v it_o the_o tinct_a liquor_n be_v find_v subside_v to_o 5_o ⅔_n division_n be_v half_a inch_n and_o be_v take_v out_o thence_o and_o ice_n and_o salt_n be_v immediate_o apply_v to_o the_o ball_n the_o liquor_n fall_v low_a to_o about_o 1_o ½_o division_n and_o that_o it_o may_v not_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o the_o water_n though_o in_o part_n congeal_v remain_v warm_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n though_o uncongeal_v that_o have_v be_v refrigerated_a by_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n we_o will_v add_v this_o other_o experiment_n which_o we_o find_v in_o another_o of_o our_o note_n thus_o set_v down_o 5._o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n be_v 15._o keep_v in_o the_o water_n till_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v descend_v to_o 5_o ½_o be_v immediate_o remove_v into_o the_o same_o snow_n and_o salt_n that_o make_v the_o water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v it_o descend_v at_o the_o beginning_n very_o fast_o and_o afterward_o more_o slow_o till_o it_o come_v to_o the_o very_a bottom_n of_o the_o stem_n where_o it_o expand_v itself_o into_o the_o ball_n then_o be_v remove_v into_o the_o same_o glass_n of_o water_n whence_o it_o be_v take_v and_o which_o be_v well_o store_v with_o loose_a piece_n of_o ice_n it_o do_v nevertheless_o hasty_o ascend_v at_o the_o beginning_n and_o be_v soon_o after_o impel_v to_o the_o former_a height_n of_o five_o division_n and_o a_o half_a or_o thereabouts_o 6._o but_o perhaps_o some_o amends_o may_v be_v make_v for_o the_o disaster_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n by_o add_v that_o i_o find_v by_o another_o trial_n that_o the_o condensation_n of_o liquor_n by_o such_o cold_n as_o we_o be_v wont_n to_o have_v or_o can_v easy_o produce_v here_o be_v nothing_o near_o so_o great_a as_o one_o will_v imagine_v and_o though_o for_o want_n of_o a_o glass-ball_n furnish_v with_o a_o neck_n slender_a enough_o i_o can_v not_o make_v the_o experiment_n so_o much_o to_o my_o satisfaction_n as_o perhaps_o else_o i_o may_v have_v do_v yet_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o scale_n i_o make_v use_v of_o and_o some_o great_a care_n then_o possible_o every_o experimenter_n will_v have_v employ_v may_v make_v the_o follow_a observation_n luciferous_a 7._o we_o take_v then_o on_o a_o cold_a but_o not_o frosty_a day_n oil_n of_o turpentine_n as_o a_o liquor_n who_o be_v free_a from_o phlegm_n or_o
consequent_o do_v the_o former_a and_o thereby_o spoil_v the_o experiment_n before_o it_o be_v come_v to_o perfection_n or_o have_v let_v we_o see_v what_o nature_n will_v have_v do_v if_o she_o have_v not_o be_v thus_o hinder_v in_o her_o work_n 7._o the_o consideration_n of_o this_o invite_v i_o to_o alter_v the_o common_a way_n of_o freeze_a and_o order_v the_o matter_n so_o that_o whensoever_o i_o please_v the_o expose_v liquor_n shall_v not_o begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n or_o side_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n which_o i_o conclude_v it_o very_o easy_a to_o do_v by_o mingle_v the_o salt_n with_o that_o part_n only_o of_o the_o snow_n which_o be_v to_o lie_v beneath_o and_o about_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n i_o place_v in_o it_o for_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o snow_n that_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o side_n be_v able_a but_o to_o cool_v the_o water_n and_o dispose_v it_o to_o glaciation_n whereas_o the_o mingle_a snow_n and_o salt_n on_o which_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n rest_v do_v actual_o turn_v the_o neighbour_a liquor_n into_o ice_n and_o lift_v up_o the_o incumbent_a liquor_n towards_o the_o high_a and_o empty_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o this_o liquor_n also_o i_o can_v afterward_o freeze_v at_o pleasure_n without_o danger_n of_o break_v the_o vessel_n only_o by_o so_o apply_v salt_n and_o snow_n to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o they_o never_o reach_v except_o perhaps_o at_o the_o very_a conclusion_n of_o the_o experiment_n so_o high_a by_o a_o reasonable_a distance_n as_o the_o upper_a surface_n of_o the_o liquor_n in_o the_o glass_n so_o that_o the_o superior_a part_n of_o that_o liquor_n be_v always_o keep_v fluid_a and_o capable_a of_o be_v easy_o impel_v high_a and_o high_a by_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a part_n of_o the_o subjacent_a liquor_n 8._o the_o speculative_a inference_n that_o may_v be_v draw_v from_o this_o experiment_n of_o make_v water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o bottom_n not_o the_o top_n will_v be_v more_o frigidum_fw-la proper_o take_v notice_n of_o in_o another_o place_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o shall_v only_o intimate_v by_o the_o way_n that_o there_o be_v no_o great_a necessity_n of_o any_o nice_a proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o snow_n nor_o of_o any_o exquisite_a mixture_n of_o they_o a_o three_o or_o four_o part_n or_o thereabouts_o of_o sea_n salt_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o snow_n will_v not_o do_v amiss_o nor_o do_v i_o usual_o put_v salt_n to_o all_o the_o snow_n at_o once_o unless_o in_o some_o case_n wherein_o i_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o freeze_v a_o liquor_n quick_o and_o make_v a_o speedy_a resolution_n of_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n in_o order_n thereunto_o to_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o add_v that_o by_o the_o way_n above_o mention_v i_o do_v upon_o particular_a occasion_n make_v the_o expose_v liquor_n freeze_v not_o at_o the_o bottom_n or_o the_o top_n but_o next_o to_o what_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n i_o please_v according_a to_o the_o exigency_n of_o the_o experiment_n but_o though_o it_o may_v suffice_v to_o have_v hint_v the_o speculative_a inference_n that_o may_v be_v draw_v from_o this_o way_n of_o freeze_a liquor_n it_o will_v be_v expedient_a to_o give_v explicit_o this_o practical_a advertisement_n concern_v it_o that_o whereas_o it_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v for_o grant_v that_o snow_n be_v necessary_a in_o this_o artifice_n and_o we_o ourselves_o be_v for_o some_o time_n lead_v away_o with_o the_o rest_n by_o that_o supposition_n yet_o that_o be_v but_o a_o presumption_n and_o aught_o to_o be_v remove_v as_o one_o very_o prejudicial_a to_o those_o that_o with_o we_o design_v the_o prosecute_a experiment_n in_o order_n to_o the_o history_n of_o cold._n for_o snow_n be_v but_o seldom_o to_o be_v find_v on_o the_o ground_n in_o comparison_n of_o ice_n and_o be_v but_o a_o congery_n of_o many_o small_a icesicles_n with_o much_o air_n intercept_v among_o they_o it_o be_v not_o 〈◊〉_d paribus_fw-la near_o so_o durable_a as_o the_o more_o entire_a body_n of_o solid_a ice_n and_o yet_o we_o have_v find_v by_o frequent_a experience_n that_o ice_n well_o beat_v in_o a_o mortar_n will_v serve_v our_o turn_n for_o artificial_a glaciation_n as_o well_o if_o not_o in_o some_o respect_v better_a as_o snow_n and_o therefore_o in_o this_o history_n of_o cold_a we_o indifferent_o prescribe_v snow_n and_o salt_n or_o salt_n and_o ice_n as_o the_o ingredient_n of_o our_o glaciate_a mixture_n title_n vi_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o preservation_n and_o destruction_n of_o egg_n apple_n and_o other_o body_n by_o cold._n 1._o it_o be_v a_o tradition_n common_a enough_o though_o not_o here_o in_o england_n yet_o among_o those_o that_o have_v give_v we_o account_n of_o very_o cold_a 〈◊〉_d that_o if_o egg_n or_o apple_n be_v freeze_v be_v thaw_v near_o the_o fire_n they_o will_v be_v thereby_o spoil_v but_o if_o they_o be_v immerse_v in_o cold_a water_n the_o internal_a cold_n will_v be_v draw_v out_o as_o they_o suppose_v by_o the_o external_a and_o the_o freeze_a body_n will_v be_v harmlef_o though_o not_o so_o quick_o thaw_v this_o tradition_n i_o think_v fit_a to_o examine_v not_o only_o because_o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v whether_o it_o will_v succeed_v in_o our_o more_o temperate_a climate_n and_o because_o i_o love_v not_o to_o rely_v upon_o tradition_n when_o i_o have_v the_o opportunity_n to_o examine_v they_o especial_o if_o no_o one_o credible_a author_n affirm_v they_o upon_o his_o particular_a knowledge_n but_o also_o because_o i_o think_v the_o experiment_n if_o true_a may_v be_v so_o vary_v and_o make_v use_n of_o as_o to_o become_v luciferous_a enough_o and_o afford_v we_o divers_a phaenomena_n of_o cold_a not_o so_o easy_a to_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o more_o know_v way_n of_o experiment_v and_o according_o have_v expose_v some_o of_o these_o body_n to_o a_o cold_a that_o be_v judge_v sharp_a enough_o we_o afterward_o put_v they_o in_o water_n but_o find_v not_o the_o event_n answer_v our_o expectation_n no_o ice_n appear_v to_o be_v generate_v nevertheless_o we_o be_v not_o hereby_o so_o discourage_v as_o not_o to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n which_o we_o judge_v to_o be_v not_o unlikely_a with_o more_o sollicitousness_n and_o advantage_n then_o before_o and_o have_v thereby_o bring_v it_o to_o succeed_v we_o afterward_o make_v several_a trial_n of_o it_o with_o several_a distinct_a aim_n but_o 〈◊〉_d now_o find_v any_o entry_n of_o divers_a of_o they_o but_o those_o i_o have_v hitherto_o meet_v with_o among_o my_o note_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v as_o have_v in_o they_o some_o particular_n that_o may_v afford_v useful_a hint_n to_o a_o enquirer_n into_o the_o history_n and_o nature_n of_o cold._n and_o i_o shall_v set_v down_o together_o and_o that_o in_o this_o place_n though_o it_o will_v not_o otherwise_o be_v the_o most_o proper_a those_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o because_o some_o circumstance_n of_o one_o or_o other_o of_o they_o may_v be_v of_o use_n to_o we_o on_o several_a occasion_n in_o the_o present_a treatise_n 2._o a_o egg_n weigh_v twelve_o drachm_n and_o one_o grain_n wrap_v in_o a_o wax_v paper_n to_o keep_v it_o from_o the_o liquor_n of_o the_o thaw_v snow_n and_o freeze_v with_o snow_n and_o salt_n want_v four_o grain_n of_o that_o weight_n put_v into_o a_o dish_n of_o fair_a water_n there_o crust_v as_o much_o ice_n about_o the_o outside_n as_o make_v the_o egg_n and_o ice_n fifteen_o drachm_n and_o nine_o grain_n the_o ice_n be_v take_v off_o from_o the_o shell_n and_o the_o shell_n very_o well_o dry_v the_o egg_n be_v find_v to_o weigh_v twelve_o drachm_n and_o twelve_o grain_n the_o egg_n be_v break_v be_v find_v almost_o quite_o thaw_v the_o egg_n freeze_v swim_v in_o water_n be_v thaw_v it_o sink_v 3._o we_o take_v two_o egg_n strong_o freeze_v and_o in_o a_o room_n where_o there_o be_v a_o good_a fire_n we_o put_v one_o of_o they_o into_o a_o deep_a woodden-dish_n full_a of_o very_o cold_a water_n and_o set_v the_o other_o by_o it_o upon_o a_o table_n about_o two_o yard_n from_o the_o fire_n that_o they_o may_v be_v in_o air_n of_o the_o same_o temper_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a then_o perceive_v the_o egg_n that_o lie_v under_o water_n to_o have_v obtain_v a_o thick_a crust_n of_o ice_n we_o take_v it_o out_o and_o have_v first_o free_v it_o from_o the_o ice_n break_v it_o and_o find_v that_o some_o part_n of_o the_o white_a be_v not_o yet_o free_v from_o a_o pretty_a store_n of_o little_a parcel_n of_o ice_n but_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o white_a which_o be_v much_o the_o great_a part_n and_o the_o yelk_n seem_v to_o be_v much_o what_o of_o the_o same_o consistence_n as_o if_o the_o egg_n have_v not_o former_o be_v
no_o pain_n save_v that_o when_o he_o come_v to_o himself_o again_o he_o feel_v such_o a_o prick_a all_o his_o body_n over_o as_o man_n be_v wont_a to_o find_v in_o a_o arm_n or_o leg_n benumb_v by_o have_v be_v long_o lean_v upon_o when_o i_o ask_v whether_o the_o sharpness_n of_o the_o cold_a do_v not_o work_v upon_o the_o stone_n he_o answer_v that_o as_o to_o flint_n he_o can_v not_o tell_v but_o as_o to_o other_o stone_n and_o such_o as_o be_v oftentimes_o use_v for_o building_n the_o violence_n of_o the_o cold_a make_v they_o frequent_o moulder_v into_o dust._n and_o to_o satisfy_v my_o curiosity_n about_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o wood_n he_o tell_v i_o that_o he_o have_v very_o often_o in_o the_o night_n especial_o when_o their_o keen_a frost_n be_v unaccompanied_a with_o snow_n hear_v the_o tree_n cleave_v and_o crack_v with_o very_o great_a and_o sometime_o frightful_a noise_n and_o that_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o fir-tree_n that_o be_v lay_v upon_o one_o another_o in_o their_o building_n and_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n will_v do_v the_o like_a and_o that_o he_o have_v often_o see_v the_o gape_a cleft_n sometime_o wide_a enough_o to_o put_v in_o his_o finger_n which_o will_v remain_v in_o the_o tree_n and_o in_o the_o fir-wood_n till_o the_o thaw_n after_o which_o they_o will_v pretty_o well_o close_o of_o themselves_o title_n vii_o experiment_n touch_v the_o expansion_n of_o water_n and_o aqueous_a liquor_n by_o freeze_a 1._o that_o water_n and_o other_o liquor_n be_v condense_v by_o cold_a and_o so_o much_o the_o more_o condense_a by_o how_o much_o the_o great_a the_o degree_n of_o cold_a be_v that_o condense_n they_o have_v be_v for_o many_o age_n general_o teach_v by_o the_o school_n and_o take_v for_o grant_v among_o man_n till_o of_o late_a some_o more_o speculative_a than_o the_o rest_n have_v call_v it_o in_o question_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o levity_n of_o ice_n since_o which_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o two_o modern_a writer_n that_o have_v incidental_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o ice_n be_v water_n not_o condense_v but_o rarefy_v by_o the_o intumescence_n of_o water_n expose_v to_o freeze_a in_o vessel_n fit_o shape_v these_o attempt_n of_o these_o learned_a man_n put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o what_o i_o have_v try_v to_o this_o purpose_n when_o i_o be_v scarce_o more_o than_o a_o boy_n invite_v i_o to_o consider_v that_o by_o the_o usual_a way_n of_o glaciation_n such_o as_o these_o ingenious_a man_n employ_v the_o experiment_n be_v wont_a to_o meet_v with_o a_o disaster_n by_o the_o break_n of_o the_o glass_n which_o not_o only_o make_v the_o event_n liable_a to_o some_o objection_n of_o they_o that_o befriend_v the_o common_a opinion_n but_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a hinder_v they_o from_o judge_v what_o this_o expansion_n of_o water_n that_o be_v make_v by_o freeze_a may_v amount_v to_o wherefore_o we_o will_v now_o set_v down_o what_o we_o have_v do_v to_o ascertain_v and_o yet_o limit_v the_o experiment_n as_o also_o to_o advance_v it_o further_o 2._o whereas_o then_o these_o two_o cornaeus_fw-la learned_a man_n we_o have_v be_v mention_v do_v so_o expose_v the_o water_n to_o freeze_v that_o it_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n at_o the_o top_n as_o soon_o as_o elsewhere_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o which_o way_n we_o have_v already_o note_v we_o by_o freeze_a the_o water_n as_o we_o have_v former_o teach_v from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o can_v easy_o preserve_v our_o glass_n entire_a and_o yet_o turn_v the_o whole_a contain_v water_n into_o ice_n so_o that_o if_o according_a to_o this_o way_n you_o so_o place_v a_o bolthead_n or_o a_o glass-egg_n in_o who_o cavity_n the_o water_n ascend_v to_o the_o height_n of_o a_o inch_n or_o thereabouts_o within_o the_o stem_n or_o shank_n in_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o salt_n as_o that_o the_o water_n be_v first_o turn_v into_o ice_n at_o the_o bottom_n and_o side_n and_o not_o till_o the_o very_a last_o at_o the_o top_n you_o shall_v manifest_o see_v that_o the_o ice_n will_v reach_v a_o good_a way_n high_o in_o the_o neck_n than_o the_o fluid_a water_n do_v and_o that_o upon_o a_o gentle_a thaw_n of_o the_o ice_n the_o water_n it_o return_v to_o will_v rest_v at_o the_o same_o height_n in_o the_o stem_n to_o which_o it_o reach_v before_o it_o be_v expose_v to_o be_v freeze_v 3._o we_o have_v likewise_o use_v other_o way_n unspoken_a of_o by_o the_o late_o mention_v writer_n to_o evince_v that_o water_n be_v expanded_a by_o be_v freeze_v as_o first_o that_o we_o take_v a_o strong_a earthen_a vessel_n of_o a_o cylindrical_a form_n and_o fill_v it_o with_o water_n to_o a_o certain_a height_n we_o expose_v it_o unstop_v both_o to_o the_o open_a air_n in_o frosty_a night_n and_o to_o the_o operation_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n and_o find_v that_o the_o ice_n do_v manifest_o reach_v high_o than_o the_o water_n do_v before_o it_o be_v congeal_v beside_o if_o a_o hollow_a pipe_n or_o cylinder_n 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the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o fill_v that_o space_n which_o be_v desert_v upon_o the_o condensation_n of_o the_o include_v air_n the_o liquor_n will_v otherwise_o leave_v a_o vacuum_n abhor_v by_o nature_n and_o even_o those_o few_o modern_n that_o be_v loath_a to_o ascribe_v this_o phaenomenon_n to_o nature_n abhorrency_n of_o a_o vacuum_n either_o not_o be_v acquaint_v with_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n know_v not_o what_o probable_a account_n to_o give_v of_o it_o or_o if_o they_o acknowledge_v that_o weight_n be_v wont_a to_o ascribe_v it_o to_o that_o and_o to_o the_o great_a contraction_n of_o the_o internal_a air_n make_v by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_n 5._o but_o as_o for_o the_o peripatetic_n the_o above_o mention_v experiment_n sufficient_o evince_v that_o in_o many_o case_n it_o be_v not_o the_o shrink_n but_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o liquor_n contain_v in_o the_o stop_v vessel_n that_o occasion_n their_o burst_n and_o therefore_o in_o these_o case_n 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generate_v fasten_v itself_o as_o on_o other_o occasion_n we_o declare_v very_o strong_o to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n contiguous_a to_o its_o edge_n as_o the_o liquor_n freeze_v deep_a and_o deep_o this_o crust_n of_o ice_n increase_v in_o thickness_n and_o strength_n so_o that_o the_o water_n be_v include_v as_o in_o a_o vessel_n hermetical_o seal_v betwixt_o this_o ice_n at_o the_o upper_a part_n and_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n every_o where_o else_o and_o consequent_o the_o remain_a water_n be_v uncapable_a of_o congelation_n without_o expansion_n when_o the_o ice_n be_v grow_v strong_a enough_o at_o the_o top_n to_o make_v it_o easy_a for_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n of_o the_o freeze_a water_n to_o crack_v the_o side_n or_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n then_o to_o force_v up_o that_o thick_a cake_n of_o ice_n the_o vessel_n will_v be_v break_v how_o much_o soever_o there_o be_v of_o it_o empty_a above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o this_o conjecture_n may_v be_v confirm_v by_o these_o two_o particular_n the_o one_o that_o when_o water_n be_v freeze_v in_o a_o broad_a vessel_n which_o be_v too_o strong_a to_o be_v break_v or_o stretch_v by_o the_o frost_n the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n will_v be_v convex_a or_o protuberant_a because_o that_o though_o the_o glaciation_n begin_v at_o the_o top_n the_o thickness_n and_o compactness_n of_o the_o vessel_n make_v it_o easy_o for_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n to_o thrust_v up_o that_o cake_n of_o ice_n in_o those_o part_n of_o it_o that_o be_v the_o remote_a from_o the_o side_n whereunto_o they_o be_v strong_o fasten_v then_o to_o break_v so_o solid_a a_o vessel_n 6._o the_o other_o particular_a be_v afford_v we_o by_o that_o experiment_n of_o we_o mention_v in_o the_o vth_z title_n forego_v wherein_o if_o a_o vessel_n half_n full_a of_o water_n be_v make_v to_o freeze_v not_o first_o at_o the_o top_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n that_o liquor_n may_v be_v turn_v into_o ice_n without_o danger_n to_o the_o glass_n but_o we_o will_v now_o add_v a_o experiment_n on_o who_o occasion_n we_o have_v set_v down_o these_o consideration_n for_o be_v incline_v to_o think_v that_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o air_n shut_v up_o in_o a_o vessel_n stop_v will_v preserve_v it_o expanded_a or_o at_o least_o keep_v it_o from_o considerable_o shrink_v notwithstanding_o a_o very_a great_a degree_n of_o cold_a in_o case_n the_o vessel_n be_v strong_a and_o close_o enough_o to_o fence_v it_o from_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o external_a air_n we_o conjecture_v that_o the_o bare_a weight_n of_o the_o outward_a air_n add_v to_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o include_v air_n will_v not_o be_v sufficient_a to_o break_v much_o weak_a glass_n than_o those_o we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o and_o therefore_o partly_o to_o satisfy_v some_o ingenious_a man_n that_o this_o conjecture_n make_v i_o dissent_v from_o and_o partly_o to_o show_v the_o peripatetic_n and_o those_o that_o adhere_v to_o they_o in_o the_o question_n under_o consideration_n that_o either_o the_o cold_a alone_n can_v always_o as_o they_o teach_v we_o contract_v the_o air_n or_o that_o if_o it_o do_v the_o break_n of_o well_o stop_v glass_n in_o frosty_a weather_n be_v much_o fit_a to_o evince_v that_o there_o may_v be_v a_o vacuum_n then_o that_o there_o can_v be_v none_o we_o make_v the_o follow_a experiment_n 7._o we_o take_v three_o glass-bubble_n of_o differ_v shape_n and_o size_n which_o we_o cause_v to_o be_v blow_v with_o a_o lamp_n that_o to_o make_v the_o experiment_n very_o favourable_a for_o our_o adversary_n we_o may_v have_v they_o much_o thin_a and_o consequent_o weak_a than_o those_o glass_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o to_o keep_v liquor_n in_o and_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v break_v though_o they_o be_v not_o full_a by_o the_o frost_n these_o bubble_n when_o the_o air_n be_v at_o a_o convenient_a temper_n within_o be_v as_o easy_o they_o may_v be_v nimble_o seal_v up_o with_o care_n to_o avoid_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n in_o they_o and_o be_v afterward_o expose_v sometime_o to_o the_o air_n it_o self_n in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n and_o sometime_o to_o that_o great_a cold_a which_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o place_v they_o in_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n we_o can_v not_o nevertheless_o find_v that_o any_o one_o of_o the_o three_o be_v at_o all_o break_a or_o crack_v so_o that_o in_o case_n the_o include_v air_n be_v condense_v into_o a_o lesser_a room_n the_o space_n it_o desert_v may_v be_v conclude_v empty_a or_o else_o it_o will_v hardly_o appear_v what_o 〈◊〉_d there_o can_v be_v that_o nature_n shall_v break_v as_o the_o peripatetic_n pretend_v very_o much_o strong_a glass_n in_o apothecary_n shop_n to_o prevent_v a_o vacuum_n 8._o have_v show_v that_o water_n itself_o acquire_v a_o considerable_a expansion_n by_o cold_a we_o will_v next_o show_v that_o aqueous_a body_n or_o those_o that_o abound_v with_o waterish_a part_n do_v divers_a if_o not_o 〈◊〉_d of_o they_o the_o like_a we_o take_v egg_n and_o expose_v they_o to_o a_o sufficient_a degree_n of_o cold_a we_o observe_v that_o when_o the_o contain_v liquor_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n they_o burst_v the_o shell_n asunder_o so_o that_o divers_a gape_a crack_n be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o they_o as_o long_o as_o they_o continue_v freeze_v 9_o milk_n urine_n rhenish-wine_n and_o good_a spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v set_v to_o freeze_v in_o distinct_a glass_n egg_n neither_o of_o the_o three_o former_a liquor_n 〈◊〉_d observe_v to_o subside_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o rise_v the_o event_n in_o sum_n be_v that_o the_o urine_n be_v much_o long_o then_o either_o of_o the_o two_o other_o liquor_n before_o it_o begin_v to_o swell_v but_o rise_v to_o a_o far_o great_a height_n than_o they_o afterward_o the_o wine_n do_v not_o leave_v the_o mark_n above_o a_o inch_n beneath_o the_o milk_n ascend_v about_o two_o inch_n and_o the_o urine_n by_o guess_n six_o or_o seven_o 10._o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o 〈◊〉_d vitriol_n be_v put_v into_o a_o cylindrical_a pipe_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n so_o that_o the_o liquor_n fill_v the_o pipe_n to_o the_o height_n of_o about_o six_o or_o eight_o inch_n be_v freeze_v with_o snow_n and_o salt_n the_o congeal_a liquor_n grow_v very_o opacous_a and_o look_v as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v turn_v or_o shoot_v into_o vitriol_n save_o a_o little_a that_o remain_v fluid_a and_o transparent_a near_o the_o bottom_n and_o this_o ice_n as_o appear_v rise_v considerable_o high_a than_o the_o liquor_n do_v before_o congelation_n it_o be_v perhaps_o worth_a try_v whether_o or_o no_o even_o several_a body_n of_o a_o stable_a consistence_n and_o durable_a texture_n may_v not_o be_v find_v to_o receive_v some_o though_o less_o manifest_a dilatation_n by_o excessive_a cold._n and_o methinks_v those_o who_o attribute_n glaciation_n to_o the_o plentiful_a ingress_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n into_o body_n shall_v by_o their_o hypothesis_n have_v be_v invite_v to_o make_v some_o trial_n of_o this_o kind_n since_o we_o see_v that_o the_o invisible_a moisture_n of_o the_o air_n against_o rainy_a weather_n do_v seem_v manifest_o enough_o to_o alter_v the_o dimension_n of_o door_n window-shuts_a and_o other_o such_o work_v make_v of_o wood_n not_o well_o season_v and_o even_o without_o suppose_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o epicurean_a hypothesis_n if_o we_o consider_v that_o in_o bread_n though_o we_o be_v sure_a that_o much_o more_o water_n be_v add_v to_o the_o meal_n or_o flower_n than_o be_v exhale_a in_o the_o oven_n yet_o there_o appear_v not_o the_o least_o drop_n of_o water_n distinct_a in_o the_o concrete_a and_o that_o hartshorn_n sponge_n and_o many_o other_o body_n that_o seem_v very_o dry_a will_v afford_v by_o distillation_n good_a store_n of_o phlegm_n or_o water_n and_o more_o than_o can_v probable_o be_v ascribe_v to_o any_o transmute_v operation_n of_o the_o fire_n if_o i_o say_v we_o consider_v these_o and_o the_o like_a thing_n it_o may_v seem_v worth_a while_n to_o try_v which_o i_o want_v the_o conveniency_n to_o do_v by_o accurate_a measure_n whether_o the_o invisible_a and_o interspersed_a water_n its_o comminution_n notwithstanding_o will_v not_o upon_o freeze_a swell_v the_o body_n that_o harbour_v it_o and_o i_o will_v the_o more_o glad_o have_v be_v satisfy_v in_o this_o because_o i_o hope_v it_o may_v help_v i_o to_o unriddle_v a_o strange_a 〈◊〉_d afford_v we_o by_o the_o narrative_a of_o the_o dutchman_n voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n wherein_o they_o relate_v that_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o great_a that_o their_o clock_n be_v freeze_v and_o will_v not_o go_v though_o they_o hang_v more_o weight_n upon_o it_o then_o before_o so_o that_o they_o be_v
claret-wine_n and_o if_o thrust_v down_o into_o either_o of_o these_o liquor_n they_o nimble_o enough_o emerge_v 6._o whether_o or_o no_o chemical_a oil_n though_o like_v express_v oil_n they_o shrink_v with_o a_o moderate_a degree_n of_o cold_a will_v by_o congelation_n be_v like_v they_o contract_v or_o like_o aqueous_a liquor_n expanded_a we_o can_v not_o satisfy_v ourselves_o by_o experiment_n because_o we_o be_v unable_a to_o advance_v cold_a to_o a_o degree_n capable_a of_o bring_v such_o oil_n to_o congelation_n only_o we_o have_v thought_n to_o make_v a_o trial_n with_o oil_n of_o aniseed_n distil_v with_o water_n in_o a_o limbeck_n in_o regard_n that_o though_o it_o be_v a_o very_a subtle_a liquor_n and_o as_o chemist_n call_v it_o a_o essential_a oil_n and_o though_o in_o the_o summer_n time_n and_o at_o some_o other_o season_n if_o the_o weather_n be_v warm_a it_o will_v remain_v fluid_a yet_o in_o the_o winter_n when_o the_o air_n be_v cold_a it_o will_v if_o it_o be_v well_o draw_v and_o genuine_a easy_o enough_o lose_v its_o fluidity_n and_o therefore_o we_o think_v it_o may_v do_v well_o to_o pour_v some_o of_o it_o in_o moderate_a weather_n into_o a_o convenient_o shape_a glass_n and_o then_o to_o freeze_v it_o external_o by_o the_o application_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n that_o we_o may_v observe_v whether_o upon_o congelation_n it_o will_v shrink_v or_o be_v expanded_a and_o according_o though_o we_o be_v not_o provide_v with_o any_o quantity_n of_o this_o oil_n yet_o in_o weather_n that_o be_v not_o sharp_a we_o do_v by_o the_o help_n of_o some_o ice_n which_o we_o procure_v when_o the_o season_n make_v it_o a_o rarity_n surround_v a_o glass_n pipe_n fill_v with_o fluid_a oil_n of_o aniseed_n and_o find_v though_o the_o pipe_n be_v but_o short_a yet_o the_o enclose_a substance_n when_o it_o have_v lose_v its_o fluidity_n have_v considerable_o lose_v of_o the_o height_n which_o it_o reach_v to_o before_o 7._o and_o because_o the_o empyreumatical_a oil_n that_o be_v drive_v out_o of_o retort_v by_o somewhat_o violent_a fire_n seem_v to_o be_v of_o a_o nature_n differ_v enough_o from_o those_o essential_a oil_n as_o artist_n call_v they_o which_o be_v draw_v in_o limbeck_n by_o the_o help_n of_o water_n as_o well_o as_o fire_n and_o because_o we_o observe_v that_o some_o of_o the_o firm_a oil_n may_v be_v use_v in_o physic_n in_o much_o large_a dose_n then_o it_o be_v think_v safe_a to_o give_v the_o latter_a in_o conjecture_v from_o hence_o that_o probable_o empyreumatical_a oil_n may_v be_v less_o hot_a and_o so_o less_o indispose_v to_o congelation_n we_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v trial_n no_o body_n else_o in_o probability_n have_v do_v it_o whether_o the_o cold_a in_o our_o climate_n can_v be_v bring_v to_o freeze_v these_o oil_n and_o whether_o it_o will_v expand_v or_o condense_a they_o wherefore_o expose_v in_o convenient_o shape_v vessel_n some_o good_a oil_n of_o guajacum_fw-la that_o be_v diaphanous_a 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insomuch_o that_o they_o render_v the_o ice_n whitish_a and_o opacous_a yet_o we_o have_v observe_v that_o other_o piece_n will_v swim_v which_o yet_o be_v of_o a_o almost_o crystalline_a clearness_n and_o therefore_o we_o think_v fit_a to_o look_v upon_o some_o clear_a piece_n of_o ice_n in_o a_o microscope_n and_o we_o shall_v subjoin_v the_o event_n because_o that_o when_o we_o behold_v some_o of_o this_o ice_n in_o one_o of_o our_o microscope_n which_o have_v be_v count_v by_o several_a of_o the_o curious_a as_o good_a a_o magnifier_n as_o perhaps_o any_o be_v in_o the_o world_n we_o can_v not_o discover_v such_o store_n of_o bubble_n as_o it_o seem_v there_o shall_v appear_v upon_o the_o supposition_n that_o the_o adequate_a cause_n of_o the_o levity_n and_o expansion_n of_o freeze_a water_n be_v
but_o the_o interspersion_n of_o such_o bubble_n the_o observation_n i_o have_v be_v mention_v i_o find_v thus_o set_v down_o among_o my_o note_n a_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o to_o the_o eye_n look_v clear_a like_o crystal_n be_v put_v into_o the_o great_a microscope_n appear_v even_o there_o free_a from_o bubble_n and_o yet_o the_o same_o piece_n of_o ice_n be_v present_o remove_v and_o cast_v into_o common_a water_n will_v swim_v at_o the_o top_n and_o if_o it_o be_v forcible_o duck_v will_v swift_o enough_o emerge_n another_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o to_o the_o naked_a eye_n be_v not_o so_o clear_a as_o the_o former_a appear_v in_o the_o same_o microscope_n to_o have_v store_n of_o bubble_n some_o of_o they_o appear_v there_o no_o big_a than_o a_o small_a pin_n head_n and_o some_o of_o they_o be_v yet_o lesser_a and_o scarce_o visible_a in_o the_o microscope_n itself_o and_o here_o because_o it_o seem_v a_o considerable_a doubt_n and_o well_o worth_a the_o examine_n whether_o or_o 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experiment_n which_o we_o have_v divers_a time_n make_v we_o take_v a_o glass-egg_n with_o a_o long_a stem_n and_o fill_v it_o almost_o with_o water_n we_o seal_v it_o hermetical_o up_o to_o exclude_v the_o pretence_n that_o some_o adventitious_a air_n may_v get_v in_o and_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o water_n and_o yet_o such_o a_o egg_n be_v expose_v to_o congelation_n the_o freeze_a water_n will_v be_v manifest_o expanded_a and_o swell_v by_o numerous_a bubble_n which_o oftentimes_o give_v it_o a_o whitish_a opacity_n to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v that_o new_a metalline_a vessel_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o careful_o stop_v the_o liquor_n will_v nevertheless_o when_o expose_v to_o the_o cold_a be_v thereby_o expanded_a and_o turn_v into_o ice_n furnish_v with_o bubble_n 5._o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o in_o the_o experiment_n of_o the_o hermetical_o seal_a glass_n the_o produce_v bubble_n may_v come_v from_o the_o air_n which_o be_v seal_v up_o together_o with_o the_o 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in_o this_o experiment_n we_o usual_o begin_v to_o produce_v ice_n and_o bubble_n in_o the_o water_n contiguous_a to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n that_o part_n be_v by_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n first_o refrigerated_a in_o which_o case_n there_o appear_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o air_n which_o be_v a_o thousand_o time_n light_a than_o the_o water_n shall_v against_o its_o nature_n dive_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n and_o if_o it_o be_v dispose_v to_o dive_v why_o shall_v we_o not_o see_v it_o break_v through_o the_o water_n in_o bubble_n as_o be_v usual_a in_o other_o case_n where_o air_n penetrate_v water_n 4._o in_o metalline_a vessel_n and_o in_o glass_n quite_o fill_v with_o water_n before_o they_o be_v stop_v there_o be_v no_o pretence_n of_o the_o dive_v of_o the_o air_n from_o the_o top_n there_o have_v be_v none_o leave_v there_o 5._o and_o last_o if_o all_o the_o bubble_n of_o ice_n be_v make_v by_o and_o fill_v with_o true_a air_n descend_v from_o the_o 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whether_o or_o no_o air_n i_o mean_v true_a and_o permanent_a air_n can_v be_v generate_v anew_o as_o well_o out_o of_o common_a water_n as_o many_o other_o liquor_n and_o whether_o it_o may_v be_v generate_v by_o cold_a itself_o and_o perhaps_o we_o shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o inquire_v into_o the_o modus_fw-la of_o this_o production_n and_o engage_v ourselves_o in_o divers_a other_o difficulty_n who_o full_a prosecution_n beside_o that_o they_o will_v as_o much_o exceed_v our_o present_a leisure_n as_o ability_n seem_v more_o proper_o to_o belong_v to_o the_o more_o general_a part_n of_o physics_n where_o such_o kind_n of_o general_a question_n be_v fit_a to_o be_v handle_v wherefore_o we_o will_v now_o only_o consider_v this_o particular_a question_n whether_o or_o no_o the_o cavity_n of_o
expansion_n wr_v considerable_a since_o the_o water_n rise_v three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a in_o the_o stem_n though_o the_o whole_a water_n in_o the_o egg_n and_o stem_n too_o weigh_v but_o two_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a 〈◊〉_d the_o vessel_n have_v not_o be_v unlucky_o crack_v we_o shall_v have_v freeze_v the_o water_n once_o more_o and_o then_o seal_v up_o the_o glass_n hermetical_o and_o suffer_v the_o ice_n leisurely_o to_o thaw_v shall_v have_v invert_v it_o and_o break_v it_o under_o water_n and_o have_v proceed_v with_o it_o as_o we_o have_v do_v with_o some_o other_o glass_n in_o the_o former_o mention_v experiment_n 9_o a_fw-la little_a glass_n cylinder_n open_v only_a at_o one_o end_n of_o a_o convenient_a length_n be_v thrust_v into_o a_o deep_a and_o wide_a mouth'd-glass_n about_o half_n fill_v with_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n but_o the_o cylinder_n be_v neither_o so_o quite_o fill_v that_o the_o water_n shall_v run_v over_o nor_o yet_o far_o short_a of_o be_v 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cold_a do_v not_o expand_v either_o oil_n or_o uncongealable_a liquor_n but_o condense_a they_o 11._o after_o what_o i_o have_v thus_o large_o deliver_v concern_v the_o expansive_a endeavour_n of_o freeze_a water_n i_o hope_v i_o may_v be_v allow_v to_o leave_v to_o other_o if_o they_o shall_v think_v it_o worth_a the_o labour_n the_o prosecution_n of_o the_o like_a experiment_n upon_o wine_n milk_n urine_n and_o other_o liquor_n abound_v with_o aqueous_a part_n concern_v which_o we_o shall_v only_o in_o general_n remind_v those_o that_o may_v have_v forget_v it_o that_o by_o some_o of_o our_o experiment_n it_o appear_v that_o such_o aqueous_a liquor_n be_v expanded_a by_o congelation_n and_o that_o their_o endeavour_n outward_o be_v considerable_o forcible_a seem_v more_o than_o likely_a from_o what_o we_o former_o note_v out_o of_o the_o dutch_a voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n where_o it_o be_v relate_v that_o by_o the_o extreme_a cold_a both_o some_o of_o their_o other_o barrel_n 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bottom_n of_o the_o stem_n we_o set_v it_o to_o freeze_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n for_o some_o hour_n with_o the_o stop_n of_o the_o stem_n which_o be_v draw_v out_o into_o a_o very_a slender_a pipe_n almost_o at_o right_a angle_n with_o the_o stem_n open_a and_o there_o leave_v it_o for_o some_o hour_n and_o the_o water_n be_v rise_v betwixt_o six_o and_o a_o half_a and_o seven_o inch_n this_o we_o do_v in_o order_n to_o another_o experiment_n but_o then_o easy_o and_o nimble_o seal_v up_o the_o slender_a pipe_n above_o mention_v that_o the_o air_n in_o the_o stem_n may_v not_o be_v heat_v we_o let_v it_o continue_v in_o the_o snow_n sometime_o add_v fresh_a for_o about_o 24._o hour_n to_o observe_v to_o what_o degree_n the_o water_n by_o expand_v itself_o will_v compress_v the_o imprison_a air._n the_o length_n of_o the_o cylinder_n of_o
examine_v this_o have_v take_v a_o piece_n of_o ice_n we_o do_v not_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o i_o partly_o make_v myself_o and_o partly_o cause_v in_o my_o presence_n to_o be_v make_v by_o other_o that_o if_o a_o man_n eye_n be_v close_o shut_v he_o can_v certain_o discern_v the_o approach_n of_o a_o moderate_o size_v piece_n of_o ice_n though_o hold_v never_o so_o near_o his_o finger_n end_n nay_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o make_v the_o trial_n with_o one_o of_o those_o very_a sensible_a thermoscope_n i_o have_v former_o mention_v wherein_o a_o pendulous_a drop_n of_o liquor_n play_v up_o and_o down_o in_o a_o slender_a pipe_n i_o find_v that_o by_o hold_v it_o very_o near_o to_o little_a mass_n of_o snow_n somewhat_o compact_v too_o the_o movable_a drop_n do_v not_o betray_v any_o manifest_a operation_n of_o so_o cold_a a_o neighbour_a body_n but_o if_o the_o glass_n be_v make_v to_o touch_v the_o snow_n the_o effect_n will_v then_o be_v notable_a by_o the_o hasty_a descent_n of_o the_o pendulous_a drop_n or_o its_o motion_n towards_o the_o obtuse_a part_n of_o the_o instrument_n in_o case_n that_o be_v not_o perpendicular_o but_o lateral_o apply_v to_o the_o snowy_a lump_n but_o this_o languidness_n of_o operation_n may_v perhaps_o proceed_v in_o great_a part_n from_o the_o smallness_n of_o the_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v employ_v for_o hear_v of_o a_o merchant_n that_o have_v make_v divers_a observation_n about_o cold_a in_o greenland_n i_o desire_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o a_o very_a learned_a friend_n to_o be_v inform_v whether_o or_o no_o in_o the_o night_n they_o can_v perceive_v those_o vast_a heap_n or_o rather_o mountain_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o float_v up_o and_o down_o in_o that_o sea_n by_o any_o new_a and_o manifest_a accession_n of_o cold_a and_o be_v inform_v by_o way_n of_o answer_n to_o that_o question_n that_o be_v at_o sea_n they_o can_v know_v the_o approach_n of_o ice_n as_o well_o by_o the_o increase_n of_o cold_a as_o by_o the_o glare_a light_n which_o the_o air_n seem_v to_o receive_v from_o the_o neighbour_a ice_n 3._o but_o that_o which_o make_v i_o suspect_v that_o there_o may_v in_o this_o account_n be_v some_o mistake_n be_v that_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o meet_v with_o any_o like_a observation_n in_o any_o of_o the_o voyage_n into_o gelid_a climate_n that_o i_o have_v have_v occasion_n to_o peruse_v though_o in_o some_o of_o they_o the_o navigator_n frequent_o mention_v their_o have_v meet_v with_o vast_a rand_n as_o some_o call_v they_o and_o island_n of_o mountainous_a ice_n in_o the_o night_n and_o it_o be_v as_o i_o remember_v the_o complaint_n of_o one_o or_o two_o if_o not_o more_o of_o they_o that_o the_o ship_n lie_v close_o by_o such_o vast_a piece_n of_o ice_n without_o their_o be_v aware_a of_o it_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o fog_n by_o which_o it_o seem_v that_o there_o be_v no_o sensible_a cold_a diffuse_v to_o any_o considerable_a distance_n whereby_o they_o may_v be_v advertise_v of_o the_o unwelcome_a neighbourhood_n even_o of_o so_o much_o ice_n but_o possible_o the_o approach_n of_o far_o small_a mass_n of_o ice_n will_v have_v be_v sensible_a to_o they_o in_o such_o a_o climate_n as_o we_o where_o the_o organ_n will_v not_o have_v be_v indispose_v to_o feel_v by_o a_o long_a accustomance_n of_o any_o thing_n near_o so_o intense_a a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o that_o which_o then_o reign_v in_o those_o northern_a sea_n 4._o while_o we_o be_v consider_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o operation_n of_o even_o the_o cold_a body_n at_o the_o very_a near_a distance_n and_o upon_o immediate_a contact_n we_o think_v it_o a_o experiment_n not_o altogether_o unworthy_a to_o be_v try_v whether_o though_o ice_n and_o snow_n alone_o that_o be_v unassisted_a by_o salt_n will_v not_o in_o some_o of_o our_o former_o mention_a experiment_n freeze_v water_n through_o the_o thickness_n even_o of_o a_o thin_a glass_n they_o may_v not_o yet_o do_v it_o when_o the_o water_n be_v immediate_o contiguous_a to_o they_o and_o i_o remember_v that_o we_o take_v a_o convenient_o shape_a glass_n and_o have_v freeze_v the_o contain_v water_n for_o some_o hour_n from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o till_o the_o ice_n be_v grow_v to_o be_v of_o a_o considerable_a thickness_n we_o mark_v what_o part_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v possess_v by_o the_o unfrozen_a water_n and_o then_o remove_v the_o vessel_n to_o a_o little_a distance_n from_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n it_o stand_v in_o before_o we_o let_v it_o 〈◊〉_d there_o to_o try_v whether_o the_o ice_n will_v freeze_v any_o part_n of_o the_o contiguous_a and_o incumbent_a water_n but_o some_o intervening_a accident_n hinder_v we_o from_o be_v able_a to_o derive_v any_o great_a satisfaction_n one_o way_n or_o other_o from_o our_o trial_n 5._o wherefore_o we_o shall_v add_v by_o way_n v._n of_o compensation_n that_o the_o diligent_a olearius_n relate_v that_o at_o ispahan_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o persia_n though_o it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o very_a hot_a climate_n and_o though_o it_o seldom_o freeze_v there_o above_o a_o finger_n thick_a and_o the_o ice_n melt_v present_o at_o sunrising_n yet_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v conservatory_n which_o they_o furnish_v with_o solid_a piece_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o good_a thickness_n only_o by_o pour_v at_o night_n great_a store_n of_o water_n at_o convenient_a interval_n of_o time_n upon_o a_o shelve_v floor_n of_o freestone_n or_o marble_n whereon_o as_o the_o water_n run_v over_o it_o the_o most_o dispose_v of_o its_o part_n be_v in_o their_o passage_n arrest_v and_o freeze_v by_o the_o contiguous_a ice_n which_o by_o this_o mean_n say_v my_o learned_a author_n may_v be_v bring_v in_o two_o or_o three_o successive_a night_n to_o a_o very_a considerable_a thickness_n 6._o we_o several_a time_n give_v order_n to_o have_v this_o experiment_n try_v in_o england_n but_o partly_o through_o the_o negligence_n of_o those_o we_o employ_v and_o partly_o upon_o the_o score_n of_o intervening_a circumstance_n our_o expectation_n be_v but_o ill_o answer_v and_o in_o this_o case_n i_o mention_v intervening_a circumstance_n because_o have_v cause_v a_o servant_n to_o pump_v in_o the_o night_n upon_o a_o not_o very_o thin_a plate_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v lay_v shelve_v upon_o a_o board_n and_o another_o flat_a piece_n of_o ice_n be_v about_o the_o same_o time_n lay_v under_o a_o place_n where_o water_n derive_v from_o a_o neighbour_a spring_n be_v wont_n continual_o to_o drop_v he_o bring_v i_o word_n that_o not_o only_o in_o this_o last_o name_v place_n the_o ice_n melt_v away_o but_o that_o under_o the_o pump_n instead_o of_o increase_v in_o thickness_n by_o the_o water_n run_v over_o it_o it_o be_v thereby_o rather_o dissolve_v at_o which_o somewhat_o wonder_v i_o go_v in_o the_o morning_n myself_o to_o the_o pump_n and_o cause_v a_o good_a flake_n of_o ice_n to_o be_v in_o a_o convenient_a posture_n place_v under_o it_o i_o observe_v the_o water_n as_o it_o come_v out_o of_o the_o pump_n and_o be_v fall_v on_o the_o ice_n to_o smoke_n as_o if_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o well_o have_v make_v the_o water_n though_o very_o cold_a to_o the_o touch_n somewhat_o warm_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o thereby_o fit_a to_o resolve_v then_o to_o increase_v it_o which_o inconvenience_n may_v be_v prevent_v by_o suffer_v the_o water_n of_o deep_a spring_n and_o well_n to_o stand_v to_o cool_v in_o the_o air_n before_o it_o be_v put_v to_o the_o ice_n and_o this_o though_o the_o neighbour_a air_n be_v as_o i_o find_v by_o manifest_a proof_n so_o cold_a that_o i_o be_v not_o tempt_v to_o impute_v the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o the_o experiment_n rather_o to_o its_o want_n of_o a_o sufficient_a coldness_n than_o the_o water_n so_o that_o till_o i_o have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o make_v a_o further_a trial_n i_o can_v 〈◊〉_d more_o to_o the_o persian_a way_n of_o augment_v ice_n but_o to_o proceed_v our_o have_v meet_v with_o but_o a_o unsatisfactory_a account_n of_o this_o experiment_n which_o we_o be_v the_o more_o trouble_v at_o because_o this_o seem_v a_o promise_a way_n of_o try_v that_o which_o otherwise_o be_v not_o so_o easy_o reduce_v to_o experiment_n for_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n must_v be_v serious_o consider_v in_o assign_v the_o cause_n of_o divers_a trial_n that_o may_v be_v make_v for_o the_o resolve_v of_o the_o same_o question_n for_o to_o omit_v other_o example_n here_o in_o england_n we_o find_v that_o water_n pour_v on_o snow_n be_v wont_a to_o hasten_v the_o dissolution_n of_o it_o and_o not_o to_o be_v congeal_v by_o it_o whereas_o have_v inquire_v of_o a_o ingenious_a person_n that_o live_v a_o good_a while_n among_o the_o russian_n
a_o glass_n tube_n thrust_v into_o the_o ground_n yet_o it_o seem_v that_o at_o least_o where_o captain_n james_n winter_v the_o water_n be_v not_o much_o above_o half_a so_o thick_o freeze_v as_o the_o earth_n but_o we_o have_v already_o note_v the_o indisposition_n of_o salt-water_n to_o congelation_n and_o whether_o fresh_a water_n will_v not_o have_v be_v deep_o freeze_v may_v be_v just_o doubt_v title_n fourteen_o experiment_n touch_v the_o differ_a medium_n through_o which_o cold_a may_v be_v diffuse_v 1._o in_o examine_v whether_o cold_a may_v be_v diffuse_v through_o all_o medium_n indefinite_o notwithstanding_o their_o compactness_n or_o the_o closeness_n of_o their_o texture_n we_o must_v have_v a_o care_v not_o to_o make_v our_o trial_n with_o medium_n of_o too_o great_a thickness_n lest_o we_o mistake_o impute_v that_o to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v indeed_o cause_v by_o the_o distance_n which_o the_o medium_fw-la put_v betwixt_o the_o agent_n and_o the_o patient_n for_o the_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o snow_n wherewith_o we_o make_v our_o experiment_n will_v operate_v but_o at_o a_o very_a small_a distance_n though_o the_o medium_fw-la resist_v no_o more_o than_o the_o common_a air_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o some_o of_o the_o experiment_n record_v in_o this_o treatise_n this_o premised_a we_o may_v proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o have_v place_v a_o copious_a mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n in_o pipkin_n glaze_v within_o and_o in_o white_a basin_n glaze_v both_o within_o and_o without_o we_o observe_v that_o the_o outside_n of_o both_o those_o sort_n of_o vessel_n be_v crust_v over_o with_o ice_n though_o however_o the_o bake_a earth_n have_v not_o be_v compact_v nor_o the_o vitrified_a surface_n of_o a_o very_a close_a texture_n the_o very_a thickness_n of_o the_o vessel_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o seem_v it_o will_v scarce_o have_v be_v able_a to_o freeze_v at_o a_o great_a distance_n 2._o by_o the_o experiment_n former_o mention_v of_o freeze_a water_n in_o pewter_n bottle_n it_o appear_v that_o cold_a be_v able_a to_o operate_v through_o such_o mettalline_a vessel_n 3._o and_o this_o may_v be_v somewhat_o confirm_v by_o one_o of_o the_o pretty_a experiment_n that_o be_v to_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o help_n of_o cold_a namely_o the_o make_v icy_a cup_n to_o drink_v in_o the_o way_n we_o use_v be_v this_o we_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v a_o cup_n of_o latin_a by_o which_o i_o mean_v iron_n reduce_v into_o thin_a plate_n and_o tin_a over_o on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o shape_n and_o bigness_n i_o intend_v to_o have_v the_o cup_n of_o then_o i_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v of_o the_o same_o matter_n another_o cup_n of_o the_o same_o shape_n with_o the_o former_a but_o every_o way_n less_o so_o that_o it_o will_v go_v into_o the_o great_a and_o leave_v a_o competent_a interval_n for_o water_n betwixt_o its_o convex_a surface_n and_o the_o concave_n of_o the_o other_o this_o innermost_a cup_n be_v furnish_v with_o a_o rim_n or_o lip_n by_o which_o it_o lean_v upon_o the_o great_a and_o by_o who_o help_n its_o side_n and_o bottom_n be_v easy_o place_v at_o a_o just_a and_o even_a distance_n from_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o other_o but_o the_o distance_n between_o the_o two_o bottom_n be_v make_v great_a then_o that_o between_o the_o side_n that_o the_o icy_a cup_n may_v stand_v the_o firm_a and_o last_v the_o long_o the_o interval_n between_o the_o two_o part_n of_o this_o mould_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o internal_a cup_n be_v fill_v with_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n partly_o to_o freeze_v the_o contiguous_a water_n and_o thereby_o cooperate_v to_o the_o quick_a make_n of_o the_o cup_n and_o partly_o by_o its_o weight_n to_o keep_v the_o water_n from_o buoy_v up_o so_o light_a a_o cup_n the_o external_a part_n be_v surround_v with_o ice_n and_o salt_n who_o cold_a so_o powerful_o penetrate_v to_o the_o internal_a metalline_a mould_n that_o the_o water_n be_v quick_o freeze_v and_o the_o part_n of_o the_o mould_n be_v disjoin_v appear_v turn_v into_o a_o icy_a cup_n of_o the_o bigness_n and_o figure_n design_v and_o these_o cup_n be_v easy_o to_o be_v make_v and_o of_o various_a shape_n and_o that_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o summer_n if_o snow_n or_o ice_n be_v at_o hand_n be_v very_o pleasant_a trifle_n especial_o in_o hot_a weather_n when_o they_o impart_v a_o very_a refresh_a coolness_n to_o the_o drink_n pour_v into_o they_o and_o though_o they_o last_v not_o long_o especial_o if_o they_o be_v employ_v to_o drink_v wine_n and_o such_o like_a spirituous_a drink_n in_o yet_o while_o some_o be_v melt_v other_o may_v be_v provide_v and_o so_o the_o loss_n may_v be_v easy_o repair_v all_o the_o difficulty_n we_o meet_v with_o be_v to_o disjoin_v the_o part_n of_o the_o mould_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o stick_v very_o fast_o to_o the_o ice_n they_o include_v and_o we_o try_v to_o obviate_v this_o sometime_o by_o anoint_v the_o inside_n of_o the_o mould_n with_o some_o unctuous_a and_o not_o offensive_a matter_n to_o hinder_v the_o adhesion_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o sometime_o by_o apply_v some_o convenient_a heat_n both_o to_o the_o convex_a part_n of_o the_o external_a and_o the_o concave_a part_n of_o the_o internal_a piece_n of_o the_o mould_n which_o last_o mention_v way_n be_v quick_a and_o sure_a but_o lessen_v the_o durableness_n of_o the_o cup._n we_o be_v late_o inform_v that_o this_o way_n of_o make_v cup_n of_o ice_n be_v set_v down_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d argenis_n and_o it_o be_v like_a enough_o that_o 〈◊〉_d man_n may_v have_v learn_v it_o among_o some_o of_o the_o virtuoso_n of_o italy_n he_o converse_v with_o but_o if_o we_o that_o learn_v it_o from_o none_o of_o they_o have_v not_o be_v teach_v it_o by_o experience_n we_o shall_v scarce_o have_v venture_v to_o try_v it_o upon_o the_o credit_n of_o a_o romance_n that_o sort_n of_o composure_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v fabulous_a enough_o to_o pass_v but_o for_o poem_n in_o prose_n 4._o the_o learned_a and_o industrious_a mathematician_n erasmus_n bartholinus_n mention_n in_o his_o new_o publish_v discourse_n de_fw-fr figura_fw-la 〈◊〉_d a_o experiment_n by_o which_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o some_o master_n of_o nature_n secret_n do_v easy_o even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o heat_n reduce_v water_n into_o air._n for_o they_o put_v a_o little_a snow_n or_o ice_n into_o a_o funnel_n and_o thereby_o so_o refrigerate_v and_o condense_a the_o ambient_fw-la air_n that_o there_o will_v dew_n trickle_v down_o the_o side_n of_o the_o funnel_n by_o which_o mean_v it_o have_v be_v say_v that_o some_o ingenious_a man_n have_v hope_v to_o make_v a_o artificial_a fountain_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o summer_n but_o i_o here_o mention_v this_o experiment_n rather_o because_o it_o be_v not_o unlikely_a to_o please_v those_o to_o who_o it_o be_v new_a and_o because_o have_v purposely_o try_v it_o in_o large_a and_o thick_a funnel_n of_o glass_n it_o may_v be_v pertinent_o enough_o deliver_v in_o this_o place_n where_o we_o be_v treat_v of_o the_o transmission_n or_o propagation_n of_o cold_a through_o close_a and_o thick_a medium_n then_o because_o we_o expect_v to_o make_v of_o it_o that_o use_v especial_o that_o oeconomical_a use_n that_o have_v be_v late_o intimate_v for_o first_o it_o will_v be_v very_o hard_a to_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v the_o very_a air_n itself_o and_o not_o rather_o the_o vapour_n swim_v in_o it_o that_o be_v by_o this_o mean_v transmute_v into_o water_n and_o second_o it_o be_v true_a indeed_o that_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v condense_a vapour_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o a_o funnel_n but_o either_o they_o that_o hope_v to_o make_v this_o use_n of_o the_o experiment_n have_v little_a experience_n of_o it_o and_o write_v conjectural_o or_o else_o they_o have_v make_v it_o with_o a_o success_n very_o differ_v from_o we_o for_o though_o we_o employ_v a_o large_a funnel_n and_o suspend_v it_o by_o a_o string_n artificial_o enough_o tie_v about_o it_o in_o the_o free_a air_n and_o though_o the_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n we_o put_v in_o be_v sufficient_o infrigidate_v as_o will_v appear_v by_o and_o by_o and_o far_o more_o so_o then_o ice_n or_o snow_n alone_o will_v have_v be_v yet_o that_o mixture_n be_v not_o able_a to_o condense_a the_o vaporous_a part_n of_o the_o air_n into_o dew_n much_o if_o at_o all_o long_o than_o the_o mutual_a dissolution_n of_o the_o salt_n and_o snow_n last_v the_o liquor_n that_o be_v this_o way_n obtain_v and_o drop_v down_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o funnel_n who_o internal_a perforation_n ought_v to_o be_v careful_o stop_v lest_o any_o of_o the_o resolve_a snow_n and_o salt_n shall_v fall_v through_o
hour_n have_v be_v divert_v by_o some_o occasion_n from_o take_v it_o soon_o out_o we_o find_v as_o we_o have_v conjecture_v that_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n continue_v perfect_o fluid_a as_o before_o yet_o the_o bubble_n total_o immerse_v in_o this_o heat_n chemical_a oil_n be_v freeze_v throughout_o not_o except_v that_o which_o be_v harbour_v in_o the_o little_a neck_n or_o stalk_v and_o when_o i_o come_v to_o lift_v it_o out_o of_o the_o liquor_n the_o glass_n be_v crack_v as_o we_o suppose_v by_o the_o cold_a the_o string_n bring_v up_o a_o little_a part_n of_o that_o which_o be_v near_a to_o it_o the_o rest_n in_o the_o form_n above_o mention_v stay_v behind_o and_o subside_v and_o that_o which_o be_v remarkable_a in_o this_o piece_n of_o ice_n be_v that_o when_o we_o have_v take_v it_o out_o it_o appear_v cleave_v very_o deep_a from_o the_o outside_n almost_o to_o the_o centre_n according_a to_o a_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o slender_a part_n of_o 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a_o point_n almost_o like_o the_o pole_n and_o meridian_n in_o a_o globe_n whence_o we_o conclude_v the_o glass_n to_o have_v be_v as_o it_o be_v probable_a burst_v asunder_o upon_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n into_o ice_n and_o that_o the_o reason_n why_o there_o remain_v but_o a_o comparative_o little_a parcel_n of_o ice_n be_v probable_o that_o the_o salt_n water_n get_v in_o at_o those_o cranny_n or_o chink_n dissolve_v as_o much_o of_o the_o new_a make_v ice_n as_o in_o a_o little_a while_n it_o can_v easy_o reach_v beside_o 11._o we_o fill_v a_o glass_n bubble_n with_o fair_a water_n and_o have_v hermetical_o seal_v it_o we_o suspend_v it_o by_o a_o string_n fasten_v to_o the_o cork_n in_o the_o cavity_n of_o a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n well_o stop_v so_o that_o the_o bubble_n be_v every_o way_n at_o a_o good_a distance_n from_o the_o side_n bottom_n and_o top_n of_o the_o glass_n this_o we_o do_v to_o try_v whether_o a_o sufficient_a degree_n of_o cold_a at_o 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i_o have_v yet_o meet_v with_o in_o any_o sober_a author_n be_v that_o which_o be_v mention_v by_o the_o learned_a french_a hydrographer_n fournier_n who_o relate_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1635._o the_o french_a fleet_n sail_v to_o canada_n meet_v with_o several_a piece_n of_o ice_n as_o high_a as_o steeple_n and_o particular_o one_o whether_o piece_n or_o bank_n of_o ice_n for_o the_o french_a word_n glace_n may_v signify_v either_o which_o they_o be_v trouble_v to_o coast_n along_o for_o above_o forty_o league_n if_o this_o be_v the_o same_o story_n as_o one_o may_v suspect_v it_o to_o be_v by_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o place_n and_o fleet_n there_o be_v a_o great_a mistake_n in_o another_o place_n where_o our_o author_n speak_v of_o the_o vastness_n of_o the_o ice_n but_o if_o it_o be_v another_o story_n as_o some_o differ_a circumstance_n argue_v the_o french_a it_o seem_v meet_v with_o ice_n far_o more_o stupendous_a then_o even_o that_o already_o mention_v for_o say_v our_o author_n in_o the_o sea_n which_o wash_v canada_n book_n there_o be_v often_o see_v even_o in_o the_o month_n of_o august_n to_o pass_v by_o ice_v much_o big_a than_o ship_n in_o the_o year_n 1635._o the_o french_a fleet_n sail_v there_o coast_v along_o for_o three_o day_n and_o three_o night_n one_o that_o be_v above_o 80._o league_n long_o flat_a in_o some_o place_n like_o vast_a champion_n and_o high_a in_o other_o like_o frightful_a hill_n the_o latter_a part_n of_o which_o passage_n may_v confirm_v what_o we_o former_o deliver_v in_o another_o section_n concern_v the_o unequal_a compagination_n of_o 〈◊〉_d island_n to_o what_o have_v be_v say_v touch_v the_o extent_n and_o other_o dimension_n of_o float_v or_o at_o least_o loose_a piece_n of_o ice_n it_o will_v be_v fit_a to_o add_v something_o of_o the_o extent_n of_o ice_n coherent_a to_o one_o or_o both_o of_o those_o shore_n that_o bind_v the_o water_n who_o upper_a part_n be_v congeal_v and_o in_o the_o first_o place_n 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frequent_o so_o sometime_o even_o in_o the_o warm_a region_n of_o the_o east_n the_o sea_n itself_o have_v by_o the_o cold_a be_v congeal_v to_o a_o prodigious_a breadth_n insolitum_fw-la est_fw-la say_v bartholinus_n quod_fw-la refert_fw-la constantinus_n 6._o manasses_n in_o annalibus_fw-la accidisse_fw-la theophilo_n imperante_fw-la ut_fw-la hyems_fw-la saeva_fw-la mare_fw-la cogeret_fw-la in_o glaciem_fw-la ad_fw-la profunditatem_fw-la sanè_fw-la immensam_fw-la humidúinque_fw-la illud_fw-la elementum_fw-la lapidis_fw-la ad_fw-la duritiem_fw-la fluxione_fw-la prorsus_fw-la ademptâ_fw-la redigeret_fw-la and_o michael_n glycas_n relate_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 775._o 19_o the_o winter_n be_v so_o sharp_a in_o the_o east_n that_o along_o the_o coast_n the_o sea_n he_o mean_v the_o mediterranean_a be_v freeze_v for_o 50._o league_n and_o the_o ice_n be_v compact_v as_o into_o a_o rock_n 30._o cubit_n deep_a so_o strange_a a_o quantity_n of_o snow_n likewise_o fall_v that_o it_o be_v raise_v to_o the_o height_n of_o 30._o cubit_n above_o the_o ice_n which_o likewise_o agree_v very_o well_o with_o what_o we_o former_o note_v touch_v the_o possible_a increase_n of_o the_o height_n of_o some_o piece_n of_o ice_n by_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o snow_n upon_o they_o iv._o it_o remain_v now_o that_o we_o subjoin_v a_o few_o promiscuous_a observation_n concern_v ice_n that_o be_v not_o so_o ready_o reducible_a to_o the_o three_o forego_v head_n and_o we_o shall_v begin_v with_o what_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o by_o the_o dutch_a in_o their_o nova_n zembla_n voyage_n where_o relate_v how_o they_o fasten_v their_o ship_n to_o a_o great_a piece_n of_o ice_n to_o shelter_v themselves_o from_o the_o stormy_a wind_n there_o add_v they_o we_o go_v upon_o the_o ice_n and_o wonder_v much_o thereat_o it_o be_v such_o manner_n of_o ice_n for_o on_o the_o top_n it_o be_v full_a of_o earth_n and_o there_o be_v find_v about_o 〈◊〉_d egg_n and_o it_o be_v not_o like_o other_o ice_n for_o 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sometime_o one_o of_o those_o that_o be_v style_v emphatical_a it_o be_v very_o considerable_a if_o it_o be_v true_a what_o be_v relate_v by_o olaus_n magnus_n concern_v the_o degenerate_v if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v of_o ice_n from_o its_o wont_a hardness_n in_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o year_n for_o in_o the_o same_o chapter_n where_o he_o give_v we_o the_o late_o transcribe_v account_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o ice_n in_o those_o northern_a country_n after_o have_v interpose_v some_o other_o passage_n he_o subjoin_v these_o word_n liquescente_fw-la 14._o tamen_fw-la glacie_n ad_fw-la principium_fw-la aprilis_fw-la nullus_fw-la ejus_fw-la spissitudini_fw-la minus_fw-la fortitudini_fw-la nisi_fw-la in_o aurora_fw-la ambulando_fw-la confidit_fw-la quia_fw-la solis_fw-la diurno_fw-la aspectu_fw-la tam_fw-la fragilis_fw-la redditur_fw-la ut_fw-la quae-equestres_a armatos_fw-la paulo_fw-la ante_fw-la portaverat_fw-la vix_fw-la hominem_fw-la nunc_fw-la sufferre_fw-la possit_fw-la inerman_n this_o put_v i_o in_o mind_n to_o add_v that_o oftentimes_o in_o the_o writer_n of_o journey_n and_o voyage_n we_o meet_v with_o mention_n of_o great_a noise_n make_v by_o the_o break_n of_o ice_n and_o in_o this_o very_a chapter_n our_o archbishop_n take_v notice_n of_o the_o cleft_n that_o sometime_o happen_v in_o champion_n of_o ice_n add_v that_o when_o the_o ice_n chance_v thus_o to_o open_v especial_o if_o it_o be_v in_o the_o night_n the_o noise_n of_o it_o maybe_o hear_v a_o far_o off_o like_o the_o loud_a and_o horrid_a noise_n of_o thunder_n and_o of_o earthquake_n and_o on_o this_o occasion_n may_v be_v subjoin_v a_o couple_n of_o passage_n extant_a in_o different_a place_n of_o the_o former_o mention_v hall_n voyage_n the_o first_o be_v thus_o deliver_v when_o we_o meet_v with_o a_o huge_a and_o high_a island_n of_o ice_n we_o steer_v hard_a to_o board_v the_o same_o and_o be_v shota_fw-la little_a too_o northwards_o of_o it_o there_o fall_v from_o the_o top_n thereof_o some_o quantity_n of_o ice_n which_o in_o the_o fall_n do_v make_v such_o a_o noise_n as_o though_o it_o have_v be_v the_o report_n
multiplicaret_fw-la as_o our_o author_n be_v descend_v into_o the_o golden_a mine_n at_o cremnitz_n he_o find_v in_o one_o place_n the_o heat_n to_o increase_v as_o he_o descend_v more_o and_o more_o which_o seem_v not_o to_o agree_v with_o a_o passage_n we_o late_o mention_v out_o of_o he_o and_o to_o exceed_v any_o he_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o mine_n and_o afterward_o the_o overseer_n bring_v he_o into_o a_o room_n that_o abound_v with_o smaragdine_n vitriol_n the_o mineral_n whence_o this_o heat_n proceed_v though_o the_o room_n be_v spacious_a he_o find_v there_o beside_o a_o sharp_a spirit_n very_o offensive_a to_o his_o throat_n so_o troublesome_a a_o heat_n that_o he_o be_v ready_a to_o faint_v away_o with_o sweat_v and_o very_o much_o wonder_v how_o the_o digger_n be_v able_a to_o work_v there_o and_o elsewhere_o the_o author_n himself_o note_n that_o such_o hot_a mine_n of_o vitriol_n or_o sulphur_n may_v be_v find_v even_o in_o the_o first_o region_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o he_o call_v that_o which_o be_v somewhat_o near_o the_o surface_n and_o which_o he_o think_v 〈◊〉_d to_o name_v the_o cold_a region_n and_o within_o a_o large_a sphere_n of_o activity_n make_v it_o perpetual_o hot_a but_o this_o as_o i_o be_v intimate_v i_o mention_v but_o as_o a_o suspicion_n or_o a_o conjecture_n and_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o degree_n of_o heat_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v in_o these_o mine_n by_o the_o concurrence_n of_o accidental_a cause_n in_o case_n the_o conjecture_n be_v admit_v yet_o since_o the_o frequency_n of_o a_o sensible_a degree_n of_o heat_n in_o very_o deep_a place_n do_v very_o little_a favour_n their_o opinion_n that_o will_v allow_v the_o earth_n to_o have_v no_o other_o heat_n but_o what_o it_o receive_v from_o the_o sun_n beam_n or_o by_o the_o manifest_a fire_n of_o burn_a hill_n as_o aetna_n and_o vesuvius_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v object_v that_o this_o subterraneal_a heat_n be_v adventitious_a to_o the_o earth_n which_o be_v supreme_o cold_a of_o its_o own_o nature_n gassendus_fw-la might_n reply_n that_o it_o be_v as_o likely_a that_o the_o coldness_n of_o it_o near_o the_o superficies_n may_v be_v adventitious_a too_o and_o that_o it_o appear_v at_o least_o as_o manifest_o that_o the_o one_o proceed_v from_o the_o contiguous_a air_n as_o it_o do_v that_o the_o other_o proceed_v from_o some_o include_v fire_n and_o if_o i_o misremember_v not_o he_o have_v this_o consideration_n that_o it_o be_v somewhat_o strange_a that_o nature_n shall_v have_v intend_v the_o earth_n for_o its_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la and_o yet_o that_o a_o great_a part_n and_o for_o aught_o we_o know_v the_o great_a shall_v be_v constant_o keep_v warm_a either_o by_o the_o sun_n as_o under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n or_o by_o the_o subterraneal_a fire_n but_o the_o objection_n mention_v against_o gassendus_fw-la oppose_v but_o one_o of_o the_o argument_n we_o have_v allege_v against_o the_o earth_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la and_o will_v leave_v the_o other_o in_o their_o force_n though_o it_o do_v more_o convince_o answer_v that_o against_o which_o it_o be_v frame_v than_o it_o seem_v to_o do_v 10._o and_o if_o the_o patron_n of_o the_o earth_n coldness_n to_o evade_v the_o argument_n i_o have_v allege_v shall_v pretend_v that_o when_o they_o affirm_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la they_o mean_v not_o the_o elementary_a earth_n but_o some_o body_n that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o i_o shall_v desire_v to_o know_v which_o it_o be_v they_o mean_v of_o the_o many_o other_o body_n that_o make_v up_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n that_o we_o may_v examine_v what_o right_a it_o have_v to_o that_o title_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o shall_v conclude_v against_o they_o that_o the_o earth_n itself_o have_v none_o since_o they_o grant_v a_o cold_a body_n than_o it_o and_o such_o a_o one_o as_o the_o earth_n must_v be_v behold_v to_o for_o the_o great_a degree_n of_o coldness_n it_o chance_v to_o possess_v 11._o but_o though_o i_o presume_v enough_o have_v be_v say_v to_o make_v it_o appear_v unlikely_a that_o the_o earth_n shall_v be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la yet_o i_o must_v in_o this_o dissent_n from_o the_o learned_a gassendus_fw-la that_o he_o think_v the_o earth_n not_o only_o not_o to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o not_o to_o be_v natural_o cold_a any_o more_o than_o hot_a for_o the_o insensible_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n like_o those_o of_o other_o firm_a body_n be_v heavy_a and_o perhaps_o gross_a and_o either_o have_v no_o constant_a motion_n at_o all_o or_o at_o least_o a_o far_o more_o remiss_a agitation_n then_o that_o of_o our_o sensory_n it_o seem_v to_o follow_v that_o the_o earth_n must_v seem_v cold_a to_o we_o unless_o it_o be_v by_o the_o communicate_v heat_n or_o motion_n of_o some_o extrinsic_a agent_n put_v into_o a_o degree_n of_o agitation_n that_o belong_v not_o to_o its_o nature_n and_o for_o the_o like_a reason_n i_o think_v it_o not_o improbable_a that_o pure_a earth_n shall_v in_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v cold_a than_o either_o pure_a water_n or_o pure_a air_n since_o the_o earth_n be_v a_o consistent_a body_n its_o component_a particle_n be_v at_o rest_n among_o themselves_o or_o at_o least_o move_v with_o a_o almost_o infinite_a slowness_n whereas_o water_n and_o air_n be_v fluid_n their_o component_a particle_n must_v be_v in_o a_o restless_a and_o various_a motion_n and_o consequent_o be_v less_o remote_a from_o heat_n which_o be_v a_o state_n wherein_o the_o various_a agitation_n of_o the_o minute_n particle_n be_v more_o vehement_a 12._o and_o if_o those_o that_o plead_v for_o the_o earth_n have_v declare_v that_o they_o mean_v not_o the_o pure_a or_o elementary_a earth_n but_o that_o part_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n that_o be_v distinct_a from_o the_o sea_n and_o other_o water_n that_o make_v it_o up_o and_o will_v have_v earth_n in_o that_o sense_n not_o to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o only_o the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la perhaps_o they_o may_v have_v a_o better_a plea_n for_o their_o opinion_n than_o they_o can_v urge_v for_o they_o who_o contend_v for_o the_o water_n or_o the_o air_n especial_o if_o to_o countenance_v their_o opinion_n this_o memorable_a observation_n be_v add_v which_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o 474._o among_o those_o navigator_n that_o have_v have_v the_o great_a experience_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n for_o the_o dutch_a that_o sail_v thrice_o to_o nova_n 〈◊〉_d and_o once_o winter_v there_o affirm_v in_o their_o first_o voyage_n that_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a be_v not_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o main_a sea_n where_o yet_o man_n be_v most_o expose_v to_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o air_n and_o of_o the_o water_n but_o either_o upon_o the_o land_n or_o near_o it_o that_o accurate_a geometrician_n and_o hydrographer_n fournier_n tell_v we_o that_o in_o 1595._o the_o hollander_n be_v intercept_v by_o icy_a school_n in_o the_o strait_a of_o weigat_n and_o meet_v with_o certain_a muscovite_n demand_v of_o they_o whether_o those_o sea_n be_v always_o freeze_v and_o be_v answer_v that_o neither_o the_o northern_a sea_n nor_o that_o of_o tartary_n do_v ever_o freeze_v and_o that_o it_o be_v only_o that_o strait_a with_o the_o sea_n contiguous_a to_o the_o shore_n of_o some_o bay_n and_o gulf_n that_o be_v freeze_v and_o our_o judicious_a author_n not_o only_o add_v that_o in_o effect_n all_o those_o that_o sail_n into_o those_o part_n relate_v that_o all_o those_o lump_n of_o ice_n be_v such_o as_o have_v be_v loosen_v and_o sever_v from_o the_o island_n and_o the_o river_n of_o the_o samojed_n and_o tartar_n but_o adventure_n to_o affirm_v in_o general_a term_n that_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o main_a sea_n never_o freeze_v and_o that_o it_o be_v but_o the_o confine_n and_o shore_n of_o some_o of_o they_o that_o be_v freeze_v 13._o that_o the_o water_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la the_o opinion_n of_o aristotle_n have_v make_v it_o to_o be_v that_o of_o the_o school_n and_o of_o the_o generality_n of_o philosopher_n but_o i_o can_v as_o little_o acquiesce_v in_o this_o opinion_n as_o in_o the_o former_a not_o find_v it_o agreeable_a to_o what_o experience_n teach_v we_o 14._o for_o not_o to_o mention_v that_o it_o will_v be_v very_o difficult_a to_o prove_v that_o divers_a very_o cold_a body_n as_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o crystal_n and_o several_a other_o fusible_a stone_n have_v in_o they_o any_o water_n at_o all_o to_o which_o their_o coldness_n may_v with_o any_o degree_n of_o probability_n be_v ascribe_v nor_o to_o urge_v the_o argument_n that_o some_o modern_a contender_n for_o the_o supreme_a coldness_n of_o the_o air_n be_v wont_a to_o employ_v not_o i_o say_v to_o insist_v on_o such_o thing_n
nitre_n alone_o without_o speak_v of_o either_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o in_o the_o other_o place_n not_o only_o his_o word_n seem_v to_o import_v that_o contentam_fw-la notwithstanding_o the_o addition_n of_o the_o other_o ingredient_n the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n expire_a out_o of_o the_o mixture_n and_o penetrate_v into_o the_o water_n be_v they_o that_o make_v it_o freeze_v but_o the_o exigence_n of_o his_o discourse_n seem_v to_o require_v such_o a_o interpretation_n for_o to_o say_v it_o be_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n that_o be_v harbour_v in_o the_o ice_n or_o snow_n that_o freeze_v the_o water_n they_o invade_v be_v no_o better_a than_o to_o beg_v the_o question_n for_o beside_o that_o he_o ought_v to_o prove_v that_o there_o be_v multitude_n of_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o nitre_n lodge_v in_o snow_n and_o ice_n beside_o this_o i_o say_v since_o these_o two_o body_n be_v say_v to_o be_v water_n before_o they_o be_v congeal_v to_o grant_v what_o his_o explication_n suppose_v about_o ice_n and_o snow_n be_v to_o grant_v in_o effect_n that_o nitre_n alone_o without_o ice_n or_o snow_n can_v turn_v water_n into_o ice_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n that_o experience_n warrant_v we_o late_o to_o deny_v and_o if_o this_o be_v all_o that_o be_v mean_v by_o the_o experiment_n the_o mix_n of_o nitre_n with_o the_o ice_n or_o the_o snow_n will_v signify_v very_o little_a to_o evince_v what_o shall_v be_v prove_v for_o if_o instead_o of_o nitre_n you_o take_v sea-salt_n or_o the_o spirit_n of_o salt_n nay_o the_o inflammable_a part_n of_o wine_n the_o experiment_n will_v succeed_v and_o yet_o i_o think_v gassendus_fw-la will_v not_o have_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o these_o body_n to_o be_v frigorifick_a like_o those_o of_o nitre_n which_o yet_o they_o may_v be_v prove_v to_o be_v by_o the_o same_o argument_n which_o be_v employ_v to_o show_v that_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n which_o be_v add_v as_o a_o distinct_a ingredient_n to_o the_o ice_n or_o to_o the_o snow_n be_v the_o efficient_n of_o the_o congelation_n 25._o have_v thus_o examine_v gassendus_fw-la he_o experiment_n we_o will_v now_o as_o our_o next_o and_o last_o argument_n touch_v this_o subject_n subjoin_v our_o own_o as_o far_o as_o we_o can_v find_v any_o of_o they_o among_o our_o note_n some_o of_o which_o follow_v in_o these_o word_n 26._o as_o cold_a as_o they_o think_v salt-petre_a to_o be_v who_o teach_v its_o spirituous_a part_n to_o be_v the_o grand_a and_o catholic_n efficient_n of_o cold_a yet_o we_o find_v that_o it_o will_v dissolve_v ice_n ready_o enough_o as_o well_o as_o sea-salt_n etc._n etc._n be_v wont_a to_o do_v as_o we_o collect_v from_o this_o that_o roch_v petre_n mingle_v with_o ice_n will_v freeze_v the_o vapour_n wander_v in_o the_o air_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o single_a vial_n wherein_o we_o make_v the_o experiment_n which_o the_o ice_n alone_o will_v not_o have_v do_v and_o have_v place_v some_o 〈◊〉_d sie_a beat_a nitre_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n in_o little_a heap_n here_o and_o there_o upon_o plate_n of_o ice_n we_o manifest_o find_v they_o to_o sink_v into_o the_o ice_n which_o argue_v their_o dissolve_v it_o and_o have_v put_v some_o of_o it_o upon_o a_o thick_a and_o smooth_a piece_n of_o ice_n we_o find_v that_o it_o have_v 〈◊〉_d a_o hole_n quite_o through_o it_o while_o the_o surround_v part_n of_o the_o ice_n remain_v of_o a_o good_a thickness_n 27._o we_o take_v a_o large_a single_a vial_n almost_o full_a of_o water_n and_o put_v it_o into_o as_o much_o roch_v petre_n as_o by_o keep_v it_o a_o good_a while_n by_o the_o fire_n side_n we_o can_v dissolve_v in_o it_o of_o which_o one_o mark_n be_v that_o there_o remain_v a_o pretty_a deal_n of_o salt_n entire_a 〈◊〉_d the_o bottom_n of_o the_o liquor_n this_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n during_o a_o extreme_o sharp_a night_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o day_n the_o solution_n be_v 〈◊〉_d so_o hard_o to_o the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o liquor_n that_o have_v break_v the_o glass_n we_o can_v hardly_o break_v the_o include_v mass_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n there_o 〈◊〉_d pear_v some_o liquor_n with_o crystal_n of_o nitre_n well_o figure_v that_o seem_v to_o have_v shoot_v in_o it_o and_o argue_v the_o water_n to_o be_v sufficient_o impreguate_v with_o the_o salt_n 28._o as_o for_o the_o spirituous_a part_n of_o nitre_n so_o far_o forth_o as_o their_o temper_n as_o to_o heat_n or_o cold_a can_v be_v judge_v by_o distillation_n and_o by_o weather-glass_n they_o be_v not_o actual_o more_o cold_a than_o some_o other_o liquor_n and_o appear_v rather_o to_o be_v potential_o 〈◊〉_d then_o cold_a at_o least_o they_o seem_v indispose_v to_o turn_v water_n into_o ice_n since_o we_o have_v 〈◊〉_d that_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n will_v ready_o enough_o turn_v ice_n into_o water_n 29._o these_o three_o forego_v 〈◊〉_d show_v that_o salt-petre_a be_v no_o such_o 〈◊〉_d derful_o cold_a body_n but_o that_o 〈◊〉_d be_v other_o cold_a as_o be_v able_a to_o freeze_v water_n which_o nitre_n can_v not_o congeal_v nay_o they_o manifest_a that_o nitre_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a of_o ice_n do_v thaw_v and_o dissolve_v it_o and_o so_o seem_v at_o least_o in_o reference_n to_o it_o to_o be_v rather_o hot_a then_o cold_a 30._o i_o shall_v now_o add_v one_o note_n more_o to_o show_v it_o do_v not_o always_o make_v water_n so_o much_o as_o equal_o cold_a with_o the_o common_a air_n the_o experiment_n i_o find_v thus_o record_v 31._o we_o take_v a_o seal_a weatherglass_n 1._o and_o by_o a_o little_a pulley_n fasten_v to_o a_o frame_n suspend_v it_o in_o a_o solution_n of_o roch'd-petre_n as_o strong_a as_o we_o can_v make_v it_o without_o heat_n as_o appear_v by_o a_o pretty_a quantity_n of_o nitre_n that_o have_v continue_v some_o day_n undissolved_a in_o the_o vessel_n which_o be_v a_o beer-glass_n with_o a_o flat_a bottom_n after_o the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n have_v be_v suspend_v in_o this_o liquor_n to_o try_v whether_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n be_v not_o at_o this_o time_n cold_o than_o the_o liquor_n it_o be_v a_o cloudy_a and_o windy_a day_n and_o betwixt_o the_o hour_n of_o 11._o and_o 12._o though_o both_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o it_o have_v stand_v some_o day_n in_o the_o same_o place_n i_o lift_v up_o the_o glass_n out_o of_o the_o water_n by_o the_o string_n it_o hang_v by_o that_o i_o may_v not_o touch_v it_o with_o my_o warm_a hand_n and_o find_v the_o liquor_n in_o the_o glass_n to_o descend_v by_o degree_n about_o two_o division_n which_o be_v eight_o of_o a_o inch_n and_o then_o by_o the_o string_n lift_v up_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o put_v again_o the_o solution_n of_o nitre_n under_o it_o the_o include_v liquor_n be_v impel_v up_o again_o two_o division_n and_o sometime_o two_o division_n and_o a_o half_a for_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o the_o more_o full_o i_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n several_a time_n and_o observe_v that_o the_o include_v liquor_n usual_o ascend_v the_o first_o division_n so_o fast_o that_o the_o eye_n can_v perceive_v its_o progress_n and_o that_o the_o ascent_n upon_o the_o immersion_n in_o the_o dissolve_v nitre_n be_v discernable_o quick_a than_o the_o descent_n upon_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n into_o the_o open_a air_n though_o the_o space_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o of_o the_o other_o be_v about_o either_o two_o division_n or_o two_o division_n and_o a_o half_a 32._o if_o it_o be_v here_o demand_v what_o then_o i_o think_v of_o the_o frigifactive_a virtue_n of_o nitre_n i_o must_v answer_v that_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o full_o satisfy_v myself_o concern_v it_o but_o thus_o much_o i_o be_o not_o willing_a to_o deny_v that_o among_o divers_a other_o body_n that_o upon_o several_a occasion_n exhale_v from_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n those_o corpuscle_n that_o be_v of_o a_o nitrous_a nature_n may_v be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n well_o qualify_v to_o refrigerate_v the_o air_n and_o i_o be_o not_o indispose_v to_o think_v that_o there_o may_v be_v store_n of_o little_a saline_a body_n of_o kin_n to_o nitre_n that_o especial_o at_o certain_a time_n 〈◊〉_d in_o great_a multitude_n to_o and_o fro_o in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n but_o that_o this_o aerial_a salt_n which_o some_o modern_n call_v volatile_a nitre_n shall_v be_v true_a and_o perfect_a salt-petre_a be_v more_o than_o i_o be_o sure_a of_o and_o that_o this_o salt_n alone_o shall_v be_v the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la be_v more_o than_o as_o yet_o i_o be_o convince_v of_o especial_o since_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n whence_o i_o have_v see_v many_o concretes_n dig_v out_o who_o very_a name_n and_o
but_o such_o as_o eat_v flesh_n as_o bear_n and_o fox_n etc._n etc._n although_o nova_n zembla_n lie_v 4_o 5_o and_o 6._o degree_n more_o southerly_a from_o the_o pole_n than_o the_o other_o land_n aforesaid_a and_o to_o this_o purpose_n i_o remember_v what_o be_v relate_v by_o the_o learned_a josephus_n 101._o acosta_n concern_v the_o heat_n and_o cold_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o elsewhere_o when_o i_o pass_v say_v he_o to_o the_o indies_n i_o will_v tell_v what_o chance_v unto_o i_o have_v read_v what_o poet_n and_o philosopher_n write_v of_o the_o burn_a zone_n i_o persuade_v myself_o that_o come_v to_o the_o aequinoctial_a i_o shall_v not_o endure_v the_o violent_a heat_n but_o it_o fall_v out_o otherwise_o for_o when_o i_o pass_v which_o be_v when_o the_o 〈◊〉_d be_v there_o for_o zenith_n be_v enter_v into_o aries_n in_o the_o month_n of_o march_n i_o feel_v so_o great_a a_o cold_a as_o i_o be_v force_v to_o go_v into_o the_o sun_n to_o warm_v i_o what_o can_v i_o else_o do_v then_o but_o laugh_v at_o aristotle_n meteor_n and_o his_o philosophy_n see_v that_o in_o that_o place_n and_o at_o that_o season_n when_o as_o all_o shall_v be_v scorch_a with_o heat_n according_a to_o his_o rule_n 〈◊〉_d and_o all_o my_o companion_n be_v a_o cold_a in_o truth_n there_o be_v no_o region_n in_o the_o world_n more_o pleasant_a and_o temperate_a then_o under_o the_o equinoctial_a although_o it_o be_v not_o in_o all_o part_n of_o a_o equal_a temperature_n but_o have_v great_a diversity_n the_o burn_a zone_n in_o some_o part_n be_v very_o temperate_a as_o in_o quitto_n and_o on_o the_o plain_n of_o peru_n in_o some_o part_n very_o cold_a as_o at_o potosi_n and_o in_o some_o veryhot_n as_o in_o ethiopia_n brasile_n and_o the_o molucque_n and_o within_o two_o chapter_n after_o he_o discourse_v more_o large_o of_o some_o of_o these_o particular_n and_o again_o chapter_n the_o 12._o you_o may_v continual_o say_v he_o see_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o these_o 109._o mountain_n snow_n hail_n and_o freeze_a water_n and_o the_o cold_a so_o bitter_a as_o the_o grass_n be_v all_o wither_a so_o as_o the_o man_n and_o beast_n which_o pass_v that_o way_n be_v benumb_v with_o cold_a this_o as_o i_o have_v say_v be_v in_o the_o burn_a zone_n and_o it_o happen_v most_o common_o when_o they_o have_v the_o sun_n for_o zenith_n these_o testimony_n of_o a_o learned_a man_n that_o write_v upon_o his_o own_o knowledge_n i_o think_v it_o worth_a produce_v to_o make_v it_o probable_a that_o as_o in_o several_a country_n the_o heat_n do_v not_o always_o answer_v to_o the_o nearness_n of_o place_n to_o the_o line_n so_o in_o northern_a region_n the_o cold_a may_v not_o always_o be_v proportionate_a to_o their_o vicinity_n to_o the_o pole_n in_o mr._n hudsons_n second_o voyage_n write_v by_o himself_o he_o mention_n that_o above_o 71._o degree_n though_o they_o be_v much_o pester_v with_o ice_n about_o the_o end_n of_o june_n that_o day_n when_o this_o 578._o happen_v be_v calm_a clear_a and_o hot_a weather_n add_v of_o the_o next_o day_n also_o that_o it_o be_v calm_a hot_a and_o fair_a weather_n and_o acosta_n tell_v we_o that_o we_o see_v these_o difference_n not_o only_o on_o the_o land_n but_o also_o on_o the_o sea_n there_o be_v some_o sea_n where_o they_o feel_v great_a heat_n as_o the_o report_n of_o that_o of_o mazambigus_fw-la and_o ormus_n in_o the_o east_n and_o of_o the_o sea_n of_o panama_n in_o the_o west_n there_o be_v other_o sea_n in_o the_o same_o degree_n of_o height_n very_o cold_a as_o that_o of_o peru_n in_o the_o which_o we_o be_v a_o cold_a when_o we_o first_o sail_v it_o which_o be_v in_o march_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v direct_o over_o we_o in_o truth_n on_o this_o continent_n 〈◊〉_d the_o land_n and_o sea_n be_v of_o one_o sort_n we_o can_v imagine_v any_o other_o cause_n of_o this_o so_o great_a a_o 〈◊〉_d but_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o wind_n that_o 〈◊〉_d refresh_v they_o but_o to_o multiply_v no_o more_o instance_n we_o shall_v conclude_v with_o this_o one_o that_o charleton_n island_n where_o captain_n james_n winter_v and_o of_o which_o we_o so_o often_o have_v occasion_n to_o make_v mention_n in_o our_o history_n though_o it_o seem_v by_o the_o effect_n to_o be_v a_o cold_a region_n than_o even_o the_o country_n about_o musco_n and_o perhaps_o as_o cold_a as_o nova_n zembla_n it_o elsewhere_o self_n yet_o captain_n james_n who_o have_v several_a time_n occasion_n to_o take_v the_o latitude_n of_o it_o and_o assign_v it_o the_o same_o elevation_n and_o consequent_o the_o same_o distance_n from_o the_o pole_n with_o cambridge_n who_o latitude_n he_o reckon_v to_o be_v 51._o degree_n beside_o minute_n and_o who_o air_n be_v very_o well_o know_v to_o be_v very_o temperate_a and_o it_o be_v remarkable_a that_o though_o this_o place_n who_o latitude_n be_v short_a of_o 52._o degree_n be_v find_v uninhabitable_a by_o reason_n of_o 569._o the_o cold_a yet_o not_o only_o in_o mr._n hudsons_n voyage_n the_o writer_n admonish_v the_o reader_n to_o take_v notice_n that_o although_o they_o run_v along_o near_o the_o shore_n they_o find_v 112._o no_o great_a cold_a which_o make_v they_o think_v that_o if_o they_o have_v be_v on_o shore_n the_o place_n be_v temperate_a and_o yet_o in_o this_o place_n they_o reckon_v themselves_o to_o have_v reach_v the_o 78._o degree_n of_o latitude_n and_o our_o recenter_n navigation_n inform_v we_o that_o several_a part_n of_o greenland_n to_o which_o this_o new_o mention_v coast_n belong_v be_v well_o enough_o inhabit_v and_o one_o of_o our_o english_a navigator_n assure_v we_o that_o the_o true_a height_n of_o pustozera_n in_o russia_n be_v no_o less_o than_o 68_o degree_n and_o a_o half_a if_o not_o more_o and_o yet_o that_o be_v a_o town_n not_o only_o well_o inhabit_v but_o of_o great_a trade_n but_o in_o hudsons_n voyage_n i_o find_v what_o be_v more_o strange_a that_o under_o the_o 81._o degree_n of_o latitude_n beyond_o which_o they_o discover_v land_n very_o far_o off_o but_o beyond_o which_o none_o be_v think_v to_o have_v actual_o sail_v towards_o the_o pole_n they_o find_v it_o during_o the_o whole_a day_n clear_a weather_n with_o little_a wind_n 571._o and_o reasonable_a warm_a and_o beyond_o 80._o degree_n they_o not_o only_o find_v a_o stream_n or_o two_o of_o fresh_a water_n but_o find_v it_o hot_a on_o the_o shore_n and_o drink_v water_n to_o cool_v their_o thirst_n which_o they_o also_o commend_v ii_o the_o next_o observable_a i_o be_o to_o propose_v about_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n be_v this_o that_o the_o degree_n both_o of_o heat_n and_o cold_a in_o the_o air_n may_v be_v much_o great_a in_o the_o same_o climate_n and_o the_o same_o place_n at_o several_a season_n of_o the_o year_n or_o even_o at_o several_a time_n of_o the_o same_o day_n than_o most_o man_n will_v believe_v for_o the_o proof_n of_o this_o proposition_n we_o shall_v subjoin_v two_o sort_n of_o testimony_n of_o traveller_n and_o navigator_n the_o former_a show_v that_o in_o country_n where_o it_o be_v very_o cold_a in_o winter_n it_o may_v 〈◊〉_d be_v hot_a in_o summer_n and_o the_o latter_a manifest_v that_o even_o on_o the_o same_o day_n as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o same_o place_n the_o heat_n and_o cold_a that_o succeed_v one_o another_o may_v be_v one_o of_o they_o sensible_a though_o the_o other_o be_v extreme_a or_o may_v perhaps_o be_v both_o of_o they_o considerable_a to_o make_v this_o good_a we_o shall_v produce_v the_o follow_a testimony_n 1._o dr._n giles_n fletcher_n english_a ambassador_n to_o the_o muscovian_a emperor_n in_o his_o treatise_n of_o russia_n and_o the_o adjoin_a region_n have_v this_o memorable_a passage_n to_o our_o present_a purpose_n the_o whole_a country_n say_v he_o differ_v very_o much_o from_o itself_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o year_n so_o that_o a_o man_n will_v 〈◊〉_d to_o see_v the_o great_a 414._o alteration_n and_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o winter_n and_o summer_n in_o russia_n the_o whole_a country_n in_o the_o winter_n lie_v under_o snow_n which_o fall_v continual_o and_o be_v sometime_o of_o a_o yard_n or_o two_o thick_a but_o great_a towards_o the_o north_n the_o river_n and_o other_o water_n be_v all_o freeze_a up_o a_o yard_n or_o more_o thick_a how_o swift_a or_o broad_a soever_o they_o be_v and_o this_o continue_v common_o for_o five_o month_n to_o wit_n from_o the_o begin_n of_o november_n till_o towards_o the_o end_n of_o march_n what_o time_n the_o snow_n begin_v to_o melt_v so_o that_o it_o will_v breed_v a_o frost_n in_o a_o man_n to_o look_v abroad_o at_o that_o time_n and_o see_v the_o winter_n face_n of_o that_o country_n and_o a_o little_a after_o he_o add_v and_o yet_o in_o the_o summer_n time_n
may_v be_v very_o warrantable_o question_v for_o it_o be_v evident_a in_o water_n we_o expose_v to_o freeze_v in_o large_a vessel_n that_o the_o congelation_n begin_v at_o the_o surface_n where_o the_o liquor_n be_v 〈◊〉_d to_o the_o air_n and_o thence_o as_o the_o cold_a continue_v to_o prevail_v the_o ice_n increase_v and_o thicken_v downward_o and_o therefore_o we_o see_v that_o frog_n retire_v themselves_o in_o frosty_a weather_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o ditch_n whence_o i_o have_v have_v many_o of_o they_o take_v out_o very_o brisk_a and_o vigorous_a from_o under_o the_o thick_a ice_n that_o cover_v the_o water_n and_o i_o have_v be_v inform_v by_o a_o observe_a person_n that_o at_o least_o in_o some_o place_n it_o be_v usual_a in_o winter_n for_o shoal_n of_o fish_n to_o retire_v to_o those_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n if_o not_o of_o river_n also_o where_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v in_o summer_n beside_o if_o rivers_n be_v freeze_v at_o the_o 〈◊〉_d we_o must_v very_o frequent_o meet_v in_o the_o emergent_a piece_n of_o ice_n the_o shape_n of_o those_o irregular_a cavity_n and_o protuberance_n that_o be_v often_o to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o uneven_a soil_n over_o which_o river_n take_v their_o course_n whereas_o general_o those_o emergent_a piece_n of_o ice_n be_v flat_a as_o those_o flake_n that_o be_v generate_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n moreover_o if_o even_o deep_a river_n freeze_v first_o at_o the_o bottom_n why_o shall_v not_o very_o many_o spring_n and_o wells_n 〈◊〉_d first_o at_o the_o bottom_n too_o the_o contrary_a of_o which_o nevertheless_o be_v obvious_a to_o be_v observe_v in_o confirmation_n of_o all_o which_o we_o may_v make_v use_n of_o what_o we_o former_o note_v in_o the_o section_n of_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la about_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o french_a salt-work_n who_o by_o overflow_a the_o bank_n and_o causeways_n all_o the_o winter_n keep_v they_o from_o be_v spoil_v by_o the_o srost_n which_o can_v not_o be_v do_v if_o the_o water_n they_o stand_v under_o freeze_v as_o well_o at_o the_o bottom_n as_o at_o the_o top._n but_o i_o find_v that_o that_o which_o deceive_v our_o watermen_n be_v that_o they_o often_o observe_v flake_n of_o ice_n to_o ascend_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o rivers_n to_o the_o top_n and_o indeed_o it_o often_o happen_v that_o after_o the_o hard_a frost_n have_v continue_v a_o while_n these_o emergent_a piece_n of_o ice_n do_v very_o much_o contribute_v to_o the_o freeze_a over_o of_o rivers_n for_o come_v in_o some_o of_o the_o narrow_a part_n of_o they_o to_o be_v stop_v by_o the_o superficial_a ice_n that_o reach_v on_o each_o side_n of_o the_o river_n a_o good_a way_n from_o the_o bank_n towards_o the_o middle_n those_o flat_a icy_a body_n be_v easy_o cement_v by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o cold_a and_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o contiguous_a water_n to_o one_o another_o and_o by_o degree_n straighten_n and_o at_o length_n choke_v up_o the_o passage_n they_o give_v a_o stop_n to_o the_o other_o flake_n of_o ice_n that_o either_o emerge_n from_o the_o bottom_n or_o loosen_v from_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n or_o carry_v down_o the_o stream_n towards_o they_o and_o these_o be_v also_o by_o the_o same_o cold_a cement_v to_o the_o rest_n the_o river_n be_v at_o length_n quite_o freeze_v over_o and_o the_o reason_n why_o so_o many_o flake_n of_o ice_n come_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o river_n seem_v to_o be_v that_o after_o the_o water_n have_v be_v freeze_v all_o along_o near_o the_o bank_n either_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o sun_n by_o day_n or_o some_o of_o those_o many_o casualty_n that_o may_v perform_v such_o a_o thing_n do_v by_o thaw_v the_o ground_n or_o otherwise_o loosen_v many_o piece_n of_o that_o ice_n together_o with_o the_o earth_n stone_n etc._n etc._n that_o they_o adhere_v to_o from_o the_o more_o stable_a part_n of_o the_o bank_n and_o these_o heavy_a body_n do_v by_o their_o weight_n carry_v 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the_o river_n whereas_o a_o large_a piece_n of_o ice_n may_v carry_v up_o and_o support_v body_n of_o that_o kind_n of_o a_o great_a 〈◊〉_d in_o case_n the_o ice_n itself_o be_v proportionable_o great_a so_o that_o the_o aggregate_v of_o the_o ice_n and_o heavy_a body_n 〈◊〉_d not_o the_o weight_n of_o a_o equal_a bulk_n of_o water_n on_o which_o occasion_n i_o remember_v that_o captain_n james_n hall_n in_o a_o voyage_n extant_a in_o purchas_n relate_v that_o upon_o a_o large_a piece_n of_o ice_n in_o the_o sea_n they_o find_v a_o great_a stone_n which_o they_o judge_v to_o be_v three_o hundred_o pound_n weight_n but_o of_o the_o tradition_n of_o the_o watermen_n we_o shall_v say_v no_o more_o then_o that_o this_o have_v be_v discourse_v but_o upon_o no_o great_a information_n though_o the_o best_a we_o can_v procure_v so_o that_o for_o further_a satisfaction_n it_o be_v to_o be_v desire_v that_o either_o by_o send_v down_o a_o diver_n or_o by_o let_v down_o some_o instrument_n fit_a to_o feel_v if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v the_o bottom_n of_o river_n with_o and_o to_o try_v whether_o ice_n if_o it_o meet_v with_o any_o be_v loose_a from_o or_o uniform_o coherent_a to_o the_o ground_n and_o also_o bring_v up_o parcel_n of_o whatever_o stuff_n it_o meet_v with_o there_o the_o matter_n be_v by_o competent_a experiment_n put_v out_o of_o doubt_n we_o take_v a_o seal_a weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o though_o not_o above_o 10._o inch_n long_o in_o all_o yet_o sensible_a enough_o and_o have_v cause_v a_o hole_n to_o be_v make_v in_o the_o cover_n of_o a_o box_n just_a wide_a enough_o for_o the_o small_a end_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o be_v thrust_v in_o at_o we_o invert_v the_o thermometer_n so_o that_o the_o ball_n of_o it_o rest_v upon_o the_o cover_n of_o a_o box_n and_o the_o pipe_n point_v direct_o downward_o than_o we_o place_v about_o the_o ball_n a_o little_a beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n and_o observe_v whether_o according_a to_o our_o expectation_n the_o tinct_a spirit_n that_o reach_v to_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o pipe_n or_o thereabouts_o will_v be_v retract_v upon_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o liquor_n in_o the_o ball_n and_o according_o the_o spirit_n do_v in_o very_o few_o minute_n ascend_v in_o that_o short_a pipe_n above_o a_o inch_n high_o than_o a_o mark_n whereby_o we_o take_v notice_n of_o its_o former_a station_n and_o will_v perhaps_o have_v ascend_v much_o more_o if_o the_o application_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n have_v be_v continue_v by_o which_o and_o another_o succeed_a experiment_n to_o the_o same_o purpose_n it_o seem_v that_o the_o condensation_n of_o liquor_n by_o cold_a be_v not_o always_o effect_v by_o their_o proper_a gravity_n only_o which_o ordinary_o may_v be_v sufficient_a to_o make_v the_o part_n fall_v close_o together_o but_o whether_o in_o our_o case_n the_o contraction_n be_v assist_v by_o some_o little_a tenacity_n in_o the_o liquor_n or_o by_o the_o spring_n of_o some_o little_a aerial_a or_o other_o spirituous_a and_o elastic_a particle_n from_o which_o the_o instrument_n be_v not_o perfect_o free_v when_o it_o be_v seal_v up_o or_o which_o happen_v to_o be_v generate_v within_o it_o afterward_o will_v be_v among_o orhe_a thing_n more_o proper_o inquire_v into_o in_o another_o place_n where_o we_o may_v have_v occasion_n to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o experiment_n there_o be_v a_o famous_a tradition_n that_o in_o muscovy_n and_o some_o other_o cold_a country_n it_o be_v usual_a out_o of_o pond_n and_o river_n to_o take_v up_o good_a number_n of_o swallow_n enclose_v in_o piece_n of_o ice_n and_o that_o the_o benumb_v bird_n upon_o the_o thaw_v of_o the_o ice_n in_o a_o warm_a room_n will_v come_v to_o
take_v notice_n of_o be_v able_a to_o vary_v their_o success_n in_o confirmation_n of_o what_o be_v deliver_v in_o the_o vii_o section_n about_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n by_o freeze_a i_o shall_v add_v that_o have_v cause_v some_o strong_a glass-bottle_n of_o a_o not_o inconsiderable_a bignéss_n to_o be_v fill_v with_o a_o congealable_a liquor_n except_v the_o neck_n which_o be_v fill_v with_o salad_n oil_n i_o observe_v that_o in_o a_o somewhat_o long_o and_o very_o sharp_a frost_n the_o contain_v water_n be_v so_o far_o expanded_a by_o congelation_n that_o it_o not_o only_o thrust_v up_o the_o cork_n but_o the_o cold_a have_v take_v away_o the_o defluency_n of_o the_o oil_n that_o liquor_n together_o with_o the_o water_n that_o can_v no_o long_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v as_o it_o seem_v freeze_v as_o fast_o as_o it_o be_v thrust_v out_o of_o the_o neck_n there_o appear_v quite_o above_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o bottle_n cylinder_n of_o divers_a inch_n in_o height_n consist_v partly_o of_o concrete_v oil_n and_o partly_o of_o congeal_a water_n have_v on_o their_o top_n the_o cork_n that_o have_v be_v raise_v by_o they_o it_o be_v a_o tradition_n very_a currant_n among_o we_o that_o when_o pond_n or_o river_n be_v freeze_v over_o unless_o the_o ice_n be_v seasonable_o break_v in_o several_a place_n the_o fish_n will_v die_v for_o want_v of_o air._n and_o i_o find_v this_o tradition_n to_o be_v 20._o more_o general_a then_o before_o i_o make_v particular_a inquiry_n into_o it_o i_o know_v of_o for_o olaus_n magnus_n mention_n it_o more_o than_o once_o without_o at_o all_o question_v the_o truth_n of_o it_o but_o rather_o as_o if_o the_o general_a practice_n of_o the_o northern_a nation_n to_o break_v in_o divers_a place_n their_o freeze_a pond_n and_o river_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o certainty_n of_o it_o in_o the_o twenty_o book_n which_o treat_v of_o fish_n after_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o northern_a fisherman_n employ_v so_o much_o pain_n and_o industry_n to_o fish_n under_o the_o ice_n and_o have_v say_v among_o other_o thing_n that_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o fish_n exact_v it_o he_o add_v this_o reason_n that_o nisi_fw-la glacie_n perforata_fw-la respiracula_fw-la moriuntur_fw-la susciperent_fw-la quotquot_fw-la in_o flumine_fw-la vel_fw-la stagno_fw-la versantur_fw-la subito_fw-la morerentur_fw-la another_o passage_n of_o the_o same_o author_n and_o take_v likewise_o out_o of_o the_o same_o 20._o book_n you_o may_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o margin_n though_o in_o another_o place_n he_o seem_v to_o intimate_v another_o and_o not_o a_o absurd_a reason_n of_o the_o death_n of_o fish_n in_o winter_n where_o advertise_v the_o reader_n that_o pond_n and_o lake_n do_v general_o begin_v to_o freeze_v in_o etc._n october_n he_o add_v that_o fish_n be_v usual_o find_v suffocate_v when_o the_o thaw_v come_v where_o vein_n or_o spring_n of_o live_v water_n do_v not_o enter_v by_o which_o passage_n he_o seem_v to_o make_v the_o want_n of_o shift_a water_n cooperate_v to_o the_o suffocation_n of_o the_o fish_n and_o to_o the_o same_o purpose_n i_o shall_v now_o add_v that_o have_v inquire_v of_o a_o learned_a native_a that_o have_v have_v about_o cracovia_n who_o territory_n be_v say_v to_o abound_v much_o in_o pond_n whether_o the_o polander_n also_o use_v the_o same_o custom_n he_o answer_v i_o that_o they_o do_v and_o that_o sometime_o in_o large_a pond_n they_o be_v careful_a to_o break_v the_o ice_n in_o eight_o or_o ten_o several_a place_n to_o make_v so_o many_o either_o vent_v or_o air-hole_n for_o the_o preservation_n as_o they_o suppose_v of_o the_o fish_n and_o when_o i_o inquire_v of_o the_o often_o mention_a russian_a emperor_n physician_n whether_o in_o muscovy_n the_o frost_n kill_v the_o fish_n in_o the_o pond_n in_o case_n the_o ice_n be_v not_o break_v to_o give_v they_o air_n he_o answer_v that_o in_o ordinary_a pond_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o in_o great_a lake_n he_o can_v not_o tell_v because_o the_o fisherman_n use_v to_o break_v many_o great_a hole_n in_o the_o ice_n for_o the_o take_n of_o the_o fish_n for_o at_o each_o of_o these_o hole_n they_o thrust_v in_o a_o net_n and_o all_o these_o net_n be_v draw_v up_o together_o in_o one_o great_a breach_n make_v insome_a convenient_a place_n near_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o rest_n it_o appear_v then_o that_o the_o tradition_n be_v general_a enough_o but_o whether_o it_o be_v well_o ground_v i_o dare_v not_o determine_v either_o affirmative_o or_o negative_o till_o trial_n have_v be_v make_v in_o pond_n with_o more_o of_o design_n or_o of_o curiosity_n and_o watchfulness_n than_o i_o have_v know_v hitherto_o do_v man_n seem_v to_o have_v acquiesce_v in_o the_o tradition_n without_o examine_v it_o and_o to_o have_v be_v more_o careful_a not_o to_o omit_v what_o be_v general_o believe_v necessary_a to_o the_o preservation_n of_o their_o fish_n then_o to_o try_v whether_o they_o will_v escape_v without_o it_o wherefore_o though_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v the_o tradition_n may_v prove_v true_a yet_o to_o induce_v man_n not_o to_o think_v it_o certain_a till_o experience_n have_v due_o convince_v they_o of_o it_o i_o shall_v represent_v that_o as_o much_o as_o i_o have_v in_o other_o treatise_n manifest_v how_o necessary_a air_n be_v to_o animal_n yet_o whether_o fish_n may_v not_o live_v either_o without_o air_n or_o without_o any_o more_o of_o it_o than_o they_o may_v find_v intersperse_v in_o the_o water_n they_o swim_v in_o have_v not_o yet_o that_o i_o know_v of_o be_v sufficient_o prove_v for_o what_o we_o have_v attempt_v of_o that_o nature_n in_o our_o pneumatical_a engine_n whether_o it_o be_v satisfactory_a or_o not_o be_v not_o yet_o divulge_v and_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v hitherto_o meet_v with_o any_o writer_n except_o olaus_n be_v construe_v to_o intimate_v so_o much_o that_o affirm_v upon_o his_o own_o observation_n that_o the_o want_n of_o break_v ice_n in_o pond_n have_v destroy_v all_o the_o fish_n beside_o that_o possible_o in_o freeze_a pond_n there_o may_v be_v other_o reason_n of_o the_o death_n of_o the_o fish_n that_o be_v kill_v if_o any_o store_n of_o they_o be_v so_o by_o very_o sharp_a frost_n for_o who_o know_v what_o the_o lock_v up_o of_o some_o kind_n of_o subterraneal_a steam_n that_o be_v wont_n free_o to_o ascend_v through_o water_n unfrozen_a may_v do_v to_o vitiate_v and_o infect_v the_o unventulate_v water_n and_o make_v it_o noxious_a to_o the_o fish_n that_o live_v in_o it_o perhaps_o also_o the_o excrementitious_a steam_n that_o insensible_o issue_n out_o of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o fish_n themselves_o may_v by_o be_v pen_v up_o by_o the_o ice_n contribute_v in_o some_o case_n to_o the_o vitiate_a of_o the_o water_n at_o least_o in_o reference_n to_o some_o sort_n of_o fish_n for_o be_v desirous_a to_o learn_v from_o a_o person_n curious_a of_o the_o way_n of_o preserve_v and_o transport_v fish_n whether_o some_o fish_n will_v not_o quick_o languish_v grow_v sick_a and_o sometime_o die_v outright_o if_o the_o water_n they_o swim_v in_o be_v not_o often_o shift_v he_o assure_v i_o that_o some_o kind_n of_o they_o will_v and_o it_o have_v not_o yet_o that_o i_o hear_v of_o be_v try_v whether_o or_o no_o though_o pond_n seldom_o freeze_v to_o the_o bottom_n yet_o the_o water_n that_o remain_v under_o the_o ice_n in_o which_o itself_o some_o fish_n may_v be_v now_o and_o then_o intercept_v may_v not_o even_o while_o it_o continue_v uncongeal_v admit_v a_o degree_n of_o cold_a that_o though_o not_o great_a enough_o to_o turn_v water_n into_o ice_n may_v yet_o be_v great_a enough_o when_o it_o continue_v very_o long_o to_o destroy_v fish_n though_o not_o immediate_o yet_o within_o a_o less_o space_n of_o time_n then_o that_o during_o which_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o pond_n continue_v freeze_v but_o it_o be_v not_o worth_a while_n to_o be_v solicitous_a about_o conjecture_n of_o cause_n till_o we_o be_v sure_a of_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n and_o these_o thing_n be_v propose_v not_o so_o much_o to_o confute_v the_o tradition_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o as_o to_o bring_v it_o to_o a_o trial_n which_o have_v no_o opportunity_n to_o make_v in_o pond_n i_o endeavour_v as_o well_o this_o winter_n as_o former_o to_o obtain_v what_o information_n i_o can_v from_o trial_n make_v in_o small_a vessel_n with_o the_o few_o fish_n i_o be_v able_a to_o procure_v and_o i_o shall_v subjoin_v most_o of_o these_o trial_n not_o because_o i_o think_v they_o very_o considerable_a but_o because_o they_o be_v for_o aught_o i_o know_v the_o only_a attempt_n of_o the_o kind_n that_o have_v yet_o be_v make_v to_o satisfy_v myself_o whether_o the_o ice_n deny_v
to_o find_v they_o every_o time_n the_o same_o that_o he_o have_v find_v they_o once_o and_o to_o intimate_v that_o by_o the_o by_o to_o make_v several_a trial_n in_o a_o short_a time_n and_o thereby_o produce_v variety_n of_o figure_n it_o be_v not_o a_o ill_a expedient_a to_o expose_v the_o liquor_n one_o will_v have_v congeal_v in_o very_o shallow_a vessel_n or_o if_o it_o be_v put_v into_o other_o vessle_n to_o leave_v it_o but_o of_o very_o little_a depth_n and_o if_o the_o vessel_n itself_o be_v high_o refrigerated_a either_o by_o the_o cold_a air_n or_o by_o have_v salt_n and_o ice_n apply_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o the_o congelation_n may_v succeed_v much_o the_o more_o nimble_o so_o that_o within_o a_o short_a while_o the_o same_o liquor_n be_v divers_a time_n thaw_v and_o freeze_v again_o may_v possible_o exhibit_v variety_n of_o figure_n and_o the_o production_n of_o ice_n may_v be_v also_o much_o accelerate_a by_o dip_v into_o the_o liquor_n one_o will_v have_v congeal_v the_o convex_a surface_n of_o some_o glass_n or_o other_o smooth_a body_n that_o will_v not_o imbibe_n water_n for_o thereby_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o liquor_n will_v be_v exceed_o extenuate_v and_o how_o much_o such_o a_o thinness_n or_o want_n of_o depth_n may_v dispose_v a_o liquor_n to_o be_v speedy_o penetrate_v and_o congeal_v by_o the_o cold_a may_v be_v guess_v by_o what_o be_v above_o deliver_v in_o the_o section_n out_o of_o olearius_n of_o the_o way_n of_o multiply_a ice_n in_o persia_n by_o make_v water_n thin_o diffuse_v itself_o over_o a_o plate_n of_o ice_n or_o some_o other_o apt_o figure_v and_o very_o cold_a body_n in_o confirmation_n whereof_o i_o will_v add_v on_o this_o occasion_n that_o i_o have_v see_v a_o pair_n of_o stair_n on_o which_o though_o they_o be_v situate_v near_o to_o three_o chimney_n common_o furnish_v with_o fire_n almost_o all_o the_o day_n long_o the_o water_n that_o be_v employ_v to_o wash_v they_o be_v thin_o spread_v with_o a_o mop_n will_v present_o congeal_v though_o they_o assure_v i_o it_o be_v hot_a when_o it_o be_v begin_v to_o be_v lay_v 〈◊〉_d and_o cover_v the_o stair_n with_o glossy_a film_n of_o ice_n and_o i_o have_v likewise_o observe_v in_o a_o very_a sharp_a night_n that_o the_o water_n which_o drop_v down_o from_o the_o nose_n of_o a_o pump_n be_v so_o well_o congeal_v as_o it_o be_v slide_n away_o that_o the_o ice_n thus_o arrest_v in_o its_o passage_n in_o which_o it_o will_v easy_o be_v grant_v that_o it_o spread_v itself_o very_o thin_o have_v raise_v a_o kind_n of_o icy_a pyramid_n of_o a_o considerable_a bigness_n and_o height_n i_o forget_v to_o mention_v in_o due_a place_n and_o therefore_o think_v fit_a to_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o here_o that_o when_o i_o be_v consider_v of_o the_o way_n whereby_o it_o may_v be_v manifest_v to_o those_o that_o want_v nice_a 〈◊〉_d or_o distrust_v their_o skill_n to_o use_v they_o whence_o that_o ice_n come_v that_o appear_v on_o the_o outside_n of_o freeze_a egg_n put_v to_o thaw_v in_o cold_a water_n i_o find_v it_o somewhat_o difficult_a to_o pitch_v upon_o such_o a_o liquor_n as_o i_o desire_v for_o if_o common_a water_n be_v the_o liquor_n employ_v it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o it_o afford_v the_o matter_n whereof_o the_o ice_n in_o question_n be_v make_v and_o if_o i_o employ_v liquor_n that_o be_v spirituous_a or_o saline_a it_o may_v be_v pretend_v that_o the_o frost_n as_o they_o speak_v do_v indeed_o come_v out_o of_o the_o freeze_a egg_n though_o the_o shell_n do_v not_o appear_v case_v with_o ice_n because_o as_o fast_o as_o the_o frost_n come_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o egg_n it_o be_v resolve_v by_o the_o spirituous_a or_o saline_a corpuscle_n of_o the_o liquor_n wherefore_o as_o a_o expedient_a i_o resolve_v to_o make_v use_n of_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n as_o a_o liquor_n which_o i_o have_v find_v incongealable_a by_o the_o great_a cold_a i_o have_v observe_v in_o our_o climate_n and_o which_o yet_o as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o three_o paragraph_n of_o the_o xvi_o title_n be_v more_o indispose_v then_o common_a water_n itself_o to_o thaw_v any_o icy_a efflorescence_n that_o may_v be_v emit_v by_o the_o egg._n but_o the_o experiment_n be_v try_v without_o uniformity_n in_o the_o success_n for_o the_o first_o time_n i_o put_v a_o freeze_a egg_n into_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n i_o do_v not_o observe_v that_o any_o ice_n be_v produce_v on_o the_o outside_n neither_o be_v the_o event_n differ_v when_o another_o time_n i_o put_v two_o freeze_a egg_n together_o into_o a_o small_a vessel_n full_a of_o that_o oil_n though_o to_o refrigerate_v the_o liquor_n the_o vessel_n be_v for_o a_o while_n place_v upon_o a_o mixture_n of_o salt_n and_o ice_n and_o though_o also_o the_o eggshell_n at_o their_o gape_a crack_n produce_v by_o congelation_n discover_v that_o the_o contain_v liquor_n be_v well_o freeze_v i_o intend_v to_o prosecute_v the_o experiment_n another_o time_n want_v ice_n to_o do_v it_o then_o because_o that_o once_o when_o during_o the_o trial_n i_o be_v hinder_v from_o watch_v it_o one_o of_o my_o domestic_n who_o i_o order_v to_o look_v after_o it_o assure_v i_o that_o the_o egg_n that_o be_v put_v to_o thaw_v in_o the_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n have_v there_o obtain_v ice_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o which_o i_o shall_v ready_o have_v believe_v upon_o the_o score_n of_o a_o like_a observation_n i_o have_v make_v myself_o in_o two_o egg_n that_o be_v freeze_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n wherein_o they_o have_v be_v put_v to_o thaw_v be_v it_o not_o that_o one_o or_o both_o of_o they_o have_v be_v by_o a_o mistake_n dip_v in_o water_n before_o they_o be_v put_v into_o the_o above_o mention_v oil_n some_o reader_n may_v have_v expect_v to_o find_v among_o the_o example_n recite_v of_o the_o influence_n of_o cold_a upon_o the_o air_n that_o strange_a story_n which_o be_v relate_v by_o the_o learned_a josephus_n acosta_n of_o the_o mountain_n of_o pariacaca_fw-la which_o he_o several_a time_n traverse_v together_o but_o beside_o that_o i_o have_v deliver_v a_o great_a part_n of_o it_o already_o in_o another_o treatise_n i_o be_v loath_a to_o say_v more_o till_o i_o have_v leisure_n which_o i_o have_v not_o now_o to_o discuss_v the_o scruple_n that_o i_o have_v not_o so_o much_o about_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n as_o about_o the_o cause_n which_o perhaps_o may_v be_v something_o beside_o cold_a but_o since_o i_o have_v mention_v this_o xviii_o section_n i_o will_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o what_o i_o then_o intend_v but_o forget_v to_o set_v down_o namely_o that_o to_o the_o instance_n allege_v to_o show_v the_o coldness_n of_o region_n not_o to_o be_v always_o proportionate_a to_o their_o great_a and_o less_o vicinity_n to_o the_o pole_n we_o may_v add_v a_o memorable_a one_o afford_v we_o by_o a_o country_n so_o well_o know_v to_o many_o of_o we_o as_o new_a england_n where_o though_o the_o winter_n be_v so_o long_o and_o bitter_a as_o we_o have_v former_o relate_v out_o of_o mr._n woods_n prospect_n of_o that_o country_n which_o have_v be_v confirm_v to_o i_o by_o a_o american_n physician_n that_o live_v there_o yet_o that_o region_n which_o be_v so_o very_a much_o cold_a than_o we_o be_v in_o many_o place_n no_o less_o than_o a_o 10._o or_o 11._o degree_n remote_a from_o the_o pole_n i_o shall_v add_v to_o the_o same_o xviii_o section_n that_o as_o to_o the_o experiment_n i_o there_o mention_v concern_v wind_n and_o which_o i_o associate_v with_o the_o testimony_n of_o the_o new_o name_v mr._n wood_n i_o find_v that_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n and_o some_o other_o circumstance_n may_v vary_v it_o more_o than_o one_o will_v easy_o have_v suspect_v for_o though_o i_o faithful_o recite_v the_o phaenomena_n as_o i_o then_o and_o that_o sometime_o with_o witness_n take_v notice_n of_o they_o yet_o some_o month_n after_o and_o in_o other_o weather_n have_v occasion_n to_o repeat_v the_o former_a part_n of_o that_o experiment_n i_o be_v somewhat_o surprise_v at_o the_o success_n for_o come_v to_o blow_v upon_o the_o ball_n of_o a_o seal_a weatherglass_n which_o though_o in_o its_o kind_n very_o tender_a may_v be_v probable_o presume_v to_o be_v less_o so_o than_o a_o thermoscope_n make_v with_o a_o pendulous_a drop_n of_o water_n such_o as_o that_o mention_v in_o the_o forecited_a paragraph_n i_o find_v that_o if_o i_o continue_v to_o blow_v any_o thing_n long_o and_o brisk_o the_o high_o rectify_a spirit_n of_o wine_n which_o circumstance_n i_o therefore_o name_n because_o possible_o the_o nature_n of_o that_o may_v somewhat_o alter_v the_o case_n will_v sometime_o manifest_o enough_o subside_o and_o in_o that_o paragraph_n of_o the_o
have_v imagine_v that_o cold_a may_v afford_v a_o hopefull_a way_n than_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v any_o man_n have_v use_v of_o bring_v this_o controversy_n to_o the_o dicision_n of_o a_o experiment_n i_o make_v that_o attempt_n that_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o xii_o title_n in_o prosecution_n of_o which_o as_o soon_o as_o i_o can_v procure_v some_o though_o but_o some_o of_o the_o accommodation_n which_o i_o long_o want_v i_o make_v a_o experiment_n which_o i_o shall_v subjoin_v because_o though_o it_o be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o with_o better_a implement_n i_o can_v have_v make_v it_o yet_o the_o way_n i_o choose_v have_v as_o i_o partly_o intimate_v elsewhere_o these_o two_o advantage_n that_o the_o force_n employ_v to_o compress_v the_o air_n be_v both_o very_a great_a and_o very_o gradual_o and_o slow_o apply_v and_o that_o the_o vessel_n will_v not_o like_o those_o that_o have_v be_v hitherto_o make_v use_n of_o give_v any_o passage_n through_o its_o pore_n to_o water_n though_o violent_o compress_v we_o take_v then_o a_o round_a ball_n of_o glass_n furnish_v with_o a_o moderate_o long_a pipe_n and_o have_v fill_v it_o with_o water_n till_o the_o liquor_n reach_v within_o some_o inch_n of_o the_o top_n it_o be_v hermetical_o seal_v up_o and_o then_o the_o water_n by_o a_o mixture_n of_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n be_v make_v to_o freeze_v from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o that_o without_o break_v the_o glass_n the_o unfrozen_a water_n by_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n of_o that_o which_o be_v freeze_v may_v be_v impel_v upward_o and_o so_o at_o once_o both_o compress_v the_o air_n and_o be_v press_v upon_o by_o it_o have_v by_o this_o mean_v condense_v the_o air_n as_o far_o as_o we_o think_v safe_a to_o do_v in_o a_o glass_n that_o be_v not_o strong_a we_o crop_v of_o the_o small_a apex_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o immediate_o the_o compress_v air_n fly_v out_o with_o a_o great_a noise_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o pipe_n which_o be_v unfilled_a with_o water_n be_v fill_v with_o smoke_n that_o make_v it_o look_v white_a and_o great_a store_n of_o little_a bubble_n hasty_o ascend_v from_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o water_n to_o the_o upper_a where_o most_o of_o they_o quick_o break_v in_o such_o a_o way_n as_o put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o what_o usual_o happen_v upon_o the_o open_n of_o vessel_n that_o contain_v bottle_a beer_n but_o that_o which_o be_v principal_o to_o be_v note_v be_v this_o that_o beside_o the_o bubble_n or_o froth_n the_o water_n itself_o at_o least_o suppose_v that_o no_o little_a unheeded_a bubble_n that_o do_v not_o quite_o emerge_n can_v sensible_o contribute_v to_o its_o height_n immediate_o ascend_v in_o the_o pipe_n about_o ¾_n of_o a_o inch_n which_o have_v careful_o mark_v the_o first_o and_o second_o station_n with_o a_o diamond_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n it_o be_v easy_a for_o we_o to_o measure_v i_o have_v elsewhere_o propose_v a_o suspicion_n that_o in_o the_o attempt_n that_o have_v be_v till_o then_o make_v to_o compress_v water_n the_o condensation_n in_o case_n there_o be_v real_o any_o may_v perchance_o proceed_v from_o the_o compression_n of_o the_o aerial_a particle_n that_o i_o have_v show_v to_o be_v wont_a to_o lie_v disperse_v in_o the_o pore_n of_o common_a water_n but_o though_o the_o considerable_a expansion_n of_o water_n notwithstanding_o the_o break_n of_o the_o bubble_n in_o our_o present_a experiment_n seem_v manifest_o to_o argue_v that_o this_o can_v be_v but_o a_o concurrent_a cause_n if_o it_o have_v any_o sensible_a effect_n at_o all_o of_o our_o phaenomena_n yet_o i_o dare_v not_o absolute_o rely_v even_o upon_o a_o experiment_n that_o seem_v so_o cogent_a till_o i_o have_v satisfy_v myself_o that_o no_o springiness_n which_o i_o have_v sometime_o suspect_v may_v be_v in_o the_o ice_n have_v any_o interest_n in_o the_o produce_v effect_n and_o that_o the_o great_a pressure_n of_o the_o forcible_o condense_v air_n do_v not_o make_v the_o glass_n itself_o stretch_v or_o yield_v for_o if_o it_o be_v able_a to_o do_v so_o than_o the_o part_n of_o the_o violent_o distend_v glass_n upon_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o forcible_a pressure_n of_o the_o air_n which_o must_v cease_v upon_o the_o break_n of_o the_o hermetical_a seal_n return_v to_o their_o former_a straitness_n below_o will_v make_v the_o water_n ascend_v somewhat_o high_o in_o the_o pipe_n but_o though_o i_o can_v not_o procure_v glass_n as_o well_o very_o thick_a as_o convenient_o shape_v wherewith_o to_o examine_v this_o suspicion_n which_o i_o will_v likewise_o have_v try_v by_o the_o bulk_n of_o the_o glass_n in_o water_n before_z and_o after_o the_o let_v out_o of_o the_o compress_v air_n yet_o because_o most_o reader_n will_v probable_o think_v so_o much_o caution_n more_o than_o necessary_a i_o shall_v add_v that_o if_o i_o have_v not_o want_v conveniency_n and_o have_v not_o have_v mischance_n the_o experiment_n will_v in_o likelihood_n have_v be_v advance_v especial_o care_v be_v take_v that_o the_o air_n leave_v in_o the_o pipe_n shall_v be_v well_o refrigerated_a before_o its_o be_v seal_v up_o as_o we_o sometime_o do_v by_o ice_n and_o salt_n apply_v in_o a_o perforated_a box_n to_o the_o outside_n lest_o part_n of_o its_o spring_n shall_v depend_v upon_o a_o evanid_a degree_n of_o heat_n upon_o which_o account_n the_o pipe_n ought_v beforehand_o to_o be_v draw_v so_o slender_a that_o the_o glass_n may_v be_v melt_v together_o in_o a_o trice_n for_o though_o for_o want_n of_o strong_a glass_n &_o the_o best_a sort_n of_o instrument_n to_o seal_v up_o such_o with_o the_o success_n be_v not_o still_o so_o considerable_a as_o i_o hope_v for_o yet_o as_o 4._o or_o 5._o other_o trial_n make_v as_o well_o with_o another_o liquor_n as_o with_o water_n do_v exhibit_v a_o manifest_a intumescence_n of_o the_o liquor_n without_o compute_v the_o froth_n produce_v at_o the_o top_n so_o in_o the_o experiment_n late_o mention_v if_o we_o have_v judge_v they_o strong_a enough_o to_o endure_v such_o a_o compression_n of_o the_o include_v air_n as_o we_o have_v often_o make_v on_o other_o occasion_n the_o effect_n will_v probable_o have_v be_v much_o more_o considerable_a for_o though_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o length_n of_o the_o same_o water_n compress_v and_o uncompress_v amount_v to_o a_o aqueous_a cylinder_n of_o ⅜_n of_o a_o inch_n in_o height_n yet_o the_o air_n that_o make_v this_o compression_n of_o the_o water_n be_v itself_o reduce_v but_o from_o 8._o inch_n to_o 5._o so_o that_o it_o take_v up_o almost_o half_a its_o former_a room_n whereas_o we_o have_v sometime_o reduce_v it_o to_o a_o 18._o or_o 20._o part_n thereof_o if_o i_o have_v be_v accommodate_v with_o one_o of_o my_o pneumatical_a engine_n i_o shall_v have_v try_v whether_o water_n be_v first_o careful_o free_v from_o the_o latitant_fw-la air_n in_o the_o exhaust_a receiver_n and_o then_o compress_v after_o the_o manner_n hitherto_o recite_v the_o event_n of_o the_o trial_n will_v have_v be_v considerable_o vary_v i_o may_v add_v as_o other_o phaenomena_n of_o our_o experiment_n that_o when_o we_o break_v off_o the_o seal_a apex_n of_o the_o glass_n before_o the_o include_v air_n be_v much_o compress_v there_o neither_o 〈◊〉_d be_v any_o great_a noise_n make_v nor_o any_o considerable_a froth_n produce_v at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n and_o that_o have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n in_o one_o of_o the_o same_o glass_n 〈◊〉_d have_v be_v 〈◊〉_d use_v and_o with_o the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d that_o have_v be_v already_o compress_v in_o it_o we_o find_v that_o upon_o the_o break_n off_o the_o hermetical_a seal_n the_o second_o time_n the_o water_n do_v nevertheless_o ascend_v in_o the_o pipe_n betwixt_o ⅛_n and_o ¼_n part_v of_o a_o inch_n and_o to_o these_o particular_n i_o can_v both_o add_v other_o circumstance_n that_o i_o take_v notice_n of_o in_o the_o same_o experiment_n and_o subjoin_v many_o other_o experiment_n and_o observation_n but_o that_o i_o be_o already_o tire_v and_o though_o i_o have_v not_o find_v cold_a to_o be_v a_o subject_a over-fruitful_a in_o experiment_n please_a and_o curious_a yet_o now_o i_o be_o grow_v somewhat_o acquaint_v with_o it_o i_o find_v it_o may_v suggest_v so_o many_o other_o new_a one_o that_o since_o the_o barrenness_n of_o my_o theme_n will_v not_o easy_o put_v a_o period_n to_o this_o treatise_n it_o be_v fit_a that_o now_o at_o length_n i_o shall_v let_v my_o weariness_n and_o want_n of_o leisure_n do_v it_o finis_fw-la a_fw-la examen_fw-la of_o antiperistasis_n as_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v teach_v and_o prove_v themistius_n carneades_n eleutherius_fw-la themistius_n 1._o as_o for_o antiperistasis_n the_o truth_n of_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n so_o conspicuous_a and_o
coldness_n be_v leave_v to_o disclose_v a_o high_a degree_n of_o it_o and_o seem_v to_o have_v that_o quality_n increase_v when_o indeed_o it_o be_v but_o free_v from_o the_o mixture_n of_o its_o contrary_n that_o weaken_v it_o 32._o as_o for_o the_o heat_n we_o find_v in_o cellar_n and_o vault_n in_o winter_n the_o solution_n already_o give_v will_v be_v applicable_a to_o that_o phaenomenon_n also_o which_o by_o this_o way_n be_v yet_o more_o easy_a to_o be_v account_v for_o then_o the_o other_o for_o have_v first_o question_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n it_o will_v not_o be_v difficult_a to_o show_v that_o though_o it_o be_v true_a it_o need_v not_o be_v ascribe_v to_o antiperistasis_n 33._o i_o think_v then_o that_o it_o may_v be_v just_o question_v whether_o cellar_n in_o general_n be_v hot_a in_o winter_n than_o they_o be_v in_o summer_n for_o as_o for_o the_o testimony_n of_o our_o sense_n upon_o which_o alone_a man_n be_v wont_a to_o conclude_v the_o affirmative_a it_o may_v in_o this_o case_n easy_o and_o much_o delude_v we_o for_o those_o place_n be_v shelter_v from_o the_o wind_n and_o keep_v from_o a_o free_a communication_n with_o the_o outward_a air_n be_v much_o less_o expose_v than_o other_o to_o the_o action_n of_o those_o agent_n whatever_o they_o be_v that_o produce_v cold_a in_o the_o air._n so_o that_o our_o body_n be_v constant_o immerse_v in_o the_o air_n refrigerated_a by_o the_o winter_n and_o consequent_o bring_v near_o to_o the_o temper_n of_o that_o air_n when_o we_o bring_v those_o body_n into_o cellar_n the_o subterraneal_a air_n must_v seem_v warm_a to_o we_o though_o in_o itself_o it_o be_v real_o invaried_a as_o to_o its_o temper_n 34._o now_o that_o many_o cellar_n be_v indeed_o cold_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o winter_n then_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n though_o not_o in_o respect_n of_o our_o sense_n yet_o in_o respect_n of_o other_o body_n that_o have_v not_o the_o same_o predisposition_n i_o be_o induce_v to_o believe_v by_o some_o experiment_n of_o my_o own_o purposely_o make_v and_o first_o in_o a_o frosty_a evening_n have_v hang_v out_o in_o a_o garden_n two_o seal_a weather-glass_n that_o they_o may_v be_v reduce_v as_o near_o as_o can_v be_v to_o the_o temper_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n i_o bring_v one_o of_o they_o into_o a_o cellar_n and_o it_o soon_o begin_v manifest_o to_o rise_v and_o in_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n ascend_v five_o or_o six_o division_n while_o the_o water_n in_o another_o seal_a weatherglass_n that_o continue_v suspend_v in_o the_o same_o part_n of_o the_o garden_n do_v rather_o a_o little_a subside_n then_o at_o all_o rise_n which_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o what_o i_o be_v say_v namely_o that_o the_o air_n harbour_v in_o cellar_n be_v not_o so_o powerful_o affect_v by_o the_o ordinary_a efficient_n of_o cold_a as_o the_o free_a and_o external_a air_n and_o now_o as_o to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o what_o i_o be_v say_v that_o the_o subterraneal_a air_n though_o it_o be_v less_o affect_v by_o the_o outward_a cold_a may_v be_v somewhat_o affect_v by_o it_o instead_o of_o grow_v hot_a by_o antiperistasis_n i_o shall_v add_v that_o early_o in_o the_o morning_n in_o frosty_a wether_n the_o liquor_n in_o the_o same_o weatherglass_n appear_v more_o subsided_a then_o overnight_o which_o show_v that_o the_o external_a air_n do_v lessen_v not_o increase_v the_o warmth_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o cellar_n and_o have_v there_o place_v a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n of_o oil_n which_o in_o thaw_v weather_n remain_v all_o night_n fluid_a as_o before_o the_o same_o liquor_n the_o very_a next_o night_n which_o be_v a_o bitter_a frost_n be_v so_o far_o freeze_v and_o congeal_v as_o to_o sink_v in_o other_o oil_n and_o keep_v its_o surface_n exact_o though_o the_o glass_n be_v incline_v and_o turn_v upside_o down_o and_o prosecute_a my_o trial_n i_o find_v that_o in_o a_o sharp_a frost_n and_o great_a snow_n the_o liquor_n that_o on_o the_o thursday_n night_n be_v beneath_o the_o four_o knub_n or_o mark_v of_o division_n a_o sudden_a thaw_n come_v with_o a_o south_n wind_n the_o next_o morning_n in_o the_o same_o cellar_n the_o liquor_n be_v ascend_v to_o the_o eight_o mark_n and_o continue_v the_o weatherglass_n in_o the_o same_o cellar_n for_o a_o good_a while_n to_o watch_v its_o alteration_n every_o night_n and_o morning_n i_o remember_v i_o meet_v with_o and_o register_v more_o observation_n that_o confirm_v i_o in_o my_o opinion_n though_o it_o be_v so_o long_o ago_o that_o i_o have_v forget_v the_o particular_a circumstance_n and_o after_o these_o trial_n meet_v with_o a_o learned_a polander_n i_o do_v without_o declare_v my_o opinion_n inquire_v of_o he_o whether_o in_o his_o country_n he_o have_v at_o any_o time_n observe_v beer_n to_o freeze_v in_o cellar_n in_o frosty_a weather_n to_o which_o he_o answer_v that_o in_o the_o cold_a winter_n if_o the_o beer_n be_v small_a the_o barrel_n will_v oftentimes_o be_v freeze_v but_o not_o if_o it_o be_v strong_a but_o i_o need_v not_o have_v recourse_n to_o foreign_a testimony_n have_v myself_o observe_v here_o in_o england_n more_o than_o one_o barrel_n of_o beer_n to_o be_v freeze_v in_o the_o cellar_n in_o exceed_v cold_a weather_n insomuch_o that_o one_o of_o the_o barrel_n be_v full_a and_o the_o liquor_n expanded_a by_o freeze_a be_v force_v out_o at_o certain_a chink_n which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v make_v by_o that_o expansive_a force_n and_o the_o liquor_n so_o eject_v adhere_v in_o a_o considerable_a lump_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o yet_o this_o cellar_n have_v its_o window_n careful_o shut_v and_o not_o only_o be_v near_o a_o kitchen_n where_o fire_n be_v constant_o keep_v but_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a it_o have_v this_o principal_a mark_n of_o be_v a_o good_a cellar_n that_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n it_o use_v to_o afford_v i_o drink_v sufficient_o cool_a and_o now_o to_o requite_v eleutherius_fw-la with_o the_o testimony_n of_o that_o very_a person_n physician_n to_o the_o russian_a emperor_n who_o authority_n he_o late_o allege_v against_o i_o i_o shall_v confess_v that_o as_o he_o suspect_v i_o have_v conference_n with_o this_o doctor_n and_o when_o i_o diligent_o inquire_v of_o he_o whether_o their_o cellar_n at_o musco_n be_v real_o very_o cold_a in_o summer_n he_o answer_v i_o that_o they_o be_v not_o and_o that_o they_o have_v distinct_a cellar_n for_o summer_n and_o for_o winter_n that_o their_o small_a beer_n will_v quick_o grow_v sour_a in_o their_o cellar_n in_o summer_n if_o their_o vessel_n be_v not_o keep_v in_o snow_n that_o therefore_o their_o way_n be_v to_o make_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o their_o summer_n cellar_n to_o which_o belong_v a_o well_o to_o receive_v the_o water_n drop_v from_o the_o melt_a snow_n a_o deep_a layer_n of_o snow_n on_o which_o they_o afterward_o cast_v a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o water_n that_o the_o whole_a mass_n may_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o kind_n of_o ice_n in_o this_o snow_n they_o keep_v their_o cask_n make_v sometime_o a_o layer_n of_o snow_n and_o a_o layer_n of_o cask_n and_o dig_v out_o their_o vessel_n as_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v they_o by_o all_o which_o it_o may_v appear_v how_o groundless_o it_o be_v universal_o affirm_v of_o cellar_n that_o as_o they_o seem_v to_o the_o sense_n so_o they_o real_o be_v hot_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n 35._o but_o if_o it_o shall_v happen_v as_o in_o some_o place_n it_o be_v not_o impossible_a but_o that_o it_o may_v that_o some_o vault_n and_o cellar_n be_v real_o warm_a in_o summer_n then_o in_o winter_n yet_o i_o see_v not_o why_o this_o shall_v reduce_v we_o to_o the_o acknowledgement_n of_o a_o antiperistasis_n for_o neither_o can_v the_o effect_n be_v make_v out_o by_o that_o nor_o will_v there_o be_v any_o necessity_n to_o have_v recourse_n to_o it_o 36._o and_o first_o i_o may_v content_v myself_o to_o repeat_v what_o i_o have_v former_o say_v to_o show_v the_o incongruity_n of_o antiperistasis_n in_o general_a to_o nature_n way_n of_o act_v and_o i_o may_v add_v that_o to_o imagine_v with_o some_o late_a peripatetic_n who_o all_o their_o reverence_n to_o aristotle_n have_v not_o so_o far_o blind_v as_o not_o to_o let_v they_o see_v the_o unreasonableness_n of_o his_o conceit_n that_o in_o winter_n the_o warmth_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n retreat_n into_o cellar_n and_o vault_n to_o shun_v its_o contrary_n be_v to_o make_v mere_a accident_n or_o at_o best_a inanimate_a agent_n act_n with_o knowledge_n and_o design_n but_o i_o will_v rather_o represent_v that_o though_o antiperistasis_n be_v intelligible_a it_o be_v improper_a to_o allege_v it_o in_o our_o case_n for_o to_o invigorate_v the_o warmth_n
14._o inch_n long_o furnish_v with_o good_a spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o have_v provide_v a_o open_a mouth_a glass_n of_o a_o convenient_a shape_n and_o size_n and_o fill_v it_o but_o to_o a_o due_a height_n that_o it_o may_v not_o afterward_o run_v over_o with_o common_a water_n i_o so_o order_v the_o matter_n that_o the_o stem_n of_o the_o thermoscope_n be_v support_v by_o the_o cork_n into_o which_o by_o a_o perforation_n or_o slit_v it_o be_v insert_v when_o the_o glass_n be_v stop_v by_o the_o cork_n the_o whole_a ball_n of_o the_o thermometer_n be_v immerse_v in_o the_o water_n that_o fill_v the_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n and_o do_v no_o where_o touch_v either_o the_o bottom_n or_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n so_o that_o the_o ball_n or_o bubble_n be_v every_o way_n surround_v with_o water_n the_o instrument_n be_v thus_o prepare_v we_o observe_v at_o what_o station_n the_o ambient_fw-la cold_a water_n have_v make_v the_o tinct_a spirit_n rest_n in_o the_o stem_n of_o the_o thermoscope_n and_o then_o have_v provide_v a_o fit_a proportion_n of_o warm_a water_n in_o a_o commodious_o shape_v vessel_n i_o remove_v the_o instrument_n into_o it_o and_o place_v it_o so_o as_o that_o the_o external_a warm_a water_n reach_v to_o a_o convenient_a height_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o open_a mouth_a glass_n but_o though_o i_o careful_o watch_v whether_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o external_a water_n will_v increase_v or_o strike_v inward_o the_o cold_a of_o that_o water_n which_o do_v immediate_o encompass_v the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n yet_o i_o perceive_v no_o such_o matter_n the_o tinct_a spirit_n in_o the_o stem_n keep_v its_o station_n without_o sink_v beneath_o it_o till_o the_o heat_n after_o a_o while_n have_v by_o degree_n be_v diffuse_v through_o the_o former_o cold_a water_n by_o the_o intervention_n of_o that_o now_o warm_v the_o tinct_a spirit_n in_o the_o thermometer_n begin_v to_o ascend_v 56._o and_o to_o reduce_v the_o other_o part_n too_o of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o antiperistasis_n to_o the_o determination_n of_o a_o experiment_n the_o same_o thermoscope_n be_v place_v in_o the_o same_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n just_a after_o the_o former_a manner_n only_o instead_o of_o the_o cold_a water_n that_o which_o immediate_o surround_v the_o glass_n be_v warm_a and_o when_o the_o warmth_n have_v impel_v up_o the_o tinct_a spirit_n till_o its_o ascent_n begin_v to_o be_v very_o slow_a i_o immerse_v the_o instrument_n to_o a_o convenient_a depth_n in_o a_o vessel_n that_o contain_v high_o refrigerated_a water_n mingle_v with_o divers_a piece_n of_o ice_n but_o notwitstand_v my_o watchfulness_n it_o do_v not_o appear_v to_o i_o that_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o water_n that_o do_v immediate_o encompass_v the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v at_o all_o increase_v or_o intend_v by_o that_o liquor_n be_v besiege_v by_o water_n exceed_o cold_a for_o the_o languid_a motion_n of_o the_o tinct_a spirit_n upward_o be_v not_o hereby_o so_o much_o as_o sensible_o accelerate_a as_o it_o must_v have_v be_v considerable_o if_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o internal_a water_n have_v be_v so_o augment_v or_o strike_v inward_o by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a as_o the_o school_n doctrine_n will_v have_v make_v one_o expect_v but_o rather_o the_o ascent_n be_v by_o the_o chillingness_n of_o the_o contiguous_a water_n quick_o check_v and_o the_o former_o ascend_v spirit_n be_v soon_o bring_v to_o subside_o again_o and_o to_o give_v myself_o the_o full_a satisfaction_n about_o some_o of_o the_o chief_a phaenomena_n of_o this_o and_o the_o former_a experiment_n i_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o observe_v they_o more_o than_o once_o postscript_n a_o sceptical_a consideration_n of_o the_o heat_n of_o cellar_n in_o winter_n and_o their_o coldness_n in_o summer_n the_o forego_v discourse_n of_o carneades_n seem_v to_o have_v sufficient_o shake_v the_o foundation_n of_o the_o vulgar_a doctrine_n of_o antiperistasis_n so_o far_o forth_o as_o it_o be_v superstruct_v upon_o the_o vulgar_a observation_n and_o phaenomena_n whereon_o man_n be_v wont_a to_o build_v it_o and_o it_o seem_v to_o have_v also_o make_v it_o high_o probable_a that_o in_o case_n some_o of_o the_o example_n wont_a to_o be_v produce_v in_o favour_n of_o antiperistasis_n shall_v prove_v historical_o true_a yet_o those_o phaenomena_n may_v more_o congruous_o to_o the_o wont_a proceed_n of_o nature_n be_v explicate_v by_o the_o detention_n of_o calorifick_a or_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o external_a cold_a or_o heat_n then_o to_o a_o certain_a inexplicable_a self_n invigoration_n which_o be_v common_o propose_v in_o such_o a_o way_n as_o invest_v inanimate_a body_n with_o the_o prerogative_n of_o free_a agent_n but_o though_o carneades_n his_o adversary_n seem_v not_o to_o have_v well_o make_v out_o the_o historical_a part_n of_o the_o receive_a doctrine_n concern_v cold_a yet_o upon_o a_o impartial_a survey_n of_o what_o have_v be_v allege_v on_o both_o side_n i_o free_o confess_v that_o to_o i_o some_o of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n themselves_o seem_v not_o yet_o so_o clear_o determine_v as_o i_o can_v wish_v for_o as_o to_o the_o obvious_a phaenomena_n that_o nature_n do_v as_o it_o be_v of_o her_o own_o accord_n present_v we_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v but_o perfunctory_o consider_v and_o our_o sense_n only_o be_v the_o judge_n of_o they_o we_o may_v easy_o as_o carneades_n argue_v be_v impose_v upon_o by_o the_o unheeded_a predisposition_n of_o our_o organ_n and_o as_o for_o contrive_v and_o artificial_a experiment_n there_o scarce_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v any_o make_v fit_a to_o clear_v the_o difficulty_n that_o invite_v i_o to_o suspend_v my_o judgement_n as_o to_o the_o grand_a question_n of_o fact_n whether_o cellar_n and_o other_o subterraneous_a place_n be_v real_o hot_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n it_o be_v true_a that_o i_o have_v scarce_o meet_v with_o any_o point_n wherein_o the_o modern_a schoolman_n seem_v to_o have_v so_o much_o consult_v nature_n as_o in_o this_o of_o antiperistasis_n for_o inquire_v what_o have_v be_v write_v of_o that_o subject_n that_o may_v either_o confirm_v or_o oppose_v what_o have_v in_o the_o precedent_a dialogue_n be_v deliver_v about_o antiperistasis_n i_o find_v that_o the_o curiousness_n and_o importance_n of_o the_o subject_n have_v make_v two_o or_o three_o of_o those_o writer_n less_o negligent_a than_o i_o suspect_v but_o though_o i_o have_v late_o meet_v with_o in_o they_o a_o experiment_n or_o two_o that_o seem_v cogent_o to_o evince_v i_o do_v not_o say_v a_o antiperistasis_n in_o the_o sense_n of_o the_o school_n but_o that_o subterraneal_a place_n be_v real_o hot_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n yet_o i_o must_v for_o a_o while_n long_o continue_v my_o suspension_n of_o judgement_n which_o that_o even_o such_o person_n as_o be_v circumspect_a themselves_o may_v not_o think_v unreasonable_a i_o will_v brief_o subjoin_v the_o ground_n of_o my_o scepticism_n about_o this_o matter_n first_o then_o the_o learned_a jesuit_n zucchius_n who_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v far_o more_o industrious_a than_o other_o aristotelian_o and_o on_o some_o subject_n be_v careful_a to_o propose_v experiment_n though_o he_o be_v not_o so_o clear_a and_o happy_a in_o express_v his_o thought_n assure_v we_o somewhere_o that_o have_v keep_v a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n for_o three_o year_n together_o in_o a_o good_a cellar_n he_o find_v the_o water_n to_o rise_v by_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n in_o the_o summer_n and_o to_o be_v depress_v by_o the_o rarefaction_n of_o it_o in_o the_o winter_n which_o seem_v undeniable_o to_o infer_v that_o whatever_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o it_o the_o heat_n in_o subterraneal_a place_n be_v indeed_o great_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n and_o another_o recent_a schoolman_n who_o as_o i_o be_o tell_v be_v of_o the_o same_o order_n though_o the_o learned_a man_n publish_v his_o little_a book_n under_o one_o of_o his_o disciple_n name_n affirm_v that_o he_o find_v by_o a_o weatherglass_n that_o a_o well_o at_o the_o place_n where_o he_o live_v be_v cold_a in_o summer_n and_o hot_a in_o winter_n and_o these_o assertion_n of_o zucchius_n and_o the_o other_o jesuit_n do_v i_o confess_v restrain_v i_o for_o a_o while_n from_o yield_v a_o full_a assent_n to_o what_o carneades_n have_v deliver_v as_o to_o the_o matter_n of_o subterraneal_a cold_a and_o heat_n but_o on_o the_o other_o side_n i_o be_o not_o hitherto_o reduce_v by_o these_o experiment_n to_o declare_v with_o his_o adversary_n against_o he_o because_o of_o the_o follow_a scruple_n first_o then_o i_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v not_o universal_o true_a which_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v indefinite_o affirm_v and_o believe_v that_o cellar_n and_o other_o subterraneal_a place_n be_v hot_a in_o winter_n
of_o some_o liquor_n will_v show_v none_o in_o a_o great_a the_o method_n i_o shall_v follow_v in_o deliver_v my_o observation_n shall_v be_v first_o to_o run_v over_o the_o various_a liquor_n or_o body_n whether_o fluid_a or_o consistent_a simple_a or_o compound_v etc._n etc._n use_v in_o this_o work_n second_o what_o figure_v observable_a in_o those_o ice_n three_o some_o effect_n arise_v 〈◊〉_d four_o some_o property_n and_o quality_n five_o some_o let_n or_o help_v both_o to_o freeze_a and_o thaw_v six_o some_o use_v 〈◊〉_d ice_n in_o pursuance_n of_o which_o particular_n i_o have_v recourse_n to_o those_o ingenious_a 〈◊〉_d of_o mr._n 〈◊〉_d register_v in_o your_o cimelia_fw-la and_o then_o to_o bartholinus_n his_o late_a book_n de_fw-fr nive_n and_o to_o my_o own_o collect_v note_n from_o various_a author_n add_v whatsoever_o trial_n i_o think_v meet_v and_o in_o all_o these_o i_o have_v bare_o set_v down_o matter_n of_o fact_n neither_o mention_v the_o author_n nor_o their_o error_n 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into_o lump_n very_o white_a and_o consequent_o not_o diaphanous_a sal_fw-la ammoniac_a show_v some_o variety_n in_o point_n of_o time_n for_o in_o the_o same_o pan_n quantity_n and_o place_n with_o the_o other_o salt_v water_n it_o will_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v long_o after_o the_o former_a though_o once_o it_o do_v freeze_v before_o they_o common_a salt_n two_o drachm_n dissolve_v in_o four_o ounce_n of_o common_a water_n for_o that_o proportion_n i_o observe_v in_o all_o my_o solution_n do_v in_o 30._o hour_n space_n in_o the_o hard_a season_n turn_v to_o pretty_a hard_a and_o white_a ice_n whereas_o the_o former_a solution_n become_v so_o in_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n at_o the_o most_o a_o beer-glass_n be_v fill_v with_o stink_a sea-water_n full_a of_o salt_n which_o within_o 26._o hour_n acquire_v at_o the_o top_n a_o plate_n of_o ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o a_o ½_o a_o crown_n piece_n with_o few_o bubble_n in_o it_o this_o taste_v salt_n and_o stink_a as_o before_o but_o be_v dissolve_v at_o the_o fire_n or_o thaw_v of_o its_o self_n the_o stink_a taste_n be_v go_v but_o the_o saltish_a continue_v the_o residue_n in_o the_o glass_n within_o four_o day_n the_o season_n continue_v and_o plate_n take_v off_o once_o in_o 24._o hour_n be_v freeze_v throughout_o but_o that_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n seem_v to_o have_v a_o much_o brisk_a taste_n than_o that_o at_o the_o top_n neither_o be_v it_o so_o firm_a and_o friable_a as_o that_o i_o try_v another_o beer_n glass_n with_o the_o same_o water_n which_o freeze_v most_o part_n of_o it_o but_o the_o season_n continue_v not_o so_o constant_o sharp_a so_o long_o together_o as_o in_o the_o former_a experiment_n and_o therefore_o i_o can_v conclude_v nothing_o therefrom_o but_o in_o small_a broad_a earthen-pan_n set_v in_o ice_n in_o 36._o hour_n the_o same_o water_n become_v ice_o throughout_o and_o with_o the_o addition_n of_o a_o parcel_n of_o ice_n or_o snow_n much_o soon_o some_o 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like_o sal_fw-la prunellae_fw-la which_o a_o apothecary_n mistake_v it_o for_o this_o ice_n throw_v into_o the_o fire_n after_o the_o aqueous_a humidity_n be_v evaporate_v do_v sparkle_v as_o that_o salt_n use_v to_o do_v a_o strong_a lixivium_n make_v hereof_o with_o a_o addition_n of_o copperas_n or_o alum_n single_o or_o mix_v set_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n or_o snow_n alone_o be_v freeze_v in_o one_o night_n sal_fw-la gem_n alone_o of_o all_o the_o salt_n though_o snow_n and_o ice_n be_v mix_v with_o it_o in_o great_a proportion_n and_o though_o the_o pan_n be_v set_v in_o salt_n and_o snow_n can_v not_o all_o that_o time_n be_v bring_v to_o congelation_n a_o odd_a experiment_n phlegm_n of_o vitriol_n do_v freeze_v soon_o than_o the_o solution_n before_o mention_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n begin_v congelation_n or_o coagulation_n rather_o near_o as_o soon_o as_o fair_a water_n a_o pretty_a large_a tube_n be_v fill_v ¾_n full_a with_o this_o oil_n and_o about_o ¼_n thereof_o be_v 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horse-raddish_n and_o 〈◊〉_d have_v be_v infuse_v will_v not_o 〈◊〉_d so_o soon_o as_o other_o strong_a beer_n without_o they_o orange_n and_o lemon_n freeze_v have_v a_o tough_a and_o hard_a rind_n their_o icy_a juice_n lose_v much_o of_o their_o genuine_a taste_n they_o be_v both_o freeze_a hard_a in_o 26._o hour_n or_o a_o little_a more_o have_v a_o thick_a rind_n they_o as_o other_o fruit_n when_o thaw_v soon_o become_v rot_v and_o therefore_o the_o fruiterer_n keep_v they_o under_o ground_n in_o low_a cellar_n and_o cover_v they_o with_o straw_n as_o they_o do_v their_o apple_n which_o do_v expose_v in_o one_o night_n freeze_v throughout_o if_o you_o cut_v one_o of_o they_o through_o the_o middle_n it_o will_v have_v on_o both_o the_o plain_n a_o most_o pure_a thin_a ice_n hardly_o discernible_a by_o the_o eye_n but_o easy_o by_o the_o touch_n or_o by_o scrape_v it_o off_o with_o a_o knife_n the_o cores_fw-la of_o these_o apple_n soon_o turn_v brown_a and_o begin_v their_o 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figure_n of_o freeze_a urine_n i_o shall_v say_v nothing_o the_o accurate_a description_n of_o curious_a mr._n hook_n have_v so_o full_o and_o true_o perform_v that_o part_n of_o my_o task_n now_o as_o to_o the_o famous_a experiment_n of_o quercetan_n and_o affirm_v by_o many_o other_o chemist_n i_o make_v experiment_n in_o these_o follow_a vegetable_n rosemary_n rue_n scurvigrass_n mint_n and_o plantain_n wherewith_o i_o thus_o proceed_v i_o mix_v with_o ½_o a_o pint_n of_o their_o distil_a water_n ½_o or_o ¾_n of_o a_o ounce_n of_o their_o own_o salt_n the_o rosemary_n and_o rue_n be_v calcine_v and_o their_o salt_n extract_v with_o their_o own_o water_n and_o then_o be_v add_v to_o their_o salt_n their_o own_o distil_a water_n in_o the_o above_o mention_v proportion_n the_o glass_n wherein_o the_o rue_n and_o plantain_n be_v put_v be_v seal_v with_o hermes_n seal_v and_o the_o other_o glass_n leave_v open_a the_o effect_n be_v that_o neither_o of_o they_o show_v the_o least_o 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and_o spoil_v the_o other_o liquor_n be_v indeed_o sweet_a like_o rain_n water_n but_o so_o very_o little_a as_o well_o as_o so_o slow_o generate_v that_o it_o amount_v not_o any_o thing_n near_o to_o that_o which_o the_o snow_n employ_v and_o spoil_v to_o make_v it_o will_v have_v afford_v so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v question_v whether_o some_o cool_a liquor_n which_o can_v as_o well_o as_o this_o mixture_n condense_a the_o vapid_a air_n into_o water_n and_o who_o texture_n be_v not_o destroy_v in_o this_o operation_n as_o that_o of_o the_o snow_n be_v may_v not_o be_v more_o hopeful_o employ_v to_o obtain_v water_n from_o the_o air_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o add_v this_o one_o thing_n that_o the_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n do_v turn_v the_o vapour_n that_o fasten_v themselves_o to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n first_o into_o ice_n before_o they_o drop_v down_o in_o the_o form_n of_o water_n in_o almost_o all_o our_o trial_n of_o this_o nature_n as_o well_o in_o 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to_o have_v any_o considerable_a number_n of_o bubble_n 7._o there_o be_v one_o experiment_n i_o have_v make_v about_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o indispose_a medium_n which_o may_v not_o be_v unworthy_a to_o be_v here_o insert_v for_o i_o have_v once_o a_o mind_n to_o try_v whether_o a_o cold_a body_n can_v operate_v through_o a_o medium_fw-la that_o be_v as_o to_o touch_v actual_o hot_a and_o have_v its_o heat_n continual_o renew_v by_o a_o sountain_n as_o it_o be_v of_o heat_n that_o perpetual_o diffuse_v through_o it_o new_a supply_n of_o warm_a liquor_n so_o that_o the_o cold_a body_n can_v not_o here_o as_o in_o other_o case_n first_o allay_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la and_o then_o lessen_v it_o more_o and_o more_o till_o it_o have_v quite_o extinguish_v it_o to_o compass_v this_o i_o have_v soon_o after_o a_o opportunity_n of_o make_v some_o trial_n present_v i_o for_o be_v at_o the_o mineral_n spring_v at_o tunbridge_n to_o drink_v those_o wholesome_a water_n for_o my_o health_n sake_n i_o soon_o accustom_v myself_o to_o drink_v they_o in_o considerable_a quantity_n very_o early_o in_o the_o morning_n when_o they_o be_v exceed_o cold_a and_o sometime_o drink_v they_o in_o bed_n as_o well_o as_o sometime_o at_o the_o springs-head_n i_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o observe_v whether_o in_o case_n i_o take_v they_o down_o very_o fast_o they_o will_v not_o through_o the_o warm_a muscle_n and_o outward_a part_n of_o the_o abdomen_fw-la diffuse_v a_o sensible_a coldness_n and_o upon_o more_o trial_n than_o one_o i_o find_v that_o by_o lay_v my_o warm_a hand_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o my_o belly_n i_o there_o feel_v at_o least_o as_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o a_o manifest_a and_o considerable_a degree_n of_o coldness_n and_o when_o i_o relate_v this_o to_o some_o ingenious_a person_n that_o be_v better_o acquaint_v with_o those_o spring_n than_o i_o they_o tell_v i_o that_o there_o be_v among_o those_o many_o that_o then_o resort_v to_o those_o famous_a spring_n a_o knight_n who_o name_n i_o remember_v not_o who_o disease_n be_v judge_v formidable_a the_o physician_n enjoin_v he_o to_o drink_v in_o a_o morning_n two_o or_o three_o time_n the_o quantity_n that_o afford_v i_o the_o observation_n i_o be_v relate_v and_o that_o when_o this_o knight_n have_v fill_v his_o belly_n with_o so_o much_o water_n he_o use_v mighty_o to_o complain_v of_o the_o coldness_n it_o diffuse_v through_o his_o abdomen_fw-la insomuch_o that_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o ply_v those_o part_n long_o with_o hot_a napkin_n clap_v to_o they_o one_o after_o another_o which_o yet_o as_o he_o complain_v be_v soon_o refrigerated_a by_o the_o excessive_a cold_a that_o the_o water_n diffuse_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o his_o belly_n which_o yet_o nevertheless_o be_v not_o that_o i_o can_v learn_v at_o all_o prejudice_v no_o more_o than_o i_o by_o so_o sensible_a and_o pierce_a a_o cold._n 8._o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v whether_o in_o case_n water_n be_v not_o fluid_a upon_o the_o account_n of_o a_o congenite_fw-la motion_n in_o the_o corpuscle_n it_o consist_v of_o its_o fluidness_n may_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o agitation_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n either_o immediate_o contiguous_a to_o the_o surface_n or_o communicate_v its_o agitation_n to_o the_o water_n by_o propagation_n of_o its_o impulse_n through_o the_o vessel_n that_o interpose_v betwixt_o they_o to_o contribute_v to_o the_o clear_n of_o this_o and_o some_o other_o thing_n we_o devise_v the_o follow_a experiment_n we_o provide_v a_o glass-bubble_n of_o about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o walnut_n and_o the_o form_n almost_o of_o a_o pear_n who_o stem_n be_v purposely_o make_v crooked_a for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o suspension_n this_o be_v fill_v with_o water_n which_o be_v troublesome_a enough_o to_o be_v do_v unless_o one_o have_v the_o knack_n we_o hang_v it_o at_o one_o end_n of_o a_o thread_n who_o other_o end_n we_o pass_v through_o a_o cork_n by_o a_o perforation_n 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be_v the_o considerabl_a circumstance_n the_o night_n before_o the_o frost_n as_o i_o late_o note_v be_v not_o able_a to_o make_v the_o water_n break_v out_o at_o any_o of_o these_o cleft_n though_o it_o be_v able_a to_o force_v itself_o a_o way_n out_o at_o the_o screw_n in_o spite_n of_o all_o the_o care_n we_o have_v take_v to_o make_v it_o go_v close_o i_o have_v only_o this_o circumstance_n to_o add_v about_o this_o matter_n that_o when_o by_o thaw_v one_o part_n of_o the_o ice_n some_o piece_n of_o the_o rest_n be_v get_v out_o of_o the_o barrel_n all_o i_o take_v notice_n of_o appear_v to_o be_v full_a enough_o of_o bubble_n but_o yet_o such_o as_o seem_v lesser_a than_o ordinary_a whether_o they_o be_v so_o by_o chance_n or_o be_v determine_v to_o be_v so_o by_o the_o resistance_n or_o compression_n which_o the_o freeze_a water_n find_v upon_o its_o endeavour_v to_o expand_v itself_o in_o the_o barrel_n appendix_n to_o the_o xvii_o title_n long_a since_o the_o write_n of_o 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brisk_a motion_n will_v after_o some_o agitation_n not_o only_o refrigerate_v that_o water_n but_o bring_v it_o to_o a_o true_a and_o proper_a congelation_n wherefore_o suspect_v that_o this_o relation_n wherein_o bartholinus_n say_v he_o will_v believe_v he_o without_o a_o oath_n may_v have_v give_v rise_v to_o the_o opinion_n and_o affirmation_n of_o those_o ingenious_a writer_n that_o have_v since_o ascribe_v such_o wonderful_a coldness_n to_o nitre_n and_o find_v in_o bartholinus_n that_o cabaeus_n proportion_n betwixt_o the_o nitre_n and_o the_o water_n be_v that_o of_o 35._o to_o a_o 100_o that_o be_v almost_o as_o one_o to_o three_o i_o think_v it_o very_o well_o worth_a while_n to_o make_v trial_n of_o a_o experiment_n which_o seem_v to_o i_o little_o less_o unlikely_a than_o considerable_a i_o take_v then_o a_o pound_n of_o good_a salt-petre_a and_o near_o 3._o pound_n of_o common_a water_n to_o observe_v the_o more_o narrow_o cabaeus_n proportion_n these_o be_v put_v into_o a_o large_a new_a pipkin_n be_v keep_v constant_o and_o nimble_o stir_v about_o sometime_o by_o i_o sometime_o by_o one_o or_o other_o of_o my_o domestic_n relieve_v one_o another_o when_o they_o be_v weary_a but_o though_o the_o mixture_n be_v with_o a_o kind_n of_o broad_a glass_n spittle_n keep_v in_o a_o brisk_a motion_n that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v 〈◊〉_d the_o manner_n of_o a_o whirlpool_n and_o sometime_o a_o more_o confuse_a agitation_n and_o though_o we_o keep_v it_o thus_o stir_v for_o almost_o a_o hour_n and_o a_o half_a till_o we_o see_v no_o likelihood_n of_o effect_v any_o thing_n by_o try_v ourselves_o any_o further_a yet_o not_o only_o we_o can_v not_o perceive_v that_o any_o atom_n of_o true_a ice_n be_v produce_v whereas_o according_a to_o our_o author_n we_o may_v have_v expect_v a_o true_a and_o perfect_a congelation_n of_o all_o or_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o water_n but_o we_o do_v not_o find_v that_o there_o be_v so_o much_o as_o any_o freeze_a of_o the_o vapour_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o for_o this_o reason_n we_o think_v 〈◊〉_d about_o the_o same_o time_n to_o try_v the_o experiment_n by_o another_o kind_n of_o agitation_n and_o mix_v two_o ounce_n of_o salt-petre_a with_o about_o six_o of_o water_n in_o a_o convenient_o size_v vial_n we_o do_v several_a of_o we_o successive_o vehement_o shake_v the_o vial_n too_o and_o fro_o till_o we_o be_v almost_o tire_v but_o neither_o this_o way_n be_v there_o produce_v the_o least_o ice_n within_o the_o glass_n or_o the_o least_o congelation_n of_o the_o vapour_n of_o the_o air_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o it_o be_v true_a that_o when_o so_o great_a a_o proportion_n of_o salt-petre_a begin_v to_o be_v dissolve_v in_o the_o pipkin_n the_o water_n have_v a_o sensible_a increase_n of_o coldness_n which_o afterward_o seem_v to_o diminish_v when_o once_o the_o nitre_n be_v dissolve_v but_o not_o to_o mention_v that_o if_o i_o much_o mistake_v not_o we_o have_v observe_v the_o water_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a when_o upon_o the_o dissolution_n of_o common_a salt_n multitude_n of_o actual_o cold_a and_o solid_a corpuscle_n come_v to_o be_v every_o way_n disperse_v through_o it_o this_o coldness_n produce_v by_o the_o nitre_n be_v very_o far_o short_a of_o the_o degree_n requisite_a to_o congelation_n for_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o that_o my_o sense_n do_v not_o misinform_v i_o i_o take_v a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n of_o about_o ten_o or_o twelve_o inch_n long_o and_o immerse_v it_o into_o the_o cold_a mixture_n of_o nitre_n and_o water_n i_o observe_v the_o tinct_a spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o the_o stem_n to_o descend_v not_o inconsiderable_o and_o when_o i_o perceive_v that_o degree_n of_o cold_a to_o have_v wrought_v its_o effect_n i_o remove_v the_o thermoscope_n into_o a_o vial_n fill_v with_o common_a water_n about_o which_o i_o have_v cause_v to_o be_v place_v a_o mixture_n of_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n to_o 〈◊〉_d the_o contain_v water_n in_o which_o the_o ball_n of_o the_o instrument_n be_v place_v the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n hasty_o descend_v two_o or_o three_o inch_n below_o that_o place_n at_o which_o it_o stand_v when_o it_o be_v remove_v out_o of_o the_o nitrous_a solution_n and_o for_o further_a satisfaction_n remove_v the_o thermoscope_n once_o again_o into_o that_o solution_n the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o the_o stem_n be_v hasty_o impel_v up_o as_o if_o the_o bubble_n have_v be_v put_v into_o warm_a water_n and_o once_o more_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v remove_v into_o the_o former_o mention_v 〈◊〉_d water_n the_o tinct_a liquor_n begin_v to_o fall_v down_o hasty_o again_o and_o within_o a_o while_n subside_v almost_o into_o the_o bubble_n whereupon_o to_o avoid_v injure_v the_o instrument_n we_o think_v fit_a to_o take_v it_o out_o so_o that_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n if_o the_o learned_a cabaeus_n be_v not_o delude_v by_o mistake_v some_o crystal_n of_o nitre_n which_o i_o have_v observe_v easy_o to_o shoot_v again_o in_o water_n that_o have_v be_v 〈◊〉_d with_o it_o for_o true_a and_o proper_a ice_n i_o can_v but_o wonder_v at_o his_o assertion_n and_o must_v take_v the_o liberty_n to_o think_v myself_o warrant_v by_o so_o many_o harmonious_a trial_n as_o i_o have_v find_v unfavourable_a to_o the_o suppose_a supremeness_n of_o cold_a in_o salt-petre_a to_o retain_v my_o former_a opinion_n about_o it_o till_o more_o successful_a experiment_n withdraw_v i_o from_o it_o it_o be_v a_o receive_a tradition_n among_o the_o watermen_n and_o many_o other_o that_o the_o river_n if_o not_o pond_n also_o be_v freeze_v first_o at_o the_o bottom_n and_o begin_v to_o thaw_v there_o but_o though_o i_o find_v this_o opinion_n to_o be_v in_o request_n not_o only_o among_o english_a watermen_n but_o among_o the_o french_a too_o yet_o i_o think_v it_o
cochanele_o be_v boil_v in_o water_n to_o a_o very_a high_a tincture_n and_o freeze_a and_o to_o twice_o four_o ounce_n of_o this_o decoction_n be_v add_v in_o one_o glass_n a_o little_a spoonful_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o in_o another_o as_o much_o sea_n salt-water_n all_o these_o be_v freeze_v throughout_o and_o every_o part_n of_o this_o ice_n seem_v to_o i_o of_o a_o equal_a colour_n though_o the_o edge_n as_o thin_a and_o near_o the_o light_n appear_v of_o a_o bright_a colour_n as_o they_o do_v unfrozen_a but_o the_o glass_n be_v break_v show_v no_o discernible_a difference_n in_o any_o of_o they_o neither_o as_o to_o colour_n nor_o taste_v the_o like_a trial_n be_v make_v with_o mad_v weed_n and_o indigo_n and_o the_o success_n be_v the_o same_o second_o i_o expose_v a_o pint_n porringer_n full_a of_o the_o decoction_n of_o soot_n which_o the_o air_n relax_v do_v only_o freeze_v a_o inch_n thick_a this_o continue_a above_o a_o week_n consistent_a in_o a_o thaw_v season_n and_o very_o solid_a some_o that_o see_v it_o judge_v it_o to_o be_v brown_a sugar_n candy_n the_o taste_n whereof_o be_v near_o if_o not_o altogether_o as_o strong_a as_o the_o uncongealed_a liquor_n remain_v at_o the_o bottom_n and_o in_o another_o trial_n when_o the_o whole_a be_v freeze_v no_o concentration_n be_v see_v but_o though_o it_o be_v not_o my_o hap_n to_o find_v this_o effect_n my_o trial_n have_v be_v make_v in_o vial_n square_a cylindrical_a or_o round_a yet_o mr._n hawk_o a_o worthy_a fellow_n of_o this_o society_n happy_o light_v on_o it_o as_o you_o may_v perceive_v by_o his_o relation_n and_o scheme_n of_o his_o glass_n hereunto_o annex_v some_o affirm_v as_o a_o effect_n of_o freeze_a a_o addition_n of_o weight_n make_v in_o the_o body_n freeze_v but_o this_o affirmation_n answer_v not_o my_o trial_n for_o in_o four_o egg_n and_o four_o apple_n full_o freeze_v i_o find_v the_o weight_n of_o they_o the_o same_o when_o freeze_a and_o thaw_v as_o they_o have_v 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and_o arm_n in_o such_o season_n then_o at_o any_o other_o time_n of_o the_o year_n especial_o such_o who_o have_v be_v taint_v with_o the_o lues_fw-la venerea_fw-la as_o hildanus_n somewhere_o note_n i_o shall_v now_o conclude_v the_o effect_n of_o freeze_a by_o range_v they_o into_o good_a and_o bad_a the_o good_a be_v the_o long_a preserve_a body_n most_o subject_a to_o putrefaction_n healthiness_n and_o confirm_v the_o tone_n of_o all_o animal_n and_o thicken_a the_o hair_n and_o fur_n of_o such_o as_o have_v they_o fatten_z some_z beside_o it_o exceed_o clear_v the_o air_n and_o other_o body_n as_o it_o be_v manifest_a by_o the_o stink_a seasalt-water_n before_o mention_v as_o also_o by_o this_o that_o follow_v namely_o i_o take_v six_o of_o the_o most_o musty_a stone-bottle_n i_o can_v procure_v and_o competent_o fill_v they_o with_o water_n which_o after_o freeze_a and_o thaw_v again_o become_v as_o sweet_a as_o ever_o they_o be_v before_o bad_a effect_n be_v the_o kill_a and_o destroy_v animal_n and_o vegetable_n by_o congeal_v and_o stop_v their_o vital_a and_o nourish_a juice_n render_v they_o total_o immovable_a it_o be_v observable_a that_o in_o greenland_n and_o nova_n zembla_n nothing_o but_o grass_n grow_v as_o also_o what_o be_v tell_v i_o by_o dr._n collins_n the_o present_a physician_n of_o the_o emperor_n of_o russia_n that_o no_o thorny_a plant_n nor_o thistle_n grow_v in_o that_o country_n and_o this_o present_a year_n most_o of_o the_o rosemary_n and_o sage_a about_o london_n be_v whole_o destroy_v beside_o most_o of_o the_o more_o tender_a plant_n my_o four_o proposal_n be_v the_o property_n and_o quality_n of_o ice_n some_o whereof_o my_o task_n engage_v i_o to_o enumerate_v only_o such_o be_v its_o slipperiness_n smoothness_n hardness_n whereby_o and_o by_o its_o bulk_n and_o motion_n it_o break_v down_o bridge_n etc._n etc._n its_o firmness_n and_o strength_n to_o bear_v carriage_n and_o burden_n its_o diaphaneity_n which_o be_v much_o less_o than_o the_o liquor_n of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v for_o i_o can_v never_o discern_v any_o object_n though_o but_o confuse_o a_o foot_n beyond_o the_o clear_a piece_n of_o ice_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o many_o bubble_n and_o luminous_a part_n within_o it_o which_o bubble_n show_v only_a shadow_n but_o the_o ice_n its_o self_n interpose_v betwixt_o your_o eye_n and_o a_o candle_n appear_v in_o many_o round_a circle_n from_o which_o proceed_v many_o ray_n of_o light_n four_o or_o five_o or_o more_o in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o star_n of_o about_o a_o ¼_n of_o a_o inch_n in_o diameter_n which_o so_o glase_v your_o eye_n you_o can_v scarce_o see_v any_o thing_n but_o bright_a light_n and_o shadow_n as_o for_o its_o penetration_n and_o thickness_n something_o have_v be_v say_v above_o to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o i_o have_v see_v the_o thames_n ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o eight_o inch_n or_o more_o near_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o river_n and_o on_o the_o side_n much_o 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mixture_n and_o that_o the_o water_n rise_v high_a with_o then_o without_o they_o i_o find_v also_o that_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n alone_o mix_v with_o snow_n or_o ice_n have_v the_o same_o effect_n though_o not_o so_o powerful_a one_o affirm_v that_o saltpetre_n dissolve_v in_o water_n and_o put_v into_o a_o bolt-head_n and_o long_o agitate_a not_o only_o cool_v the_o hand_n exceed_o which_o be_v very_o true_a but_o also_o convert_v it_o to_o ice_n yea_o in_o the_o very_a summer_n month_n which_o answer_v not_o my_o trial_n though_o keep_v a_o whole_a hour_n in_o that_o agitation_n in_o the_o hard_a season_n this_o follow_a experiment_n also_o i_o add_v propose_v to_o i_o i_o fill_v a_o bolt-head_n contain_v a_o quart_n of_o water_n and_o set_v it_o in_o a_o iron_n pan_n surround_v it_o on_o every_o side_n with_o snow_n which_o cover_v also_o part_n of_o the_o neck_n and_o then_o set_v the_o kettle_n over_o the_o fire_n and_o take_v now_o and_o then_o the_o bolt-head_n from_o the_o 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observe_v any_o heat_n proceed_v from_o ice_n though_o cut_v in_o the_o true_a figure_n for_o burning-glass_n and_o expose_v in_o naked_a ice_n but_o freeze_v in_o spherical_a glass_n it_o will_v heat_v a_o little_a i_o shall_v here_o subjoin_v some_o proposition_n of_o learned_a bartholinus_n take_v from_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr nive_n be_v near_o to_o the_o former_a argument_n who_o affirm_v 1._o that_o the_o more_o subtle_a distil_a spirit_n gain_v a_o clear_a splendour_n and_o elegancy_n from_o snow_n place_v about_o they_o 2._o that_o the_o ray_n from_o snow_n new_o fall_v glitter_n and_o excel_v in_o a_o kind_n of_o splendour_n wherewith_o the_o eye_n be_v dazzle_v both_o these_o be_v true_a and_o have_v but_o one_o common_a cause_n usz_n the_o multitude_n of_o reflection_n cause_v by_o the_o infinite_a globuli_fw-la whereof_o every_o flake_n of_o snow_n consist_v 3._o that_o he_o see_v cabbage_n grow_v in_o his_o garden_n putrify_v on_o that_o part_n which_o be_v above_o the_o snow_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o frost_n alone_o with_o or_o without_o snow_n have_v this_o effect_n on_o cabbage_n be_v of_o the_o tribe_n of_o succulent_a plant_n and_o i_o observe_v that_o this_o year_n 1644._o our_o great_a houseleek_n or_o american_n aloe_n usual_o hang_v up_o in_o house_n keep_v in_o a_o upper_a room_n be_v total_o destroy_v by_o the_o cold_a and_o that_o apple_n will_v 〈◊〉_d i_o have_v say_v before_o and_o housewife_n to_o prevent_v the_o rot_a of_o onion_n common_o hang_v they_o up_o in_o their_o kitchen_n or_o keep_v they_o in_o oven_n or_o some_o close_a place_n and_o this_o present_a year_n 1662._o i_o see_v at_o mr._n box_n the_o eminent_a druggist_n house_n abundance_n of_o squils_n or_o sea-onion_n quite_o rot_v they_o be_v lay_v not_o in_o a_o open_a but_o close_a garret_n 4._o when_o snow_n melt_v by_o the_o sun_n heat_n copious_a vapour_n from_o the_o earth_n cloud_n the_o sun_n he_o shall_v rather_o have_v say_v vapour_n from_o the_o melt_a snow_n and_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n that_o vapour_n cloud_v the_o sun_n 5._o snow_n melt_v and_o fall_v off_o from_o ivy._n i_o have_v observe_v all_o the_o sort_n of_o ivy_n and_o ever-greens_a with_o we_o and_o some_o bite_a plant_n too_o but_o find_v in_o they_o all_o the_o contrary_a to_o what_o be_v here_o assert_v nay_o no_o difference_n have_v be_v observe_v even_o in_o hoar_a frost_n which_o fall_v equal_o and_o continue_v on_o all_o sort_n of_o plant_n 6._o he_o exclude_v not_o a_o small_a portion_n of_o earth_n from_o snow_n though_o pure_a which_o say_v he_o be_v manifest_a from_o distillation_n this_o experiment_n i_o have_v find_v true_a by_o evaporation_n which_o be_v tantamount_n to_o distillation_n and_o indeed_o all_o melt_a snow_n leave_v a_o earthy_a and_o foul_a settle_v behind_o it_o 7._o viscosity_n with_o softness_n be_v great_a in_o new_a then_o in_o old_a snow_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v bring_v into_o a_o mass_n viscosity_n in_o it_o i_o understand_v not_o its_o softness_n indeed_o be_v manifest_a too_o by_o the_o track_n of_o beast_n which_o appear_v more_o fair_a the_o snow_n not_o rise_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o impression_n make_v by_o their_o foot_n as_o it_o do_v in_o old_a but_o retain_v their_o perfect_a character_n 8._o watercress_n and_o scurvigrass_n grow_v under_o the_o snow_n in_o garden_n i_o apprehend_v not_o that_o any_o plant_n whatsoever_o grow_v at_o all_o in_o hard_a season_n my_o meaning_n be_v that_o no_o plant_n acquire_v any_o great_a bulk_n of_o quantity_n but_o keep_v at_o a_o stand_v only_o and_o this_o countryman_n affirm_v of_o grass_n and_o corn_n and_o gardiner_n of_o other_o plant_n it_o be_v true_a many_o plant_n will_v upon_o thaw_v show_v a_o fine_a verdure_n and_o if_o warm_a weather_n present_o follow_v all_o vegetable_n will_v thrive_v exceed_o for_o how_o they_o shall_v thus_o grow_v when_o their_o nourish_a liquor_n be_v congeal_v and_o consequent_o become_v immovable_a i_o understand_v not_o 9_o air_n be_v include_v in_o snow_n which_o this_o way_n of_o i_o to_o make_v snow_n full_o convince_v i_o take_v the_o white_n of_o egg_n and_o beat_v they_o in_o the_o open_a air_n with_o a_o spoon_n into_o a_o frothy_a consistence_n as_o woman_n do_v to_o make_v their_o snow_n posset_n and_o then_o take_v a_o little_a of_o this_o substance_n and_o lay_v it_o on_o a_o trencher_n it_o soon_o become_v plain_a flake_n of_o snow_n so_o that_o none_o that_o see_v they_o can_v judge_v otherwise_o another_o accidental_a experiment_n prove_v the_o same_o for_o have_v put_v water_n into_o a_o tube_n and_o have_v long_o and_o strong_o agitate_a it_o there_o arise_v many_o bubble_n at_o the_o top_n which_o soon_o freeze_v my_o agitation_n cease_v become_v perfect_a snow_n and_o now_o have_v here_o set_v down_o the_o way_n of_o counterfeit_v at_o least_o if_o not_o of_o make_v snow_n i_o will_v add_v how_o a_o pruina_fw-la or_o hoar_a frost_n also_o may_v be_v imitate_v i_o take_v a_o pail_n fill_v with_o warm_a water_n and_o hang_v over_o it_o hair_n moss_n and_o a_o piece_n of_o rosemary_n now_o the_o atomical_a vapour_n rise_v from_o the_o water_n fix_v themselves_o on_o the_o moss_n hair_n and_o rosemary_n become_v on_o they_o a_o perfect_a hoar_a frost_n the_o like_a be_v daily_o see_v on_o the_o beard_n and_o hair_n of_o man_n and_o horse_n travel_v in_o cold_a winter_n night_n or_o morning_n proceed_v from_o their_o breath_n steam_n of_o their_o body_n or_o moist_a atom_n of_o the_o air._n i_o try_v also_o to_o make_v hail_n with_o drop_n of_o water_n but_o can_v not_o hit_v on_o it_o for_o they_o will_v never_o become_v white_a whence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o hail_n be_v not_o drop_n of_o rain_n suffer_v glaciation_n in_o the_o