softest and hardest next the most frequent but not swift nor great only amongst extreames the most vehement is the best yet we must diligently observe alwayes whither the change of the pulse arise from the disease or come from externall causes Hereunto belongs the Palpitation of the heart swounding and falling downe as it were dead which indicate dejection of the vitall faculty and great danger if they happen through some disease of the heart it selfe Respiration Respiration of it be naturall signifies neither the brest nor heart not midriffe to be any way affected with paine nor any adjacent parts Galen 1. prog Apho. 25. and moreover it hath great force in signifying tokens of health when one is sick in a feaver especially if other good signes are present Hip. ib. on the contrary preternaturally respiration although it be not allwayes mortall yet t is alwayes evill but worst of all if it be joyned with other ill signes great and swift breathings signifie great store of fuliginous vapours yet the organs apt and the faculty hitherto strong a great and slow pulse happens only to those that are disturbed in mind a great and frequent pulse snew pain or inflamation of the part serving for breathing little and swift respiration shews plenty of fuliginous excrements but with paine or inflamation of some of the organs appointed for breathing a little and slow pulse shews not many vapours with paine or inflamation of some instrument of respiration and with other ill signes portends not a little danger little and obscure respiration is perpetually evill and signifies dissolution of strength but little and thin is the worst of all because it indicates the greatest debility of the faculty and if a cold breath proceed from the mouth and nostrills it is very destructive but the worst of all and the nearest to death is when it extends is obscure and sublime wherein the brest is much dilated and sometimes the Shoulders and grisly part of the nostrills but that which is inspired is very thick and most frequent but the worst respiration of all is that which is made with ordure Moreover for what belongs to the Symptomes of the naturall faculty Symptomes of the naturall faculty what they presage their perfection is known by their operations of which it shall be spoken hereafter but that we may speak here something of the desire of meate and drink to have a good appetite to meat and that proceding from a naturall cause and as Hippo. 2. Apho. 33. writes in every disease to take easily whatsoever is offered is a good signe on the contrary an ill appetite of meate is bad 7. Apho 6. not to thirst also in hot and burning feavers wherein the tongue is filthy and black perpetually signifies mischeif and a delirium or dissolution of the desiring faculty or of them both but as it is an ill signe not to thirst so t is a good signe to thirst in hot diseases also to thirst immoderatly and over much is notgood CHAP. VI. Of the signes of life and death which are taken from excretions and retentions AMongst exerements urines principaly use to be observed Prognostick from vrine but although it is spoken of already what they shew above part the first See 2. cap. 21. yet here we may breifly comprehend those things which portend to death or life namely that urine is best which is most like that of a sound person from this the rest differ in substance colour quantity and contents As to the substance the goodnesse of the substance with a good colour promiseth health thin urines with a good colour promise health yet they shew a disease which requires longer time for concoction Thin and red urins signify a crude disease 2. prog 30. but thick which are made so after the beginning of a disease are also good if they were thin before much urine if it be made on a criticall day is good which somtimes is profitably made with sharpnesse and paine Troubled urine not setling in the bottome because the strength of the diseased persists argues for the most part the disease to continue long if imbecility of the fick be present it denotes their death but those which grow cleare are better As for the colours of waters a pale red a light safron colour and a kind of cleer clay colour are good neither is a reddish colour with a reddish and light sediment to be found fault with but on the other side bright shinning urines and white are evill and especially if they appeare such in Phrensies 4. Agho 72. principally if they are so in the beginning of a disease and continue so long thin and red signify the disease is crude and moreover t is dangerous if they continue so long black urine in acute diseases unlesse they are emitted on a criticall day allwayes denote great danger after black the oyly are the worst yellow and green also are nought and green urines if they appeare so suddenly in men that are in other respects sound with biting of the heart t is a signe they have drank poison and they are in danger of death but in feavers they are mortall signes especially if they appeare in the beginning of the discase As for the quanity Hippo. 3. Epid. com 3. tom 4. condemnes thin urins made in great quantity as also much urine thick not residing and no way helping and all urines are made in great quantity in the beginning are disliked small quantities of urines in acute feavers are also nought As to the contents those urins are evill which have no sediment and nothing that swimmeth in the urinall in the middest of the urine nor a little cloud unlesse the sick hath fasted long or watched or laboured or because the body is exceeding full of choler thick waters also without a sediment are dangerous and a sediment representing the forme of thick brain is evill but worst of all if it reside in a manner like scales of Fish but if it be thin and white t is vitious but that which is furfuraceous or like Bran is worst of all Hippo. 2. prog 28. a nubecula or little cloud which is carried in the Urine if it be white t is good if black t is nonght t is evill also for the sick to make water and not know of it Secondly Of dejection of the helly the dejections of the belly afford us signes two manner of waies first as they shew the concoction of the stomack and guts also as they manifest the humours flowing from other parts to the guts As for the first kind that ejection is best if it be gentle and constant and sent forth at that time when it is wont to be in the best health if quantity be according to what hath been eaten 2. Apho. 13. The latter is good if it be criticall and with signes of concoction in the state of a disease and happen on a criticall day and ease the sick 1. Apho.
water The Fountaine is the best which hath these notes of good water Fountain that which spreds towards the East and runs towards the rising of the Sun and thrickles through sand and gravell that carries no mud with it that is hotter in Winter and colder in Summer River water for the most part is Fountaine water River and ariseth from many Fountains flowing together and therefore is of a mixt nature and receives also a mixt nature from the earth through which it flowes and somtimes also they are mingled with Snow melted in the Mountaines and great Showres of water collected together yet its crudity is corrected by the beames of the Sun whilst it runs through many parts of the Earth before the use of it it should stand and setle in water-tubs that whatsoever it carries with it that is impure may settle in the bottome Rain water which falls in the Summer time with thunder is the thinnest Raine and lightest but since many Vapours are lift up by the heate and mingled with the Showres these waters are not very pure whence they are obnoxious to putrifaction Well waters Well waters since they are not raised above the Earth and are lifted up on high only by the benefit of Art they are thick and heavy whence they continue long in the bowels and offend them Lakes and marish waters are the worst Lake waters they easily become purred they are thick and crude and often times malignant and Pestilent from whence the stomack is offended by them the bowels obstructed and humours corrupted and often times putred and malignant feavers and Pestilentiall do thence arise Waters of Snow and Ice are condemned Of Snow and Ice for they are thick and hurt the stomach and stirr up greivous diseases of the joynts nerves and bowels But the malignancy of waters are corrected by boyling Boyling of waters whereby not only the crudity and frigidity is amended but also the terrene and vitious parts are separated which afterwards when the heate vanisheth settles in the bottome Wine hath a heating Wine and drying power which even the Spirit which is drawn out of it teacheth yet because it easily nourisheth and increaseth moisture and blood fit to nourish the body t is said to be moist namely Wine is a medicinall aliment hot and dry some in the first some in the second and some in the third degree for this reason the use of it is forbidden boyes and by reason of this drying faculty many use to mixe water therewith yet there is not a little difference in heating and drying not only according to age but also according to the nature of the Wine it selfe for some is very little suffering because in mixture it will indure but little water but other Wine is called winy Wine because it may indure more water to be mixt with it But Wines differ according to taste smell colour Differences of Wines Savour and manner of subsistance as for what belongs to the taste sweet Wines properly so called nourish best and are not only most gratefull to the palate but to the bowells but because they are thicker they easily produce obstructions in the Liver and Spleen inflame the Hipocondries and are easily turned into choler they are profitable for the Lungs Chops and Throate nor do they so hurt the head nor offend the nerves Austere or harsh wines have the weaker heat tarry longer in the belly nor doe they easily passe through the veines and penetrate through the passages of the urine whence they are good for a loosenesse of the belly but hurtfull in diseases of the brest and Lungs for they detaine spittle the best wines are the middle sort which are neither very sweet nor sowre A fragrant smell is a token of the best Wine Smell because it can increase Spirits restore decayed strength and recreate and suddenly refresh those that are languishing even by its smell and can exhilerate the mind and strengthen the whole body and all its faculties and principally t is good for old men only that it fills the head and hurts the nerves but Wines that have no smell are base and neither received so greedily by the stomach nor are they so easily concocted nor do they afford matter nor so fit aliment to engender Spirits nor do they add so much strength to the heart nor do they so much refresh the body but those which have a strange smell whencesoever contracted are all nought White or pale Wines heate lesse Colour then full and yellow Wines and are weaker especially if besides their whitenesse they are of a thin substance all black wines are of thicker substance and for the most part sweete and nourish very much yet they beget thick blood and not so laudable they cause obstructions and continue long in the bowels and fill the head with many Vapours between the white and red there are middle colours yellow reddish yellow a pale red and perfect red a pale red are necrest to the white and if the substance be thin are the best such as are Rhenish Wines the most apt to strengthen the heart and to renew strength Greek Wines also strengthen the heart and are beneficiall to to those that are troubled with cholick paines and with the flatus of the stomach red Wines for the most part have not so great a force of heating they generate good blood and do not load the head but if they are of a thicker substance they are not so good for the Liver and Spleen by reason of the obstructions which they occasion between the white and red is a Wine of a mixt colour which also doth not heat so much nor offend the head As for the manner of subsistence The manner of subsistance tenuity is in the first place in that which is watry hence that which is of a pale red and yellow crassitude is in that which is black red sweet and sowre and thin wines easily penetrate and soon refresh the strength they open passages move sweates and urine yet they nourish more sparingly but the thick nourish more and are longer detained in the parts and heat and dry them more and often times bring forth obstructions Wines also differ according to age Differences of Wines according to age new Wine is thick and flatuous begets the cholick impeads excretion of urine yet it loosens the belly and unlesse it doth so t is the more hurtfull new Wine and that which it as sweet as Wine new prest is not easily distributed into the body but old Wine does work too much upon the nerves and offend the head That which is middle aged is more commodious for all uses in which thing neverthelesse there is a great difference according to the nature of the Wine for some will indure age others sooner loose their strength and consume away and loose all their Spirits In places towards the Septrentrionall Strong drinke wherein there is
weak or because they or the parts under them endure pain the Ordure doth not stimulate when either there is but little or when there is no mordication or it hath no sharpnesse or by reason of eating of cold meats or because yellow Choller is not mingled therewith The Guts are not sensible of stimulation either because their preception is dull or becavse through long retention they are accustomed to and become familiar with the Ordure or because they are stopt with phlegm The Illiack passion hath its original from the inverted motion of the fibres of the Intestines Illiack which proceed from some inflammation or obstruction from hard dung or from a Rupture or from Exulceration or a Canker or from a high flowing of humours Moreover for what belongs to elaboration of blood Sanguification hurt that is hindered either primarily and by its selfe or secondarily and by accident Primarily it is offended either when the faculty is hindered or by some external accident when the faculty is offended 't is done by reason of some diseases of the Liver distemper by reason of which alone without any other manifest disease of the Liver those which are troubled with its imbecility are called Hepaticks obstructions tumors ulcers But it is hurt by some external error when either the Chyle is not rightly elaborated in the stomach or when it is throughly elaborated some peccant matter is mingled therewith Secondarily or by accident it is hurt either when the attractive faculty is hindered by reason of diseases of the Liver or obstâ—uction of the Mesentary or because the retentive faculty in like manner is hindered through some disease of the Liver and especially through its moist distemper opening and gnawing of the ressels and thinnesse of Chyle or by the expulsive faculty principally by cold distemper and obstructions of the gibbous parts of the Liver by reason whereof the blood cannot be distributed But as for the Symptomes which happen in making of Urine The cause of an Iscury and of little Uria the first is an Iscury or suppression of Urine and making of lesse Urine 't is properly to called when the Urine is in the Bladder and is not ejected or very little is cast ouâ— which Symptomes arise from the same causes differing only according to Major and Minor but the Urine is suppressed or little is made because the xepulsive faculty is either hurt and weakened or hindered It is hurt whilest either the sensitive faculty oâ— the Bladder being hurt doth not perceive the pricking of the Urine namely when the proper Nerves of the Bladder are affected either by some stroak sliding loosening of the Vertebraes in that part wounds of the spinal Marrow and Tumors as also stupefactive Medicines being applied thereto or it may happen when the expulsive faculty is hurt and the transverse fibres of the Bladder appointed for expulsion or affected with some cold moist distemper or are extended over much that they lose their tune or note so that afterwards they cannot be contracted which comes to passe when the Urine is too long retained or the Muscles which help and assist the Bladder to expel Urine are affected so that they cannot be contracted But the expulsive faculty is hindered whilest the Neck of the Bladder and Urinary Passages are not open and is either stopt by a little Flesh or Callous Substance in the passages or is obstructed by Gravel clotted Blood Quitture or thick humours or it is comprest by a Tumour in compassing the Neck of the Muscle of the Bladder or of the neighbouring parts or it is shut by contracting of the Muscle of the Neck or it is pressed and wreathed by the falling of the Bladder out of its place Urine also is not made when too great plenty thereof is long retained too much dilating the fibres of the Bladder so that afterwards they cannot contract themselves nor cannot squeeze out nor expel Urine which comes to passe either when the Urine mens businesse being urgent of its own accord is retained long or when the pricking of the Urine as is said before is not perceived Lastly Urine is not cast out through its accustomed passage if by some Wound Ulcer Fistula of the Bladder and Urinary passages the Urine which ought to passe through them goes out by a way opened elsewhere There is another Iscury lesse properly so called or suppression of Urine when little or no Urine is sent and comes into the Bladder which happens when the attractive faculty of the Reins is hurt through distemper especially cold or is hindered by obstruction and straitnesse of the emulgent vessels or when the Urine is carried to another place and is cast out of the Panch or by Sweats or is collected in the Panch and stayes in the first passages as in a Dropsie But a Dusury properly so called Difficulty of making Urine or difficulty of making Urine is when the time of making water and the quantity is a little altered yet in the very making water the Urine doth not passe out freely but is made with great striving pain and burning which comes to passe by some fault of the Urinary passage namely whilest it is affected with some Ulcer and is eroded or the Vrine it self being sharp doth it or the passage was formerly ulcerated The cause of a Strangury is either some sharp thing which stimulates nature continually to expel Of a Strangury but because nature is sensible of pain it hinders free emission the Urine is made drop by drop and dribling which is caused by crude Urine unconcocted or having a sharp humour mixt with it by Gravel sticking in the neck of the Bladder or some fault of the Urinary passage whereunto belongs Intemperature of the Bladder and inflammations of the same and of the parts neer thereunto hot humours also exulceration of the neck of the Bladder and Urinary passage Involuntary pissing Of Involuntary pissing which happens both to those that are sleeping and waking is caused for the most part when the contractive power of the Muscle Sphincter of the bladder is taken away which is occasioned by a Palsie proceeding either from a cold and moist distemper of the same or by hurting of the Nerves which come to this Muscle by compression in loosening the turning joynts of the back neer the Hucklebone by a stroak a fall or some tumor or obstruction or by hurting of the same Muscle or certain fibres in cutting the stone of the bladder yet sometimes Urine is made against our wills when the Muscles of the Panch are exceedingly drawn together so that the Urine by reason of their constriction and compression of the belly is as it were forced out of the bladder as also sometimes it happens to those that are great with Child in their last months For the same reason they cannot contain their Urine But if a man contain his Urine waking Of pissing in ones sleep and in his sleep let
ulcer lyeth hid in the Reins Bladder or otherwise through which the Vrine passeth or when from the superiour parts as the Brests or Lungs nature evacutates matter through the Vrinary passages Small pustles of flesh called Caruncles in the Vrine of exulcerated Reins are aprts of the substance Of Caruncles Of slimy Ecrements Slimy thick and tough flegm like the snot of the nose if it be made with the Urine and be voided with pain for the most part it is a token of the Stone in the Bladder but that which is made without pain Fernelius saith doth proceed from a crude ulcer of the Reins or parts thereabout or from an imposthume and truely for the most part such matter being present in the bladder as it is the beginning so it is a sign of the Stone of the Bladder and moreover being sent out it coagulates into a lapidious hardness but sometimes flegm which is cast forth in great plenty is the off-spring of crude matter and ill digestion in the parts beyond the Reins Worms if they appear in the Urine proceed from corrupt and sordid matter Of worms as in other parts Small strings and little bodies like hairs Of fibres and hairs and cobwebs if they are put forth with the Urine have their original from a thick humour either in the veins or in the reins or dryed in the ureters and reduced into this form by the longitude of the vessel Bubbles and froth are generated from wind included in viscous matter Of bubbles and froth which when it cannot exhale extends the matter into a tumor and those bubbles may be of divers colours according to the nature of the humour in which the inclosed wind stirs them up A Crown shews what kind of humors are contained in the greater vessels Of a crown and according to the diversity of humors hath divers colours and is seated in the upper part of the Urine and in that circle many things are obvious to our eyes which cannot be discerned in the rest of the humors because the light in the superficies of the liquor is otherwise divided and received then in the middle Lastly Of fat if fat swim upon the top of the Vrine it proceeds from melting of the grease but this proceeds from heat therefore if the fat continually swim in Urine like cobwebs it shews consumption and melting of the body yet Fernelius writes that he would advise you of Oyl taken inwardly least any small bodies of Oyl swim in the Urine by that means CHAP. X. Of the causes of changes in Vrines BUt Urines vary also in those that are sound Causes of changing of Vrines in regard of temperaments sex age time of the year sleep watching exercises passions of the mind and such like which are called the causes of variations of Urines As for the temperaments Vrine of those that are hot and cold hot temperaments have higher coloured Urines and thinner and less sediment or in stead of a sediment a cloud or Nubecula but colder have Urines paler coloured and few Contents also unless raw juice which proceeds from weaker concoction be mingled with the Urine In respect of age Of Boyes Youths Old men Of middle age Boyes have white Urines thicker with a plentiful sediment youths thinner with few Contents but higher coloured old men have white Urines but thin and without Contents unless many excrements meet together which if they are mingled with the Urines it happens that the Urine is made thick and full of Contents those that are of a middle age have indifferet Urines In regard of the Sex the Urines of men are far higher Of men or deeper coloured then the Urines of women thinner and have fewer Contents but the Urines of women are paler and by reason of crude humors thicker with more plentiful sediment yet nevertheless the Urines of men and women do not so vary that they can be known by certain signs whether it be a mans or womans water Of women great for reasons may be given also in men which produce such Urines as otherwise are familiar to women although as in such as are great with child there may be some change of Urine when the Menstruous blood is retained in them and from thence no small change is made in the body yet that change doth not afford a certain sign whether a woman be great when the same causes of change may be shewen in other women which are not great but in some which are more lively there is little change of Urine As for the time of the year Change of Vrine according to the time of the year the Urines of every kind in the middle of the spring are moderate as also in the middle of autumn but by how much the more the year goes on towards Summer by so much the more the colour of Vrine is encreased and the thickness and Contents are diminuished in the Summer also the Vrines are higher coloured thinner and have less sediments in autumn the colour of Vrines and tenuity are lessened the Urines in the Winter come neerest the best state In hot Regions According to the Region and degrees of Heaven To exercise and rest and under the hotter degrees of Heaven Urines are made deeper coloured thinner and of little sediment In colder Climates they are neerer to the best state Those which exercise and labour moderately make well concocted Urines and in colour substance and contents moderate but those that exercise and labour immoderately in those first the colour is encreased and the thickness and contents diminuished but if the exercise continue long the colour and tenuity is lessened when the streng this weakned but those that live idly make Vrines not much coloured and moreover thick and with many sediments In immoderate watchings first the colour is encreased According to sleeping and waking but if they continue long 't is abated sleep if it be moderate causeth Vrine to be good in all but if it be immoderate it encreaseth the colour of the Vrine but abateth the contents and substance but if it be protracted longer it becomes crude The passions of the mind since some encrease the heat Passions of the mind some diminish it according to the calidity and frigidity which they bring upon the body they alter the Vrines Lastly Meat Drink and Medicines Meats Drinks and Medicines change the Vrine and Meat taken moderately causeth a moderate sediment more plentifully a more plentiful thin causeth none Meats also Drinks and Medicines have a power of changing colour and smel lof Vrines CHAP. XI VVhat is to be observed in the Inspection of Vrines SInce all these things are spoken of Vrines for that end that from thence diseases the causes of diseases maybe known and the events foretold that this may be rightly done we are to admonish you what things are to be observed in the Inspection of Vrine First the time in
nourishment and full of excrements and affords matter fit for the generation of feavers Fishes are colder and moister food Fish then the flesh of terrestiall Animalls and scarce afford so good juice as Corne and fruits and other vegetables they easily putrify also and if they are corrupted they acquire a quality most averse to our natures But there is a great variety of fishes Salmon a Salmon in the first place hath tender flesh gratefull to the palate t is easily concocted affords good juice and is the best amongst fishes when they are pickled with salt and hardned with smoake they are much worse Troutes amongst fishes which are bred in fresh waters are the best and are next in goodnesse to a Salmon Trout easy of concoction full of much good and thin juice but the greater of them have flesh not a little excrementitious fat and full of viscidity those are commended before others which have red flesh and many red spots and that have hard flesh and participate not of viscidity and fat those are easier concocted descend sooner Soles and have lesse excrementitious juice Amongst Sea fishes the sole is highly commended which hath delicate flesh and is easy of concoction Gudgeons Gudgeons properly so called are the best of taste amongst the fishes and very wholesome aliment easie to be concocted and such as remaine not long in the stomach and are profitable both for pleasure and health and may safely be given to those that are sick to which other little fish are alike as dace and minners and such like A pick A Pike especially of the smaller growth hath hard flesh it is concocted easily and easily distributed and hath not many excrements and may also be given to those that are sick A Perch also hath tender flesh A Perch and such as will easily part asunder and no fat and glutinosity t is easy to be digested the juice is not evill yet it affords weaker aliment and such as is easily discussed A Breame hath soft and moist flesh A Breame and yeelds a juice very excrementicious and is to be eaten as for the most part all other fish are not t is not to be mixed with divers kinds of meates A Barbell A Barbell whose egs perchance gave an occasion to some to suppose that he hears very bad it causeth not onely paines of the belly but also vomiting and disturbes the paunch and stirs up choler from the use whereof we ought to abstaine but the flesh thereof is very white easy of concoction and distribution and affords aliment of good juice The flesh of Eeles is sweete but glutinous with fat and abounding with much moisture Ecles it generates ill juice and the use thereof is not safely granted to those that are sick nor to those that are well especially if they be taken plentifully A Lampry is meate of a gratefull and delicate taste A Lampry if it be rightly prepared and sauced yet it puts not away quite its slimynesse and glutinosity by this meanes and for that reason they are not numbred by Physitians amongst fishes of the best sort A Tench is neither of a pleaseing taste A Tench nor easy to be concocted nor good aliment but yeelds a filthy slimy juice and such as is easily corrupted neither is it easily distributed and it brings forth obstructions A Herring hath white flesh A Herring apt to cleave into small peices and hath a good taste not hard of concoction it affords good juice not thick and glutinous t is pickled with salt and hardned with the smoake but then t is harder of digestion and yeelds not so good juice Amia a fish which hath no English name but is like a Thunny Amia hath soft flesh yeelds good juice but not much aliment A Sturgeon hath hard fat and glutinous flesh A Sturgon which yeelds thick juice yet not hurtfull and t is not easily concocted yet the younger are more plesant to the taste and easier concocted and yeeld much nourishment A Sole Plaice and Turbet are white fish A Sole Plaice Turbet yeeld good juice and plentifull nourishment and such as is not easily corrupted but being dryed they become harder and are harder of concoction Cod-fish Stock-fish or rather stock fish although whilst it is fresh t is said to have friable flesh and tender of good juice and easy of concoction yet being dryed it becomes so hard that it is to be knocked with Hammers and Clubs and to be pulled into peeces in water before it be boyled whence it affords thick nourishment and hard of concoction and is to be eaten without dammage only by those who have very healthy stomachs and are given to dayly labour Oysters have a soft juice Oysters and therefore irritare the belly to dejection and stimulate Venus they nourish lesse and are hard of concoction and easily generate obstructions Terrestiall Cockels or Snailes Snailes are accounted for dainties by many yet the flesh of them is hard of concoction and requires a healthy stomach and the addition of many sawces yet they remaine hard and generate thick and black blood but that part which is said to be given in broath for Hecticks is only in the hinder part of the snaile which Aristotle in the fourth of the History of Animals Cap. the fourth calls Micona that is poppey as he pleased to call it which hath in it a certaine glutinous and caseous substance easily dissolved yeelding to the teeth tender the which is not hard of concoction and nourisheth much Crab fish which have no tailes and Lobsters Lobsters and crawfish which have tailes and are frequent in our Countries seeme to have no great difference in their nature all of them are hard of concoction and are not well concocted unlesse by a strong stomach yet if they are well concocted they nourish much and beget good juice CHAP. IV. Of drinke DRinke whereby the moist substance is restored which is dayly consumed and the naturall thirst allayed The benefi of drink the fat and thick moisture carried through the narrow passages and the meat in the stomach is mingled concocted and powred forth and an inflamation of that fat which is destinated by nature to nourish our bodies is prohibited there are divers kinds The kinds Water Wine strong Beere and water mingled with Hony and certaine liquors made with Apples Peares and such like There is great variety of Waters Waters all which are cold and moist but the best is that which is found to be pure and fincere by the sight taste and smell and offers the savour of nothing to the taste Differences of Waters neither odour to the smell which soone growes hot and suddenly grows cold which is light and wherein flesh and fruit are soon boyled some is Fountaine water other is River some is Raine water other lake or Pond water some Marish other Snow
which guides the neutrality of those that are falling away The Analyptick is that which brings neuters to be healthy And first a method of preserving of the health of such as are very well is to be explained wherein notwithstanding some things may be delivered which may be accommodated to the other degrees of health But in the first place it is to be noted that the foundation of our future health fully depends on the conception and seed of our parents Seed the cause of future health and therefore as Fernelius in his first Book of Pathology Chap. 1. writeth If Husbandmen being to sow Corne choose the small and young seed having found by experience that ill fruite comes from that which is rotten how much more diligently ought we to observe the seed in the procreation of our Children Moreover when the Mother hath conceived a Child in the wombe Dyeâ— of such as are great she ought to beware of all things which might bring any detriment to the young or rather she ought to be carefull that she may strengthen and preserve it safe namely that she avoid foggy Aire that she beware of the smell of candles newly put out of brimstone castor and such like and of the smell of herbs that are too fragrant she should shun meates of ill juice and sharpe and such as cause urine or cause loathing or provoake sneezing she should not use many Aromatick things if those that are great desire any ill meates they are not altogether to be denyed them but if the food which the woman desires cannot be obtained by her least any inconveniencies should happen to the young they use to give her some hony with nutmeg or water distilled from the tender leaves of a Vine in the month of May or of the barks of Citron or the pills of Oranges or of the Roote of Piony being bruised and prepared in Spanish Wine or Malmesy For the strengthening are exhibited the precious Stones Strengthning the young called Pearles Coralls the shavings of Ivory the barkes of Citron Cinamon Saffron the wood of Aloes Cloves Quinces Sugar of Roses sweete Almonds corrected with high Country Wine Water called the Balsome of Children the confection of Gems Diamargariti calidi Malmsy Wine applyed with Bread to the belly The same things may hinder an abortion which is night at hand and moreover Vnguentum Comitissae externally applyed Hindring abortion also those that are great should principally avoid hard labours and passions of the mind yet to be altogether idle is not so convenient The opening of a vein eafter the fifth month for the most part is prohibited Whether a veine be to be opened of the woman with-child but before the fifth moneth you may open a veine in Plethorick bodies nay some unlesse they are let blood before the fifth month miscarry of purgation Hippocrates writeth in the fifth Apho. 39. thou shalt purge those that are with child any time within foure months and sometimes untill the seventh month but sparingly and you are to use only lenitive medicines CHAP III. Of the Diet of Infants and thence forward untill 21. yeares of Age. WHen a Child is brought forth into the World before the teats are given him we ought to give him some pure honey or Corall with Sugar or the Sugar of pennidice with Oile of sweet Almonds whereby the Dregs may be drawne through the Paunch and an Epilepsie be prevented Afterwards let the Infant be nourished with Milke The Infant is nourished with the mothers Milk and that from his Mothers Breast as having most agreement with the Infant and it is generated of the same blood by which before the little one was formed and nourished in the Wombe unlesse perhaps the Mother be sick or ill disposed the Infant is to bee nourished with Milke untill it be two years old or certainly till the eighteenth Month t is to be accustomed in the meane time to other meats by little little yet such as may be easily concocted commonly their is prepared for them Papp made of Bread and water or Milke yet by reason of its clamminesse it seemes not to so good to many and therefore more wholesome may bee made with crums of Bread or certainly with bread first dried in an Oven Afterwards the Infant by degrees is to be accustomed to more solid meats Diet the first three yeares but the first three years his food is to bee moister and the Infant is to be nourished with good meats and should use Bathes often but not presently after eating and drinking neare the end of seven years Age the use of Bathes ought to be more seldome Infants and Boyes should not drink Wine By how much the more a boy growes in yeares by so much the more both the mind and body are to be imployed yet the exercises ought not to bee immoderate least that any member should be turned awry or least the body should bee dryed too soone with two much motion and the growth of the body should be hindred of sleep by how much the more Age increaseth so by little and little we ought to abate it In the second and third Septinaries more solid meats are to be afforded Dietin 7. and 3. Sâ—ptinary yet not over much drying Exercise also ought to be somewhat lesse then the strength might tolerate and in the third Septinary order of Diet convenient for every course of life is to be begun for those which are given to a laborious kind of life ought to seed more plentifully in the third Septinary and with those meates which being taken in no great quantity nourish much and strengthen them for greater labours But those wich apply their mindes to learning at this age ought to be carefull of the animall spirits Diet of Schollers and diligently to endeavour that they may be plentifully generated being pure and cleare which may be if they live in a subtile Aire pure thin by dyet and meats that are not thick but which may afford matter for pure and lauadble blood and endeavour to evacuate all excrements in due time not to accumulate crudities nor weaken their bodies with untimely studies nor is the use of Venery to be granted till the end of this Age. CHAP. IV. Of the Diet of middle Age That Age which followes the third feaventh Yeare or from the twenty first to the fiftieth Diet for middle age is accounted the middle Age and for the most part there is the same reason of Diet unlesse that the former halfe part or the fourth septinary and the latter halfe or the seaventh doth more agree with the diet of the Age which he hath attained then of that Age which is truly the middle The rule of diet variety First for what belongs to meate in meate is to be observed quality quantity time of taking manner and such like circumstances as to the quality of meats those are to be chosen which are most
putrifyed flesh Herbs or Leaves Pepper-wort Garden and water Cresses some would have them to be hot in the third degree great headed Leekes the fullers herbe Thapsia a Milke Thistle Fruits as Pepper c. Seeds as of both kinds of Cresses Mustard-seed Rootes as Garlick Onions Costus Leekes that have great heads bastard Pelitory or sneezing wort Euphobium Things cold in the first degree Herbs or Leaves Cold in the first as Orack sowre Sorrell Mallowes Mirtles Pelitory of the wall Flowres of Mallowes Roses Violets Fruits as the substance of Citrons Quinces Pares Plumbs Seeds as Barly Millet Rootes of Mallowes Concreate Juices Acacia others in the second Draggons blood Stones as a Hyacinth a Saphir an Emerald Things cold in the second degree Leaves and Herbs Cold in the second a kind of beete which some call Spinack Spanish Succory Lettice Ducks-meate Endive or Succory Violet leaves Sorrell Plantine Knot-grass Fleawort Night-shade Flowers of wild Poppies Cichory water Lillies Fruits as Gourds Cucumbers Oake Apples Oranges Pomgranates Damaske Pruins Pippens Peaches Seeds of Sorrell Cichory Winter Cherries Wood of Santalls Things cold in the third degree Herbs or Leaves Cold in the third Purslan Mandrake life everlasting Henbane others think it hot in the fourth degree Flowers as of Pomgranets Fruits as Oringes Mad-Apples of Mandrake Seeds as of Hemlock Henbane Poppy Rootes of Mandrake juice of the juice of Holly Rose Things cold in the fourth degree Cold in the fourth Herbs or Leaves Hemlock Poppey Fruits Apples of Pern Concrete Liquours as the juice of Poppy or Meconium also Opium according to the vulgar opinion which is not true for they are hot Moist in the first degree Moist in the first Herbs Buglosse Pellitory of the wall Mallowes Flowers of Buglosse Mallowes Endive Fruits as the substance of Citron In jubes sweet Almonds Seeds of Mallowes Sesami which is a white graine growing in India Rootes of Satyrion Buglosse Lycorish Mallowes Rape Rootes Moist in the second degree In the second Herbs as Violet Leaves Water Lillies Milk Thistles a kind of Beet which hath no savour which some call Spinach Lettice Ducks-meate Purslan Flowers of Water-lillies Violets Fruits Gourd Melons Pompions the juice whereof some place in the third degree Peaches Damask Pruins ripe Grapes Sugar Dry in the first Dry in the first Herbs and Leaves Beetes Cabbage Camomill Fennill Violets or Purple coloured Lillies Malabathrum i. e. a certaine Herb she swims in Ditches in India without any Roote appearing Mirtles Petty Mullein or Longwort Flowers of Oxe eye Camomill Saffron Violets Melelot Roses other in the second degree Fruits as Iuniper berries Chesnuts Seed as Beanes Fenegreek Barly Roots of Briony of the wild-Vine of madder Tamarisk Marshmallowes Wake-robbin Gums Frankinsence others in the second degree Dry in the second degree In the second Herbs as Pimpernell Mugwort others say in the first degree Green Dill Bettony Bindweed Calamus Odoratus Endive Sea Cabbage Shepheardspowch Horstaile Chervills Mints wild Mints Plantine Rosemary Spikenard Walwort Fumetory Burnet Sorrell Vervine Shephards rod Flowers of Piony Scarlet Anemone or wind Flowre ground Pine Wood-bines Staechados Fruits the Oily acorne Capers Quinces Ciprus-nuts Nutmegs Pares Pistach-nuts Seeds Fennell wild Saffron Lentills Ervum Millet Rice Poppy Night-shade Roots of Caper Cichory Raddish Wood of a Santall Tree Teares Gums and Rossins as Galbanum oppopanax dry Pitch Myrrh Storax Mastick Hony Dry in the third degree in the third belonging to mettals as flowre of Brasse burnt Brasse the dregs of Brasse Draggon-wort Salt Solder of Gold or Saltpeter Brimstone red vitriol Herbs and Leaves Fearne Yarrow Cinqfoile Poley Mountain Trifoile Worme-wood Southernwood burnt Dill burnt Parsely Asarabecca Ammi Calamints Germander Ground pine Epithimum Hyssop Juniper Marjerom Horehound Origanum Maiden beets Wildstone Parsly Sâ—eezing-wort Rue Savine Willow Water-mints Time wild Bettony Flowres of Pomgranates Epithimum Ground pine Wildwood-bine Fruits of Cloves the Fruit of Balsamum Oake-Apples Pepper Juniper-berries Seeds as Graines which Dyers use I think he means Cutcheneale Dill Parfley Ammi of the herbe Jerusalem or Ladies Rofe Anniseed Carraway Cumming Coriander Gith bastard-stone Parfley Millet of the Vine Rootes and Barkes of sweet Garden Flag the hollow Roote of Galingale Squills common Cinqfoile Trifoile Mountaine Osier Asarabecca Smallage Leopards-bane Hellebore Cinnamon juices and Gums Aloes the juice of Sorrell Acacia Camphir Muske Dry in the fourth degree Metalicks Coppras Arsenick In the fourth Sandaracha Borax or green Earth found in the Mines of Brasse Silver or Gold Misysory that which the Apothecaries calls Vitroil Milantheria or a Metallick juice Herbs and Leaves Wild-rue Garlick Cresses Mustard-seed CHAP IV. Of Medicines proper to every part or of corrobarating Medicines BUt whereas occult qualities are often adjoyned to the primary qualities Medicines proper to every part the same things altering are not convenient allwayes nor accommodated to all parts but those things are to be chosen which have regard to every or any part in respect of the whole substance and by reason of some occult proprieties have some singular Sympathy therewith which Medicines therefore are called Appropriated or Corroborating Medicines for so occult qualities concur with manifest and conspire in acting or performing together Cephalicks Heating and drying Bettony Marjerom For the head heating and drying Sage Hyssop Bawme Rosemary Bay-leaves Bay-berries Savory Rue Calamint wild Time Spike Lavender Origanum Herba Paralysis I take it to be true love or one berry Flax Asarabecca Liver-wort Squinanth Spikes Maudelin Fennell Parsley Smallage Sparagus bitter Almonds Elecampane the flower of Bettony Raysins of the Sun Pistack-nuts the hot Seeds Sweet-Garden-Flagg c. Wood of Cassia Cinnamon and the rest of the Aromaticks Things cooling the Liver Cooling it Endive Cichory Garden Endive Lyons Tooth and those which belong to these Purslan Lettice Roses Violets Water-lillies Sorrel Straw-berries the greater cold Seeds namely of Mellons Gourds Cucumbers and Citrons and the lesser namely of Lettice Endive Garden Endive Purslan Barley Santalls Camphire Pomegranates Currants Barberies Strawberries Melons Cherries Sorrell whey of Goates Milke Things heating the Spleen Heating the Spleen Ceterach Spleen-wort Epithimum Wormewood Fumetory Hops Rue Calamint Parsley Speedwell or Fluellin wild Germander Ground-pine Bawme Garden or Water-cresses Scurvy-grasse Hore-hound Broome Elder Asarabbecca the Rootes of Polipody Elecampane Ferne Fennel Smallage Vine-roots Tamariske Capers Birth-wort Madder Bitter-almonds Squils Sweet-garden-flag Ammoniack Bdellium Things cooling the Milt Cooling the Spleen Mallowes Endive Cichory Purslan and for the most part the rest of the cooling Hepaticks Things heating the Reines Heating the Reins and Bladder and Bladder Venus haire Rue Saxifrage Betony Lovage Fennell Rocket Mugwort Calamints Eringo Sparagus Buttchers Broome Burnet Liquorish Parsley Smallage Nettles Carrots Dropwort red Madder red Parsnips Grumwell Iuniper-berries flowers of Camomill Cardomoms Turpentine Chervill Almonds Pistack Nuts the Kernels of Peaches Cherries Rootes of Capers Things cooling
the Kidnies Cooling the Reines Mallowes Lettice Purslan Pellitory Barley the foure great cold Seeds Poppy Lettice Fleawort Quinces Pepons Stone-berries Violets Flowers of Water-lillies Camphire Santalls Sorrell Iuice of Lymons Melons Currants Things Heating the Womb Heating the Womb. Mug-wort Mother-wort Bettony Dittany and Origanum Penny-royall alamints Marjerom Sage Time Bawme Summer or Winter Savory Rue Rosemary Bay-leaves Flowers of Camomil Cumminseed Anni-seed Fennel-seed Carrot seed Parsley Smallage Roots of Birthwort Red Madder of Eringo Fennel Parsley Sparagus Burnet Angelica Valerian Master-wort the meate and liquor of the Indian Nut Bay-beerries Iuniper-Berries Cloves Nutmegs Mace Sweet garden flag Cinamon Worm-seed Saffron Galingale Mirrh Castor Things cooling the Wombe Water-lillies Violets Roses Cooling the Womb. Quinces and the Sirrup thereof Purslane Lettice Garden-Endine Hot simples belonging to the joynts the Gout and diseases of the sinews Marjerom one Berry Herbe Lovage Bettony Groundpine Rosemary Sage Bay-leaves Lavender Staechados Mugwort and most of the chephalicks Castor earth Wormes CHAP. V. Of extenuating and preparing of humours OVt of this forme of humours are sought digerent Of cleansing and preparing digestive or preparing things so called all which since they hinder nature in acting take away and change the qualities which resist the action of native heat namely they coole too much those things that are hot and heate too much those things that are two cold they moisten dry things and dry up moist things they attenuate what is thick and incrassate what is thin Namely yellow choler is to bee corrected with cooling Cholers moistning and thickning things Phleagme is to be prepared with heating drying and attenuating things melancholy humors are to bee corrected with things moderately heating moistning and attenuating black Choler is to be prepared with things that are very moistning attenuating And those things are to be used which are fitted to every part according as the humour resides in this or that part cold cephalicks prepare and digest choler in the head cold Thoracicks in the Breast cold Cardiaacks in the heart things cooling the Ventricle in the stomack cold Hepaticks in the Liver Hot Cephalicks prepare Flegme in the head Phlegme hot Thoracicks in the Breast hot things appropriated to the Ventricle prepare flegme in the stomack hot Hepaticks in the Liver things heating the Reines in the Reines hot things appropriated to the Womb in the Womb. These things prepare Melancholy Melancholly and black choller and black Choler Fumitory Buglosse Burrage Spleen-wort Bawme a kind of bind weed growing about flax Venus haire common Germander ground-pine Hops Barkes of Citrons Fennell Rosemary juice of Apples Ceterach Capers Epithymum Violets Butchers Broome the flowres and seed of Tamariske of Basil Ashen Keyes CHAP. VI. Of Emollients Relaxing Rarfying c. EMollients are those things which power our that which is concreate Emollients such are those things which neither are very hot nor exceeding dry many hot in the second degree and something moist and moreover having a clammy or emplastick force such as are the Leaves and Roots of Mallowes and Marsh Mallowes the Roots of white Lillies Orach English Mercury the Seed of Mallowes Sesami a white graine growing in India Flax Fenugreeke Marsh mallowes Fat Figs Simple Oiles the Fat of Hens Sowes Fat Calves Kidds Sheeps Fat and such like almost all Marrowes fresh Butter Wax Pitch Rosin Bdellium Amoniack Storax melted Ladanum Galbanum To these are opposed hardning and binding things Things hardning Loosening which are cold and moist Sengreen or life everlasting purslan Fleawort Ducks-meat Night-shade Things loosening are compared to those things which bind which joyning together humors contrary to nature become hard and are especially those which when certaine matter or a vapour or Wind fills the space of the parts and extends them rarifies them and attenuates and discusses an unsavory spirit and matter such are those things that are moderately hot moisten more largely and are of a thinner substance that they easily penetrate and are not hindred by thicknesse as Lillies Oile of Camomil Flaxseed Fenugreek Fat 's Butter Greazy wool and such like Condensing things Condenseing are of a more watry nature and contract more weakly and moreover they close the thin and externall Pores they contract and condense but they cannot contract the whole part on every side and powerfully such are cold water Purslan Sengreen Fleawort Mouse-eare Ducks meate Thistles green Houseleek the greater and the lesser Stiptick things are cold and astringent Binding and Stopping condensing and of a thick substance for being applyed externally by their thicknesse they stop the pores and by their frigidity and siccity they contract the part and close them into one another of that kind are those which are otherwise called binding or astringent the Barks of Pomegranates Frankinsence Mirobolanes the Roots of Tormentill Rhubarbe Torrified Plantine Horse-taile little double Dazies Blood-wort or Wall-wort the Floures of Pomegranates Flowers of Roses Sorrell seeds as of Plantine Roses Purslan Ciprus-nuts Mirtles Quinces Pares Medlars Mulberries not ripe Ceruises or swallow Pares the fruit of a Cornell or Dogg Tree Oake Apples Kernels of Grapes Cups of Acorns the red juice of Wax or Hony in the Hony-Combs also such juice of Wild Hony Acacia Mastick Vermillion Spode which is soot arising in the rising of Brasse Pearles Coral Bolearmenack Irish flat Allum Lapis Haematites or Bloodstone Iron To condensing things are opposed rarifying things Rarifying and to astringent things opening things rarifying things are those which open the Pores of the Skin and render the passages wider that Vapours may be blowne or breathed out the better such medicines are hot but moderately of thin parts and not drying as Marsh-mallowes English Mercury Dill Flowers of Camomill of Melilot of Elders seed of Fenugreek Flax dry Figs old Oile Butter Opening things are those as dilate the Orifices of the Vessels whence they may be called in generall aperient Opening the mouths of Vessels yet those are principally called aperient which penetrate deeper and attenuate the thick humors and are hot in the second degree endued with somewhat a thicker substance and are not easily dissipated untill they have performed their operation A hemating and to this purpose bitter things are very usefull next to these are attenuating and cutting which divide dissolve and make lesse those attenuate the thick these the viscide and glutinous humours and are moreover of a thinner substance and hot for the most part in the third degree also sharpe and such as appeare biting and hot to the smell or taste or to them both and have a nitrous and salt savour or they are sharpe and bitter such are the five opening Rootes Opening so called that is of smallage Fennell Sparagus Parsley and Butchers broome Grasse Cichory Eringo Rootes Gentian Ferne wild or Garden madder Century the greater Asarabecca Capers of Tamarisk of Ashes Fumetary Wormewood Agrimony Venus
a water to provoke vomit made of green Walnuts and Raddish Rootes Ana parts 2. of Vinegar part 3 d being distilled is given to two ounces or three ounces white vitriol Salt of vitriol glasse of Mars and Flowers crocus Metallorum and from thence a water to cause vomiting prepared by Rulandus Mercurius vitae c. are in use with the chymists CHAP XIII Of Medicines causing Vrine OF Diuretick medicines or such as cause Urine some are properly so called Diureticks namely such as easily penetrate into the veines and poure humors into them they cut and seperate the thick from the thin that they may so doe t is necessary that they be hot in the third degree and of a most thin substance of this kind are the Rootes of smallage Fennell Parsly Butchers-broome Sparagus Valerian Burnet Spikenard Asarabecca Wormewood Agrimony Nettles Ground-pine Cheruil Rue Scordium Anniseed Fennell-seed Hart-wort cheruil Gromwell Saxifrage Juniper-berries sweet Almonds Peach-stones and water distilled out of them with Malmesey Wine Cubebs Garden-cresses the wood cassia Medicines of spirit of Salt and of Tartar others lesse properly so called whereof some are hot but doe not attaine to the third degree as Turpentine Parsnips Dill Venus haire fresh gathered Rootes of Smallage others are moist also which supple or loosen the passages of Urine as Licorish march Mallowes the seed of Mallowes others are cold which have an abstersive faculty moderate attenuating and refrigerating force such are Pippens Gourds Cucumbers the substance and seed therof Barley Strawberries whey juice of citrons and Lymons others besides that they are of thin parts they afford much aqueous humidity as thin white Wine the seed of Melons Gourds cucumbers waters of baths CHAP XIV Of Medicines provoking sweats I Droticks Provoking sweat or Sudoriphicks are endued with a greater tenuity of parts then Diureticks they are hot also and besides they penetrate into the farthest parts of the body and cut humours they attenuate rarify and turne into exhalation and what ever is in their way they carry with them and drive into the extremities of the body or if some amongst them are cold or astringent also by a hidden quality whereby they resist poyson they drive malignant humours to the superficies of the body Such are Carduus Benedictus Venus haire Rootes of Fennell Smallage Parsley Burdocke Burnet Angelica Tormentill Worm-seed China Flowers of chamomill the wood guaicum Sassafras Irish slat Harts-horne juice of Elder Bezoarticum Minerald without and with Gold fixed steele or Diaphoretick and copper and steele fixed Diaphoretick Mercury precipitate also to provoke sweates Laconick bathes of sweet water are profitable also fomentations as warme Bottles and hot Tiles Frications Vnctions and such like CHAP. XV. Of Diaphoreticks and Medicines discussing wind DIaphoreticks with the Greekes are the same Dissolving with discutient and dissolving medicines with the Latines and they drive out through the insensible passages and secret pores all such things are hot and dry and have power of converting humours into Vapours and of opening and dilating the pores of the skin such are camomill Melilot Dill Fenugreek Rue seed of Flax Lupines Galbanum dryed Pitch Storax Brimstone Sagapenum and such like which are lately named Next to these are they which are called Discussing of wind discussers of wind which as well can discusse and consume wind within the body as when it is moving to the extremities such are besides those already named century the lesse which wonderfully conduceth to the discussion of wind upon the Hypocondries Anniseed Bay-leaves Pennyroyall Fennel-seed caraway-seed cummin Ammi carrot seed Parsley Agnus Castus Dill Juniper-berries Bay-berries Galingale cloves Mace the Pills of Oranges the genitalls of a Beaver CHAP. XVI Of provoking courses expelling the secundine and a dead child SUch as bring downe menstrous Eringing downe courses are either improperly so called to wit such as corroborate the expulsive faculty or further the generation of blood or else attenuate its thicknesse and viscidity or properly so called which open obstructions of the wombe and draw down blood to the wombe which opening and cleanseing things most powerfully performe and such as are not of a very thin substance least through their tenuity of substance they should presently be scattered and therefore there is most conveniently provided for this purpose things which have some bitternesse mixt with Acrimony such like are Sage Penny-royall Dittany or Garden-ginger Marjerom Rue Calamint Wild-Marjerom Bittony Spike Asarabecca Mugwort Germander Worme-wood Ground-pine Rootes of red Madder Birth-wort Fennell Parsley Flowerdeluce Eringo Lovage Burnet Saffron Flowers of white Violets Parsnips Juniper-berries of Bays Flowers of Camomill Cinamon Mirrh native Borax The stronger of these drive out the secundine Expelling Secondines and a dead child and expell a dead child which therefore are called casters out and drivers out or Ejaculators because they drive out the young such like are Asa faetida castor Myrrh and those things which are variously applyed externally as Opopanax Galbanum Amoniacum Sulphure the smell of the burnt hoofes of an Ass Coloquintida Rue wild Cucumbers the gall of a Cow or Calfe CHAP. XVII Of Medicines that breake the stone SInce the common Doctrine of the generation of stones is suspected as is said before in the second Booke page 2. Breaking the stone C. 9. also the common opinion which strives to support it concerning the power of dissolving stones is suspected and therefore here we deservedly fly to the propriety of the whole substance which nevertheless is not inconveniently drawne from a Saline or salt force the medicines breaking the stone are Ground Ivy Bitony Pelitory the Rootes of Rest-harrow the five Diureticks the Rootes of Raddish Saxafrage Burs bitter Almonds cherry-stones the stones of Apricocks the Kernells of Medlars Grumwell Parsnips cinamon Gourds crabs stones Goates blood Lapis Judaicus the Rootes of Sparrage Snales Lignum Nephriticum CHAP. XVIII Of Errhines Sternutatories and Apophlegmatismes ERrhines draw out phlegme into the Nostrills Errhines not from the ventricles of the braine but such as is about the membranes covering the braine they performe that by their heate and vitrosity wherewith they are endued by their extergent and sharpe faculty such are made of Marjerom Rue Pimpernell cabbage Beetes Rootes of Flowerdeluce Fennell flowre Penneroyall Wild Marjerom Hore-hound Sow-bread Wild Cucumbers celendine Fell-wort the juice of double or single Pasque flowre Ptarnicks or Sternutatories or such as cause sneezing Sternutarories are those which by their Acrimony irritate the expulsive faculty of the braine which being wearied desiring to expel the medicine sends out together with it the excrements which remaine about its membranes and in it selfe such like are certaine Errhines most curiously powdered and likewise white Pepper Ginger white Hellebore bastard Pellitory Caster Cloves sneezing-wort Euphorbium Lastly Apophlegmatismes Masticatories Apophlegmatismes or Gargarismes are those which being put into the mouth and touching the Palate draw excrements
extremity of the Channell which goes into the Eare be first stopt and fortifyed with Cotton that whilst the spirit is drawn there be no roome granted for the letting in of Aire in any wayes If any thing come into the Nostrills sticks in them there is another way of drawing of it out then that of drawing out those things that stick in the Eares If sand or dust stick in the Eyes the stone found in the maw of a Swallow Crabs Eyes Pearles if they are cast into the Eyes cleanse them but if any greater thing be fixed in the Eye t is to be drawn out with a fine linnen cloath wet in pure fountaine water or with a sponge tyed to a soft quill but if it be greater t is to be taken out with a little Volcella or unlesse extraction in this manner doth succeed Anodunes or medicines taking away paine being applyed and other convenient medicines the businesse is to be committed to nature CHAP. XI Of drawing out of things generated in the body according to nature but retained in the body beyond the limits of nature AFter these amongst those things which are to be drawn out of the body somethings are found which indeed are generated in the body according to nature yet are detayned there contrary to nature and hitherto belongs first of all extraction or excision of a living or dead child out of the body moreover the drawing out of Urine detained preternaturally First of all Of taking out a lived child if the young can neither be brought out by the helpe of the mother nor by any other there is no other helpe remaines then cutting whereby the living child is taken out and those which are brought forth on this manner are called Caesares the young is cut out when the mother is living or dead Of a dead but of this Cesarean bringing forth you may see a peculiar Book of Francis Rousset but as for the extraction of a dead child by what meanes that may be rightly performed Celsus teacheth in his 7. Booke 29. Chap. 23. Aetius Tetrach Book 4. Ser. 4. Chap. and Hieron Fabricius ab Aqua P. of Chyrurgicall operations Amb. Parey describes fit Instruments for this operation in his 23 d. Book Chap. 26. Job Andr. a Cruce Next to these is the drawing out of a Mole and the same reason for the most part is in drawing out them as in the extraction of a dead child Extraction of a Mola Lastly hitherto belongs the drawing out of Urine by Chyrurgicall operation Drawing out urine with a Cathera but that operation is performed by Silver or brazen Pipes which they call Catheters which that they may be fitted for every body greater or lesse three of them are to be prepared for men and too for women in a readinesse the manner of operation is in the Institutions CHAP. XII Of taking away the corrupt parts of the body SOmetimes the parts of the body are so corrupted that there is no hope of curing of them Cutting of dead flesh which as being unprofitable and hurtfull and such as may infect the parts next to them and pollute them are to be taken away whatever therefore is corrupted is to be cut off but the manner of cutting offis various according to the variety of the parts that are hurt and the place where they are and nature of the disease it selfe and therefore the rightest manner of taking away such from the body is known by particular operations yet oftentimes in fistula's and other malignant Ulcers cutting alone is not sufficient as being that which cannot take away the smallest fibrillaes and particles but after cutting there is need of an actuall or potentiall Cauterie that the remainders may be taken away nay sometimes without cutting by Cauteries only things so corrupted are taken away Hereunto belongs the Amputation of parts corrupted with a Cancer Amputation of a cancer Of a Vvula yard wombe Of bones also a cutting off of the Uvula corrupted either by inflamation or by Morbus Gallicus the cutting off also of the putred or corrupted yard as also of the corrupted wombe Corrupted bones are taken away by filing shaving with an incision knife or with a wimble of which it is spoken before as also with divers kinds of Tongs whereby the corrupted bones of the fingers and broken bones hanging out may be taken away Hitherto belongs the plucking out of teeth Teeth which is performed the Teeth being first loosned from the gums and is done with severall Instruments whose names are taken from the figure and similitude for the most part which they have with the beakes of living Creatures which Hieron Fabricius reckons up the figures of them are extant in Amb. Parey the 16 th Book Chap. the 17 th and Joh. Andr. a Cruce Lastly it sometimes happens that in mans body certaine parts are corrupted with mortification they so dy that ther is no hope of recovery of life Amputation of Limbs when there is one indication that which is corrupted is to be cut off least the sound also should be affected which operation the Greekes call Acroteriasmos or a tearing off the dead â—lesh but in what place and when that Amputation is to be made cannot be delivered in a compendium see the Institutions CHAP. XIII Of freeing and taking away things generated in the body contrary to nature THe last kind remains of taking away things out of the body Things preternaturall begotten in the body how many-fold namely those which are generated in the body contrary to nature but there is no little difference amongst those things for some of them are borne together with the parts of our body and are adhere tenaciously as Warts Warts great above and small below swellings and inflammations in the fundament the top of the yard the way to the wombe callous flesh Cornes Knots the Kings Evill excrescencies of flesh in the Nostrills and Polypus swelling in the Chops small tumours in the Urinary passage Excrescencies on the eye lids fleshy ruptures or else they are contained in some part of the body as water in an aqueous rupture in the paunch stones or gravell in the reines bladder or yard The cutting of warts is performed either by binding Warts cuttings or burning Warts hanging downe are taken away either with a silken threed or Horse haire or they are to be tyed with some other strong threed every day harder and harder untill they come off cutting is performed with an incision knife like a Mirtle leave or with a launce burning is performed with an hot Iron or with green wood that is burnt but how severally the tumour called Thymus in the fundament glans or prepuce are to be taken away is shewn in the Institutions and in the 3 d. Book of practice Sometimes a little tumour ariseth in the Urinary passage from an Ulcer Caruncles extirpated out the Vrinary passages and is so increased sometimes that it stops
used every where containes onely sixty graines Drachimi and Darchimie or Darchimet with the Arabians the word being corrupted is called Drachmes in English a Drachm By Serapio and the same Arabicks it is also called Aureus and by the same these names Drachme and Aurei are often confounded But at other times Nummus Aureus or Denarius containes foure scruples namely a whole Drachm and the third part of a Drachm eight Drachms make an ounce and it is thus marked â„¥ i. Twelve ounces make a pound lb. Deunx makes eleven ounces â„¥ XI Dextans hath ten ounces â„¥ X Dodrans hath nine ounces â„¥ IX Bes hath eight ounces â„¥ VIII Septunx hath seven ounces â„¥ VII Semios or Selibra hath six ounces â„¥ VI. Quincunx hath five ounces â„¥ V. Quadrans hath foure ounces â„¥ IV. Triens hath three ounces â„¥ III. Hereunto belongs the Table * CHAP. IV. Of Physicall measures AS dry things for the most part are weighed A Description of measures so liquid things are measured although the manner of measures be appointed by Physitians according to the manner of weights But measures may be explained two wayes either greater by lesse or on the contrary lesse by greater or by weights For if it be asked what a Pint or a Pound is t is answered to be the halfe of a Sextarie or to containe fix Cyathos or Cupps or it s answered it contains nine ounces of Oyle For the former way of describing measures is certaine and stable but the latter way of explaining them is not alwayes the same for although the capacity of measures be not changed yet the weight of the things that are measured by the same measure are not the same whence Physitians at this day since in liquid things they rather regard the weight then measure and they use measures onely for to save the labour of weighing Three kinds of measures of liquid things are used namely some for measuring of Wine and distilled Waters others are appointed for Honey others for measuring of Oile all which measures although they are distinguished by the names of Ounces yet the weight of liquid things varie in the distinction of ounces for since Oile is light more of it goes to an ounce Wine since t is heavier then Oile lesse of it goes to an ounce Honey since it is heavier then both a small quantitie in comparison of the other makes an ounce The first and least of measures which are tryed not by weight but onely by quantitie is a spoonfull and the division of measures doth not go beneath it But a Cochlear or a spoonfull is four-fold The least that a little bigger a great the greatest the least containes halfe a drachm in weight of a thing that is of a middle weight that a little bigger a whole drachm a great a drachm and halfe or two drachms the greatest containes halfe an ounce in weight A common little Spoon is halfe a cup Mustrum and containes in weight of Oile six drachms of Wine or Water twentie scruples of Honey nine drachms A Cyathus or a Cup is the sixth part of a pint Cyathus by common observation it holds in weight of Oile twelve drachms of Wine or Water thirteen drachms and a scruple of Honey eighteen drachms Acetabulum which by the Greeks is called Oxybaphum Acetabulum is a Cup and halfe the common observation it holds in weight is eighteen drachms of Oile twentie drachms of Wine and Water twentie seven drachms of Honey Quartarius or the fourth part of a Sextarie Qâ—a tarius containes three cups Hemina or Cotyla is the twelfth part of a Congie Hemina or Cotyla halfe a Sextarie it contains six cups but in weight nine ounces of Oile ten ounces of wine and water thirteen ounces and half of Honey this measure contains three quarters of a pint The Italian Sextarie is the sixth part of a Congie A Sextary it containes two Heminaes or a pint and halfe twelve cups but in weight it contains eighteen ounces of Oile twenty ounces of wine and water 27 ouncse of Honey A congie is the eight part of Amphore A Congie which is a Tankerd or Rundlet containing eight gallons it contains six Sextaries twelve Heminaes but in weight nine pound of Oyle ten pound of Wine and Water thirteen pound and halfe of Honey Urna Urna Amphora is half the Italian Amphora but the third part of the Attick for a Greek Amphora which is called Cadus and Merreta is greater then an Italian it containes 48. Sextaries but in weight it holdes seventy two pound of Oyle ninty pound of Wine and Water one hundred and eight pound of Honey this Urne of our measure contains foure gallons and halfe Culeus is a measure containing twenty Italian Amphoraes Culeus t is the greatest of measures but of these things t is spoken more at large by others CHAP. V. Of Doses of Medicines ALthough in this darknesse of mans understanding t is not so easy to define by what Rule and proportion Elements agree in mixture yet by the most the opinion of Alchindus is retained and a Geometricall proportion is appointed in degrees not an Arithmeticall and that for this reason because betwixt the neerest degrees there is a far greater difference and inequality then there is between two numbers immediatly following one another Hence from two scruples to two ounces is accounted a temperate dose the dose of a medicine in the first degree from a scruple to an ounce in the second from halfe a scruple to halfe an ounce in the third from five graines to two drachms in the fourth from two graines and a halfe to a drachm yet it is here to be observed that in every degree as appeares by the dose there is a certain latitude in the highest degrees you may not allwayes ascend to the highest dose nor may all those things which are in the fourth degree be given to a drachm but according as some are in the beginning others in the middle and others in the end of the fourth so the dose is to be moderated Moreover 't is here to be noted that regard ought to be had of occult qualities also and therefore experience is especially to be consulted with The Doses of Purgers AS for the doses of purging Medicines The Dose of purgeâ—s they may be limited according to degrees but since that in every degree there are three mansions t is not lawfull to give what medicine you please of what degree soever from the lowest to the highest dose of that mansion But every mansion hath its highest and lowest dose The dose in the first mansion of the first degree is from two ounces or three to six or seven ounces such like are Syrup of Roses selutive and Honey of Violets solutive Those which are in the third mansion of the second degree are given from â„¥ 2. to â„¥ 3. or â„¥ 4. to these belong juice of Roses and Violets
in doing after the crucible is exposed to a circular fire or Reverberation by degrees yet some things are extinguished first by certaine waters before they are calcined some are corroded first by their own waters and afterwards are Reverberared on the contrary some things are Reverberated first afterwards corroded Calcination which is done by potentiall fire is finished by corroding Corroding precipitating or Fumigation Corrosion is a solution of mettalls or such like by waters and sharpe spirits Precipitation is when a mettall descends to the bottome Precipitation Fumigation in the likenesse of Chaulke and is seperated from the water that dissolves it but Fumigation is when some body is corroded and brought into a body like chaulke by the exhalation or vapour of a corroding thing Hitherto pertaines Amalgamation Corroding of mettalls by Quick-filuer Putrifaction which with the Chymists is an operation which is nothing else then a corroding of mettalls by Quick-silver and Mercury Lastly putrifaction which others call Fermentation and digestion is that operation whereby a mixt body is someway dissolved by a moist heate and losing its naturall juncture or Union is rendred the more fit for artificial seperation CHAP. IV. In the Institutions Chap. the 8.9.10.11.12.13.14 the second forme of operations Of the second ranke or forme of operations TO the second forme of operations we refer those things which are imployed in seperation and detraction of any thing and in seperation of Homogenialls from Heterogenialls of pure from impure of Profitable from unprofitable such are fifting washing infusing boyleing straining fumeing Clarifying Filtring Digestion Expression Distillation Sublimation Exsiccation Evaporation Exhalation and Coagulation Sifting is not only a seperation of things beaten Sifting and brought into powder of the finer part from the thicker by meanes of the seive but also for the most part a casting of moist and boyled things through a haire seive Washing is not appointed for that end only Washing that medicines defiled may be cleansed but that some superfluous quality may be taken away from the medicine or a new may be introduced Infusion is nothing else but a steeping of a medicine in some liquor Infusion whereby the medicine may be moistned within and without that its force or strength may be drawn out or increased or its malignity corrected or that which is hard may be softned Next to infusion is boyling or seething Seething which differ only in this that medicines in infusion are moistned with longer time and lesse heate but by boyling t is performed sooner and with greater heate Straining is that whereby moist things Straining either first heated as the thicker and more viscid things or lukewarme or eold as those that are thinner are cast through a thick or thin strayner the thicker parts and dregs being left behind in the strainer they become the purer Scumming is when during the time of seething the froath swimming on the top is often taken away with a spoon Scumming for the most part perforated Clarifying Clarifying although it may be taken in general for any sort of separation of filthy and thick things which may be performed many wayes either by standing still whilst the seculent matter descends of its selfe to the bottome and settles or by straining or by froathing yet principall with the Apothecaries Clarification is that purification of things boyled by despumation having added the white of an egg namely whilst the white of an egg is beate with a Spatula or spoone untill it come into froath and afterwards is mingled with the Syrup or decoction hot to clarify it and when it hath contracted any blacknesse t is taken away and a new is put in so often till the liquor become cleare By Filtration Filtring or straining through a brown paper that which is thick and faeculent mixed or confused in any liquour is separated namely whilest the pure liquour descends through the strainer whether it be a linnen ragge or brown paper into the Vessel that is under it but the impuritie is left in the strainer Digestion although sometimes it signifie putrifaction sometimes a certain exaltation Digestion and circulation since that in general to distribute or dispose in order is to concoct and digestion is concoction yet in this place by digestion we understand such a conction only whereby that may be seperated which is as yet foule in things whilst the substance of the liquour is attenuated and separated from its earthy impuritie Hereunto belongs Expression Pressing by the benefit whereof by a strong endeavour either with the hand alone or with a presse we separate the liquid and moist from that which is dry and earthy Distillation is nothing else Distillation but a collection of exhalations elevated by heat out of something exhalable by the help of a Vessel and receptacle thick and cold into a liquour This is commonly accounted threefold the one is that which is by ascent the other is that which is made by the sides the third is that which is made by descent By ascent Distillation is said to be Distillation by ascent when the exhalations and vapours ascend upward from the Alembick or the head of the Furnace And the Vessels which contain the matter to be distilled the head being put on in it t is condensed into a liquour which distills drop by drop through the beak or nose into the receiver and it is gathered together This is performed either by the Sun beams or by fire sometimes lying open sometimes not manifest namely some other body intervening as sand ashes water c. Hitherto also may be referred conveniently Distillation by a Glasse like a ball so called Distillation by a glass whereby oil of sulphure is prepared namely when the brimstone is kindled glasse hammers receives the vapours and condense them into oil Distillation to the sides Distillation to the sides or else it is called by inclination when the exhalation and spirits do not ascend straight upwards in the Alembick but tend towards the receiver by the sides and obliquely This is performed either when the fire is opened to it or when some other body comes between as sand ashes c. By a Vessel which they call a Retort or a Straight gourd yet placed oblique in the furnace that the Alembick may incline downwards Distillation by descent is when a liquour Distillation by descent is not carried upwards from the dissolved exhalations nor to the sides but tends downwards and drops into the supposed Vessel This again is performed the Vessel lying immediatly on the fire or sand ashes c. intervening To distillations belongs Rectification or Cohobation Rectification whereof that is no other then a repeated distillation of a thing to purifie and exalt it the more the dreggs being left in the bottome or to seperate the phlegme from oil or the spirit from phlegme but this is said when the humour which
commonly when the vessell is open and the fire also but t is more convenient least the strength of the medicines should vanish in boyling to make a decoction in a Biploma as they call it or a double vessell the vessell being shut or if a decoction be made the fire being open t is convenient to set on it a close Alembick or if it hath a beake oâ— snout to fit it with a receiver to take the liquor and to mixe it with the strained decoction The Liquor in which the things are boyled ought to be such as may performe the intentions of the Physitiâ—â— Liquor for the De coction as water of the Fountaine distilled water Barly-water Chaly-beate Water Whey water mixt with Honey called Hydromell sometimes Wine is taken seldome strong Beere is used sometimes some Vineger is put in that the viscid and tough humours may more powerfully be cut thereby and the medicine may penetrate the more sometimes Roots alone before the decoction is made are brayed in Vineger Distilled waters also are often used for decoctions with no great profit but with great charge unlesse the decoction be made in a close vessell since so long boyling takes away all their strength The quantity of the Liquor ought to be such as may satisfie for the decoction The quantity of Liquor and ought to cover the medicines three or foure fingers breadth which for the most part is left to the discretion of the Apothecarie But if the proportion be appointed by the Physitian the Liquor is for the most part foure-fold six-fold eight-fold in proportion to the medicines according as the Herbs are dry or full of juice thick or thin and may imbibe more or lesse of the Liquor and they ought to seeth a little or long Sometimes before boyling the medicines are somewhat cut or bruised and sometimes they stand a while after decoction before they are strained But they are boyled to the consumption of halfe or of a third part or of a fourth part only of Liquor or till but a third part remaines according as the medicines and the scope of the Physitian requires for those whose vertue easily vanish and are in a thin and seperable substance are to be boyled the lesse time but those whose substances are thicker the strength cannot be drawn forth without longer boyling the decoction is strained with or without squeazing according as there is need of the thinner parts only or thicker and such as lye deeper A decoction is prepared either for one dose or more for one three four or five ounces may suffice if for more the decoction should be made that the remainder may be a Pint or a Pint and an half and afterwards of things making it pleasant for one Dose an Ounce or an Ounce and an half may be added yet more than a Pint or a Pint and an half of a decoction at one time is seldom made except the decoction of Guiacum and such like since that if more should be prepared it would easily be spoiled before it would be taken by the sick Unto three four or five ounces of the decoction strained are added of Sugar which often is â—used or Honey six drachms or an ounce or of some convenient Syrup in every dose an ounce or an ounce and halfe Sometimes the juices that are most convenient of Herbs or Fruits and often other Liquors as Aqua vitae Spirit of Vitrioyle Copper Salt-peter some drops thereof are added and indeed only one of these is added sometimes to an Apozeme but of lenitives more as more Syrups or juices Syrups or of juice and Sugar when juices are adminiistred for the most part Sugar or Syrup is mixed with them and sometimes pleasant things that they may be the better mingled a gentle ebullition is appointed at a weak fire if it be convenient the white of an egg may be added that the Sugar and Honey and decoction also may be clarifyed or if that clarification doth not suffice the decoction is to be put into the Balneum Mariae till the thick dregs settle in the bottome and they by setling in the bottome and powring off of the cleare Liquor are seperated and that is to be repeated sometimes if it be needfull sometimes the decoction is to be made pleasant either for the acquiring of a good taste or smell or some other vertue namely the Aromaticks a little before the end of boyling being reduced into into powder or Aromatick species fitted for the disease halfe a drachm or a drachm thereof in each pint is to be hung in a thin skin or bladder in the decoction and are often pressed out or else a little after the decoction is removed from the fire the decoction being as yet hot they may be cut or bruised more grossely and so injected and after they have stood together some time in a vessell well covered it is strained againe Muske also and Amber-greaze if it be convenient may be also given to the dose of a graine of each or a drachm or two of Cinamon water may be added If Wine or Vinegar be necessary t is more convenient to add them after the boyling or a little before they have done boyling They are given for the most part in the Morning The time of giving or Evening or two or three hours before dinner or supper the stomach being empty and the decoction being first warmed three foure or five ounces thereof is given at a time and that is often performed two three foute or five dayes following and either once only or twice a day if the decoction are prepared for many doses they are to be kept in cold places under ground for they will scarce continue above a weeke although it be in the Winter but in the Spring and Summer for the most part they are renewed every way Hereunto belong restorative Broathes as they call them Restorative broaths which are made of Hens or Capons to which Veale or Goates flesh may be added and there are of three sorts the first they call a compleat Jus Consum matum or a perfect broâ—th because 't is most absolute and fittest to nourish it is prepared as ordinary broathes are only that they boyle longer and indeed so long untill the sixth eighth or sometimes the tenth part only remaines Gelatina the second is called Gelatina which is made if these meates are boyled in a double vessell without powring off the water and the juice is pressed out from thence from which after it is cooled the fat swimming on the top is to be scummed off Contusum the third is called Contusum which is prepared when the meates first sodden or rosted afterwards are beaten in a morter so long untill they may melt when broath is put to them and afterwards are strained Purging Decoctions PUrging decoctions differ not from other decoctions The manner of prepuring purging of decoctions unlesse in respect of materialls namely that
to the various nature of the simples whereof they are composed some of them resist poyson others purge the belly others by vomit To those that purge simples which have in them a faculty of purging are taken and correcters are added sometimes also a grain of distilled Oyles is mixt with a drachm of Powder CHAP. XV. Of Salts ALl things almost containe two kinds of Salts Salt twosold the one volatile which endures not the fire and heat but flies away and is dispersed and vanisheth by burning the other is fixed which endures the fire and is left in the ashes Volatile Salt is collected in distillations so of stale Urine Volatile Salt Salt distilled by an Alimbeck in the first place and by a Phiola or the bottome of a Glasse-Still in the second place Volatile salt of Urine is collected the same may be drawne out of other things In the juices of Plants also salt sometimes coagulates to the thicknesse of boiled honey Fixed in a cold place But fixed salt is prepared of the ashes of plants and woods whilest a Lye is prepared out of them and that is boiled till all the water exhals for then the salt is left behind which is purifyed first by often dissolving and coagulating Secondly If it be dissolved into a liquor by drayning in a moist place t is filtered and afterward coagulated Cream c. Of Tartar Hereunto belongs the cream or thick juice and Christall of Vitrioll and of Tartar which are nothing else but salt of Tartar separated from the dregs that were mixt Magisters Also Tartar vitriolated salt of Tartar To these belong Magisters or dissolvings of Pearle Corall Crabs clawes precious stones Saccharum Saturni which takes place so far if salt that is volantile of the menstruum that dissolves doth as yet stick in them For then according to the manner of salts they are dissolved in waters and other liquors but if they are precipitated by oyle of Tartar or Vitrioll and the salt that dissolves be separated from them they rather belong to powders CHAP. XVI Of Croces TO powders and salts we may well joyne those things which the Chymists call Crocos stours sublimates Croci what precipitates The name of Crocos is given to some Medecines from the colour of Saffron for Croci are nothing else but fine powders or tinctures reduced into the forme of a powder of Saffron-colour But principally they are called Crocos of Mettals and Crocos of Mars Crocus mettalorum is nothing else but Antimony burnt with nitre Crocus mettalorum and reduced into powder of Saffron colour next to this is that of Venus of Antimony Gouden as it is called Of which the Institutions may be seene Crocus of Mars is prepared severall wayes which may also be seen in the Institutions To these we may well referr that which is called earth of vitrioll whose preparation is taught in the Institutions CHAP. XVII Flowres Of flours and Sublimates THose are called Flours by the Chymists foâ— the most part which are the thinner and more subtill parts of a body seperated from the thicker by sublimation the most common flours are of Copper and of Antimony as also Benzoes the reason of preparing whereof is to be had in the Institutions Hereunto belong the other Sublimates amongst which the cheife is Mercury Sublimate simple and Mercury Sublimate sweete CHAP. XVIII Of Precipitates Of precipitates ALthough those things in generall are rightly said to be precipitated which are dissolved in some Liquor by a peculiar Art and seperated from the Liquor deseend to the bottome in the forme of a Powder or like Chaulk yet the name of precipitating principally belongs to Mercury which after it is dissolved in Aqua Forci and is seperated from the water that dissolves it and lettles in the bottome 't is called Mercury precipitated Turbith The name also of Tuâ—bith or Turpeth is in use amongst most Chymists Mercury precipitate Gold of life Bezoarticum Minerale Mercurius Vitae which from whence soever it had its originall it signifies nothing but Mercury precipitated The way of precipitating Mercury is shewne in the Instistitutions to which if any Gold be added t is called Gold of life of which in the Institutions To these belong also Bezoarticum Minerale as it is called t is there also described aâ— also Mercury of life and some others CHAP. XIX Of Glasses Regalls and certain Chymicall Powders THose chymicall Medecines which remaine Glasses Regulus-chaulks and certain Powders we will annex in this Chapter First Glasse is prepared from the chaulks of things Glasse and vitrification for the most part is the last resolution of things for Ashes or Chaulk is to be poured into a very strong fire and sometimes Borax is added to ripen the fusion or other fusill Powders but fufill matter is poured into a Basin made hot or upon some table Glasse of Antimony is predared in this manner Of Antimony and Mercury also Amber of Antimony or as others would have it of Mercury Purging cups may be made of these Glasses also Rings Money If glasse of Jupiter or glasses or Amber of Antimony Rings purging Regulus of Antimony Antimony Diaphoretick Lac Veneris if they are set into the bottome of a cup or into a Ring or any Coyne Of Glasse of Antimony golden see the institutions as also of Regulus of Antimony Moreover the next to these are chymicall Powders and Chaulks as for them the first that is referred to them is called Antimony fixt or Diaphoretick which is made if Antimony be burnt so often with Nitre till it become white and fixt Milk of Venus how t is prepared the Institutions shew To these belong Dreggs or Faeculae Faeculae as they are called by later Chymists which are certaine Farinaceus Powders prepared of the juice of certaine roots beaten or expressed or extracted by some liquor namely if a juice or liquor be put into a cold place the Faeces of their owne accord settle in the bottome which when the moisture is poured off are dryed and kept the chiefest that are in use are the Fâ—ces of Briony Wake Robin Piony and Orrice as also of Dragon CHAP. XX. Of Comfits little round Cakes and Morsells and such like THat the palate and taste may first be pleased certaine Medecines are found out by Physitians preserved with suger and are made up into a dry body Amongst which the first are those which are called Comfits as we may speake in the manner of an Apothecary with whom Comfits are nothing else but Conserves dryed Seeds Kernells skind or blanched Roots and Pills or Rindes Purging confections also are prepared Of purging Comsits and that two wayes first if the Sugar be poured in before it be cooled the purging things are mingled and stird about together that they may stick to the Sugar Secondly which is more convenient if the seeds or Rindes are macerated in a
differences which consists of Pitch and Oyle melted together the other compound which besides Pitch and Oyle hath in it Pepper Castor Pellitory Bittony Galbanum Brimstone Nitre or the ashes of Vine-twiggs and other things which are needfull out of all which a Plaister is made with Oyle and Pitch which is put in a peice of Leather or linnen cloath and applied to the member being hot the haire shaved before hand and the part well rubbed and before t is quite cold is twitched off againe and put to the fire againe and applied to the part againe and that is so often repeated untill the part growes red and is somewhat swelled Synapismes are Cataplasmes A Synapisme or Plaisters principally consisting of Mustard-seed from whence they have their names or other things are compounded which are of the same nature with mustard-seed and they are two-fold the one more mild and gentle which the Greeks call Phoinigmon because it makes the skin look red and is to draw out the matter which lies so deep hid in the body to its superficies A Vesicatory The other is stronger which also raiseth blisters in the part to which it is applied which they properly call Vesi catories The Ancients made Synapismes of Mustard seed How to prepare Synapismes or sheere-grasse dry Figgs were macerated in warme water the next day after Mustard-seed pounded was mixt with that pulpe and if a stronger Synapisme were required they would mingle two parts of Mustard with one of Figgs but if weaker one part of Mustard-seed and two parts of Figgs If indifferent equall parts being mixed they were applied to the part affected and left there so long till the skin run down with moisture and looked red Other Medicines also both making red How to make Vesicatories and causing Blisters are mentioned before part the first Sect. the first Cap. 10. and are mingled with honey Oxymell with Squills Vinegar with Squills Melle Anarcardino Spirit of Wine Turpentine Soap the crum of bread and Gâ—mme with sharp things and Plaisters and Cataplasmes are made of them whether to cause the part to look red and burn onely or to raise blisters The principall thing to raise blisters is a medicine compounded of Cantharides and Leaven When a blister is raised by a medicine and is broken t is not forthwith to be dried but to be permitted to run that the humour which we desire to evacuate revell or derive may flow out and therefore some fat unguent or a Figg or the leaves of Coleworts are to â—e put to it CHAP XXXIX Of Epithems which are somewhat moister then Plaisters Medicines made of Vinegar and Roses and of Medicines applied to the Temples to stop fluxes of Rehume from falling to the eyes ALlthough all medicines which are externally adplied to the body may be called Epithems Epithems yet by custome those onely are called so at this day which consist of distilled waters decoctions or juices mingled with species and powders and are externally applied principally to the region of the Liver Spleen Heart Stomach fore-head and joynts As for the matter whereof they are made t is various according to their severall intentions of distilled waters Juices Decoctions Oyles either alone or mixt Epithemes are applyed for the mittigation of heate resisting of humours that flow strengthning the parts and Liquors or Powders that are appropriated to any part whatsoever are to be applyed Epithemes are prepared two wayes How prepared first of liquid things only distilled waters or juices are taken convenient for the disease and proper for the part to which sometimes some Vinegar or Wine for penetration sake is added afterwards Species or Powders beaten very fine a drachm and a halfe or two drachms to a Pint and sometimes more Powder is taken the matter of the Epitheme is prescribed according to the magnitude of the part from three Ounces to a pint the mixture in the first place hath a linnen or wollen cloath Cotten or Spunge dipt in it and stird about when t is to be used least the Powder should settle in the bottome and for the most part t is applyed warme and as often as t is taken off t is dipt into it againe and applyed Sometimes certaine Powders are put in but they are first macerated in fountaine water To Epithemes belong Oxyrhodes Epithemes for the fore-head as they are called which are Epithemes peculiar to the fore-head prepared of Oyle of Roses and Vinegar to coole and repell The Ancients tooke of Oyle of Roses three parts and of Vinegar one part and stird them well together wherein they dipt a peice of leather or skin and applyed it to the forehead At this day also other Oyles as of Violets Myrtles Nimphaea or water Lillies and sometimes distilled waters and Powders are added Santalls and other things To these are referred anacollemata Anacollemata which are wont to be applyed for diseases of the Eyes and Hemorhodes of the nose principally to the fore-head so called for this reason whether they consist of medicines that fill up glutinate and have an astringent quality because they stop the violence of humours that flow into them or because by their clamminesse they adhere and as it were stick like glue to the part to which they are applyed And they are prepared of Volatile or fine Flowre How prepared Bolearmoniack Dragons-blood Acacia mastick Manna Frankincense and such like mixt with the white of an Egg. 2. Yet they are often prepared without the white of an Egge to mittigate the paine of the head or cause sleepe which are applyed either with a Leather or a skin dipt therein or inclosed in a little bagg and they are more properly called Epithemes or Frontells CHAP. XL. Of Medicines applyed Plaister-wayes to mittigate paine and of little Bags LIke unto Epithemes are Fomentaes so called Fomentations because they doe by their heate as it were cherish the parts of the body to which they are applyed and they are exhibited either to heate the parts or to cleanse and discusse or to mittigate paine or soften that which is hard Differences of Fomentations Moist 1. And they are two-sold moist and dry the moist are made either of hot water Oyle Milke or wine or decoctions of Plants made with warer wine Vinegar Milke whither a spunge or linnen cloath answerable to the magnitude of the part affected is dipt whilst it is hot and applyed to the part and when they begin to be luke-warme or to coole they are changed for hot or the same are heat againe in the Liquor 2. Sometimes simples included in Linnen baggs are boyled in water wine or Milke and are applyed hot to the part affected for which purpose t is convenient to prepare two Baggs that when the one is cooled the other may be applyed 3. Sometimes a Hoggs Bladder or an Oxe his Bladder is halfe filled with the Liquor of the decoction and applyed hot to the
't is called a Hectick with wasting or marasmodes A Hectick also is somtimes simple and alone somtimes 't is joyned with putrifaction CHAP. II. Of the signs of a Hectick Fever A Hectick Fever is known by its continual heat causing no pain Diagnostick signs as being equal and Hectick which indeed at the first touch is weak afterwards it appears sharper It is perceived more in the Arteries then the other parts And moreover the heat after taking food within an hour or two is increased and the Pulse either is changed as to greatness or swiftness yet so that its ascending appears strong and free and none of those things precede which forego the fits of putred Fevers most commonly and this mutation of pulse and heat endures until the aliment be distributed The pulse also in this Fever is little Signs of differences frequent and moderately swift and by how much the more the strength receiveth this Fever by so much the more the body is consumed and the strength debilitated so that the sick can scarce lift up the eye-lids and together with it in the second place fatness in Urine swims like cobwebs Lastly The same things which appear in an hippocratical face as 't is described by Hippocrates are also discerned in a marasmodes or Hectick with wasting A Hectick with a Putred Signs of a Hectick with a Putred and an Intermittent conjunct is known from hence That the fit declining the heat nevertheless although remiss some is left thereof and there is great languishing of the strength and all the other parts are more temperate only the parts where the arteries are become hotter and the pulse loseth not its swiftness and frequency and the sick takes food but is not strengthned thereby A Hectick joyned with a continued putrid Fever is difficult to be known yet it may be known from hence namely because the dry calidity remains after the end of the declination or of the whole Fever or its periods and the body is more extenuated then otherwise it useth to be the Urine also becomes oylie as may appear It is hard to know a Hectick in the beginning of it Prognosticks 't is not so difficult to cure at the first but that which is neerer to wasting or a consumption is easily known but hardly cured and at the last it becomes plainly incurable CHAP. III. Of the Cure of a Hectick Fever LAstly concerning the cure Indications and Cure The hot and dry distemper indicates cooling and moistning the strength requires preservation and whatsoever of the humid and solid parts is consumed and dried is to be restored with moistning things and indeed moistning things are more safe but in giving cooling things we must be cautious lest that the native heat already being weak should by that means be extinguished But if a Hectick Fever have a Putred one joyned therewith the Hectick cannot be cured unless the other Fever be first taken away Medicines cooling and moistning are Violets Burrage Medicines Bugloss Waterlillies Roses Endive Succory Mallows the four greater cold seeds Poppy Out of which several medicines for present use may be prepared Externally A Bath of fair water may be used most profitably External things of which Galen 10. Meth. Medend cap. 10. Which that it may moisten the more Mallows Violets Bearsbreech may be added 't is convenient also to use a Bath of warm milk After the Bath let the body be anointed but principally the spine of the back with oyl of Violets sweet Almonds Water lillies Roses Cooling and moistning medicines may be also applyed both to the Breast and Liver as also to the Reins But the greatest hope of cure consisteth in Diet Diet. The Ayr should be temperate or moderately cold Meats should be cooling and moistning easie of concoction and of good juice having in them few excrements and such as is not presently dispersed In the first place Milk is profitable which as Galen 4. de Simp. Medic. Facult cap. 17. teacheth 't is cold and moist easie of concoction of the best nourishment and hath great power of moistning and refreshing the substance of our bodies Which lest it should be coagulated in the stomack some Sugar or Salt should be mixed therewith and it should only be taken in such a quantity as may well be concocted by the stomack Strengthning and Restorative Broths are also profitable of which 't is spoken else-where as also food of Almonds Pine and Pistack nuts the four greater cold seeds and of white Poppy But meats in such as are sick in Hecticks should be given in small quantity but often by reason of the imbecility of their strength Their drink in our Countries should be Ale or Beer or Water and Wine white and sweet Their sleep should be somwhat longer If a Putred be joyned with a Hectick we must endeavour that the Putred Fever may be first taken away yet the Hectick not to be neglected lest that whilst we use remedies only for the Putred Fever the Hectick may be encreased if we use means only to cure the Hectick the Putred may be increased The Fourth Book Of the Plague and of Pestilential and Malignant Fevers CHAP. I. Of the Nature of the Pestilence HItherto we have finished the essential differences of Fevers it remains that we now should speak of the accidental Amongst which the principal and most necessary to be known are those that enfold the Pestilence pestilential Fevers and malignant And indeed concerning the Plague with which What the Plague is although not alwaies yet most commonly a Fever is joyned That name is most noted to be attributed to the most pernitious and destructive of all others But what the nature of that disease is amongst Authors is much controverted For first of all sithence various and several kinds of diseases and symptomes may appear in the Plague Yet because they are also often perceived without the plague the nature of the plague is not to be placed in so many diseases and symptomes differing in specie but in some peculiar sort Nor doth the being epidemical or contagious constitute the nature of the pestilence since other diseases also may be universal and contagious But since that this is granted by all The plague a disease of the heart that the Plague spreads most when many are infected together with the same disease and they die and others are infected Hence it may easily appear that the plague is primarily a disease of that part on the which life depends chiefly and the which being hurt a man is in very great danger of his life namely the heart the fountain of life and store-house of vital heat For although the humour wherein the venome inhereth may subsist in divers parts whence the same diseases and symptomes in every pestilence are not the same to appearance yet in what place soever it subsisteth it hath a peculiar antipathy with the heart and thereby destroyeth a man so suddenly