may seeth to the consistence of a Syrup If Honey be added it ought to bee boyled lesse because being cooled it easily becomes thick Syrups also like an concoctions may be made with Aromaticks or Aromaticke Powders 2. Seconldy they are prepared of clarifyed Juices to which is added half the quantity of Sugar and boiled to the consistence of a Syrup 3. These Syrups are better if fresh flowers are infused 24. hours in the expressed juice in Bal. Mariae and are again expressed and that repeated as often as it is fit Then the juice is to be clarified by digestion and half the quantity of Sugar to be mixt with it 4. Others boil the juice till half be consumed then they strain it and suffer the decoction to stand and settle that the juice may be the purer the which when Sugar is added they settle to the consistence of the Syrup 5. Sometimes the juice pressed out is poured into hot clarifyed Sugar and exposed to the heat of the Sun to consume its aqueous humidity But if the heat of the Sun be not sufficient it may be performed by gentle boiling 6. Syrups are also made of Infusions Sugar being added in the same manner as of Decoctions 7. And sometimes other things are infused in juices and afterwards when 't is strained Sugar is put to it and the Syrup is made according to art 8. Syrups may be made of extracts also if a little Sugar be added to the extract being thickned by abstraction of the Menstruum 9. Syrups may also be made of soft Electuaries if the Electuary be dissolved in six times or eight times the quantiny of warm liquour and strained and half so much Sugar added thereto by a gentle heat without boiling the liquour should evaporate to the consumption of the third part 10. Also Syrup is prepared of Sugar and Vineger onely namely four pound of Sugar and two of Vineger and according to some five Pints of water and 't is called Syrup of Vineger simple 11. Moreover Syrrups are made much more artificially especially of hot and dry Plants if onely so much water is poured off as that so much of the liquour may be left after straining without concoction as otherwise useth to be left after concoction is made and the matter infused on this manner in a Glass or other convenient vessel such as Fire-vessels or earthen vessels whose orifices may be fitted with a cover made for it that is round and channelled which should be put into the Balneum three or four days to digest and afterwards should be strained and that which is strained should again be put alone in Balneo or because of straightness of time it should be clarifyed with the white of an Egg what ever is feculent in it Afterwards Sugar should be taken and clarifyed and boiled to such a consistence as is observed in the Confection of Penides and it should be mingled with the clarifyed infusion The nearest to this is Oxymel Oxymel which is to be had in the Shops which is prepared of one part of Water one of Vineger and two parts of Honey whereof divers compositions may be made also Syrups are seldom given alone in Diseases of the Breast and Stomack The manner of administration but oftentimes are mixt with double the quantity of distilled waters or decoctions and an Ounce or an Ounce and an half of Syrups may be drank with two or three Ounces of Water or Decoction at one time To Syrups and Juleps belong Rosated water A Potion of Roses and water which is a Potion compounded of Roses and Water and Honey or Sugar Oribacius put into sixty Pints of warm water ten pound of Rose-leafs he shut the Vessel till they were perfectly boiled afterwards the Roses being taken out he infused of boiled and clarifyed Honey thirty pound and put it into a Cellar Actuarius took ten Pints of water and five pound of Sugar and boiled them together to a convenient thickness afterwards he infused a pound of the juice of Roses The likest to Syrups are Juleps and Zulaps Juleps as they are called from the Arabick word Sialaba which is to heal or make sound without doubt it is derived from thence so that indeed Physicians often times take them for the same Medicine and Potions that are mixt of Water and Syrups called Juleps but the name of Juleb is often extended farther now than with the Arabians who invented this Medicine to be made for the name of Juleb was absolutely given by them when Sugar onely is dissolved in Rose-water and boiled as Julep of Roses is otherwise called Alexander's Julep But a Julep if there be any difference betwixt it and a Syrup is a Medicine clearer than a Syrup and therefore more delicate and gratefull and it is made of distilled waters clarified Juices and Sugar They are made with The manner of preparing of Juleps and without boiling without boiling on this manner Common or distilled water is taken or a decoction of Barley to the which some Juice also of Citrons Limmons Pomegranates Quinces or Vineger may be added and white and clarified Sugar is poured in or instead thereof common Juleps of Roses and Violets which being boiled to the cosistence of a Syrup are kept for use and are diligently mixt together and if there be need are drained through Hippocrates's sleeve But the proportion of Sugar or usual Juleps which is observed to the waters and juices is various as the present occasion requires it For the most part the Palate of the sick is their guide and sometimes the proportion of water and Juices to Syrups and Sugar is threefold sometimes fourfold sixfold eightfold or twelvefold Sometimes Juleps are made with Aromatick Powders or convenient little Tabulets are dissolved in them 'T is most convenient also in some Diseases to add Spirit of Vitriol 2. Moreover Juleps are prepared of Conserves and medicinal Juices if distilled waters that are proper or a Decoction of Barley be poured into them in a sufficient quantity and are stirred with a Pestle in a Morter or are mingled together over a gentle fire and strained 3. But those Juleps which are said to be prepared with decoction are nothing else but the pure and finer decoctions of Syrups and the same manner of preparing of them which is of decoctions and Syrups onely that they are removed from the fire before they receive a thicker consistence CHAP. VIII Of Emulsions and other Mixtures bringing or causing milk and of strengthning things AN Emulsion is so called Emulsion because it is like Milk and is prepared as it were by milking for 't is a potulent Medicine prepared of the pith and strength of seeds and certain fruits especially of sweet Almonds Which Emulsion in particular by some is called Amgydalatum by the affusion of convenient waters or of some other liquour and by pounding and pressing of them to which the Pulpe of a Capon or Pullet may also be added
a compound medicine also Things condited as well as for a simple Plant mixt onely with Honey or Sugar so that Conserves also may be comprehended under the notion of Condites yet in particular the name of Condite here is given onely to medicines which are not pounded but whole for the most part Preserved with Sugar or Honey both that they may be kept longer and rendred more gratefull to the taste Fruits in the first place are preserved Manner of Prese ving Roots Barks Stalks and some Flowers as of Citrons or Lemmons and Oranges this is the Preparation the softer Fruits as Cherries Black-berries Barberies Apritocks Peaches Pears Moshcattellina and the like which are soft being put into Sugar or Honey that is hot they are boiled untill the humidity of the Fruits 〈◊〉 consumed and the Sugar or Honey receive their former consistence or if there be danger lest being boiled they should decay and lose their colour the Sugar onely being hot they are poured out and when the Sugar hath drawn their aqueous humidity the Sugar alone is again to be boiled till that aqueous moisture is consumed and afterwards to be poured out again to the Fruits to be preserved but those which are more solid should first be bruised in Water or boiled untill the bitterness and ungratefull taste be drawn out and they become softer yet you must observe that whilest we do strive to please the Palaâ—e we must not lose the strength of the Preserve by too much maccration or boiling afterwards we dissolve and clarifie the Sugar either in fair water or in the water where the Medicine is macerated unless it hath an ill taste we pour out the clarified Sugar upon the Fruits or Roots and then we seethe them again untill the aqueous humidity which remains be consumed Lastly being so prepared they are kept in a Glass or carthen Vessel covered with a round woodden Cover and clean stones being put upon the Lid the Lid is deprest so as that it covers the Liquour Next to these are thickned juices Thickned juiees and such as are fit for medicinal uses which the Arabicks call Rob They are prepared for the most part of the juices of Fruits sometimes of Flowers also that they may be usefull in the Winter when we want fresh Herbs and Fruits and in this manner they are prepared the juice being drawn out is boiled over a gentle Fire to the consumption of half or the third part then whilest as it is yet hot the thickest is strained that which is strained is permitted to be clarified by settling in the bottome or it is clarified with the white of an Egg that which is clear is boiled again untill it acquire its due consistence But because the juices of themselves will not easily keep unless they are boiled to a thicker consistence and all the watriness be taken away for the most part less than half so much of Sugar or Honey or a little quantity of one of them is added Those purest clearest finest juices Gelatinae like icicles in frosty weather as they call them being poured out use to be kept which commonly are called Gelatinae or frozen juices and they are prepared principally of juices that are made without expression the purer and more delicate juice of Quinces Apples Pears Goosberries or Currans That composition called Diacydonium Diacydonium which use to be prepared for the most part in the form of a solid Paste unless you would rather refer it to the Electuaries And Purgers may be mingled with those Juices and of them pleasant Medicines are made for infants and more delicate Persons CHAP. XI Of Electuaries THe name of an Electuary although it be severally used by several An Electuary what yet we think that it is to be attributed to Medicines which are reduced with Honey or Syrup or plain sugar or some other convenient thing being used to a thicker consistence then a syrrup and not â—o fluid yet somewhat moist this word is derived or rather corrupted from the word in Greek Elleickton or Elleickton by which name they call a Medicine which may be taken as it were by licking by some they are improperly called Opiats Whence so called Opiats not because they have Opium in them but because they are of the like consistence with those Medecines of the Ancients which had Opium in them such as Treakle and from hence they are called Opiats Electuaries may be for severall uses according to the nature of the simples whereof they are compounded for some are to alter and strengthen others against poysons which because for the most part they have opium in them they are called Opiats as Treakle Mithridate Aurea Alexandrina others are fit to purge which are called Catharticks Difference of Electuaries Electuaries are twofold the preparation of the former is thus Aromaticks and other simples being beaten into a fine powder In the first place clarified honey is put into it or sugar or some convenient waters or syrups or proper decoctions of proper simples in faire water or a sufficient quantity of another liquor or infusions or juyces prest out of other Medecines strained and boyled with clarifyed sugar or honey to the consistence of a syrup or of many of these together whilest they are as yet warme by the fire A third part is sprinkled in by little and little which may conveniently be done through a Sieve and is to be stirred about with a woodden Pestle in a Morter and should be exactly mingled and kept in a convenient Vessell The other manner is thus Conserves they are convenient for your present purpose to which are added powders and Aromatick Species Troches Conserves also and medicionall juyces or Robs must be exactly mixt together in a Morter with a sufficient quantity of dissolved sugar or a convenient syrup or honey But the proportion betwixt the Conserves and Powders and Species are not so exact as some do determine but severall times they may be three fold foure fold six fold eight fold twelve fold For a sufficient quantity of a convenient syrup being poured in whatsoever the proportion be betwixt it and the Powders they may be all reduced easily into the consistence of an Electuary which is also to be held of Conserves Sometimes also spirit of Roses of Salt of Vitrioll distilled waters compounded or of distilled Oyles some drops are to be put in And these kinds of Electuaries were called by some Condites as is said before t is so called by some from the mixture Mixture Purging Electuaries for the most part are so made There is another manner like to this Fruits seeds or roots are put in or are boiled in wine or water to the fâ—rm of a Poultice Afterwards they are strained through a haire Sieve sugar or clarified honey is added or Syrups or Manna and if it be needfull are boiled to the consistence of honey sometimes the Species and Powders also Spirits also of
is simple when nothing is boyled besides Barley another is compound when certaine other things also are added to the Barley namely Raisons Licorish Anni-seed Fennell-seed Cinamon Sugar of Licorisâ— is added from two drachms to half an ounce or six drachms Raisons from an ounce to two ounces of such as are stoned halfe or a whole drachm Cinamon to one drachm or 2. drachms for a pint and halfe or z pints of Liquor Sometimes a sowre medicine is prepared Medicinall Vinegar as with Squills Roses the rindes of Scordium the Flowres of Elder and many others and not only of one but more simples by infusion and materation of them in the same manner as in medicinall wines Moreover to this Head we may refer clarified juices Clarified juices which being pressed out of new gathered Plants are purified either by the white of an Egg or by straining often repeated principally by filtring or by separation CHAP. V. Of distilled Waters and Spirits THose things which are prepared by distillation are called distilled things which are of divers kindes Things distilled yet all of them may be reduced to two formes for either the things distilled are in the forme of waters or Oyles Water those that are of the same consistence with water are again two-fold for either they come neere the nature of water and are plainly called waters or else they are spirituous Spirits and are called Spirits yet these names are often confounded for oftentimes that which is spirituous is called a water 1. First distilled waters are prepared of divers things Manner of distilled waters of herbs and Flowers all for the most part are distilled by ascent and principally of fragrant flowers and other thinner and colder things whose force easily vanisheth for the most part waters good enough are distilled in a crooked glasse by the Balneum Mariae 2. Others bruise the flowers and herbs that are to be distilled and presse the juice out of them and out of that juice by distillation through an Alembick they draw out water into the Balneum Mariae Some cut in small peices the Plants to be distilled or bruise them and being bruised they they fill the Gourd having a narrow mouth all most full and the patelli the glasses being put on with the powder of the glasse of Copper and borax Hermeticall they shut and afterwards they put the glasse ful of water into a Cauldron and boyle it six or seven hours afterwards they put the glasse when t is taken out of the water into a warme place to cleanse it untill the drops cease to stick to the sides of the glâ—sse and the digestion be absolute they distill the matter digested in Balneo Roris they seperate the Oyle from the water they power out the water with the reliques againe and repeate the distillation 4. But the hotter and Aromatick Herbs and those whose strength doe not so easily vanish and lyes deeper are not so conveniently distilled by Balneum Mariae but in vesica but in this distillation by a vessell of water some diversity also is observed for some bruise the herbs or cut them into smal peices and fill the fourth part of the Vesica besides for them then they poure of the pure water that three parts of the Vesica may be filled therewith and one quarter for the most part remaines empty and a Refrigeratory vessell being applyed and the worme also if you desire meerely a spirituous water or with an Alembick with a Refrigitory and their conjunctions or joynts shut and a convenient fire being kindled and placed under the Vesica they distill water gently and by drops 5. Others having powred in hot water into a vessell close shut first they bruise the herbs twenty foure hours for the most part they think it most profitable if the herbs are not only macerated in warme water a day and night space but being bruised or beaten they should stand in digestion and putrifaction in Horse dung or Balneo Roris or Mariae for ten or fourteen dayes afterwards they should be distilled That water which first drops out is the best but that which comes out last is like water it selfe distilled water if it be convenient may be poured off with new herbs to be digested and distilled againe 6. But since that water and spirit ascend together they must be seperated which is most conveniently done by the Balneum namely all the water is to be powred into a crooked glasse or Violl and by a gentle heat only the spirituous part is to be distilled by which distillation if the heat be rightly governed the separation happily may be made at once yet if it shall not so happen the first time the distillation is to be repeated and that rectification which was first made by a Gourd afterwards rectification is appointed by a Phyoll Examples may be seene in the Institutions CHAP. VI. Of Oyles FOr the most part it comes to passe that with the water in distillation of hot herbs Oyles and Aromatick seeds Oyle comes forth together which is to be seperated from the water but this is performed first by a kind of tunnell which they call a Separater or Tritorium afterwards through a filter or a course woollen cloath thirdly through browne paper the Precepts of which operations are to be sought out of the Institutions Yet certaine Oyles are distilled also without waters so Oyles are drawn by distillation from Amber Mastick Frankinsense Of which in the Institutions CHAP VII Of Syrups and Juleps SYrups and Seraps The name of Syrups derive their names from the Arabicks and therefore are not to be written with aâ—y which the Arabicks want and 't is drawne from the roote Schareba which signifies to sup and therefore it signifies a Liquor to be Supt Syrups therefore are fluid medicines prepared of a convenient Liquor whether it be boyled or infused or a juice made up with Sugar or Honey and boyled for the most part to the consistence of Honey Syrups are invented both for delight to the taste and for durability that convenient medicines may be in a readinesse at any time of the yeare Some of them are simple Differences which are made of one simple medicine only and with Sugar or Honey compound which are prepared of more both kindes are appointed for severall uses of them are some altering and strengthning others purging and the liquour is taken from decoctions infusions clarified juices and Vinegar This is the manner of preparing Manner of preparing Syrups First the decoctions art taken to the Decoctions are added Sugar or Honey according as the use and scope of the Medicine requires namely two pounds of Sugar or Honey to a pound or a pound and halfe of the decoction as it is desired to be thicker or thinner and ought to be kept more or lesse time Then afterwards it is to be clarified by adding of the white of an Egge that the decoction by a gentle Fire
Vitrioll and Salt and distilled Oyles Of Raysins and Pruants that are laxative you may see the Institutions CHAP. XII Of Eclegmaes and Lohochs EClegmaes or Eclectaes from the Greek word Ecleiâ—o Eclegma that is to take up with ones tongue or lick of the Arabicks called Lohoch or Linctns Lohoch and things that are to be licked as they are commonly called are like unto Electuaries nor do they differ from Electuaries only in that they are of a moister consistence and as it were the middle betwixt Syrups and Electuaries and are appointed peculiarly for divers diseases of the Breast and Lungs Species and Powders Conserves thickned juices Honey Manner of preparing Sugar Extracts Muscellages Syrups Juleps Oxymell distilled Oyles the manner of preparing is the same also with that of Electuaries The Powders are taken which are most convenient Gums of Arabick Tragacanth Juice of Liquorish Rice and all things are incorporated in a sufficient quantity of honey or Syrups or Juleps or Muscellages or Juices or Insusions or of some decoction for this purpose prepared of roots herbes seeds fruits But principally of Muscellages and visoid things being strained and expressed and boiled with honey or sugar to the consistence of a syrup or any one or more of these and all of them are to be wrought so long in a Morter with a woodden Pestle untill they are exactly mingled and come to be of the consistence of honey or rather the middle betwixt Honey and Electuaries Eclegmaes may be prepared without the addition of Powders and Species if a juice or Muscellage be boiled with honey or sugar to the consistence of an Eclegma 3. Eclegmaes also may be made according to that manner which is explained last of all amongst the Electuaries so that if it ought to be licked the consistence ought to be the moister 4. And such things are often administred alone to be supt up by the sick or else they are prepared of them other things being mixt a new Eclegma is made for the present occasion for you may take as much as you please of the usuall Eclegma Conserves also are added and convenient Powders Sugar and an Eclegma may be reduced into the forme of a Syrup with a sufficient quantity of Syrup or Juleps or clarified Honey or Sugar dissolved To which sometimes some drops of distilled Oyles are added 5. Sometimes an Eclegma is prepared of Syrups alone Sugar-canded or Penedies being added Hereunto belong medicines which by some are called Saponea Saponea from the similitude of white Soape not yet made hard by others t is called Linctus from a Liniment made of Almonds Sweete Almonds are taken being blanched and are pounded to those that are pounded clarified Sugar or Penedies or Sugar-Candy is added being first dissolved in a convenient Liquor they are boyled to the consistence of Honey a little before they have done boyling a pound of Rice is added to wit unto two ounces of Sugar an ounce of Rice and another of Almonds and a sufficient quantity of Rose water and a little before it be ended some Ginger also or Aromatick may be added Others draw a milke out of Almonds with Rose water or some other convenient Liquor with some portion of milke Sugar is dissolved the Rice is rast in afterwards and the other part also of the mulsion being poured in they are stirred with a gentle fire The composition which is called Leucophagum Leucophagum is so named from its colour and therefore may be referred to this or the precedent head t is prepared of sweeâ— Almonds macerated in Rose water and the flesh of a Capon or Patridge boyled with it being very much wrought in a Marble Morter and strained through a haire seive with a little of the beaten blanched Almonds and Sugar boyled to a due consistence to which according to the severall aimes of the Physitians Aromaticks Corralls and other things may be added CHAP XIII Of Boles A Bolus hath that name because it is a gobbet of Physick in a round figure A Bole. allmost as much as ones mouth will hold whence it is calied Buccilla but the name of Bolus agrees not only to purging but altering Physick Purging Boles are thus prepared The way to prepare purging Boles purging Electuaries are taken and a convenient quantity of Sugar being added they are made up in the forme of a Pyramid not much unlike an Olive lest they should be loathsome they ought not to be made of Electuaries that are ungratefull and for that reason Hiera is scarce ever given in Boles the quantity ought not to exceed an ounce 2. Sometimes some of the Powders or speties are added 3. You may add conserves 4 Or instead of Sugar Conserves either alone or with a little Sugar may be used 5. Instead of Sugar or sometimes with Sugar especially in diseases of the reines Licorish-Powder or some other may be added so may Turpentine also 6 Moreover in the stead of purging Electuaries Powders of simples that purge use to be taken wherein something also which alters or corrects the violence of purgers or that give a pleasant â—mell or taste to them or else they may be added for some other cause or species of purging Confections or Extracts purging both simple and compound which are taken and incorporated with the pulpe of Cassia the pulpe of Tramarines or Pruants or some Conserve or Rob or some convenient Syrup and with a sufficient quantity of Sugar are made into the forme of a Bolus 7. Sometimes distilled Oyles are ming lediwith a Bolus to corroborate namely of Anniseed Mace Cinamon Cloves some few drops and sometimes the Bolus is covered with Gould Boles to cause vomiting Vomiting boles and they are prepared after thâ— same manner and are made of some Emettick powder sim ple or compound to which sometimes is added some of the things that alter or correct some certaine grains or some Emittick extract with a conserve or some confection of the like consistence and with syrups Boles also may be exhibited for other uses Altering to alter stâ—engthen and provoke sleep but the composition differs not from the former CHAP. XIV Of Powders and Trageis or Comfits BUt as for the formes of dry Medecines Powders and Trageis Powders are the plainest way of compounding amongst them commonly called Trageas without doubt corruptly derived from the word Tragema which consists of one or more Medecines compounded if the tast be ungratefull an equall part of sugar or half so much sugar is to be added But Powders are either thin and subtile which if they confist of pure Aromaticks and Sugar they are wont to be called generally Tragemats or Trageae or else more thick and not so subtile nay sometimes Aromaticks are not pulverised but onely cut asunder and seeds hardned with sugar or candied called Comfits are added to them and Species that are cut are also called grosse Trageaes They are used for severall purposes according
quantity is taken of simples agreeable to every ones disease Way of preparing t is boiled and three or foure ounces of the decoction or instead thereof distilled water is taken and two or three ounces of Oyle are added and powders to the quantity of three drachms and of those mixt together three ounces are injected into the Womb. For the same causes Pâ—ssaries for the most part for which Clysters as they call them are injected into the Womb Pesses and Pessaries barbarously called Nascalia are put in 1. The manner of preparing There are many waies of preparing Pessaries the first is cotten or wooll that is shore and well carded and are mixt with a juice or some liquor either alone or with some convenient powders mixt twisted or wreathed about the bignisse and length of a finger t is wet in it and applied to the generative parts of women the quantity of Medecines that are pounded for the most part is an ounce 2. Moreover Medecines that are pounded are taken in convenient liquors as with oyl fat wax Galbanum Storax honey and are made up and mingled into a masse and fashioned in the figure of a Pessary to which a thred is tied which also may be covered with fine linnen or a thin peece of silk 3. Sometimes green herbs and such as are full of juice are a little bruised and tied about with a thred and bound in the form of a Pessary 4. There is a time also when Powders onely being taken in fine wooll or cotten being made round are put into a thin bagg made of a fine ragg Nascalies Nascasia as they are barbarously called are compounded of the same Medecines which are taken with cotton or soft wooll and applied to the externall orifice of the womb especially in Virgins to whom you may not give Pessaries CHAP. XVI Of those things which are injected into the Yard and Bladder INjections into the Bladder Injection into the Bladder are liquid Medecines which are injected into it through the urinary passage in the use whereof the whole art consists in injecting for sometimes t is sufficient to cast in this Clyster by a Squirt sometimes a Catheter which opens the way as it were and t is necessary to precede It happens also sometimes that there is need of injection into the Yard namely when it is either hurt by the stone Into the Yard or troubled with paine or the passage within is ulcerated t is prepared of those things which are agreeable to the scope of the Physitian But not onely fluid Medecines are injected but Unguents are cast in in this manner Take a wax Candle to which some Turpentine may be added of that thicknesse and length which may answer to this passage and chanell this Candle is bedaubed with an Oyntment and is thrust in but you must be carefull that the candle may be so prepared and stick so long that it may not melt with the heat of the yard you may boyle also some convenient Plaister and put the wax candle or a little Instrument made of lead into it CHAP. XXVII Of washings of the mouth and Gargarismes COllutions of the mouth with the Greeks Diaclysmata mouth- Mouth-waters they are fluid Medecines which are contained in the mouth and without swallowing by the help of the tongue are agitated up and down being principally appointed for paines of the teeth and diseases of the Gumms Next unto these are Gargarismes to wit liquid Medicines Gargarismes by which the Chaps are washed without swallowing namely whilest the humour contained in the mouth flowes towards the top of the Wind-pipe by its gravity the head leaning backward the breath breakking out is repelled and is agitated by a reciprocall motion Gargarismes are administred for divers purposes Use of gargarismes some to repell others to resolve and discusse others to ripen others to absterge or wipe oft others to consolidate But of all medicines for what purpose soever they are intended those are to be chosen which are not ungratefull to the smell or taste nor have any venemous and malignant qualitie since it may easily come to passe that any thing may be swallowed contrary to the will Some are prepared with distilled waters Manner of preparing others with decoctions wherein Juices or Syrups are dissolved under a three-fold foure-fold or six-fold quantitie so that to a pinte of distilled waters or of a decoction two three or foure ounces are taken to which sometimes some of the Aromaclck Species are added and being mixt all are exhibited together luke-warme CHAP. XXVIII Of Medicines that draw away Phlegme APophlegmatismes Apophlegmatismes are Medicines also which are held in the mouth and draw out Phlegme from the head and neighbouring-parts from whence they have their name for the most part they are called Diamassemataes or Masticatories But they are not all made alike Manner of preparing for first Apophlegmatisms are used in the forme of Gargarisms which how they are made is newly shewn Moreover Medicines may be made by bearing and with a convenient liquor reduced into the forme of an Electuarie wherewith the Palate should be annointed Masticatories The third are called Masticatories which are retained and masticated longer in the mouth partly by their heat they dissolve Phlegme draw it out and intice it forth partly by the strength wherewith they are endued of stimulating the expulsive facultie of the braine they irritate it to eject what ever troubles it which againe may be done three waies For first simple Medicines either whole The way of making or a little cut onely are detained and chewed in the mouth Secondly The same medicines pounded and with a sufficient quantitie of Honey or Wax which is taken are made into Troches like Lupine seeds or Hazel-nuts being in weight a scruple Thirdly The same medcines stamped being put in a linnen cloath which may be bruised and chewed with the Teeth CHAP. XXIX Of Medicines to rub and cleanse the Teeth DEntifrices which the Greeks call Odontrimmata Dentifrices and Smegmata Odonton are principally prepared to whiten cleanse and strengthen the teeth The way of making and fasten the Gumms when they are loose But there is not one sort of them onely for first they may be washed with convenient liquors or rubbed with cotton or a linnen ragg wet in a convenient liquor 2. Moreover the forme of an Oyntment may be used if the powders are taken in honey simple Oxymell with Squills honey of Roses or syrup of Roses 3. The Teeth may be rubbed with powders 4. Troches or Penfills may be made in the forme of suppositers which being dried and hardned the Teeth may be rubbed 5. After Dentifrices t is convenient that the mouth he washed principally with Wine wherein Orice roots or some other convenient thing is first macerated CHAP. XXX Of Medicines put into the Nose and to provoke sneezing ERrhines Errhines as the name shews
water The Fountaine is the best which hath these notes of good water Fountain that which spreds towards the East and runs towards the rising of the Sun and thrickles through sand and gravell that carries no mud with it that is hotter in Winter and colder in Summer River water for the most part is Fountaine water River and ariseth from many Fountains flowing together and therefore is of a mixt nature and receives also a mixt nature from the earth through which it flowes and somtimes also they are mingled with Snow melted in the Mountaines and great Showres of water collected together yet its crudity is corrected by the beames of the Sun whilst it runs through many parts of the Earth before the use of it it should stand and setle in water-tubs that whatsoever it carries with it that is impure may settle in the bottome Rain water which falls in the Summer time with thunder is the thinnest Raine and lightest but since many Vapours are lift up by the heate and mingled with the Showres these waters are not very pure whence they are obnoxious to putrifaction Well waters Well waters since they are not raised above the Earth and are lifted up on high only by the benefit of Art they are thick and heavy whence they continue long in the bowels and offend them Lakes and marish waters are the worst Lake waters they easily become purred they are thick and crude and often times malignant and Pestilent from whence the stomack is offended by them the bowels obstructed and humours corrupted and often times putred and malignant feavers and Pestilentiall do thence arise Waters of Snow and Ice are condemned Of Snow and Ice for they are thick and hurt the stomach and stirr up greivous diseases of the joynts nerves and bowels But the malignancy of waters are corrected by boyling Boyling of waters whereby not only the crudity and frigidity is amended but also the terrene and vitious parts are separated which afterwards when the heate vanisheth settles in the bottome Wine hath a heating Wine and drying power which even the Spirit which is drawn out of it teacheth yet because it easily nourisheth and increaseth moisture and blood fit to nourish the body t is said to be moist namely Wine is a medicinall aliment hot and dry some in the first some in the second and some in the third degree for this reason the use of it is forbidden boyes and by reason of this drying faculty many use to mixe water therewith yet there is not a little difference in heating and drying not only according to age but also according to the nature of the Wine it selfe for some is very little suffering because in mixture it will indure but little water but other Wine is called winy Wine because it may indure more water to be mixt with it But Wines differ according to taste smell colour Differences of Wines Savour and manner of subsistance as for what belongs to the taste sweet Wines properly so called nourish best and are not only most gratefull to the palate but to the bowells but because they are thicker they easily produce obstructions in the Liver and Spleen inflame the Hipocondries and are easily turned into choler they are profitable for the Lungs Chops and Throate nor do they so hurt the head nor offend the nerves Austere or harsh wines have the weaker heat tarry longer in the belly nor doe they easily passe through the veines and penetrate through the passages of the urine whence they are good for a loosenesse of the belly but hurtfull in diseases of the brest and Lungs for they detaine spittle the best wines are the middle sort which are neither very sweet nor sowre A fragrant smell is a token of the best Wine Smell because it can increase Spirits restore decayed strength and recreate and suddenly refresh those that are languishing even by its smell and can exhilerate the mind and strengthen the whole body and all its faculties and principally t is good for old men only that it fills the head and hurts the nerves but Wines that have no smell are base and neither received so greedily by the stomach nor are they so easily concocted nor do they afford matter nor so fit aliment to engender Spirits nor do they add so much strength to the heart nor do they so much refresh the body but those which have a strange smell whencesoever contracted are all nought White or pale Wines heate lesse Colour then full and yellow Wines and are weaker especially if besides their whitenesse they are of a thin substance all black wines are of thicker substance and for the most part sweete and nourish very much yet they beget thick blood and not so laudable they cause obstructions and continue long in the bowels and fill the head with many Vapours between the white and red there are middle colours yellow reddish yellow a pale red and perfect red a pale red are necrest to the white and if the substance be thin are the best such as are Rhenish Wines the most apt to strengthen the heart and to renew strength Greek Wines also strengthen the heart and are beneficiall to to those that are troubled with cholick paines and with the flatus of the stomach red Wines for the most part have not so great a force of heating they generate good blood and do not load the head but if they are of a thicker substance they are not so good for the Liver and Spleen by reason of the obstructions which they occasion between the white and red is a Wine of a mixt colour which also doth not heat so much nor offend the head As for the manner of subsistence The manner of subsistance tenuity is in the first place in that which is watry hence that which is of a pale red and yellow crassitude is in that which is black red sweet and sowre and thin wines easily penetrate and soon refresh the strength they open passages move sweates and urine yet they nourish more sparingly but the thick nourish more and are longer detained in the parts and heat and dry them more and often times bring forth obstructions Wines also differ according to age Differences of Wines according to age new Wine is thick and flatuous begets the cholick impeads excretion of urine yet it loosens the belly and unlesse it doth so t is the more hurtfull new Wine and that which it as sweet as Wine new prest is not easily distributed into the body but old Wine does work too much upon the nerves and offend the head That which is middle aged is more commodious for all uses in which thing neverthelesse there is a great difference according to the nature of the Wine for some will indure age others sooner loose their strength and consume away and loose all their Spirits In places towards the Septrentrionall Strong drinke wherein there is
was distilled is powred off and again and again is drawn and distilled in the same Vessel where the matter was left Sublimation Sublimation which is performed sometimes by fire that is open sometimes by some intervening body as Sand Ashes c. T is the nearest to distillation by ascent and differs from it only in this that as in distillation vapours which are exalted come together into a liquour so in sublimation exhalations ascend dry and being carried up on high stick to the sides of the Alembick like attomes Praecipitation seems to be contrary to this Praecipitation which is done when bodies dissolved by waters and corroding liquours are again separated from the liquour that the form of chaulk or dust may remain which commeth to passe when any thing is cast or powred into the solution by whose force the dissolving liquour or that which was the cause of solution in the liquor is seperated from the dissolved body Drying By Exsiccation the superfluous moisture is taken away whether in the shade or in the Sun or whether it be done in an Oven or in a Frying-pan over Coales both for that the Medicines may the better be preserved and may not contract thirst by their superfluous humidity and putrifie and be corrupted and also that they may the easier be contained and made into powder By Evaporation the aqueous humidity expires Evaporation Exhalation as by exhalation dry exhalations are elevated by heat as that which is superfluous in the thing being dissolved into vapours and exhalations may go out and the more useful part only may be left To these operations is added Coagulation Coagulation which is nothing else but a reduction of a liquid thing to a sollid substance by the privation of moisture CHAP. V. Of the third manner of Operations THe third forme comprehends those operations which are appointed them The third forme of operations for alteration immutation and perfection of a thing and aime at this that a thing may be reduced to a better state and more noble degree But although some do reckon more such operations and perhaps there are more yet in this place all of them are properly called by the name of Digestion Digestion and as it is distinguished from the two higher kinds of digestion whereby a new quality of a thing newly elaborated is introduced so that if the thing containes any thing that is hurtfull it puts away that or if any thing is wanting to it it begets that and if there are any others to be here repeated they ought to be accounted for certaine wayes of Digestion Institution Chap. 15. and 16. Circnlation For all of them for the most part in the same manner by a gentle externall heat exciting the internall force of a thing are performed which here is the primary agent But amongst the manners or kinds of digestion the cheife is Circulation t is called by some Pelicanation from the vessell wherein it is performed where by a gentle externall heat being exhibited the matter which is circulated is exalted continually in the forme of vapours and is againe condensed and so by that continuall concoction and this circular motion of refolution and condensation it attaines to the highest degree of perfection in its kind Hitherto belongs conditing Conditing preserving and confecting fruits flowers roots are condited or pickled with Honey Sugar Vinegar Salt not onely that they may be preserved the longer but that they may be the more pleasant to the taste In confecting Confecting fruits roots seeds sweet smelling spices are preserved and candied with Sugar more for the taste sake then preservation or augmentation of the strength Nutrition of medicines is a certaine humectation but such whereby the thing is presently wet Nutrition or moystned and immediately dryed againe by the Sun or fire and is to be wet and moistened againe which labour is to be repeated thrice sour times or so often until the medicine hath sufficiently imbibed that humour which we desire THE FIFTH BOOK PART III. SECT III. Of the Formes of Medicines CHAP. I. The Division of Medicines AFter we have finished the operations necessary for an Apothecary The Division of Medicines It remaynes that we now come to the preperations themselves of Medicines which are perfected by those operations The differences of Medicines are taken either from the substance or from the parts to which they are applyed Medicines being considered the former of these wayes are some full of Vapours others Corpulent Corpulent are either fluid or having a consistance Fluid are various as distilled waters Spirits Liquid tinctures Vineger Medicinal wine Hydromel or Hony and Water clarifies Juyces Oyles Emulsions Decoctions Infusions Julebs Syrrups Baths Clystets c. Again those that have a consistance some of them are actually moyst others dry Of the former sort are Conserves Electuaries Eclegmas Juices Extracts Boles Muscillages Fat Lineaments Balsomes Unguents Cataplasmes Those that are actually dry are either continuous and the parts cohaere together or else they are discontinued Of the former kind are Pills Troches Rotuleâ— Morsels Plaisters Cerates Suppositers Glasses Regulus and certain things sublimed Of the latter sort are several Species and Powders Meal or brann Flowers things praecipitated But in respect of the parts to which they are applyed some are called internal Internal others external The internal are those which are taken into the body that common and usual way as we take in meat and drink all the rest whether they are applyed to the body or spread over the body or any other way applyed to the bodieâ— or if they are cast into the body any other way External as at the fundament ears nostrils wombe we call them externals The formes of Internal Medicines are various The difference of internal Medicines for some are fluid others not fluid and these are either soft and liquid or altogether dry The fluid are Decoctions Infusions Medicinal VVines Honey and VVater mixt and boiled together wine mingled with honey vineger and honey and barley-water Juices distilled waters Spirits tinctures and Liquid extracts Oils Sirups Julips Emulsions Soft and not fluid are Extracts Conserves Preserves Medicinal Juices thickned Electuaries Eclegmaes or Medicines to be licked or supt Boles Not fluid and plainly dry are powders Sweet meats Salts Saffron-flowers Precipitates Comfits little round Cakes Morsels or little snips march-paines And those which belong to these as Troches and Pills But externals are either sent into certain parts of the bodie Of Exterternal or they are only applyed or exhibited to the superficies of the bodie or they are only hung about as Ammulets and Periapticke medicines or medicines to hang about ones bodie Suppositers and Clysters are injected and cast into the body Clysters and pessaries are also injected into the womb also certain Liquours are injected into the yard and bladder into the mouth are put gargarismes to wash the mouth
commonly when the vessell is open and the fire also but t is more convenient least the strength of the medicines should vanish in boyling to make a decoction in a Biploma as they call it or a double vessell the vessell being shut or if a decoction be made the fire being open t is convenient to set on it a close Alembick or if it hath a beake oâ— snout to fit it with a receiver to take the liquor and to mixe it with the strained decoction The Liquor in which the things are boyled ought to be such as may performe the intentions of the Physitiâ—â— Liquor for the De coction as water of the Fountaine distilled water Barly-water Chaly-beate Water Whey water mixt with Honey called Hydromell sometimes Wine is taken seldome strong Beere is used sometimes some Vineger is put in that the viscid and tough humours may more powerfully be cut thereby and the medicine may penetrate the more sometimes Roots alone before the decoction is made are brayed in Vineger Distilled waters also are often used for decoctions with no great profit but with great charge unlesse the decoction be made in a close vessell since so long boyling takes away all their strength The quantity of the Liquor ought to be such as may satisfie for the decoction The quantity of Liquor and ought to cover the medicines three or foure fingers breadth which for the most part is left to the discretion of the Apothecarie But if the proportion be appointed by the Physitian the Liquor is for the most part foure-fold six-fold eight-fold in proportion to the medicines according as the Herbs are dry or full of juice thick or thin and may imbibe more or lesse of the Liquor and they ought to seeth a little or long Sometimes before boyling the medicines are somewhat cut or bruised and sometimes they stand a while after decoction before they are strained But they are boyled to the consumption of halfe or of a third part or of a fourth part only of Liquor or till but a third part remaines according as the medicines and the scope of the Physitian requires for those whose vertue easily vanish and are in a thin and seperable substance are to be boyled the lesse time but those whose substances are thicker the strength cannot be drawn forth without longer boyling the decoction is strained with or without squeazing according as there is need of the thinner parts only or thicker and such as lye deeper A decoction is prepared either for one dose or more for one three four or five ounces may suffice if for more the decoction should be made that the remainder may be a Pint or a Pint and an half and afterwards of things making it pleasant for one Dose an Ounce or an Ounce and an half may be added yet more than a Pint or a Pint and an half of a decoction at one time is seldom made except the decoction of Guiacum and such like since that if more should be prepared it would easily be spoiled before it would be taken by the sick Unto three four or five ounces of the decoction strained are added of Sugar which often is â—used or Honey six drachms or an ounce or of some convenient Syrup in every dose an ounce or an ounce and halfe Sometimes the juices that are most convenient of Herbs or Fruits and often other Liquors as Aqua vitae Spirit of Vitrioyle Copper Salt-peter some drops thereof are added and indeed only one of these is added sometimes to an Apozeme but of lenitives more as more Syrups or juices Syrups or of juice and Sugar when juices are adminiistred for the most part Sugar or Syrup is mixed with them and sometimes pleasant things that they may be the better mingled a gentle ebullition is appointed at a weak fire if it be convenient the white of an egg may be added that the Sugar and Honey and decoction also may be clarifyed or if that clarification doth not suffice the decoction is to be put into the Balneum Mariae till the thick dregs settle in the bottome and they by setling in the bottome and powring off of the cleare Liquor are seperated and that is to be repeated sometimes if it be needfull sometimes the decoction is to be made pleasant either for the acquiring of a good taste or smell or some other vertue namely the Aromaticks a little before the end of boyling being reduced into into powder or Aromatick species fitted for the disease halfe a drachm or a drachm thereof in each pint is to be hung in a thin skin or bladder in the decoction and are often pressed out or else a little after the decoction is removed from the fire the decoction being as yet hot they may be cut or bruised more grossely and so injected and after they have stood together some time in a vessell well covered it is strained againe Muske also and Amber-greaze if it be convenient may be also given to the dose of a graine of each or a drachm or two of Cinamon water may be added If Wine or Vinegar be necessary t is more convenient to add them after the boyling or a little before they have done boyling They are given for the most part in the Morning The time of giving or Evening or two or three hours before dinner or supper the stomach being empty and the decoction being first warmed three foure or five ounces thereof is given at a time and that is often performed two three foute or five dayes following and either once only or twice a day if the decoction are prepared for many doses they are to be kept in cold places under ground for they will scarce continue above a weeke although it be in the Winter but in the Spring and Summer for the most part they are renewed every way Hereunto belong restorative Broathes as they call them Restorative broaths which are made of Hens or Capons to which Veale or Goates flesh may be added and there are of three sorts the first they call a compleat Jus Consum matum or a perfect broâ—th because 't is most absolute and fittest to nourish it is prepared as ordinary broathes are only that they boyle longer and indeed so long untill the sixth eighth or sometimes the tenth part only remaines Gelatina the second is called Gelatina which is made if these meates are boyled in a double vessell without powring off the water and the juice is pressed out from thence from which after it is cooled the fat swimming on the top is to be scummed off Contusum the third is called Contusum which is prepared when the meates first sodden or rosted afterwards are beaten in a morter so long untill they may melt when broath is put to them and afterwards are strained Purging Decoctions PUrging decoctions differ not from other decoctions The manner of prepuring purging of decoctions unlesse in respect of materialls namely that
Medicines are â—ut into little woodden Caskes when the Must is someâ—hat abated and the Wine cleansed and made clear it should â—â—e drawn out into another Vessel and kept for your use In the same manner Physical drink may be prepared Phâ—sicaâ—l â—â—â—nkes of Wormwood Harts tongue Bittony Sage Rosemary and other herbs and also of purging things but for the most part the herbs are first bruised in the drink after t is brewed being as yet warm and afterwards in due season things to make it work being put in they are suffered to cool Of Wines so cleansed Medicinal Wines are prepared Dry medicines are cleansed cut and broken and are put into a glasse or earthen Vessel sometimes into a Nodule or little Bagge of fine linnen or thin linnen sewed up a sufficient quantity of good white Wine is powred in so they stand in infusion in a Vessel that is shut afterwards strained unlesse they are inclosed in a little Bagge But this proportion for the most part is observed that to a pound of medicines there is taken of Must or Wine eight Pints twelve nay to twenty five nay thirty or thirty six so that an ounce may answer to the proportion of two or three Pints Medicinall Wines also that alter are prepared if distilled Oyles are added to them being first mixt with Sugar or Spirits or tinctures spirit of Wine drawne out of simple medicines or moist extracts Sometimes medicinall Wines are sweetned with Sugar or Honey Claretum and are called Clareâ—s and Hippocratick Wine they are profitable in cold durable diseases they aâ—e made in this manner Aromatick things or roots also and seeds gratefull to the smell and taste principally are grosely beaten or cut and such as have great efficacy are infused in sweet Wine so they are to stand sometime in the Infusion in a warme place for some hours or let them simper in Balmum Mariae for halfe an houre especially if you may accelerate the worke or to prepare Wine mingled with Honey afterwards there is added a sufficient quantity of Sugar to make it pleasant to the taste so that to two three or soure parts of Wine one part of Sugar may be taken and oftentimes Wine is drained through Hippocrates sleeve that it may become cleare some of the distilled waters that are convenient may be mixt with the Wine Some infuse the Aromaticks in spirit of wine about eight or ten parts whereof is used to one part of the Aromaticks and when the spirit of wine hath drawne out the tincture they seperate it by declination and straining or filtring and keepe it for their use but when t is convenient to make Hippocraticall wine they power some drachms and withalâ— an ounce or two ounces to one measure of Wine a sufficient quantity of Sugar to sweeten it But such Wines and Clarets may be prepared not only to alter but also to purge with the same dose for the more choice sort of persons namely with purgers principally the Leaves of Sena Mecoacam Agrick Turbith with their 〈◊〉 recters are put into a sufficient quantity of Rhenish Wine and being heated in water luke-warme in a glasse afterwards must stand in a warme place six hours in Infusion afterwards add of Julep of Violets or Roses halse an ounce or let them be sweetned with halfe an ounce of white Sugar and be strained and filtred through a browne paper let three ounces of that which is strained be perfumed with two drops of Oyle of Cinamon Manna also may be taken instead of Sugar If the Wine be sweerned with Honey instead of Sugar Wine mingled with Honey t is called Oinomell Mulsum or wine mingled with Honey is prepared of one part of Honey and two or three parts of Wine mixt and boyled together and Aromaticks of every sort may be added and it may be prepared at the time of gathering of Grapes namely if one part of Honey be taken and two of Must of water if it be convenient three parts or five parts in quantity and let them heate together Hydromell and Mulsum and Melicratum Hydromell Mulsum Melieratum are names of medicinall Potions of the same nature namely made of water and Honey and sometimes of other things boyled therewith or if there be any difference amongst those 't is only in comelinesse for Melicratum is made suddenly for present use of a mixture of Honey and water but Hydromell is prepared to keep longer and is neater made of Mulsum some is more cleanseing others purer so that there is a severall proportion of Honey to the water according to the various scope of the Physitian and temperature of him that takes it To prepare it eight ten or twelve times the quantity of Fountaine water is to be taken but this is made of one part of Honey and five or six of water boyled till the fourth or fifth part be consumed Amongst the kindes of Mulsum which can keepe Meade the most noted at this day is that drinke which is called Meade and the best indeed is prepared in Liâ—uania But Hydromell is prepared not only of water and Honey but also of severall Aromaticks Herbs and Rootes as Clary Hysop Bettony and others both kindes are made that which is for present use and that which is more durable and will keepe longer it is prepared for present use if in a pint of the water of Plates a drachm or at most two drachms are boyled the 10th or 12th part of the best â—â—ney be added to every pint of the decoction Hydromell is made after the usuall manner But sometimes Hydromell is compounded when the simple Hydromell is sented with these only although no other thing be boyled in it Besides the compound Hydromell which doth alter a purging Hydromell is also prepared which is nothing else but a purging decoction made with simple Hydromell The next to Mulsum Oxymell is Oxymell which differs from it only by the mixture of Vinegar a drinke very usuall amongst the Ancients but the old Physitians did not make Oxymell alike but severally and added Vinegar according to the nature of a disease and of the diseased and other circumstances and they gave it not only mingled with other medicines but alone to quench thirst and other purposes to drinke but that which is most cleansing and may also be used in feavers was made of twelve parts of water two of Honey and one of Vinegar they were gently boyled and scummed and the fire not being fierce and by the addition of the white of an egg were clarified and afterwards strained through a woollen cloath till it become cleare and pure There are prepared by the Physitians other kindes of Oxymells compounded of more medicines such is the Oxymell Helleborated of Gesner or rather of Iulian. To this head we referr the water Barly water or decoction of Barly which is made of whole Barley boyled in the water till it comes to a Ptisan and some
to the various nature of the simples whereof they are composed some of them resist poyson others purge the belly others by vomit To those that purge simples which have in them a faculty of purging are taken and correcters are added sometimes also a grain of distilled Oyles is mixt with a drachm of Powder CHAP. XV. Of Salts ALl things almost containe two kinds of Salts Salt twosold the one volatile which endures not the fire and heat but flies away and is dispersed and vanisheth by burning the other is fixed which endures the fire and is left in the ashes Volatile Salt is collected in distillations so of stale Urine Volatile Salt Salt distilled by an Alimbeck in the first place and by a Phiola or the bottome of a Glasse-Still in the second place Volatile salt of Urine is collected the same may be drawne out of other things In the juices of Plants also salt sometimes coagulates to the thicknesse of boiled honey Fixed in a cold place But fixed salt is prepared of the ashes of plants and woods whilest a Lye is prepared out of them and that is boiled till all the water exhals for then the salt is left behind which is purifyed first by often dissolving and coagulating Secondly If it be dissolved into a liquor by drayning in a moist place t is filtered and afterward coagulated Cream c. Of Tartar Hereunto belongs the cream or thick juice and Christall of Vitrioll and of Tartar which are nothing else but salt of Tartar separated from the dregs that were mixt Magisters Also Tartar vitriolated salt of Tartar To these belong Magisters or dissolvings of Pearle Corall Crabs clawes precious stones Saccharum Saturni which takes place so far if salt that is volantile of the menstruum that dissolves doth as yet stick in them For then according to the manner of salts they are dissolved in waters and other liquors but if they are precipitated by oyle of Tartar or Vitrioll and the salt that dissolves be separated from them they rather belong to powders CHAP. XVI Of Croces TO powders and salts we may well joyne those things which the Chymists call Crocos stours sublimates Croci what precipitates The name of Crocos is given to some Medecines from the colour of Saffron for Croci are nothing else but fine powders or tinctures reduced into the forme of a powder of Saffron-colour But principally they are called Crocos of Mettals and Crocos of Mars Crocus mettalorum is nothing else but Antimony burnt with nitre Crocus mettalorum and reduced into powder of Saffron colour next to this is that of Venus of Antimony Gouden as it is called Of which the Institutions may be seene Crocus of Mars is prepared severall wayes which may also be seen in the Institutions To these we may well referr that which is called earth of vitrioll whose preparation is taught in the Institutions CHAP. XVII Flowres Of flours and Sublimates THose are called Flours by the Chymists foâ— the most part which are the thinner and more subtill parts of a body seperated from the thicker by sublimation the most common flours are of Copper and of Antimony as also Benzoes the reason of preparing whereof is to be had in the Institutions Hereunto belong the other Sublimates amongst which the cheife is Mercury Sublimate simple and Mercury Sublimate sweete CHAP. XVIII Of Precipitates Of precipitates ALthough those things in generall are rightly said to be precipitated which are dissolved in some Liquor by a peculiar Art and seperated from the Liquor deseend to the bottome in the forme of a Powder or like Chaulk yet the name of precipitating principally belongs to Mercury which after it is dissolved in Aqua Forci and is seperated from the water that dissolves it and lettles in the bottome 't is called Mercury precipitated Turbith The name also of Tuâ—bith or Turpeth is in use amongst most Chymists Mercury precipitate Gold of life Bezoarticum Minerale Mercurius Vitae which from whence soever it had its originall it signifies nothing but Mercury precipitated The way of precipitating Mercury is shewne in the Instistitutions to which if any Gold be added t is called Gold of life of which in the Institutions To these belong also Bezoarticum Minerale as it is called t is there also described aâ— also Mercury of life and some others CHAP. XIX Of Glasses Regalls and certain Chymicall Powders THose chymicall Medecines which remaine Glasses Regulus-chaulks and certain Powders we will annex in this Chapter First Glasse is prepared from the chaulks of things Glasse and vitrification for the most part is the last resolution of things for Ashes or Chaulk is to be poured into a very strong fire and sometimes Borax is added to ripen the fusion or other fusill Powders but fufill matter is poured into a Basin made hot or upon some table Glasse of Antimony is predared in this manner Of Antimony and Mercury also Amber of Antimony or as others would have it of Mercury Purging cups may be made of these Glasses also Rings Money If glasse of Jupiter or glasses or Amber of Antimony Rings purging Regulus of Antimony Antimony Diaphoretick Lac Veneris if they are set into the bottome of a cup or into a Ring or any Coyne Of Glasse of Antimony golden see the institutions as also of Regulus of Antimony Moreover the next to these are chymicall Powders and Chaulks as for them the first that is referred to them is called Antimony fixt or Diaphoretick which is made if Antimony be burnt so often with Nitre till it become white and fixt Milk of Venus how t is prepared the Institutions shew To these belong Dreggs or Faeculae Faeculae as they are called by later Chymists which are certaine Farinaceus Powders prepared of the juice of certaine roots beaten or expressed or extracted by some liquor namely if a juice or liquor be put into a cold place the Faeces of their owne accord settle in the bottome which when the moisture is poured off are dryed and kept the chiefest that are in use are the Fâ—ces of Briony Wake Robin Piony and Orrice as also of Dragon CHAP. XX. Of Comfits little round Cakes and Morsells and such like THat the palate and taste may first be pleased certaine Medecines are found out by Physitians preserved with suger and are made up into a dry body Amongst which the first are those which are called Comfits as we may speake in the manner of an Apothecary with whom Comfits are nothing else but Conserves dryed Seeds Kernells skind or blanched Roots and Pills or Rindes Purging confections also are prepared Of purging Comsits and that two wayes first if the Sugar be poured in before it be cooled the purging things are mingled and stird about together that they may stick to the Sugar Secondly which is more convenient if the seeds or Rindes are macerated in a
Akorn or Wax-candle four or five fingers breadth in length But Suppositers are not always prepared for the same-use Vse for they are often exhibited that they may loosen the Belly and stimulate the expulsive faculty sometimes for other affects also namely when an Ulcer is in the Gut rectum that it may cleanse consolidate and dry when pain is present it may allay it and draw it away when the humours flow towards the upper par that it may draw them back and cause revulsion when there are little Worms called Ascarides to kill them Suppositers irritating the expulsive faculty are exhibited first when the sick is so weak that he cannot take Clysters moreover when the Seige clings in the Paunch there is need of a Suppositer to be used before a Clyster that it may make way for the Clyster Thirdly if Clysters injected do not work or operate slowly 't is needfull to stimulate nature to expulsion Fourthly when by reason of straightness of time we cannot prepare a Clyster There are three sorts of these Suppositers The kindes of Suppositers causing stool Gentle ones which are sufficient for infants and are made of Lard a Fig the in-side being turned outward Bullocks fat the stalks and roots of Beets Cabbage Spinach the Herb Mercury indifferent strong are prepared of Honey boiled till it be thick a Mouses turd being sometimes added the White of an Egg Salt and a little Saffron and Honey with white Soap the stronger are composed of Honey Salt and the Pouder of purging Species as with a sufficient quantity of Hiera with Agrick Hiera Logadii Aloes the strongest of all are prepared with Species convenient for Suppositers the Pouder of white Hellebore Euphorbium Scammony Turbith Colloquintida Indian Salt Amoniack Salt-Peter a Bulls Gall which we use onely when the faculty is stupified and we endeavour to draw back from remote parts They are prepared in this manner Manner of preparing them Honey is boiled to spissitude that is so long till you can take it up with your fingers into which other things are sprinkled which are needfull namely half a Drachm or a Drachm of common Salt Salt Gemmae a Scruple of the gentler purging Species a Drachm of the stronger half a Scruple of Juices half a Scruple or a Drachm of sharp Salts six Grains or half a Scruple to an Ounce of Honey Hence they are made out of the mass in form of a Pyramid as big as ones little finger and dipt in or anointed with fresh Butter or Oyl sometimes a Thread is tied to it that it may be drawn out at pleasure These Suppositers are properly applied to those who have Ulcers Clefts Inflammations and other Tumours in the Fundament But when they are troubled with pain of the Hemerhoids they are not convenient to be used for they exasperate pain CHAP. XXIV Of Clysters CLysters which the Greeks call Clyster Clyster Clysmos Clysma and Enclysma is so called from purging or cleansing although it signifies every sort of Medicine in general which pours in that which is liquid into any part yet in particular as also Enema from injecting for the most part is taken onely for a Medicine which is injected by the Fundament into the Guts A Clyster is injected for several ends Differences of Clysters whence there ariseth various differences of Clysters for some loosen the belly and of these some do it by Emolliating which are made of Emollients proposed before p. 1. S. 1. c. 6. Others purge to which purging Medicines are added Some cleanse namely those which are compounded of Barley the herb Mercury Pellitory Wormwood Agrimony Century the less Pease Parsnibs Lupines Flour Honey with Roses Hiera Some are composed for the discussing and breaking of winde and are made of those Medicines that expell winde above mentioned pag. 1. sect 1. cap. 15. Some binde and are prepared of Astringents proposed in the same cap. 6. Some glutinate and are prepared of glutinating things spoken of in the same part and sect cap 9. Sometimes Clysters are made of Anodyns or Medicines that mitigate pain for pains of the Guts and Reins But Clysters are compounded in this manner there are taken of Roots and Rindes an ounce or two of Leafs three four or five handfuls of Seeds three four or five Drachms of Flowers some Pugils of Fruits Pears ten that is twenty to which if a purging Clyster ought to be made Purgers are added Agrick Colloquintida Seeds of Carthamons all which least they should stickto the Guts and offend them are tied in a Linnen-cloath the Leafs of Senna but there is no need of such variety always but oftentimes a few simples suffice All the simple Medicines are boiled in a sufficient quantity of water of the Decoction take three four to fifteen Ounces according to the age for infants three Ounces hence those that are a little riper four five or six may suffice for one that is come to ripeness of years for the most part they take a Pint sometimes also fifteen Ounces yet sometimes namely when we would retain the Clyster long and lest the too great quantity should oppress the other parts onely eight or ten Ounces is taken in the Stone In the Decoction strained those things which agree to our present purpose we dissolve as Oyls from an Ounce to two or three When we onely are to emolliate we put in Oyls onely or Butter but indeed in greater quantity those which have a purging faculty are then wholly to be omitted lest by reason of the hard ordure sticking in the Guts nature should be stimulated in vain and humours being drawn greater evils do ensue On the contrary when you are to purge to repell and a sharp Clyster is required the Oyls whereby the force of sharp and purging things is resisted are to be omitted and purging Electuaries are to be added for the most part double the weight which at other times they use to be taken in at the mouth or Pills are to be dissolved Salt also is to be added from a Scruple to a Drachm also Abstergents as Honey of Roses or Sugar in weight an Ounce or an Ounce and half all of them being mixt and moderately heated by a convenient and known instrument they are to be injected into the Paunch an hour or two before meat Those who are unwilling to have it done by others may give a Clyster as they call it to themselves by instruments described in many places the most convenient whereof Guil. Fabricius propounds in his Chyrurgical Operations Cent. 1. Obs 78. CHAP. XXV Of Injections into the Wombe and of Pessaries TO Clysters which are inje ed into the Guts Injections into the Wombe we may well joyne those which are cast into the Womb and are therefore called Uterine Clysters The Instrument or Squirt by which the liquor is cast into the Womb is called by the Greeks Metrencytes but the Medecines which are injected they call Metrencyta A due
Colobon ten Ouran or Colobee Oara it is so called because it is like mutisarae caudae in which forme although various medicines appointed for various uses were heretofore prepared yet at this day by the name Collyries are understood only externall medicines proper for the Eyes But medicines which are exhibited to the Eyes and in generall have borrowed their name from those dry ones Way of preparing are named Collyries and are commonly divided into dry and moist dry ones are made when medicines pounded very small are made fine in a Morter and with a sufficient quantity of Whites of Eggs or of some Muscellage are made into the forme of a Pyramid or Trochees and are dryed in the shade when there is need of them they are beaten againe in a marble or Stone Morter some convenient Liquor being powred in and the Liquor afterwards which is then prepared is dropt into the eyes 2. Moist Collyries are twofold for either they are dropt into the Eyes in the forme of a Liquor which is made of juices distilled waters Decoctions or many of these mixt powders being added and espcially of those medicines which will dissolve in a moist body 3. Or they are made in the forme of an unguent 4. Lastly convenient medicines also are boyled in water and the warme Vapour exhaling out of the pot which is covered with a linnen cloath is received into the eyes CHAP. XXXIV Of Oyles and Balsomes BUt as for what belongs to Medicines which are exhibited to the superficies of the body Oyles the first amongst them are Oyles whereof some are naturall as Petroleum and common Oyle which is made of ripe Olives and Omphacine which is drawne of unripe Olives others are artificiall which are made three manner of wayes 1. How to prepare them For first Unctuous juice is expressed after which manner Oyle of sweet Almonds Pistack-nuts Nuts seed of Flax Gourds Cucumbers Henbane Hempe and Oyle of Poppy is prepared by expression also Oyle of Yolkes of Eggs is made 2. Secondly Oyles are prepared by Infusion many wayes for sometimes simple medicines are boyled with Fountaine or distilled water and Wine or other convenient Liquor in common Oyle to the consumption of the moisture or juice sometimes the same simples by a gentle heate are macerated in the Sun yet it seemes more convenient if dryed Plants are steeped in Oyle in Balneo Mariae twenty foure hours afterwards the Oyle is expressed and clarified by residence Thirdly Oyles are prepared by distillation also as is said before amongst which some at this day are called Balsomes examples whereof are to be had in the Institutions CHAP. XXXV Of Linements and Oyntments A Linement or Litus with the Greeks Crisma A Linement and Syncrysma and that which takes away wearisomnesse is called Acopon that is freed from labour t is a liquid Medecine externally applied thicker in consistence then oyle but more liquid then an unguent or of a middle consistence betwixt an oyle and an unguent It consists of oyles butter wax fat tallow marrow gums juices muscellages for the most part they have no wax or if any be used they take onely a drachm of wax to an ounce of oyle to these sometimes flowers powders and rosins are mixt They are prepared in this manner The oyles fats How prepared or other things here named are taken to these powders are added Juices and such like of that proportion for the most part that to an ounce of oyl three drachms of fat or two drachms and one drachm of powders is taken or that proportion is observed as may make the consistence onely a little thicker then oyle and all are mingled either without fire and boiling or are dissolved at the fire as Gums and Fat 's or also by some ebullition namely to the consumption of the Juices or Vinegar if any such thing be mingled with it Unguents which the Greeks call Myra and Alleimata Vnguents from whence Miropolae and Alyptae were the names that the Ancients first called them by which for pleasantnesse were made of odoriferous things and were distinguished from oyles not in thicknesse but in pleasantnesse of smell But those things which are at this day called Unguents are Emmota so called by the Greeks and are made of the same things whereof Linements are But are somewhat thicker then Linements and those things which thicken are taken in a greater quntity in an Unguent then in a Linement but as for the liquid and oyly things a lesse quantity is observed in compounding them this is the proportion for the most part that to an ounce of oyles a drachm of powder two drachms of wax may be taken or a sufficient quantity namely in those things where Unguents are made of oyles powders or mettals or plants and wax But they are prepared either with fire How prepard or without fire without fire they are prepared in this manner 1. The powders being beaten and sifted are taken which are sprinkled in the oyle and a sufficient quantity of wax being added are reduced into the forme of an Unguent 2. Or usual Unguents are taken and for the most part foure fold or eight fold the quantity of powders and species are mixt with some convenient oyle 3. Or fat or marrow are taken alone or with oyle in equall weight double or halfe so much again a few powders being added with a sufficient quantity of wax an Unguent is made 4. With fire also they are made many waies for either the grease oyles or gumms are melted that the powders may the easier be mingled 5. Or herbes roots seeds are macerated sometime in water wine juices oyle afterwards they are boiled almost to the consumption of the liquor to the decoction when t is strained the other things are added and with some grease and a sufficient quantity of wax or a gumm an Unguent is made 6. Or they are prepared without oyle with grease namely herbes flowers or fresh roots are bruised with grease and wrought in a Morter untill the herbes have imbibed the grease and then they are melted by the fire and pressed out CHAP. XXXVI Of Cerots and Emplaisters THe name of a Cerat or Cerot the Ancients used for a soft medicine namely for that which consisting of oyle and wax is anointed But at this day t is taken for a medicine like unto a plaister yet is not so hard as a plaister in consistence and t is so called from Cera that is wax because the greater part of it is wax And t is compounded at this day of powders oyles Gums Pitch Turpentine and Wax and sometimes Lard Marrow and Muscellages are added But the proportion of the things that are mixt is various neither can it easily be defined and comprehended by Rules and the quantity of Wax to be mixed is left for the most part to the discretion of the Apothecary who ascends by degrees according to progress from a lesser quantity to a greater yet
for the most part the analogy of mixture useth to be desired so that when they consist of Oyl Wax and Rosin one part of Oyl is taken half so much of Rosin of Wax the third part But when Pouders are added the proportion of Oyles to Pouders is eight-fold to Wax two three four or six-fold and to Rosin that it may stick the faster they use to add twelvefold a Cerot becomes the harder three ways namely by defect of Oyl and Grease by boiling and store of Pitch Wax or Pouders 1. They are made in this manner How made If the Cerot ought to be made of Pouders only Oyl and Wax the Oyl and Wax should be dissolved together at the fire and the Pouders put in by degrees and exactly mingled 2. If Lard Gums or other things to be melted by the fire are taken they should be melted with the wax 3. If Gums are to be dissolved in Vineger or Wine first they must be dissolved in Oyl and mingled with Wax that the Vineger or Wine may be consumed with boiling afterwards the Pouders may sprinkled in 4. If you are to add Roots Fruits or Seeds these are first to be boiled and the Decoction to be boiled again with Oyl to the consumption of the moisture Lastly the things melted and pounded are to be added and all to be mixt together and to be kept for use But when you may prescribe fresh things for present use three Ounces and an a half may suffice for a great Cerot for an indifferent one two Ounces for a little one one Ounce three or four Drachms of Pouders are sufficient for an indifferent Plaister and such Cerots use to be put with an Aromatick Pouder sprinkled on them into a piece of Leather or to be covered with fine Linnen the quantity and figure if it may be should answer and be conformable to the parts to which they ought to be applied Plaisters Plaisters from Emplattein that is from fashioning and soft anointing is derived because they may be extended and spred on a Linnen cloath or peice of Leather they are medicines somewhat harder and more sollid then Cerots and are compounded of the same things whereof Cerots are only that metalls and mineralls and for the most part Litharge are added which makes them of a more sollid consistence For the most part this is the manner of compounding them How compounded the wax for the most part is melted in Oyle if the Litharge be in readinesse that also should be boyled in Oyle If Juices of herbs or decoctions Musceilages Vinegar Wine or any other Liquor be to be mixt then that also is to be mixed with the rest and being mixt are to be boyled so long untill the aqueous humidity be consumed afterwards the Rosins fat thickned and concreate juices and Gumms are to be put in sometimes dissolved first and strained with Wine Vinegar and Oyle lastly Turpentine is to be mixt and all to be boyled to a due consistence which when t is done and taken from the fire the powders must be put in by little and little and continually stird about that they may be brought into one masse with the rest of which being cooled but before it growes hard are to be fashioned in the similitude of a Pyramid or a long Rolle or Rollers and be kept for use of the which when t is necessary a part may be cut off and if need be softned somewhat with convenient Oyle spred on Linnen and applyed to the skin The proportion of mixture can scarce be defined exactly and strictly and if any error be committed it may easily be corrected by boyling or mingling of more dry or liquid things but this proportion for the most part is observed that to an ounce of dry things there is taken of Oyle Fat or Honey three Ounces of Wax a pound of Rosin eight Ounces But if boyled and pounded Herbs are added a little handfull requires an Ounce or an Ounce and halfe of Oyle or Grease so that the proportion of Wax to Rosin is six-sold to Oyle foure-fold to Powders double but if the quantity of Rosin be greater there needs the lesse Wax Sometimes before the Emplaistick masse be cooled a Linnen Emplastick Web. cloath that is worne out by age is dipt in and when t is bedaubed with the substance of the Plaister t is taken out extended cooled and kept for use which kind of Plaisters they called Emplastick Webbs of cloath and Sparadrapum and applyed them for cleansing of Ulcers Glutinating Cicatrizing and other uses And these are properly called Plaisters yet some things are referred to Plaisters also which are prepared without Wax Pitch and those Glutinous things and without fire and are compounded with Honey Muscellages and a certain thick juice or Barme or only with a little Wax melted with Oyle of which kind is the Plaister of Bay-berries and de Grusta panis and such like which are as it were in the middle betwixt Plaisters and Cataplasmes CHAP. XXXVII Of Cataplasmes CAtaplasmes which the Ancients called Pultases A Cataplasme are Topicall medicines soft and having the consistence of Pultases and are prepared to asswage paine repell mollify discusse to ripen and other ends 1. They are either prepared without fire and boyling How made or with fire and boyling from whence the one is called crude the other boyled Without fire greene Plants are pounded and reduced into a Poultice or dry reduced into Powder are mingled with a sufficient quantity namely double or trebble of Oyle or a convenient Liquor 2. They are made with fire and boyling if the plants being beaten and pounded are boyled in a sufficient quantity of water till they are soft afterwards strained through a seive which neverthelesse if they are well boyled and bruised is not allwayes necessary to these are added Muscellages Flowre and a sufficient quantity of Fat and Oyle and are all boyled againe to the consistence of a Poultice sometimes plants also are immediatly boyled in Oyle The Cataplasmes being prepared and put on a piece of linnen are applied hot to the part CHAP. XXXVIII Of Medicines to take away Haire Salves made of Mustard Medicines causing Wheales or Pusties in the body and Vesicatories or Medicines that cause Blisters A Dropax or any thing to take away haire a Synapisme or a Salve made of Mustard a Phaenigne a Medicine to cause Wheales or Pustles differ not from the forme of a Cataplasme yet for some certaine peculiar effects which they produce Authors have been pleased to separate them from other Cerots Plaisters and Cataplasmes Dropax in Greek A Dropax with the Latines Picatio is a Medicine composed in the forme of a Plaister or Cataplasme powerfully sticking to the skin which heretofore was exhibited to extenuate and relax the Member to heat and draw more store of blood as is spoken before part 2. Sect. 2. Cap. 5. or to dry moister bodies It is two-fold the one simple Its