Horses for the sight of the Ducke as Vegetius and Columella say is a present remedy to this beast For the Flix or the Laske which in some places they call the Ray take Sloes and dry them in powder and geue it them to drinke yf it be the blooddy Flixe the old fellowes were wont to cure it in this sort They suffred not the beast to drinke in three dayes and kept him fasting the first day and gaue him the stoanes of Reazins or Grapes dryed and made in powder two poundes with a quart of sharpe tarte Wine and suffered them to drinke no other drinke and made them eate the browsing of wyld Olyue trees and Mastyxe trees and yf they mended not with this they burnt them in the forehead to the very brayne pan and cut of theyr eares The woundes tyll they were whole they washed with Oxpisse but the cut partes were to be healed with Oyle and Pytch If your Calues haue the Ray or Laske take sweete Milke and put therein the Rennet of a Calfe make it no thicker but as the Calfe may well drinke it and geue it him luke warme If your Bullocke haue the Cough and yf it be but beginning geue him a pint of Barly-meal with the yolke of an Egge the Reazins boyled in sweete Wine and strained a pint mingle them togeather and geue it him fasting Also Graines beaten and mingled with Floure fryed Beanes and meale of Lentylls all stirred togeather and geuen him in a mash Columella would haue you geue them Grasse chopt and mingled with Beanes that are but a little broken in the Myll and Lentylls small ground and mingled with water The old Cough they cured with two pound of Hysope steeped in three pintes of water and mingled with Floure which they made him to swallowe and afterwardes powred into him the water wherein Hysope had been sodden also Peason with Barly water and sodden Hony when they had the Cough and Consumption of the Loonges To keepe them aliue they vsed to burne the roote of a Hasell and to thrust it through their â—ares geuing them to drinke a pint of the iuyce of Leekes with the like measure of Oyle and Wine For the Cough of the Loonges I vse to geue them long Pepper Graines Fenegreke Bays Anysseede Ortment balles Turmericke and Madder beating them all togeather and seething them in good Ale grounes If your Calues haue the Cough take Sentury and beate it to powder and geue it them If they haue the Feauer or Ague you shall perceaue it by the watring of theyr eyes the heauinesse of their head the driueling at the mouth beating of the vaines and heate of the whole body let them fast one day the next day let them blood a little betimes in the morning in the tayle after an houre geue them a thirtie little stalkes of Colwoortes sodde in Oyle Water and Salt which must be powred fasting into them fiue dayes togeather Beside you may geue them the toppes of Olyue trees Lentylls or any tender brutinges or branches of Uines and wype theyr mouthes with a Spunge geuing them cold water thrise a day The blood faling downe into the legges causeth them as Vegetius sayth to halt which as soone as you perceaue you must straightwayes looke vpon his hoofes the heate whereof wyll declare his greefe beside he wyl scarse suffer you to touch it But yf so be the blood be yet aboue the hoofe in the legges you shall dissolue it with good rubbing or yf not with that with Scarifâ—â—ng or Pouncing the skinne If it be in the foote open it a little with a knife betwene the two clawes and laye to the sore cloutes dipped in Uineger and Salt making him a shooe of Broome and be well ware he come not into any water but stand dry This blood yf it be not let out wyll breede to matter which wil be long eare it heale yf it be opened at the first with a knife and made cleane and after cloutes dipped in Water Salt and Oyle layd to it and at the last annoynted with olde Swynes grease and Goates suet boyled togeather it wyll quickly be whole This disease as I take it the countrey people call the Fowle or the Wyspe which they sometime cure with drawing a rope of strawe or heare through the Cleese tyll it bleede or by searing of it with a hotte iron If the blood be in the lower part of the Hoofe the vttermost part of the Clee is pared to the quicke and so the blood let out and after the foote wrapped with clowtes and shooed with Brome you must open the Hoofe in the middest except the matter be ripe If he halte by reason of the Crampe or payne of the sinowes you shal rub his knees thighes and legges with Salt and Oyle till he be whole If his knees or ioyntes be swolen they must be bathed with warme Uineger and Linseede or Mylet beaten and layd to it with water and Hony. Also Spunges wette in hotte water and dryed againe and annoynted with Hony are very good to be layd to the knees yf vnder the swelling there be any humor Leauen or Barly meale sodde in water and Hony or sweete Wine must be layd to it and when it is ripe it must be opened with a knife and healed as before All greefes generally yf they be not broken must be dissolued whylst they are new with bathes and fomentations and yf they be old they must be burned and the burning annoynted with Butter or Goates suet If he haue hurt his heele or his Hoofe stone Pitch Brimstone and greasie Wooll must be burnt vpon the sore with a hot iron The like must be done when he is hurt with a Stub a Thorne or a Nayle being first plucked out or yf it be very deepe it must be opened wyde with a knife and so handled for kiâ—ed heeles take and cast him and bind his legges fast togeather then take your knife and cut it out as nie as you can and let him bleede well then take a peniworth of Uerdegrease and the yolke of an Egge and temper them well togeather and bind them close to the place and he shall heale If the Udder of your Kine do swell you shall bathe them with Iuie sodden in stale Beere or Ale and smoke them with Hony Coames and Camomell If the Bullockes feete be neare worne and surbated washe them in Oxe pysse warmed and kindling a fewe twygges or spraps when the flame is doone cause him to stand vpon the hotte imbers and annoynt his hornes with Tarre and Oyle or Hogges grease They wyll neuer lightly halt yf after they haue ben laboured their feete be washed wel with cold water and afterwards their Pastorns and the places betwene the Clees be rubbed with old Swynes grease The skabs or manginesse is gotten away with rubbing them with stamped Garlicke which also cureth the biting of a madde Dogge besides Peniriall and Brimstone beaten and boyled
and after that you haue made them very cleane stampe them togeather with freshe Butter and putting them into an earthen vessell close couered set them vp in some moyst dampishe place suffering it there to remaine for the space of fifteene dayes afterwardes let the same Butter be melted with a soft fire and being well strained lay it vp for your vse There haue I also an other excellent hearbe called in Latine Cardiaca I know no name for it in English except you will call it Motherwort and in deede it is the very true Motherwort it groweth by high wayes and neare to stone walles it hath a leafe something like a Nettell but more indented the leaues next to the roote being iagged like the Crowfoote it groweth bushing with many stalkes I haue seene it plentifully in Surry and some store of it about Maydstone in Kent it is of great force against any sicknesse of the hart whereof it taketh his name it helpeth Crampes Palseys it clenseth the brest from fleame it killeth Woormes in the body openeth cold obstructions prouoketh Urine and womens Courses being made in powder and a sponefull of it geuen in Wine it wonderfully helpeth the hard labours of women CHENOBOSCVS I maruayle you haue no store of Betony also for I haue seene the Bees labour diligenttly vpon it and haue heard that it is of great vertue MELISSEVS I have great store in deede of it but that I forgat to tell you of it it is knowen so commonly as I neede not to discribe it vnto you whosoeuer is troubled with breaking of wind and weakenesse of stomacke and those whose stomackes retaine not their meate or whosoeuer feeles a sowre belching from his stomacke and is therewith often troubled let them continually vse Betony eyther the hearbe and flowre boyled in Wine or the water distilled or the Conserue as they cal it of the flowres And yf so be you lacke the Conserue or the water you may vse the dry hearbe in powder eyther by it selfe or with Hony women that are troubled with the mother may vse this hearbe for their remedie To be short the flowre leafe and roote of Betony sodden drunke or howsoeuer you wyll in Electuarie Conserue Sirope Potion or Pouder as you list to take it is singuler good in y diseases of y stomacke liuer spleen kydneyes and bladder it freeth the Matrice from obstruction and draweth from thence all hurtful moystures For consumptions of the Loonges Coughes Dropsies continuall and putrifyed Feuars proceeding from the stomacke boyle the leaues and flowres of Betony in Honyed water and you shal haue present helpe Thus haue I shewed you what kind of hearbes I haue planted about my Bees to the ende they should haue foode at hand of the sweetest and the holsomest I haue shewed you also the vertues of the hearbe the flowre and the water that you may vse for your owne commoditie only this warning I geue you that you doo not distill them as the vnskilful doo in stilles of Lead Tinne and Brasse which poysoneth and spoyleth the water but in Glasse Stils set in some vessel of water vpon the fyre wherby your water shal be most perfect and holsome The difference of these two distillinges appeareth plaine for example in Wormewood which yf you distil in your common Styllatories the water commeth out sweete hauing gotten a corrupt qualitie by the nature corruption of the mettal whereas yf you do it in Stils made of Glasse looking that the Glasses be wel closed round about your water shal haue the very taste sauour and propertie of the hearbe With these Glasse Stils you may so order your fire as you may draw out of euery hearbe the water spirit oyle and salt to the great comfort of sicke and diseased persons I set besides great plentie of Sauery Heath Tamariske without the Beeyard Broome in whose flowres the Bee much delighteth I keepe you here peraduenture too long in so small a matter Small is the thing yet small is not the gaine If gratious gods permytte and Phebus not disdaine As the heathen Poet wryteth but I wyll here make an end of my talke that hath perhapes been thought too long FINIS Soli Deo. Lucullus Scipio Ciâ—ero Nestor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Socrateâ— The vse of a solitaâ—â—â— lyfe The best doung 〈◊〉 grounâ— is the maâ—â—ters foote Aâ—adem â—uâ—stâ—o lib. 1. Psalm 104. A good husband must râ—ther be a sellâ—r thâ—n a byer The saying of saint Anthonie Homelie 56 â—pon the. 16 of Matth. and in other places The commendation of husbandry Emperourâ— and kinges professouâ—s of husbandry Serranus Cincinatus HusbandmeÌ„ come to be Emperours The antiquitie of husbandry The fyrst planter of Vines Husbandry the mother and nurse of all other artes The woorthynesse of husbandmeÌ„ Gene. 3. Husbandry pleasyng to God. Leuit. 26. Geor. â— Who is happy Horacâ— VVho â—s riche The order of building of a house for the Countrey The seate of a house Neighbourhood The Kitchin Larder Corneloft Appleloft Barnes Stableâ— The choâ—se of a â—â—â—â—iffe oâ—â—uâ—bandry What thinges oughâ—â—o be in a Bayliffe oâ— husbandry The traynyng of a Bayliffe The Bayliffes vvyfe Of the tyllyng and husbanding of the ground The good nature of the husbandman The degrees and sortes of ground Of Cornâ— ground Hovve to knovve the goodnese of the grounde Signes of the goodnesse of the ground Grounde vvyl change The disposition of the heauens to be obseruâ—d Italy the garden of the vvorlde The fruitefulnesse of Germanie The fruitefulnesse of Barbary Of dounging of grouÌ„d The sortes of doung Vryne Olde doung best for Corne and nevve doung for Meddovve The obseruing of the VVinde and the Moone in mending of the grouÌ„d VVet doung hurtes the feelde Marle a fat kinde of earth vsed commonly at this day in diuers partes of Sussex and â—enâ— for the enriching of lande Chalke vsed for mending of ground Dounging vvith asshes The mâ—ner of plovving The partes of the plow. This dravving vvith the head is vsed in the vpper partes of Fraunce and Spayne The like is vsed vvith vs in Norfolke and I inconshyâ—d Dead mould Tryall of good plovving The plovving of a hill The best time of plovving Plowyng in the nyght Diuers Latine vvoords belong to husbandry interpreted Agri Voâ—a Of seede their diuersitie Olde seede not to be sovven The order of sovvyng Harrowing Rakyng Rovvlyng The tyme for sovvyng Late sovveing alvvayes â—ayleth Sommer grayne A generall rule VVheate The tyme for VVheate sovvyng Barley Zea. Far. Adâ—â—reum Rape Oateâ— Buck. Sommer Barley Myllet Panicle Ryse Sesamum Of Pulse Beanesâ— Pease Frenche Beanes Lyntels â—hyche Cicâ—rcula Tares and fodder for Cattel Lupines Fenugreeke Fodder for Câ—ttell Medica Cytisus Sperie Flaxe Hempe VVoade Haruest Rape harâ—est Haruest for VVinter Barley Hâ—mpe hâ—ruâ—â—t Rye and VVheate haruest The haruest of all oâ—her Corne and Pulâ—e Diuers sorts of reapyng Plovving after Haruest The Barne Garners Agaynst breedyng of VVyuels Of pasture medovve
and therefore whether they be in house or abroade you must alwayes haue a speciall regard vnto them and to ouerlooke them in the night specially yf there be any Kine amongest them with Calfe And though it be needefull at all times to ouersee them both morning and euening yet most needefull is it of all other times to see to them in the spring when you first put them to pasture for at that time by reason of their change of diet both Oxen Kine and Hayfarres are most in danger of sicknesse in Winter againe to looke to them that they be not for sparing of charges kept so poore as they be vtterly spoyled And therefore you must spare no litter specially when they come from labour to rubbe them and drye them stroking them with your handes and raysing the hyde from the fleshe which wyll do them great good In comming from worke or out of the pasture you must wash their feete wel with water before you bring them into the house that the durt and filth cleaning to them breede no diseases nor soften their hoofes Beware of too much cold or heate for too much of either filleth them with diseases You must take heede they be not chaste nor chafed vp and downe specially in hotte weather for that bringeth them to a Feauer or causeth them to haue a Flixe Take heede also that there come neyther Swyne nor Poultry neare their stalles for both of them with theyr dounging poysoneth the beast The dounging of a sicke Swine doth breede the Pestilence or Murraine amongest cattell You must away with all manner of carryons and bury them wel for infecting your cattell If so be the Murraine chance to come amongst them you must presently change the ayre and seuer your cattell farre a sunder in diuers pastures keeping the sound from the sicke that they be not infected not suffering them eyther to feede togeather or drinke togeather The Pestilence or Murraine is a common name but there are diuers kindes of it in some Murraines the cattell driuell and runne both at the nose and mouth in others againe they be dry and fall away more more sometimes it comes in the ioyntes and causeth them to halt before or behind sometime in theyr kidnes and appeareth by the weakenesse of their hinder parts wherein they seeme to haue great paine in theyr loynes An other kind there is that ryseth like a Farcine with Pimples ouer all the body now appearing and presently vanishing and comming out in a newe place An other sort betwyxt the hyde and the fleshe wherein the humor sweateth out in diuers parts of the body Sometime it is like a Leprosie when al the skinne is full of little pimples and sometime a kind of madnesse wherein they neyther heare nor see so well as they were woont though they looke fayre and fatte and lusty yenough Euery one of these kindes are contagious and infectiue and therefore as soone as you perceaue them infected you must presently put them a sunder for infecting the whole stocke least you impute that to the wrath of GOD as many fooles doo which happeneth through your owne beastlynesse and necligence The common remedy as Columella saith is the rootes of Angellica and sea Thistell mingled with Fenel seede and with newe boyled Wine Wheate flowre and hotte water to be sprinckled vpon them The common people when they perceane eyther their Horse or Bullocke sick or any other cattell els they vse to take the roote of blacke Ellebor called of some Consiligo of others Bearefoote and for a Bullocke to thrust it in the Dewlappe for a Horse in the brest for Swyne or Sheepe through the eare making a hole with a bodkin and thrusting the roote presently through which the newe wound holdeth fast that it can not fall out whereunto all the whole force of the poyson dooth strayghtwayes geather and runneth out in filthy water Perfumes in this case as Vegetius teacheth doo much good as Brymstone vnslecked Lime Garlicke wyld Mariorum and Coryander seede layed vpon the coles and the Oxen so held as they may receaue the smoke by theyr mouth and nose that iâ— may fil their braine and theyr whole body with a healthful ayre It is good also thus to perfume the whole body both for the health of the sicke and preseruing of the whole Before I proceede any farther I wyll set you downe what kind of Spices and what quantitie you ought alwayes to haue in a redinesse for your cattel You must haue one pound of Fenicricke halfe a pound of Liquerisse one pound of Graynes Turmericke halfe a pound or a quarterne of Bay berries one pound of long Pepper halfe a pound of Treacle of Gean a pound of Amsseede half a pound of Comin half a pound of Madder Ortment half a poun The hearbe whose roote you must vse as I said before groweth in many places in the woods it was once brought vnto me by chaunce from Darndal in Sussex by one Richard Androwes a good painful searcher out of such things the picture wherof I haue here set before you for your better knowledge For beside his present remedying of cattell he serueth agaynst diuers diseases in man specially for the Quartane as the learned Mathiolus hath in his description of plantes mencioned To returne to my cattell yf they want their digestion or chawe not Cud which diseases is perceiued by often belching and noyse in the belly with forbearing of their meate dulnesse of their eyes and not licking of them selues Take a handful of Pelitorie of Spaine as much of Hearbgrase as much of Fetherfew Sage Horehound and Baysalt three pintes of very strong newe drinke seethe them togeather three or foure wallops and geue it him bludwarme in the mornyng not suffering him to drinke till the afternoone yf you neglect this disease so that he be paâ—ned in the belly and full of greefe he wyll grone and neuer stand still in one place For remedy wherof you shal bind his tayle close by the Rumpe as strâ—yte as may be and geue hym a quarte of Wine with a pinte of the purest Oyle and after driue him a pace for the space of a myle and a halfe annoynt your hand with grease and rake him afterwardes make him runne againe some vse to let him blood in the tayle within a handfull of the rumpe There is a disease which they call the Woolfe others the Tayle which is perceaued by the loosenesse or softnesse betwyxt the ioyntes take the Tayle and feele betwyxt euery ioynt and where the ioynt seemeth to be a sunder or is soft and not close as the other ioyntes there take and slytte him the longest way vnder the Tayle about two inches long and lay in the wound Salt Soole and Garlike and bind it fast with a cloute about it The Collick or paine in the belly is put away in the beholding of Geese in the water specially Duckes as you said before of
it vp with the rinde of Wyllowe or Elme after this keepe them vp in the house a day or two and geue them warme water with a good quantitie of Barly flowre If the Quynsey or Vnula to which desease this beast is wonderous subiect chaunce to take them Dydimus woulde haue you let them blood behinde aboue the shoulders others vnder the tougâ—e some agayne cure them with settering If the kernells swell in the throate you must let them blood vnder the tongue and when they haue bledde rubbe their mouthes within with salte finely beaten Wheate floure Democritus woulde haue you geue to euery Sowe three pound weyght of the beaten roote of Daffadyll If they vomite and lothe their meate it is good to geue them before they goe abroade the shauinges of Iuory with fryed salte and ground Beanes Swyne whyle they feede abroade by reason of their great deuouring for it is an vnsatiable beast do wounderously labour with the abundance of the Splen for remedy wherof you shall geue them water as oft as they thyrst in Troughes made of â—amaryce the iuyce of whiche wood is very holsome for them Democritus teacheth to geue vnto Hogges that haue the Splen the water wherein the Coles of Heath haue been quenched This beast hath somtime a sicknesse wherin he pines away and forsaketh his mâ—ate and yf you bring him to the feelde he suddenly fallâ—th downe and lyeth as it were in a bead sleepâ— which as 〈◊〉 as you pâ—rcâ—iue you shall shuâ—â—e vp the hâ—ly heard in soâ—e house and make them to fast one day both from water and meate the nâ—xt day the roote of the wyld Coucumber 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 with water is geuen them to drinke wâ—â—ch aâ— soone as they haue taken they fall a vomitting and so purge themselues When they haue thus expelled theyâ— câ—â—ller you shall geue them hard Beanes strained with brine An exâ—elleâ—t 〈…〉 against all pestilence of Swyne doth Hieroâ—â—mus â—raâ—us teach which is when you see them infectâ—d â—o geue them the rootes of Polipodi or Oke Ferne boyled in wine whereby they shall purge what so euer is euyll from them and most of all choller wherewith Swyne are most troubled tâ—â— same Hieâ—â—n as I remember teacheth for a Horseâ— though it be without my commission to meddle with them â— If he be sicke and suddenly fall downe of a disease that you know not to put vnder his tongue a peece of a Ferne roote wherevpon you shall see him immediatly voyde vpward and downeward what so euer is in his body and presently amende this he sayth and truely I dare beleeue him that he prooued with a Horse of his owne But to my Swyne whereas thyrst in sommer is hurtfull and daungerous to all kind of cattell to this beast it is most hurtfull and therefore you must not water them as you doo Sheepe Goates but twyse or thryse a day but yf you can you must keepe them by the water side that they may go thereto at pleasure for the Swyne is not content with drinking but he must often coole and plong his filthy panch in the water neither delighteth he in any thing so muche as to wallowe in the durt And yf you haue no suche places neare you must draw some water from the Well and geue it them in Troughes abundantly for except they drinke their fyll they wyll fall sicke of the Loonges which disease is cured as Columella wryteth by thrusting the roote of Setterwort through their eares Plinie affirmeth the Tode to be a present remedie for the sicknesse of Swyne Some say that yf a Sowe lose one of her eyes she dyeth soone after otherwyse she liueth fyfteene yeeres There is a kinde of disease amongst Swyne though otherwyse they be healthy and fatte wherin their fleshe is all infected with little graines as bigge as Peason the Greekes call them Chalazos and we at this day measled Swyne which you shal soone perceiue by the sight of the tongue and the horsenesse of their voyce this disease they say is naturall vnto them from which you shal preserue them yf you nayle certaine places of lead in the bottome of their Trough You shall also keepe them from this disease yf you geue them to drinke the roote of Briony the general and common remedy is Allome Brimstone and Bay berries of eache alike adde therevnto a handful of Soote beate them all togeather and put them in a bagge which bagge you shall cast into their water when they drinke and renue it twyse in the yeere EVPH. I pray you EVMEVS doo not dissemble but tell vs truely how you doo to haue your Hogges so fatte I beleeue you are in the Barne sometime when you should not be EVMEVS What meanes soeuer I vse in ordring my flocke is not to my mauters losse no more then is your diligence wherby you bring your cattell to be so fayre I told you before that he was an vnthrifty husband that had his Bacon from the shambles and not of his owne prouision and besides my maisters the Phisitions geue great commendations to Hogs flesh in that it hath such a nearenesse agreement with our bodyes neither is there as I sayde before a beast that makes more dishes And therfore it is greatly for profite to haue the husbandmans kytchen well stored with Bacon wherwith he may sustaine his houshold al the whole yeere You shal easely though woods be wanâ—ing â—ind Barnes Marshes Corne feeldes to feede them with They wyll be fatte as Plinie supposeth in threescore dayes specially yf they be kept from meate three dayes before you feede them they are fatted with Barley Otes or other Corne or Pulse eyther geuen whole or ground but of all others best wâ—th Mast and that flesh is better and of more substance that is fed with Acorns then that which is fatted with eyther Bâ—â—â—â— mast or Chestnutte This beast wyll in time be so fatte as he wyl be able neyther to goe nor stanâ— Yea Varro telles that there was seene in Arcadia a Sowe so fatte that she was not only vnable to ryse but suffered a Mouse to make her nest in her body and to lay her young there The same Varro reporteth that there was sent to Volumius a Senatour of Rome a peece of Porke of two ribs that wayed three twentie pound the thicknesse of which Sowe from the skinne to the ribbe was one foote and three ynches Your best is to put to fatting your Swyne of two or three yeeres olde for yf they be younger their growing wyll hynder their seedyng To keepe your Bacon any long time you must vse great diligence in the saltyng and drying of it whereby you shall haue it both holsomer and sweeter and besides to continue diuers yeeres to serue the turne yf scarsitte happen Your Hogge being in this sort fatted you must shut vp and not suffer him to drinke the day before you kyll him whereby the fleshe wyl be the dryer
hath often also been seene that their Coames being emptie they haue continued fasting till the Ides of Februarie and cleauing to the Coames as yf they were dead haue yet retayned their life but least they shoulde lose it altogeather it is good to powre them in some sweete licours by little pipes whereby they may sustaine their liues till the Swallow with her appearing promise a welcomer season After which time when the weather wyll suffer them they begin to seeke abrode for them selues for after the Sunne is in the Aeqâ—inoctial they neuer rest but trauaile painefully euery day and geather flowres and necessaries for their breeding Besides because fewe places are so fruitefull as they yeelde flowres both Sommer and Winter therefore in suche places where after the Spring and Sommer at whiche times both Beanes Rapes Wyllowes and other plantes and hearbes in euery place doo flowre the flowres doo faile they are carried of diuers and that in the night as I tolde you before into such places wheras there is good store of late flowring hearbs as Tyme wylde Marierum and Sauery wherwith they may be fedde geather foode at their pleasure and as Columella wryteth that Bees in the olde time were brought from the feeldes of Aâ—â—aia to the pastures of Athenâ— and so transported in diuers other places So may we with vs carry them from places where the flowres be consumed in the Spring to the sommer flowres as Clouer and suche other and after that about the end of the Sommer to places furnished with Heathe Tamariske such other late bearing flowre For the auoyding of this inconuenience of carrying from place to place I wyl shew you in what sort I haue ordered my Beeyard at home And because maister Hersâ—ach hath shewed you before in his Garden many good hearbes and yet not whereto they serue I wyll shewe you a fewe plantes that I haue set about my Bees seruing both for their commoditie and the health of my houshold I haue chosen of a great number suche as be most necessarie and of greatest vertue whose speciall vertues and woonderfull woorkinges geuen onely by the most gratious and bountifull framer of the Worlde and being as it were sucked and drawen out by the carefull toyle and diligence of the Bee must needes adde a greater perfection to their Hony and their Wax I haue first enclosed the yarde where my Bees stand with a quickset hedge made of Blacke thorne and Honysocâ—e the one of them seruing the Bee with his flowres at the beginning of the spring and the other at the latter end of sommer The first the Blacke thorne beareth a pleasant white flowre so much the welcomer to the Bee as it is the very farewell of the Winter for he commonly flowreth not till the Winter be past These flowres newly geathered and steeped all a night in the best and strongest Wine and afterwards destilled in Balneo Marie being drunke helpeth any paine in the sides as hath been certainely prooued Tragus the Germane confesseth that with this onely water he hath cured all manner of paines about the stomacke hart or sides Wine made of the Sloe and preserued vntill Iuly or August when the blooddy flixe most raigneth is a soueraine medecine against it The other the Honysocle or Woodbine beginneth to flowre in Iune and continueth with a passing sweete sauour till the very latter end of the sommer The water thereof destilled and drunke two or three dayes togeather at times asswageth the heate of the stomacke helpeth the Cough and shortnesse of breath Ragges of linnen dipped therein and applied doo heale any heate of the eyes or lyuer Next vnto my Hiues I haue planted the sweete hearbe Melissa or Apiastrum called in English Balme with a square stalke a leafe like a smoothe Nettle and a yellow flowre and groweth almost in euery Hedge an hearbe well knowen to the olde women in the countrey and greatly desyred of the Bee. This Melissa or Balme sodden in white wine and drunke two or three morninges togeather purgeth the brest helpes the shortwinded comforteth the hart driueth away the dumpishe heauinesse that proceedeth of Melancholy helpeth the falling sicknesse and almost all other diseases being chopped small and steeped a night in good white wine and afterwards destilled is greatly commended not only in deliuering women from their panges and greefes of the mother being drunke to the quantitie of three or foure spoonefulles but also cureth the paines or fainting of the hart called commonly the passion of the hart Cardamus greatly commendeth this hearbe for the comforting and renewing of a decayed memory and affirmeth that it is a causer of sweete pleasant sleepes Next vnto this haue I growing that sweete and precious hearbe Angellica whose seedes I first receyued from that vertuous and godly Lady the Lady Golding in Kent a Gentlwoman that setteth her whole felicity in the feare and seruice of the Almighty this hearbe is in flowre seede leafe stalke and sauour so like vnto Louage as they may hardly be discerned the one from the other the leafe doth in a manner resemble the Figge leafe sauing that it is more iagged and indented round about If any man be suddainly infected with the pestilence feauer imoderate sweat let him take of the roote of this Angellica in powder halfe a dramme and putting to it a dramme of Treacle mingle them togeather with three or foure spoonefulles of the water destilled of the said roote and after he hath drunke it let him lie sweate fasting for the space of three houres at the least thus dooing by the helpe of God he shall escape the danger the roote steeped in Uineger and smelt vnto and the same Uineger sometimes drunke fasting doth preserue a man from the pestilence to be short the roote and the water thereof is soueraine against all inward diseases it scowreth away the collections of a Plurisie beginning helpeth vlcered and corrupted Loonges and is good against the Collicke Strangury restraint of womens purgacions and for any inward swelling or inflamacion the iuyce thrust into a hollow tooth aswageth the paine the water dropped into the eare doth the like the said iuyce water put into the eye quickeneth the sight taketh away the thinne skins and rines that couereth the eye Besides a most present remedy in all deepe and rotten sores is the iuyce the water or the powder for it clenseth them and couereth the bone with good flesh It was called in the olde time Panacea or Healâ—al Next vnto this Angellica haue I growing in great plenty Cardus Benedictus or blessed Thistell whiche the Empirickes or common Proalisers doo commend for sundry and great Uertues affirming that it was first sent out of India to Frederyck the Emprour for the great Uertue it had against the headache or megrime being eaten or drunken Likewyse they say it helpeth against the dasing or giddinesse of the head maketh a good memory
and restoreth the hearing For the proofe of his greate force against poyson they bring foorth a young mayden of Pauy that hauing vnwares eaten of a poysoned Apple and therewithall so swolen as no Treacle nor medcine could cure her was at the last restored to health by the destilled water of this Thistell and likewyse that a boy into whose mouth as he slept in the feelde happened an Adder to creepe was saued by the drinking of this water the Adder creeping out behind without any hurt to the childe In fine they affirme that the leaues iuyce seede and water healeth all kind of poysons and that the water hath healed a woman whose brest was eaten with a canker to the very ribbes I haue also set in this little peece of ground great store of the hearbe called Numularia or Penigrasse which creepeth close by the ground hauing vpon a long string little round leaues standing directly one against the other and a yellow flowre like the Crowfoote It is a soueraine hearb for healing of woundes not only outward greene woundes but also inward sores and vlcers specially of the Loonges wherof there hath ben good profe Tragus affirmeth that he hath seene dangerous desperat woundes cured with this hearbe being boyled with Hony and Wine and drunke It healeth exulcerations of the brest and Loonges and may be well geuen to those that cough and are short breathed and to little children diseased with the dry cough who by reason of theyr tender age may take no stronger medicine I haue seene good plenty of it growing by the shadowy Ditches about great Peckam in Kent I haue beside there growing Scabious an hearbe that groweth commonly in Corne with a iagged leafe lying round vpon the ground and thrusting out in Sommer a long stalke with sundry branches the flowres growing in blewe knoppes or tuftes like Honycomes This hearbe being sodden with white wine and drinke doth helpe the Plurisie against which diseases the women of the countrey that many times take vpon them to be great Dâ—ctâ—esses in Phisicke doo stil the water thereof in May and geue it to be drunken at eache time two or three sponefuls not only against the Plurisie but against inward imposternes coughes and all diseases of the brest Against imposternes diuers as Traâ—us wryteth doo make this composition they take a handfull of Scabious the hearbe dryed of Liquerisse cut small an ounce twelue Figges Fenell seede an ounce Aniseede as much Or as halfe an ounce these they lay al a night in water the next day they boyle them tyl a third part be consumed and after making it sweete with Suger or Hony of Roses they geue it waâ—me in the morning and the euening wherewith they say the imposterne is ripened made soft and cought out â—VLLARIVS I remember that passing by the house of that honorable Baron the Lorde Cobham whose house you shall seeldome see without great resort by reason of his noble disposition and honourable intertainement that he geueth to all commers I chanced to see in his Parke at Cobbam a certaine hearbe called Veronica whereof I haue heard vertues MELISSEVS That can I also shewe you amongest the hearbes that I haue about my Bees it is called of some Feueriuum and Veronica as it is supposed of a certaine French King who was thought by the iuyce thereof to be cured of a great Leprosie it is called in english Fluellin it creepeth lowe by the ground as Penigrasse doth and beareth a leafe like the Blackthorne with a blewish speâ—kled flowre with a seede inclosed in little powches like a shepeheards purse and groweth commonly vnder Okes. D Hieron wryteth that the force thereof is marueylous against the pestilence and contagious ayres and that he him self hath often times proued The water of the hearbe steeped in white Wine and destilled therewithal he hath cured sundry times hotte burning and pestilent feuers as well in young men as in old Hieron Transchweyg commendeth it to be singuler good for all diseases of the Spleen the shepheardes of Germany geue it with great profite made in powder and mingled with salt to theyr cattell diseased with the cough being steeped in Wine and destilled it is a most present remedy in all pestilent feuers being geuen two ounces thereof with a little Treacle and after layed warme in bedde and well couered it expelleth the poyson by sweate and driueth it from the hart The water of this hearbe taken certaine dayes togeather two ounces at a time helpeth the turnesicke giddinesse of the head voydeth fleame purgeth blood warmeth the stomacke openeth the stopping of the Liuer healeth the diseases of the Loonges and the Spleen purgeth the Uaines the Matrice and the Bladder it driueth out sweat and venome helpeth the Iandise the stone of the Reygnes and other greeuous diseases You shall also haue amongest these plantes of myne the good sweete hearbe Cariphilata or of some Benedicta of others Sanamanda called in English Aueus whose roote whether it be greene or olde resembleth the Cloue in sauour the leafe is iagged rooffe of a darkish greene and not much vnlike to Agrimony the flowre is yellow and after the falling thereof leaueth a prycly knoppe like a Hedgehogge the roote the longer it hath growen the sweeter it is the speciall vse of this roote in some countreys is to be put in Wine in the spring time for it maketh the Wine to tast and sauour very pleasantly which Wine as many hold oppinion doth glad the harte openeth the obstruxion of the Liuer and healeth the stomacke that is ouer burdened with cold and grosse humors this roote boyled in Wine and geuen warme doth ease the greefe of the stomacke or the belly proceading of eyther cold or winde Hard by this hearb haue I planted the great water Betony called of some Ocimastrum of Mathiolus Scrophularia Maior it hath a great square stalke and bigge leafe indented round about the the flowre is in colour Purple and in fashion like the shell of a Snayle it flowreth in Iune and Iuly and groweth most by waters in shadowy places Tragus teacheth to make a speciall oyntment thereof seruing against all scabbes and sores wherewith he saith he hath seene people so mangy as they haue seemed euen Lepers to be cured his oyntment is this Take the hearbe rootes and all gathered in May washed and well clensed from all filth stampe it and strayne out the iuyce and keepe it in a narrowe mouthed glasse well stopped wherein you may keepe it a whole yeere and when so euer you list to make your oyntment take of the same iuyce of Wax and Oyl of eache a like quantitie and boyle them together vpon a Chafingdish of coles stirring them well tyll they be incorporated and so vse it Mathiolus teacheth to make a singuler oyntment thereof against Kernells the Kinges euil and the Hemrodes his order is this You must gather the rootes in the end of sommer
may spring the sooner it flowreth in Iune and Iuly and then falleth to seede it flowreth a very long while and is geathered the fourth day being rype in a very short tyme when it is in flowre of all other Pulse it receyueth harme by rayne when it is rype it must be geathered out of hande for it scattereth very soone and lyeth hid when it is fallen In the chych there neuer breedeth any worme contrary to all Pulse else and because it dryueth away Caterpillers it is counted good to be set in Gardens Cicercula in Latine in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Cicerse in Spanish Cizerche it differeth from the Chych only in that it is somewhat blacker which Plinie accounteth to haue vneauen corners as Pease hath and in many places about vs they vse them in steede of Pease esteeming them farre aboue Peason for they both yeeld more flowre then Pease is lighter of digestion and not so subiect to wormes Columella countes it rather in the â—umber of Fodder for cattell then of Passe for man in which number are these that followe And â—irâ—t Viciâ— in Latine in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Dutch VVycken in Frenche Vessae so called as Varro thinkes of wynding because it hath 〈◊〉 or claspes as the Uine hath wherby it clymeth vpon such stâ—lkes as growe next it it groweth halfe a yâ—rde hie leâ—â—â—ed like Tyutare sâ—uâ—ng that they be something narrower the 〈◊〉 like the â—lowre of Pease hauing little blâ—cke seedes in 〈◊〉 nor altogether ounde but broâ—e like the Lâ—ntell it reâ—uired above ground though it wâ—l also grow wel yenough in shadowye places or â—any ground with small labour being not trouâ—le come to the 〈…〉 it requireth but once plowing and sâ—â—keth for 〈…〉 â—or doungâ—ng but â—nricheth the lande of it seâ—â—e specially if â—he grounde be plowed when the crop is of so that the Stalkes may be turned in for otherwise the Rootes and Stalkes remayning doo sucke out the goodnesse of the ground yet Cato would haue it sowen in grassie ground not watrishe and in newe broken vp ground after the dâ—awe be gone the moysture dryed vp with the Sunne and the Winde You must beware that you sowe no more then you mâ—y wel couer the same day for the â—east deawe in the world dooth spoyle it Neither must you sowe them before the Moone be 24. dayes olde otherwise the Snayle will deuoure it his tyme of sowing is as Plinie writeth at the setting of the Starre called the Berward that it may serue to feede in December the secoâ—d sowing is in Ianuarie the last in March. In Germanie they vse to sowe them in March or Aprill chiefly for fodder for theâ—r cattell To sowe Tares and as Plinie sayth Beanes in not broken vp grounde without lâ—sse is a great peece of husbandry they flowre in Iune at which tyme they are very good of skowre horses it is good to â—aye them vp in the codde and to keepe them to serue Cattell withall Tares Oates make a good meslyne sowed together Lupinus in Latin in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian and French almost as in Latin in Spanish Altramuz in Dutch Roomsche Boouen is a Pulse hauing one onely stalke the leafe tagged in fiue diuisions like a starre the flowre white the coddes tagged indented about hauing within them â—iue or sixe seedes hard brode red the leaues thereof doo fal This pulse requireth least trouble and is of smal pâ—ice and yet most helpeth the grounde of any thing that is sowen for there can be no better manuring for barrayne Uineyardes and Corne â—eeldes then this which eyther vpon barrayne ground prospereth or kept in the Garner endureth a wonderfull wâ—yle being sodden and layd in water it feedeth Oxen in Winter very well and in tyme of dearth as Columella sayth serueth men to asswage their hunger it prospereth in sandy and grauelly groâ—ndes in the worst land that may be neyther loueth iâ— to haue any labour bestowed vpon it nor weyeth the goodnesse of the ground So fruitfull it is as if it be cast among Bushes and Brâ—er yet will it roote and prosper it refuseth both Harrowing and Raking is not anoyed with Weedes but killeth the weedes about it If doung be wantyng to mende the ground withall this serues the turne aboue all other for being sowed and turned in with the Plowe it serueth the turne in steede of dounging it is sowed timeliest of all other and reaped last it is sowed before all other Pulse a little after Haruest couer it how sclenderly you wyll it careth not an excellent good seede for an euyll husbande yet desyreth it the warmth of Autâ—me that it may be well rooted before Winter come for otherwyse the colde is hurtfull vnto it It flowreth thryse fyrst in May then agayne in Iune and last in Iuly after euery flowryng it beareth his codde Before it flowreth they vâ—e to put in Cattel for where as they wyll feede vpon all other grasse or weedes onely this for the bitternesse thereof whyle it is greene they leaue vntouched Being dryed it serueth for sustenaunce both of man and beast to cattel it is geuen medled with Chaffe and for bread for mans vse it is mingled with Wheate flowre or Barley flowre it is good to keepe it in a smokie loaft for yf it lye moyst it is eaten of lâ—ttle woormes and spoyled The leafe keepeth course and turneth with the Sunne whereby it sheweth to the husbande euen in cloudie weather what time of the day it is Fenú grecum in Latine in Greeke with Theophrastus and others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with Dioscorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Frenche Fenegres and Fenigrent in Italian Faenigraeco in Spanishe Alâ—oluas in Dutche sometime by the Latine name and commonly Roherne and Lockshorne commeth vp with a small stalke the leefe lyke a Threeleaued grasse it is sowed well in a sclender barrayne ground you must take heede you plowe it thicke and not very deepe for yf the seede be couered aboue foure fyngers thicke it wyll very hardly growe Therefore the grounde must be tyld with small Plowes and the seede presently couered with Rakes There are two sortes of it the one called of the common people Siliqua or code whiche they sowe for fodder in Sepâ—ember the other in Ianuarie or the beginnyng of Februarie when they sowe it for seede it flowreth in Iune and Iuly when also it beareth his codde but the seede is not ripe tâ—ll August it is dressed to be eaten after the order of Lupines with vineger water and salt some put to a little oyle it is vsed both for fodder and diuers other vses Furthermore of Pulse called of Gelliuâ— Leâ—amentâ— we haue these generall rules that they al beare coddes and haue single rootes euery one except the Beane the Chich growyng deepest The stalke of the Beanâ—
nor are in danger of storme or tempestes as other kinde of grounde is except suche parcels as lye neare Riuers and Ilandes whiche are sometimes ouerflowed and that discommoditie is sufficiently recompenced with the fatnesse that the water leaues behinde it whiche enricheth the grounde and makes it the better yeerely to yeelde his gayne eyther in Pasture or Meddowe The Pastures wiâ—h vs doo commonly serue both for Pasture or Meddowe when we list specially in suche places where the grounde is ritche and drye whiche they had ratired to employ to Pasture because with dounging of Cattell it waxeth â—â—wayes the better whereas with continuall bearing of Heâ— in hath growen to be mossie and nought but where the grounde is alwayes wette and watrishe there it is better to let it lye for Meddowe Columella maketh two kindes of Pasture grounde whereof one is alwayes drye the other ouerflowen The good and the riche grounde hath no neede of ouerflowyng the Hay being muche better that groweth of the selfe goodnesse of the grounde then that whiche is forced by waters whiche sometime notwithstandyng is needefull yf the barrennesse of the grounde requireth it for in badde and noughtie grounde good Meddowe may be made if it lye to be ouerflowen but then must the grounde neither lye hollowe nor in hilles lest the one of them keepe the waters vppon it to long and the other presently let it soorth agayne Therefyre lyeth the grounde best that lyeth leuelest which suffereth not the water to remayne very long nor auoydeth it too soone If in suche grounde it chaunce to stand ouerlong it may be auorded with water streame at your pleasure for both ouerplus and the want of water are alike hurtfull vnto Meddowes It is very handsome where drye and barrayne grounde lyeth so by the Riuer as the water may be let in by Trenches when you lyst in fine the occupying of Pasture groundes require more care then trauayle First that we suffer not Busshes Thornes nor great Weedes to ouergrowe them but to destroy some of them as Brembles Bryers Bulrusshes and Sedges in the ende of Sommer and the other that be Sommer Weedes as Sowthystell and all other Thystels in the Spring You must take heede of Swyne that spoyle and turne vp the grounde ilfauouredly and all other Cattell except it be in hard and drye weather for otherwyse they gult and maâ—re the grounde with the deepe sincking of their feete treading in the Grasse and breaking the Rootes The badde and barrayne groundes are to be helped with doung in Winter specially in Februarie the Moone encreasing and the stones stickes and suche baggage as lye scattered abrode are to be throwen out sooner or later as the grounde is There are some Meddowes that with long lying are ouer growen with Mosse whiche the old husbands were woout to remedie with casting of certaine seedes abrode or with laying on of doung specially Pigeons doung but nothing is so good for this purpose as often to cast asshes vppon it for that destroyeth Mosse out of hand Notwithstanding these are but troublesome remedies The best and certainest is to plowe it for the grounde after his long rest will beare goodly Corne. But after you haue plowed it it wyll scarse recouer his olde estate againe for Pasture or Meddowe in three or foure yeeres When you meane to let your ground lye againe for Meddowe or Pasture your best is to sowe it with Oates and to harrowe the grounde euen and leuell and to hurle out all the stones and suche thinges as may hurt the Sythe for Oates is a great breeder of Grasse Some doo cast Hey seede geathered from the Heyloaft or the racks ouer the grounde before they harrowe it Others agayne when their Meddowes haue lyen long sowe Beanes vpon them or Rape seede or Millet and the yeere after Wheate and the thirde yeere they let them lye againe for Meddowe or Pasture You must beware that whyle the ground is loose and soft you let not in the water for the force of the water wyll washe away the earth from the rootes of the Grasse and wyll not suffer them to growe togeather neither must you for the like daunger suffer Cattell to come vppon it except in the seconde yeere Goates or Sheepe or suche like after you haue mowed it and that yf the season be very drye The thirde yeere you may put on your greater sort of Cattell againe and yf the grounde be hilly and barrayne you may doung the highest part of it in Februarie as I saide before casting on it some Hey seede for the higher part being mended the rayne or water that comes to it wyll carry downe some part of the richenesse to the hottome as I saide before when I spake of the manuring of earable grounde But yf you wyl lay in newe grounde for Meddowe and that you may haue your choyse take such as is ritche dewye leuell or a little hanging or choose suche as valley where the water can neither lye long nor runne away to fast neither is the rancke Grasse alwayes a signe of good grounde for what goodlyer Grasse is there saith Plinie then is in Germanie and yet you shall there haue sand within a little of the vpper part Neither is it alway a watrie grounde where the Grasse growes hie for the very Mountaines in Sycherland yeeld great and hie Grasse for Cattell The Pastures that lyes by the Lakes of Dumone in Austri and Hungry are but selender nor about the Rhine specially at his falling into the Sea about Holland as likewyse in Frislande and Flaunders Caesar Vopiscus the Feeldes of Roscius were the principal of Italie where the Grasse would so soone growe as it woulde hide a staffe in a day You may make good Meddowe of any grounde so it may be watred Your Meddowes are to be purged in September and October and to be ridde of all Busshes Brambles and great foule Weedes and al thinges els that annoy them then after that it hath often been stirred and with many times plowing made fine the stones cast away and the cloddes in euery place broken you must doung it well with freshe doung the Moone encreasing Let them be kept from gulling and trampling of Cattel The Mouldhilles dounging of Horse and Bullockes must with your Spade be cast abroade whiche yf they remaine would eyther be harberours of Antes and suche like Uermine or els breeders of hurtful and vnprofitable weedes your Meddowes must be laide in towardes Marche and kept from Cattell and made very cleane yf they be not ritche they must be mended with doung whiche must be laide on the Moone encreasing and the newer the doung be the better it is and the more Grasse it makes whiche must be laide vpon the toppe of the highest of the grounde that the goodnesse may runne to the bottome The best hearbe for Pasture or Meddowe is the Trefoyle or Clauer the next is sweete Grasse the woorst as Plinie saith is Russhes
of the rootes which after two yeeres you must remooue into a warme and wel dounged grounde The trenches where you meane to set them must stand a foote a sunder and a shaftman in depthe wherein you must so lay your Sponges as being couered they may best growe bnt in the spring before they come vp you must loose the earth with a little Forke to cause them the better to spring and to make the rootes the greater Cato woulde haue you to take them but so as you hurt not the rootes after to pull the plant from the roote for yf you otherwyse breake it the roote wyl dye and come to nothing But you may so long croppe it tyll you see it begin to growe to seede in which yeere for the Winter tyme you must according to Catoes minde couer it with strawe or such like least the colde doo kil them and in the spring open it againe and doung it well Some thinke that the fyrst yeere it is needelesse to doo any thing to the plant but onely to weede it From the rootes which they call the sponges there springeth fyrst certayne buddes with crompled knoppes very good and pleasaunt for sallettes whiche yf you suffer to growe it straight bussheth foorth with braunches lyke Fennell and at length growe to be prickely after it hath flowred it beareth a Berrie fyrst greene and when it is rype redde If you would haue Sallettes of Asparagus al the yeere through when you haue geathered the Berries open the rootes that runne aloft by the grounde with dyggyng and you shall haue the rootes send foorth newe buddes out of hand It is thought that yf you breake to poulder the horne of a Ramme and sowe it watring it well it wyll come to be good Sperage In the Spring time they make a very good sallet being sodde in water or fatte broth tyll they be tender for yf you seethe them too muche they wyl waste away When they be sod they dresse them with Uineger Oyle Pepper and Salt and so eate them or as my freend Wylliam Prat very skilful in these matters telleth me they cutte them in small peeces lyke Dyse and after they haue parboyled them butter them with sweete butter a little Uineger and Pepper THRA You haue very well shewed me the orderyng of Asparagus I pray you goe forward to Rue MARIVS Rue which the Greekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines Rutam the Italians Rutache the Spaniardes Ruda the Frenchemen Rue de gardin is planted at the ende of Februarie or in March prospering best in drye and sunny groundes it abhorreth both water and doung whiche all other hearbes most delight in it most delighteth in asshes and where all other plantes wyll spring of the seede this they say wyll neuer doo it The branches being slipped of and set in the spring wyll very well growe but yf you remooue the olde roote it dyeth it delighteth in the shadowe of the Figge tree and being stolne as they say it prospereth the better it is sowed with cursyng as Cummin and diuers other and can not abide the presence of an vncleane woman THRA I see goodly Lettuse here I pray you howe doo you order it MARIVS Lettuse is called in Dutche Lattich in Frenche Laictue in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Lactuca and so in Latine in Spanishe Lechugas whereof besides the wylde there are three kindes one croompled whiche Columella calleth Caecilia and Spanishe Lettuse of the Countreys where it most groweth and is greatest esteemed in Dutch called Krauser Lattich in Frenche Crespue the other Cabbedge Lettuse in Dutch Knopf Lattich in Frenche Laictue testue of Plinie called Laconica and Sessilis because it groweth round like an head or a apple The third sort is called Rotunda because it groweth in compasse vpon the grounde THRA But howe come you to haue so good Lettuse and how doo you order them MARIVS At the ende of Februarie or in the beginning of March we vse to sowe it that it may be remooued about April or May. In hotte Countreys as Palladius telleth they sowe it in Ianuarie or in December with intent to remooue it in Februarie but you may sowe it at any time of the yeere so the ground be good wel dounged and watred When you remooue them the rootes must be pared and rubbed ouer with doung and such as be already planted their rootes must be bared and dounged they loue a good ground moyst wel dounged they spreade the better yf you set by thâ—m the Rape or when they begyn to stalke the stalke being tenderly clouen you lay vppon it a clod or a tyleshard they wyl be white yf you sprinckle them often with sand or tye sande within the leaues and both tender white you shall haue them If two dayes before they be geathered theyr toppes be tyed vp they wyll be rounde and Cabbeged yf the roote being remoued when it is growena hand brode in heyght be pared and smered with freshe Cowe doung and earth cast about it be well watred and when it growâ—th hye the top be cut a poâ—shard laide vppon it the sweeter also they wyll be the more you restrayne the stalke from shooting vp which must as I said be kept downe with some stone or weight that they may spreade the better If the Lettuse chaunce by reason of the badnesse of the soyle the seede or the season to waxe hard the remoouing of it wyll bring it agayne to his tendernesse it wyll haue sundry and diuers tastes yf taking a Treddle of Sheepe or Goates doung and hollowyng it cunnyngly with an Alle or a Bodkyn you thrust into it the seede of Lettuse Cresses Basyl Rocket Smallage Parsley and Radyshe and after wrapping it in doung you put it into very good grounde and water it well The Parsley or Smallage goeth to roote the others growe in heygth keeping styl the taste of euery one Constantine affyrmeth Lettuse to be a moyst and a colde hearbe a quencher of thyrst and causer of sleepe and that being boyld it nourisheth most and abateth lecherie for which the Pithagoreans doo call it Eunuchion Galen himselfe the prince of Phisitions dooth greatly commend it who in his youth dyd alwayes vse to eate it rawe and after in his elder yeeres boyled whereby he kept his body in good temperature Endiue in Latine Intabum or Intubus not vnlike to Lettuse some call it Garden Succory the Dutchmen and common sort Endiuiam the Italians and the French Cicoriam the Spaniardes Endibia it is sowen as other Garden hearbes in March it loueth moysture and good earth but you must make your beddes when you sowe it the flatter least the earth falling away the rootes be bared when it hath put foorth foure leaues you must remooue it vnto well dounged grounde that whiche is sowen before the kalendes of Iuly dooth come to seede but that which is sowen afterâ— seedeth not You must sowe that which you
would haue to serue you in Winter in October in warme stonie places for sallets in Winter they vse at this day when his leaues be out to fold them vp together tye them round in the toppe with some small thing couering them with some little earthen vessell the rootes still remayning to nourishe them withall thus dooing they wyll growe to be white and tender and to loose a great part of their bitternesse It is said that they wyll be whyte yf they be sprinckled a fewe dayes abroade and lying vpon sand be wasshed with the rayne and thus is Endiue with his encrease preserued all Winter Some there be that contentyng them selues with lesse charges and labour doo onely couer them with earth others agayne with strawe this order of wintering of it is nowe in euery place growen to be common THRA I see also in this pleasaunt Garden Colwoortes that we Countrey folkes be so well acquainted with MARIVS Is it meete my Garden shoulde want that whiche as you knowe Cato preferreth before all other hearbes in describing the woonderful properties and vses thereof and this place I onely appoynt for suche common potte hearbes as Colwoortes Beeâ—es Endiue Onyans Rapes Nauenes Leekes Carrettes Raddishe Garleeke and Parsneppes the woorthyer sort I place by them selues and as the nature of euery one requireth Colwoortes is commonly called in Latine Brassica or Caulis in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Frenche Choux in Italian Caule in Spanishe l'erza in Dutche Koil The olde wryters made diuers sortes of it as at this day there be One sort with great and broade leaues a bigge stalke and very fruitefull This sort is commonly knowen whiche being the pleasaunter in Winter when it is bitten with the frostes is sodde with Baken and vsed in porredge The tender part of the toppe being a little boyled is serued for sallettes dressed with oyle and salt The second sort with the croombled leafe of that resemblance that it hath to Smallage is called Selinocis or Apiaria of the common people crompled Col or wrinckled Col. The thirde sort whiche is properly called Crambe hath a smaller stalke and leafe smoothe tender and not very ful of iuyce The fourth sort is the great Cabbedge with brode leaues and a great head called in Dutche Kappes in Frenche Cheux Cabuz of the olde wryters Tritiana Brassica and this kind is only most set by In Germanie there is one kind of them that they call Lumbardy Colwoort or Sauoy Colwoort sweeter then the other and not able to endure the Winter and an other with very brode leaues croompled and full of wrinckles but a great deâ—le blacker whiche the Italians call Neâ—â—â—caules and the Latines Nigra Brassica of the number of thâ—se that they call commonly redde Col of the olde wryters Marucina Brassica There are besides other sortes takyng their names of they Countrey where they growe as Aricina and Cumana The best time for setting and sowyng of Colwoortes is after the Ides of April In colde and raynie Countreys the oftner it is dounged and raked the better a great deale wyl the Colwoortes be some vse to sowe them about the Kalends of March but then the cheefest of it goeth out in leafe and when it is once cut maketh no good stalke for the Winter after yet may you twyse remooue your greatest Col and if you so doo you shal haue both more seedeâ— and greater yeelde for it so aboundeth with seede as it is sowed with no lesse aduauntage then Rape seede For the making of oyle Colwoortes may be sowen all the yeere long but chiefly in March after it is sowed it appeareth within ten dayes except your seedes be olde and drye for olde seede wyl growe to Rapes as olde Rape seede wyl to Colwoortes Some say it prospereth best in salt ground therfore they vse to cast vpon the ground Saltpeter or Ashes which also destroyeth the Caterpiller it is remooued in Iune chiefely when it hath put foorth sire leaues and that when the weather is rayny so that you couer the roote before with a little freshe doung and wrappe it in sea-weede and so set it More diligence is to be vsed about the Cabbedge it must be sowen in March in the full of the Moone that it may remayne in the grounde two Moones and in May you must take them vp and set them agayne two foote asunder The ground must be well digged where you set them and as fast as they growe the earth must be raysed about them so that there appeare no more then the very toppes of them for to cause them to growe sayre and great you must as oft as you remooue them banke them vp with earth about them that nothing but the leaues appeare And this you must often doo to all the kindes of them the hoare frostes make them haue the greater sweetenesse The Uineyardes they say where Colwoortes growe doo yeelde the woâ—â—ser Uines and the Col corrupteth the wine THRA I pray you proceede with the rest of these pot hearbes MARIVS You see hereby Spinage so tearmed as you knowe of the prickly seedes called in Latine Spinacia and euen so in Italian Spanishe Frenche and Datche it is sowen as those before in March Apryll and so tyll September yf it may be well watred it commeth vp in seuen dayes after the sowing you shall not neede to remooue it The seede must presently after the sowing be couered and afterward well weeded it refuseth no kinde of grounde but prospereth in euery place you must often cut it for it continually groweth it is to be boyled without any water where in the boyling it doth yeeld great store of iuyce and contenting it selfe with his owne licquour it requireth none other Afterwarde being beaten and stirred with the ladell tyll the clamminesse be gone it is made vp in little balles the iuyce strayned out and boyled vppon a Chafyndishe with Ole or Butter some adde therevnto Uergius or the iuyce of soure Grapes to make the taste more tarte I shewe you in order as you see all my Kitchin hearbes nowe followeth Sorel called in Latine Acetosa in Italian likewyse in Spanishe Romaza in Frenche Oxella in Dutch Surick of the sowrer therof There are sundry sortes of it we haue at this day two kinde the Garden Sorel and the wylde whiche are pleasant both in broth and sallettes and of this hearbe the wyld sortes are both sowrer in taste and smaller in leafe it is sowed as all other potte hearbes are and it groweth of it selfe in Meddowes and Gardens Cummin and Corriander require well ordered ground they are sowed in the Spring and must be wel weeded Cummin is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Cuminum and almost like in all other languages it is sowed best as they thinke with curfyng and execration that it may prosper the better Corriander called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Coriandrum and in almost by the
side Woormewood though it growe in euery place yet this that you see here is Romane or Pontike Woormewood the Latines call it Cerephium or Aâ—sinthium Romanum the Dutchmen Romische wermut the Italians Assenso the Spaniardes Encensos the Frenchmen Aluine and Absince this kinde is sette in our Gardens and thought to be the best Sauine whiche we haue here also in our Gardens for diuers diseases of cattell is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Sabina in Dutche Seuenboun in Italian as in Latine in Spanish likewâ—se in French Sauinier it hath leaues lyke Iuniper or Cypres alwayes greene there are two kyndes of it one lyke the Tamariske the other lyke Cypres it is a bushe rather spreadyng in breadth then growyng in heyght the berries whiche he beareth may be geathered in the ende of Sommer or any other tyme. THRA But many times we see Gardens to be destroyed with woormes and vermine what remedy haue you for this MARIVS Of the faultes of the ground and the remedy thereof as the amendyng of eyther too much moysture or drynesse I spake in the beginnyng touchyng Woormes Flyes and other vermine that annoy the Gardens which for the most part are these Caterpillers Snayles Moles Myse Gnats and Antes There are that say that yf you mingle with your seedes Soote or the â—yce of Houseleâ—ke or Singreene the Caterpillers wyl not meddle with the hearbe that springeth of such seede and that they wyll doo no harme to your trees yf you sprinckle them with the water wherin the asshes of Uines hath been layde moreouer the stalkes of Garlicke made in bundels and burnt in Orchardes or Gardens destroyeth the Caterpillers They wyll not breede as they say yf you burne about the rootes of your hearbes or trees quicke brimstone and lyme the same they report of lye made of the Figge tree Antes wyll not annoy your corne or hearbes yf you encompasse it rounde with chalke or put into their hilles the asshes of burnt Snailes and yf some of them be taken and burnt the rest wyll not come neare the sauour yf Assa foetida be layde in oyle and powred vpon theyr hilles it vtterly destroyeth them they wyl not touch the trees nor the hearbes yf you annoynt the stalkes with bitter Lupines or lyme layde with oyle You must shake of the Caterpillers in the mornyng or late in the euenyng when they he nummed also water wherein Dyl hath been sodden cast about in the Orchard when it is colde destroyeth them It is written that yf you set Chiches about your Garden Caterpillers wyll not breede and yf they be already bredde you must seethe the iuyce of Woormewood and cast among them The doung of Bullockes burnt vpon the coles destroyeth Gnattes the lyke also dooth brimstone a Spunge wette with vineger and hanged vp draweth also swarmes of Gnattes vnto it also y mawe of a Sheepe newe killed not washed nor made cleane yf it be layde in the place where Motâ—â—as or other suche vermine doo vse and couered a little the vpper part you shal after two dayes fynde all the noysome vermine crept into it thus must you doo twyse or thryse tyll you thinke you haue destroyed them all Of killyng and driuing away Moles Sotion the Greeke wryteth that you must take a Nut or any like fruite and makyng it hollowe within syll it vp with Chaffe Rosen and Brimstone afterward stoppe the vent holes that the Mole hath in euery place that the smoke breake not out only leauing one open where you shal lay the Nut in such sort as it may receiue the winde on the backe part that may driue the smoke into the Mynes There are also trappes to be made for the destroying of Moles a frame is to be set vp vppon the newe hilles with a peece of wood so hollowe and framed that it may receiue as it were in a sheathe an other peece of wood made in fashion like a knife to this is ioyned an other little sticke that lyeth in the hole and is fastened to a catche without that as soone as the Mole toucheth the sticke within she is taken presently as it were with a payre of sheares Myse are taken yf ye powre into a platter the thickest mother of oyle and set in the house a night as many as come at it are taken also the roote of Bearfoote mingled with cheese bread floure or grease killeth them Tarte and very sharpe vinegre mingled with the iuyce of Henbane and sprinckled vpon the hearbes kylleth the Fleaes or little blacke woormes that be in them No kinde of vermine wil annoy your hearbes yf you take a good sort of Crefyshes and cast them in an earthen vessell with water sufferyng them to woorke abrode in the Sunne for the space of ten dayes and after with their lycour sprinckle your hearbes But I keepe yoâ— to long in this ilfauoured Garden yf it please you we wyll walke into the Orchard adioyning THRA With a very good wyll although the goodly faire colour and sweete sauour of these hearbes and flowres besyde the fayre headges enclosyng it as it were with a gorgeous greene tapestry make me that I could abide here euer MARIVS Both the Garden and the Orchard are inclosed with seuerall hedges and ditches whereby they are defended from hurtfull beastes and vnruly folkes as I tolde you at the fyrst when I began to speake of the enclosyng of Gardens and Orchardes THRA Euery thing liketh me passing wel Good Lord what a pleasant ground what a Paradise is this mee thinkes I see the Orchardes of Alcinous the trees are set checkerwise and so catred as looke which way ye wyl they lye leuel King Cyrus him selfe neuer had better If Lysander had euer seene this Orchard he would haue wondred a great deale more then he dyd at Cyrus his Orchard MARIVS Such gorgeous Gardens and Orchardes as Princes haue I neither desyre nor meane to counterfeyte but vsyng the diligence of a poore Countrey Gardner I builde as they say my walles accordyng to my wealth I framed the order and sette the most part of these trees with myne owne handes folowyng herein the Fathers of the olde tyme who delighted them selues cheefely with this kinde of Philosophie So then as I thinke the Trees and Wooddes to be the greatest commoditie geuen to men for besides the house pleasure that they minister vnto vs the gracious Lorde that is the geuer of all good thinges hath also geuen vs a number of other goodly commodities by them which at the fyrst serued men for foode coueryng clothyng which commodities the very Ethnickes had in estimation But vnto vs that knowe God by whom we haue receiued our preeminence aboue all other creatures which benefyte we ought with thankes to acknowledge the holy Scripture dooth teache a more hygher and mysticall consyderation for before that gracious Lorde had framed man wylling to prouide him of foode and apparrel â–ª he caused
because the Nurse sometimes ought to be kineder and tenderer then the Mother a meete ground must be chosen for the purpose that is a ground drye fatte and well laboured with the Mattocke wherein the stranger may be well cherished and very lyke vnto the soyle into whiche you meane to remoue them The kernels or stones must not be altogether naked but a little couered with some part of the fruite so shall they afterwarde endure the longer They must be sette a foote or there aboutes a sunder after two yeeres they must be remoued And because theyr rootes doo runne very deepe into the ground they must be somewhat bent or turned in to the end they may spreade abroade and not runne downeward Aboue all thynges you must see it be free from stones and rubbishe well fenced against Poultry and not full of chinckes or cleftes that the sunne burne not the tender rootes they must be sette a foote a halfe a sunder that they hurt not one y other with their neare growing Among other euils they wyl be ful of wormes and therefore must be well raked and weeded beside growyng ranke they must be trymmed and proyned Cato woulde haue them couered ouer with Lattuses vppon forkes to let in the sunne and to keepe out the colde Thus are the kernelles of Peares Pineapples Nuttes Cypresse and such others cherished They must be gently watred for the fyrst three dayes at the going downe of the sunne that they equally receyuyng the water may open the sooner Zizipha or Turky Plomes Nuts Wallnuttes and Chestnuttes Bayes Cheryes Pistaces Apples Dates Peares Maples Fyrres Plomes and diuers others are sette of the stone or kernels In remouyng of them haue speciall regarde that they be sette in the lyke soyle or in better not from hotte and forwarde groundes into colde and backward nor contrary from these to the other You must make your furrowes so long before yf you can that they be ouergrowen with good mould Mago would haue them made a yere before that they may be well seasoned with the Sunne and the weather or yf you can not so you must kindle fyres in the middest of them two monethes afore and not to set them but after a shewre The deapth of their setting must be in stiffe claye or hard ground three cubites and for Plome trees a handfull more The furrowe must be made Furnase like strayght aboue and broade in the bottome and in blacke moulde two cubites and a hand broade being square cornered neuer deeper then two foote and a halfe nor broader then two foote broade and neuer of lesse deapth then a foote and a halfe whiche in a wette ground wyl drawe neare the water Suche as delight in the deapth of the ground are to be set the deeper as the Ashe and the Olyue these such like must be set foure foote deepe the others it suffiseth yf they stand three foote deepe Some vse to set vnder their rootes rounde little stones both to conteyne and conuey away the water others lay grauell vnderneath them The greater trees are to be set towarde the North and the West the smaller toward the South and the East Some wyl haue no tree remoued vnder two yeere olde or aboue three and others when they be of a yeeres growth Cato resisteth Virgils aucthoritie that it is to great purpose to marke the standing of the tree as it grew at the fyrst and to place it towardes the lame quarters of the heauen agayne Others obserue the contrary in the Uine and the Figge tree being of opinion that the leaues shall thereby be the thicker and better defend the fruite and not so soone fall beside the Figge tree wyll be the better to be climbed vpon Moreouer you must beware that by long tarying the rootes be not wythered nor the winde in the North when ye remoue them whereby many times they dye the husband not knowyng the cause Cato condemneth vtterly all maner of windes and stormes in the remouing of trees and therefore it is to great good purpose to take them vp with the earth about them and to couer the rootes with a 〈◊〉 and for this cause Cato woulde haue them to be carryed in basaet◠fylled with earth vp to the toppe the tree must so be sette as it may stande in the middest of the trenche and so great heede must be taken of the rootes that they may not be broken nor mangled THRA Let vs nowe goe forward with euery tree in his order MARIVS Among all trees and plantes the Uine by good ryght chalengeth the soueraignetie seeing there is no plant vsed in husbandry more fruitefull and more commodious then it not alonely for the beautifulnesse and goodlynesse of the fruite but also for the easinesse he hath in growyng whereby he refuseth not almost any kinde of Countrey in the whole worlde except suche as are too extremely skorched with the burnyng heate of the Sunne or els to extremely frozen with the vehement colde prosperyng also aswell in the playne and champion countrey as it dooth vppon the hilly and mountayne Countrey lykewyse as well in the stiffe and fast grounde as in the soft and meilowe ground and oftentymes in the loamie and leane grounde as in the fatte and foggie and in the drye as in the moyst and myrie yea and in many places in the very rockes it groweth most aboundantly and most fruitefully as is to be seene and prooued at this day about the ryuer of Rhyne in Germany and the ryuer of Mosel in Fraunce and aboue all this it best abideth and beareth the contrary disposition of the heauens THRA No doubt it is the most excellent plant but whom doo you suppose to be the fyrst aucthour of the plantyng of it the common sort doo attribute the fyrst inuention of it to Bachus MARIVS We that are taught by Gods holy woord doo knowe that it was fyrst founde out by the Patryarke Noe immediatly after the drownyng of the worlde it may be the Uine was before that tyme though the plantyng and the vse thereof was not then knowen The Heathen both most falsely and very fondly as in many other thinges doo geue the inuention of the same vnto the god Bachus But Noah liued many yeeres before either Bacchus Saturnus or Vranius were borne THRA It is most likely so but I woulde faine knowe whether the planting of Uines doth more enriche the husband then other husbandries doo MARIVS About this question there is no little adoo among the wryters of olde where there are some that preferre grasing tyllyng and woodsales farre aboue the Uines and yet agayne there wantes not great and learned men that affyrme the Uine to be most gainefull as declareth that olde fruitefulnesse of the Uines mentioned by Cato Varro and Columella which vpon euery acre yeelded .700 gallondes of Wine and the Uineyardes of Seneca wherein he had yeerely vppon one acre .1000 gallondes when as in Corne ground Pasture or Woodland
abroade may haue some helpe of it and the doung must not touche the rootes for breaking of them yf there be no doung at hand the stalkes of Beanes and other Pulse wyll well serue the turne whiche both defendeth the Uine from frost and cold and keepes them likewyse from noysome wormes the kernelles and the stalkes of the Grapes doo likewyse supply the want of doung but the best of all is olde stale vrine The plantes of a yeere or two yeere old and so foorth til fiue yeeres must be discreetely digged and dounged accordyng to theyr state in sandy grounde the best doung is of Sheepe and Goates and in such sort you must digge the grounde that the earth that lyeth hyghest be cast to the bottome and that whiche was at the bottome be layde aloft so shall that that was drye by the moysture within be helped and that whiche was moyst and stiffe by the heate aboue be loosened You must also see that there be no holes nor pittes in the Uineyard but that it lye euen When you haue thus digged it and that the Uines haue taken roote the fyrst yeere the rootes that growe aboue must be cut away with a sharpe knife for the Uine yf it be suffered to roote euery way it hindereth the deepe downe growing of the roote The Uines that are now of two yeeres growth we must digge and trenche about two foote deepe and three foote broade according to the rule of Socion Of those Uines that climbe vppon trees you must likewise cutte of the sprigs that runne among the rootes of the tree least the small roote tangled with the greater be strangled and therefore you must leaue some little space betwixt the Uine the Tree OfteÌ„ digging causeth great fruitfulnesse good heede must be taken that the plantes be not hurt in the digging also it must be digged before his florishing or shooting out of his leaues for as immediatly therewithal he beginneth to thrust out his fruite So he that diggeth after the romming foorth thereof looseth muche fruite with the violenâ— shaking and therefore must digge the timelyer Cutting and dressing of the rootes you must begin in hand with at y Ides of October so that they may be trimmed and dispatched afore Winter After Winter digge about the rootes that you haue dressed and before the sonne enter the Aequinoctium leuell the roots that you haue trimmed After the Ides of April rayse vp the earth about your Uine in Sommer let the grounde be oftentymes harrowed After the Ides of October as I haue sayde before the colde come in you must dresse the rootes of your Uines which labour layeth open the Sommer springes which the good husband cutteth away with his knifeâ— for yf you suffer them to growe the rootes that growe downe wil perishe and it happeneth that the rootes spreade all aboue whiche wyll be subiect both to colde and heate and therefore what so euer is wâ—thin a foote and a halfe is to be cutte of but so as you hurt not the principall You must make this ryddance of the rootes at euery fall of the leafe for the fyrst fiue yeeres tyll the Uine be full growen after you must dresse them euery fourth yeere suche Uines as are ioyned with trees for the vnhandsomenesse can not be thus handled Uines and Trees the sooner theyr rootes be thus dressed the stronger and weyghtier they wyl be bâ—t such as growe vppon the sides of hilles must so be dressed as the vpper rootes neare to the stocke may spreade largely and vnderneath towardes the foote of the hill the earth must be bancked to keepe the water and the mould the better The olde Uâ—ne must not haue his roote medled withall for wytheryng nor be plowed for breaking of them but the earth a little loosed with a Mattocke and when you haue thus drest the roote lay doung about it After this ridding of the rootes then foloweth proyning or cuttyng whereby the whole Uine is brought to one twigge and that also cutte within two ioyntes of the earâ—th which cuttyng must not be in the ioynt but betwixt the ioyntes with a slope cutte for auoyding the water neyther must the cut be on that side that the budde comes out of but on the contrary least with his bleeding he kill the budde Columella appoynteth two seasons for the cuttyng of Uines the spring and the fall of the leafe iudging in colde countreys the cutting in the spring to be the best and in hotte countreys where the Winters be milde the fall of the leafe at which tyme both trees plantes by the deuine and euerlastyng appoyntment of GOD yeelâ— vp their fruite and theyr leafe Yet must not your settes be too nearely cut except they be very feeble but the fyrst yeere they be set they must be holpen with often digging and pullyng of the leaues moonthly whyle they beare that they may grow the better Pamphilus in Constantine declareth the time of cuttyng or proynyng to begin in Februarie or March from the fiftienth of Februarie tyll the twentieth of Marche some he sayth thought good to cut them immediatly after the geathering of the Grapes least by bleedyng in the spring they loose theyr sustenance though being cut in the fall of the leafe it springeth the sooner in the spring and yf the cold of frost happen to come it is spoyled Therefore in colde countreys it were better to proyne it a little then to cut it throughly that is to suffer the principall springes and branches to growe Agayne it is very necessary to cut them in the spring the cuttes must be made with a very sharpe knife that they may be smoothe and that the water may not stand in them to the engendring of wormes and corruptyng of the Uine you must cut them rounde so wyl the cut be sooner growen out agayne but Plinie woulde haue them slope wyse for the better auoydyng of the water The branches that be broade olde crooked or wrythen cutte away and set young and better in their place You must make an ende of your cutting with as much speede as you may from the Ides of December tyll the Ides of Ianuarie you must not touche your Uines with a knife for Columella witnesseth that Uines in Winter may not be cut In cuttyng remember well to cut it betwixt two ioynes for yf you cut it in the ioynt you spill it let the cut be alwayes downeward so shall it be safe both from sunne and weather You must not cutte them very early but when the sunne hath drunke vp the frost or the deawe and warmed the branche the springes of the settes the fyrst yeere must be cut with good discretion nor suffered to growe to ranke nor cut too neare but making the olde set to suffer a spring or two to growe out Next vnto cuttyng foloweth the proppyng or supportyng of the Uine and it is best for the young and tender Uine not to be stayed vp with any
riche and liuely dooth very well agree with this tree Chalkie ground is vtterly to be refused and watry and maryshe ground woorst of all The â—yke is a barrayne sand and a hungry sand but you may see it well in corne ground where eyther the Wylding or the â—asthelme hath growen but betwixt the Oke and it there â—â— great hatred for yf the Oke groweth neare it flyeth away and â—â—â—inâ—eth towardes the earth and though you cut downe the Oke yet the very rootes poysoneth and kylleth the poore Olyue The lyke some affyrme of the trees called Cerrus and Esculus for where they be pulled vp yf you set the Olyue he dyeth so dooth it as Plinie sayth yf it chaunce to be brused of the Goate On the other side betwixt the Olyue and the Uine there is great freendship and loue and it is sayde that yf you graffe the Olyue vpon the Uine it wyll beare a fruite that shal be halfe Grape and halfe Olyue called Vuolea in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an Olyue grape There are sundry wayes of plantyng of Olyues some take the biggest branches from the trees and saweing of the youngest plantes of two â—ubites in length they set them orderly in the ground some set the whole tree togeather Some agayne cuttyng of the toppes and all the branches set the stocke about the rysing of the starre Arcturus Many make them Impe Gardens in good grounde and mellowe suche as is commonly the blacke mould herein they set the young branches the lowest and the fayrest two or three inches in thicknesse and very fertill whiche they geather noâ— from the body of the tree but from the newest and latest bowes These they cut into prety settes of a foote and a halfe in length takyng good heede that they hurt not the rynde and paring the endes very smoothe with a sharpe knife and markyng them with redde Oâ—re that they may knowe whiche way they stoode afore and so settyng the lowest part into the grounde and the hyghest towardes the Heauen they put them in the grounde and so they growe the faster and beare the better for yf you should set them with the lower end vpward they would eyther hardly growe and prooue vnfruitefull and therefore they haue a regard of the setting of them You must beside before you set them rubbe ouer both the toppe the foote with doung mingled with ashes and so set them deepe in the ground coueryng them foure fyngers thicke with rotten mould You may choose whether you wyll set them all vnder the grounde or sette some part within the grounde and suffer the rest to appeare aboue the grounde those that be set all within the ground neede not to be marked but suche as shall stand with one part aboue the ground Didymus would haue them so set as they may appeare foure fingers aboue the ground and then to make a little trench for the receauing of the water and this maner of planting with the bowes is of Didymus best liked Where you meane to plant you must purge the ground of all other plantes busshes and weedes and the trenches must so be made as with the winde the sunne and rayne it may be mellowed made crombling that the plantes may the sooner take roote If your businesse require haste you must a moneth or two before burne in the trenches eyther stickes or reede or suche thinges as wyll easily take fyre and this you must doo diuers dayes togeather Your trenches must be three cubites or there about in deapth fourtie cubites a sunder wherby the trees may haue ayre yenough the first yeere second the third the earth must be trimmed with ofteÌ„â—aking the first two yeres you must not meddle with proppingâ— the third yeere you must leaue vpon euery one a couple of branches and often rake your Impe Garden the fourth yeere you shall of the two branches cut away the weaker being thus ordered in the fyfth yeere they wyll be meete to be remooued the stocke that is as bigge as a mans arme is best to be remooued let it stand but a little aboue the grounde so shall it prosper the better Before you remoue it marke the part that stood South with a peece of Oker that you may set it in like maner againe You must fyrst digge the trenched grounde with Mattockes and after turne in stone plowed earth and sowe it with Barley yf there be any water standyng in them you must let it out and cast in a fewe small stones and so settyng your settes cast in a little doung After the tenth of Iune when the ground gapes with the heate of the Sunne you must take heede that the sunne pearce not through the cleftes to the roote From the entryng of the Sunne into Libra you must ridde the rootes of all superfluous springes and yf the tree growe vpon the edge of a hill you must with little gutters drawe away the muddy water The doung must be cast on at the fall of the leafe that being mingled in Winter with the mould it may keepe the rootes of the trees warme The mother of oyle must be powred vpon the great ones the mosse must be cut of with an iron instrument or els it wyll yeeld you no fruite Also after certayne yeeres you must cut and loppe your Olyue trees for it is an old prouerbe that who so ploweth his Olyue Garden craueth fruite who doungeth it moweth fruite who cutteth the trees forceth fruite In the Olyue tree you shall sometime haue one branche more gallant then his fellowes whiche yf you cut not away you discourage all the rest The Olyue is also graffed in the wyld Olyue specially betwixt the rynde and the wood and by emplastring others graffe it in the roote and when it hath taken they pull vp a parcell of the roote withall and remooue it as they doo other plantes Those Olyues that haue the thickest barkes are graffed in the barke The time of graffing them is from the entryng of the Sunne into Aries and with some from the .xxii. of May tyll the fyrst of Iune The tyme of geathering of Olyues is when the greater part of half the fruite waxeth blacke and in fayre weather the riper the Olyue is the fatter wyll be the oyle In geathering of Olyues there is more cunnyng in making oyle then in making wine the lesser Olyues serue for oyle the greater for meate There is sundry sortes of oyle made of an Olyue the fyrst of all is rawe and pleasantest in taste the fyrst streame that comes from the presse is best and so in order The best oyle is about Venafri in Italy and Licinia in Spaine The next in goodnesse is in Prouence except in the fruitfull partes of 〈◊〉 The Olyues that you may come by with your handes you must eyther vpon the ground or with ladders geather and not beate them downe for those that are beaten downe doo wyther and yeelâ—e not so much oyle as the other
young or newely planted it is helped with doung or better with ashes they must be watred as often as the season is very drye and digged about continually in hotte countreys in October or Nouember in cold countreys in Februarie or March for yf you doo not often digge about them they wyll eyther be barrayne or beare noughty fruite they must be proyned cutte and ridde of aâ—l encombrances If the tree be sicke or prosper not well the roote must be watred with the mother of oyle mingled with the lyke quantitie of water as Didymus in Constantine sayth or vnsleckt Lyme medled with Chalke or Rozen and Tarre must be powred vpon the rootes you shal geather them in a very faire day being â—ounde and vnspotted and very rype and in the wâ—ne of the Moone They are best kept coffened betwixt two hollowe Tyles well closed on euery side with clay some â—y them onely in drye places where no winde commeth others keepe them in Chaffe Wheate many in Hony some in Wine and maketh the Wine more pleasant Democritus biddeth you beware that you lay them not neare other fruite because with their ayre they wyll corrupt them There is also made a kinde of wine of Quinces being beaten and pressed and â— little Hony Oyle put vnto it our countrey men make of them a precious Conserue and Marmelad being congealed with long seething and bâ—yled with Sugar Wine and Spices I wyll nowe shewe you of tâ—e Mâ—â—lar which the Greekes call M. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines Mespilus the Italians Nespilo tâ—e Spaniard Mespero the Frenchmen Mesplier or Nesâ—â—ier the Dutchmen Mespelen this tree is also of the number of Apple trees and Peare trees it is planted in like maner as the Quince is it delighteth in hot places but well watred though it doo well yenough in cold We haue seene it prosper very wel among Okes and Wooddes for we haue seene great Woods of them growing among Okâ—s that haue yeerely yeelded a great deale of money Some say it is planted of the scyens in March or Nouember in a well dounged ground and mellowe so that both the endes be rubbed ouer with doung It is also set of the stone but then it is very long before it come to any thing it is excellently well graffed in the Bramble the Pyrry or the Apple The Mâ—dlar that you meane to keepe must be geathered before they be ripe and being suffered to growe vppon the tree they last a great part of the Winter they are also preserued in sodden Wine and Uinegre and Water in Catos tyme they were not knowen in Italy Plinie and others haue spoken of them neyther is it certayne whether the olde wryters tooke them for Seruisses Plinie speaketh of three kindes of them the fyrst kinde hauing but three stones in them called therefore Priâ—â—â—cum We haue at this day two kindes the one hauing here and there prickles growing in euery Wood and Thicket very sowre afore it be mellowed and made soâ—t with frost and colde of Winter the other hauing no prickles at all with a great fruite whiche seemeth to be brought hereunto by diligent planting and graffing The wood of the wylde Medlar we vse to make Spoakes for Wheeles of and the twigges of them serue for Carters whippes Next vnto the Medlar for neyghbourhood sake we must speake of the Seruisse a hygh tree with a round berry or fashioned like an Egge wherefore it is called Ova as Theophrastus witnesseth and the fruite 〈◊〉 the Latines call it Sorbus the Italians as the Latines the Spaniardes Seruall the Frenchemen Cormie or Cormier the Dutchmen Sporeffelbaum The fruite growes in clusters as the Grape dooth the wylde is better then the Garden fruite It delighteth in colde places and yf you plant it in hotte countreys it wyll waxe bâ—rrayne It hath no prickles as the Medlar hath it groweth of the stone the sette the roote or the scyens and prospereth in a colde and a wette soyle vpon hilles it is planâ—ed in Februarie and March in colde counâ—reys and in hotte in October and Nâ—uembâ—r it is graffâ—d eyther vpon his owne stocke or on the Qâ—â—nce or Hâ—wâ—horne eyther in the stocke or the barke THRA I marueyle howe you can haue Pomegranates here I pray you shewe what oâ—der you vse MARIVS Among the strange fruites there is none câ—mparable to the Pomegranate so called I thinke because of his countrey Carthage and Africa where the beâ—t doo gâ—owe tâ—e tree as ye see is not hie the lâ—afe nâ—rrowe and of a very â—aire greenâ— the flowre purple and long like a Coffin the Apple that is compassed with a thicke rynde is all fâ—ll of graynes within it â—s called of the Greekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as well the tree as the fruâ—te 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Pomegranate sweete and sowre it is called in Latine Asalum â—unâ—â—um and Malum Granatum in Italian Mele grano in Spanishe Granada in Frenche Tomos de granâ—â— in Dutche Granataâ—ssel This tree onely as the Figge aâ—d tâ—e Uâ—â—e the body being clouen dyeth not the branâ—hes are full of prickles as the Gâ—rstâ—is it loueth both a â—ot ground and a hot câ—untrey and liketh not watrâ— places In some hot coâ—ntrâ—ys it groweth wylde in the busshes it is plâ—â—ted in the spring tiâ—e the rootes bâ—ing waâ—red with â—ogges doung and Stale It is graâ—â—ed vpon his owne stocke and also vppon other trees and likâ—wyse oâ— the scyences that gâ—owe from the rootes of the olde tree And though it may be plâ—nâ—d sundry wayes 〈◊〉 the best way is the branche of a cuâ—â—â—â— in lengtâ— smoothâ—d with your knyfe at â—oth the endes and 〈…〉 in the grounâ— with boâ—h his endes well smeared witâ—â—oâ—ges doâ—ng and Stale There is also an other way of planâ—yng it which iâ— to take a very fruiteful stocke which mâ—y be brâ—â—ght to the earth and him aâ—ter the maner of other trees they gâ—asse by â—nfolliation betwiâ—t tâ—e bâ—rke and the â—ynde and well and cloâ—ely bind it after they set it in the ground not toucâ—ing the grâ—â—â—ed part but the partes beneath annoynting it with the mother of oyle and make it fast with cordes that it slyp not backe tyll the branche be growen It much delighteth as Democritus sayth in the Myrtill insomuche as the rootes wyll meete and tangle togeather with great ioy The fruite wyll growe without kernels yf as in the Uine the pith being taken out the set be couered with earth and when it hath taken the spring be proyned There is as African reporteth in euery Pomegranate a like number of graynes though they differ in bignesse Basyl wryteth in his Hexam that the sowre Pomegranate wyll growe to be sweete yf the body of the tree neare to the roote be pearced through and fylled vp with a fat Pitche tree pin You shal haue them endure a very great whyle yf they be fyrst dipped in skalding water and taken out
Mast bearing Oke there is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â— in Latine Quercus siluestrum in Frenche Chesne a kinde whereof some thinke the Cerre tree to be called in Latine Cerrus growing in wilde and barrayne places Tâ—ere are some that doo number the Chestnutte tree amongst the Mast bearers but of this I haue spoken before The best Mast is the Oke Mast the next the Beech and the Chestnutte then the wylde Oke c. all very good and meete for the fatting of cattell specially Hogges The Oke Mast or Acorne maketh thicke Bacon sounde fleshe and long lasting yf it be well salted and dried on the other side Chestnuttes and Beeche Mast make sweete and delicate fleshe light of digestion but not so long lasting The next is the Cerre tree that maketh very sounde and good flesh the Mastholme maketh pleasant Bacon fayre and weyghty Plinie saith that it was ordayned by the lawe of the twelue tables that it should be lawfull for any man to geather his owne Mast falling vpon the ground of his neighbour which the Edict of the cheefe Iustice dooeth thus interprete that it shall be lawfull for him to doo three dayes togeather with this prouiso that he shall only geather the Acornes and doo no harme to his neighbour as Vlpianus witnesseth Glans Mast as Caius saith is taken for the fruite of all trees as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifieth with the Greekes though properly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 be those fruites that are shelde as Nuttes and suche other Upon these Mast bearers there groweth also the Gall in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in French Noixâ— de Galle in Italian and Dutch as in Latine in Spanish Agalla a little ball rugged and vneuen without whereof some be massie some hollow some blacke some white some bigge some lesser It groweth as Plinie saith the sunne rising in Gemini comming all out suddenly in one night in one day it waxeth white and yf the heate of the Sunne then take it it wythereth the blacke continueth the longer and groweth sometime to the bignesse of an Apple these serueth best to curry withall and the other to finishe the leather the woorst is of the Oke and thus of such trees as beare Mast. Nowe wyll I ioyne with all the principalest of the other trees to make vp your Wooddes amongst whiche are the Elme and the Wyllowe the Elme in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Vlmus in Italian Spanish Olmo in French Orme in Dutch Vlmbaum and Yffenholiz the planting whereof because it is to great vse and easily growes we may not let passe fyrst because it groweth well with the Uine and ministreth good foode to cattell secondly as it is al hart it maketh good tymber Theophrastus and Plinie doo both affyrme the Elme to be barrayne peraduenture because the seede at the fyrst comming of the leafe seemeth to lye hyd among the leaues and therefore it is thought to be some of the leafe as Columella affyrmeth He that wyll plant a Groue of Elmes must geather the seede called Samara about the beginnyng of March when it beginneth to waxe yellowe and after that it hath dryed in the shadowe two dayes sowe it very thicke and cast fine sifted mould vpon it and yf there come not good store of rayne water it well after a yeere you may remoue it to your Elme Groue setting them certayne foote a sunder And to the end that they roote not too deepe but may be taken vp agayne there must be betwixt them certaine little trenches a foote and a halfe distance and on the roote you must knit a knotte or yf they be very long twyst them like a garland and being well noynted with Bollockes doung set them and treade in the earth rounde about them The female Elmes are better to be planted in Autum because they haue no seede at this day in many places cutting of settes from the fayrest Elmes they set them in trenches from whence when they are a little growen they geather like settes and by this dealing make a great gaine of them in the like sort are planted Groues of Ashes The Ashe in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Fraxino in Spanish Fresno in French Fraisne in Dutch Eschen the Ashe delighteth in riche and moyst grounde and in playne countryes though it growe well yenough also in dry groundes he spreadeth out his rootes very farre and therefore is not to be set about corne ground it may be felled euery third or fourth yeere for to make stayes for Uines The Ashe groweth very fast and such as are forwardes are set in February with such young plantes as come of them in good handsome order standing a rowe others set such Ashes as they meane shall make supporters for garden Uines in trenches of a yeere olde about the Calendes of March and before the thirty sixth moneth they touch them not with any knife for the preseruing of the branches after euery other yeere it is proyned and in the sixth yeere ioyned with the Uine if you vse to cutte away the branches they will growe to a very goodly heygth with a rounde body smothe playne and strong Plinie writeth of experience that the Serpent doth so abhorre the Ashe that if you enclose fyre him with the branches he wil rather run into the fire then goe through the bowes Byrch called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Betula as Theoprastus writeth in his fourth booke is a tree very meete for Woods it prospereth in colde countryes frosty snowie and grauely and in any barraine ground wherfore they vse in barraine grouÌ„des that serue for no other purpose to plant Byrches it is called in Italian Bedolla in Dutche Byrken in Frenche Beula Pine Woods Fyr Woods Pytch tree and Larsh are common in Italy about Trent The Pine tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Pinus in Italian Spanish Pino in Dutch Hartzbaum is planted of his kernells from October to Ianuary in hotte and dry countryes and in colde and wette places in February or March the kernelles must be geathered in Iune before the clogges doo open and where you lyst to sowe them eyther vpon hilles or else where you must first plowe the grounde and cast in your seede as ye doo in sowyng of corne and couer them gently with a light Harrow or a Rake not couering them aboue a hand broade you shall doo well if you lay the kernells in water three dayes before The kernells of the Pine are called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Spanish Pinones The Fyrre tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Abies in Italian Abete in Spanish Abeto in Dutch Deamen loueth not to haue any great adoo made about it if you be too curious in planting of it it wyl growe as they say the worse it growes of his owne kernel in wilde mountaines playnes or any
wylde Oke serueth also well in water woorkes so it be not neare the sea for there it endureth not by reason of the saltnesse it wyll not be pearced with any Augur except it be wette before neyther so wyll it suffer as Plinie sayth any Nayle driuen in it to be plucked out agayne The Mastholme in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a tree well knowen in Italy the wood whereof is tough and strong and of colour like a darke redde meete as Hesiodus sayth to serue for Plow shares it may also be made in Waynscot and Payle boorde The Larsh tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Larice in Dutch Lerchenbaura was in the olde time greatly esteemed about the Riuer Poe and the Gulfe of Veniz not onely for the bitternesse of the sappe whereby as Vitruuius sayth it is free from corruption and woormes but also for that it wyll take no fyre which Mathiolus seemeth with his argumentes to confute It is good to susteyne great burdens and strong to resist any violence of weather howbeit they say it wyll rotte with salt water The Escle is a kinde of Oke called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Esclus is soone hurt with any moysture the Elme the Wyllowe and the Poplar whereof I haue spoken before wyll very soone rotte and corrupt they wyl serue wel yenough within doore and for making of Hedges The Elme continueth very hard and strong and therfore is meete for the cheekes and postes of Gates and for Gates for it wyll not bowe nor warpe but you must so dispose it that the top may stand downeward it is meete as Hesiodus sayth to make Plow handles of The Ashe as Theophrastus sayth is of two sortes the one tall strong white and without knottes the other more ful of sappe ruggedder and harder The Bay leafe as Plinie sayth is a poyson to all kinde of cattell but herein he is deceiued as it should appeare by the likenesse of the name for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the young tree whose leaues as is certainely tryed killeth all such beastes as chawe not the cudde Ashe besides his manifolde vse otherwayes maketh the best and fayrest horsemens staues whereof was made the staffe of Achilles whiche Homer so greatly commendeth it is also cutte out in thinne boordes The Beeche whereof I haue spoken before although it be brittle and tender and may so be cut in thinne boordes and bent as he seemeth to serue onely for Caskettes Boxes and Coffâ—â—s his colour being very fayre yet is he sure and trusty in â—earing of weyght as in â—xeltrees for Cartes or Waynes The barkâ— of the Beech was vsed in the olde time for vessels to geatâ—er Grapes in and other fruite and also for Cruettes and vessels to doo sacrifyce withall and therefore Cuâ—iâ—s sware that he brought nothing away of all the spoyle of his enimies but one poore Beechen Cruet wherein he might sacrifyce to his gods The Alder is a tree with a strayght body a soft reddish wood growing commonly in watry places it is cheefely esteemed for fundâ—tions and in water woorks because it neuer rotteth lying in the water and therefore it is greatly accounted of among the Uenetians for the fundations of their places and houses for being driuen thicke in pyles it endureth for euer and susteyneth a wonderful wâ—â—ght The rinde is plucked of in the Spring and serueth the Dyâ—r in his occuâ—ation it hath lyke knottes to the Cedar to be cut and wrought in The Plane tree is but a stranger and a newe come to Italy brought thyther onely for the commodiâ—ie of the shadowe keeping of the sunne in Sommer and letting it in in Winter There are some in Athens as Plinie sayth whose branches are .36 cubites in breadth in Lyciaâ— there is one for greatnesse like a house the shaddowe place vnderneâ—th conteyning â—1 â—oote in bignesse the tymber with his sâ—ftness â—atâ— his vse but in water as the Alder but dryer then 〈…〉 the Ashe the Muâ—bery and â—he Chery The Lynder in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so in Italian in Spanish Laâ—era in Dutch Lyndon this tree â—hâ—ophrasâ—uâ— counteth best for the woorkeman by reason of his softnesse it breedeth no woornes and hath beâ—wixt the barke and the wood sundry little ryndes â—â—ereof they were woont in â—linieâ— time to make Ropes and Wythes The â—yrch is very beautiful and fayre the inner rinde of the tree called in Latine Liber was vsed in the olde time in steade of paper to wryte vpon and was bound vp in volumes whereof bookes had fyrst the name of Libri the twigges and bowes be small and bending vsed to be carried before the Magistrate among the Romanes at this day terrible to poore boyes in schooles The Elder tree called of Dioscoridus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Sambucus in Italian Sambuco in Spanish Sauco in French Suseau in Dutch Hollenter dooâ—h of all other trees soonest and easelist growe as experience besides Theophrastus dooth teache vs and though it be very full of pith yet the wood is strong and good it is hollowed to diuers vses and very light staues are made of it It is strong and tough when it is dry and being laide in water the rynde commeth of as soone as he is dry The Elder wood is very hard and strong and cheefely vsed for Bare speares the roote as Plinie sayth may be made in thinne boordes The Figge tree is a tree very wel knowen and fruitefull not very hye but somewhat thicke as Theophrastus sayth a cubite in compasse the tymber is strong and vsed for many purposes and sithe it is soft and holdeth fast what so euer stickes in it it is greatly vsed in Targettes Bore tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Boxo in Spanishe Box in Frenche Bouys in Dutch Busthaum an excellent tree and for his long lastyng to be preferred before others The Box that turned is sayth Virgil. Iuniper called both of Theophrastus and Dioscoâ—ides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it driueth away vermine for with his sauour Todes and Snayles and suche lyke are driuen away in Latine it is called Iuniperus in Italian Ginipro in Spanishe Euebro in French Geueure in Dutch Wachoiâ—er it is very like to the Cedar but that it is not so large nor so hye though in many places it groweth to a great heygth the tymber wherof wyll endure a hundred yeeres And therefore Hanibal commaunded that the temple of Diana should be built with rafters and beames of Iuniper to the ende it might continue It also keepeth fyre a long time insomuch as it is saide the coles of Iuniper kindled haue kept fyre a yeere togeather the gumme whereof our Painters vse The Cedar tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Cedrus and almost like in other tongues the hardnesse of this tymber is onely praysed and that it wyll neither rotte nor
and the wylde Oke but the Fyners rather desyre the coles that are made of the Pine tree because they better abide the blowing and dye not so fast as the other The Cerre tree though the tymber be of no great vse yet serueth it wel to make cole of for the Brasse Forges because as soone as the bellowes leaue the fyre ceasseth and there is little waste in it but for building the tymber thereof is altogeather vnprofitable because it dooth easely breake and moulder away but being in â—ostes vnhewed it serueth well yenough within doore The aptest to take fyre is the figge tree and the Olyue tree the Figge tree because it is soft and open the Olyue tree for the fastnesse and the satnesse The Earth tree as Vitruuius sayth resisteth the fyre though Mathiolus as I sayde before goeth about to disprooue it In all the bodyes of trees as of liuely creatures there is skinne senowes blood fleshe vaynes bones and marowe theyr skinne is their barke of great vse among countrey people the vesselles that they geather their Uines and other fruites in they make of the barke of Lynd tree Fyrre Wyllowe Beech and Alder. The Corke hath the thickest barke which though he loose he dyeth not for so be benefâ—ciall hath nature been to him â— that becâ—use he is commonly spoyled of his barke she hath geuen him two barkes Of his barke are made Pantoffels and â—â—yppers and Floates for fyshing nettes and Angles yf the barke be pulled of the wood sinkes but the barke alwayes swimmeth The next to the rynde in most trees is the fatte the softest and the woorst part of the tree and most subiect to woormes therefore it is commonly â—ut away The sappe of the tree is his blood which is not alike in all trees for in the Figge tree it is milkie whiche serueth as a rennet for Cheese In Chery trees it is gummy in Elmes saltishe in Apple trees clommy and fatte in Uines and Peare trees watrishe they commonly spring the best whose sappe is clammiest The iuyce of the Mulbery is sought for as Plinie sayth of the Phisitions Next to the fatte is the fleshe and next to that the bone the best part of the tymber all trees haue not any great quantitie of this fatte and fleshe for the Box the Cornel and the Olyue haue neyther fatte nor fleshe nor marowe and very little blood as neyther the Seruisse nor Alder haue anâ— bone but both of them full of marow Reedes for the most part haue no fleshe at al in fleshe of trees there are both vaines and arteryes the vaines are broader and fayrer the arteryes are onely in such trees as wyl cleaue by meanes of which arteryes it commeth to passe that the one end of a long beame laide to your eare yf you doo but fillippe with your finger vppon the other end the sound is brought foorthwith to your eare whereby it is knowen whether the peece be straight and euen or not In some trees there are knoties on the outside as the wenne or the kernell in the fleshe of man in the whiche there is neyther veyne nor artery a hard knoppe of fleshe being clong and rolled vp in it selfe these are most of price in the Cedar and the Maple In some the fleshe is quite without veynes hauing only certayne small stringes and such are thought to cleaue best others that haue not their stringes or arteryes wyll rather breake then cleaue as the Uine and the Olyue wyll rather breake then cleaue The whole body of the Figge is fleshy as the body of the Mastholme the Cornel the wylde Oke the Mulbery and suche others as haue no pith is all bony The grayne that runneth ouerthwart in the Beech was taken as Plinie sayth in the olde time for his arteryes THRA There are other commodities beside the tymber to be geathered of these trees MARIVS Uery true for as I sayde before of the Medlar the Oke the Chestnut the Pine and the Beech these trees that growe in the Wooddes beside their tymber beare fruite also good and meete to be eaten So of the Fyrres the Pitch trees and the Pines we geather Rozen and Pitch to our greate commoditie and gayne as of the Oke the Beech the Chestnut the Medlar and the Pine we haue fruite both meete for man and also good for feeding of Hogges and other cattell In time of dearth both our forefathers and we haue tryed the good seruice that Akornes in bread hath doone yea as Plinie and others haue written they were woont to be serued in amongst fruite at mens tables Neyther is it vnknowen what great gaynes some countreys geat by Akornes Rozen and Pitch the Gaile also groweth vpon these Akorne bearing trees whereof I haue spoken before Amongest all the trees out of which runneth Rozen the Tarre tree a kinde of Pine is fullest of sappe softer then the Pitch both meete for fyre and light whose boordes we vse to burne in steede of candelles The Cedar sweateth out Rozen Pitch caled Cedria Moreouer of trees is Brydlime made the best of the Cerre tree the Mastholme and the Chestnut specially in the Wooddes about Sene and neare the sea side where they are carefully planted in great plentie by the Byrdlyme makers for they geather the berryes from the trees and boyle them tyl they breake and after they haue stamped them they washe them in water tyl al the flesh fall away Plinie affirmeth that it groweth only vpon Okes Mastholmes Skaddes Pine trees and Fyrre Byrdelyme is also made of the rootes of certaine trees specially of the Holly whose rootes and barkes withall they geather and lay them vp in trenches couered with leaues in a very moyst grounde some doo it in doung and there they let them lye tyll they rot then take they them out and heate them tyl they waxe clammy and after washe them in warme water and make them vp in balles with their handes it is vsed beside other purposes for the taking of byrdes Besides all this there sweateth out of trees a certayne Gumme knowen to all men as of the Chery tree the Plome tree the Iuniper the Olyue the Blackthorne the Iuie and Almond Out of the Iuniper commeth Uernish out of the Myrrhe Scorax out of the white Poplar Amber Plinie wryteth that Amber commeth out of certayne Pine trees in the fatte as Gumme dooth from the Chery tree And thus these thinges that I haue here at your request declared touching the order of plantyng and sowing I beseeche you take in good woorth you heare my wyfe calleth vs to supper and you see the shaddowe is tenne foote long therefore it is hye tyme we goe THRA I geue you most harry thankes that you haue thus freendly enterteyned me in this your fayre Orchard with the sweete desâ—ription of these pleasant hearbes and trees IVLIA Syr your supper is redy I pray you make an ende of your talke and let the Gentleman
euen it is a signe of some fault in the foote the Horse halteth eyther by reason of the spoyling of his hoofe in iourney or by yll showing or by vnholsome humours fallen downe by long standing in the stable or by windgalles If the fault be in the showing strike vpon the head of euery nayle with the hammer and when you perceiue him to shrinke plucke out that nayle or powre vpon the hoofe colde water and that nayle that is fyrst dry plucke out yf it matter squeese it out and powre in Pitch well sodden with olde Swynes grease you must also speedely open his hoofe belowe that the matter yf it be full of corruption may descend least it breake out aboue the hoofe and so cause a longer time of healing The signes of it be yf he holde vp his foote which yf you doo pare him to the quicke and where you perceiue it to looke blacke open it and let out the matter if he be hurt inward and standeth but on his toe it sheweth the fault to be in his hoofe but yf he treade equally with his foote it declares the greefe to be some other where then in his hoofe yf in his haulting he bowe not his ioyntes it is a signe the sore is in the ioyntes For al halting generally mingle Hemp with the white of an egge and stop the foote withall and after clap on the showe yf it be a wound put herein the pouder of Oystershelles and Uerdegrease to drye it vp or the white of an egge with Soote and Uineger The Cratches as they commonly call them is a malady that happeneth betwixt the Pastornes and the Hoofe in the manner of a skabbe and is ingendred of the dampes of the stable whyle he standeth wette legged the remedy whereof is all one with the paines which is likewyse a sâ—raunce breeding about the ioyntes breaking the skinne and mâ—ttring taking away the heare washe the sore with warme Bâ—ece or with the broth wherein is sodden Mallowes Brimstone and Sheepes suet which must be bounde about the sore place morning and euening or else Sheepe suet Goates suet Swines grease Uerdegrease and quicke Brimstone Bolearmeniacke and Sope boyled and made in oyntment wherewith you shal anoynt y sore twyse a day washing it first with warme wine after it is dried annoynt it in the meane time kepe him out of the water the lees of wine is also sometime vsed in the curing of the Cratches Windgalles which are swellinges and risinges in the legges are cured with cutting and burning some thinke they may be restrayned and cured by rideing the Horse oftentimes vp and downe in some colde and swyft streame also by washing his legges with Salt Uineger Swynes grease and Oyle wrapping them vp certayne dayes or by launcing or skarrifiyng they are cured the outward sores are healed by burning If the backe be wrong with the saddell or otherwise hurt that it swell Vegetius would haue you to seeth Onyons in water and when they be so hotte as the Horse may suffer to lay them vppon the sore and binde them fast which wyll asswage the swelling in one night Item salt beaten and medled with Uineger putting to it the yoke of an Egge layed vppon the swelling wyll heale it besides Arssmart stamped and layd to dooth presently asswage the swelling If the backe be galled washe it with Beere and Butter or cast vpon it the pouder of a Lome wall There is a disâ—ase that is common in Horses called the Uynes which yf he haue turne downe his eare and launce the sore at the roote of the eare take out the matter but take good heede you cut not the vaine that lieth a little aboue If a Horse haue been set vp hot after his iourney and in his heate hath been watred or taken colde whiche the Germanes call Verfaugen in Englishe foundred or in some places fraide the remedie is the skinne of a Weesel cut in smal peeces fresh butter a rotten egge and vineger mingled together and powred into the Horse with a horne after whiche let him stand couered with a wet cloth tyll he waxe hot A present and assured cure for this disease I learned not long agone of that honest wyse and valiaunt Gentleman captaine Nicholas Malbee in whom there wanteth nothing belonging to a woorthi souldier his medecine was this Garter each legge immediatly one handfull aboue the knee with a liste good and hard and then walke him to chafe him and put him in a heate and being somewhat warmed let him blood in both the brest vaines and in the vaines of the hinder legges betwene the hoofe and the Pastorne reseruing the blood to make a charge withal in this maner Take of that blood two quartes and of Wheate meale as it commeth from the Myll halfe a pecke and sixe egges shelles and all of Bolearmeniacke halfe a pound of Sanguis Draconis halfe a quarterne and a quarte of strong vineger mingle them all togâ—â—â—her and charge all his shoulders brest backe loynes and forelegges therwith walke him vpon some hard ground three houres after leade him into the stable and let him stande tyed two houres to the racke without meate or drinke walke him then two or three houres more and then geue him a little warme water with ground Malt in it and after a little Hay and prouender then walke him againe vpon the hardest ground you can geat you shal ryde him the next day a myle or two softly and so from day to day vntyll he be wel which wyl be within three or foure dayes Rememember to let him stand y first day after his first walking two houres in water vp to the belly this medecine is infallible The collicke or paine in the belly is thought wyl be eased in a Horse or Mule onely with the syght of a Ducke or any water foule To keepe your Horse froÌ„ flyes it is good to washe him ouer with the iuyce of the leaues of the Gourde in the middes of Sommer Many times Horses are troubled with wormes or bots which you shal perceiue yf they cast their looke vpon their belly yf they wallow oftentimes and strike their belly with their foote the remedy is Harts horne Sauine beaten and geuen him with a little vineger in a horne Columella would haue you rake the Horse with your hand and after that you haue plucked out the doung to washe his fundament with sea water or brine Bâ—asanolus in his Commentary vpon Hippocrates declareth howe he cured the Duke of Ferars Horse being in great daunger with woormes by geuing them quicke siluer and Scordium or water Germander when no other medâ—ines would helpe The Rhewine or distillation maketh a Horse slothful dull and faint yet wyl he be ledde rydden and moderate labour is not amisse for him let him drinke warme water with Wheate branne the moâ—e fylth he voydes at the mouth the better wyll it be for him There are some diseases thought to be
vncurable which yf the Horse had and was sold by the old lawes he was to be turned backe agayne except the bargaine were otherwyse of which number are the broken wineded the lunaticke and the manginesse called the farcine which disease yf it come once to y stones is thought vncurable to this they adde the through Splenâ— some thinke that broken winded is not to be cured because it is like to the consumption of the longs in a man yet some hope of recouery there is if it be taken in time for letting of blood in dry diseases is against reason But you may annoynt the hole body with Wine Oyle mingled togeather warmed and curry him against the heare till he sweate and geue him this drinke inward from the first day the iuâ—ce of Pisan Swines grease clarified Amylum in new sweete wine which being boyled together you may geue it him with a horne to open his pipes set him so as he stand warme The lunaticke eyes are cured by letting him blood in the temple vaines bathing the eyes on the outside with some warme bath putting into them some strong water certaine dayes till they be hole For the manginesse take the woormes called Cantharides beaâ—ing them mingle with them a little Uerdegrease and so annoynt them with it warming the body of the Horse with a fyrepan Others vse to washe him with warme water twyse a day and after to rubbe him with Salt sodden in water tyll the matter come out Aboue al other they say it excelleth in the beginning to anoynt him with the fat of a Seale yf it haue runne long you must vse stronger medicines as Lime Brimstone Tarre olde Swynes grease of eache a like quantitie boyled togeather and with a little oyle made in an oyntment they vse to rubbe it also with the Soote of a Caldron Against many diseases both of Horses and Bullockes they vse the roote of the hearbe called black Ellebor of some Bearfoote of others Setterwort which they thrust in the brest of the beast betwixt the fleshe and the skinne making a hole before with a Bookine Against all diseases of Horses Vegetius commendeth this medecine as the cheefest Centory Woormewood Dogge Fenell wyld Time Saâ—apen Betony Saxifrage Aristolochia Rotunda take of eache alike beate them small and sift them and yf the Horse haue an ache geue it him with water yf he be ferme with good strong Wine The olde husbands would not suffer their Horses to be let blood but vpon great necessitie least being vsed to it yf it should at any time be omitted it should breede some disease and therefore in very young Horses and suche as be healthy it is best not to let them blood but in the roofe of the mouth For those that be come to their full age you may let them blood before you put them to pasture but beware you beare a steddy hand and strike them not too deepe Geldinges you shall not neede to let blood the Horses of Barbary as they say neuer neede any medecine EVPHOR You haue spoken yenough of Horses it is time you say something of Asses HIPPO It is greatly out of order but since you wyll needes haue me so to doo I wil not sticke with you to say what I can therin that eache of you may doo the like in his charge Asses are commonly kept yet not to be little set by because of their sundry commodities and the hardnesse of their feedyng for this poore beast contentes him self with what meate so euer you geue him Thystels Bryers Stalkes Chaffe wherefore euery countrey hath store is good meate with him besides he may best abide the yll looking to of a necligent keeper able to susteyne blowes labour hunger and thyrst being seldome or neuer sicke and therefore of al other cattel longest endureth for being a beast nothing chargeable he serueth for a number of necessary vses in carrying of burdens he is comparable to the Horse he draweth the Cart so the lode be not vnreasonable for grinding in the Mill he passeth all others therefore in the countrey the Asse is most needeful for carrying of things to the market and Corne to the Myll In Egypt and Barbary where the ground is very light they haue also their vse in plowing and the fine Ladyes of the countrey doo ryde vpon Asses richely furnished yea they be very apt to be taught so as at this day in Alcayre you shall haue them daunce very manerly and keepe measure with their Musitian Varro maketh mention of two sortes one wylde whereof in Phrigia and Lycaonia there are great store the wylde Asses that are tamed are passing good specially for breede they are easely broken the other is tame of which I meane to speake The best are brought out of Arcadia although Varro seemes to commend the breede of Italy for goodnesse He that wyll haue a breede of Asses must haue the male the female both of reasonable age large bodyed sounde and of a good kind the male must be at the least three yere old for from three tyll they be tenne they be fyt for breeding they bring foorth their Coltes sometimes at two yeeres and a halfe but three yeeres is the best age the female goeth as long with her burden as the Mare and dischargeth in all respectes as she dooth but she wyll not very well reteyne except she be forced immediatly after the horsyng to runne about she seldome bringeth forth two When she foaleth she gets her into some darke place and keepes her selfe from being seene They wyll beare all their life time whiche as Aristotle sayth is thirtie yeeres they are put to the Horse a little before the tenth of Iune and beare euery other yeere they bring foorth their Fole at the twelfth moneth Whyle they be with Fole they must not be greatly laboured for hazarding their Fole the male must neuer be idle for he is as lecherous as the deuyll and by rest wyl waxe nought The Colt is suffered to run with the damme the first yere the next is gently tyed vp with her only in the night times the third yeere they are broken according to their vse The damme doth woonderfully loue her young so much as she wil not sticke to come through the fire to it but the water shee dare in no wise come neare no not to touche it with her foote neyther wil she drinke in any strange water but where she is vsed to be watred so as she may goe stand dry foote They delight to be lodged in wyde roomes are troubled with fearfull dreames in their sleepes whereat they so pawe with their legges that yf they lye neare any hard thing they hurt their feete in drinking they scarsely touche the water with their lippes as it is thought for feare of wetting their goodly eares whose shadowes they see in their drinking no beast can worse away with colde then this If your Asses halt
him selfe in a little house vppon wheeles sleepes hard by his charge The Sheepe of Greece Asia an Toranto and those which they call couered Sheepe are commonly vsed to be kept in houses rather then abroade for the excellencie and sinesse of their wooll EVPHOR What times doo you appoynt for the shearing of your Sheepe HEDIO The times of shearing are not in all places one but varry according to the disposition of the ayre the cattell and the countrey the best way is to haue good regarde to the weather as the Sheepe be not hurt by shearing in the colde nor harmed by forbearing in the heate In some places they haue two seasons in the yeere for shearing of their Sheepe the fyrst season for their shearing is eyther with the beginning of May or els with the ending of April the seconde season of theyr shearing is about the beginning of September Such as doo vse to sheare theyr Sheepe but once in the yeere doo commonly appoynt for their season the tenth of the moneth of Iune about which time also such as do sheare twyse a yeere doo sheare their Lambes Three dayes before you sheare them you must washe them well and when they be full dry you may sheare them they doo not in all places sheare their Sheepe but in some places as Plinie sayth pull them The old husbandes did account for the best wooll the wooll of Puglia and that which in Italy was called the Greeke fleese the next in goodnesse they tooke to be the wooll of Italy in the third place they esteemed the Milesian fleese the wooll of Pullia is but short and meete to be worne onely in ryding clokes The wooll about Toranto and Canas is thought to be passing good but the best at this day is the wooll of Englande The fyner your pasture is the fyner as it is thought you shall haue your wooll The wooll of suche sheepe as are slayne by the Woolfe the garmentes made thereof as Aristotle saith is aptest to breede Lyse If you happen in the shearing to clip the skinne you must foorthwith annoynt it with Tarre when you haue shorne them some thinke it good you annoynt them with the iuyce of sodden Lupines Lees of olde Wine and the dragges of Oyle made in an oyntment and after three dayes to wash them if it be neare you in the sea or yf the sea be farre of with rayne water sodden with Salt. And being thus ordred you shall not haue them to lose their wooll all the yeere but to be healthy and to carry a deepe and a fine fleese and therfore Virgil biddes you Goe plonge them oft in healthy streames There be some agayne that woulde haue you to annoynt them three dayes in the yeere the daâ—es being soone after you haue washed them with Oyle and Wine mingled togeather Against Serpents that many times lie hid vnder their Cribbes you must burne Cedar Galbanum or womans heare or Hartes horne in the ende of Sommer is your time for drawing and seuering of them as I tolde you before when you must sell your Sheepe that through feeblenesse they fayle not in the Winter Beside killing one or two of them you must looke well vpon their Liuers and yf the Liuer be not sounde for hereby is foreseene the daunger then eyther sell them or fatte them and kill them for veâ—y hard is it to saue them their Liuers being perished Infected Sheepe are more subiect to skabbes and manginesse then any other cattel which commeth as the Poete witnesseth When coldest stormes doo wette them neare And â—oary frostes on ground appeare Or yf you washe not of the sweate of the Sommer with Salte water or otherwyse If when they be shorne you suffer them to be hurt with brambles or thornes or yf you put them into houses where either Horses Mules or Asses haue stand but specially lacke of good feeding whereof procedeth poorenesse and of poorenesse skabbes and manginesse The sheepe that is infected is thus knowen yf he eyther scratch stampe with his foote or beate him self with his horne or rubbe him self against a tree whiche perceiuing him so to doo you shal take him and opening his wool you shal finde the skinne ruffe and as it were itchy diuers men haue diuers remedies for this malady but such as are not at hand to be had Virgil thinkes there is no presenter remedy Then at the first to clyppe away the sore For being hidde it festereth the more Constantine out of Dydimus affirmeth that the skabbes of Sheepe are healed by washing them with Urine and after annoynting them with Brimstone and Oyle The common shepheardes when they perceiue a Sheepe to fall a rubbing they strayghtwayes take him and shedding the heare doo seare the place with Tarre others doo teache other remedies more hard to be come by which are not for euery sheephard nor euery countrey to vse And yf the hole flocke be infected it dooth many times so continew as it shall be needfull to change houses and which in all other diseases behoueth both countrey and ayre This on alonely medecine haue I alwayes proued for the keeping in health of this cattell to be most present and soueraine take the berries of Iuniper beate them small and sprincle them with Oates and Salte mingle them all togeather and geue it your Sheepe three or foure times in the yeere for though they refuse to eate the Iuniper berries of them selues yet for the desire of the Salt and the Oates they wyl easely take them altogether If they be lowsie or full of tickels they vse to beate the rootes of Maple and seething them in water and opening the wooll with their fingers they pouer the licour so as from the ridge of the backe it runne all ouer the body Others vse the roote of Mandracke being wel ware that they suffer them not to tast it If they haue the feuer you must let them blood in the heele betwixt the two Clees whiche the Poete teacheth saying It easeth straight the flaming feuers payne If in the foote you strike the spinning vayne Some let them blood vnder the eyes some behind the eares The Fowle a disease betwixt the Clees is taken away with Tarre Alome Brimstone and Uineger mingled togeather or pouder of Uerdegrese put vppon it The swelling betwixt the two Clawes must be cut with great warinesse lest you hap to cut the woorme that lieth in it for yf you doo there commeth from her a hurtfull mattring that poysoneth the wound and maketh it vncurable Maister Fytzherbert a Gentleman of Northamptonshyre who was the fyrst that attempted to wrighte of husbandry in England appoynteth this cure his woordes be these There be some Sheepe that haue a woorme in his foote that maketh him to halte take that Sheepe and looke betwixt his Cleese and there shall you finde a little hoâ—e as much as a greate pinnes head wherein groweth fiue or sixe blacke heares like an inche long or more take
made it in this sort They put into a newe earthen vessell Uineger and suffered it to boyle softly vpon the fyre tyll the vessell had drunke vp the Uineger and into that vessel they powred in milke set it where it might stand stedfast whereby they had within a whyle theyr desyre But mee thinketh I haue for my part done yenough it coÌ„meth nowe to your turne EVMEVS to goe forward with the rest EVMEVS That the keeping of Swyne belongeth to husbandry dooth euidently appeare by the saying of the auncient husbandes counting him asseuthful and an vnthristie husband that hath his Bacon rather from the Buâ—cher then from his owne roofe for there aryseth as great profite many times to vs of our owne Swyne as doth to you that be keepers of greater cattell of your flockes for yf Bacon be away the cheefest supporter of the husbandmans Ritchin is wanting And wheras Swynes flesh seemeth abominable to the â—oolish Iewes I beleeue veryly they neuer tasted the Gâ—monds of Fraunce so highly commended by Varro Strabo Athenens and other learned wryters which I suppose were no other but the flyches of Westphaly so greatly esteemed at this day not onely in Germany but in Rome and that they were called by the names of Celtyck Gamonds because the old wryters specially the Greekes called all the countreys on this side the Alpes both French and Dutch by the name of Celtyck Surely there is no beast besides that makes more daynty dishes there is in him neare fifty different tastes where euery other beast hath but one and hereof came at fyrst the sharp law of the Censores forbidding it to be vsed at suppers the vdders the stones the trypes and the forepart of the heads of Swyne as Plinie witnesseth And most apparant is it that not onely the French and the Dutch in those dayes but also the Italians and the Greekes nourished great heardes of Swane Among the Greekes Hamâ—â— maketh mention of one of my name that had twelue Hogsties euery stye conteyning â—ifty Porklinges and Polybius wryteth of more then a thousand to be rered at a time among the auncient Italians Tuskans and French Varro accounteth a hundred but a small heard Who so wyll nourishe Hogges must haue regard both to the fayrenesse and the age Varro addeth beside the nature of the kinde and the country And because the young doo commonly resemble theyr parents he would haue you choose such as are fayre and large bodyed and which makes most to the matter as fruitefull as may be which Varro dooth cheesely commend those that be of one colour their bristelles would be thicke hard and blacke yf it be in a cold country if in a temperate you may nourish the smooth Theyr proportion would be long large syded and bellyed wide buttocked short legged footed bigge necked and well brawned short groyned and turning vpwarde his tayle wrynckled The kinde is most commended that bringeth many Pigges the country that breedeth large and greate the best age for the Boare is a yeere oldâ— though at half a yeere old they are able to serue a Sowe one Boare is yenough for tenae Sowes and mâ—â—e The Sowe is sufficient to bring Pigges at a yeere old and so for seuen yeeres after the fruitfuller she is the sooner she wâ—reth old at her fyrst farrowing you shall easely see what number shee wyll bring foorth for shee wyll not much differ in the other The best kind of Sowes haue twelue pappes the common sort tenne or not so many Euery Pigge doth knowe his owne pappe that he was borne to sucketh onely that and none other yf you take away the Pigge the pappe dryeth as both Plinie and experience sheweth They were woont to be bought bargained for in this sort Doo you warrant that these Swyne are sound that I shall well enioy them that you wyll answere the faultes and that they be of a healthy breede A wet moorish ground is meetest for this cattell for he delighteth not in water but in durt and myre so much as Varro wryteth that the Woolfe as soone as he hath caught a Sowe draggeth her to the water because his teeth is not able to abide the heate of her fleshe And although this beast wil away with any ground for he seedeth both in mountaynes champion and marish yet his cheese delight is in the Woods that is full of Quagmires where there groweth store of Oke Corke Beech Mastholme wyld Olyues wyld Dates Haselnuttes Crabbe trees Plome trees and Chery trees for these doo fruite diuers times and feede the heards almost al the whole yeere Where there wanteth Woods they must be fedde from the ground wherin a marrishes to be preferred before a dry ground that they may mousell in the marsh digge vp woormes wallowe in the myre and toomble in the puddels of water which in sommer is most needefull They also hunt after rootes specially Fearne rootes and the rootes of Bullrushes Rushes and Sedges beside good grasse well feedeth a Swyne and Orchardes of Cheryes Plomes Apples and Nuttes And notwithstanding all this the Barne for you must feede them often by hand when meate fayles abroade and therfore you must preserue store of Acorns in Cestornes in the water or dryed vppon smoky Floores also Beanes Pease and Tares must be geuen them and not so much as Barly spared for this kinde of feeding dooth make them fayre and not onely fattes them but geueth the fleshe a pleasant tast When they are yet young and sucke both they and theyr dammes must be well fedde they must be put to feede early in the mornyng afore the heate of the sunne after kept in shadowy places where there is good store of water Afore they goe to pasture they must be medecined least the grasse skarre them to much by which they wylbe greatly weakened In winter they must not be put abroade tyll the frost be of the ground and the yse thawed And though the Swyne wil roame at the knowen voyce of theyr swyneheard yet Varro will haue them be brought both to pasture and homeward with the sound of a horne theyr meate must be geuen them kattred thinne so shall both lesse suffise and the greater shall not harme the smaller as soone as they heare the horne though they be neuer so farre of in the Woods they come running with all haste Polybius telleth that the Italians vse not to follow their heardes as the Greekes and others doo but going a pretie way before them they blowe theyr hornes theyr heardes being aquainted with the blast doo follow them in great order They doo so well know and obay the call of the swyneheard yf we may beleeue Alianus that when certayne Rouers landing vppon the coast of Tuskan and taking great numbers of them out of theyr styes caried them aboord the theeues hauing wayed vp their anker and being vnder sayle y Swine vpon the hearing of theyr keepers voyce suddenly ran to the one side
proportion and yf they be empty not to meddle with them Plinie woulde not haue the Hony of the spring time whiche he calleth flowre Hony to be medled with all but to be spared Others leaue no Hony at all for them because of the abundance of flowres that are then springing which is the cheefe fundation of their Coames Such as be skilfullest doo leaue the Bees a twelfth part of theyr labour and this they doo about a thirtie dayes after the swarme which they make an end of commonly in May. The olde and the corrupt Coames are for the most part at this time taken away and the sound and such as are filled with Hony left in taking of the Hony at the latter time of the yeere they vse to destroy the oldest stockes to saue the charges of feeding of them This driuing and gelding of Hyues is not commonly vsed in the countrey but they rather according to theyr custome at the end of the yeere burne them alleging for theyr aucthoritie an olde englishe prouerbe of theyr owne Dryue Bees and loose Bees burne Bees and haue Bees and in some places they drowne them When you haue thus spoyled your Hyues you shall carry all your Coames into some handsome place where you meane to make your Hony and stoppe vp all the holes and creuisses of the walles and wyndowes as close as you may for the Bees wylbe very busie to recouer the pray Your Hyues being thus driuen yf there be any ill placed Coames at the entry you shall alter them and place them in good order so as the toppes stand downeward so when you next geld them you shall easlyer take out the olde Coames and leaue the newe and the Wax shal be the newer which the older it is the worse it is When so euer you take out your Coames looke that you strayne out the Hony the same day whyle they are hotte and newe The Hony that you take at the full of the Moone as Plinie sayth yeeldeth most and the fayrer the day is the thicker it is The Coames being taken out let them rather be warmed then heated least by ouer heating them you strayne out the Wax with the Hony afterward put them into a good strong bagge and with a presse or other instrument made for the purpose or with a wycker baskette presse out the Hony but see that before you presse it you seuer from it suche Coames as haue in them young Bees called with some Grubbes or any redde or rusty drosse for these with theyr euill iuyce corrupt the Hony. When the Hony is this strayned out it is put into earthen vessels and suffered to stand vncouered a fewe dayes tyll it haue wrought and cast vp a loft all his drags which you must often skim of with a little sticke but in many places they are not so curious but iumble alltogeather and so sell it grose as it is The best Hony is alwayes in the bottome as the best Oyle aloft and the best Wine in the middest CHENOBOSCVS What countreys yeeldes the best Hony and which count you the best MELISSEVS The best Hony was in the olde time thought to be in Athens and in Sicil it is nowe thought very good that commeth from Moscouia and the Northeast regions The Hony at the beginning is thinne as water and after the strayning it worketh like newe Wine and spurgeth at the twentieth day it waxeth thicke and afterwardes is couered with a thinne rine or filme where the froth of the purging is geathered togeather The best Hony and least infected the Bees doo geather from the leaues of the Oke the Lindtree and the Reede There is three sortes of Hony the best kinde is that which is called Authim or flowre Hony made in the spring-time the next is Sommer Hony or hasty Hony made in thirty dayes after the tenth of Iune when the Dogge beginnes to come in the thyrd is Heath Hony a wyld kind of Hony and not allowed being geathered after the first shewers of Autum whyle the Heath is in flowre and therefore like the Sandy Hony. The best Hony as Diophanes sayth is cleare yellowish smoth in touching and fine roping yf it be drawen in length and long sticking togeather clammy and hard to be got asunder the Hony that is of the worst making is to be boyled Bread yf it be dipped in it doth strayght corrupt it and therefore take heede you put it not where Bread hath been The fragments of the Coame that haue once been pressed being taken out heated and strayned agayne doo make a second Hony which you must put vp and keepe by it selfe for spoyling of the other Noughty counterfet Hony is diserned by the burning for the ill Hony burneth not cleare as the sayd Diophanes witnesseth The drosse that remaineth after the pressing after that you haue diligently washed it in sweete water must be put in a brasse Caldron and putting a little water thereto melted vpon the fyre which when you haue done you must straine the Wax through a Siue or such like thing made of Strawe or Rushes and after seethe it againe and powring it into some vessel with water from whence you may eassy take it make it vp in cakes or what fashion you like Plinie wryteth that the Coames must fyrst be washed well and afterward dryed in the darke for the space of three dayes and the fourth day set vppon the fyre in a newe earthen vessell so as the Coames be couered with water and then strayned through a Ciue last of all boyled againe in the same vessell and the same water and so poured into vessells with colde water hauing theyr sides noynted with Hony. The Waxe wyl be very white after it hath stand in the Sunne and beene twyse sodden you shall make it blacke with the asshes of Paper and being mingled with Uermillon it wylbe redde and so otherwyse coloured as you lyst CHENOBOSCVS If in the making of your Hony your Bees be almost consumed what wayes haue you to repayre them MELISSEVS When as an olde stocke is come to be small and that you are to furnish out the number you must destroy as I sayd the newe king in the spring time when there is a newe broode in the Hyue that the newe people without discord may dwell with theyr olde parentes And yf so be the Coames haue not yeelded a newe broode you must take the dwellers of two or three other Hyues and put them into one but so as you remember before to sprinckle them with some sweete lycour and so shutte them vp with foode conuenient for them tyll they be fully acquainted leauing but little breathing holes about the Hyue and keepe them thus enclosed three dayes Others doo vse to kill the eldest king but that Columella alloweth not but yf the king be very old the age of Bees shall shortly be shewed vnto you and the people alwayes geuen to sedition then shall you choose a
the berries be white It is graffed also in the Figge and the Elme which in olde time they would not suffer for feare of corrupting Of the Mulbery is made a very noble medicine for the stomake and for the goute they wyll longest endure as it is saide kept in glasses The leaues doo serue to feede Sylkewoormes withall whereof some make a very great gayne and set them rather for that purpose then for the fruite THRA What tree is that with the ruddy coloured fruite like a Chery MARIVS It is a Cornell tree called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Cornus in Italian Corneolo in Spanishe Zereko seluestro in French Cornâ—er in Dutch Cornelbaum the tree is thought neuer to exceede twelue cubites in heyght the body is sounde and thicke like horne the leafe is like the Almond leafe but fatter the flowre and â—he fruite is like the Olyue with many beryes hangâ—ng vpon one stalke first white and after redde the iuyce of the ripe beries is of a blooddy colour it loueth both mountaynes and vâ—lleys and prospereth both in moyst gound and dry it groweth both of the sâ—â—ppe and of the seede You must beware you plant it not neare to your Bees for the flowre dooth kill as many of them as â—asâ—eth it THRA What tree is tâ—e same that groweth next vs MARIVS That tree is called Ziziphus in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Giuggiâ—le in Spanishe Azâ—feâ—fo in French Imubae in Dutch 〈◊〉 the beries whereof are like the Cornel beries the lowâ—e like the Olyue flowre but more sweeter Columella speaketh of two kindes thereoâ— the one redde the other white they are set of the stones in hotte countreys in Aprill and in colde places in May or els in Iune you may set both the stone and the brancâ—e it is very slowe in grâ—wing yf you set the plant you mâ—st doo it in March in soft grounde but yf you set the stone you must set them in a little trenche of a hand broade three stones togeather with their poyntes downeward it loueth not to riche a ground but rather a lâ—ght groâ—nd and a warme place in winter as Palladius sâ—yth it is good to lay stones about the body of the tree The next are Italian Fylbertes in Latine Pistaâ—ea in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Paâ—â—inachi in Spanish Alhoziâ—o in French Pistaches in Dutch Welsâ—e piniâ—ernus the leafe is narrowe and browne for vpon the branches hang the Nuttes lyke the Nattes of the Pine. Of this tree it is thought there â—s both male and female and therefore they growe commonly togeather the male hauing vnderneath his shell as it were long stâ—nes it is graffed about the first of April but vpon his owne stock and vpon the Terebâ—â—th and the Almond tree They are also set as Palladius witnesseth in the fall of the leafe in Ocâ—ober both of the sâ—ippes â—nd the Nutte it delightâ—th in a hot and a moyst countrey and ioyes in often watring THRA Because I remember you tolde me bâ—fore that of plantes and trees some doo growe of the seede or fruite and some are graffed and becâ—use I haue heard the graffing of most of them I would nowe fayne heare you speake of suche trees as growe only oâ— the stone or berry MARIVS Your remembrance is good for thoâ—gh they commonly growe bâ—tter when they be graffes yet some therebe that prosper the better being sowen and wyâ—â— scarse growe aâ—y other way And thâ—ugh same of the foresayde trees being set doo well pâ—osper as the Midlâ—r the Cornell and diuers other yet sometimes they waxe wyldeâ— and are long before they come to perfection which Virgill also affâ—rmeth For that same tree that of the seede the stone or berry growes Doth slowly spryng and â—long it is ear any fruite â—e shewes And when it comes it proueth wyld and dooth degeneraâ—e And loseth that same relishe sweeâ—e that longeâ—h to bâ—â—state but by graffing it is restored agayne Some of them agayne howe so euer they be sowen or set doo not degenerate or grow out of kinde as the Bay the Date the Cypresse the Peache the Abricoct the Danison the Pistace the Fyrre tree and the Chery and because they be not all of one order I wyll tell you seuerally of the chefest of them To plant trees of the seede nature as I saide before taught men at the fyrst the seede being deuoured of birdes and with the doung let fall in the cleftes of trees where they after sprong and grewe The Bay in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Laurus in all other tongues almost as in Latine The berry is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Lauri â—aâ—â—s in Italian Bacche de lauro in Spanishe Vaya de laurel in Dutch Lorbâ—ren a most gratefull tree to the house a porter to Emperours and Byshops whiche cheefely garnisheth the house and standeth alwayes at the entry Cato maketh two kindes thereof the Delphick and the Cypresse the Delphick equally coloured and greener with great berries in colour betwixt greene and redde wherewith the Conquerers at Delphus were woont to be crowned The Cypresse Bay hath a shorter leafe and a darker greene guttered as it were rounde about by the edges which some as â—linie sayth suppose to be a wylde kinde it groweth alwayes greene and beareth berries he shooteth out his branches from the sides and therefore waxeth soone olde and rotten it dooth not very well away with colde grounde being hot of nature it is planted dâ—uers wayes the berries being dryed with the North winde are geathered and layd abrâ—ade very thinne lâ—â—t they cluster togeather afâ—erward being wet with vrine they are set in furrowes a handfull deepe and very neare togeather in March they be also planted of the slippe and the sâ—yens If you set them of the sliâ—pe you must set them not pâ—sâ—ing â—â—ene foote a sunder but so they grow out of kinde Some thinke that they may be graffed one in an other as also vpon the Seruiâ—se and the Ashe the berries are to be geathered about the beginning of December and to be set in the beginning of March. Nutte trees are most commonly planted of the Nutte as all other shell fruites are Of all Nuttes the Almond is counted to be the worthyest called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Mandorle in Spanishe Almeidras in French Amandes in Dutch Mandelen they are set in Februarie and prosper in a cleare and a hotte ground in a fat and a moyst ground they wyll grow barraine they cheefely set suche as are crooked and the young plantes they are set both of the slipes the roote and the kernell The Nuttes that you intend to set must be layd a day before in soft doung others steepe them in water sodde with hony letting them lye therein but only one night least the sharpnesse of the hony spoyle the plant and being thus ordered Columella sayth they wyl be both
the pleasanter and growe the better The tops and the sharpe endes you must set downeward for from thence commeth the roote the edge must stande towarde the North you must set three of them in tryangle a handfull one from the other they must be watered euery ten dayes till they growe to be great it is also planted with the branches taken from the middest of the tree The Almond is graffed not neare the toppe of the stocke but about the middest vpon the bowes that grow out This tree dooth soone beare fruite and flowreth before all others in Ianuarie or Februarie Virgil accountes it for a prognosticatour of the plentifulnesse of Corne. When thicke the Nutte tree flowres amidde the woodde That all the branches laden bend withall And that they prosper well and come to good â–ª That yeere be sure of Corne shall plentie fall The bitter ones which are the holsomer are made sweete yf round about the tree foure fyngers from the roote you make a little trenche by whiche he shall sweate out his bitternesse or els yf you open the rootes and powre thereon eyther vrine or Hogges doung or yf at the roote of the tree you thrust in a fat wedge of Pâ—tche tree By this meanes as Basyl sayth they wyll loose theyr bitternesse but no tree groweth sooner out of kinde and therfore you must often remooue it or graffe it when it is great Wallnuttes called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Iâ—glantes in Italian Nocy in Spanishe Nuezes in French Noix in Dutch Groisse nusz they are set in the ground as Plinie sayth the seame downeward about the beginning of March some thinke that they wyl growe as the Filbert doth eyther of the slippe or the roote it groweth speedely and liketh a dry and a cold place better then a hotte The Nutte that you meane to set wyl growe the better yf you suffer it to lye foure or fyue dayes before in the water of a boy and wyl prosper the more yf it be often remooued those Nuttes as it is thought prosper best that are let fall by Crowes and other Birdes Yf you pearce the tree through with an Augur and fil vp the place agayne with a pin of Elme the tree shall lose his knotty hardnesse neither wyl he lose his fruite yf you hang by eyther Mullet or a peece of Skarlet from a dounhill THRA What is the reason you plant your Wallnut trees round about on the outside of your Orchard and not among your other trees MARIVS Because his shadowe is great vnholsome beside the hurt he dooth with his dropping He sucketh out a great deale of good iuyce from the ground for as you see they are very mighty and high trees so as some of them are two or three â—â—dome about they occupie a great deale of roome with their standing and beguile the other trees of their sustenance besides there are certaine trees they agree not well withall and therefore haue I set them on the outside of my Orchard as standardes to defend their fellowes from tempest and weather Among Nuttes is also to be recounted the Hasel Nuttes a kinde whereof is the Filbert called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Auellanâ—â— in Italian Noâ—iuole in Spanish Auellamas in French Nâ—râ—eeâ—â—e in Dutch Haselnuâ—ez they are planted after the maner of the Almond it delighteth in claye and watrâ—sh groundes and vpon hilles being well able to abiâ—e the colde They were fyrst brought into Asia and Greece from Pâ—â—tus and therefore called Ponâ—icâ—e and Heracleoticâ—e c. Among the Nuttes also chalengeth the Chestnut his place though he be rather to be reckoned among mast whereby is called the Nut or mast of â—upiteâ— in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Castanea in Italian Castagne in Spanish Castaua in French Castagnes in Dutch Kastey it loueth well to growe on mountaynes and in colde countreys it hateth waters and desyreth a cleane and a good mould it misliketh not a moyst grauell ground and ioyeth in a shadowy and Northerly bancke it hateth a stiffe and a redde clay grounde it is planted both of the Nut and the set it is better planting Wooddes of them of the Nut then of the set otherwyse the safer way were the set whiche in two yeeres beareth fruite It is planted when the sunne is in the Aequinoctial both of the scyens the set the branche and the roote as the Olyue is The Chestnuttes that you meane to sowe must be very fayre and ripe the newer they be the better they growe you must not set them after that sort that you set Almonds or Filberts but with the sharpe end vpward and a foote a sunder the furrowe must be a shaftman deepe You were better as I sayd to make your Groue of the Nut then of the settes whiche wyll be meete to be felled for stayes in seuen yeere Columella wryteth that the Chestnut meete for the supporting of Uines yf he be sowed in well digged ground dooth quickly spring and being felled after fiue yeeres it prospereth like the Wyllowe and being cut out in stayes it lasteth till the next felling as shal be shewed hereafter when we speake of Wooddes They wyll also haue the Chestnut to be graffed on the Wallnut the Beeche and the Oke it hath been seene that where they grow two and two togeather they prosper the better The Pine in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Pinus in Italian and Spanish Pino in Frenche Pin in Dutch Hartzbaum is planted not muche vnlike to the Almond the kernelles of the key clocks being set as the Almond is they are geathered in Iuly before the caniculer windes and 〈◊〉 the Nuttes the huske being broken fall out The best time of sowing them Palladius reckoneth to be October and Nouember this tree is thought to be a nourisher of all that is sowen vnder it The Pitche tree is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Tiâ—ea in Italian Pezzo in Spanish Pino negro in Dutch RotdannenbauÌ„ but I come nowe to the Chery The Chery tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fruite 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian the tree Ceraso the fruite Cerase and Ciregio in Spanish Cerezo and Cereza in French Cerisier and Cerise in Dutch Kirsbaâ—m kirsea the tree is easie to be planted yf the stones be but cast abrode they wyll growe with great encrease such is their forwardnesse in growing that the stâ—yes or supporters of Uâ—nes being made of Chery tree are commonly seene to growe to be trees They are graffed vpon the Plome tree vppon his owne stocke vppon the Plane tree and on the Bramble but best vppon the wylde Chery it ioyeth in being graffed and beareth better fruite yf you graffe them vpon the Uine your tree shall beare in the spring the time of graffing is eyther when there is no Gumme vppon them or when the Gumme hath left runnyng They remoue the wyld plant eyther
with Oyle Uineger and water and after whilst it is warme a little Alom made in powder and cast into it doth cure the skabbe being annoynted in the sunshine Other vse to annoynt them with Butter and Bullockes pisse and some againe take Rozen Tarre Wine and vse it as a Pultesse Hydebound is when the skin so stickes to his backe that you can not take it vp from the ribbes which happeneth by suffering him to take cold after his swette or yf after his labour he be wette with rayne or brought lowe with sicknesse which because it is very dangerous you must looke that when they come from their labour and are hot you sprinkle them with Wine and geue them some peeces of fatte or suet But yf they be alredy Hydebound it is good you seeth some Bay leaues and with the warme decoction thereof to bath his backe and to rubbe him all ouer with Wine and Oyle mingled togeather and to lyft and plucke vp the skinne round about and that abroade while the sunne shineth If his bleeding stench not after the cutting of the vaine the remedy is to lay his owne doung to the place A common medecine for all diseases as Vegetius reporteth is this the roote of a sea Onion the roote of the Popler and the common Salte of eache a sufficient quantitie lay them in water and geue it your cattell to drinke tyl they be whole which also being geuen in the beginning of the spring for the space of fourteene dayes preserueth them from all sicknesse Nowe that you haue heard in what sort the old husbands did remedy the diseases in their cattell I shall breefely declare vnto you the remedies that are obserued in sundry diseases at this day wherof I haue chopt in some amongst the medecines before First for the Murraine it beginneth at the first in the throte and swelleth in the head and rotleth with much noyse in the throte whereby it is perceaued take a quart of newe Milke half a peniworth of Butter a peniworth of Garlicke two peniworth of English Saffron two peniworth of Cinamon two peniworth of Turmericke a quantitie of Hearbegrace a quantitie of Bittony mingle them altogether geue it him warme then take an Alle and thrust the top of his nose vpwarde take but the very top to thrust through and not to the headwarde then let him blood in the necke almost a pottell yf he be able saue the blood and let it stand yf it change he may liue yf not he dieth An other for the same Where he swelleth about the iawes and vp to the eares open him vnder the iawes to the roote of the tongue get in your finger and open it a good wydenesse then take a good peece of ruâ—tie Bacon a handfull of Raggewort stampe them well togeather and fyll the hole full with it then let him blood at the nose and the tongue A drinke for the same Take Tansie Hearbegrace Longwort Hisope Time of eache a like quantitie halfe a handfull stampe them and take a quarte of good Alegroundes and seethe them a wallope or two take and straine it and put the licour into a vessell put therunto a peniworth of Graines a peniworth of long Pepper a peniworth of Ortment a peniworth of Fenegreke geue it the beast luke warme The sicknesse of the Loonges is perceiued yf the Dewlappe be hard closed togeather very farre vp also in hard feeling the Hyde vpon the backe it cracketh or snappeth much also a short husking and thrusting out the tongue withall yf it be much perished on the left side he is vncurable whiche you shall perceiue by the Hyde which wyll sticke fast on that side and likewyse the Dewlappe yf he be farre gone he wyll grone much The remedie for this disease is to take long Pepper a peniworth round Pepper asmuch of Graines two peniworth of Turmericke two peniworth of Fenegreke two peniworth of Mace asmuch Cloues a peniworth of Anisseedes a peniworth of Madder two peniworth of Tryacle of Geane the vtter rine of Wallnuts dryed and made in pouder Iuniper berries poudred Oxe Loongworth Fetherfewe Hearbgrace Tansie Horse Mintes Bay berries poudred a peniworth of Garlicke a quarte of Chamberly a pinte of Salte a quantitie of Butter Setter him before or immediatly after this medcine geuen The order of Settring a Bullocke is this take Setterwort otherwyse called Bearfoote and Garlicke like quantitie peele and stampe the Garlicke pare the Setterwort cleane and wrappe them wll in Butter then cut the Dewlappe two inches behinde the sticking place to the brestwarde and cut it alongstwyse about two or three inches and pull the Dewlappe with thy finger or with a sticke rounde about one side from the other as much as you can possible Then put the Setterwort Garlike and Butter as much as thou canst well put in and thus doo on both sides the Dewlappe then rowle him so that the string may goe through both holes on both sides the Dewlappe alwayes remembring to cut the Dewlappe a handbroade or aboue the bottome and in any wyse to rent him to the bottome before you put in the medecine The third day after the Settring looke to them open the wounde and let out the corrupcion yf it be come downe if not put in more of the medicine and turne the rowle and yf it be much swolen and hard and wyll not rotte take a hotte iron and take vp parte of the soare the skimâ—â— and the fleshe in such place as thou seest most conuenient so as it come not to the bone and thrust the iron through on the one side and on the other or once right vnder yf the swelling be right beneath and tarre him well yf the flyes be busie Which flyes yf they chaunce to get into the soare take a cloth or towell and lappe it about a sticke and put it into skalding hotte Tarre and so among the Maggottes searching euery corner wel After you haue pearsed him with the hot iron remember to take a little sticke and Towe and dipping it in Sallet Oyle or Wooll Oyle to rubbe the hole where the iron passed The sicknesse of the Gall is knowen by the running eyes yf he haue much yellowe earewaxe it is also discerned by the browne yellowes vnder the vpper lippe the cure is this Take Chamberly good Ale groundes or Beere groundes hard Soote in pouder Gallwort beastes Loongwort Planten leaues Hearbgrace Hempleede or Hemp toppes Garlicke stamped a peniworth of Aqua vite for a great Bullocke take almost a quarte of this medecine for a small Bullocke lesse when he hath drunke take Salt Lome of the wall and leauened bread and rubbe well his tongue and all the roofe of his mouth then washe his backe and chafe it wel with Chamber-lye lukewarme geather all these hearbes in Sommer and keepe them and make them in pouder This medecine serueth likewyse for the Loonges If a Bullocke be diseased in