in the Spring is better then that gathered in Autumn as being taken from new wax and generated from new plants Summer Hony is worse then that which is gathered in the Spring because it is more sharp and hot The winter Hony is worst of all for it evaporates from the wax and growes thick CHAP. XXIV Of Drink and the matter fit for Drink PVre water is cold and moist that is best which is clear limpid without any muddinesse or matter swimming in it without any taste or smell thin and smooth which runs speedily through the Hypochondrium and is presently distributed through the body soon hot and soon cold To these marks of good water may be added two more viz. Take two linnen rags of the same weight and moisten them in two several sorts of water and then dry them in the sun if one be dry'd before the other that water is the best when they are both dry weigh them again and if one be lighter then the other that water is the best As to the places whence water is taken fountain water is to be preferred so it have the above named qualities for if it want them it is to be rejected Hip. li. de loc Aer aq sets down other properties that it should flow toward the Eastern Sun especially in the summer That it should glide through clean ground neither muddy nor clayie but through sand and gravel and which is hot in the winter and cold in the summer For that shews that it flowes from the deep bowels of the earth which by Antiperistasis are hot in the winter and cold in the summer Those that rise against the Northern or Southern Sun are worse as being raw and heavy and passing slowly through the body Rain water next to fountain water is counted best and by some preferred before it if it have its due properties which are these that it be brought in earthen pipes into a covered cistern if it passe through a gravelly place if it fall in the spring time in gentle showers and not in storms if it be kept in a very clean cistern and that it wash down along with it no filth from the tiles We have given the first place to fountain water according to the opinion of Hip. Galen and Avicen But there are many reasons why rain-water is to be preferred before it And first Celsus l. 2. c. 18. The lightest Water is Rain next Fountain next River next Well next Snow next Icie-water the more heavie is Lake-water the heaviest of all is Puddle-water Aetius Tetrabib l. 1. serm 3. c. 165. Rain-water saith he is the lightest of all and is most quickly chang'd Hip. l. de Aer loc aq praises rain-water as being light sweet clear and thin for that it being the lightest and thinnest part is drawn up by the Sun Vitruv. l. 8. c. 9. The Water saith he which is collected from showres hath more wholsome vertues because it is drawn up from the most clear and subtle fountains and then strein'd by the motion of the air it descends melting in showres upon the earth Averroes in Cant. saith that rain-water is the best and more excellent then river or fountain-water These authorities are backt also by experience for rain-water being weigh'd proves lightest cools and heats quickly oppresses not the Hypochondrium but passes suddenly through the body having neither in colour smell nor taste any manifest quality The thinness of it appears in this that pulse are sooner boyled in it then in fountain-water Besides all sorts of plants do shew the wholsomnesse of rain-rain-water which are better nourished with rain then with any artificial watring Nay as Pliny affirms reeds that grow in puddles will not come to maturity nor increase without rain And Aristotle 8. l. de hist Animal that the fish themselves which live continually in the water do not live nor engender well in dry years You will say that the humours dissolved into vapours and carried up by their levity to the stars do borrow from them a certain vivifick vertue which it afterwards imparts to the things below It may be objected that snow and hail are of the same matter with rain yet the water which they melt into is rejected by all Paulus answers that snow and icie water is of all the most pernicious because all the thin parts are prest out by the congelation Secondly It may be objected out of Galen that rain-water suddenly putrefies and hath an astringent quality But Paulus answers in these words Let no man imagine putrefying water to be the worst when the proclivity which it hath to alteration proceeds from its vertue not from its vice And Galen himself 1 de fac Alim saith that those things which are easily concocted are easily corrupted and on the contrary those things which are hard of digestion are slow to corrupt As to the binding quality there is an answer given by Avicen who saith that rain-water therefore seems binding because it is presently distributed and passeth presently to the urinary passages Hence it happens that the excrements not being well moisten'd through their drinesse beget astriction for of it self rain-water cannot binde when as it is so thin and airy for those things that binde are of a terrene substance By this which hath been said it appears that rain-water seems to be preferred Yet with the consent of most approved Authors we do prefer the fountain because if it have the conditions before mentioned it remains in the same state and is not altered by external causes On the contrary rain-water requires so many properties which depend on outward things that it is difficult for them all to concur so that if any one of them be wanting it necessarily loseth of its perfection that is if it fall from tiles not well washed or be kept in foul cisterns or be not fill'd up in a convenient time Now there is a doubt when is the fittest time to receive this rain water since there are not a few that do affirm from Hipp. that water preserved in the summer time and descending with thunder is to be preferred by reason that it is the most thin and light But notwithstanding such water by reason of its thinness and lightness hath a certain prerogative yet because in the summer time various exhalations do arise out of the earth which retain something of the nature of minerals and are mingled with the vapours that cause rain therefore those waters are not so commendable which is hence manifest because they do suddenly putrefie and worms are often bred therein For lightning and thunder arise from sulphurous exhalations which do many times infect the air with their smell Besides in the summer time the waters of lakes puddles and ditches contract a putrefaction and the vapours that rise from them are part of the matter of rain which is therefore vitious and easily corruptible For these reasons we prefer that water which is preserved in the spring when
Temperaments in the third of Humors in the fourth of Spirits and natural Heat in the fifth of the parts in the sixth of the faculties and Functions in the seventh of the generation of Man The first sensible principles which are the foundation of the fabrick of Mans body are the first elements of all things from the various permistion of which there results a various temper various Humors have a dependence upon the temper upon the Humors Spirits which preserve and make vigorous the natural Heat To the Humors Spirits and natural Heat all the parts owe their production and sustenance all which cannot be effected without the help of the Soul which being richly furnished with faculties compleates all these operations and is the first mover in the conservation and primary generation of the whole Man And this is the order which Physiology observes in delivering the instructions of natural things which is meerly compositive proceeding punctually from the first principles to their productions till it hath fully represented the perfect and absolute artifice of Nature The First Section of the first Book of Elements The First CHAPTER Of the Nature of Elements Elements are Simple bodies out of which all others are compounded and into which they are at last resolved ELements are called simple bodies because they are not compounded of other bodies of a divers species but only of Matter and Form which are the first principles of all things yet are not bodies The Elements therefore are the first Simple bodies and the ingredients to the composition of all others for it is beyond the reach of knowledg to find a body perfectly mixt which comprehends not in it self the substance of the four Elements which is evidently visible in our bodies which are compounded of four Humors of strait affinity to the nature of the four Elements but this is more clearly manifested from the dissolution of mixt bodies which thereupon flow again into Elements as it is asserted in the definition for example in the combustion of Wood part thereof is converted into Aire as it appeareth by smoak which abundantly streaming from it is changed into aire part alters into water sweating out at both ends part into earth by ashes which are of a terrene Nature lastly part thereof is transmuted into fire as it is apparently demonstrated by the coals and flame But though many bodies in their corruption have not straightway an immediate transition into Elements but by a kind of vicissitude invest themselves in other substances yet they at length in their ultimate resolution retire into those Elements out of which they were conflated as it appears in our Food which in Mans body first is changed into Chyle then into blood and next into the substance of the body which after Death is resolved into Elements but part of this aliment degenerates into excrements which in their dregs partly represent Earth partly Water in Sweat and Urine partly Fire and Aire in Steams which insensibly leave the body being habitually disposed to such transpiration CHAP. II. Of the Number of Elements The Elements are four Earth Water Aire and Fire SOme of the ancient Philosophers held the Elements to be infinite whom Aristotle in his First Book of the Heavens convinceth others contracted the Elements into one only whom Hipocrates in his Book of Humane Nature confutes by the force of this indissoluble Argument If saith he man were constituted by one Element he would not be sensible of any pain The reason which confirms this consequence is this because what ever Sympathize in pain partake of the same sense and are alterable but contrariety is the cause of every alteration if therefore there were but one Element there could not exist any contrariety because nothing is contrary to it self and whatsoever suffers the passion thereof proceeds from another thing But the cause why we precisely oblige our selves to four Elements appears by the first qualities which being four are very distinct one from another to wit Calidity Frigidity Humidity and Siccity which being accidents it is necessary every of them should have its particular distinct and separate subject Nor can it be conclusively objected that there are but two Elements because calidity with siccity and frigidity with humidity are coupled together in one and the same body For if from hence we gather that there are two Elements Calidity being linck'd with Humidity and Frigidity with Siccity we may gather that there are two more besides the probation of four Elements is sensibly confirmed by the dissolution of mixt bodies which are resolved into those four first bodies according to the assertion of the preceedent Chapter CHAP. III. Of the Qualities of the Elements The Qualities of the Elements are first and second The First Qualities are those which are primarily in the Elements and upon which the others have a dependence And they are Active or Passive The Active are those which have chief efficacy in the mutual alteration of the Elements and in the constitution of mixture THese are not nominated Active simply and absolutely as some were of opinion because they only act the rest being purely passive but this distinction is caused only by Comparison because the Action of them is more efficacious than of those others which are termed Passive for that they are more Passive than Active though they be not wholly destitute of action for Humidity acts upon Siccity Siccity upon Humidity And these Actives are Calidity and Siccity Calidity is the first Active Quality the effect of which is the congregating of things Homogeneous and dissipating of Heterogeneous as Aristotle in his second Book of generation Logicians terme those things Homogeneous which partake of the same nature and species Heterogeneous which are of diverse Species which understanding closeth not with this discourse for Heat in the generation of a mixt body doth not only congregate things Homogeneous but Heterogeneous also viz. moist with dry which differ in Species So also different Aliments in the ventricle are congregated by Heat and chylifyed We must then here understand by things Homogeneous those which bear such a relation of similitude to one another that they may be convenient to constitute the nature of one thing and to be converted into it So moist and dry by reason of their unition in generation of a mixt body are called Homogeneous so in concoction Aliments distinct in their Species are Homogencous whereof that part which cannot aptly be reduced to Chyle as the excrements are only Heterogeneous and therefore segregated And there are other proprieties of heat viz. Resolution Operation Incision Maturation and Attenuation Nature is infinitely stored with examples of these proprieties but they are more apparent in the matter of Medicaments which by the vertue of them are very efficacious Frigidity is a first active quality which musters together things Homogeneous and Heterogeneous So water with water wax with wax and any other thing adhering or incident to them as Straws Stone
Wood Sand Chaffe and other things are coagmented together by conglaciation till by Heat dissolving this combination they are separated The work of Frigidity is to allay Heat to a due temperament lest the mixt body should be over-Heated to a dissolution This quality doth not only rally together things Homogeneous and Heterogeneous but also fixeth them to adstriction condensation obstruction and incrassation Cold being contrary to Heat intailes a necessity to the contrary production of effects nor must we comply with Cardan who is of opinion that cold is meerly the absence and privation of Heat and nothing positive which Avicenna seems to intimate who sayes that cold is no ingredient to the operations of Nature But Scaliger learnedly opposeth them both Exercit. 22. And before his time Averroes whose assertion that cold is requisite in the works of nature is established upon the basis of two reasons first by tempering the Heat next by operating in things a consistency and coherence of parts which cannot be effected by Heat whose propriety is dissolution Thus much of the Active qualities The Passive are those which are less Active and therefore in the mixtion of bodies are subordinate to the Active And they are Humidity and Siccity Humidity is a Passive quality whose effect is to make things exorbitant as to their own bounds but easily confined to the limitation of another Arist 2. gene So water wine oyl and other humid bodies diffuse themselves and can only be contained within the bounds of vessels Siccity is a passive quality making things to be easily content with their own limits but impatient to be bounded by any other So wood stones and other such like things do obstinately hold their proper figure nor easily receive the impression of another It may be objected that fire which is highly dry is not confined within its own but rather some aliene boundary which may also be affirmed of dust and ashes To which I oppose that this is by accident and not naturally contingent to fire because of the tenuity of its substance which will not admit such cohibition for there must be a copulation of Siccity with some density that this description may properly be applyed to a substance But dust and ashes in conservation retain their proper figure for they are not a body continued but a contiguity of the smalest parts of the earth which by reason they are so exile can be entertained in any place These four first qualities are found in the Elements as they can in possibility comply For we meet with Calidity and Siccity in Fire Calidity and Humidity in Air Frigidity and Humidity in Water Frigidity and Siccity in Earth The inherence and conjunction of these first qualities are at large disputed with much opiniative Heat of controversy by Professors in Physick to whom for brevity sake we referre the Reader Thus farre concerning first qualities The second qualities are those which immediately result from the temperature and mixtion of the first By this description we casheer from the second qualities colours smel and taste which are not the immediate effects of the first nor so manifestly but more remotely and obscurely depend upon them For this cause some though not significantly place them in subordination by the terme of third qualities In which if there be any difficulty the enucleation thereof must be referred to the doctrine of the Senses because without these perspectives they cannot be brought under a right understanding These are fourteen viz. Rarity and Density Gravity and Levity Hardnesse and Softnesse Subtility and Crassity Aridity and Lubricity Friability and Clamminess Asperity and Laevity Rarity is a second quality produced chiefly by Heat by which things are extenuated to a possibility of dissipation So Water by the Heat of the Sun is attenuated thin and dissipable so clouds easily pierced by the rayes of the Sun are usually termed rare 'T is worth observation that rarity is twofold one which consists in the tenuity of substance and this is properly reduced to the Predicament of quality accompanying Heat as the effect thereof and so the aire is thin the earth thick The other consists not in the tenuity of substance but in the remoteness of parts so we call a spunge rare because of those intervalls and distances of the parts which lodge the aire and this Rarity takes place in the Predicament of Site and is though better understood by us more improperly termed Rarity Density is a second quality arising from Cold by which things become more compact firme and with difficulty dissipable So water congealed by cold so stones and metalls are dense Gravity is a quality produced by cold and density by which things tend downwards Levity is a quality produced from Heat and rarity by vertue of which things make upwards Hardnesse is a quality arising from Siccity by which things yield not easily to the touch Softness is a quality arising from humidity which renders things tangible without a repulse Subtility is the production of Heat Siccity and Rarity by which things are attenuated and fitted for penetration It differs from rarity as the effect from its cause rarity being the Procatarctick of subtility But not all rare things are subtile for there is rarity in the aire but no subtility and some aire is crasse so by our advice our patients remove from gross aire which in many diseases is not good to breath in Crassity is a quality which owes its being to cold and density by which things become Solid and less fit for penetration For Crassity is differenced from density as the effect from its cause for all dense bodies cannot properly be termed crasse Aridity is a quality generated by Siccity which banisheth almost all humor Lubricity is a quality flowing from humidity by which things being rendred slippery deceive the touch So a Snake and a way conglaciated is slippery Friability is a quality arising from Siccity by which things for want of coherency may easily be crumbled So salt and sugar are friable Clamminess is a quality arising from humidity which causeth things to be sticking and glutinous So pitch glue and other such like things are called sticking Asperity is a quality issuing from Siccity by which the superficies of things is unequal and not tangeable without offence So the barks of Trees and pumices are offensive by their asperity Levity is a quality arising from humidity by which things being of an even superficies are pleasing to the touch This quality is not the effect of humidity only but may also be artificially produced when the rudenesse of things solid and dense is polished and plained CHAP. IV. Of the Mixtion of Elements Mixtion is the union of things miscible upon their alteration Arist. 1. of generation Chap. 10. BY Miscibles are understood Elements which are disposed to commixtion by a mutual alteration and reduction to such a temper that they may be united into one From which union springs a new form which is termed the
form of a mixt body for example when seeds of divers plants are so mingled that there remains a possibility of separation this is called apposition but when water and wine or such other things are mixed so that the union cannot be parted and yet no new form produced this is called Confusion And both of these are improperly termed mixtion Four Conditions are requisite to produce mixtion 1 The Miscibles must be contrarily qualified that they may be fit for mutual action and passion If the things mixed did not mutually act one on the other they could not be reduced to a due temper whose spawne mixtion is and by that means they would not be moved from their former state 2 A just proportion of Miscibles is necessary as well for quantity as for quality For if one exceed in quantity or quality that will destroy the rest and appropriate them to its own nature hence will arise the generation of one and the corruption of the rest but no mixtion 3 While the Elements are mixed they must be minc'd into very smal particles that every iota of the mixt body may comprehend in it self the four Elements This unition is caused by nature which by making the Elements penetrable fits them for a mutual incursion that so the transmutation may be the easier 4 The forms of the Elements must remain in mixt bodyes This causeth a difference between generation and mixtion for in generation by the accession of a new form the precedent are corrupted but in mixtion the new form produced together with the constitutive form of the mixt bodies dwell peaceably under the same roofe The truth of which may hence be asserted because the form is author of all action but the skirmish of contrary qualities in mixt bodies of which their destruction is the consequence cannot be caused by their form for by this meanes it would be treacherous to it self and accessary to its own destruction which runs counter to true Philosophy This implies a necessity of its dependence upon the formes of the Elements and so that the Elements remain formally in mixt bodies This affords matter of objection That if a mixt body admits of plurality of forms it loses its unity of being for of many actuall beings cannot arise one being by it self as Aristotle in the 2. of his Metaph. but only accidentally aggregate but the form gives an actual being to every thing For the delumbation of this argument I Answer that this is true if we level the vertue of forms into an equality so that no one may Lord it over the rest but in mixt bodies there is a herauldry one form being nobler than another which is the form of the mixt body it self to the commands of which the forms of the Elements comming short of it in perfection pay the tribute of obedience and comparatively to it they are as the Matter though in relation to the Matter of the Elements they are true forms Which that we may the more easily understand we must know that the Elements are considered in a double relation either in relation which they bear to the Materia prima out of which they are conflated with their proper forms or to that body whose matter they are in the first consideration they are said to have an actual being in the latter a potential only For as in Logical predication the intermediate genus is in regard of its inferiors a genus of its superiors a species so in the essence of things there are some mediate acts which compared to the precedent matter may be called actual which in respect of a compleater composition are only potential Now though the forms of Elements in comparison to the form of a mixt body are as matter and only potential yet in respect of the matter of which the Elements are compounded they are alwayes actual and continually labouring to alter the matter that they may retreat into their former nature and be set at liberty but the form of the mixt body according to its authority quels and suppresses these active tumults for the better securing of its preservation till they summon in external causes as Auxiliaries to invade the honour and disloyally shake off the yoke of this noble form and so procure the destruction of the mixt body I might enlarge in the explanation of this knotty and intricate Theoreme but in which I have been brief because as Galen himself in the first book of the Elements affirms it is very little conducible to Medicine Here therefore I will put a period to the first section The Second Section of Physiology of Temperaments The First CHAPTER Of the Nature of Temperaments A Temperament is a proportion of the four Principal Qualities resulting from the mixtion of the Elements for the due performance of operations A Temperament retains to mixtion as the effect to its cause arising from that mutual contemperation of the first qualities which produceth that due proportion requisite to the execution of all actions but it is called proportion as being a relation which the qualities so tempered mutually bear to themselves not a quality differing from the four first as Avicenna fansyed whose opinion Fernelius copiously confutes It may be objected That if Temperament be a relation the actions shall have no dependence on it because relation hath no active vertue nor can one Temperament be properly termed contrary to another because relation admits of no contrary To this I Answer That the Temperament acts not by vertue of proportion which is a relation but of the foundation on which this relation is established for the first qualities are laid as the basis of this proportion and upon these the actions do essentially depend for the whole essence of the Temperament consists not in the relation of the proportion but necessarily imports such a relation as if we should say that Temperament were the first qualities reduced to a certain proportion CHAP. II. Of the Difference of Temperaments The Temperaments are Nine four simple Hot Cold Moist Dry four compound Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist Cold and Dry one moderate called Eucrasy BOdies so tempered that one quality exceeds the rest are said to be of a simple Temperament but when two qualities stand as it were in competition for supremacy over the rest they have a compounded Temperament but when all the qualities are fixed to a due Mediocrity they are then esteemed to be perfectly tempered Hence may arise an objection That the first eight differences of Temperaments are caused by some predominant Element or at least in our bodies by some predominant Humor hence some Temperaments are termed bilious some pituitous and so of the rest but every Element is fortified with two qualities by whose excess the consequence of theirs is necessary humors also haue two predominant qualities therefore there can be no simple Temperament but all are compound To this I oppose That in mixtion or alteration there may possibly be such
are divine or diabolical 'T is here impertinent to treat of these belonging rather to Metaphysicians or Theologers to whom we concede the honour of this exposition The Natural proceed either from the impress left of images cut out and shaped in the day or from a certain temper of body Most dreams are hatch'd by the images of those actions in which we have been in the day frequent for the impression of them upon the animal spirits being fresh they stick the closer and are the more easie rub'd over by our busie nocturnall imagination They also many times are composed from the various disposition and temperament of bodies To men sanguine the appearance of red colours banquets musical harmony nuptial festivals basiations venery gardens and such like voluptuous fooleries are usually represented in sleep To bilious men yellow colours wranglings war homicide firing flying and the like To pituitious men white colours waters navigations swimming drowning fishes and such like To melancholicks black colours darkness dead bodies graves and diabolical apparitions Yet observe That the influence of the stars doth not seldome concurre with a disposition of the body to effect dreams and these chiefly afford matter of Exposition CHAP. X. Of the less principal Faculties The less principal Faculties are two the one causing sensation the other motion The Sensitive faculty is that virtue of the soul by which externall objects upon the intercession of a fit medium are received in their proper organs The action of this faculty is called sense or sensation FOURE things are requisite to effect Sensation First an orderly disposed instrument Secondly a proportionate object Thirdly a medium which multiplyeth the species from the sensible thing Fourthly a convenient distance between the object and the sense that it may be rightly perceived The species of it are five Seeing Hearing Smelling Tasting and Touching Seeing is a sense by the help of which a man with his eyes perceives a visible object through a transparent medium actually illuminated Hearing is a sense by which a man perceives with his ears an audible object through a sonorous medium that is a medium fitted for the conducting of sound Smelling is a sense by which a man perceives at his nostrils an object of smell by a fit medium Taste is a sense by which a man perceives with his tongue the object of Taste by a disposed medium Touch is a sense by which a man with any carnous and nervous part of his body perceives a tangible object by a prepared medium The motive faculty is that vertue of the soul by which a man in his owne strength performs local motion All these less principal faculties and functions are so exactly declared in Natural Philosophy that we think it needless to allow them room for exposition The seventh Section of Physiology Of the Procreation of MAN The First CHAPTER Of the Seed of both Sexes Two Sexes are requisite to the Procreation of Man viz. male and female by whose mutual congress the prolifical seed is effused by both from which being received in the cavity of the wombe the first Sciography of the offspring is delineated Mans seed is a humid and spiritous substance well wrought in the testicles from the aliment left of the third concoction containing potentially the form of man concurring not only virtually but materially to the production of the parts of the infant IT is an assertion commonly obtruded by many That seed is generated by blood alone operated in the Liver grounding upon this because they find the conducting Spermatick vessels tumified with blood as other veins and because that overmuch coition causeth an effluxion of blood But this matter being to bear the force and impresse of the whole body so that we commonly attribute the similitude of Children to their Parents to this we think the assertion more proper that it is derived from every part from the aliment glean'd from the third concoction which being not much changed by the parts there is no cause of admiration that it retains the idea of blood Yet it cannot be supposed that every little particle comprehensible rather by thought then sense should afford this matter but all the similar parts which are called the sensible Elements of our body but from the principal especially which can supply us with those vivifying spirits which represent the idea and character of the whole But to that objection that the blood issues by tedious venery I answer That the seminal nature not yet elaborated in the testicles resembles blood being made out of it somewhat changed in the parts and before obtaining elaboration in them In the seed there are two parts Spirit and Thickness The seed by the help of spirits is impostumate and frothy it swels because the spirits are much in motion and stirring it is frothy because by the same spirits as by aire it becomes tumid and by their motion is agitated But in this spiritous matter resides the formative faculty by which a man engenders according to his own similitude But the thickness is the humid and watery substance which is manifestly evident when the spirits have bid adue to the seed for then it looseth its spumosity and whiteness and that humid substance is the matter of all the solid parts and their first step to a being The efficient cause of generation is brooded in the spiritous part but the material in the incrassated part This affords cause of objection to the Philosophers that one and the same thing cannot be agent and patient therefore both causes cannot be placed in the seede To which I oppose That the assertion of this objection would hold good if the substance of the seed were wholly Homogeneous but it being composed of divers parts it will not be inconvenient that it should execute divers offices for as it is spiritous it acts upon and informs that more humid and crasse substance applyed to it for its matter and as it were its subject as experience points out to us in the seeds of Plants and in Eggs in which seeds of plants after they have derived heat from the earth or the eggs from the incubation of the Hen the prolifical spirit is raised which acting upon the matter of the same seeds or eggs endeavours and perfects the conformation of the parts In artificials the efficient or Artist enters not into the thing made or the work because his business lies in the external parts But Nature situate in the very marrow of every thing perfects both internal and external and penetrates the whole substance of its work dwelling upon it as in its proper mansion This clears the doubt and demonstrates that the efficient and the matter for generation of the embryo find both room in the seed But though the seed by it self perfects the generation of the infant yet it is not actually but onely potentially animate Some have been of opinion that the seed is actually animate and hath that form which afterwards must inform the
Five causes of a hot intemperature are alleaged 1 Motion 2 Putridity 3 The vicinity of an hot thing 4 Constipation 5 Meat and Drink over-hot as Galen ch 2. Book 2. of the Causes of Diseases First Motion heats the body by attenuating and violently hurrying the spirits MOtion doth not onely heat things animate but inanimate also as Aristotle 2 of Meteors ch 3. inanimate things by rarefaction because that disposition is previous to heat by which it effected the last preparation of the matter for production of heat potentially out of it But animals do more easily get heat by motion not only by reason of that attenuation but also because the spirits and heat which are actually in them are diffused thorough the whole body and thrust out to the superficies thereof Whence if motion be immoderate it produceth an hot intemperature To motion are also referred anger watching and all other things able to move the humors and spirts Secondly putridity heats the body by external heat which is alwayes introduced in its company Putridity is defined by Aristotle The corruption of native heat in every humid body by external heat But it is necessary that this heat should be very intense that it may corrupt the native heat whence in our bodies it will easily produce a hot distemper Thirdly The vicinity of hot things heats the body by a Physical and Mathematical contact So by fire or Summer sun the body is heated by a Physical contact by things hot applyed as plaisters baths c. and by a Mathematical contrary Fourthly constipation causeth a hot distemper by accident by reason of obstructed transpiration This is chiefly produced by swiming in alluminous water by the application of emplastick and obdurating medicines and other things increasing heat by antiperistasis while they hinder the dissipation thereof Fifthly hot aliments heat the body by producing in it hot humors As the use of onyons garleek spices and such like The causes of a cold distemper are six 1 Vicinity of cold bodies 2 The quality and quantity of things assumed 3 Constipation 4 Rarity 5 Over-much idleness 6 Immoderate motion As Galen ch 3. Book 2. of the Causes of Diseases First the body is refrigerated by external cold meeting with the concurrence of a fit disposition c. in the Patient So in Winter a body is often congealed by over-much cold So bathing in cold water cools the whole body Secondly the excess defect and incomplying quality of aliments can induce a cold distemper Excess of aliment chokes the native heat whence arises a cold distemper so an epile psie or apoplexy is the result of frequent drunkenness The defect of aliment causes the dissipation of heat in the parts as having not food sufficient for its conservation Whatsoever is assumed naturally too cold as lettice poppy mandrakes and the like do very much cool the body by themselves Thirdly much constipation chokes the heat whence proceeds a cold distemper Slight constipation causeth an hot distemper by hindring the dissipation of heat but much immoderate constipatiō causeth a contrary affection by suffocating heat Fourthly rarity dissipates and resolves heat whence by accident it induceth cold Fifthly idleness refrigerates the body for that the native heat languisheth for want of exercise Sixthly the native heat is dissipated by immoderate motion whence by accident it refrigerates Of a dry temperature the causes are two 1 Alteration 2 Resolution First those things dry by alteration which have strength enough to exiccate the body So drying aliments medicines a dry constitution of the air do dry the body Secondly those things dry the body by resolution which cause a greater dissipation of the humidity of our body than can be counterpoised by restauration So violent exercitation the embraces of over-heated air immoderate watches resolves the humidity of the body So humidity is dissipated by the hindrance of due reparation which is caused by care and anxiety hunger or food affording small nutriment such as is very excrementous and astringent because it hinders the distribution of nutritive humor thorough the members Humid intemperatures are ascribed to two causes 1 Alteration 2 Retention of humid things First those things introduce a moist intemperature by alteration which are very prevalent in moistning the body So the immoderate use of moist meats copious tipling of water a moist constitution of the air a bathing in warm water and such like the usual product of which is a moist distemper Secondly a moist distemper is said to be introduced by retention of things humid when some customary evacuation is suppressed Amongst the usual evacuations are numbred not those onely which are sensibly made but those also which are made insensibly viz. by insensible transpiration And these are the causes of simple distempers But the causes of compounded distempers may easily be gathered from those before named viz. by joyning all the causes which the two peccant qualities are able to produce But the immediate causes of compounded tempers are principally peccant humors and these distempers are like the peccant humor for choler causeth the hot and dry flegme the cold and moist and so of the rest But those humors become copious in the parts two wayes 1 By fluxion 2 By congestion Fluxion is caused two wayes viz. when either the humors are expelled by the mission of the parts or when they are attracted by the reception of them In fluxion which is caused by expulsion two conditions are requisite viz. first the strength of the part expelling secondly the imbecility of the part receiving So the liver by its strength expels preternatural humors to the groin or the skin parts naturally infirm producing in them swellings itch and other affections In fluxion caused by attraction two conditions principally concur viz. the heat or pain of the attractive part Attraction is proper to heat therefore the hot parts are prevalent in attraction but being sensible of pain they seek help therefore they attract the humors and spirits to their rescue which after by reason of their copiousness they cannot keep in good order which is the cause of divers affections Secondly by congestion the humors become copious in the parts in default of the nutrition of them So when in some part the aliment is not well assimilated or the expulsion of excrements generated in assimilation then superfluities abound in it by congestion CHAP. IV. Of the Causes of Organical diseases The natural shape of the parts is perverted either in the first generation or after it In the first generation when the formative virtue is unable to fashion all the parts aright which is caused upon three grounds 1 By reason of the imbecility of the formative virtue 2 By the defect in matter 3 By an hereditary disposition First the parts are ill-shaped by default of the formative virtue when a mans parents are of a very infirm nature Secondly by default of the matter viz. when it is peccant in quantity or quality
sometimes from all which exercitation it self will easily discover Observe Secondly That most commonly we descry more and more infallible signs from the effects then from the two other heads Observe Thirdly That of the proposed signs as to indication some are of more some of lesse efficacy but yet by rallying up all we draw a conclusive demonstration of the thing which we enquire after Observe Fourthly That we must perfectly understand the nature causes and effects of all those things which are in our body or contingent to it that we may not erre in deducing signs from the proposed head And we must be so well furnished with the precepts of Physiology and Pathology that we may not here be destitute to shew them as often as occasion of use shall require Otherwise these Semeiotical instructions though they be laboured out to a prolixity wil all be but as waste paper The Second Section of the SEMEIOTICAL Parts Of the Diagnostick signs The First CHAPTER Of the signs of bilious Humor predominant in the whole body THE knowledge of the temperament and humor predominant in the whole body is necessary for the understanding the species of the affection and the productive cause thereof Therefore before we discourse of them we must first propose the signs of humor predominant in the body beginning with Choler But it is first observable that there are only two heads from which we take the signs of humors viz. the causes and effects for the essence in this case gives no light That therefore we may lance the skulls of these heads and see what they contain we must orderly run thorough their genus and species at least all those which may be usefull in directing us to the knowledg of humors which that they might not be burdensome to memory are digested into the following Tables To this referre the Table noted with the letter A. By the observation of this order we shall descry Choler predominant in the body by the indication of The Material Causes The Quality of Aliments Feeding on hot and dry meats drinking noble wine old or new which are easily convertible into Choler Quantity Order Defect of aliment as famine food very smal and sparing Sweet things eaten after a meale because by long coction they convert into Choler as experience instructs us that after some space of time they grow bitter by artificial coction Use of hot Medicaments as Spices c. which degenerate to Choler Medicaments Retentions Customary evacuation of choler thorough the belly by Urines Vomits or Sweats flowing either voluntarily or driven out by Medicines suppressed or intermitted The Efficient Causes Parts An hot and dry temper of the ventricle liver and heart Because these parts are able to disseminate an Affection thorough the whole body Descent Parents of a bilious temper Age. Youthfulness that space chiefly which intervenes between eighteen and thirty five Sex Virile sex for they are accounted more bilious as women more pituitous Region A Region hot and dry Time Summer season Aliment Meat and drink of a calefactory and exsiccating quality as onyons garlick all salt and peppered things which by overheating the liver cause a copious generation of choler Exercitation A laborious life toiled with much exercise Venery An over-vehement motion to venery which sets the whole body on fire Watching Too much watching by which the blood and spirits are inflamed Passions of the mind Anger cares and violent commotions of the mind They are helped by things cold and moist offended by things hot and dry and fasting The Effects Animal Actions Ingenuity A sharp and witty ready and quick of fancy Passions of the mind Teastiness rage boldness jactation desire of revenge Sleep and Watching Very little sleep and slight and much watching Dreams Dreams of fires flames contentions and tumults Senses Lively acute quick and expedite senses chiefly hearing to which siccity is very advantagious Swift and nimble but soon tyred motions Vital Actions A great frequent and hard pulse Natural Actions Appetency Want of appetite and nauseating of meat in summer especially Appetite to cold things A difficult toleration of hunger Thirst Much thirsting and frequent drinking Quick and speedy accretion and timely Age because the radical moisture is soon consumed A forward propensity to venery by reason of the acrimony of the seed Venery A speedy wearisomeness in venery because the spirits of bilious men are very dissipable by reason of their tenuity The Passions Bilious men have a propensity which disposeth them for diseases as burning feavers and tertians phrensy and pleurisy to bilious vomits Diarrhaea's Erysipela's blisters and pimples in the face c. Excrements By the mouth Vomiting of humor thin pale or yellow and bitter or a bitter tast in the tongue The ears Copious excrements of the ears and very yellow Belly Feculency very yellow Bladder Urine thin and yellow or also red and flammeous The Purgations of the womb somewhat yellow or orange colour The Habit of the body Skin first quality A skin to the touch hot and dry the heat of it sharp and biting especially in the hands Second A skin hard and rough The colour of the skin principally of the face and eyes pale and yellowish Haires Thinness of haire by reason of the rarity of pores which permits an effluxion of hairy matter Quantity Quality Yellow hair resembling choler and somewhat black by too much expulsion sometimes also curled by reason of the dryness which turns the hairround and bilious men become bald by reason of the siccity of the skin and consumption of the matter of haires Passion The hair soon growing and soon falling The Latitude of the vessels For dilatation is proper to heat and the veins in the eyes apparent Flesh A slender and lean habitude of body CHAP. II. Of the Signs of pituitous humor predominant in the body Flegm predominant in the body is discovered by The material Causes Quality of Aliments A customary feeding on meats cold and moist as fruits hearbs fish meats made of milk drinking of water c. for they are transmuted into flegme Quantity Too great a quantity of Aliment overwhelming the native heat and generating crudities Time Meats taken soon after sleep or before sleep before the concoction of the former Medicaments Too long use of cold and moist medicaments which as aliments degenerate into flegm Retentions The omission of a natural assuefaction to evacuate flegm by vomit or secesse or of an artificial custome by exercitation or use of both waters stewes or purging or diuretick Medicines by the intermission of which flegm is copiously generated The efficient Causes Parts A cold and moist temper of the ventricle liver heart and brain Descent Parentage of a pituitous temper Age. Old age which in defect of heat accumulates much flegme as also childish age by reason of gluttony and unwary institution of diet Sex Female sex Region A Country cold and moist abounding in pooles and marishes or drench'd with great rivers exposed
to the fury of North windes snowes and showers and those that lie to the North this is the cause that most Germans are pituitous Time Winter season Meat and drink Meat and drink of a refrigerating and irrigating quality as lettice purslane and summer fruit and drinking of water which by cooling the ventricle and liver cause them to produce plenty of flegm Quiet An idle and sedentary life Sleep Much and profound sleep especially after meat Passions A life void of care study or anxiety or one much troubled with them because they by dissipating the native heat refrigerate the body By the use of things hot and dry they are helped and by things moist and cold they are hurt The Effects Animal Actions Principal Imagination good enough and an easie apprehension of things but a speedy forgetfulness because on humid things impression is easily made and as easily obliterated A drowsy and dull mind a slow and heavy wit Remisse anger and easily appeased Sleep A great propensity to sleep Dreams Dreams of cold waters rains snowes drownings rivers pooles seas and white things Sense A dullness of the senses Motion A slowness but continuance of motion because the spirits being somewhat thick are not soon dissolved Vital Actions Pulse A smal slow and soft pulse Natural Actions Hunger A dejected appetency and this reason Hipp. gives that old men can easily tolerate hunger Thirst None or very little thirst Accretion Slow growth because the heat being weak requires much time to subdue the forces of moisture Venery Slowness to venery The moderate use of which is advantageous to them as reinforcing the heat which thereupon concocts the flegm and reduces the body to a better temper but by the too frequent use thereof the body is too much cooled The Passions They are better in health in clear weather in cold and rainy worse They are subject to cold diseases as catarrhes dropsies pituitous distempers lethargies palsies and the like The Excrements By mouth and nostrils The excretion of humor thick white and insipid conveyed thorough the nostrils and mouth The belly Mucous and whitish feculency Bladder White or pale Urine and that thin if there be obstructions otherwise muddy and thick with plentiful sediments Womb. The flowings of the womb in women white The Habit of the body Skin first A skin to the touch cold feet chiefly and hands very cold in winter Qualities second A soft and smooth skin Third The colour of the same white Hair Hair soft and smooth and from the beginning thin Second quality Yellow hair because flegm by longer coction is so coloured Third figure Direct hairs because the skin being void of dryness the passages in it are easie thorough which the excrements may freely passe Passions Hairs of slow growth but never disrobed by baldness Vessells The narrowness of the vessels and no veins appearing in the eyes Flesh A soft habit of body and fat yet not carnous CHAP. III. Of the signs of Blood predominant in the body The blood predominant in the body is evident by The Material Causes The use of meates of good juyce and easie concoction such as new bread very white and well baked soft boiled egges young flesh and of good nourishment especially that of Hens Partridges Pheasants Calfes Kids c. clear fountain-water generous wine healthfully tempered Retentions Suppressions of usuall vacuations as of issuing of blood in the younger of the Hemorroids in the more aged or the monthes in women The Efficient Causes Parts An hot and moist temper of the heart and liver Descent Sanguin parents Age. The Age from Childhood to Puberty Region A Country perflated by meridional and Southerly winds Time Spring Time Exercise Idleness or but little exercise which creates an appetite without any resolution of the body Venery Unfrequent use of Venery Sleep Sweet and moderate sleep Passions A Life free from care exhilarated with joy and mirth and affluences of delights The large emission and voluntary profusion of blood is commodious for such and the discarding of all such things as may any way diminish the copiousness thereof The Effects Animal Actions Imagination A happy imagination and comprehension of things because moisture readily receives an impression Ratiocination A dulness and stolidity of mind profuse laughter impudence incontinence in very sanguin complexions In others mirth and hilarity of the mind with easie and free discourse and a great inclination to love Memory A memory somewhat weak Sleep Profound sleep yet lesse than in persons pituitous Dreams Dreams of red things of mirth pleasantness marriages gardens musical notes Kings Princes and Nobles Motion Moderate motion but heavy and soon tyred Vital Actions Pulse A great Pulse slow and full Natural Actions Hunger A mediocrity of appetite unlesse the humors abound which breed satiety Thirst Mediocrity also of thirst Venery Inclination to venery but not so much as in persons bilious An easie toleration of venery by reason of the copiousness of seminal matter Passions An easie falling into continuall feavers flegmons and little inflammations c. Excrements Thorough divers parts Frequent and copious excretions of blood expelled thorough the nose womb and Hemorroides The Bladder Copious Urine of a laudable colour and consistence and sometimes replenished with a multitude of contained in it Belly Feculency ruddy and of an indifferent consistence The Habit of the body Qualities A skin hot and soft to the perception of the Touch. Second A florid and ruddy colour of the face Third hair An indifferent plenty of haire of a yellowish colour and a speedy generation of them Vessels Indifferent largness of the vessels A carnous and well compact habit of the body A COROLLARY A true Plethorick void of all Cacochymie is discovered most usually by the same signs if we add an extension of the vessels and voluntary lassitude CHAP. IV. Of the signs of Melancholy predominant in the body THE redundancy of Melancholick humor in the body is demonstrated by the following signs The Material Causes Aliments Use of too crass and hard aliment of a terrene substance such as brown and branny bread black and thick wine troubled and muddy water pulse old cheese beefe hares pork marish-fowle especially salted or hardened in the smoak great fishes hard and salt cabbages parsnipes c. Retentions The customary evacuation of Melancholy retained spontaneously or artificially by the Hemorroides the belly the crooked veins or the Itch c. The Efficient Causes Parts A cold and dry temper of the liver and heart with the infirmity or obstruction of the milt by reason of which it is disabled to attract Melancholick humor and conveniently to expell it Descent Melancholick Parentage Age. Consistency of age from the forty to sixty Region A County whose aire is of an unequal constitution Time Autumn season Watching Immoderate watching because it dryes the body and dissolves native heat Passions A Life agitated with studies cares anxieties and griefe Helpfull and hurtfull They are pleasured by things hot
that the colour of the excrements do dissemble that yolk colour or that that yolk matter is in diseases expelled by vomit or secess Porraceous eruginous and glasteous are generated two ways one by depraved aliments and of a vicious juyce such are Onyons Leeks Watercresses and the like The other by vitelline choler parched by vehement heat by virtue of which it is painted in various colours according to the various degrees of exustion for the porraceous is generated by less adustion the eruginous by greater the glasteous by more intense for as the colour more emulates black it argues the greater adustion The signes therefore of these species of choler will be all those which discover yellow choler and much more intense and besides them these two chiefly viz. long use of the aforementioned bad aliments and excretions infected with those colours Black choler is produced from the foregoing species of choler by a more scorching exustion It is known by the mentioned causes parching and burning the humors and especially by the effects For when it is expelled in excretion it is known by its black colour and insufferable acrimony it exulcerates the parts by which it passes and being diffused on the earth it ferments it Some accidents also are fathered upon it as the issues thereof as cancrous tumors malignant scabs noisome ulcers and the like black choler is also sometimes the product of putrified melancholy but it is somewhat more mild then the former producing the same but less vehement symptomes A Corollary Blood varies into no species but when it deviates from a natural condition and is too much altered by heat and so changed into divers species of melancholy so also scorched or putrified melancholy degenerates into black choler all which need no further scrutiny CHAP. XII Of the signes of preternatural Flegme NAtural flegme is usually called sweet or insipid yet from this exceeding in quantity motion or any other manner transgressing the bounds chalk't out by nature many affections are generated Some of the species of it are perpetually preternatural and those are salt vitreous gypseous Salt flegme is produced two ways according to Galen in his book of the differences of Feavers Chap. 6. one out of putrefaction the other by the salt serous humidity But it is known by these signes viz. by long use of salt diet great thirst a Dysenteria with pituitous excrements noisom scabs much itching and chiefly by a salt raste caused by a Catarrhe flowing into the mouth But the vitreous flegme is onely gathered in the intestines and by reason of its intense coldness it is accounted very biting so that it often produceth colick pains which are by their mark distinguished from them which are produced by flatulencies viz. because vitreous flegme generates fixt pain and perferating like an awgre but wandring and unsetled pains are generated by flatulencies Gypseous lastly is that flegme which is indurated almost to stone and appears in the gravel and nodosities of gouty persons or is also sometimes expelled by main force from the lungs like hail CHAP. XIII Of the signes of serum abounding THe serous humor produceth many and these not contemptible affections such as distillations into divers parts dropsies and the like therefore we will in short propose the signes thereof drawn from two heads viz. the causes and effects according to the following Table mark't with the Leter H. H. The signes of the serous humor a bounding in the body are taken from The Causes which are either Material Assumed Meat Drink Excreted and retained Efficient Natural The various disposition of parents Preternatural Various diseases The Effects which are either Excrements Proper accidents By conforming to this order the serous humor abounding in the body will be discovered by the following Theorems The material Causes Frequent use of moist diet as of summer fruits and herbs causeth a full stream of watry humors and breeds a suspicion that they are like a torrent in the body Large and frequent tipling of water is abundantly advantageous for the copious generation of this humor The usual evacuation of urine suppressed or intermission of sweats signifies that this humor is copiously cumulated in the body The efficient causes A cold and moist temper of the ventricle and liver doth produce serous humors plentifully Those who are by temper melancholick abound with this humor The obstructions of the liver milt and reines causeth abundance of this humor in the body because it hath no free effluxion the customary passages being blockt up THE EFFECTS Excrements Frequent sweats and irrigations of the whole body signify plenty of this humor They who abound with it do expel much water by spittle They whose blood let forth by phlebotomy is converted for the most part into this humor may assert by the demonstration of this signe that the whole mass of blood is infected Accidents They who being lean have a tumid abdomen are well furnished with this serous humor CHAP. XIV Of the signes of flatulency FLatulencies are copiously generated from crude and crass matter passed over by weak heat The signes of them are drawn from two heads viz. the causes and effects the series of which the following Table will declare noted with the Letter I. I. The signes shewing flatulencies are taken either from The Causes External Aliments Internal Temper of body Effects which are either Actionsanimal hurt consisting either in Sence Common Dreams Private in respect of Touching Hearing Motion depraved Excrements Qualities By observing the series of this Table we may propose these Theorems Chesnuts Turneps Rapes Beans Pease and almost all sorts of pulse produce copious flatulencies They whose milt is obstructed or who are of a melancholick temper do very much abound with flatulencies Dreams of light things and of quick motion signifie flatulencies to abound in the body Attensive and moveable pain without any sense of gravity is excited by wind The ears are turned to a tinckling by the eruption of flatulencies through them A palpitation and concussion of the parts and oscitation and retching shew plenty of wind Belching and the alarum of the belly the engineer of flatulencies discovers them to be in the body A croking and rumbling of the belly as also the sound caused by percussion of a swelling abdomen demonstrates plenty of flatulencies CHAP. XV. Of the signes of the times of diseases THe times of diseases are by Galen termed sometimes the parts of diseases sometimes the ages of them sometimes the motions of the morbifick cause Hence it appears that the instruction of them must accompany the diagnosticks of preternatural things which is easily spun out of the mentioned heads as by the succeeding Theorems shall appear Those diseases whose nature is intelligible by sense their times also are easily distinguished by it So we know a Feaver to be beginning when we perceive the heat diffused through the whole body to run in the same course it begun in without any remarkable increase to higher
or a long disease for nature requires a long time to expel that extreme cruditie And therefore if the Feaver be not very vehement and acute and the strength of the body not wasted the health of the person is many times recovered though it be a good while first But in a vehement disease and where the strength is decayed such urines are altogether pernicious But those urines do principally denote destruction which come after the beginning of the disease and continue long such as were those that appeared in a certain woman who on the eleventh day made thin and watry urines which continued so to the fourtieth day but if after the judgement of the disease be made those urines do still continue it is a certain signe of relapse In other diseases as intermitting Feavers or gentle and diuturnal a thin urine denotes great obstructions of the milt liver mesentery and other like parts through which the urine being streined becomes so thin and watry Those urines which are thick full of humors little in quantity not without a Feaver if they come thin from such persons in good quantity t is helpful But these chiefly are such which have a sediment at the beginning or presently after By thick urines are to be understood such urines as either are very crass or are alwaies troubled or muddy by grumous urines such as have many clods or lumps in them Such urines are made at the beginning of Feavers proceeding from flegme for thickness comes from the multitude of thick humors the lumps in urine are caused by certain bits of flegme dryed by the heat of the Feaver these urines are then made in little quantity because nature is then imployed to retain it but when the humor is concocted the urine appears thinner that perturbation ceasing and it comes forth in greater quantity because nature now endeavours an evacuation and by how much the more plentifully it is evacuated by so much the more it helps as in all critical evacuations Therefore in this place that is called thin urine not which is so indeed for that avails not but that whose muddy distemper is taken away by concoction These are chiefly made in seasers proceeding from flegm in which the urines are wont at the beginning to have a certain deceitful sediment which is not made by concoction but by the descending downward of raw humors That urine which comes from the body thick muddy and troubled but becomes afterwards of it self cleare and limpid is good For it portends the victory of nature separating things hererogeneous and expelling that which is injurious to her and that so much the more if after this separation the thicker part settle in the bottome white smooth and equal Urine which at first comes forth clear but after some time becomes muddy is good For it signifies that nature hath begun a concoction and made a notable entrance in it A thick muddy urine which so remains that being put to the fire will not clear up is evil For such urine as Galen teacheth in Aph. 70. Sect. 1. if the strength of the body be accordingly shews that the disease will be long if the strength be diminished it portends the death of the patient for it is caused by a multitude of thick and crude humors with which much winde being mixed the urine is thereby agitated and troubled so that if the strength be wasted there is great danger lest it be suffocated by the abundance of such humors but if there be strength remaining much time is required to discuss those humors There is an example of this urine in Hipp. 1. Epid. Sect. 1. Aegr 4. in the wife of Philinus who made much water the eleventh day with convulsions which seldome bring along with them white or thick urine as in those waters which settle when being set aside for a good while they persisted muddy without settling the colour and thickness of the urine being like that of cattel on the twentieth day she died Also Aegr 11. of the same Section in the wife of Dromeada the second day she made a thick white and troubled urine like to those which have a settlement when after they have been set aside for some time they become muddy yet her urine settled not on the sixth day she died so also in Hermocrates and in another that in a hot sit eat and drank largely the same troubled and unsettled urines were observed Urines that come forth muddy and remain so with an evil smell are very evil For they signifie a Gangrene in the bladder or the parts adjoyning Red urine or yellow and thin and so continuing long is evil For it shews an extraordinary heat and inflaming disposition in the liver or stomach or midriffe by which no concoction but rather an adustion or scorching of the humors is caused And therefore such a kind of urine persevering if the body be weak portends death but if the body be in strength it signifies a prolongation of the disease or a diversion of the humor into the lower parts Black urines appearing in an acute disease are pernicious For they signifie an extraordinary scorching up of the humors causing them to degenerate into melancholy which produces deadly affections as may be seen in Philiscus 1. Epid. Sect. 3. Aegr 1. whose urine coming forth on the third and fifth day was black he dyed the sixth Also in Erasinus Aegr 8. of the same sect who dyed the fifth day This man saith Hipp. had a Feaver through his whole body with sweating and elevation of the Hypochondrium a stretching with pain he made black water having a round enaeorema without any settlement Also in Pythian 3. Epid. Sect 3. Aegr 3. who the third and fourth day made black water and the tenth day dyed But if these black urines are also thin they are so much the worse because they signifie a greater crudity hence Hipp. in 1. Epid. Thin black urine and made in a little quantity which appeared at the beginning of burning Feavers was one of the signes by which they were wont to portend certain death but whether they come forth in a great or small quantity these black and thin urines are alwaies mortal as also those which appearing at first black turn afterwards into thin and watry Which is confirmed by the story of Silenus in 1. Epid. when his urine had continued black unto the fourth day in the fifth day it began to come forth thin and transparent And Hist 2. Sect. 3. Lib. 3. of a woman that lay sick at the cold water and dyed the eightieth day On the eleventh day she made much thin and black water and on the twentieth much watry urine Which Galen observed in his comm viz. that black urines turned into watry are mortal Lastly worst of all are the black urines with a black sediment of which Galen 1. de Cris Cap. 12. thus discourses worst of all is that urine which is totally black so that I have seen no
man escape that ever made such water yet it is less pernicious if the sediment be only black and still less dangerous if onely that which is in the middle be black and much less it is to be feared if the cloud appears onely of that colour Yet here it is to be noted that black urines are not alwaies evil For first in melancholy persons such urines may be critically made As Galen in comment in 3. Epid. Sect. 3. text 74. relates that he knew a certain woman who was much helped by the evacuation of such waters Secondly in splenetick persons black urines may be safely voided that is when the spleen empties it self through those parts as happened to Herophon in 1. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 3. who being oppressed with an acute Feaver from the beginning to the fifth day made black and thin water the fifth day his milt swelled the eighth day the swelling ceased his urine was more coloured and had a little settlement the seventeenth the disease had a prosperous judgement Thirdly urines of this nature being joyned with an efflux of blood from the nose are less dangerous because the thinner and hotter parts of the blood wherein the danger lay is voided by bleeding as you may see in 1. Epid. Sect. 3. Aegr 7. where Meto being taken with a Feaver the fourth day there flowed out of his right nostril a little blood twice his urine was blackish having a blackish matter hanging in the middle dispersed without settlement the fifth day clear blood flowed more copiously out of the left nostril he sweat was judged After the Crisis he was walking and talked idle making thin and blackish water he slept and came to himself his fit returned not but he bled often and that after the Crisis Fourthly black urine appearing upon a suppression of the months when they flow copiously they cause a solution of the disease as for example in 3. Epid. Sect. 3. Aegr 11. where mention is made of a woman of whom judgment was made the third day of that made thin and black water but at the time of the Crisis her courses descended very plentifully The Quality Much urine and well concocted upon the decretory day are good For they shew that the matter causing the disease is overcome by nature and is conveniently expelled through the proper places Such urines Hipp. observed in Nicodemus of whom he saith that on the twenty fourth day he made much white water wherein was much sediment and was judged with sweating and of Pericles the same Hipp. speaks that the third day the Feaver was asswaged much concocted urine appearing in which was much sediment then also he saith that Chaerion was saved by making much bilious urine Much urine thin and watry without any contents in it profit nothing are evil For they proceed from a multitude of excrementitious and crude humors or from a hot distemper of the kidneys which is thought to cause a diabete or from a colliquation of the whole body whence proceeds a great dissolution of the natural heat So 3. Epid. Sect. 2. Aegr 12. a certain woman on the eighth day made much water without any profit or amendment and the fourteenth day died Little urine and thin not answering to the quantity of drink taken in any disease are evil For it shews a weakness of the separating and expulsive faculty or an intense heat parching up the moisture of the body as appeared in the wife of Dromeada and in the youth of Metibza and in the daughter of Euryanactes and in the woman that lay ill at the house of Pisamenus and in her that lay ill at the house of Pantimedes all which persons made thin and little water and soon afterwards died Stoppage of the urine in acute diseases is pernicious For the suppression of urine in acute diseases as Galen teaches in his comment in 3. Epid. is caused either by a fiery heat consuming the serous humors of the bloud or by an extinction of the natural functions as happened to Silenus whose urine stopped the fixth day the seventh day he made no water and the eleventh day he dyed Also in a woman that lay sick of a quinsie in the house of Ositon at Cizicum and a youth of Morlibia whose urine stopped a little before their death But that is the worst suppression of the urine that follows a coldness of the body as Hipp. teacheth 1. Coac Sect. 1. Aph. 5. after coldness pernicious is that suppression of the urine that precedes a coldness of the body because it signifies a critical evacuation which will be accomplished especially by sweating So on the other side it is worst of all when it follows that coldness because it shews that the action of the bladder is totally destroyed and that the heat thereof is extinguished by that perfrigeration The contents the urine Urines that have either sediment or matter hanging in the middle nor cloud are evil Those urines wanting content are evil if it be not caused by famine labour or watching or a nephritical disposition of the reins or that the bodies were not very cholerick For they signifie great crudity of humors or concoction of them or weakness of the bowels or inflammation of them or else vehement obstructions Urines that have little sediment are evil They indeed are less evil then those that have no contents because they proceed from the same though from lesser causes of these speaks Hipp. in 1. Epid. Thin urine and unconcocted discoloured and little or having thickness and few sediments are evil The sediments that appear like meal are evil those that appear like slates are worse but those that seem like bran are worst of all Hipp. 2. prog These kind of settlements according to Galen 1. of Crit. chap. 12. are caused by an immense heat melting and burning the fat and the very substance of the flesh But when this burning heat preys upon the solid parts first it assails the more soft and newly substantiated fat afterwards the more solid and when all the fat is melted and consumed then it falls upon the more tender and newly compacted flesh after that upon the more solid flesh and lastly upon the most solid parts themselves By the new fat thus melted by the heat of the Feaver are caused oyly urines But by the more solid fat being melted as also from the flesh raggedly dissolved and likewise from thick blood parched are caused those sediments resembling meal as Galen teacheth in comment of this Prognostick From the solid parts unequally dissolved proceed those sediments which are like slates as also those resembling bran when the heat is more intense whence it plainly appears that the slaty sediments are worse then the mealie ones and the brannie sediments worse then the slaty how pernicious those sediments are will appear by the judgement of Galen of that resembling meale which is not so bad as the rest in Com. in Aph. 31. Sect. 7. he thus writes such urines are
difficult wholly to expel the morbifick cause The subject Those persons who have a good constitution of body and are once recovered of a disease never suffer relapse but persons of a bad constitution often fall into it For in those the strength of the parts easily dissolves the morbifick cause but in these weak nature doth imperfectly expel the humor Helpful and hurtful Those that cannot regain perfect health being helped but by few things and hurt by many are in danger of a relapse For this signifies that the reliques of the morbifick cause do lurk in the body whence proceed relapses Effects If the actions excrements and qualities of persons recovering differ much from the natural constitution and return not to their former condition a relapse is to be feated in those whose feavers cease without the signes of concoction a recidivation is to be feared Hipp. 2. prog The noxious humors cannot be conveniently expelled unless they be first concocted and therefore although the feaver cease if the signes of crudity appear they shew that the morbifick matter is still retained within and will cause a relapse If after the Crisis is made the patient for a long time voyd thin water and very little coloured t is a signe of a relapse For it shews a weakness of nature which doth not perfect its concoction duly and in order whence arise new and fresh excrements by which we may expect a relapse THE FOURTH BOOK OF Physical Institutions WHICH IS THE HYGIASTICK PART OR TREATISE OF THE CONSERVATION OF HEALTH The Proem THe end of Physick is twofold viz. the conservation of health which is already enjoyed and recovery of that which is lost In the Hygiastick part is handled the former the latter in the Therapeutical That which contains the conservation of present health consists in the administration of six things not natural Those are Aire meat and drink motion and rest sleeping and waking excretions and retentions and the passions of the mind They are called not natural as being between natural and preternatural For those things are properly and absolutely natural which are ingredients to the constitution of a living body and are treated of in Physiology but these are said to be not natural because the right and true use of them preserves the health and then they are referred to natural causes but the preposterous and unlawful use of them produces diseases and then they are preternatural and the causes of almost all diseases as is declared in Pathology But there are some of them that are contained in the rank of things truly natural as motion of the body passions of the mind as the functions do proceed from their faculties but being considered as the use of them affects the body they are called not natural They are also said to be necessary because we cannot want nor be without their efficacy but they do continually and necessarily affect our bodies It may be objected that there are many other things that do alter our bodies which for this cause are to be numbred among those things which are not natural as the heaven water fire earth and the countrey or place of abode and therefore their number must be multiplied I answer That the heaven fire earth and countrey are reduced to aire because they act not on us but by the mediation of air water may be referred to drink if it be assumed but if it be applied as in a bath and lotions we deny it to be a necessary for that we may easily want it and therefore it is to be rased out of the catalogue of things not natural Therefore all this book shall treat wholly of the explication of the six things not natural wherein shall be shewn how to make use of them for the conservation of health and to defend the body as long as may be against the assaults of diseases we will begin with meat and drink because they are of most consequence and therein are most things do offer themselves to consideration CHAP. I. Of meat drink or of the matter of our nourishment NOurishment is that which being changed by the natural heat may be converted into the substance of our bodies and nourish it It differs from a medicine in this that a medicine is defined by Galen 1. simpl to be a thing that cannot alter the substance of our body nor as such be changed into it Yet there is a certain medium between these two partaking of both natures which may both nourish and alter and it is called a medicinal nourishment But there are several sorts of nourishments which are taken out of several things all which things notwithstanding are contained under the several sorts of plants and animals All sublunary things which are used in Physick are comprehended under a threefold head as plants animals and minerals Now every mixt thing endued with a nourishing faculty must of necessity have had life whereby minerals are excluded out of the number of things that nourish In the use of them are to be considered the substance quantity quality order time and hour of taking them the preparation custom delectation age and time of the year Of which we shall treat severally and as a consequence relate the qualities and faculties of those meats and sawces which are chief and most in use and at length discourse the use and substance of things potable CHAP. II. Of the substance of aliments BY the substance of the nourishments we understand the form and matter whereof they are composed Under the word form we comprehend that propriety of the whole substance by which the nourishment is made fit to be converted into the substance of our bodies Whence it is vulgarly said that the meat doth nourish us by reason of the likeness of substance it hath with our bodies Hence meats are said to be of good or evil juyce much or little nourishing according to the analogy which they hold with the substance of our bodies or according to their purity or mixt composure of the heterogeneous parts To the matter hardness softness thinness thickness heaviness lightness crassity tenuity clamminess and friability are related which although they be contained in the rank of second qualities yet because they are inherent to the matter and are therefore called material qualities as proceeding from the various mixture of moisture with driness they are referred to substance or mood of substance Therefore as to the substance those are said to be good and wholesome nourishments which beget good and wholesome juyce and few excrements and which are of a midling substance as being neither over hard thick or close nor oversoft thin or fine Of which sort is bread made of the purest flour of wheat new well baked and leavened mutton kids flesh veal capons hens pullets chickens partridges and other mountain birds and other things which shall be more copiously reckoned up hereafter Meats of evil juyce hard to be concocted of bad nourishment and begetting many excrements are
neither the body nor the functions of the mind This theorem is confirmed by Hipp. in the 51. Aph. 2. To evacuate or fill much and suddenly to cool heat or any other way to move the body is dangerous For every excess is an enemy to nature but that which is done by degrees is safe as at other times so when you pass from one thing to another To the discrete quantity belongs the variety of meats which is very prejudical to health For the nature of several meats being various it follows that some are sooner some more slowly digested which causes an evil concoction For if the meats more easily concocted are after perfect concoction detained in the stomach they presently corrupt but if as soon as they are concocted they are thrust down to the intestines they carry along with them the other meats not fully concocted which is the cause of many crudities This theorem is to be understood of several sorts of meat much differing in their nature and temper For it is no inconvenience to eat at the same meal chickens partridge pullets and other such kind of delicates but if you present to the stomach an olio of flesh fish herbs fruit and such kind of heterogeneous diet there follows thence an evil concoction Hipp. lib. de flat Things unlike move disturbance for some are sooner others slower others hard to be concocted Seneca saith elegantly several sorts of meat defile but nourish not CHAP. IV. Of the quality of meats MEats in relation to their quality are either temperate or intemperate Those are said to be temperate where no manifest quality is predominant and they are convenient for all sorts of persons especially for men well tempered Of this kind are bread and flesh which are euchymous or of good juyce And these are simply called aliments Intemperate are those which alter the body by some manifest quality and are called Physical aliments But those Physical aliments alter our bodies by heating loosing moistening drying obstructing opening loosing or binding the belly increasing milk or seed Those which manifestly heat are wine pepper and other spices onions garlick looks water-cresses hyssop mint parsley and all salt things the same also dry These things which cool are barly or rye bread vinegar lettice pursland sorrel gourds cucumers melons and summer-fruits all which do of themselves moisten except vinegar The thick nourishments above rehearsed do obstruct and therest of the same nature which are therefore to be avoided by all men because most disease proceed from obstruction Those things which open obstructions are the aforesaid spices smallage parsley capers asparagus the wilde parship sea-fennel red vetches and many other things those things which increase seed and milk are to be taken out of the Physical compositions and simples for there will be found among them many more things endued with the same faculties besides those already related onely for example sake CHAP. V. Of the order of Aliments IF you rightly observe the last Theorem propounded in the second chapter that is to shun variety of differing meats at the same meal as hurtful there will be no need of this chapter but because the intemperance of men will not sulmit to such strict laws of diet we are forced to set down precepts how to diminish the harm that comes thereby Therefore the common and general rule concerning the order of diet is that thin liquid easily to be concocted loosening meats and which easily descend should be first taken and those which are more thick and solid of difficult concoction and binding last This rule is taken from Galen in l. 2. de Alim facult c. 2. and 3. of the manner of diet in acute diseases And it is also much confirmed by reason For those which are quickly concocted as moist and liquid things more easily pass from the stomach and if they be retained after concoction they putrifie Also after they are concocted and thrust down to the gut called Duodenum they give place to those things which are not yet concocted to fall down to the bottom of the stomach where they may be better concocted But although this doctrine be very much received yet some have endeavoured to prove the contrary because that the meats solid and of hard digestion want a greater heat which is at the bottom of the stomach being more fleshy and therefore being put first in they will be concocted in the same space of time as those which are of more easie concoction lying at the top of the stomach where there is less heat But there is not so much difference in the heat of the lower and upper part of the stomach that in one meats of easie in the other meats of hard digestion should be in the same time concocted It is rather to be affirmed that the nourishment does not keep the same seat in the stomach all the time of the concoction as it had when it descended but by concoction it is mixed together it being the property of heat to congegate things of like nature And experience tels us that an uniform chyle in all parts alike is begot out of the whole nourishment Add also to this that the drink which is powred down at several times at dinner and supper is exactly mixed with the meat and the like is also to be said of broths and other such like liquid meats Therefore this rule as to the ordering of diet is of no great value But it is much better not to indulge to this variety of meat when one sort of meat or several of the same nature are orderly concocted together there being no danger of crudities if they be used and eaten moderately But this is to be affirmed that moist and loosening meats being first taken do loosen the tunicles of the stomach and soften the belly but things that are astringent do streighten them if they be taken in the first place At the beginning of the meal some broth or morsel of flesh or some other nourishment actually hot is to be taken but let a man never drink first To this rule is repugnant the common verse of the Salern school If danger thou 'lt avoid and no pain feel Be sure to take a cup before thy meal But this is not to be understood of water and wine for otherwise it were wholly to be rejected but of liquid nourishment in which sense also Hipp. uses the word drink Aph. 11.2 Sect. where he saith it is easier to be filled with drink then meat By drink he there means liquid nourishment which is to be dranke such as is given to people in feavers which in another place he calls moist diet for they are more easily concocted and dissipated and consequently fill the body sooner But the ordinary drink composed of water and wine being dranke first is carried raw to the veins especially being fasting and strikes the nerves and most of all if you drink wine For to drink water before meals especially where people
of peel'd Oats boyled in water adding thereto a little Sugar and Almond milk which is lighter then Barly-water and therefore more easily concocted it moves urine because of the thinnesse of the substance as also by reason of its temper which inclines to heat Beans are us'd either dry and that by the vulgar sort and people of mean degree or green which is accounted among the more delicate dishes or boyl'd in pottage or fry'd in a pan However they are prepared they are of ill digestion and hardly distributed they increase thick and flatulent humours they swell up the belly and beget a difficulty of breathing and withall binde the belly they obstruct the Liver Spleen and Meseraick Veins they send many vapours to the head so that they hurt the eyes and cause turbulent dreams being of a cold and dry temper yet the green are moistest Although Beans are reckoned among the worst sorts of nourishment yet they afford excellent medicines which although it be not our intention here to reckon up where we only discourse of the matter of nourishment yet we shall here contrary to the method of our Theorems briefly touch upon them as being most usefull and which we have known by certain and daily experience And first there is a water drawn from the new shales of Beans most profitable for such as are troubled with the Stone for it cleanses the reins and hinders the generation of the stone if the patient drink thereof in a morning at several times two or three ounces thereof It is very profitable for such are troubled with a hot distemper of the veins because it is cold and moist when as all other nephretick medicines are extremely heating Of the dry'd shels of Beans and the stalks burnt are made a sort of Ashes which being boyl'd in water of Pellitory of the wall to a kinde of lye and taken for some mornings to the quantity of five or six ounces with an ounce of syrup of Maiden-hair like a julep cures efficaciously all contumacious and stubborn Gonorrhoea's The same is most excellent against the stone hanging in the ureters causing there very great pains for it removes it presently The same effect is performed by a salt drawn from the said ashes and given to the weight of a dram in water of Pellitory of the wall Outwardly also Bean-meal is applyed with very great successe in many affections especially in inflamations of the testicles which often proceed from an ill cured Gonorrhoea Most Chirurgeons who are oftner consulted by ignorant patients in venereal diseases then the Physicians observing an extraordinary hardnesse of the inflamed testicles presently apply mollifying Cataplasms which increase the inflamation when as that soft and spongy part by these dissolving Plaisters are made more fit to receive the flux of the matter Therefore those tumors are to be cured with astringent and discussing medicines to which purpose a Cataplasm made of Bean-meal boyl'd in Oxycratum extraordinarily conduces This plaister is to be often changed and renewed because it suddenly dries up by reason of the want of fat ingredients which are mingled in all other Cataplasms Though they are not here convenient because they inflame the part Yet there may be added to this Cataplasm that the sudden drying thereof may be hindred a little simple Oxymel which hath a faculty both to discusse and binde Pease are to be preferred before all other pulse being in the middle between things of good and bad juice things easie to digest and hard to concoct as Gal. testifies 1 de Alim facult cap. 21. and endued with no excessive quality and so coming near to a middle temper Yet cold and dry is a little predominant they are prepared divers waies both green and dry They are more easily concocted being shal'd and strained after they are boyl'd for the shales are of hard digestion evil juice and astringent The dry are preferred before the green being lesse windy and of easiest digestion but either of them as as all other Pulse are hurtful to melancholick persons and such as abound with thick humours and obstructions Chiches have a thicker substance then Pease and are of a harder concoction both within the without the body for they aske longer time of boyling ere they grow soft neither doth any water boyle them so tender as rain or the purest and thinnest fountain water Neverthelesse there is made of them an excellent Broth which hath a cleansing opening faculty and which provokes both urine and the flowers for which uses the blackest are most commended which are therefore called medicines amongst the vulgar Our Countrey women make a kinde of Broth to provoke the flowres of black Chiches roots of Petroseline and Saffron which they give for three daies together the evacuation being begun or near beginning Lentiles are the worst of all Pulses being of a cold and dry temper hard of digestion and begetting a melancholy juice they breed obstructions hurt the sight excite tumultuous dreams hurt the head nerves and lungs binde the belly stop the urine and the Courses which proceeds from their thick and binding substance CHAP. XIII Of Pot-herbs most in use and their faculties LEttice as Galen saith begets the best bloud of all Pot-herbs but little being cold and moist it provokes sleep increases milk loosens the belly cools the heat of the stomack represses the acrimony of all the humours it agrees best with cholerick sanguin and young people especially in the summer It is eaten raw in Salads as also boyled in broth it agrees best with those who have a weak stomack The often use thereof weakens the sight as Dioscorides saith Many relate that the juice of Lettice drunk to the weight of three or four ounces kils like other poysons Yet should so much Lettice be eaten as would yeeld the same quantity of juice it would do no hurt The reason of which is twofold the first is because that whole Lettice remains longer in the stomack so that the coldnesse is corrected by the long concoction thereof but the juice quickly pierceth to the vitals the second is because that Lettice is amended by the mixture of salt oyle and vinegar and sometimes sugar also Colewort as Galen saith 3. simpl cap. 15. hath a double substance juicy and earthy the one hot in the first degree and nitrous the second cold and dry The nitrous juice is sharp and abstersive and therefore moves the belly but the body of it is thick dry earthy astringent and for that cause bindes the belly The thinner part of the juice is drawn out by the first boyling of the Cabbage and therefore that first broth moves the belly the third and second doth not so Cabbage gives little nourishment and breeds not good humours like Lettice but rank and vitious The ill juice thereof is seen first by the decoction thereof which smels rank especially that which hath the heads cut off Besides Cabbage putrifying in gardens yeelds a most noisome smell Cabbage
the lakes pools and ditches are full of water and that pure through the plenty of rain which fell in the winter Besides it would be impossible to preserve for the whole year water enough in the summer when there fals but little rain and that not lasting many hours And experience teaches us this at Monspeliers where they use much rain-water and preserve it in the spring and winter that that is best which hath all the properties above mentioned especially for the boyling of pulse whereby they grow extremely soft when as in other waters they retain a hardnesse though for a longer time boyl'd Well-water is thick and heavy so that it sticks in the bowels and begets obstructions yet there 's a great difference between well-waters so that some do contend in goodnesse with the fountain that is if they have the following properties if they have fountains of good water near them for you may then imagine that they borrow their waters thence 2. If they be drawn out of deep wells for such are hot in the winter and cold in the summer and lesse liable to external injuries 3. If the sun do freely come at them For the light of the sun doth purifie them and communicates to them a certain vital spirit 4. If they be often moved and exhausted for by that they are made thin and putrefie lesse 5. If they be well and often made clean 6. If they are remote from privies and dunghils whence they may derive any evil quality Those which have contrary qualities are to be accounted noxious For those which are not deep unlesse they arrive from some fountain are liable to all external injuries they freez in winter are hot in summer like standing pools If they be shut up under roofs they are depriv'd of the light of the sun and are defiled with a slimy muck If they be unmov'd they grow thick remain raw contract putrefaction offend the stomack pass difficultly and hurt the bowels If they are near dunghils and privies they become tainted with an ill smell and savour River-waters contend with well waters for goodnesse and are sometimes to be preferred before them sometimes not so well to be esteemed of But there is great variety in river waters for those are best which are sweet and clear and drawn out of swift and rapid streams and which flow in good grounds and in a temperate region but those are bad which are drawn out of still muddy and troubled rivers or out of great and running streams which receive the filth of sinks kitchings and privies Hence rivers that run by the walls of great cities have much filthinesse in them and generate many diseases unlesse this caution be used that the places destin'd for the drawing of water be there only where no filth or excrement is cast in For otherwise if the water which runs by a City be us'd it is very unwholsome This caution also is to be observed in the use of river-water that it be kept in cisterns for some daies for it settles and all the terrestrial and muddy parts sink down to the bottom The water of standing pools and lakes is the worst of all for by reason they have but little motion they soon putrefie they are thick raw and sometimes pestilent and malignant Snow water also and ice-water are very bad for while they are congeal'd by the cold the more thin parts exhale forth besides they have an extraordinary coldnesse that hurts the stomack which is to be also understood of snow and ice-water preposterously used for though young and strong men do not presently perceive the mischief as they grow old they finde it and it brings them into various diseases of the joynts bowels and nervous parts With us it is in this age now in fashion to drink snow and ice-water to cool themselves and not a few refrigerate their wine therewith Which custome is much disputed about not only among the Physitians but also among the vulgar some praising other condemning it Since therefore we have so fit an occasion to speak our opinion we shall accordingly set down our judgement therein First in the Theorem we have already condemn'd the drinking of water cold with snow but with this addition if it be preposterously used which must be accurately explained for first of all that sort of drink is so cold being generally considered that it seems to be absolutely condemned according to the opinion of Hipp. Aph. 51. sect 1. to empty or fill much or suddenly to heat or cool or any other way to disturb the body is dangerous for every excesse is an enemy to nature but what is done by degrees is safe Therefore when the body in the heat of summer is extraordinarily hot to cool it suddenly with that icy drink seems very dangerous the effect of this danger may be confirm'd by the many examples of those who by using this drink have fell into terrible diseases not a few of which we have seen and cured On the other side they are infinite who extoll this drink to the skies confirming their opinion both by reason and experience The first reason is taken hence that our natural heat uses violently to be opposed and extinguished by two great enemies the cold extinguishing and the heat dissipating which makes our bodies in the vehement heat of summer to be languid and faint the hot air as it were inflaming the parts of our body and dissolving their heat which dissolution cannot be hindred but by the taking and applying of refrigerating things And therefore as in all ages baths and swimming in cold water have been conveniently us'd to temper this heat of the body so also cold drink inwardly taken produceth the same effects Secondly drink is necessary to restore the natural moisture which is continually consumed and dissipated by the natural heat but drink as being moist performs that work yet if heat were joyned with this moisture it would forward the resolution of the moisture and therefore generally men desire cold drink in the very winter time to temper that internal heat and stop the resolution But it is much more necessary in the summer time when there is a great dissipation of the moisture through the intense heat of the bowels Lastly the coldest drink us'd in the summer is best as appears by the testimony of many men who affirm that they have been freed from many diseases by drinking water cold with ice or snow Also in Spain and Italy from the time that this drink came in use malign and pestilent Feavers are lesse common in the summer then formerly But our opinion is this First there is no doubt but that drink moderately cold is most convenient for all men And therefore it hath been an old custome for men to preserve their Wine in cellars under ground for their use in summer and to draw water out of the deepest wells if they be good and to mix them in their Wine if not good to
Of Medicaments altering black Choler BLack Choler is generated from adustion which makes it hot and dry and something thick so that the Medicaments which prepare it must be cold and moist and withall attenuating These are not much distinguished from those things that prepare yellow choler only that those are chosen which are more moist and therefore no sharp things are here used because they are thought to have a drying faculty Therefore those things which alter yellow choler may here be used yet properly and directly the following Medicaments are most convenient against black choler Simples Roots of Buglosse Borrage Liquorish Leaves of Borrage Buglosse Fumitory Hops Seeds the four great cold Seeds Fruits Fragrant Apples Flowers of Borrage Buglosse Violets Water-Lilly Compounds Waters of Borrage Buglosse Water-Lilly Syrups of Violets fragrant Apples Conserves of violets Borrage Buglosse Water-Lilly Lettice Chymicals Spirits of Sulphur Vitriol Sal prunellae Saturne Martis Tartar Cream of Tartar CHAP. VI. Of opening Medicines IN many passages of the body especially the veins of the Liver Mesentery and Womb obstructions are bred from thick and clammy humours which adhere to the tunicles of the vessels and hinder the passage of the other humours In cold natures sedentary people and such as use bad nourishment crude humours are generated which being carried to the narrow passages cannot by reason of their crassity passe through but are more and more thickned and become more clammy and glutinous sticking to the tunicles of the veins and begetting obstructions there which brings along with it infinite mischief But those obstructions are opened by aperative medicaments which according to Galen 5. de simpl med fac c. 11. are of a nitrous and bitter quality by the help of which quality they attenuate cut and cleanse and so are near a kin to those medicaments that prepare flegm Opening Medicaments are by Galen called purging and unstopping Medicaments with which faculty all those medicines are endued which are most necessary for the taking away of obstructions for by their attenuating quality they take away the thicknesse of the humour as they cut they take away the clamminesse which consists in the tenuity of the parts and as they cleanse they shake off the humour adhering to the parts Whatsoever therefore are truly and efficaciously opening must be of necessity hot yet cold opening things are given though of lesser vertue and lesse properly so called fit for slighter obstructions and hotter natures In putrid Feavers or otherwise hotter natures obstructions do often happen which unlesse they be very obstinate are to be taken away by cool openers or at least cool ones are to be mixed with the hotter which notwithstanding are not so absolutely cold as compared with others For of themselves they are either temperate or remisly cold for an open faculty cannot consist with an extreme coldnesse Those opening Medicaments are these Hot openers Simple Roots of Smallage Parsly Fennel Fern Cyperus Elecampane Gentian Eringos Cammock both Birthworts Asaraban Rinds of the roots of Cappers the middle rinde of Ash the middle rinde of Tamaris Leaves of Origan Calamint Penyroyal Germander ground Pine lesser Centaury Betony St. Johns Wort Wormwood Roman all the Maiden-hairs which are temperate Seeds of Smallage Parsly Fennel blessed Thistle Nettle Agnus castus Anise Carrots Siceli on Hartwort Ammi or Bishopsweed red Chiches Flowers of Stoechas Rosemary Broom Elder Tamaris Hysop Betony Gums Ammoniack Bdellium Aloes Turpentine Myrrhe Minerals Steel Compounds Waters of Fennel Betony Wormwood Hysop Carduus benedictus Cinnamon Syrups By Zantine of the five Roots of Wormwood simple Oxymel compound Oxymel Conserves of flowers of Broom Tamaris leaves of Wormwood Maidenhair roots of Elecampane Ginger Electuaries Aromaticum Rosatum Diarrhodon Abbatis Confections Alkermes Treacle Troches of Cappars Wormwood Eupatory Myrrhe Chymicals prepared Steel Salt of Wormwood Tamaris Ash-tree Tartar Cream of Tartar Oyl of Anise Fennel Cinnamon Spirit of Turpentine Cold openers Simple Roots of Succory Grasse Asparagus Sorrel Bruscus or Knee-holy sharp pointed Dock Leaves of Endive Succory Sowthistle Sorrel Liverwort Agrimony all the Maidenhairs Seeds the 4. greater cold ones Sorrel seeds Flowers of Succory Compounds Waters of Endive Succory Grasse Sorrel Agrimony Syrups of Vinacre simple of Limons of Succory simple of the juice of Sorrell of Maidenhair Electuaries Triasantalon Diarhodon Abbatis temperate Chymical Spirit of Sulphur Vitriol Sal Prunellae Cremor Tartari CHAP. VII Of purging Medicaments HItherto we have proposed those Medicaments which prepare noxious humours and make them fit for purgation now we treat of those medicines that purge them The humours are usually evacuated by such purging Medicines as having a familiarity with the substance of them draw the humours to them as the loadstone drawes iron Therefore there are so many sorts of purging medicines as there are sorts of humours in the body fit for purgation that is choler flegm melancholy and water The humours which are evacuated by the help of purging Medicaments are choler flegm melancholy and the serum or watry humour to every one of which there are peculiar remedies electively purging So those that purge choler are named Cholagogues flegm Phlegmagogues melancholy Melanagogues the serous humours Hydragogues These are again divided into milde moderate and vehement remedies All purging Medicaments work not with like force but some with lesse some with greater according to their various power of acting allowed them by nature and therefore that their vertues may be the easier drawn forth to use they are divided into three ranks milde moderate and vehement Milde Medicaments are commonly used in weak natures or where the first region is only to be evacuated Moderate in a moderate condition of the strength and to evacuate the second Region Lastly the most vehement in stronger bodies and when the humour is to be attracted from the remoter parts as the brain joints c. But commonly a wary Physician in the same medicament mingleth vehement with milde and moderate that they may work the more successefully together And for the better using of them the just dole of every one is to be propounded 'T is of very great moment rightly to understand the dose of every Medicament without which no man can make a medicine without the apparent endangering the life of the patient But because the dose of purging Medicines is to be changed according to the various disposition of the bodies which wholly depends upon the judgement of the Physician we will therefore propound a greater and lesse dose as they are used in a moderate age that from their latitude a convenient quantity may be discerned But those Doses are so to be taken according as the Medicaments are taken by themselves or as they say in their substance For in infusion there is used a double quantity of the vehement remedy in decoction a troble but those more milde and moderate are commonly trebled in the infusion and quadruple in the decoction The vertue of Medicaments is lost by infusion
the hollow gristly pipes that spread themselves through the body of the lungs being branches of the wind-pipe Bronchorele swelling in the wind-pipe Bubo a sore in the groin C. CAcochymy the abounding of evil humors Calcined burned to ashes in a crucible Calidity heat Callosity a brawny hardness in the skin Carminative medicines that break the wind Cartilage gristle Carotides branches of the great artery going up to the head with the jugular veins Carnosity fleshiness Caries foulness rottenness or corruption of a bone Cataplasme a pultise Catarrhe a defluxion of the humors from the brain Catoche a waking drousiness and dulness of the sences Cavity hollowness Caustick medicines to burn the skin for issues Cephalick belonging to the head Chorion the outmost skin wrapping the child all over Chyle white juyce coming out of the meat digested in the stomach Cicatrize to bring to a scar or close up a wound Colature straining Collyrium an eyessalve Coma heavy and long sleep Condensation a thickening Congelation freezing together Consistence body stiffened with cold or substance Constipation stopping up Contiguity nearness Corneatunica a coat of the eye like horn Corrode biting fretting Crisis a breaking away of the disease by natures conquest of the cause Crassity grosness D. Decoction the liquor wherein things are boiled Defecated cleansed from dregs Deliration dotage raving talking idlely Deliquium a fainting or swouning Density thickness Deterse scoured cleansed Diabete a plentiful sending forth of urine which a violent thirst and consumption succeeds Diagridiate medicines that have scammony in them Diametrically directly opposite Diapedesis an issuing of bloud through the pores of the veins Diaphanous transparent clear Diaphoretick sweats caused by nature oppressed with a malignant humor and forcibly driving it out Diaphragma the midriffe Diastole the extending or swelling of an artery Diathesis disposition Discrete quantity uncontinued parted Dislocation displacing Disparity unevenness Diureticks medicines provoking urine Dyscracy evil temper or disposition Dysenteria qloudy flux Dyspnaea snortness of breath E. EMbrocation bathing bedewing moistening Emplastick sticking Emprosthotonus a Cramp in the forepart of the body Empyema a corrupt matter between the breast and lungs following a pleurisie Emulsion milkes made of cool seeds Eneorema that which hangs like a cloud in urine Enaergetically effectually Ephemeral daily returning Epiala a feaver produced by cold flegm Epicrasis a gentle evacuation of bad humors and receiving good instead Epilepsie a convulsion of the whole body by fits Epiploon the caul Epoulotick causing or inducing a scar Erosion fretting eating Eruginous rusty Erisipelas a swelling caused by choler Exacerbation the fit of a disease Excoriation fleaing the skin away Eucrasy a good well disposed temper F. FArinaceous mealy like meal Fissure cleaving dividing parting Friable apt to crumble short Frigidity coldness Fuliginous smoky misty Fungous spungy G. GIbbosity crookedness of the back Glasteous of the colour of woad Glutinous clammy like glue Gracility slenderness Gravative burdensome heavy Gravity heaviness Grumous ful of clodds or lumps Gypseous limy H. HAbit the whole bulk and substance of the body Hallucination error in judgement Haemorrhagia breaking forth of the bloud from any part of the body Haemorrhoides veins of the fundament to which leeches are applyed Hepatitides veins coming out of the liver Heterogeneous of another nature or kind Homogeneous of the same nature or kind Humidity moisture Hydromel hony and water Hypochondrium theforepart of the belly about the sides and short ribs above the navel Hypogastrium the lower part of the belly under the navel Hypostasis the settling of urine Hysterical troubled with fits of the mother I. IChor raw unconcocted bloud Idiopathy any ones particular and proper affection Idiosyncracy any ones proper and peculiar temper Igneous fiery burning Immobility staiedness fixedness not moveable Intestinum rectim the straight gut Intercostal between the ribs Invalidate to weaken Irrepent creeping in secretly L. LAevity smoothness Levity lightness Lienous troubled with the spleen Lienteria a flux when meat goes away unconcocted Lipothymia fainting or swouning Lipyria an hot feaver the outward parts being cold Lithontripticks medicines to break the stone Lubricity slipperiness Luxation loosening of one joynt from another M. MAgisterial medicines invented by a Physician for his patient contrary to common ones in shops Malacia immoderate lust of women with child Marasmus a consuming feaver Masticatory medicines to be chewed to bring away rheume Membranes skin or coat of the arteries or veins Meninx the filme enwrapping the brain Mesaraick veins little veins conveying the chyle from the stomach to the liver Mesenterium the skin which knits the guts together Morbifick matter causing the disease N. NArcotick stupifying medicines which dull the sense of feeling and cause deep sleep Nauseousness sick stomach inclining to vomit Nephritical troubled with pain in the reins Nephrocatarticks medicines to purge the reins Nidorous swelling of burnt fat or scorched meat O. OBesity fatness Obturation shutting stopping Oesophagus the mouth of the stomach Oleaginous oyly Ophthalmia an inflammation of the eyes Opisthotonus a convulsion when the body is drawn back Organ peculiar parts of the body Osseous bony full of bones Oxycratium vinegar and water mingled Oxydorticks medicines making the eyesight quick Oxyrohodine vinegar of roses Oxysaccharum syrup of vinegar and sugar P. PAraphrenitis a hot distemper communicated to the brain causing a disease like a phrensie Paregoricall mitigating asswaging Parenchyma the substance of the bowels Paroxysme a fit of any disease Pathognomonical properly signifying the species of the disease Pathology treatise of diseases Pepasmus the producing a thing to ripeness and concoction Pepsis concoction ripeness digestion Peripneumony an inflammation of the lungs Peritoneum the inner coat of the belly which covers the gut Pharmaceutick any medicines made by the Apothecary Phlegmon an inflammation or swelling caused by bloud Phthisis consumption corruption Physiology treatise of nature Pica lust of women with child Pituitous flegmy Plethora abounding and fulness of bloud Pleura a thin skin investing the inside of the ribs Podagrical gouty Polypus an excrescency of flesh hanging down to the lower part of the nose like the fish Polypus Porraceous green of the colour of leeks Primigenious primitive first produced Procatarctick first working primary occasions and causes Puerility childs age Pulsifick causing to beat Pungitive pricking Purulent ful of matter and corruption Pyrotick hot burning Q. Quadruple four-fold R. RArity thinness Refrigeration cooling Respiration breathing Retentive power whereby the parts hold fast nourishment drawing back of bloud or humor from the parts affected S. Salprunellae salt-peter purified with brimstone Salsuginous salt Salubrity healthiness Sarcotick producing flesh Scirrhus an hard swelling without pain Sediment settling of urine Semeiotick shewing the signes or Symptonmes of diseases Serum wheyish humor affording matter of urine Siccity driness Spagyricks Chymical Physicians Spasmus a cramp or convulsion Spermatick full of seed Spinalis medulla marrow of the backbone Spumous frothy Struma a swelling in the neck the kings evil or a bunch in the back Sudoriferous causing sweat Superficies the outside of any thing Suppuration a collection of matter in an impostume when it is ready to break Syderation blasting with heat Syllogizing reasoning by argument Symbolize to be like Symmetry just proportion Symptome an evil disposition of body which depends upon and accompanies a disease Synochical continual symptomatical feaver without fits caused by a foregoing disease Systole contraction falling or sinking of the artery T. TAblets medicines made up four square Tenesmus a continual desire of going to stool and voiding nothing butslime or bloudy matter Tensive stretching out Tetanus an extending cramp Therapeutick treatise of healing medicines Tophaceous sandy Transpiration passage of vapours through the pores Trochissated made up in form of a little bowle V. VAletudinary sickly Ventricle the stomach Vertebra the turning bones of the whole back Vertigo swimming in the head Vesicatory medicines applyed to the skin to cause blisters Vitelline like the yolk of an egge Vitreous like glass Ureters passages conveying the urine from the kidney to the bladder Vulnerary belonging to wounds FINIS