and impossible to preserve it SECT XIV The Eighteenth Chapter contains Experiments about the Relation betwixt Air and the Flamma Vitals of Animals from whence it appears That it is as impossible to preserve Animals without Air as Flame SECT XV. The Twentieth Twenty first and second Chapters contain several Experiments which shew That shining Flesh and Fish as well as Worms cease to become lucid if deprived of the Contact of the Air. SECT XVI The Twenty third Chapter contains several Experiments made with a Diamond which shone in the Dark SECT XVII The Twenty fourth and fifth Chapters give an Account of an Aerial and Icy Noctiluca whose Lucidness depend on Fumes raised by the Saline Parts of the Air which being united with the Air affect the Eye jointly CHAP. V SECT I. THE Five first Chapters of the Fifth Book and the First Part shew That Bodies have only a Relative Levity under Water That the Air by virtue of its Spring presses on Bodies under Water and that the Effects of the Air on such Bodies vary according to the differing Weight of the Atmosphere and likewise contain an Invention for estimating the Weight of Water in Water SECT II. The Sixth Chapter contains the following Hydrostatical Paradoxes made out by several Experiments I. That in Water and other Fluids the lower parts are pressed by the upper II. That a lighter Fluid may weigh upon a heavier III. That if a Body contiguous to the Water be altogether or in part lower than the highest Level of the said Water the lower part of the said Body will be pressed upwards by the Water that touches it beneath IV. That in the Ascension of Water in Pumps c. there needs nothing to raise the Water but a competent weight of an external Fluid V. That the Pressure of an external Fluid is able to keep an Heterogeneous Liquor suspended at the same height in several Pipes tho' those Pipes be of very different Diameters VI. If a Body be placed under Water with its uppermost Surface parallel to the Horizon how much soever Water there may be on this or that side above the Body the direct Pressure sustained by the Body is no more than that of a Column of Water having the Horizontal Superficies of the Body for its Basis and the prependicular depth of the Water for its Heighth And so likewise If the Water that leans upon the Body be contained in Pipes open at both ends the Pressure of the Water is to be estimated by the weight of a Pillar of Water whose Basis is equal to the lower Orifice of a Pipe and its heighth equal to a Perpendicular reaching thence to the top of the Water tho' the Pipe be much inclined towards the Horizon or tho' it be irregularly shaped and much broader in some Parts than the said Orifice VII That a Body immersed in a Fluid sustains a lateral Pressure from the Fluid and that increases as the Depth of the immersed Body below the Surface of the Fluid increases VIII That Water may be made to depress a Body lighter than it self as well as to buoy it up IX That a parcel of Oil lighter than Water may be kept in Water without ascending in it X. That the Cause of the Ascent of Water is Syphons and of flowing through them may be explained without having recourse to Nature's Abhorrency of a Vacuum XI That a solid Body as ponderous as any yet known tho' near the top of the Water will sink by its own weight yet if it be placed in a greater depth than that of Twenty times its own thickness it will not sink if its Descent be not assisted by the weight of incumbent Water SECT III. The Eighth Chapter contains a Description of a new Hydostratical Instrument to estimate the difference of Metals in goodness SECT IV. The Ninth Chapter contains a short Account of the Increase and Growth of Metals And the remaining Chapters of the First Part of the Fifth Books lays down a Method to estimate the Goodness of Ores and also of Medicinal Substances by which it may easily appear That if a Body be heavier than Chrystal it must contain more or less of a Metalline Ingredient as it exceeds that in weight CHAP. VI. SECT I. THE Second Part of the Fifth Book contains several solitary Observations and Experiments both Chymical Medicinal and Physical which since nothing can be inferred from them but what hath been already taught it will be needless to mention what is contained therein especially since Historical Relations cannot be more contracted than in the Epitomy CHAP. VI. SECT I. THE First and Second Chapters of the Third Part of the Fifth Book teach That all Gems have been once in a fluid Form and that they receive their Virtues and Colours from Mineral Tinctures SECT II. The Second Chapter shews That even solid Bodies continually emit Effluvia SECT III. The Fourth Chapter shews the strange Subtlety of Effluvia a Grain of Silver Wyre consisting of 64800 true Metalline Parts and a Grain of Leaf-Gold being capable of being divided into 2000000 Squares And Fillings of Copper will give a Tincture to 613620 times their Bulk of Water SECT IV. The Fifth Chapter shews the great Efficacy of Effluviums as in Lightning and other Effluviums which affect Humane Bodies SECT V. The Sixth Chapter proves That the Effluviums of Bodies act according to the determinate Nature of the Body they come from SECT VI. The Seventh and Eighth Chapters shew That not only Animal but other solid Bodies are porous SECT VII The Ninth and Tenth Chapters contain a Natural History of Humane Blood for which I must refer the Reader to the Epitomy it not admitting of a Recapitulation of the Contents in much less room than they are there contained in SECT VIII The last Chapter of the Third Volume shews That the Operations of Specifick Medicines are Reconcilable to the Conpuscular Philosophy What he hath delivered concerning the manner of their acting it may be comprized under the following Heads Prop. I. Sometimes a Specifick Medicine may cure by discussing or resolving the Morbifick Matter and thereby making it fit for Expulsion by the greater common-Shoars of the Body and the Pores of the Skin Prop. II. Sometimes a Specifick Medicine may mortifie the over-acid or other immoderate Particles that infect the Mass of Blood and destroy their Coagulatory or other Effects Prop. III. Sometimes a Specifick Medicine may help the Patient by precipitating the Morbisick Matter out of his Blood or the other Liquors of the Body in which it harbours Prop. IV. Sometimes a Specifick Medicine may work by peculiarly strengthening and cherishing the Heart the Part affected or both Proy V. Sometimes a Specifick Medicine may act by producing in the Mass of Blood such a Disposition as may enable Nature by correcting expelling or other fit Ways to surmount the Morbifick Matter or other Cause of the Disease Prop. VI. Sometimes a Specifick Medicine may unite with the
And by virtue of this Weight it is that Mercury is raised in Weather-Glasses and Water in Pumps And by several other Experiments made in an exhausted Receiver it appears That tho' Gunpowder will not explode when the Air presses not upon it nor will Fire burn Yet in the exhausted Receiver it is observed That a Loadstone hath externally applied considerable Effects on Bodies contained in it but Sounds are not propagated in vacuo In this Chapter he likewise farther teaches why two flat polished Marbles adhere to each other viz. By the Compression of the Atmosphere As also he tells us That the Weight of the Atmosphere was able to raise a Hundred Pound Weight tied to the Sucker of the Pump depressed when the Receiver was exhausted And in this Chapter he farther adds Experiments which shew That the Pressure of the Air is the Chief Cause of Filtration And as for the Distinction of the Proportion betwixt the Weight of Air and Water he proves it to be but as 1 to 938 That the Proportion of Quick-silver is as 14000 to 1. And besides these he hath made several Experiments and Observations which prove what Effects the Exhausted Receiver hath on Animals included in it and how long they are able to continue alive without Air. SECT XI The Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth and Seventeenth Chapters only contain a Defence of what hath been delivered in the foregoing Chapter or Objections against what other Men have taught And the Subjects of the following Chapters to the Twenty ninth being of the like nature I shall not here tell what Notions he hath confuted but since he hath taught nothing but only defended his former Assertions I shall refer the Reader to the Epitomy SECT XII The Nineteenth Chapter only contains a Description of an Engine made use of in the Experiments which fill up the next Chapter where it is made to appear That Air is able barely by its Spring to raise Mercury in a Tube as also That Heat may be caused by a bare Attrition in an exhausted Receiver That the Spring of the Air is able to burst Bladders and to raise a considerable Weight as also That such one is able to raise Mercury no higher than the Weight of the Atmosphere is able to impel it and likewise to what heighth Mercury and Water may be raised proportionably to their Specifick Gravity And in this Chapter we are farther told how to discover the Pressure of the Air by the Touch and how to make portable Baromelers as also we are here taught That in an exhausted Receiver a Spring may be raised without any difficulty yet when the Air is let in it will be violently depressed again and not be raised again so easily And in the same Chapter it is likewise made to appear That Cupping-Glasses are caused to stick by the Pressure of the Air. There are several other Particular Experiments contained in this Volume which I shall not here take notice of for Reasons offered in my Preface CHAP. III. SECT I. THE First Chapter of the Third Book beginning the Second Volume contains several Experiments to prove farther the Weight and Spring of the Air from whence it appears That the Cause of the Ascent of Water in Syringes is to be derived from the Pressure of the Air That Light may be produced in vacuo Boyliano That by a small Quantity of included Air 50 or 60 Pound or a greater Weight may be raised in the exhausted Receiver SECT II. The Second Chapter contains Descriptions of several Engines made use of in succeeding Experiments SECT III. The Third Chapter shews That the Productions of Air may be helped several ways and that it may be obtained from Bread Grapes Raisins Plumbs Mustard boiled Apples c. In this Chapter we are likewise told how the Production of Air may be hindred as by Cold by making use of Spirit of Wine along with the Body included in vacuo or by employing Vinegar by Compression by Water or Leaven And in this Chapter we are farther taught That the Effects of Artificial Air are different from the Effects of Common Air as also That the Effects of Compressed Air are different from those of Common Air That Animals cannot live in Artificial Air That the Consumption of Combustible Matter is promoted by the Condensation of the Air That Air is produced from dried Fruits without any Regularity That Bodies afford as much Air as they can before they putrifie That Artificial Air may be destroyed That Liquors may acquire a Sourness tho' no Spirits evaporate That fermented Liquors may preserve Fruit That Beer may preserve Beef and That tho' Fishes yield not so much Air as Flesh yet they will corrupt tho' not affected by the outward Air That Butter may be preserved a long time if kept from the Contact of the outward Air That Sugar does not preserve Fruit as well as fermented Liquors Flesh may be kept fresh if kept in a strong compressed Air in a Receiver SECT IV. The Fourth Chapter shews That Bodies may be preserved a long time in Vacuo Boyliano without boiling SECT V. The Fifth Chapter shews That Air may become unfit for Respiration and yet retain its usual Pressure and also several Experiments to shew how long some sort of Animals may live without Air longer than others SECT VI. The Sixth Chapter contains Animadversions on Mr. Hobbe's Problemata de Vacuo and proves That the Atmosphere is the chief Cause of the Rise of Water upon Suction SECT VII The Seventh Chapter delivers the Cause of Attraction by Suction and tells us That it chiefly depends on the external Pressure of the Air when it is taken off the Internal Surface of the Liquor in a Tube And farther I. That a Liquor may be raised by Suction when the Pressure of the Air neither as it hath Weight nor Elasticity is the Cause of its Elevation II. That the Weight of the Atmospherical Air is sufficient to raise up Liquors by Suction SECT VIII The Eighth Chapter contains Observations and Directions about the Barometer and the Ninth contains only a Description of a new kind of Baroscope SECT IX The Tenth Chapter contains a Discovery of the admirable Rarifaction of the Air without Heat it being rarified so as to possess 8232 times its former Dimensions and sometimes to 10000. SECT X. The Eleventh Twelfth and Thirteenth Chapters shew That the Duration of the Spring of expanded Air is very considerable That the Air may be compressed into an eighth part of its former Space That the Proportion as to the Degrees of Rarification and Condensation is as 1 to 70. SECT XI The Fourteenth Chapter gives us a brief Account of the Utilities of Higgroscopes and tells us That the General Use is to estimate the Changes of the Air as to moisture and driness and the particular Uses of them is to know the differing Variations of Weather in the same Month Day and Hour To know how much one Season is drier or moister
any time and if so at what time of the Year and what Influences that Rain hath upon the Air as to the making it Wholesome or Pestilential or otherwise Unwholesome 2. To consider the Nitre that is made there to try what Affinity there is between the Nitre we have and theirs whether it discover an Alkaly Nature by its Colluctation with Acids as some report and whether after dissolving in Water Filtration and Evaporation it give Chrystals like to Nitre 3. Whether the Earth of Egypt adjoining to the River Nilus preserved and weigh'd daily keeps the same Weight till the seventeenth of June and then grows daily heavier with the Increase of the River 4. Whether if the Plague be never so great before yet on the first Day of the Nile's Increase it not only not increaseth but absolutely ceaseth not one dying of it after and whether this be justly attributed to the swelling of the Nile or the cool Winds that happen about that Time and come from the dissolving of the Snows on the Riphaean Hills behind Greece which being impregnated with the Nitrous Particles of the Snow doth both fan the Air of Egypt and communicate to it an Anti-pestilential Quality which I the rather am inclin'd to believe because Judicious Men do attribute in part the swelling of the Nile to these Etesiae that blowing hard on the Mouth of the Nile force its Waters back again into its Channel which meeting with the Land-flood that is at the same time occasion'd by the great Rains happening at that Time on the Mountains of the Moon do make the River overflow its Banks 5. To enquire particularly into the manner of hatching Eggs in Egypt how the Camels Dung is prepar'd wherein they are laid how often the Eggs are turned how covered whether they hatch in one and twenty Days as they do with us under a Hen whether the Chickens be as perfect as ours if imperfect whether that may not happen to them with rough handling while they are removed being very tender out of the Place where they are hatched to take the Design of the manner how by the Pipes the Heat is conveyed to several Rooms how they â—reat them betwixt the time of their Hatching and Taking away by the Owners whether they do not also use to hatch Eggs under Hens 6. To enquire if the Yellow Amber that is sold in Egypt in great quantity be the Gum of a Tree growing in Egypt or Ethiopia as Bellonius after Diodorus Siculus affirms and whether besides several Animals that are found inclosed in that Amber there is frequently found some part of the Bark of a Tree sticking to it 7. To enquire of a certain Tree growing not far from Cairo which bears a Fruit stuffed with Wool that is finer than Silk of which the Arabs make Linnen that is softer than Silk and whiter than Cotton 8. Whether Crocodiles that are found to be sometimes thirty foot long are hatched of an Egg no bigger than a Turkey's 9. Whether the Ichneumon or Egyptian Water-Rat can kill a Crocodile by skipping into his Mouth and gnawing his way out as Old Writers affirm 10. Whether it be true That the Arabs can charm the Crocodiles or whether there be on the Nile's side any Talismans or Constellated Figures beyond which the Crocodiles cannot pass as some would make us believe 11. To enquire at Cairo for several Druggs which are common there and much in use yet not brought into Europe as Acacia Calamus Odoratus Amomum Costus Ben Album and divers such others 12. Whether the Female Palm-Tree be not Fruitful unless she be planted by the Male as some would bear us in Hand 13. To enquire whether the Appearance of Legs and Arms of Men related to stand out of the Ground to a great Number at five Miles from Cairo on Good-Friday do still continue and how that Imposture is perform'd 14. Whether Children born in the Eighth Month do usually live there contrary to what is believed to happen elsewhere 15. To take an Account of the Wooden Locks there which are said to be made with as great Art there as our Locks here 16. To observe the Course of the Waters both in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea Enquiries for Guiney 1. Whether the River Niger overflows the Country yearly like Nilus 2. Whether Rain when it falls be often very hot whether it rots the Cloaths if not presently dried and breeds Worms in them 3. Whether the Gold there differs in the Fineness and that which lies uppermost in the Mine be the finest 4. Whether the Palm yields Wine Oil Vinegar Soap and Bread and whether out of the Leaves they pick Threads making thereof very curious Works 5. Whether they have besides their Palm-wine a Drink made of Grain like our Ale what Grain that is and how prepared 6. Whether some People on the River Gambra be only Tawny as others very Black 7. Whether the Negroes have such sharp Sights that they discover a Ship farther off at Sea than an European can 8. What Reason there is to conclude That the Common People being accustomed to drink Water is the Cause that they are troubled with Worms in their Bodies very painful to them and difficult to get out Enquiries for Poland and the adjacent Country especially such as are more Northerly 1. What is the way of making Pot-ashes in Poland 2. What is to be observed about Succinum or Amber whether it be an Exudation of the Sea whether it be soft when 't is first cast on Shore at what Season of the Year and in what manner 't is taken up c. 3. What is to be observed in the digging of Sal Gemmae in Poland and what is the Depth of the Mines stored with the Salt and what their Distance from the Sea 4. What Truth there is in that Relation of Swallows being found under Waters congeal'd in Winter and reviving if they be fish'd and held to the Fire 5. Whether there be in the Bodnick Bay a Whirl-pool as is related to be in the Sea of Norway which is commonly called the Mealstroom and whether ther be any Signs that relate the Communication of these Gulphs with the Subterraneous Passages as Kircher says in his Mundus Subter T. 1. p. 146. 6. To what Depth the Cold in these Parts pierces the Earth and Water 7. Whether their Watches go slower by the intense Cold. 8. Whether their Oil in great Colds is turned into true that is to say hard and brittle Ice 9. Whether they can freeze there a strong Brine of Bay-Salt a strong Solution of Sal Gemmae or Soot or a strong Solution of Salt of Tartar or Sugar of Lead 10. Whether they can congeal meer Blood all the serous Part thereof being severed Item Canary Wine Solutions of all Salts and strong Solutions of Metals 11. Whether an intense and lasting Frost makes any Alteration in Quicksilver exposed very shallow in a flat Vessel 12. Whether the Purgative
the Faculties and Virtues of Animals and Plants depend not wholly on the Forms of mixed Bodies considered as such since the Effects of a Compound Body may be attributed to the mixed Action of the Compound Ingredients each of those Bodies co-operating and modifying each others Actions and this is evident since upon a Dissolution of that Union each Body hath its determinate Form and Virtue But here we must take notice That sometimes when the Specifick Form of a Body is destroyed the Qualities remaining may not always be the Result of united subordinate Forms but depend on the determinate Forms of particular Parts of that Body and sometimes several new Qualities may be added to a Body upon the Abolition of a specifick Form by the Influence of external Agents And to what hath been said concerning subordinate Forms we may add the following Particulars I. That it is no difficult Matter to determine the Nobleness of Forms II. Tho' several Alterations are made in Bodies by a Recess or Access of Qualities yet they retain the same Denomination and are said to have the same Form by reason of some Eminent Quality or Use III. Several Effects will be produced by Compound Bodies upon the account of the Union and Joint-Action of their Ingredients IV. Sometimes a superadded Form is accidental to a pre-existent yet it modifies the Operation of it without altering its Nature V. Besides the Operations of a Body which are specifick in respect of the whole it may have several Effects depending on the seperate and particular Properties of an Ingredient VI. That is often called the specifick Form in Bodies which is not the presiding but the most eminent VII The Forms of a Body generally called Subordinate may with more Reason be called Concurrent since upon their Coalition depends the Form of the Whole SECT V. The Fifth Chapter shews That a slight Variation of Texture produced by Motion is able to discriminate Natural Bodies and to cause them to have different Effects as Ice and Salt will freeze other Liquors tho' Water and Salt will not Where it is also made to appear that the Productions of Art are really the Effects of Nature since the Artist only puts Natural Bodies together but their Effects are really produced according to the Laws of Nature SECT VI. The Sixth Chapter teaches That the curious and various Figures of Salts may be produced without the Assistance of a Plastick Power and may result from a bare Connexion of Metalline and Saline Bodies and their Figures may vary according to the different Quantities of Liquors or the Space of Time they shoot in And as for Acids they are observed to shoot into Chrystals variously figured according to the Nature of the Menstruum or the Bodies it works upon and that by slight Alterations without the Assistance of substantial Forms Salts may be obtained appears from several Experiments laid down in that Chapter SECT VII The Eighth and Ninth Chapters containing several Experiments from whence it appears consonant to what hath been already delivered That by Alteration of Texture and a new Modification of Matter several Changes may be wrought in Bodies without the Help of substantial Forms From which Experiments several Inferences are drawn to shew the Absurdity of the Aristotelian Principles SECT VIII The Tenth Chapter contains several Experiments to shew That by an Alteration of the Textures of Bodies several Qualities may be destroyed in a Body and regained again and particularly in Salt-petre As also That the same Particles of Matter may have different Effects when in a fluid Form from what they have when solid And in the same Chapter it is made to appear That Chymistry rather destroys than discovers the Principles of Natural Bodies SECT IX In the Eleventh Chapter which contains the History of Fluidity we are told That a Body is said to be fluid because it consists of Parts which easily slip upon one another's Surfaces to which they are inclined by their porous Interstices and because by the Motion of their Parts they spread and diffuse themselves on every side till opposed by some solid Body to the Superficies of which they adapt themselves And in the same Chapter we are farther taught That in order to render a Body fluid it is requisite the Parts of them should be very minute as also of a determinate Figure That there should be Pores betwixt their Parts and that their Parts should be in a perpetual and a variously determined Motion It also shews us how a Fluid may be obtained from a Consistent Body and having illustrated the Doctrine of Fluidity by Experience it farther makes it evident That the Reason why some Fluids will not mix with others is only their particular Textures and peculiar Motion of their Parts SECT X. The Twelfth Chapter shews That the Superficies of Liquids pressing one against another give each other different and determinate Figures SECT XI The Thirteenth Chapter gives us the History of Firmness and tells us That Solidity consists in this viz. That the gross Parts of solid Bodies are so interwoven together that they are unapt to diffuse themselves several ways like Fluids and that the Figure of their Superficies is chiefly owing to the Connexion of the Parts that compose them rather than to outward Bodies so that these Three Things seem chiefly to be the Causes of Solidity Grossness of Parts Rest and the Implication of their Constituent Parts In this Chapter he also teaches That a Juxta-Position of Parts is not the only Cause of Cohesion but that the weight and spring of the Air is one great Cause nevertheless a Juxta-Position of the Parts of Glass seems requisite and sufficient to make so compact a Substance the Parts of the Matter of which it is composed being first minutely divided by the Fire before their Union And In this Chapter he farther teaches us That the Figures and Textures of the Parts of a Body may not only contribute to their Solidity but that some Liquids may become solid upon the Interposition of the minute Parts of another Body and that a Liquor may become solid upon the Addition of a Powder only And In the same Chapter we are farther taught That fluid Bodies consist not of Parts divisible into Fluid as Quantity into Quantity That there is a Plastick Power inherent in several Bodies and that Mixture is sufficient to produce Petrification SECT XII The Fourteenth Chapter contains several Instances to shew That there is a Motion in the Parts of Consistent and even Solid Bodies SECT XIII The Fifteenth Chapter treating of the great Effects of languid and unheeded Motion brings several Instances and Observations to prove I. The great Efficacy of Celerity in Bodies very small especially if the space they move through be but small as in Lightning II. That the insensible Motion of so soft Bodies as Fluids may have a sensible Operation upon solid Bodies as in Sounds when they shake the Windows of a House c.
at a considerable distance III. The Number of the insensible Parts of Matter put into Motion enables them to perform several things IV. That Local Motion may be propagated through several Mediums and even Solid Bodies V. The Effects of particular Modifications of the Invisible Motions of Fluids on Animal Bodies disposed to be worked upon by them are very considerable as when a particular Note of a Musical Instrument hath a peculiar Effect upon particular Animals VI. The Effects of Fluids upon inanimate Bodies upon the account of a particular Texture and Modification of the Agent and the Patient are also considerable VII Some Bodies are looked upon to have their Parts absolutely at rest when they are only in a State of Tension or Compression VIII We are too apt to take notice of the visible Effects of Bodies one upon another without considering the intestine Motion of their Parts CHAP. II. SECT I. THE First Chapter of the Second Book treating of the Cosmical Qualities of Things teaches us That Cosmical Qualities depend partly on the Influence of external Agents as well as the primary Affections of Matter So that I. Some Bodies are altogether inactive till they are acted on and that others are put into Action chiefly by the Influence of Catholick and unheeded Agents II. There are several Bodies which when put into Action are subtle enough to insinuate themselves into the Pores of other Bodies which they are forced to act on by the established Laws of Nature an Instance of which we have in the Expansive force of Beans soaked with Water III. An Alteration of the Mechanical Texture of a Body is enough to dispose it or render it unapt to be worked on by those unheed-Agents SECT II. In the Second Chapter he proposes the following Suspicions or Conjectures I. That there are several Parts of Matter in the Aether which are variously disposed to work upon Bodies according to the various Textures of those Bodies they chance to work upon or according to the difference of the Agents they work concurrently with II. He tells us That several People have discovered Pestilential Steams in the Air before they began to act as such upon other Bodies III. He suspects That there have been Changes considerable enough in the Internal Parts of the Earth from whence may be deduced a Reason of the irregular Variation of the Mariners Needle IV. He supposes the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea and such like Phaenomena to proceed from some Cosmical Law of Nature or that the Planetary Vortex may be not a little concerned in the producing such Effects V. He supposes all Endemical and Epidemical Distempers to be chiefly owing to the Influence of those Globes which move about vs and the Terrestrial Effluvia of our own Globe SECT III. The Third Chapter treating of the Temperature of Subterraneal Regions as to Heat and Cold divides them into Three Regions and tells us That the Bounds as well as Temperature of the First are very different That the Temperature of the Second seems to be colder than that above or that below it being remoter both from the Influence of External as well as Subterraneal Heat In several Places which may be referred to this middle Region the Temperature of the Air is different at the same Seasons of the Year besides the different Temper of Subterraneal Regions may be varied by the Soil And farther The Temper of the Third Region is warm which Warmth varies in several Places SECT IV. In the Fourth Chapter he only assigns Two Regions to the Sea the one extended from the Superfices of the Water as far as the Sun-Beams penetrate and the other from thence to the utmost Depth of the Water so that the upper-Region must vary as to its Extent according to the Difference of the Climate and the Heat of the Sun or the Nature of the Soils about the Shore as for the lower-Region it is generally cold SECT V. The Fifth Chapter informs us That the bottom of the Sea is very rough and unequal That the Water gravitates considerably upon Bodies immersed in it That the Bottom of the Sea is not disturbed with Storms but that the Water almost stagnates SECT VI. The Sixth Chapter gives the following Account of Coral viz. That when first taken up it is soft flexible and very pale but when the Bark is taken off and it hath been exposed to the Air its natural Redness presently appears It is much paler on the Inside than on the outward Superfices This Chapter likewise informs us That several Trees in Africa are observed to grow under Water SECT VII The Proportion of Salt to Water in Sea-Water is observed to be as One to Forty which Salt is supplied by Salt-Rocks contiguous or near the Water or by Salt washed away and carried along by Springs and Rain-Water which float into the Ocean or by Latent-Springs As for the Bitterness commonly observed in Sea-Water it probably proceeds from some bituminous Bodies carried along with spring-Spring-Water into the Sea And to these Observations he adds That Agitation is very requisite to keep Sea-Water from stinking and as to its Saltness That it is observed to differ much in the Degrees of its Saltness SECT VIII The Eighth Ninth Tenth and the Eleventh Chapters chiefly consists of Queries proposed for the Natural History of Mineral Waters Therefore I shall only take Notice here that he gives the following Directions in trying Mineral Waters 1. To observe the Changes of Colours made by Tinctures in a good Light which may help to distinguish what Mineral Tinctures they are impregnated with 2. To vary the Shades of Colours produced by Mineral Waters either by dropping such Waters upon Paper whose Pores are salurated with powdered Vitriol or tinged with a Decoction of Logwood Several Variations in Colours may be also made by dropping other Medicinal Liquors either into the Mineral Waters or the Infusion of Galls either before or after 3. He recommends for such Trials not only the Parts of Astringent Plants but Animal and especially Mineral Substances SECT IX In the Twelfth Chapter he tells us That the Natural States of Bodies vary according to the Difference of Climates so that it is the Natural State of Water in some Parts and Seasons to be froze and turned into Ice and in others to be always fluid And he farther adds That all violent States of Matter are not preternatural and that it is a common Error That nothing violent is durable since it is evident that the Atmosphere we live in is always in a forced or a compressed State SECT X. The Thirteenth Chapter contains a Description of Mr. Boyle's Pneumatick Engine as also several Experiments tried with it from whence it appears That the Air acts upon most Bodies by virtue of its Springiness by which it is inclined always to expand and by its Weight by which it in its Gravitation presses upon Bodies below it proportionably to the Weight of an incumbent Pillar of Air
than another To discover and compare the Changes of the Temperature of the Air made by Winds strong or weak Frosty Snowy and other Weather To compare the Temperature of differing Houses and differing Rooms in the same House To observe in a Chamber the Effects of the Presence or Absence of Fire in a Chimney or Stove To keep a Chamber at the same Degree or assigned Degree of Driness SECT XII The Eighteenth Chapter shews the Efficacy 〈◊〉 the Air 's Moisture in contracting Ropes … elling of Timber and bursting of Marca … s. SECT XIII The Nineteenth Chapter contains an Account of some unheeded Causes of the Insalubrity and Salubrity of the Air under the following Propositions I. That it seems probable that in divers Places the Salubrity or Insalubrity of the Air considered in General may be in good part due to the subterraneal Expirations especially those called Ordinary Emissions II. It is probable that in divers Places some Endemical Diseases do chiefly or partly depend on Subterraneal Steams III. It is likely that divers Epidemical Diseases are in great part produced by Subterraneal Effluvia IV. It is probable that most of the Diseases that Physicians call New ones are caused either chiefly or concurrently by Subterraneal Steams SECT XIV The Twentieth and Twenty first Chapters shew That there are several Latent Qualities in the Air which arise from the Union and Conjunction of other Bodies with it some of which may possibly be raised by the Heat of the Sun Beams and also That the Air seems to contain in it all sorts of Seminal Principles SECT XV. The Twenty second Chapter contains an Endeavour to Improve Artificial Magnets And the Twenty third and fourth Chapters shew That Magnetical Qualities depend on a Mechanical Construction of the Constituent Parts of a Body since that Quality may be altered by the Effects of Fire and other Concurrent Accidents which can only Mechanically affect it SECT XVI The Twenty fifth Chapter proves by several Experiments That Electricity may be Mechanically produced or destroyed SECT XVII The Twenty sixth Chapter contains a General History of the Air in which since nothing is contained but what is Historical it is not possible to relate the Substance in less room than it is there contained CHAP. IV. SECT I. THE First Chapter of the Fourth Book proves That Tastes may be Mechanically produced SECT II. The Second and Third Chapters prove That Odours and Colours depend on a Mechanical Texture of the Body endowed with them SECT III. The Fourth Chapter contains an Experimental History of Colours from whence it appears That Diversity of Colours frequently denote different Properties in Bodies and that the Perception of Colours depends on a particular Motion given to the Spirits in the Retina and communicated to the Brain As for the Cause of Colours it depends on the various and differently modified Superficies of Bodies or the various Figures of the superficial Parts and their Situation and sometimes the Motion of a Body by which it is enabled to reflect the Rays of Light variously to the Eye As to Particular Colours in the Fifth Chapter we are told That Whiteness depends on such a Superficial Texture as reflects the Rays of Light not upon one another but upon the Spectator's Eye by reflecting them without Refraction and that the Surfaces of White Bodies are Specular and by a Change of the Texture of its Parts a Body may be deprived of that Colour Blackness differs from White in as much as the Rays of Light are reflected inwards and not upon the Eye the Pratuberant Parts yielding to the Impression of those Lucid Rays The Sixth and Seventh Chapters contains several Experiments which prove That Whiteness and Blackness may be Mechanically altered or produced CHAP. V. SECT I. IN the First Chapter of the Appendix to the Fourth Book he teaches That Cold may be Mechanically produced or destroyed by a bare Change of Texture or Alterations otherwise Mechanically brought on without the Assistance of the Aristotelian substantial Forms or the Hypostatical Principles of the Chymists SECT II. Shews us That not only Weather-Glasses but our Senses may misinform us about Cold and the account of several Predispositions and the Temper of our Sensories as we feel it colder in the Air when we come out of a hot Bath than when only out of a warm Room c. SECT III. The Third Chapter contains Observations about the Deficiencies of Weather-Glasses c. which since they teach us only how to learn to improve the use of them and since they cannot be expressed in fewer Words I must take no farther notice of them SECT IV. Tells us That the Cause of the Condensation of the Air in Weather-Glasses and the Ascent of Water by Cold depend on the Pressure of the external Air gravitating upon the Surface of the Water without the Pipe and over-powering the Spring of the Internal Air weakened by Cold. SECT V. The Fifth Chapter contains a Natural History of Cold which since it will not admit of being otherwise related than Historically I must refer the Reader to the Epitomy SECT VI. The Sixth Chapter contains a Confutation of the Received Notion of Antiperistasis The Seventh an Examination of Mr. Hobbe's Doctrine of Cold which being only Controversial I must pass it by And as for the Eighth and Ninth Chapters they likewise containing bare Historical Truths which admit of no Contraction and this small General Recapitulation will not admit of Transcribing the whole Epitomy SECT VII The Tenth Chapter teaches us that Cold is only a Privative Quality depending on a Privation of the Motion of the Parts of a Body cooled SECT VIII The Eleventh Chapter shews That the Expansive Force of freezing Water is so great as to be able when froze in a Brass Cilinder to raise 254 Pounds tho' the Cilinder was none of the largest And in the same Chapter we are likewise told That a cold Ebullition or if one may so speak Effervescence depends purely upon the Texture of the fermenting Liquor SECT IX The Twelfth Chapter contains several Experiments which prove That Heat depends upon and is caused by a variously determined and a rapid Motion of this minute Parts of the Body esteemed hot SECT X. Contains an Account of a particular sort of Mercury which grows hot with Gold SECT XI From several Experiments made and contained in the Fourteenth Chapter it appears That the Particles of Fire may be detained in Metal and by that means add to the Weight of it And the Fifteenth Chapter contains Experiments which have the same Tendency SECT XII The Sixteenth Chapter contains a Discovery of the Perviousness of Glass to ponderable Parts of Flame and also proves That Flame may act as a Menstruum and make Coalitions with the Bodies it works upon SECT XIII The Seventeenth Chapter contains new Experiments concerning the Relation betwixt Flame and Air from which it appears that it is very difficult to produce Flame without Air
And moreover how all these are or may be farther improved for the Benefit of Man what are the Qualities of that Soil peculiar to it II. The Inhabitants themselves are to be consider'd both Natives and Strangers that have been long settled there particularly their Stature Shape Features Strength Ingenuity Diet Inclination that seem not due to Education As to their Women their Fruitfulness or Barrenness their easie and hard Labour with their Exercises and Diet the Diseases both Men and Women are subject to peculiar to themselves compared with their Diet Air c. that do influence them The Products External are Plants Trees Fruits c. with the Peculiarities observable in them e. g. that of the Poison-wood call'd Machenil in New-England with its Cures and what Soils they thrive best in What Animals Terrestrial or Volatile or Insects of all sorts they produce and to what use applied by the Inhabitants as to Meat Physick Surgery or Dying c. By the Internal Production of the Earth are to be understood here Things procreated in the Bowels of the Earth either for the Benefit or Hurt of Man where Notice is to be taken what way the one may be best found out and the other most easily avoided or cured Under these are comprehended Metals Minerals Stones Precious or Common and how these Beds lie in reference to North or South c. What Clays and Earths it affords e. g. Tobacco pipe-Clay Marles Boles with their Physical or other Uses Fullers Earth Earth for Potters Ware Soap Earths Axungiae c. What Coals Salts or Salt-Mines as Allom Vitriols Sulphures c. it yields As for Mines you are to consider their Number Situations Depths Signs Waters Damps Quantities of Ore extraneous things and ways of reducing their Ores into Metals c. Where by the way you may inform your selves of the Truth of what is reported by Agricola Kircher c. of Apparitions and their Operations under Ground To these General Articles of Enquiries saith their Proposer should be added Enquiries about Traditions concerning all particular things relating to that Country as either peculiar to it or at least uncommon elsewhere II. Enquiries that require Learning or Skill in the Answerer to which should be subjoin'd Proposals of Ways to enable Men to give Answers to these more difficult Enquiries After the General Heads now propos'd we shall mention those that concern Navigators into Remote Places The First agrees with what has been said before viz. The Observing the Declination of the Compass in the different Longitudes and Latitudes the Ship comes to and setting down the Method by which the Observation was made 2. To take notice of the Dipping-Needles and their Observations in the like manner 3. To observe the Odours Colours Tastes in Sea-water and what are the Particularities of that Sea-Water where Ships do soonest rot as in the Streights of California the Sea looks red with innumerable Worms that are in it 4. To remark if as is reported by Kircher there be near the South Pole a constant Current setting from the South so forcibly that Ships with a stiff Gale are hardly carried up against it and near the North a Current forcibly carrying Ships towards the Pole or if this Motion reciprocate once in half a Year 5. To observe what subterraneous Passages there are whereby Seas communicate with one another as the Caspian is supposed to do with the Black Sea and the Dead Sea with the Red Sea 6. To examine the Map made of the Straits by Captain Bolland and the Account of the Tides he there gives 7. The Effect the Winds have upon the Seas and how far down from the Surface they agitate the Waters 8. To take notice of the Tides of the Ebbings and Flowings with the Age of the Moon when the Neap and Spring-Tides do happen to what heighth it does ebb and flow at these Times upon the Coast of the Terra Firma or upon the Islands far off in the Sea as at St. Helena and if it flow there with difference from the Tides near the main Land and how much sooner it begins at one side than another 9. To take notice of the Coast and to make narrowly the way of coming into particular Creeks and Harbours with their Bearings and Distances from the neighbouring Places as you come in 10. Not forgetting at the same time to sound all along as you come in and to mark the Depths and Shallows near the Shoar or farther off from the Coast near Shelves or Banks and whether it increases or decreases in any Order 11. To mark in the Sounding all Grounds whether Clayie Sandy or Ousie c. 12. To take Notice of the Winds their Changes or set Times of Blowing and in what Longitude and Latitude especially the Trade-Winds upon what Coast the Trade-Winds are most frequent and by what Signs they may be foreseen 13. To Observe and Record all extraordinary Meteors Lightnings Thunders and their Effects Ignes Fatui Comets c. marking the Places of their Appearing and Disappearing 14. To be provided with a nice pair of Scales and exact Weights for examining the Weights of the several Waters that occur which I think may be most exactly done after the Method proposed by the Incomparable Mr. Boyle in his Medicina Hydrostatica viz. weighing a Viol close stopp'd with a Glass Stopper first in the Air then in Liquor If the Vial be about two Ounces in the Air it will do the better For the whole Method because 't is too long to insert into the Tract I refer you to the Book it self This I propose as the most subtile and accurate If you like a plainer way you may use the Method practised by the Noble Author elsewhere viz. To fill a Glass Vial of four Ounces or more with a small Neck full of the Water to be try'd and to examine the Weight of it which you may compare with another 15. 'T will be convenient both for the Navigator and Philosopher to be provided with an Instrument for fetching up Water from the Bottom of the Sea first publish'd by the Ingenious Mr. Hooke and transferr'd hither for the Benefit of the Curious Traveller for by this he may know whether the Water at the Bottom be heavier and salter than at the Top or whether there be fresh Water at the Bottom occasion'd by Springs of fresh Water there as some presume there are having observ'd in some Places Springs of fresh Water a great way within the Sea-marks The Contrivance is this A Wooden Bucket is fastened to an Iron Rod with a Weight to sink it this Bucket is shut at top and bottom with two Valves or Clacks so contriv'd that when it descends it may open and let the Water pass through but when 't is pull'd up again from the Bottom it may shut so close as to keep in all the Water it has at that time by the under Valve and the ambient Water over it from getting in by
is of them at what Depth they are found and how qualified and what way they spring c. XXX Whether they are constant or temporary whether they increase or diminish notably in Summer or at any time of the Year and what that Season is how long it lasts and the Proportions of Increase and Decrease XXXI What Engines or Contrivances are made use of for drawing up the Water and conveying it away the Materials they are made of the Parts the Bigness the Coaptation and in short the whole Structure number and way of applying the Instruments that are made use or to free the Mines from the Water XXXII What are the Conditions Number c. of the Adits XXXIII Whether the Mines be troubled with Damps and of what kind they are whether they come often or seldom at any Time of the Year or altogether irregularly XXXIV What Signs forerun them what Mischief they do what Remedies are the most successfully employed against them as well in reference to the Clearing of the Mine as to the Preservation and Recovery of the Men. XXXV What Methods the Mine-men use in following of the Vein and tracing their Passages under Ground which they call Plumming and Dyalling according to the several Exigencies and whether they imploy the Instruments made with the Help of the Loadstone the same way that is usual and if not wherein they differ in the Use of the same Instruments and what Instrument they substitute in their place XXXVI What ways they secure themselves against the Uncertainty that the Magnetical Needle is subject to when it comes near to Iron Ore of which yet perhaps there is not so great Danger as one may imagine as far as I could find by a Trial purposely made by a Groove where I was sure there wanted not Iron Ore and what other ways may be used besides a Load-stone to help a Miner XXXVII How the Miners deal with the Rock and Spar they meet with before they come at the Ore and how they use Fire to soften calcine or crack them with what Success they imploy it XXXVIII By what means they free the Mines and the Workmen from the Inconveniences arising from the much use of the Fire XXXIX With what Instruments they break the Rock how long they are used and how long they last XL. How the Miners work whether cloathed or naked and what Lights they use to work by what Materials they are made of and what Light they give how long they last and by what ways they are kept burning in that thick and foggy Air. XLI How Veins are followed lost and recover'd and how several Miners work on the same Vein and what is the best way of getting all the Ore in a Vein and most conveniently XLII How they convey out their Ore and other Things that are to be carried out of the Mine whether they do it in Baskets drawn up by Ropes or upon Mens Backs and if this last kind of way what kind of Vessels they use for Matter Shape and Capacity and whether the Workmen deliver them one to another or the same Workmen carry them all the way and whether they descend and ascend by Ladders of Wood or Ropes c. About the Fifth Title XLIII Whether the Ore runs in a Vein or lie dispers'd in scatter'd Pieces or be divided partly into a Vein partly into loose Masses or like a Wall between two Rocks as it were in a Cleft or be interspers'd in the firm Rock like speckled Marble or be found in Grains like Sand or Gravel as store of excellent Tin is said to be found in some Parts of Cornwal at the Sides and in the Channels of Running Waters which they call or whether the Ore be in a softer Consistence like Earth or Lome as there is Lead Ore in Ireland holding store of Silver and Iron Ore in the North Parts of Scotland and elsewhere and what is observable in it as to Weight Colour Mixture c. XLIV Whether any part of the Metal be found in the Mine perfect and compleat as I have had presented me good valuable Copper and pieces of perfect Lead that were taken up the one at Jamaica and the other by an Acquaintance of mine that took them out of the Ground himself in New-England XLV Whether the Mine affords any parcels of Metal that seem to grow like Plants as I have sometimes seen Silver grow as it seemed out of Stone or Spar almost like Blades of Grass as also great Grains of Metal which appear'd to me and which those that try'd some of it affirm'd to be Gold abounding in a stony Lump that seem'd chiefly to consist of a peculiar kind of Spar. XLVI Whether the Vein lie near the Surface of the Earth and at what Depth whether the Vein have not any peculiar concomitant Coats if I may so call them and if any what they are and in what Order they lie as the Veins of Lead Ore with us have frequently annexed to them a Substance called Spar and next to that another call'd Caulk Whether besides these Coats they have belonging to it any other Heterogeneous Substance as in Tin-Mines we often find that yellow Substance they call Mundick XLVII What are the principal Qualities of these extraneous Substances as that Spar is white but almost transparent like course Crystal heavy brittle easily divisible into Flakes c. Caulk is of a different Texture white opacous and like a Stone but much more ponderous Mundick I have had of a fine golden Colour but tho' it be affirm'd to hold no Metal yet I found it in weight and otherwise to differ from Marcasites and the Mine-men think it of a poisonous Nature XLVIII Whether the Vein be inclos'd every way in its Coats or whether it lie only between them XLIX Whether the Vein be every way of an uniform Breadth and Thickness and if it be what these Dimensions are and if not in what Places it varies and in what Measures the like Questions are to be made concerning the Spar Caulk and other Mixtures of the Ore L. Whether the Vein be uninterrupted or in some Places broken off and whether it be abruptly or not and whether it be by Vales Brooks or Gullets c. LI. How wide the Interruptions are by what Signs the Veins are to be found again whether the ulterior part or division of the Vein be of the same nature and hold on in the same course as to its tendency upwards and downwards or horizontally Northward or Southward c. with the Vein from which 't is cut off LII Whether in case the last end of the Vein be found it terminate abruptly or else end in some kind of Rock or Earth which does as it were close or seal it up without leaving any Crack or Cranny or otherwise and whether the terminating part of the Vein tends either upward or downwards or neither Or whether in the Places where the Vein is interrupted there be any peculiar