and for proof thereof If the vessell C were as great as B it were imposible that the said vessell should be filled with water but that the Aire shall often break forth and that because B is not capable to contain so much Aire therefore let it be held that the Aire may be prest in a close vessell to a certain degree There is another way to force the water with violence into the small vessell by the means of a Seringe as in the second Figure PROP. 2 The water cannot enter into a vessell but there must come forth as much Aire except the water be sent in by force TO Demonstrate this let there be a vessell as A and let the pipe X be fastned in the cover thereof so that it may neer touch the bottom of the said vessell and let the small vessell D be fastened to that end of the pipe which is without the vessell Then if you poure water into the said vessell A untill it comes to be of the height V which is the end of the pipe and then the Aire being shut in in the vessell A hinders the water which is in D from entring into the vessell A. But it is to be noted in this Rule that if the water be forced into the vessell A with violence it may be filled to a third part or thereabouts and the said violence is caused if the pipe X be made very long or if you force the water in with a Seringe as hath been said and as may be seen in the second figure A Corollarie PROP. 3. It followes by the contrary reason that if a vessell be full of water it cannot be emptied so that the Aire shall not enter therein AS let the vessell or Vial D be proposed which let be full of water and let it be reversed so as the mouth or neck may touch the water which shall be set under it in a vessell it is certain that although the mouth of the said Viall be downwards no water shall run out because the Aire cannot enter to supply the place of the water that should run out PROP. 4. There can be no vacuity THis is that which hath been said in the Preface the proof wherof may be gathered from the foregoing Corollarie and divers other examples whereof here is one If you have a Copper pipe B whereof the end C is in the water and let the other end D be open to the end that the Pestle A may be put therein which shall be like to those which are used for Pumps and Forcors of water and that the said end A well invironed with leather to the end that putting water in E it may not run through to B then if A be raised to the point F the water X which is levell with the point C shall ascend to B to supply so much place as is between A and F so the water ascends higher then the levell that there should be no void place left in B. PROP. 5 If the Aire be prest in a vessell wherein there is water and that you give it passage by some pipe the said water shall come forth with violence If the Aire be prest in the vessell X let it be by means of a Seringe or by a pipe as hath been said before it is certain that then when the water hath passage it comes with a great deale more force then if it came forth from an open vessell as B. PROP. 6. If the water Descends with violence into two equall vessels there shall enter more water into that vessell where the water Descends from the highest place and the Aire shall be more prest therein and there shall be the same rate or proportion between the quantity of water contained in those vessells as there is between the heights from whence the Water hath descended LEt there be two vessells B and C to which the water descends with violence by the pipes M and N the longest of which is N From whence it follows that there enters more Water in the vessell C then in B and there is the same rate of the Water D to the Water O as there is of the length of the pipe N to the length of the pipe M. And it also followes from hence that in the vessell C where there is more Water the Air shall be more prest then in B and the effects thereof may be seen by the small pipes P and X of the which two P casts the water highest because the Air is more prest in the vessell C then in the vessell B in the same manner as before wee may proportion the Aire of the two vessells to the heights of the Water springing forth by the small pipes P and X the which ought to be equall PROP. 7. All heavie things whatsoever weigh more in the Air then in the VVater ALthough that every heavie body hath alwaies in its self its proper weight yet neverthelesse they are also considered diversly according to the place where they are placed as it is certain that wood weighs nothing in the water because it doth not des end towards the center of the Earth which is proper to all heavie things But if it be in the Aire it falls towards its center with weight wherefore wee may say that it weighs more in the Air then in the Water and so wee may say of all Bodies although they are heavier then the Water for although they fall towards their center of gravity in the Water yet it is not with such swiftness It is not necessary to shew here by what quantity the said heaviness is more weighty in the Aire then in the Water sending the Curious to the Books of Archimedes concerning things falling in the Water where it is demonstrated that heavy things weigh more in the Aire then in the Water by the quantity of Water which is equall to them A Corollarie It is here to be Observed that Waters are of diverse weights and they say that on the Territories of Cara in Spain there be two fountaines in the one of which divers things being put sink to the bottom the which being put in the other float at top They report the same thing of the Lake of Sodome and of the fountaine of Arethus The which effect comes to passe by reason of the weight of the Water and from hence wee may infer that one and the same thing weighs more in lighter Water then in heavier VVater PROP. 8. Water weighs upon that which sustaineth it according to its height I Have given this example because that divers deceive themselves upon this subject which have thought to raise Water not considering the weight when it comes to be raised very high That which is then to be understood by this Proposition is that the sucker C being at the end of the pipe M to sustain the Water which is within the said pipe that the Water weighs upon it according as the height thereof shall be in the
divers Pinions and the same force moves them that Pinion shall give the most force to the Wheel to raise any weight whose number of teeth is the least But the said Wheel shall turn slower as hath been said And herein behold the Example If the Wheel A be turned by the Pinion C of 10. Teeth and be capable to raise a weight of 200. and instead of the Pinion of 10. teeth it be turned by a Pinion of 5. then it the force to raise 400. But as the weight is double in gravitie to the first so also it shall be as long again a raising up because the Pinion being 10. and the Wheele 100. the Pinion ought not to be turned above 10. times to make a whole turn or revolution of the Wheel But if the Pinion be 5. it must make 20. turns before the Wheel makes one because the number 5. is contained 20 times in 100. And so as the Pinion C is double to the Pinion F the weight raised by F shall be double to the weight raised by C And the time of the raising it shall be also double PROP. 15. If two Wheels are equal in Form and Matter and there be unequal Weights fastened to their Ax-trees they cannot be moved by the same Force in the same Time THis Proposition doth in some sort result from the former as may be seen in the Demostration Let there be two equal Wheels D and F of 96. Teeth and let there be fastened to the Axis G a weight of 300 and to B one of 400 and let it be supposed that the Pinion T of eight teeth moves the said weight by the means of the force of one Man It is certain that if there be put to the Wheel F a Pinion equal to T that the same Man or the same Force which was onely made to turn T will not suffice to turn a Pinion equal to it in the Wheel F because of the weight V which is heavier then M If then you would move the Weight V by the same force you must put to the Wheel F a Pinion which hath such proportion to T as the weight M hath to the weight V. Now the Pinion T being of 8. the Pinion X must be of 6. because that there is the same rate of 8. to 6. as of 400. to 300. and the same Pinion X of 6. teeth being moved by the force aforesaid the weight V shall be raised but not in the same Time because there are made but 12. Turns of T to make one Turn of D and there must be 16. Turns of X to make one Turn of F. PROP. 16. If two unequal Weights be put to the ends of the Beam of a Ballance and if they be hanged on a point which divides the Beam into two parts having the same rate the one to the other in length as the said weights have in heaviness Those weight although unequal shall be in equal ballance if the lighter be put to the end of the longest part of the Beam LEt the unequal Weights be D and E and let D be 15. pound weight and E 6 I say that they being at the end of the Beam of the ballance AB if they be hanged on a point as C so as the part AC may have such proportion to the part CB as the weight E to the weight D D being at the shortest distance from the center of the Beam shall not weigh more then E which is at the longest end because the weights are heavie in proportion according to their distance from the point on which the Beam of the ballance is hanged Now if the Beam of the ballance be divided into 7 parts there shall be 5. parts on the one side of the Center and 2. on the other which are in the same proportion as the Weights 15. and 6 because 6. is the two fifts of 15 as 2. is of 5. And if the difference of the Weights D and E were greater or lesser they shall alwaies be in equal Ballance if the Beam be hanged from a point which divides it as is before said You may see other Examples in the Figures following P which differ from this A Corollarie From hence it follows that two equal Weights are not alike heavie if they be put at the end of a Beam which is hanged from unequal parts And it must be observed that although the two sides of the Beam are in equal ballance if they are of unequal length equal weights shall weigh unequal As for example If the Beam AB be hanged in C so as CB may be longer then AC by a fourth part and yet AC and CB be in equal ballance because the part AC is thicker then the part CB yet if the equal weights D and F be put to the ends of the Beam AB the weight F shall weigh a fourth part more which is the difference of BC and AC PROP. 17. The manner to shut and open the Cocks of the Phneumatique Engin by the means of Water IN the Construction of the Phneumatique Engin which causeth Water to mount higher then the Spring There is required a Vessell which ascends and descends by means of the Water to turn the Cocks therefore I have put here certain examples among which you may chuse the most convenient both for that Engin and for the other Engins Now behold the effect of the Vessel in which there is a Syphon which shall be something lower then the height of the Vessel and the said Syphon shall be larger then the Pipe which gives Water to the Vessel when M is emptie the weight L shall turn the Cock towards it but when the Pipe H hath filled M then the said M weighing more then the weight L shall draw back the Cock towards it self and then the Syphon begining to run shall make M lighter then the weight L and so the Cock shall be turned back again There may be also made another Vessel as F which may be so hanged upon the handle as it may be moveable upon two Pins and may over-turn and emptie the water when it is full And to perform this the Pins must not be diametrically opposite but more towards one side then towards the other Now because the said Vessel being emptie should return of it self the counter-poise E must be put to the lighter side to ballance it equally this being done if there be a weight as hath been said in the aforegoing Proposition which shall be heavier then F that Vessel F shall be at the highest when it is empty but when it is half full being heavier then D the said Vessel shall descend towards F and being full it shall emptie it self towards X and being emptie it shall be again lighter then the Weight and return to its first place where it shall be till it be filled again to descend The reason of the emptying may be gathered from the Corolarie of the 16. Proposition There may be also made
New and Rare Inventions of WATER-WORKS Shewing the Easiest waies to RAISE WATER higher then the SPRING By which Invention The PERPETUAL Motion is proposed Many hard Labours performd And Varieties of Motions and Sounds Produced A Work both Vsefull Profitable and Delightfull for all Sorts of People First Written in French by ISAAK de CAVS a late Famous Engenier And now Translated into English by John Leak LONDON Printed by Joseph Moxon and Sold at his Shop in Corn-hill at the Signe of Atlas 1659. THE PREFACE BEcause The Raising of Water heigher then the Spring after the way principally intended in this work seems to be opposite to the common received Opinion of all times I have thought it not only sufficient to teach the Construction of the Engin proper thereto but also for more ample satisfaction to premise certain Propositions to precede in place of Principles onely to make you understand the Effect of that Motion by the Cause thereof that so the way may be more accessible to the other Phneumatike Inventions viz. Engins moving by the force of Air To come to which it must first be considered that all the Elements whether simple or mixt have two principal motions viz. Natural and Accidental The Natural motion is that whereby each Element searcheth and draweth it self towards the place assigned thereto by the Divine Providence in the Creation The Accidental motion is that which is moved by any outward Force different from the First Now although divers things seem to move contrary to their order without any external agitation yet the reason is that their contrary motion is caused to hinder some other greater Accident As for example It shall be shewn that the Water to shun Vacuity mounteth contarry to the ordinary Course thereof because Vacuity is more repugnant to Nature then the contrary motion of that Element as shallbe seen by the principle Propositions which serve as a foundation of this Invention which are founded upon this Principle of Nature That there can be no Vacuity in the Elementary Sphear whereof the Earth and Water do supply the inferiour part and the Fire and Air which incompass them the superiour part and each of them are said To be heavy or light according as naturally they are near or further from the Center But in these four it will be necessary to have a regard as well to certain things whereof the Air and Water are capable as to those wherein they cannot suffer Accident as the Water which although it may be extended by the intermixture of Air or atenuated and converted into Air by the means of Heat which resolves it yet nevertheless it cannot be prest that is to say that a certain quantity of Water cannot be forced by compression to be contained in less space then its Natural extension and the Air on the contrary may be restrained and put up being prest or rarified and extended being moved beyond the other accidents whereof it is capable These things shall hereafter be Demonstrated by Propositions founded upon Experience which I have thought to be more convenient for this purpose then to involve the Reader in a Labirinth of Geometrical Propositions which although most exact yet are not altogether pertinent for Instructions in this Subject As for example If we should build upon this Rule of Archimedes That the Superficies of the Water is Spherical when it is not moved which Superficies hath for its Center that of the whole Earth there will follow a Subjection that we must hold in the Demonstrations viz. That the Superficies of the Water is Circular which in the like case as is that whereof we speak is esteemed plain of every one and that First Because the difference is undescernable and Secondly Because it cannot make a defect in any Opperation whatsoever a liberty therefore which is not permitted in the Mathematicks That therefore with other reasons have moved me to omit those demonstrations which seem to me to be too punctual for this purpose Note also that when I speak of Water I mean Water equally heavy without making any difference although in case of necessity there must be had a regard thereto cheifly if the difference be such as in the Waters of certain Rivers whereof Plinie speaketh wherein nothing will sink to the bottom as in the Water of the Lake Alphaltite and in the Water of Arethuse which runs towards Siracuse and that because of their extream weight which returns heavy things to the top as Quick Silver doth the Mettal which sink not in it although it be liquid because it is more weighty And in this we must make a distinction that Mettals and heavy Solids sink in Water according to the figure they have For Copper Silver and Gold sinks not in ordinary Water if it be beaten out in plates or thin leaves but if it be contracted into a more sollid form it sinks forthwith to the bottom But these and the like things I shall treat of in a Commentary upon the books of Archimedes concerning Weights and Things sinking in Water The Theorie of the Conduct of WATER PROPOSITION 1. The Aire may be prest but not the VVater To give an example whereof let there be two vessels A and B of one form matter and bignesse the which let be full of Water it is most certain that in either of those vessells the Water cannot be prest so as the one of those vessells may containe the least part that may be more then the other but when they are only full of Aire I say that the said Aire may be prest and one of those vessells may containe more then the other which shal be thus Demonstrated Let the said vessells A and B be made very close on all parts and at the bottom of the vessell B let there be a small hole E to which the pipe ED is fastened the other end thereof D is fastened to the upper part of the vessell C the which is also made very close one every side and containing about a third part of the vessell B and to make the Water enter therein with force it will be necessary to fasten the pipe F neer to the bottom of the vessell C the which shall be made as high as may be that it may give so much the more violence to the Water the which entring the small vessell C shall make the Aire that is therein to ascend into the vessell B the which shall containe more Aire then A by the quantity which was in C and so the Aire shall be prest in the said vessell B the which may be seen if you make a small hole in the said vessell by the which the said Aire shall come forth with violence But if you pierce the vessell A there will not bee the same effect because in it the Aire is not prest But it is here to be Observed that although the Aire may be prest it is but only to a certain degree which is about a third part
another manner of Vessel for the same use as you may see in the Figure SZX PROP. 18. Of the Value or Suspiral IT will be also necessarie for the understanding of the following Engin to demonstrate the manner of the value of Copper which openeth it self by intervals to the intent that if the Air may enter into the Vessels from beneath and shut it self when the said Vessels are full to the end that the Water pass not out by it The which value shall be figured thus Let HIKL be a smal box of Lead about one inch and a half in diameter and 3 inches long very wel Soldered within the said box is the value GDCE made after this manner GD is a smal Pipe of Copper about ¼ of an inch and towards the end D there are two smal props which hang the tongue or value of Copper C which falls upon the hole D to shut it when there is need there is also to the box HIKL a smal Pipe XM the lower part of which is soldered to the Pipe OC Then to see the effect of the said value Let us suppose that there is two Pipes to the Pipe CO the one to emptie it and the other to fill it and let the Pipe X be stopped which is that which fils the said Vessel and let B be opened then the Water that comes from the Vessel draws in the Air by the smal Pipe DG and lifts up the Copper tongue C and B Being stopt it shuts it self and when the Water hath filled the Vessels CO and HIL the said Water pressing the value against the end C there shall no Water come forth PROP. 19. Of the Cock with four Vents THis Figure following is set down to shew more distinctly the manner of the Cock D whose barrel is pierced in 4 places to the end that the key C turning either one way or the other in the required time the Water may sometimes run out by E and sometimes by F and that F or E may run when the hole of the key C shall agree with the one or the other of them It shall also emptie by means of the Vessel M as the Cock H shuts when one of the Pipes is opened and then when the said Pipe shuts to make the other Run then the Cock shall open again by means of the counter-pois GL and the Pullies K. As you see it in the figure A Description of the Engin by which part of the Water is raised higher then the Spring TO come to the Construction of this Engin First let there be made 4. Pipes of Copper or of thick Lead sufficient to bear the strength of the Water and Air and let them be 6. inches in Diameter and 6. or 7. foot long marked in the Figure with the letter A and let the little Pipes E be Soldered to the ends of them at the bottom so as the Water may be communicated from one to the other furthermore let there be Soldered four smal Pipes F above the Pipes A to the intent that the Air be communicated from the one to the other also let four little Pipes marked with the figure 3 be Soldered which are those by which the Water ascends and they must be Soldered a travers above the great Pipes and the end entring within almost to the bottom Moreover there must be four other great Pipes made like to the first the which shall be put asmuch lower as you would raise the Water higher then the Spring and let the smal Pipes D be Soldered in them to the end that the Air may enter there when the Water enters by the Pipes C and therefore let them be Soldered above and let there be four Pipes at I communicating all the Water to the Pipe GH and let the Cock L be Soldered to the bottom of that Pipe and above at the top let the value K be Soldered made as is before described in the 18th Proposition and let the Pipes D and F be made common by one Pipe moreover let the smal Vessel S be made which may have the sides about the height of one foot and upon the bottom of it by the base of the Emboiteure let there be Soldered the Cock N to which Cock let there be the Pipes O and P the which Pipe P shall go almost to the bottom of one of the Pipes marked with A and O shall be conducted almost to the bottom of the Pipes C also at the top of the Vessel S let there be the smal Pipe V to give Water to the Vessel Y when it is required which Vessel Y shall be of Copper having a smal hole at the bottom Concerning the motion whereof it hath been declared in the foregoing Examples There must be also a Counterpoise M to the intent that when the Vessel Y shall be empty it may draw back by its weight as well the Vessel as the Cocks in their place Behold here somuch as concerns the Fabrick and disposition of the Pipes We come now to the effect Let T be the height of the Spring and let the Water run into the Vessel S and let the Pipe P be open then the Vessels A shall be filled and when they are full the Water shall begin to run by the smal Pipe V into the Vessel Y the which being full and then being heavier then the weight M shall descend towards R and shut both the Cock L and the Pipe P and then the Water falling into S shall run by the Pipe O into the Pipes C the Air of which Pipes passing through the Pipe D into the Pipes F presseth the Water which is in A and constraines it to ascend by 3. Now when A is empty and C full the Vessel Y shall be also made light by means of the smal Pipe Z which empties the said Vessel about the same time as C is filled then the same Vessell Y ascends again in its place and P opens as it was before to fill the Pipes A. And so this Engin moves continually by which the Water is raised higher then the Spring of the height as is between the Pipes A and the Pipes C. Behold here that which was to be demonstrated touching this Engin which among all the Phneumatique Engins is that which with less force raiseth greatest quantity of Water And as concerning other inventions to Conduct the Water of Springs or Falling Waters or to make them Navigable or to raise Water out of Rivers by divers waies in great aboundance for the use of Towns Royall Houses or Pallaces shall be demonstrated in that which follows It is here to be noted that the Frame of Timber upon which the Pipes are put and the Pullies fastened in the foregoing Figures are not there described Because they would have hindred the full Sight of all the parts of this Engin The Explanation of the PLATES and FIGURES Following The first Plate Eigure I. To raise Water by the currant of a River and the
force of a Pump THIS Engin commonly called a Pump is called by Vitruvius and Hero the Stesibique Engin retaining the name of the Inventor thereof which was Stesibius of Alexandria I will shew three waies to raise Water by this Engin The first shall be by the currant of a River as the Figure Shews where there is a water Wheel and at each end of the Axeltree of the said Wheel is a handle of strong Brass and forged to sustain the force and weight of the said Wheel and if the said Wheel be ten feet broad and twelve feet in Diameter the said handle shall be at least four inches square and shal be rounded in the middle at the places marked with A and there shal be also two peeces of wood called Levers marked with the letters B and C fitted to the arm of the said handles the one of which riseth and the other goeth down when the Wheel turns and the said Levers shal be also fitted to two arms or branches marked with D and E the which raiseth the Buckets and Suckers of the Pumps Alternately and so the Water shall be raised to the Vessel F And from thence you may conduct it whither you please As concerning the height which it ought to rise I am of opinion that it must not be constrained to rise more then thirty feet in height with one Pump as shall be taught in the following Probleme the great Pipe G is the place where the Sucker lyes which sustains the Water when the Buckets or Suckers of the Pumps are not lifted up The Figure with the ordinary practice which is had of Pumps will make you easily understand this Engin And if the currant of the River be strong and it is required to have store of Water you may make the Diameter within the Barrells ten or twelve inches and the height eight or nine Foot And to make it well the Buckets ought to rise and fall four foot and when they are at their greatest height that they may have four foot of Water above them to the intent that the Air may not escape for if the Water be not high enough between the top of the Barrel and the Bucket the Air will pass thorough the Water by bubbles and make the Engin useless and especially when the Water is forced to rise above fifteen or twenty foot Therefore you must take heed that that accident do not happen The proportion also of the Pipes MNO shall be about four inches in Diameter if the aBrrels be twelve if the said Barrels be less the said Pipes shall be less in proportion The Explanation of the Second Figure Plate II. Another way to raise Water by means of a falling Water THis other manner of raising of Water is done by a falling Water raised so as it may fall upon the Wheel A to turn it and in turning it to raise the Water of the Pump B to 24. or 30. feet high and the other side C takes the said Water in the first elevation in the Trough D and may raise it from thence 24. or 30. feet high The aforegoing Figure will give the manner and way of the raising of the Water in the first height and the second height is done after the same manner as may easily be comprehended by the Figure the which Figure is not made high enough according to the proportion of the measures because the Paper would not permit but you may easily imagine the said height as it ought to be Explanation of Plate III. To raise the Water of a Spring or River by the force of Horses BUt if there is not a River strong enough nor a falling currant the Water may be raised by the means and force of one Horse or more according to the quantity and the heigth which is desired This present designe is made to raise the Water 60. foot high and four Horses will raise about 60. in an hours time which is about 30000. pound weight Therefore first let there be a straight Axeltree of wood a foot square and 60. foot high marked with A the which turns between two Pins and above near the end there is a Wheel of 24 Teeth marked with B the which turns a Lanthorn or Pinion of 12. Staves marked with C and a Wheel of eighteen Teeth marked D. But there are but nine Teeth in the half of the Circumference the other half is void and there are also two other Wheels marked with E and F of equal bigness and also nine Teeth on each Wheel and let the toothed part of all the three Wheels be put above then there must be a Pully put above marked with G over which a Cord must pass the which must be fastned by the two ends to the Axeltrees of the Wheels C and F so as turning about one of the Wheels it may unturn the other as you may see and better consider in the Figure of the Orthographie following Then you must put the said Wheels E and F against D so as D turning alwaies the same way may make E turn half a turn and then when it shall be in the last Tooth the first of the Wheel F shall represent it self against the Wheel D because the Wheel E shall make it turn back again by means of the common Cord and Pully G and after the said Wheel D hath catcht the first Tooth of F it shall continue to the ninth and afterwards the first of the Wheel E shall represent it self again And so the two Wheels E and F shall turn forward and backward half a turn alternately and to the Axeltree H and L there shall be fastned two strong Cords which shall draw up the two Buckets which go into the Barrels M and N and have about three feet play rising and falling and they shall be made of Brass well fitted within the Barrels and that they may descend of themselves without being constrained And so there is no Leather put about the Buckets as is ordinarily done in common Pumps And it is to be noted that the swifter the Buckets come up so much the more Water they raise which may be observed in all sorts of Pumps It is also to be noted that the two Transverse peeces OP ought to be but one peece to the which the other Transvers peece Q ought to be joyned in the which the four ends of the Axeltrees of the Wheels BCEF do turn The Explanation of Plate IIII. This Plate gives a larger demonstration of the former by means of the Orthographie FOr the better understanding of the foregoing Figure I have represented here the plain of the Orthographie to the end that by it you may understand the motion and meetings of the three Wheels EDF Let then each of those Wheels have nine Teeth in the half Circumference and let that part of the Wheels that hath the Teeth in them be turned upwards so as the first Tooth of the one meet with the Teeth of the Wheel