Convulsion of the Fibres and nervous parts in the Muscles by reason of something troublesome which draws the part joined to it into consent and stirs it up to this motion whereby the Fibres being contracted the Muscle is drawn back to its original Emprosthotonos Emprosthotonâ—s Opisthotonos is made in the Muscles which bends the body of such as are affected forwards Opisthotonos by the Muscles affected bends the body backward Tetanos is from an equal contraction of the Muscles Tâ—tanos Spasmus Cynious The Spasmus Cynichus or troublesome Cramp ariseth from a convulsion of the Muscles of the Mouth Trismos from contraction of the Muscles of the Jaws Also the cause of convulsive motions is a humor Of grinding Teeth Of convulsive motions or a vapor an enemy to the whole generation of Nerves irritating the expulsive faculty in them and stimulating them to expulsion yet is not fixed but hath various motions through all nervous parts and so the member is agitated in various motions and for the most part it happens that the braine is affected and matter is seâ—â— from thence into all the Nerves When the Cramp and Palsie are complicate Of the complication of the Crump and Palsie Privation of speech the â—â—mour is of a mixt nature which hath force partly oâ— loosening Nerves partly of vellicating and twitchiâ—â— them Privation of speech happens through default either 〈◊〉 the Spirits and Nerves which carry them or of the parâ— which are necessary for the bringing forth of a word The spirits are deficient in an Apoplexy Epilepsie anâ—â— Dumnesse properly so called Men are become duâ—â— through the fault of the Nerves when either the Nerveâ—â— of third pair are affected from whence the tongue also receives its Nerve which defect if it be native for the most part the hearing is abolished by reason of the communion of the Nerves of the tongue and the ear that felowship is hurt or when the Nerves of the sixth and seventh conjugations and those going back and vocâ— Nerves are either cut or stretched or cooled or intercepted or hurt by what means soever The voice is hurt through organick diseases thereof if either the Membranes of the Larinx or top of the Wind-pipe are filled with some humour and grow soft or some chink thereof be shut by what means soever or if the tongue be cut about or maimed or the Muscles which move the Larinx Tongue or Throat are hurt or relaxed or knockâ— or wounded or any other way affected contrary to nature or lastly through desault of the wind-pipe if that be cut exulcerated or closed The same causes are if they are lesse Of the voice and speech diminished diminution of voice and speech is occasioned yet more frequently the cause remains in the tongue namely if the ligament be too long from one birth so that it extends to the extremity of the tongue or if after a childs birth it be wounded exulcerated swoolen or be affected with a Palsie on the other side The cause of depravation of voice and speech Of stammering and first of stuttering and stammering is principally a moist distemper of the instruments of voice and speaking and sometimes a dry also an ill framing of the Tongue and its Muscles a Tumor borne under it as also the fault of a swelling at the entrance into the Throat and want of the fore teeth Hoarsenesse ariseth from over much humidity of the outsides or the instruments for speech Of hoarsenesse whether that matter flow from the head or be cast out of the brest from loosenesse and inflammation of the Columella or a fleshy substance in the entrance into the throat as also from external and evident causes first from air violently straining the voice daily which causeth inequality of the Wind-pipe All the causes of the Cough are those which hinder the instruments of breathing whether they be internal Of a cough or external causes either by Idiopathy or by Symptothy stir up the Cough by Idiopathy an unequal distemper principally cold causeth the Cough which is the greatest enemy to the brest sometimes also distempers hot and dry moreover the roughnesse of the Wind-pipe which happens either through distemper or through biting humors flowing from the head or by Medicines or sharp drinks or obstruction by a humour thick or thin a pimple gravel worms a little hard swelling clod of blood By Sympathy the Cough is raised if the other parts which can draw the Organs of respiration into consent be affected namely the Midriff Liver Spleen Stomach which by reason of the common Tunicle they have vellicate the instruments of breathing or send vapors to them or presse the Midriffe by reason of some Tumor ot obstruction But the external causes are cold air dry cold water too much desire of drink cold medicines applied to the brest dust smoak sharp vapors soure aliment sharp things and whatsoever contrary to the order of nature slide into the wind-pipe straying or wandring in the gullet if it intercept the way or stop it or exasperate the Artery or any way molest the Wind-pipe Those things cause sneezing whatsoever doth stimulate the Nostâ—ils Of sneezing and the fore part of the Brain to excretion whether generated in the body as humours flowing from the Brain or those things which affect the Nostrils by communion with the interior skins by Sympathy which comes to passe when worms stick in the Guts or whether they happen from without as whatsoever sharp things are dâ—awn by the nose smells also and sharp vapours the splendor of the Sun and over much light Gaping Of yawning or Yawning is when â—alitious vapours stick in the Muscles appointed for chewing and moving the lower chop which nature endeavours by this motion to cast off but some times imagination is the cause thereof Stretching ariseth from such vapors as may be emitted through the Pores Of stretching which neverthelesse are not sharp but being store of them they cause trouble in the spaces of the Muscles of the whole body stirring up the expultive faculty to expel which the nature may discusse it useth such a motion of the Muscles by constriction of them Lastly Shaking fits and trembling Horror and Trembling which are Symptomes neer alike as also are vehemency and greatnesse of motion and so is the difference of the cause they are stirred up by something that offend in the circumference of the body suddenly vellicates the sensitive parts and stimulates them to expulsion which it strives to perform by a natural concussion But the causes which bring forth that twitching are either external and evident as whatsoever befalls the body or vellicates the sensitive parts or cause the sharp humours contained in the circumference of the body to be stirred and moved as a spark of sire cast on scalding water thrown upon a biting medicine applyed to an Ulcer piercing cold and such like for internal as humors or sharp vapors either
not so great store of Wine strong Beere or Ale is the familiar drinke and indeed profitable enough as experience shewes But the strong drinke is prepared some of Wheate Its differences some of Barly others of them both in Polonia it is made of Oates and preserved with Hops the manner of preparing is very different every where the waters also differ wherewith they are boyled they are kept also in some places in pitched Vessels in others not pitched Strong drinke made of Wheate nourisheth more then that of Barley and also heats and moistens more Drinkes made with Wheate especially seeing the strong drink made of Wheate hath lesse Hops then that which is made of Barly but it generates more viscous juice it causeth obstructions it provokes urine With Barly but it loosens the belly Barly Beere because of the Barly heateth lesse but because more Hops for the most part are put into it acquires no small force of heating it nourisheth lesse Mixt. and yeelds a thinner juice but is more diuretick that which is mixt of Wheate and Barly is of a middle nature That drink which is made of Corne no way dried but by the heate of the Sun hath more excrementicious humours and often times brings forth obstructions All new drink is more unwholesome especially if it be troubled for it obstructs the passages and breeds the stone but that which is more cleansed is wholesomer but principally strong drinkes have their faculties from various waters of severall natures Hony and water mingled Hydromell for the most part heate and dry more then Wine especially if Aromatick things are added but it easily turnes into choler by reason of the Hony and therefore is not so good a drink for cholerick persons CHAP. V. Of the passions of the mind and of the exercise and rest of the body THE perturbations of the mind Tranquility of mind have great power in the preservation of health for an Euthumie or well setled mind and such as is at quiet doth much conduce to the preservation of health Joy Next to that moderate joy is fitrest to preserve the health of body and a naturall constitution because it recreates the heart spirits and the whole body but if it be overmuch it dissipates Exercise of body and diffuseth the Spirits Motion of the body and exercise first brings a certain solidity and hardnesse to the parts then it increaseth health thirdly it moves and agitates the spirits from whence the heart is made strong and can easily resist externall injuries and is fit to undergoe all actions happy nourishment is made and the excrementicious Vapours are discussed on the contrary those bodies which live idly are soft and tender Kinds of motion and unfit to performe labours under the name of motion are comprehended labours of every kind dancing running playing at ball gesture carrying ryding swimming walking a stirrer up of the people rubbing and such like but divers exercises have different force and some exercise some parts more then others in running and walking the legs are most exercised in handling of weapons and laying them down the armes in singing speaking with a loud voice and cleare reading the face and brest the whole body in playing with a little ball which exercise therefore is most convenient whereof a peculiar book of Galen is extant there is also a certain diversity according to violence and magnitude in motion swift attenuates and thickens slow rarifies and increaseth flesh vehement extenuates the body and makes it leane yet together hard flourishing and firme too much motion exhausteth and dissipates the substance of the spirits and solid parts and cooles the whole body it dissolves the strength of the nerves and ligaments it sometimes looseneth and distendeth the membrances and breaks the lesser veines CHAP. VI. Of Sleeping and waking MOderate watchings stirs up the Spirits and senses Watchings and render them more flowrishing distribute the Spirits and heate into all the parts of the body they helpe distribution of aliment and promote the protrusion of excrements yet if watchings are immoderate first they consume and dissipate the Animall Spirits and dry the whole body especially the braine they increase choler they whet and inflame and lastly the heate being dissipated they stir up cold diseases The strength being decayed is againe kindled a fresh with moderate sleep the spirits Sleep that are dissipated with diurnall labours are restored the heate is called back into the inner parts from whence a concoction of Aliments and crude humours is happily performed in the whole body the whole body and especially the bowells are sweetly moistned the heate increased and the whole body becomes stronger cares are taken away anger is allayed and the mind enjoyes more tranquility immoderate evacuations besides sweate are hindred and sleep is especially beneficiall to old men on the contrary immoderate sleep obscures the spirits and renders them dull and causeth an amazednesse in the understanding and memory it sends out the heate being hindred with crude and superfluous humours accumulated sleep also which seizeth on our bodyes after what manner soever when they are empty drys and extenuates the body CHAP VII Of Bathes EVery Bath of fresh water moistneth A Temperate Bath but in heating and cooling there is not the same faculty every where a temperate Bath of sweet water opens the pores of the skin and softens and rarifies the part and discusseth the excrements into the extreame parts and corrects the drynesse of parts and so takes away lassitude but if it should continue long 't would discusse that which is dissolved and weaken the strength Luke-warme Bathes Luke Warme if they incline to cold something refrigerate the body nor have they power of rarifying the parts and discussing excrements Cold water of it selfe cooles Cold. yet by accident the pores being shut and the heate penned in heateth whence if through dissipation the native heat should be in danger cold rhings being timely applyed have power to recollect and preserve it Bathes oftentimes do hurt and especially to those that are not accustomed to them and to Plethorick persons and such as are filled with crude humours as also to those which are obnoxious to Catarrhes and inflamations or an Erysipelas The Romans often frequented Bathes and they often bathed twice a day the preparation whereof you may see Galen 10. of the method of healing Chap. the tenth they used unctions also before and after bathing whereof Galen the second of simple faculties of healing Chap. the twenty fourth and the seventh CHAP. VIII Of Excretions and Retentions and of Venery THe body may be easily kept in its naturall State Excrements of the paunch if those things which are profitable for its nourishment be retained and those things which are unprofitable and ought to be cast out are omitted but if those things which ought to be retained in the body are cast out and those things which
extremity of the Channell which goes into the Eare be first stopt and fortifyed with Cotton that whilst the spirit is drawn there be no roome granted for the letting in of Aire in any wayes If any thing come into the Nostrills sticks in them there is another way of drawing of it out then that of drawing out those things that stick in the Eares If sand or dust stick in the Eyes the stone found in the maw of a Swallow Crabs Eyes Pearles if they are cast into the Eyes cleanse them but if any greater thing be fixed in the Eye t is to be drawn out with a fine linnen cloath wet in pure fountaine water or with a sponge tyed to a soft quill but if it be greater t is to be taken out with a little Volcella or unlesse extraction in this manner doth succeed Anodunes or medicines taking away paine being applyed and other convenient medicines the businesse is to be committed to nature CHAP. XI Of drawing out of things generated in the body according to nature but retained in the body beyond the limits of nature AFter these amongst those things which are to be drawn out of the body somethings are found which indeed are generated in the body according to nature yet are detayned there contrary to nature and hitherto belongs first of all extraction or excision of a living or dead child out of the body moreover the drawing out of Urine detained preternaturally First of all Of taking out a lived child if the young can neither be brought out by the helpe of the mother nor by any other there is no other helpe remaines then cutting whereby the living child is taken out and those which are brought forth on this manner are called Caesares the young is cut out when the mother is living or dead Of a dead but of this Cesarean bringing forth you may see a peculiar Book of Francis Rousset but as for the extraction of a dead child by what meanes that may be rightly performed Celsus teacheth in his 7. Booke 29. Chap. 23. Aetius Tetrach Book 4. Ser. 4. Chap. and Hieron Fabricius ab Aqua P. of Chyrurgicall operations Amb. Parey describes fit Instruments for this operation in his 23 d. Book Chap. 26. Job Andr. a Cruce Next to these is the drawing out of a Mole and the same reason for the most part is in drawing out them as in the extraction of a dead child Extraction of a Mola Lastly hitherto belongs the drawing out of Urine by Chyrurgicall operation Drawing out urine with a Cathera but that operation is performed by Silver or brazen Pipes which they call Catheters which that they may be fitted for every body greater or lesse three of them are to be prepared for men and too for women in a readinesse the manner of operation is in the Institutions CHAP. XII Of taking away the corrupt parts of the body SOmetimes the parts of the body are so corrupted that there is no hope of curing of them Cutting of dead flesh which as being unprofitable and hurtfull and such as may infect the parts next to them and pollute them are to be taken away whatever therefore is corrupted is to be cut off but the manner of cutting offis various according to the variety of the parts that are hurt and the place where they are and nature of the disease it selfe and therefore the rightest manner of taking away such from the body is known by particular operations yet oftentimes in fistula's and other malignant Ulcers cutting alone is not sufficient as being that which cannot take away the smallest fibrillaes and particles but after cutting there is need of an actuall or potentiall Cauterie that the remainders may be taken away nay sometimes without cutting by Cauteries only things so corrupted are taken away Hereunto belongs the Amputation of parts corrupted with a Cancer Amputation of a cancer Of a Vvula yard wombe Of bones also a cutting off of the Uvula corrupted either by inflamation or by Morbus Gallicus the cutting off also of the putred or corrupted yard as also of the corrupted wombe Corrupted bones are taken away by filing shaving with an incision knife or with a wimble of which it is spoken before as also with divers kinds of Tongs whereby the corrupted bones of the fingers and broken bones hanging out may be taken away Hitherto belongs the plucking out of teeth Teeth which is performed the Teeth being first loosned from the gums and is done with severall Instruments whose names are taken from the figure and similitude for the most part which they have with the beakes of living Creatures which Hieron Fabricius reckons up the figures of them are extant in Amb. Parey the 16 th Book Chap. the 17 th and Joh. Andr. a Cruce Lastly it sometimes happens that in mans body certaine parts are corrupted with mortification they so dy that ther is no hope of recovery of life Amputation of Limbs when there is one indication that which is corrupted is to be cut off least the sound also should be affected which operation the Greekes call Acroteriasmos or a tearing off the dead â—lesh but in what place and when that Amputation is to be made cannot be delivered in a compendium see the Institutions CHAP. XIII Of freeing and taking away things generated in the body contrary to nature THe last kind remains of taking away things out of the body Things preternaturall begotten in the body how many-fold namely those which are generated in the body contrary to nature but there is no little difference amongst those things for some of them are borne together with the parts of our body and are adhere tenaciously as Warts Warts great above and small below swellings and inflammations in the fundament the top of the yard the way to the wombe callous flesh Cornes Knots the Kings Evill excrescencies of flesh in the Nostrills and Polypus swelling in the Chops small tumours in the Urinary passage Excrescencies on the eye lids fleshy ruptures or else they are contained in some part of the body as water in an aqueous rupture in the paunch stones or gravell in the reines bladder or yard The cutting of warts is performed either by binding Warts cuttings or burning Warts hanging downe are taken away either with a silken threed or Horse haire or they are to be tyed with some other strong threed every day harder and harder untill they come off cutting is performed with an incision knife like a Mirtle leave or with a launce burning is performed with an hot Iron or with green wood that is burnt but how severally the tumour called Thymus in the fundament glans or prepuce are to be taken away is shewn in the Institutions and in the 3 d. Book of practice Sometimes a little tumour ariseth in the Urinary passage from an Ulcer Caruncles extirpated out the Vrinary passages and is so increased sometimes that it stops
differences which consists of Pitch and Oyle melted together the other compound which besides Pitch and Oyle hath in it Pepper Castor Pellitory Bittony Galbanum Brimstone Nitre or the ashes of Vine-twiggs and other things which are needfull out of all which a Plaister is made with Oyle and Pitch which is put in a peice of Leather or linnen cloath and applied to the member being hot the haire shaved before hand and the part well rubbed and before t is quite cold is twitched off againe and put to the fire againe and applied to the part againe and that is so often repeated untill the part growes red and is somewhat swelled Synapismes are Cataplasmes A Synapisme or Plaisters principally consisting of Mustard-seed from whence they have their names or other things are compounded which are of the same nature with mustard-seed and they are two-fold the one more mild and gentle which the Greeks call Phoinigmon because it makes the skin look red and is to draw out the matter which lies so deep hid in the body to its superficies A Vesicatory The other is stronger which also raiseth blisters in the part to which it is applied which they properly call Vesi catories The Ancients made Synapismes of Mustard seed How to prepare Synapismes or sheere-grasse dry Figgs were macerated in warme water the next day after Mustard-seed pounded was mixt with that pulpe and if a stronger Synapisme were required they would mingle two parts of Mustard with one of Figgs but if weaker one part of Mustard-seed and two parts of Figgs If indifferent equall parts being mixed they were applied to the part affected and left there so long till the skin run down with moisture and looked red Other Medicines also both making red How to make Vesicatories and causing Blisters are mentioned before part the first Sect. the first Cap. 10. and are mingled with honey Oxymell with Squills Vinegar with Squills Melle Anarcardino Spirit of Wine Turpentine Soap the crum of bread and Gâ—mme with sharp things and Plaisters and Cataplasmes are made of them whether to cause the part to look red and burn onely or to raise blisters The principall thing to raise blisters is a medicine compounded of Cantharides and Leaven When a blister is raised by a medicine and is broken t is not forthwith to be dried but to be permitted to run that the humour which we desire to evacuate revell or derive may flow out and therefore some fat unguent or a Figg or the leaves of Coleworts are to â—e put to it CHAP XXXIX Of Epithems which are somewhat moister then Plaisters Medicines made of Vinegar and Roses and of Medicines applied to the Temples to stop fluxes of Rehume from falling to the eyes ALlthough all medicines which are externally adplied to the body may be called Epithems Epithems yet by custome those onely are called so at this day which consist of distilled waters decoctions or juices mingled with species and powders and are externally applied principally to the region of the Liver Spleen Heart Stomach fore-head and joynts As for the matter whereof they are made t is various according to their severall intentions of distilled waters Juices Decoctions Oyles either alone or mixt Epithemes are applyed for the mittigation of heate resisting of humours that flow strengthning the parts and Liquors or Powders that are appropriated to any part whatsoever are to be applyed Epithemes are prepared two wayes How prepared first of liquid things only distilled waters or juices are taken convenient for the disease and proper for the part to which sometimes some Vinegar or Wine for penetration sake is added afterwards Species or Powders beaten very fine a drachm and a halfe or two drachms to a Pint and sometimes more Powder is taken the matter of the Epitheme is prescribed according to the magnitude of the part from three Ounces to a pint the mixture in the first place hath a linnen or wollen cloath Cotten or Spunge dipt in it and stird about when t is to be used least the Powder should settle in the bottome and for the most part t is applyed warme and as often as t is taken off t is dipt into it againe and applyed Sometimes certaine Powders are put in but they are first macerated in fountaine water To Epithemes belong Oxyrhodes Epithemes for the fore-head as they are called which are Epithemes peculiar to the fore-head prepared of Oyle of Roses and Vinegar to coole and repell The Ancients tooke of Oyle of Roses three parts and of Vinegar one part and stird them well together wherein they dipt a peice of leather or skin and applyed it to the forehead At this day also other Oyles as of Violets Myrtles Nimphaea or water Lillies and sometimes distilled waters and Powders are added Santalls and other things To these are referred anacollemata Anacollemata which are wont to be applyed for diseases of the Eyes and Hemorhodes of the nose principally to the fore-head so called for this reason whether they consist of medicines that fill up glutinate and have an astringent quality because they stop the violence of humours that flow into them or because by their clamminesse they adhere and as it were stick like glue to the part to which they are applyed And they are prepared of Volatile or fine Flowre How prepared Bolearmoniack Dragons-blood Acacia mastick Manna Frankincense and such like mixt with the white of an Egg. 2. Yet they are often prepared without the white of an Egge to mittigate the paine of the head or cause sleepe which are applyed either with a Leather or a skin dipt therein or inclosed in a little bagg and they are more properly called Epithemes or Frontells CHAP. XL. Of Medicines applyed Plaister-wayes to mittigate paine and of little Bags LIke unto Epithemes are Fomentaes so called Fomentations because they doe by their heate as it were cherish the parts of the body to which they are applyed and they are exhibited either to heate the parts or to cleanse and discusse or to mittigate paine or soften that which is hard Differences of Fomentations Moist 1. And they are two-sold moist and dry the moist are made either of hot water Oyle Milke or wine or decoctions of Plants made with warer wine Vinegar Milke whither a spunge or linnen cloath answerable to the magnitude of the part affected is dipt whilst it is hot and applyed to the part and when they begin to be luke-warme or to coole they are changed for hot or the same are heat againe in the Liquor 2. Sometimes simples included in Linnen baggs are boyled in water wine or Milke and are applyed hot to the part affected for which purpose t is convenient to prepare two Baggs that when the one is cooled the other may be applyed 3. Sometimes a Hoggs Bladder or an Oxe his Bladder is halfe filled with the Liquor of the decoction and applyed hot to the
part affected 4. Fomentations are made also of living Creatures dissected and as yet warme especially Pidgeons as also of the parts of living Creatures newly slaine whilst they are hot as the Lungs Paunch o◠Oyles made of the same 5. Sometimes the steam onely of Waters of Wine or Vineger boiled is stirred up by the fire onely or by casting in of stones or Irons burning into the Liquour or some of the Liquour poured on them is applied to the part the vapour is taken by a Pipe or Tunnel with a wide orifice or it is put about the part with some covering whereby the steam being detained and included it may act the stronger on the part affected But dry Fomentations are made with Bags Dry. the Bags are compounded of Herbs Flowers Barks Roots Seeds Aromaticks Gums which are agreeable to the present intention being cut and pounded proportionable to the figure and magnitude of the part affected are put into a Bag and applied to the part for a cordial Bag an Ounce or an Ounce and half may suffice for the stomack a greater quantity is required The Bag is prepared either of Linnen or Silk and being pricked through with a Needle is applied dry to the part and sometimes it is wet in Wine or Vineger and put on a hot stone or brick heated by the fire it is applied to the part affected and makes it warm CHAP. XLI Of Embrocations Lotions and Bathes THe likest to Fomentations are Embrocations or Waterings Lotions and Bathes all which signifie rather a certain manner of using than any Composition and Forme of Medicine and they contain for the most part the same matter with moist Fomentations Embrochee Embrocations is a certain distillation or dropping down of a moist humour from above like Rain the dropping which is made on any part is performed either by pouring water out of a vessel with a long snout or by dropping out of a Laver. T is applied principally to three parts First upon the Coronall Suture in distempers of the braine and the moisture runs no further then the Sagittall suture Secondly from the beginning of the spinall marrow in diseases of the Nerves and the moisture is terminated at the end of the spine Thirdly to heat or dry the stomach and the matter is suffered to run over all the belly if the guts also are weak a Cerat with Santals is to be applied to the liver if there be feare of inflaming it the matter to be so distilled is common water water of Bathes decoctions milk oyle according as the part affected requires it Some Lotions are exhibited to certain parts which are called particular Lotions Lotions others to the inferiour parts of the body onely which are commonly calted Incessus and Semicuoium i. e. a Vessell that you may sit upright in others are fit for the whole body which are called Bathes Peculiar Lotions principally use to be administred to the head hands and feet and are prepared as Fomentations of hearbs or faire water or boiled in a lee Wine or Oyle Incessus which the Greeks call Encathisma Incessus is a bath for the belly and inferiour parts wherein the diseased must sit up to the Navell and such bathing Vessels serve for severall uses sometimes to mittigate paine sometimes to soften and discusse wind sometimes they are used to provoke courses A Bath is a washing of the whole body A Bath and is administred either for cleansing and taking away the faults of the skin or to relax the parts or for some distemper of the whole Some bathes are naturall others are made by Art The Differences Amongst the naturall bathes the plainest is that of fountain-Fountaine-water which hath a power of heating and moistning and therefore is convenient for such as are Hectick Nature also affords bathes for the imitation of bathes artificiall and of naturall Bathes the Physitian may prepare many things to supply the want of them CHAP. XLII Of Soapes SOap also Sapones or Wash-balls are used to certaine parts of the body which are prepared in this manner There is taken of Venice Soap made smooth How mad◠or of some other good and white Soap as much as is sufficient to which is added six or eight times so much Powder and all of them are mingled in a sufficient quantity of a water that is proper and reduced into one masse from whence round Balls ar e made in the forme of an Apple They are exhibited principally to cleanse the body or some parts thereof and to give a pleasant sent to it CHAP. XLIII Of Cauteries LAstly Cauteries That we may speak something also of Potentiall Cauteries their preparation is manifold and there is no man but here will somewhat boast But the most profitable which will make an Escarre soonest without paine and other Symptomes is that which is thus prepared Take the Lee whereof black Soap is made and put it into a Frying-pan till it become almost as hard as a stone and when it growes cold cut it into the forme of great Dice and let it be kept in a glasse close shut least it should melt and it is commonly called the Corrasive stone the use whereof is very frequent at this day to quicken Ulcers by the which humours may be diverted from the more noble parts to the ignoble and therefore they are called Issues or Fontanells HONOVR GLORY and THANKSGIVING be to GOD alone FINIS Bookes Printed for LODO LLOYD and sold at his Shop next the Castle-Tavern in CORNHILL BVrtons Anatomy of Melancholy Folio A Historical description of the Fast-Indies by Ferdinand Mendez Pinto Folio Mr. John Goodwins Redemption redeemed Fol. Divine authority of the Scriptures 4o. Antapoligies in answer to Edwards 4o. Theomatica or the danger of fighting against God 4o. Anticavilearisme 4o. Hagiomastix or a Scourge for the Saints 4o. Vindication of the Sentence past upon the late King 4o. Reply to A.S. in vindication of the Congregationall way 4o. Answers 4o. Fresh discovery of a high Presbyterian spirit 4o. Quaeries concerning the Government 4o. Vindication of the change of Government intituled Peace protected 4o. Apologist condemned 4o. Three several Disputations concerning the extent and death of Christ with Mr. Powell and Mr. Simpson 4o. Exposition of the ninth to the Romans 4o. Catabaptisme in vindication of Infants Baptisme proving not onely its lawfulnesse but divine Institution 4o. Pagans Debt and Dowry 4º Agreement and distance of Brethren being a brief survey of the Judgment of Mr. J.G. on Justification 4o. Defence of the true meaning of Rom. 4.3.5.9 in answer to Mr. Walker 4o. Water-dipping no firm footing for Church-communion 4o. Return of mercies 12o. Saints interest 12o. Behm's Mysterium magnum or an Exposition of Genesis fol. The principles of the Divine Essence 4o. Three-fold life 4o. Foure questions of the Souls originall and nature 4o. On the two Testaments Baptisme and the Supper 4o. Mercurius Teutonicus 4o. Way to Christ discovered
sometimes peccant matter in the first passages collected in the first concoction which useth to go to some of the humours which at certain Periods are moved and hath not as yet received its limits for motion it useth then to corrupt the humours and communicate putrefaction to the vena cava which Fevers for the most part are malignant A putred Synocha hath its original for the most part from transpiration hindred and want of ventilation of the blood The cause and hot fuliginous retentions by reason of obstruction of veins as well in the skin as also in the internal parts And the blood appointed to nourish the body putrifies in these Synochaes and putrefying continually sends hot vapours to the heart For when preter-natural heat is so kindled in the veins that nature can no longer rule it it becomes putred and is corrupted Nor is there any need that the putred blood should be turned into another humour presently For blood of its own nature is apt to putrefaction and in inflamations we see it changed to quitture not into choller though nothing hinder it in the veins but that it might And especially the Ichor or thin waterish part of the blood is apt to turn to putrefaction and by reason of the Ichor the blood in the first place is corrupted which happens when the vapours which ought to transpire are retained in the veins Yet the whole blood doth not putrifie but some parts thereof which so long as they are not seperated from the good blood crudity is said to be present which afterwards by concoction are seperated from the good blood which being done Nature appoints evacuation by which the blood returns to its former purity again A Synocha is three-fold Acmastick i. e. when it remains alwayes in the same state namely Differences when so much of the humour daily putrifies as is discussed this is called also Homotonos Epacmastick or Anabaticos is when the heat continually increaseth and more of the matter is kindled then can be discussed Paraemastick is when there is more discussed then corrupted and thence the heat alwayes decresseth Furthermore it blood which putrifies be temperate absolute 't is called a sanguinious Synoch a in particular But if it be hotter which useth to be called cholerick the disease is then called Synocha bilosa The Fever is known first by this Diagnostick signs that it continues from the beginning to the end without any exasperation and mutation Moreover because the Pulse is great vehement swift frequent unequal and inordinate And in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood the signs of Plethory are present The blood to him that toucheth seems much and full of vapours and is not so troublesome and sharp as in other Fevers and other signes are present which are observed in a Synocha that is not putred A putred Synocha is distinguished from a non-putred by certain signs The heat in a putred is sharper then in a non-putred In a putred the urine is red thick and troubled without any sediment and crude or a little concocted in the beginning the Pulse affords signes of putrefaction and all the Symptomes are greater then in a Fever that is not putred A Synochabilosa happens to those that are troubled with cholerick blood and the heat is sharper then in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood thirst is more troublesome the urine thinner and sharper and other signes which are usual in cholerick Fevers are discerned This Fever is the most simple amongst the putred Prognosticks and easiest to be cured And being pure seldom passeth seven dayes but the spurious is extended to the fourteenth day and is terminated sooner or later as the signes of concoction appear sooner or later A white urine in a Synocha is evil The least dangerous of all is that which is called Synochos Paracmasticos next to that Acmasticos But that is most dangerous which continually increaseth and is called Epacmasticos which easily degenerates into a disease called Causus And by how much the fewer the evil Symptomes are by so much the better hopes the more they are the more danger is shewn The whole cure consists in taking away the cause Indicatious and altering the fevourish heat Blood therefore as abounding in plenty is to be lessened the pores of the skin to be opened the causes of obstructions being taken away The fevourish heat is to be tempered and allayed if there be strength as for the most part there is thin diet is to be used Therefore a vein is forthwith to be opened in the right arm a Clyster or lenitive medicine being given first if occasion require and to take away as much blood as the strength will permit Breathing of a vein and you may more boldly take away blood in this then in any other sort of Fever Blood being evacuated Medicines that the concoction may be made more facile we are to use those things which allay the heat free from obstructions and resist putrefaction namely the juice of Sorrel Lemmons Citrons and Syrrups and Conserves prepared of them Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple Oxysauharum simple Spirit of Vitriol and the four cold seeds with cooling waters are to be administred Principally we ought to endeavour that the pores of the skin may be freed from obstruction which for the most part is the cause of this disease which thing Oxymel and wine mingled with honey and the honey dissolved will conveniently perform since they are easily carried to the outmost parts of the body and attenuate dull thick humours and simple Oxymel resists putrefaction Concoction being perfected the Ancients used to drink cold water and gave so much of it to drink as might not only extinguish the fevourish hear but that the matter concocted might be evacuated by stool vomit or sweats But in our countries sick people are not so accustomed to drink cold water and many inconveniences are to be feared by the use thereof So likewise swimming in cold water which was usual with the Ancients doth not agree with our bodies The concoction being perfected nature useth for the most part critically to evacuate the corrupted matter which if it be not done it ought to be performed by the Physician with purging medicines Dyet in this Fever ought to be thin Diet. because both that blood aboundeth and the disease is short It should be cooling and moistening and also to have power of attenuating thick humours and deterging viscid ones CHAP. XII Of a Causus or Burning Fever WHereas amongst continued Fevers there is often mention made of a Causus we are also here to say something of it But a Causus is not any difference of a Fever but rather a measure expressing the quality of fevourish heat The word Causus is sometimes taken generally and not so properly sometimes specialiter and more properly Generally for any sort of Fever whose heat is vehement in particular for a Fever which hath two Pathognomonicks great heat
the declination for no man ever dyed in the declination of a disease In the same manner Particular times may be limited Particular times and every course hath its fit which course Remissness or an Intervall follows A fit hath its beginning increase state and declination which Particular times may happen during the Universall times The end of the first part of the second Book THE SECOND BOOK PART II. Of the Causes of DISEASES CHAP. I. Of the Causes of Diseases SEeing that nothing can perfectly be known unless the causes thereof are known whither can diseases be avoided unless the causes are shun'd neither can the same be taken away unless the causes if they are present be first taken away We will now treat of the causes of Diseases Although by the Philosophers there are rightly constituted four kinds of causes The sorts of causes the Materiall Formall Finall and Efficient yet here we are to speak onely of the Efficient causes of diseases for the form such as accidents have is already explained Diseases have not matter unless it be the subject wherein they are inherent The Physitian treats of efficient cause The causes of diseases are fourfold The proximate The remote the end also is not since they arise from the want of perfection and therefore Physitians when they handle the cause of diseases understand the efficient cause onely But Efficient causes of Diseases are considered either in respect had to a disease and a body or absolutely and as they are things which can take upon them the nature of mortifique causes If causes as they are referred to a disease or its effects they are considered thus first one cause is proximate and immediate another remote The proximate is that cause betwixt which and the disease nothing intercedes The remote is that betwixt which and the disease there comes another neerer cause The proximate since nothing can come to pass without a cause is in all diseases but the 〈◊〉 is not so Secondly since that of those causes which conduce to the generation of a disease and indeed such as some matter doth exeite Containing some are neerer others more remote and oftentimes there is a long rank of them Physicians call some causes containing others antecedent others primitive A cause containing which is also named consummative Containing is that which proximately adheres to a disease in a body and cherisheth it and which being put the disease is being taken away the disease is taken away so a stone is the cause containing of obstruction of the bladder A humour in a turnour is the cause of increasing of Magnitude but a cause containing and immediate is not absolutely the same for as much as all diseases have a proximate cause since nothing can be done without a cause but they have not all the cause containing namely thesâ— oke of a sword is the proximate cause of a wound but not the cause containing And those diseases only have a cause containing which are joyned with matter and are cherished by it as tumours obstructions putrid Feavers Yet you are here to be admonished that these things which are here spoken of a cause containing as also of the differences of other causes are all spoken of in respect of a disease defined by Galen per dispositionem or casually as they say for in respect or this not all but some diseases only have a cause containing But if a disease be defined formally and through impotency all diseases whatsoever have a cause containing namely some vitious dispâ—sition of body The antedent The antecedent causes are certain dispositions lying hid in the body which go before a disease and out of which a disease may arise For although that be most properly called a cause which doth now act yet Physitians call those things causes which as yet produce not any disease so that they may produce them Antecedent causes are defined not by the act but by the power of effecting so some vitious humour which lyeth lurking in the body produceth not a disease as yet yet it may gonerate one The primitive How causes differ The manifest evident The manifest externall that is called the antecedent cause thereof The primitive causes which anciently they called Prophasis are such as move the antecedent in a body and give occasion that they may become proximate causes such are watchings cares ange too much exercise and motion and such like But primitive causes and evident are not the same for every Proâ—atarcktick is evident or manifest but every evident and manifest is not a Primitive as a sword is the evident cause of a wound but not the primary for an evident or manifest cause is whatsoever produceth a disease in a manifest manner whether it be immediate or remote but the primitive can never be the proximate but alwayes requires preceding preparation of the body and a neerer cause in the body which it may move Nor is the primitive cause the same with the external for externall is only in respect of the body and every thing which is without the body after what manner soever it produceth a disease it is called an externall cause but Primitive is spoken in respect to other causes and is that which stirreth up and moveth the hidden causes of the body either within the body or out of the body whence Sleep Watchings Passions of the mind and other causes which are in the body are named primitive not externall Thirdly Evident causes Occult. some causes are evident others hidden and obscure evident and manifest are such as are obvious to the senses neither is there need of any other signes to know them by Occult and hidden are such as lurk in the body and require signes to be known by Fourthly Internall Externall some causes are internall others externall internall are such as are within the body externall are such as are without the body Fifthly Perse By accident some causes are by themselves others by accident Causes by themselves are such as produce dieases by their own proper force and violence and not by the assistance of other causes so fire heateth water cooleth A cause by accident is when it performs ought by the intervening of another cause and not by its own force so cold water by accident is the cause of heat whilst by its binding and closing the pores of the skin the hot exhalations are detained within which otherwise would evaporate by insensible transpiration Also some causes are common Common Proper Positive as Air Meat and drink when many use them in one place others are proper which are peculiar to certain men Lastly some causes are positive others privative positive are such as by their presence produce an effect like themselves Privative after which sort water cooleth Privative are such as by their absence produce an effect like themselves so heat returning to the internall parts and leaving the externall is the cause of
propensity to sleep yet nevertheless they cannot but onely shutting their eyes and winking they are possessed with too great a desire of sleep In sleep there oftentimes happens dreams wherein the action of the phantasie doth concur Dreams for dreames are nothing else but the deliriums of the brains of sleepers although dreams happen to those which are well yet contrary to cuâ—â—ome they often remain longer and during the whole night or are terrible and trouble the mind exceedingly and bring great anxiety in sleep and wearisomness when one is awake To these kind of Symptomes belongs an extasie An Extasie and that natural which is nothing else but a heavy sleep with heavy dreams and hence sometimes cometh a delirium therewith As also the affects of Sleep-walkers who whilest they sleep Sleep-walkers arise out of their beds walk and perform certain works as wâ—king people do at that time when they ought to rest yet if the imagination be together offended these Symptomes may be referred to that rank wherein many internal senses are hurt As for what belongs to the offending of the rest of the Internal senses Whether the Phantafie and reasonable faculty be always hurt together sometimes one of them is offended sometimes many together for the most part the Phantasie and Ratiocination are offended together yet not alwayes for although the understanding be busied about Phantasms yet the understanding acting illustrates the Phantasms and frees them from their supposed matter and runs from one thing to another and is busied about the Idea's retained by the memory by which the errour of the Phantasie may often be known sometimes also the memory is together offended yet sometimes remains safe from the errors of the phantasie and the reasonable faculty But those actions are either abolished The Memory abolished and diminished or diminished or depraved neverthelesse the memory whose office it is not to judge but only to receive representations may be so much debilitated and abolished namely when it does not receive and retain those things which it ought or it receives nothing and retains nothing and so a man forgets all things it cannot be depraved but if sometimes it receives and retains false objects that is not to be ascribed to it but to that faculty which discovers absurd and false representations the memory seems then to be depraved to some when it doth not render things in that order which it received them but errs in order but this seems to happen onely by reason of the weaknesse of the memory The principal actions are abolished and diminished in the imbecility and dulnesse of the mind The Phantasie and rational faculty diminished and abolished Folly Foolishnesse Madness slownesse of the Wit stupidity when a man hath a certain knowledge of the chief things and draws some conclusions from them but with great labour The greatest fault and the greatest hurt of the Phantasie and Ratiocination yet without delirium is fatuity But when a man is so destitute of all ingenuity and the phantasie and Ratiocination are so hurt that they can neither know the first principles and can beget no conceits it is called foolishnesse and madnesse especially if the action depraved concurre and a man judgeth not only a little but false But the imagination and reasonable faculty is depraved in deliriums A Delirium whereof there are several kinds for a deliri um is either with a Fever or without a Fever with or without a Fever Melancholy is either simple viz. A moderate delirium and without madnesse stirred up by hot vapours in a Fever or by watching or drinking too much Wine which the Greeks call Paraphrosune or Paraphrora A Frenzy is with a Fever which is a continued delirium arising from the inflammation of the Brain and its Membranes But a delirium without a Fever is Melancholy and madnesse Melancholy is a Delirium without a Fever with sorrow and sadness as it is commonly defined or a failing of the Phantasie and reasonable Faculty about one certain thing and indeed the Phantasie is principally offended but the reasonable Faculty not alwayes nor in all but the memory for the most part is safe To melancholy Deliriums also is referred Mad Love wherein concur various passions Mad love now they conceive joy with hope of obtaining the thing beloved where they do many things and speak beyond decency and now sorrow and anger when they despaire of obtaining the thing beloved Madnesse is a delirium without a Fever with Fury Fear Madnesse Audacity Anger Quarrels and Ferosity To madnesse are referred Wolf-madnesse Dog-madnesse Badger-madnesse fear of Water viz. a Disease wherein if one be bitten with a Dog a Wolfe a Badger or any other ravenous Animal he becomes altogether averse to all liquid and potulent drinks although as for other things they do not shun them also those that are bitten by a Tarantula leap and dance and a Corea or company of S. Viti which is a kind of delirium and madness with which those that are affected strive to dance night and day CHAP. VIII Of the Symptomes of the motive Faculty ANimal motion is either abolished diminished Symptomes about motion Palsie or depraved motion is abolished not onely in the Palsey which is impotency of motion wherein the next instruments of motion are relaxed and ceased from their action and are not contracted but cannot be moved by reason of putting out of joynt fractures of bones wounds of the muscles Lassitude drynesse and induration of the parts serving for motion It is diminished in the green sickness or in lazinesse when the motion is become weak It is depraved in trembling which the Greeks cal Tremos Trembling wherin the part cannot move freely but is now elevated and anon depressed for although in respect of the motive faculty trembling is onely imbecility of the motive faculty yet because the motive faculty doth not wholly faile but the member which contrary to the dictate of the will is depressed by its own weight it endeavours in some measure to elevate it selfe here is made a depraved motion where in the smallest intervals of time the member is lifted up and depressed in a continual course As also in the Convulsion Kinds of Convulsion fits which is a preter-natural contraction of a Muscle towards its beginning contrary to the will and a violent stretching out of the part into which a Tendon is inserted A Convulsion is either Universal or Particular Universal is three-fold Emprosthotonos i. e. when the Neck and the rest of the Body is bowed forward so that the diseased cannot set himselfe upright Opisthotonos when the body is bent backward Tetanos when the body is so stiff that it cannot bend any way A particular Convulsion in regard of several particular parts hath divers names Aspasmos Cynicus a Convulsion of the Muscles of the Mouth Trismos a Convulsion of the Muscles of the Jaws with grating and
softest and hardest next the most frequent but not swift nor great only amongst extreames the most vehement is the best yet we must diligently observe alwayes whither the change of the pulse arise from the disease or come from externall causes Hereunto belongs the Palpitation of the heart swounding and falling downe as it were dead which indicate dejection of the vitall faculty and great danger if they happen through some disease of the heart it selfe Respiration Respiration of it be naturall signifies neither the brest nor heart not midriffe to be any way affected with paine nor any adjacent parts Galen 1. prog Apho. 25. and moreover it hath great force in signifying tokens of health when one is sick in a feaver especially if other good signes are present Hip. ib. on the contrary preternaturally respiration although it be not allwayes mortall yet t is alwayes evill but worst of all if it be joyned with other ill signes great and swift breathings signifie great store of fuliginous vapours yet the organs apt and the faculty hitherto strong a great and slow pulse happens only to those that are disturbed in mind a great and frequent pulse snew pain or inflamation of the part serving for breathing little and swift respiration shews plenty of fuliginous excrements but with paine or inflamation of some of the organs appointed for breathing a little and slow pulse shews not many vapours with paine or inflamation of some instrument of respiration and with other ill signes portends not a little danger little and obscure respiration is perpetually evill and signifies dissolution of strength but little and thin is the worst of all because it indicates the greatest debility of the faculty and if a cold breath proceed from the mouth and nostrills it is very destructive but the worst of all and the nearest to death is when it extends is obscure and sublime wherein the brest is much dilated and sometimes the Shoulders and grisly part of the nostrills but that which is inspired is very thick and most frequent but the worst respiration of all is that which is made with ordure Moreover for what belongs to the Symptomes of the naturall faculty Symptomes of the naturall faculty what they presage their perfection is known by their operations of which it shall be spoken hereafter but that we may speak here something of the desire of meate and drink to have a good appetite to meat and that proceding from a naturall cause and as Hippo. 2. Apho. 33. writes in every disease to take easily whatsoever is offered is a good signe on the contrary an ill appetite of meate is bad 7. Apho 6. not to thirst also in hot and burning feavers wherein the tongue is filthy and black perpetually signifies mischeif and a delirium or dissolution of the desiring faculty or of them both but as it is an ill signe not to thirst so t is a good signe to thirst in hot diseases also to thirst immoderatly and over much is notgood CHAP. VI. Of the signes of life and death which are taken from excretions and retentions AMongst exerements urines principaly use to be observed Prognostick from vrine but although it is spoken of already what they shew above part the first See 2. cap. 21. yet here we may breifly comprehend those things which portend to death or life namely that urine is best which is most like that of a sound person from this the rest differ in substance colour quantity and contents As to the substance the goodnesse of the substance with a good colour promiseth health thin urines with a good colour promise health yet they shew a disease which requires longer time for concoction Thin and red urins signify a crude disease 2. prog 30. but thick which are made so after the beginning of a disease are also good if they were thin before much urine if it be made on a criticall day is good which somtimes is profitably made with sharpnesse and paine Troubled urine not setling in the bottome because the strength of the diseased persists argues for the most part the disease to continue long if imbecility of the fick be present it denotes their death but those which grow cleare are better As for the colours of waters a pale red a light safron colour and a kind of cleer clay colour are good neither is a reddish colour with a reddish and light sediment to be found fault with but on the other side bright shinning urines and white are evill and especially if they appeare such in Phrensies 4. Agho 72. principally if they are so in the beginning of a disease and continue so long thin and red signify the disease is crude and moreover t is dangerous if they continue so long black urine in acute diseases unlesse they are emitted on a criticall day allwayes denote great danger after black the oyly are the worst yellow and green also are nought and green urines if they appeare so suddenly in men that are in other respects sound with biting of the heart t is a signe they have drank poison and they are in danger of death but in feavers they are mortall signes especially if they appeare in the beginning of the discase As for the quanity Hippo. 3. Epid. com 3. tom 4. condemnes thin urins made in great quantity as also much urine thick not residing and no way helping and all urines are made in great quantity in the beginning are disliked small quantities of urines in acute feavers are also nought As to the contents those urins are evill which have no sediment and nothing that swimmeth in the urinall in the middest of the urine nor a little cloud unlesse the sick hath fasted long or watched or laboured or because the body is exceeding full of choler thick waters also without a sediment are dangerous and a sediment representing the forme of thick brain is evill but worst of all if it reside in a manner like scales of Fish but if it be thin and white t is vitious but that which is furfuraceous or like Bran is worst of all Hippo. 2. prog 28. a nubecula or little cloud which is carried in the Urine if it be white t is good if black t is nonght t is evill also for the sick to make water and not know of it Secondly Of dejection of the helly the dejections of the belly afford us signes two manner of waies first as they shew the concoction of the stomack and guts also as they manifest the humours flowing from other parts to the guts As for the first kind that ejection is best if it be gentle and constant and sent forth at that time when it is wont to be in the best health if quantity be according to what hath been eaten 2. Apho. 13. The latter is good if it be criticall and with signes of concoction in the state of a disease and happen on a criticall day and ease the sick 1. Apho.
nourishment and full of excrements and affords matter fit for the generation of feavers Fishes are colder and moister food Fish then the flesh of terrestiall Animalls and scarce afford so good juice as Corne and fruits and other vegetables they easily putrify also and if they are corrupted they acquire a quality most averse to our natures But there is a great variety of fishes Salmon a Salmon in the first place hath tender flesh gratefull to the palate t is easily concocted affords good juice and is the best amongst fishes when they are pickled with salt and hardned with smoake they are much worse Troutes amongst fishes which are bred in fresh waters are the best and are next in goodnesse to a Salmon Trout easy of concoction full of much good and thin juice but the greater of them have flesh not a little excrementitious fat and full of viscidity those are commended before others which have red flesh and many red spots and that have hard flesh and participate not of viscidity and fat those are easier concocted descend sooner Soles and have lesse excrementitious juice Amongst Sea fishes the sole is highly commended which hath delicate flesh and is easy of concoction Gudgeons Gudgeons properly so called are the best of taste amongst the fishes and very wholesome aliment easie to be concocted and such as remaine not long in the stomach and are profitable both for pleasure and health and may safely be given to those that are sick to which other little fish are alike as dace and minners and such like A pick A Pike especially of the smaller growth hath hard flesh it is concocted easily and easily distributed and hath not many excrements and may also be given to those that are sick A Perch also hath tender flesh A Perch and such as will easily part asunder and no fat and glutinosity t is easy to be digested the juice is not evill yet it affords weaker aliment and such as is easily discussed A Breame hath soft and moist flesh A Breame and yeelds a juice very excrementicious and is to be eaten as for the most part all other fish are not t is not to be mixed with divers kinds of meates A Barbell A Barbell whose egs perchance gave an occasion to some to suppose that he hears very bad it causeth not onely paines of the belly but also vomiting and disturbes the paunch and stirs up choler from the use whereof we ought to abstaine but the flesh thereof is very white easy of concoction and distribution and affords aliment of good juice The flesh of Eeles is sweete but glutinous with fat and abounding with much moisture Ecles it generates ill juice and the use thereof is not safely granted to those that are sick nor to those that are well especially if they be taken plentifully A Lampry is meate of a gratefull and delicate taste A Lampry if it be rightly prepared and sauced yet it puts not away quite its slimynesse and glutinosity by this meanes and for that reason they are not numbred by Physitians amongst fishes of the best sort A Tench is neither of a pleaseing taste A Tench nor easy to be concocted nor good aliment but yeelds a filthy slimy juice and such as is easily corrupted neither is it easily distributed and it brings forth obstructions A Herring hath white flesh A Herring apt to cleave into small peices and hath a good taste not hard of concoction it affords good juice not thick and glutinous t is pickled with salt and hardned with the smoake but then t is harder of digestion and yeelds not so good juice Amia a fish which hath no English name but is like a Thunny Amia hath soft flesh yeelds good juice but not much aliment A Sturgeon hath hard fat and glutinous flesh A Sturgon which yeelds thick juice yet not hurtfull and t is not easily concocted yet the younger are more plesant to the taste and easier concocted and yeeld much nourishment A Sole Plaice and Turbet are white fish A Sole Plaice Turbet yeeld good juice and plentifull nourishment and such as is not easily corrupted but being dryed they become harder and are harder of concoction Cod-fish Stock-fish or rather stock fish although whilst it is fresh t is said to have friable flesh and tender of good juice and easy of concoction yet being dryed it becomes so hard that it is to be knocked with Hammers and Clubs and to be pulled into peeces in water before it be boyled whence it affords thick nourishment and hard of concoction and is to be eaten without dammage only by those who have very healthy stomachs and are given to dayly labour Oysters have a soft juice Oysters and therefore irritare the belly to dejection and stimulate Venus they nourish lesse and are hard of concoction and easily generate obstructions Terrestiall Cockels or Snailes Snailes are accounted for dainties by many yet the flesh of them is hard of concoction and requires a healthy stomach and the addition of many sawces yet they remaine hard and generate thick and black blood but that part which is said to be given in broath for Hecticks is only in the hinder part of the snaile which Aristotle in the fourth of the History of Animals Cap. the fourth calls Micona that is poppey as he pleased to call it which hath in it a certaine glutinous and caseous substance easily dissolved yeelding to the teeth tender the which is not hard of concoction and nourisheth much Crab fish which have no tailes and Lobsters Lobsters and crawfish which have tailes and are frequent in our Countries seeme to have no great difference in their nature all of them are hard of concoction and are not well concocted unlesse by a strong stomach yet if they are well concocted they nourish much and beget good juice CHAP. IV. Of drinke DRinke whereby the moist substance is restored which is dayly consumed and the naturall thirst allayed The benefi of drink the fat and thick moisture carried through the narrow passages and the meat in the stomach is mingled concocted and powred forth and an inflamation of that fat which is destinated by nature to nourish our bodies is prohibited there are divers kinds The kinds Water Wine strong Beere and water mingled with Hony and certaine liquors made with Apples Peares and such like There is great variety of Waters Waters all which are cold and moist but the best is that which is found to be pure and fincere by the sight taste and smell and offers the savour of nothing to the taste Differences of Waters neither odour to the smell which soone growes hot and suddenly grows cold which is light and wherein flesh and fruit are soon boyled some is Fountaine water other is River some is Raine water other lake or Pond water some Marish other Snow
water The Fountaine is the best which hath these notes of good water Fountain that which spreds towards the East and runs towards the rising of the Sun and thrickles through sand and gravell that carries no mud with it that is hotter in Winter and colder in Summer River water for the most part is Fountaine water River and ariseth from many Fountains flowing together and therefore is of a mixt nature and receives also a mixt nature from the earth through which it flowes and somtimes also they are mingled with Snow melted in the Mountaines and great Showres of water collected together yet its crudity is corrected by the beames of the Sun whilst it runs through many parts of the Earth before the use of it it should stand and setle in water-tubs that whatsoever it carries with it that is impure may settle in the bottome Rain water which falls in the Summer time with thunder is the thinnest Raine and lightest but since many Vapours are lift up by the heate and mingled with the Showres these waters are not very pure whence they are obnoxious to putrifaction Well waters Well waters since they are not raised above the Earth and are lifted up on high only by the benefit of Art they are thick and heavy whence they continue long in the bowels and offend them Lakes and marish waters are the worst Lake waters they easily become purred they are thick and crude and often times malignant and Pestilent from whence the stomack is offended by them the bowels obstructed and humours corrupted and often times putred and malignant feavers and Pestilentiall do thence arise Waters of Snow and Ice are condemned Of Snow and Ice for they are thick and hurt the stomach and stirr up greivous diseases of the joynts nerves and bowels But the malignancy of waters are corrected by boyling Boyling of waters whereby not only the crudity and frigidity is amended but also the terrene and vitious parts are separated which afterwards when the heate vanisheth settles in the bottome Wine hath a heating Wine and drying power which even the Spirit which is drawn out of it teacheth yet because it easily nourisheth and increaseth moisture and blood fit to nourish the body t is said to be moist namely Wine is a medicinall aliment hot and dry some in the first some in the second and some in the third degree for this reason the use of it is forbidden boyes and by reason of this drying faculty many use to mixe water therewith yet there is not a little difference in heating and drying not only according to age but also according to the nature of the Wine it selfe for some is very little suffering because in mixture it will indure but little water but other Wine is called winy Wine because it may indure more water to be mixt with it But Wines differ according to taste smell colour Differences of Wines Savour and manner of subsistance as for what belongs to the taste sweet Wines properly so called nourish best and are not only most gratefull to the palate but to the bowells but because they are thicker they easily produce obstructions in the Liver and Spleen inflame the Hipocondries and are easily turned into choler they are profitable for the Lungs Chops and Throate nor do they so hurt the head nor offend the nerves Austere or harsh wines have the weaker heat tarry longer in the belly nor doe they easily passe through the veines and penetrate through the passages of the urine whence they are good for a loosenesse of the belly but hurtfull in diseases of the brest and Lungs for they detaine spittle the best wines are the middle sort which are neither very sweet nor sowre A fragrant smell is a token of the best Wine Smell because it can increase Spirits restore decayed strength and recreate and suddenly refresh those that are languishing even by its smell and can exhilerate the mind and strengthen the whole body and all its faculties and principally t is good for old men only that it fills the head and hurts the nerves but Wines that have no smell are base and neither received so greedily by the stomach nor are they so easily concocted nor do they afford matter nor so fit aliment to engender Spirits nor do they add so much strength to the heart nor do they so much refresh the body but those which have a strange smell whencesoever contracted are all nought White or pale Wines heate lesse Colour then full and yellow Wines and are weaker especially if besides their whitenesse they are of a thin substance all black wines are of thicker substance and for the most part sweete and nourish very much yet they beget thick blood and not so laudable they cause obstructions and continue long in the bowels and fill the head with many Vapours between the white and red there are middle colours yellow reddish yellow a pale red and perfect red a pale red are necrest to the white and if the substance be thin are the best such as are Rhenish Wines the most apt to strengthen the heart and to renew strength Greek Wines also strengthen the heart and are beneficiall to to those that are troubled with cholick paines and with the flatus of the stomach red Wines for the most part have not so great a force of heating they generate good blood and do not load the head but if they are of a thicker substance they are not so good for the Liver and Spleen by reason of the obstructions which they occasion between the white and red is a Wine of a mixt colour which also doth not heat so much nor offend the head As for the manner of subsistence The manner of subsistance tenuity is in the first place in that which is watry hence that which is of a pale red and yellow crassitude is in that which is black red sweet and sowre and thin wines easily penetrate and soon refresh the strength they open passages move sweates and urine yet they nourish more sparingly but the thick nourish more and are longer detained in the parts and heat and dry them more and often times bring forth obstructions Wines also differ according to age Differences of Wines according to age new Wine is thick and flatuous begets the cholick impeads excretion of urine yet it loosens the belly and unlesse it doth so t is the more hurtfull new Wine and that which it as sweet as Wine new prest is not easily distributed into the body but old Wine does work too much upon the nerves and offend the head That which is middle aged is more commodious for all uses in which thing neverthelesse there is a great difference according to the nature of the Wine for some will indure age others sooner loose their strength and consume away and loose all their Spirits In places towards the Septrentrionall Strong drinke wherein there is
ought to be protruded are retained the health is in danger The severall concoctions have their severall excrements the excrements of the paunch if they are not evacuated in due season hinder concoction whilst putred Vapours exhale from thence to the stomach and neighbouring parts for the same reason they offend the head stir up cholick paines and other evills but too sudden cleansing of the paunch oftentimes hurt nothing whilst those things which are offensive nature doth expell from the paunch of its owne accord yet if any such thing happen too often or too lasting it necessarily defrauds the body of nourishment and the strength is weakned and the guts are debilitated and offended Urine if it be made in due season Vrine is commodious and profitable for the body but if it be made sooner then it ought and especially if it have bin retained longer then it ought it brings no small dammage for it oppresseth the bladder and often times so fills it that afterwards urine cannot be expelled and sometimes an inflamation of the bladder nay sudden death followes but if the reyns have not drawn whey as it were it remains mixt with blood and stirs up greivous Symptomes in the whole body Seed untimely retained causeth heavinesse and dulnesse Venus of the body and if it be corrupted stirs up greivous accidents all which may be avoided by Venery but let it be timely and lawfull neither is there any need to try any thing for the preservation of health which is contrary to divine lawes and the Creator of man is so much indulgent to him in this thing as t is necessary for him to shun all things which may hinder his health but too much Venery dissipates the naturall heate cooles and debilitates the whole body accumulates crudities hurts the nerves generates the running Gout and brings the Palsie and debility of the senses and understanding THE FOURTH BOOK PART II. Of the Method of the preservation of Health CHAP. I. Of those things which are to be observed by all for the preservation of health AFter we have explayned those things which are necessary for the Preservation of health now we must shew a Method how all those things are to be used for the safty thereof but their are some certain common precepts which are to be observed by all some peculiar precepts to be observed according to ages sex and other Circumstances The most common Precept here is this that what ever is according to nature is to be kept but since that in some health exactly such in others difference from hence which is called a newtrall constitution the former is to be exactly preserved with its likes and nothing contrary to be admitted whereby the body may be put out of that naturall state but a Newtrall constitution requires some change yet that ought to be small and by degrees if the course of life will admit thereof Yet that most generall rule is to be observed by all The most generall rule to desend health namely that mediocrity is to be ever accompted safest according to that of Hippo. 2. Apho. 52. to much of every thing is good for nothing or all excesse is hurtfull to nature As also that 2. Apho. 50 those things that we are long accustomed unto although they are worse yet are they less troublesome to us then those things that we are not accustomed to Moreover we are to endeavour that the naturall constitution of our bodies consisting in a good moderation of cold and heate occult qualities due conformation of the Organick parts and unity may be preserved by those things which are fitly borne to preserve it namely by their likes in case the body bee throughly well constituted or somwhat with contraries if the body decline from the best state But all things are to be avoided which may destroy it Likewise causes of health sometimes require things plainly alike sometimes a little contrary Most health full aire and therefore the Physitian shall appoint the right use of those things which necessarily happen to the body namely aire that is temperate is the best for those that are temperate and hurtfull to no constitution of body Moreover let the purest bee chosen cold aire when the fire is kindled is changed hot aire is tempered by water that is cold being poured out of one vessell into another or sprinkled on the floare or by cloaths moistened in water and hung in the bed-chamber or Roses strowed in the house or the leaves of Vines Willowes Water Lillies and other cooling Herbes moysture in excesse may be corrected by the kindling of fires and burning of suffumigations of â—â—â—t things drinesse is corrected with the moystnings of waters sprinklings or strowings of moistning Herbes As for Meat meats of little juice are offensive to all Meate and drinke and profitable to none nay even the dayly use of thick viscide tenacious cold hard flat and acrid meats are to bee avoyded by all since they cannot bee well concocted nor afford good nourishment yet some regard is here to bee had of the appetite according to that of Hippocrates 2. Apho. 38. a litter worse meate and drinke that is more pleasant is to be preferd before that which is better and ungratefull as also of custome according to that 2. Aphor. 50 those things that we are long accustomed unto although they are evill are wont to trouble us lesse then those things which we are not used unto Moreover meates are to be taken onely in that quantity whereby our strength may bee refreshed not oppressed that which hath beene spoken of meat is also to be understood of drinke Of the passions of the mind Passions of the mind this in generall may be spoken that overmuch of all them are to be avoyded and quietnesse of mind and moderate joy is to be cherished The excrements of the belly twice a day or at least once ought to be ejected Excrements urine likewise ought to be expelled as often as their is need We are to take heed likewise of that of Celsus least in our best health we take things adverse thereunto and therefore we ought not rashly to trouble or molest our bodies with purges or other medicines but t is better to exercise our bodyes moderately every day least excrements should be gathered together and if any disease seeme to be comming uppon us to follow this counsell that is by quietnesse and abstinence many great diseases are cured CHAP II. Of the cure of little ones not yet borne and of the dyet of women with child THese things being premised in generall what course of dyet may best agree to every degree of health of which before in the first Book and third Chap. we will now explaine distinctly and therefore we will handle good habit or the preserver of the best State called under the generall name of the Hygeinall which governs sufficent health in all our actions The Prophylactick is that part
t is not to be taken in too great plenty and it ought to be of a hotter nature and other things good and generous middle aged but thick Wines which cause obstructions and have an astringent faculty or hinder urines are not convenient for old men wine mingled with hony is good for old men also Old men should use moderate exercises before meate Exercise yet so that no lassitude may thence ensue but principally moderate frication is commodious for them especially in the morning Old men should sleepe longer Sleepe and if they are troubled with waking that remedied with the use of sweet Almonds Lettice boyled with Sugar and dill being taken the last course and with Somniferous lotions of the feet and hands First of all let them avoid vehement perturbations of the mind Perturbations of the mind Excre ments and let them rather refresh their minds and bodyes with honest pleasures Lastly let old men be carefull that they void their excrements well and therefore if the body be costive the belly is to be moistned with convenient meates or with hony of Roses solutive but stronger and more Phyficall things are not to be given to old men CHAP. VI. Of the Dyet of such as are out of temper and of neuters AS for what belongs to the Dyet of bodyes Bodies that are neuters how manyfold that are neutrals there art two kinds of bodies deviating from perfect health for some are more remote from a sickly constitution others are neerer to it and these are twofold as before is spoken lib. the first Chap. the third neuters falling away which governing part of the Method of the defence of health is called Prophylactick in neuters tending to health and waxing strong the governing part of the Method of restoration of health is called Analyptick But those former neuters which are as yet far from difeased yet decline from the best health whether from their birth or whether they have contracted such a habit from custome and dyet it is hard to change neither can it be done suddenly but by degrees and with long diligence but if leasure doth not permit t is neither commodious nor possible for as Galen 2. of the defence of health Chap. the third those who are busied in civill affaires and distracted with many businesses t is safer for such a one not to indeavour to change his temperament Such bodyes therefore Dyet of untemperate men if either leasure will not permit and their minds are not bent to reduce them into a better state they ought to be preserved so by their likes but if you intend to reduce them to a better condition you must use contraries by degrees yet a hot and moist distemper since that t is more agreeable to our nature is by no meanes to be changed because it introduceth no disease but bodyes which are become too dry are alwayes to be moistned as much as may be during the whole terme of life Hot bodyes therefore should avoid hot Aire Of such as are hot hot and sharpe meates their drink ought to be more plentifull but smaler and strong drink rather then wine their exercise ought to be moderate the use of bathes of fresh waters warme frequent they must shun anger too tedious meditations and their sleepe ought to be longer If drynesse be joyned to the heate let them avoid the use of hot and drying things and therefore let them beware of a hot and dry constitution of Aire and vehement exercises if humidity be joyned and that be moderate fince that temperament is most agreeable to man and conduceth to the prolongation of life t is to be preserved as much as may be and only to be fore-warned that no more of the heat and humours may be added and cause diseases and stir up putrifaction wherefore let these avoid Aire that is too hot and moist let meat be given which hath attenuating force and let them endeavour that it may be well concocted let their exercises be such as may discusse excrements yet not dry the solid parts let all other things be moderate and principally let them endeavour that the excrements of the belly and the urine may freely passe from them Those which are cold are to be nourished with hot meates let them use exercises which may stir up heate Oscold let them evacuate timely the pituitous excrements Dry constitutions should use moist meates Of dry and moistning drink and bathes of fresh water but the most unhappy constitution is cold and dry which represents old age from the beginning and hastens to it and therefore such are to use heating and moistning things and to be nourished with hot and moist food their exercises should be moderate such as only stir up the naturall heate their sleepe longer and the use of bathes of fresh water frequent Venery is very hurtfull cold and moist if the constitution of the body be so Moist the frigidity is to be corrected and the humidity preserved to which purpose moderate exercise conduceth and excrements if they are timely and duly evacuated Neuters declining which now incline to sicknesse Dyet of neuters declining diseases are imminent to them especially for two reasons Plethory and Cacochymie both of them therefore are to be taken away if the falling away from health be but little it may be done with rest and abstinence but if it be greater opening of a veine and purging is to be used which is spoken of in the following book for this Prophylactick part is placed in the end of a cure Only we here admonish two things first that the Spring-time is best for preservation as Hippocrates 6. Apho. 47. teacheth he sayes to those that the breathing of a veine or purging are profitable to them the opening of a veine and a purgation is to be commanded in the Spring it is also profitable to purge black and Melancholy humours before Autumne Moreover the use of aloes doth much conduce to the preservation of health Vse of the aloes since it gently purgeth the excrements which stick in the first passages which are oftentimes the causes of many diseases it resists putrifaction and corruption and seldome reacheth the Liver but because aloes if it comes to the Liver offends it it is not to be used too often and in too great plenty least it should penetrate to the Liver but it purgeth onely the first passages which is performed profitably if it be taken in a small quantity a little before Supper Lastly Dyet of neuters growing better for what belongs to the dyet of those newters that are inclinable to health two things in the first place are to be obserued in their dyet first that they fall not againe into the disease secondly that they may suddenly recover their former health first when as it is 2. Apho. 12. those things which are left in diseases after a crisis are wont to cause relapses if ought of the peccant matter
be yet remaining that is to be taken away by degrees and by helping and the principall parts are to be strengthned but if nothing of the vitious matter be present the body is carefully to be refreshed with moist aliment and that which is easie to be concocted namely the yolkes of eggs broathes with Bread Chickens Hens Capons Fish lastly Goates flesh Mutton Veale sleepe helps concoction unctions strengthen the stomach before meate are appointed frications also moderate walking Baths of fresh warme waâ—â—r lastly strengthening things are to be used and such as may resist the reliques of the causes of imbecility and of sickly disposition but those things which may call back the distemper which trouble sick these are to be avoided THE FIFTH BOOK PART 1. Of the Materialls for Cure SECT I. Of Medicines CHAP. I. What a Medicine is THere remains the last part of Physick which is the Therapeuticall which restores men that are fallen into diseases to their former health and expells those diseases from mens bodyes which torment them but that the Physitian may obtaine this end it is necessary that he be instructed in two things first a Method whereby he may find those things that are helpfull by Indications secondly Instruments or Materialls for cure whereby he may performe that which he found out by Indications The matter fit for cure is properly reduced to three heads Instruments of Physick dyet manuall operation and making up of Medicines First you are to be admonished that you are to distinguish cures from the materialls used in curing for cure is that whereby instruction is given from the Indicant to performe or act something and is alwayes one as to heate or make hot but the Matter of helpe is that whereby that is performed by the Physitian which the Indicant commands which may be manifold as whilst you are to heat it may be done with Pepper Ginger Wormewood c. But since that of Dieteticall matter is spoken sufficiently in the former book it remaines that wee speake of Medicines Medicine what is it and Manual operation and first as for Medicines by amedicine wee understand every thing that is a different thing from nature which may alter our bodies and reduce them to a naturall state from a preternaturall In which respect it differs from aliment and Poyson for Aliment as it is aliment is onely that which increaseth the substance or it renewes and increaseth our bodies a Medicince alters but doth not repaire but if any thing can together nourish and alter our bodies t is alimentall Medicine or medicinall aliment but poysons neither nourish nor alter our bodies but are destroyers of our bodies and have power to corrupt them CHAP. II. Of the faculties of Medicines in generall MEdicines are two-fold Medicines how manyfold Simple Compound some are simple other compound a simple is that which is such by nature onely and hath nothing mixt with it by art compound are when more naturall things are mingled by art into the forme of one medicine Simple Medicines are taken from Plants Simple how many fold Plants Animalls Mineralls and Plants are either taken whole or their parts Roots Woods Piths Barkes Leaves and Branches Flowers Seeds Fruits Juices Gumms Rosins Oiles and Liquors as Wine Animals also are used whole Living Creatures or their parts as Harts-Horn Marrow Flesh or those things that are generated in them as Milke Eggs or their workes as Hony Wax or their excrements as Gall Urine Under Mineralls are comprehended not onely those things which are properly called Mineralls Mineralls Vitriall Antimony Sulphure and Mettalls and the excrements but also divers kinds of earths as Uermillion Irish Slat Bole-Arminack as also all Stones and Gemms also divers kinds of Salts and concreted juices in the earth of which Naptha is one also bathing-waters in which ranke Manna may be put if there be no other place fit for it The faculties are various of so many different things The difference of Medicines Actuall and from hence the divisions of Medicines are various for first some Medicines are said to bee such in action others in power to be such things as are said to be such in action which in them containe that which they are said to be the act being as it were present and absolved and so the operation is in a readinesse and can affect our bodies at the first touch with that quality wherewith they are endued so Water and Ice are cold in action because after what manner soever they are applyed to a body they can presently coole the same but those things are such in potentia Potentiall whose force is not perceived at the first touch but lyeth hid and as it were asleep nor doth it discover it selfe by action untill it be some way changed by our heat and be burnt and reduced into action so Pepper and Wine although to the touch they are cold yet neverthelesse they heate But although the force of Medicines are various Facultiei of Medicines manifest yet they may conveniently be divided into manifest and occult those are called manifest which affect our senses or which excite qualities in the patient which are discerned by our senses and whereof a manifest cause may be rendred But occult are such which doe not produce qualities in a Patient obvious to sence Occult but performe something by a hidden propriety to wit they purge a certaine humor they strengthen a certaine member they resist poyson or being hung or carried externally worke upon the body the manifest causes whereof cannot be explained and no other reason can be given then that such a power or force is in them by a peculiar propriety of nature although there are some who reject hidden qualities yet I. C. Scaliger rightly thinks that t is a high peice of impudence to reduce all things to manifest qualities in the 218. of his exercises Sect. 8. and those which endeavour this bring foolish and ridiculous reasons or deny those things which are confirmed by experience and these faculties and actions are different from those in their whole kinde as also from others which are spoken of before in the 2. Booke 2. Part. Cap. 12. both from hence in the first place because the strength of these qualities are far greater then theirs of the primary qualities and their efficacy is great oftentimes in the smallest body But both of them The first the second the manifest and occult faculties and actions of Medicines are various of manifest qualities some are primary others secondary others of a third kind The third kind of qualities the first have power of heating cooling moistning and drying the second to soften to harden condense rarify resolve attenuate thicken to draw to repel the third to provoke Urine to cause and stay courses to move vomit generate flesh and to breake stones although the power of breaking stones may more fittly be attributed to the propriety of
haire Liver-wort Ceterash Ground-pine common Germander Bind-weed Hore-hound Calamints Penny-royall Scurvygrasse Brooklime Water-Cresses Anniseed Fennell seed seed of Ammi of Agnus Castus red Parsnibs Lupines bitter Almonds Capers Kernells of Peaches and Apricocks Cinnamon Cubebs Sorrell Ammoniack the juice of Lymons To these are opposed Iucrassating Incrassating things which make the thinner and more liquid juices thicker such are cold or temperate without sharpnesse of a thick and terrene substance whereby whilst they mingle themselves with thinner humours they make them become of a thicker consistence as Bolearmenack Poppy Sorrell Rice Lentills Quinces wild Pares Amylums t is a food made of Corne without grinding Chalybeate milke the juice of Pomgranets Emplasticks Playster-like things and those which have a clammy and Plaister-like force are such as adhere close to the passages of the body and Plaister up the pores as it were fills them and stops them and they are certaine dry and earthy things yet without mordication and acrimony and if they are bedaubed over the passages of the body they are hardly taken away but some are also mixt with an aqueous and acrious humour yet are tenacious as sweet oyle such are Amylum Pompholix which is the soile that runs off Brasse Cerusse Chalke Bole armenack Irish slat Parget Litharge burnt lead the Rootes of Marsh Mallowes Lillies seed of Fenegreek all mucilages and bran of wheate Kernells of Pine nuts bruised in water Gume Arabeck Sarcocolla Tragacanth fresh Grease and Marrowes fresh butter new cheese whites of an egg wax To these are opposed detergent things Detergent things and such as open obstructions and such as open obstructions whereof these cleanse filth in the superficies of the body or skin but those are of a more subtil substance penetrate into the pores also and open obstructions and moreover have a drying faculty with tenuity of substance whether they be hot or cold for there are both hot and cold abstergent things such as are all salt things bitter things nitrous things as Hore-hound Century the lesse smallage Wormewood Southernwood Hyssop Cresses the bread of Lupines and of a kind of Pulse called Orabus Agrimony Beets Germander Tansey Bitter Almonds Roots of Birthwort Orice Gentian Solomons Seale Barley Bran Iuice of Lymons Nettle-seed Rootes of Tamariske Bark of Capers Spleen-wort Squils Nitre Hony Sugar all Lixuviums or Lee Whey the Galls of living Creatures Verdy-grease CHAP II. Of Medicines easing paine and causing rest Lastly in this forme are Anodunes Narcotticks Anodunes and Hypnoticks those are properly Anodunes which doe not take away the cause of a disease or dull sence of paine but such as mitigate the paine the cause stil remaining and they are temperate and gentle and endued with mild heat and are soft to the touch and bring forth a pleasant and sweet pleasantnesse and those performe that which are endued with a luke-warme and gentle heate and are most like to our bodies in temperature and for the most part are soft and fat and loosen and mollifie the part that it may be the lesse apt to be sensible of paine such are Camomil Melilot Dil Elder Mallowes Marsh-mallowes Seeds of Fenegreek Flax wheat Barley sweet Oyle of middle age Oyle of sweet Almonds and other things prepared with those above fresh Butter Hens grease Goose-grease Whites of Eggs the pulpe of White-bread warme Milke and Hoggs grease Narcoticks or stupefactives and Hypnoticks Stupefactives which also cause sleep but neither take away the cause of paine but stupifie the part and benumes it least it should perceive that which is painefull but this power depends on a hidden quality such like are Lettice Water-lillies Poppey Nightshade Henbane Mandrake and Opium CHAP. VIII Of drawing and Repelling Medicines IN the second forme Things drawing are drawing Medicines which attract the humours and Spirits out of the body into the superficies but that attraction is made by heate concurring with tenuity of substance and some are hot and dry in the second degree which draw moderatly others in the third degree which draw more others in the fourth which draw most of all and with their heate raise a tumour in the skin with rednesse and lastly raise blisters from whence medicines to take away haire Synapismes Rubifying medicines are prepared such are the Rootes of both kinds of birthwort selandine sow-Breed little Dragon Gentian wild Pellitory or sneezing-wort Crowfoot mustard-seed Cresses Garlick Onions Leaven an Indian fruit like a Birds heart and the juice like blood Gum Amoniack Galbanum sagapenum Opoponax dry Pitch Propolisâ— or that in a Hony-combe like wax Goose dung Pidgeons dung Hen dunge and Cantharides Repelling Medicines Repelling are opposed to attracting and prohibit the Flux of humours or represseth and casteth back that humour which hath newly flown in and moves therein and is not as yet settled they performe this either because they are cold or astringent or because they have both a cold and astringent faculty astringents are two-fold some are cold others not and indeed they doe most powerfully bind which are both cold and astringent those things which repell only by frigidity and are aqueous or humid are cold water life for ever Purslan Ducks-meate Endive Lettice Night-shade Coltrops of water Venus Nauell Fleawort the white of an egg cold things astringent are Plantine narrow leaved Solomons seale Mouseare Daizes Horsetaile the leaves of service or sherve Tree Oake Mirtle Medler Tree the Flowers of Rosemary Pomgranates Mirtle-berries Oake Apples swallow Peares Barberries Mirtles the Barks of Pomgranates the Rootes of wild Damsons the Rootes of Barberries the Rootes of Cinqfoile Snake-weed or small Bistort Tormentill the juice of Pomgranates Acacia Hypocistis or sap of the Rootes of Cystus of Mulberries not ripe sorrell Irish slat Bolearmenack sanguis Draconis Tutty hot astringents are spike Aloes Frankencense Mirrh Cypresse Wormewood Cyprus Nuts the Barks of Frankencense sweet Garden Flag Allom CHAP. IX Of Ripening things and such as generate quitture also of such as generate flesh and Brawny flesh of such as dry and cleanse green wounds and cause Cicatrizing and of such as generate seed and milke IN the third forme are ripening and concocting things Ripening and concocting of quitture and moving purulent matter so called because without them the generation of matter cannot be easily performed by nature to wit such which by the similitude they have with our bodyes defend and increase the substance of the native heat for they are temperately hot and together moist and emplastick which shutting the pores or passages keep in and retaine the spirits and heat such are sweet Oyles Oyle mixed with water Butter Hogs grease Calves grease the seed and Bran of Wheate Wheaten Bread the seed of Fenugreek Flax Leaves and Rootes of Marsh Mallowes Mallowes Beares breech the Rootes of white Lillies boyled Onions dry Figs Fat 's liquid Pitch or Tarr liquid storax Turpentine whereof some if they seem either too dry or too moist
onely that these purge melancholy Indian Mirobolanes Polipodie evacuates adust choler as also Phlegme t is profitable in diseases of the splcene and Hypocondries Polipodie the Dose is from a Drachme to three Drachmes in infusion to an Ounce and above Epithymum purges a dust choller Epithymum and Melancholy without trouble and is profitable in Diseases proceeding from hence yet because t is hot and dry in the third degree t is safer to be used in Winter then in Summer t is given in the substance from two Drachmes to three Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce Sena is as it were the middle betwixt the stronger and weaker hot in the second dry in the first Sena t is a very usefull medicine which not onely evacuates adust humours but also choler and Phlegme cleanseth all the bowels and is convenient for all ages when t is more dry t is not inconveniently corrected with the flowers of Violets and Burrage Ginger or Cinamon or the fourth part of Galingale is added to it the powder is given from a Drachme to two Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce The stronger purgers of Melancholy and adust humors LApis Armenius purges dull thick melancholy humours Lapis Armenius yet more gently then Hellebore it is corrected by washing in Cordiall waters t is given from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme or sometimes to a Drachme and halfe Lapis Lazuli hath the same vertue but is something weaker t is corrected with Cordialls the Dose is the same Lapis Lasuli Black Hellebore is not usually to be given to children Black Hellebore women that are great nor to weake bodies and indeed it is more safely given in decoction then in the substance t is corrected with Cordialls and stomaticks t is given in the substance from a scruple to two nay to a Drachme in infusion or decoction from a Drachme to halfe an ounce Hydragogues and such as evacuate aqueous humours THe juice of the root of Flowerdeluce is hot and dry in the third Root of Orice opens drawes out thin Choller and water but for women with Child t is not so safe because it provokes the months t is corrected with a little Wine and Cinamon and Manna or honey of Roses is added or decoction of reysins of the Sun t is given from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce and halfe or two Ounces Gratiola or hedge Hyssop purges by stoole and vomit Hedge Hysop but troubles not a little the body t is corrected with Cinamon Anniseed Liquorish t is given in the substance to a Drachme in decoction from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce Elaterium or the juice of wild Cucumbers drawes water and choller out of the Bowels Elaterium and happily drawes forth the water of hydropick persons but it provokes vomit also gripes the bowels opens the mouthes of the Veines and unlesse it be cautiously exhibited doth mischiefe t is corrected with Tragacanth Fleawort Bdellium and Cinamon in the Dose you must not easily exceed six Graines The rine and juice of the root spurge Spurge purgeth and gnaweth powerfully and therefore is corrected with Bdellium Tragacanth Mucilage of Fleawort Cinamon Spike the Dose of the Barke of the Root is from six graines to fifteene graines but of the milke or juice from three graines to eight graines Mezereon whose force is fiery Mezereum exceeding sharpe exulcerating biting kindling Feavers dissolving the strength of the heart and noble parts and purging choller violently and Bilous serosities t is corrected with Sorrel with the juice of Pomegranates or of Quinces of Purslan Mucelage of the seed of Fleabane the Dose in the substance is from six grains to ten graines in the decoction from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme Dwarfe elder Elder Dwarfe or Dane wort and elder the seed and middle barke and juice of the root and leaves draw out water they are corrected with Cinamon the Dose of the berries is given to a Drachme of the barks to two drachms of the juice from halfe an ounce to six drachmes Soldanella or sea Colewort are the best remedy to draw out water but t is an enemy to the stomack Soldanella t is corrected with Cinamon and Ginger the Dose is from a drachme to 2. drachmes of the juice to halfe an ounce Gummigote purgeth choller and water Gummigote and oftentimes causeth vomit which is prohibited by the addition of the spirit of salt or Mace the Dose is from five graines to eight graines The root of Ialap powerfully and with violence purgeth serous and black humors t is given from a scruple to 2. scruples Ialap Although each of these do purge single humors yet some of them do purge other humors also secondarily Rhubarbe Aloes Cassia Agarick Scammony evacuate choller with Phleagme Myrobolanes Chebulae Lapis Armenius Lapis Lazuli Phlegme and black choller Sena Epithymum Polipodie black Hellebore purge choler Phleame and Melancholy the latter Physitians have drawne other medicines into use unknown to the Ancients prepared of Venus Mercury and Mars CHAP. XII Of Medicines that cause vomits SEcondly amongst evacuating medicines are such as cause vomitings Things causing vomits which indeed evacuate the stomack immediatly yet if they are too strong they draw the neighbouring Bowels and the greater veines they performe that for the most part by a peculiar propriety by reason of which they have an inclination upwards yet some of them for a manifest cause namely because they swim in the stomack and oppresse it and loosen the Orifice of the superior ventricle such are all fat and oily substances But some are gentle others indifferent strong others very strong The gentle are simple water or Barley water luke warme The most gentle especially with a little honey and salt dranke by little and little at one draught common oyle luke warme foure ounces or six ounces Hydromell largely taken Hydreles to ten ounces Figgs newly eaten and cold water dranked after The middle sort are the Flowers of Dill The middle sort as also the Seed of Orach and of Raddish they are given from two drachmes to halfe an ounce the root of Asarabecca and Orach are given in the substance to foure scruples Bittony the middle barke of a Walnut to a drachme in infusion to halfe an ounce the greene pill that cover the walnut shell dryed in an Oven from halfe a a drachm to a drachm the juice of Raddish to two ounces the tops of green Elder or the berries The strongest are the Rootes The strongest of Spurge of Sow-bread to a drachm in infusion from a drachm to two drachms the Rootes of white Hellebore in infusion from halfe a drachm to a drachm adding cardiacks Flowers of Danewort Barkes or Roote Flowers of broome seed of broome from two drachms to halfe an ounce the seed of spurge the husks being taken of ten in number
in doing after the crucible is exposed to a circular fire or Reverberation by degrees yet some things are extinguished first by certaine waters before they are calcined some are corroded first by their own waters and afterwards are Reverberared on the contrary some things are Reverberated first afterwards corroded Calcination which is done by potentiall fire is finished by corroding Corroding precipitating or Fumigation Corrosion is a solution of mettalls or such like by waters and sharpe spirits Precipitation is when a mettall descends to the bottome Precipitation Fumigation in the likenesse of Chaulke and is seperated from the water that dissolves it but Fumigation is when some body is corroded and brought into a body like chaulke by the exhalation or vapour of a corroding thing Hitherto pertaines Amalgamation Corroding of mettalls by Quick-filuer Putrifaction which with the Chymists is an operation which is nothing else then a corroding of mettalls by Quick-silver and Mercury Lastly putrifaction which others call Fermentation and digestion is that operation whereby a mixt body is someway dissolved by a moist heate and losing its naturall juncture or Union is rendred the more fit for artificial seperation CHAP. IV. In the Institutions Chap. the 8.9.10.11.12.13.14 the second forme of operations Of the second ranke or forme of operations TO the second forme of operations we refer those things which are imployed in seperation and detraction of any thing and in seperation of Homogenialls from Heterogenialls of pure from impure of Profitable from unprofitable such are fifting washing infusing boyleing straining fumeing Clarifying Filtring Digestion Expression Distillation Sublimation Exsiccation Evaporation Exhalation and Coagulation Sifting is not only a seperation of things beaten Sifting and brought into powder of the finer part from the thicker by meanes of the seive but also for the most part a casting of moist and boyled things through a haire seive Washing is not appointed for that end only Washing that medicines defiled may be cleansed but that some superfluous quality may be taken away from the medicine or a new may be introduced Infusion is nothing else but a steeping of a medicine in some liquor Infusion whereby the medicine may be moistned within and without that its force or strength may be drawn out or increased or its malignity corrected or that which is hard may be softned Next to infusion is boyling or seething Seething which differ only in this that medicines in infusion are moistned with longer time and lesse heate but by boyling t is performed sooner and with greater heate Straining is that whereby moist things Straining either first heated as the thicker and more viscid things or lukewarme or eold as those that are thinner are cast through a thick or thin strayner the thicker parts and dregs being left behind in the strainer they become the purer Scumming is when during the time of seething the froath swimming on the top is often taken away with a spoon Scumming for the most part perforated Clarifying Clarifying although it may be taken in general for any sort of separation of filthy and thick things which may be performed many wayes either by standing still whilst the seculent matter descends of its selfe to the bottome and settles or by straining or by froathing yet principall with the Apothecaries Clarification is that purification of things boyled by despumation having added the white of an egg namely whilst the white of an egg is beate with a Spatula or spoone untill it come into froath and afterwards is mingled with the Syrup or decoction hot to clarify it and when it hath contracted any blacknesse t is taken away and a new is put in so often till the liquor become cleare By Filtration Filtring or straining through a brown paper that which is thick and faeculent mixed or confused in any liquour is separated namely whilest the pure liquour descends through the strainer whether it be a linnen ragge or brown paper into the Vessel that is under it but the impuritie is left in the strainer Digestion although sometimes it signifie putrifaction sometimes a certain exaltation Digestion and circulation since that in general to distribute or dispose in order is to concoct and digestion is concoction yet in this place by digestion we understand such a conction only whereby that may be seperated which is as yet foule in things whilst the substance of the liquour is attenuated and separated from its earthy impuritie Hereunto belongs Expression Pressing by the benefit whereof by a strong endeavour either with the hand alone or with a presse we separate the liquid and moist from that which is dry and earthy Distillation is nothing else Distillation but a collection of exhalations elevated by heat out of something exhalable by the help of a Vessel and receptacle thick and cold into a liquour This is commonly accounted threefold the one is that which is by ascent the other is that which is made by the sides the third is that which is made by descent By ascent Distillation is said to be Distillation by ascent when the exhalations and vapours ascend upward from the Alembick or the head of the Furnace And the Vessels which contain the matter to be distilled the head being put on in it t is condensed into a liquour which distills drop by drop through the beak or nose into the receiver and it is gathered together This is performed either by the Sun beams or by fire sometimes lying open sometimes not manifest namely some other body intervening as sand ashes water c. Hitherto also may be referred conveniently Distillation by a Glasse like a ball so called Distillation by a glass whereby oil of sulphure is prepared namely when the brimstone is kindled glasse hammers receives the vapours and condense them into oil Distillation to the sides Distillation to the sides or else it is called by inclination when the exhalation and spirits do not ascend straight upwards in the Alembick but tend towards the receiver by the sides and obliquely This is performed either when the fire is opened to it or when some other body comes between as sand ashes c. By a Vessel which they call a Retort or a Straight gourd yet placed oblique in the furnace that the Alembick may incline downwards Distillation by descent is when a liquour Distillation by descent is not carried upwards from the dissolved exhalations nor to the sides but tends downwards and drops into the supposed Vessel This again is performed the Vessel lying immediatly on the fire or sand ashes c. intervening To distillations belongs Rectification or Cohobation Rectification whereof that is no other then a repeated distillation of a thing to purifie and exalt it the more the dreggs being left in the bottome or to seperate the phlegme from oil or the spirit from phlegme but this is said when the humour which
was distilled is powred off and again and again is drawn and distilled in the same Vessel where the matter was left Sublimation Sublimation which is performed sometimes by fire that is open sometimes by some intervening body as Sand Ashes c. T is the nearest to distillation by ascent and differs from it only in this that as in distillation vapours which are exalted come together into a liquour so in sublimation exhalations ascend dry and being carried up on high stick to the sides of the Alembick like attomes Praecipitation seems to be contrary to this Praecipitation which is done when bodies dissolved by waters and corroding liquours are again separated from the liquour that the form of chaulk or dust may remain which commeth to passe when any thing is cast or powred into the solution by whose force the dissolving liquour or that which was the cause of solution in the liquor is seperated from the dissolved body Drying By Exsiccation the superfluous moisture is taken away whether in the shade or in the Sun or whether it be done in an Oven or in a Frying-pan over Coales both for that the Medicines may the better be preserved and may not contract thirst by their superfluous humidity and putrifie and be corrupted and also that they may the easier be contained and made into powder By Evaporation the aqueous humidity expires Evaporation Exhalation as by exhalation dry exhalations are elevated by heat as that which is superfluous in the thing being dissolved into vapours and exhalations may go out and the more useful part only may be left To these operations is added Coagulation Coagulation which is nothing else but a reduction of a liquid thing to a sollid substance by the privation of moisture CHAP. V. Of the third manner of Operations THe third forme comprehends those operations which are appointed them The third forme of operations for alteration immutation and perfection of a thing and aime at this that a thing may be reduced to a better state and more noble degree But although some do reckon more such operations and perhaps there are more yet in this place all of them are properly called by the name of Digestion Digestion and as it is distinguished from the two higher kinds of digestion whereby a new quality of a thing newly elaborated is introduced so that if the thing containes any thing that is hurtfull it puts away that or if any thing is wanting to it it begets that and if there are any others to be here repeated they ought to be accounted for certaine wayes of Digestion Institution Chap. 15. and 16. Circnlation For all of them for the most part in the same manner by a gentle externall heat exciting the internall force of a thing are performed which here is the primary agent But amongst the manners or kinds of digestion the cheife is Circulation t is called by some Pelicanation from the vessell wherein it is performed where by a gentle externall heat being exhibited the matter which is circulated is exalted continually in the forme of vapours and is againe condensed and so by that continuall concoction and this circular motion of refolution and condensation it attaines to the highest degree of perfection in its kind Hitherto belongs conditing Conditing preserving and confecting fruits flowers roots are condited or pickled with Honey Sugar Vinegar Salt not onely that they may be preserved the longer but that they may be the more pleasant to the taste In confecting Confecting fruits roots seeds sweet smelling spices are preserved and candied with Sugar more for the taste sake then preservation or augmentation of the strength Nutrition of medicines is a certaine humectation but such whereby the thing is presently wet Nutrition or moystned and immediately dryed againe by the Sun or fire and is to be wet and moistened againe which labour is to be repeated thrice sour times or so often until the medicine hath sufficiently imbibed that humour which we desire THE FIFTH BOOK PART III. SECT III. Of the Formes of Medicines CHAP. I. The Division of Medicines AFter we have finished the operations necessary for an Apothecary The Division of Medicines It remaynes that we now come to the preperations themselves of Medicines which are perfected by those operations The differences of Medicines are taken either from the substance or from the parts to which they are applyed Medicines being considered the former of these wayes are some full of Vapours others Corpulent Corpulent are either fluid or having a consistance Fluid are various as distilled waters Spirits Liquid tinctures Vineger Medicinal wine Hydromel or Hony and Water clarifies Juyces Oyles Emulsions Decoctions Infusions Julebs Syrrups Baths Clystets c. Again those that have a consistance some of them are actually moyst others dry Of the former sort are Conserves Electuaries Eclegmas Juices Extracts Boles Muscillages Fat Lineaments Balsomes Unguents Cataplasmes Those that are actually dry are either continuous and the parts cohaere together or else they are discontinued Of the former kind are Pills Troches Rotuleâ— Morsels Plaisters Cerates Suppositers Glasses Regulus and certain things sublimed Of the latter sort are several Species and Powders Meal or brann Flowers things praecipitated But in respect of the parts to which they are applyed some are called internal Internal others external The internal are those which are taken into the body that common and usual way as we take in meat and drink all the rest whether they are applyed to the body or spread over the body or any other way applyed to the bodieâ— or if they are cast into the body any other way External as at the fundament ears nostrils wombe we call them externals The formes of Internal Medicines are various The difference of internal Medicines for some are fluid others not fluid and these are either soft and liquid or altogether dry The fluid are Decoctions Infusions Medicinal VVines Honey and VVater mixt and boiled together wine mingled with honey vineger and honey and barley-water Juices distilled waters Spirits tinctures and Liquid extracts Oils Sirups Julips Emulsions Soft and not fluid are Extracts Conserves Preserves Medicinal Juices thickned Electuaries Eclegmaes or Medicines to be licked or supt Boles Not fluid and plainly dry are powders Sweet meats Salts Saffron-flowers Precipitates Comfits little round Cakes Morsels or little snips march-paines And those which belong to these as Troches and Pills But externals are either sent into certain parts of the bodie Of Exterternal or they are only applyed or exhibited to the superficies of the bodie or they are only hung about as Ammulets and Periapticke medicines or medicines to hang about ones bodie Suppositers and Clysters are injected and cast into the body Clysters and pessaries are also injected into the womb also certain Liquours are injected into the yard and bladder into the mouth are put gargarismes to wash the mouth
are medicines which are put into the nostrills which is done for severall ends either for calling out Excrements from the braine and to provoke sneezing those that performe which in particular are called Ptarmica Ptarmica or such as cause sneezing or to open the obstructions of the passages or to heale an Ulcer or stench blood whence the matter of Errhines is not allwayes the same but various according to the various intentions which is shewne before in the faculties of medicines They are prepared also in severall formes Way to make them for some are moist and Liquid others hard and dry againe the Liquid are twofold either they are powred into the nostrills or the nostrills are anointed with them only expressed juices are powred into the nostrills and are drawne in by and clarified them 2. Or distilled waters are added to the clarified juices Wine Oyle Honey somewhat lesse then double or somewhat lesse then foure times the weight according as thicker or more fluid Errhines are required or convenient powders may be added about a drachm in weight 3. Or decoctions are prepared which are mixt with somewhat lesse then double or somewhat lesse then foure times so much Honey and are put into the nostrills But those things wherewith the nostrills are anointed are most conveniently made of Oyles and Powders to which belongs Balsoms which the Nostrills are anointed with Besides these to the moist there seemes to belong those things which are put into the Nostrills in the forme of a tent But dry Errhines are made first of convenient Rootes Dry Errhiaes or Staulkes as of Beetes Flowre-deluce Sow-bread which are fashioned in the forme of a Pyramid and afterwards macerated in the water of sweet Marjerom or some other a fit water or Oyle a thred being first tyed about them they â—re put in 2. Moreover dry Errhines are made when simple medicines are reduced into a thin powder and a graine or two or two of them is blowne into the Nostrils and so they use to call Errhines in particular Ptarmaca or Sternutatories 3. Thirdly Errhines and Sneezings may be made of the same powders if with a linnen or woollen cloath or a Linnen bagg that is round they are wrapt up in it and either with juice or convenient distilled waters for example of Marjerom the Sternutatorie powder be dipt in it or sprinkled with it and put into the Nostrills 4. Fourthly medicines for the nose being reduced into a powder are taken in a Muscellage or Gumm or Turpentine or Oyle and wax and diligently mixt are made up into Pessaries in the forme of a Pyramid as it were in that bignesse that they may be put into the Nose to the end whereof a thred is tyed that it may be drawne out at pleasure CHAP. XXXI Of sweet Smells Perfumes and Odoriferous Balsomes SWeet Smells also are taken in at the Nostrills Things causing sweete Odours Simples Odoriserous but principally they are exhibited for altering of the braine and recreation of the Spirits and are exhibited for the resisting of filthy and Pestilentiall smells The materialls of these things are all such as breath a sweete Odour out of themselves as Muske Amber Civit Benzoin liquid Storax and Ladanum wood of Aloes Rose-mary Lavender Marjerom Spike wild Basill Stechados of Arabia Mace Cloves Cinamon Frankinsense Myrrb graines of Juniper Gallia Moschata Camphir and those things which are given cold as Roses Violets Flowers Kindes of Odor ferous things of Nimphea santalls But they are exhibited severall wayes and severall kinde of sweet smells are made of those simples for first they use to be reduced into powders and are kept either in a Box or woodden vessell and as often as necessary are put to the Nostrills or else are included in a little bagg or nodule of silke 2. Secondly the same reduced into powder are taken with Ladanum Wax Liquid Storax to which some Turpentine may be added also and made into one masse in a hot Morter by powring in of Rose-watar of which little balls are made commonly called Pomander 3. Thirdly Unguents and Linements use to be made of sweete things Balsomes which they call Balsomes at this day they are prepared of distilled Oyles to which is added Amber Muske Civit Indian Balsom whereof the whole force of them depends which are mixed with a certaine body which affords a convenient consistence instead whereof although some take other things yet extract of Plantine is conveniently taken or Oyle drawne out of Nutmegs by which all the smell for the most part colour and taste is extracted by the Spirit of Wine or which is most convenient an extract and Oyle of Nutmegs together to this mixture a colour agreeable to the Balsom shall be made of a juice or tincture of the medicines 4. Fourthly perfumed waters use to be prepared wherewith the Garments use to be sprinkled or the nose hands and other perts of the body use to be wet the same waters being put in a convenient vessell upon the coales are dissolved into an Odoriferous Vapour 5. Fifthly wash-balls are also prepared or sweet balls to wash the hands and feete of which hereafter Chap. 42. 6. Fumes Moreover sweet Vapours or fumes belong to Odoriferous smells the Greeks Thymiamata which although they are taken for the sweetnesse and pleasantnesse of smell or for strengthning the braine yet they may be appointed for other ends also namely to stop distillations for drying ulcers of the lungs when they are stuffed with thick matter peculiar suffumigations also are prepared for the wombe and to provoke and stop courses the falling down and suffocation of the mother the coming out of the Fundament 1. How prepared But suffumigations are prepared first of sweet medicines that are cut or powred being throwne upon live coales or hot ashes 2. Moreover the same powders are made into Cakes or Trochees with a convenient Liquor and with a Gumme or Rosin 3 Thirdly the coales of Lime or Teile-tree or of Willow being mixt Pyramids and Candles as it were are made of the same matter which is kindled when there is use for them CHAP. XXXII Of those things which are put into the Eares THose things which are put into the Eares to asswage their pains for inflammations Ulcers Singings Things to be injected into the Eares Hummings and other infirmities are exhibited either in a Liquid forme and first dropt into the Eares 1. Secondly a hot Vapour of Decoctions or convenient Liquors are injected into the Eares which they commonly call Embotum or simples that are convenient are included in a bagg and boyled and put into the Eares 3. Thirdly they are exhibited in the forme of a Linement 4. Fourthly simple medicines may be reduced into powder and blowne into the Eares or sent in in the manner of a fume or Vapour CHAP. XXXIII Of Liquid medicines for the eyes COllytion and Collurion as much as to say Collurion Collyrium that is
Colobon ten Ouran or Colobee Oara it is so called because it is like mutisarae caudae in which forme although various medicines appointed for various uses were heretofore prepared yet at this day by the name Collyries are understood only externall medicines proper for the Eyes But medicines which are exhibited to the Eyes and in generall have borrowed their name from those dry ones Way of preparing are named Collyries and are commonly divided into dry and moist dry ones are made when medicines pounded very small are made fine in a Morter and with a sufficient quantity of Whites of Eggs or of some Muscellage are made into the forme of a Pyramid or Trochees and are dryed in the shade when there is need of them they are beaten againe in a marble or Stone Morter some convenient Liquor being powred in and the Liquor afterwards which is then prepared is dropt into the eyes 2. Moist Collyries are twofold for either they are dropt into the Eyes in the forme of a Liquor which is made of juices distilled waters Decoctions or many of these mixt powders being added and espcially of those medicines which will dissolve in a moist body 3. Or they are made in the forme of an unguent 4. Lastly convenient medicines also are boyled in water and the warme Vapour exhaling out of the pot which is covered with a linnen cloath is received into the eyes CHAP. XXXIV Of Oyles and Balsomes BUt as for what belongs to Medicines which are exhibited to the superficies of the body Oyles the first amongst them are Oyles whereof some are naturall as Petroleum and common Oyle which is made of ripe Olives and Omphacine which is drawne of unripe Olives others are artificiall which are made three manner of wayes 1. How to prepare them For first Unctuous juice is expressed after which manner Oyle of sweet Almonds Pistack-nuts Nuts seed of Flax Gourds Cucumbers Henbane Hempe and Oyle of Poppy is prepared by expression also Oyle of Yolkes of Eggs is made 2. Secondly Oyles are prepared by Infusion many wayes for sometimes simple medicines are boyled with Fountaine or distilled water and Wine or other convenient Liquor in common Oyle to the consumption of the moisture or juice sometimes the same simples by a gentle heate are macerated in the Sun yet it seemes more convenient if dryed Plants are steeped in Oyle in Balneo Mariae twenty foure hours afterwards the Oyle is expressed and clarified by residence Thirdly Oyles are prepared by distillation also as is said before amongst which some at this day are called Balsomes examples whereof are to be had in the Institutions CHAP. XXXV Of Linements and Oyntments A Linement or Litus with the Greeks Crisma A Linement and Syncrysma and that which takes away wearisomnesse is called Acopon that is freed from labour t is a liquid Medecine externally applied thicker in consistence then oyle but more liquid then an unguent or of a middle consistence betwixt an oyle and an unguent It consists of oyles butter wax fat tallow marrow gums juices muscellages for the most part they have no wax or if any be used they take onely a drachm of wax to an ounce of oyle to these sometimes flowers powders and rosins are mixt They are prepared in this manner The oyles fats How prepared or other things here named are taken to these powders are added Juices and such like of that proportion for the most part that to an ounce of oyl three drachms of fat or two drachms and one drachm of powders is taken or that proportion is observed as may make the consistence onely a little thicker then oyle and all are mingled either without fire and boiling or are dissolved at the fire as Gums and Fat 's or also by some ebullition namely to the consumption of the Juices or Vinegar if any such thing be mingled with it Unguents which the Greeks call Myra and Alleimata Vnguents from whence Miropolae and Alyptae were the names that the Ancients first called them by which for pleasantnesse were made of odoriferous things and were distinguished from oyles not in thicknesse but in pleasantnesse of smell But those things which are at this day called Unguents are Emmota so called by the Greeks and are made of the same things whereof Linements are But are somewhat thicker then Linements and those things which thicken are taken in a greater quntity in an Unguent then in a Linement but as for the liquid and oyly things a lesse quantity is observed in compounding them this is the proportion for the most part that to an ounce of oyles a drachm of powder two drachms of wax may be taken or a sufficient quantity namely in those things where Unguents are made of oyles powders or mettals or plants and wax But they are prepared either with fire How prepard or without fire without fire they are prepared in this manner 1. The powders being beaten and sifted are taken which are sprinkled in the oyle and a sufficient quantity of wax being added are reduced into the forme of an Unguent 2. Or usual Unguents are taken and for the most part foure fold or eight fold the quantity of powders and species are mixt with some convenient oyle 3. Or fat or marrow are taken alone or with oyle in equall weight double or halfe so much again a few powders being added with a sufficient quantity of wax an Unguent is made 4. With fire also they are made many waies for either the grease oyles or gumms are melted that the powders may the easier be mingled 5. Or herbes roots seeds are macerated sometime in water wine juices oyle afterwards they are boiled almost to the consumption of the liquor to the decoction when t is strained the other things are added and with some grease and a sufficient quantity of wax or a gumm an Unguent is made 6. Or they are prepared without oyle with grease namely herbes flowers or fresh roots are bruised with grease and wrought in a Morter untill the herbes have imbibed the grease and then they are melted by the fire and pressed out CHAP. XXXVI Of Cerots and Emplaisters THe name of a Cerat or Cerot the Ancients used for a soft medicine namely for that which consisting of oyle and wax is anointed But at this day t is taken for a medicine like unto a plaister yet is not so hard as a plaister in consistence and t is so called from Cera that is wax because the greater part of it is wax And t is compounded at this day of powders oyles Gums Pitch Turpentine and Wax and sometimes Lard Marrow and Muscellages are added But the proportion of the things that are mixt is various neither can it easily be defined and comprehended by Rules and the quantity of Wax to be mixed is left for the most part to the discretion of the Apothecary who ascends by degrees according to progress from a lesser quantity to a greater yet
is a hot distemper of the whole depending on the heat of the Spirits inflamed Indicationâ— And seeing the heat of the Spirits and the distemper thence introduced indicate cooling yet if the cause exciting the same be still present that also ought to be taken away These Fevers are cured by good dyet The Cure so that there is seldome any need of strong medicines the food therefore ought to be cooling and moistning the meat of good juyce and easie of concoction principally cream of Baâ—ey the rest may be mixed with lettice sorrel juice of Citron or Lemmon Vinegar The drink should be barley-water small beer or small white-wine Yet if pain in the head be present or that the Fever be occasioned by anger or from a bubo then wine is to be refrained The Ancients most frequently used Baths of warm water but at present neither the same industry is used in preparation of them neither are men in our age so accustomed and disposed to bathe In the first place diligent care is to be had of that Fever Ephemeral which ariset hfrom the clovure of the skin Cure of an Ephemer a from closure of the skin or it's thickness or crudity of the stomack since they easily turn into putred Fevers And an Ephemera which is caused by stoppage of the pores of the skin since it comes to pass rather from plenty of blood then ill habit of body in that a vein is forthwith to be opened that the blood may be diminished and cooled but the thickness of the skin if occasioned by cold or astringent things is cured by those things that rarifie and open the same by a bath of fair water luke-warm soft rubbings temperate and luke-warm oils wherewith the body should be annointed But if the thickness of the skin be occasioned by drying things use moistening dyet and the body should be annointed with temperate and moistening oils Lastly if the Ephemera proceed from crudity From crudity of the stomack since that is twofold the one called Acid which proceeds from diminution of heat the other Nitrous which is caused by preter-natural heat If from Acid crudity which seldom happens the Ephemera proceed and that crudity be less so that meat may be reduced into a better state rest and sleep are to be occasioned and before sleep meat of easie concoction in a small quantity is to be taken and the stomack to be comforted with hot oyls But if the crudity be great then the meat is to be ejected by vomit or if the sick be not apt to vomit with a lenitive he should provoke a stool before it be distributed into the veins he must then abstain from meat and the stomack both with internal and external medicines is to be comforted But if the crudity be unsavoury or nitrous 't is to be conected with cold things wherewith if the concoction be not helped the corrupt meat is either to be emitted by vomit or to be purged by gentle medicines opening the first passages only such as are good against cholar and as corroborate the stomack CHAP. VII Of an Ephemera of more dayes and of a Synocha without putrefaction THere remains another kind of Fever An Ephemera of many days called Ephemera to which that appellation doth not belong because it is extended more dayes Yet it can be referr'd to no other sort of Fever then this more conveniently therefore although Ephemera should signifie the essence of the Fever Ephemera is so called though with the addition of more dayes Such Fevers are those which no wayes differ from Ephemeral Fevers newly described unless in durability the cause of which is obstruction of cutanious vessels which when they do continue stopped Synocha without putrefaction an inflamation of the Spirits so long endureth until that cause cease Moreover to these belong a Synocha without putrefaction commonly called a Fever inflative which is generated from the fervency of Spirits and thinner blood without putrefaction The cause of this Fever is the prohibition of the hot Effluvium Cause arising from obstructions or striction of the pores of the skin in a plethorick body This continues several dayes namely to the third or fourth day neither can the plenty of vapours kindled and exhaleing which proceed from the blood be discussed in one day nor can the obstruction or astriction of the pores of the skin be opened in one day The Signs of a Synocha without putrefaction are the same with those of other Ephemeraes Diagnostick signs only more evident For the heat is somewhat greater then in the others the skin is not dry but moist as it were the Urine somewhat thicker and redder the Pulse vehement swift frequent full great and equal the face and whole body red and fresh and as it were blown up the veins swell and strut with blood the head is heavy and respiration more difficult This Fever as the other Ephemerals is void of danger Prognosticks and is dissolved by sweat or Hemeroids of the nose within the fourth day or if it be protracted longer within the seventh day so it be rightly handled For unless it be rightly order'd 't will degenerate into a Synocha with putrefaction or into a Phrensie Squincy Plurisie or some other perillous inflamation But when this Fever ariseth by the inflaming of the thinner blood and Spirits in a plethorick body occasioned by the prohibition of transpiration Cure the blood offending in quantity is to be abated the heat to be cooled and the closed pores to be opened Therefore presently a Clyster being first given or a lenitive medicine a vein is to be opened that the blood may be abated fanned and cooled and better governed by nature And in that more plentifully then in any other Fever you may bleed yet so as that the strength may bear it As for things altering Galen to cool the blood drinks cold water and commands the sick to drink as much of it as they please which may be permitted in those which are accustomed to small drinks and in whom no danger is to be feared by drinking the same whether by reason of thick juices which the drinking of cold water may hinder the dividing of or by reason of some weakenness in the bowels by which they may be offended at the drinking of water which unless seeing in our bodies we seldom need we may rather use other coolers such as are Oxymel with water water of Chicory Endive decoct of barley juice of Lemmon or Citron Oxysauharum Spirit of Vitriol and Salt and the like cooling and opening things And that the appertion may the more happily be performed you must abstain from syrrups and conserves with much sugar in them unless they are much watered If obstruction of the pores of the skin be present 't is to be opened as I said before Their diet ought to be thin and little Dyet such as hath force to cool and moisten principally
fourteen and somtimes to twenty But these Fevers are least dangerous amongst all the putred ones 4. Prognosticks Aphor. 43. and such as are pure do not long continue but at seven fits they are accounted at the height 4. Aphor. 59. Somtimes they are terminated at the third or fourth fit but spurious tertians as they are more frequent so they continue longer for although if the matter be little and necessary medicines are timely exhibited they somtimes cease at the fifth or seventh paroxism yet for the most part they scarce end at fourteen fits and are often lengthned out to the fortieth day somtimes they continue six moneths and end with some disease of the Liver or Spleen or else are also châ—rished by them Although Tertians for the most part are not dangerous yet somtimes they become pernitious First If any errour be committed by the sick or the Physitian Secondly If the humour which Nature endeavours to expel should fall upon any principal part Thirdly If the humour be exceeding thin putred or filthy Fourthly If a thin humour have a thick one mixed with it and stir the same and enflame it Fifthly If a thick humour poured out by heat either fall down into some principal part or cause a dangerous Catarrh or Asthma or the Gout or draw the womb into consent Sixthly If the humour acquire a malignant quality But in the cure of this Fever as also in others Indications and Cure regard must be had of the Fever the cause and nature of it the Fever indicates cooling and moistning things the same Choler also as being the cause requireth which also ought to be evacuated yet if another humour be mixed with it altering preparing and evacuating medicines which that humour requires are to be mixed and because the abundance of the matter is in the meseraick veins the vitious humour is to be purged out of them and if need be prepared before it infect the good blood afterwards also it is to be altered and the disposition of the part generating peccant humours to be corrected Lastly We must endeavour that the pollution and putrifaction may be discussed by Sudorifiques First therefore the first passages are to be cleansed Purgers either by Clysters or lenitive Medicines exhibited of the Syrup of Roses solutive Manna Cassia to which also we may add Rhubarb Agarick the leaves of Senna according as the quality of the peccant humour requires Vomits also convenient may be given especially if the sick be troubled with pain in the heart loathing and a desire to vomit And since the matter consists in the meseraick veins and that nature her self at the beginning of the paroxism strives to expel it either by vomit or stool the Physician ought to be observant to it and to eject the matter if Nature endeavour to expel it by stool or vomit and because the matter for the most part in the first passages is either more abundant or hath thick humours mixed therewith there is need not only of lenitives but those medicines also which we lately mentioned nay somtimes of some of the Electuary of Fleawort or Fleabane of the juice of Roses Rosati Mesuae Yet care must be taken that we do not draw the humours out of the veins into the first passages Concerning the opening of a vein Opening a vein although Choler residing in the meseraick veins do not require it yet if there be store of blood and the peccant humour out of the first region of the body have penetrated the vena cava which may be discerned by the thickness and redness of the Urine and if the party be strong a vein may be breathed and moreover note that not at the first invading but afterwards Phlebotomy is to be used Yet regard of the Fever is to be had for if it be a pure Tertian which useth to be shorter a vein is to be opened more timely if it be required because if it be referred till after the third fit the disease comes to its height but if it be a bastard tertian you may defer it till after the third paroxism namely because more of the morbifique matter is then mixed with the blood in the vena cava but blood is to be taken away in less quantity in a pure Tertian because as in continued Fevers that is not the primary indicant and the strength cannot bear the taking away of a greater quantity blood may be taken away more safely and in greater abundance in a spurious tertian But the opening of a vein is most conveniently appointed during the intermission Afterwards those medicines are to be exhibited which both correct the qualities of the cholerick humour exceeding Preparatives whereby it is troublesome to nature and also the vitious disposition in the part generating excrementitious humours and such as are contrary to that pollution which remains after putrefaction such are cooling and moistning things which together have a power of purging the first ways and of resisting putrifaction such are Cichory Sowthistle Endive Sorrel Barley the four great and four small cold seeds the juice of Citron or Limon and medicines prepared out of these Syrup of Sorrel Acetosa simplex Oxysauharum Syrup of Cichory Endive de acitocitate citri with waters and decoctions of the same to which in spurious tertians we may adde those things which are proper for Flegme and Melancholy the roots of Fennel grass asparogus asarabecca polypodie carduus benedictus centurie the lesser wormwood scolopendrium betony the spirit of vitriol and salt is profitable cream of Tartar Tartar vitriolated But amongst those medicines there are some which by a certain peculiar force are said to oppugne Tertians Specificks amongst which notwithstanding for the most part manifest causes may be rendred for it such are Sowthistle Camomil Century the lesser Plantane Divels bit Altering medicines being given Purgers if the Fever be more pertinacious somtimes purging and vomiting are convenient which for the most part are to be administred on the intermitting day but if it be advertised that the matter during the paroxism doth encline towards the stomack or tend downwards it is lawful even when the fit is present to administer vomits or a gentle purge yet so that before the beginning of the paroxism the operation may be past in case a purge be given Amongst the vomits Asarabecca and Broom are principally commended amongst the purges Rhubarb to those that are stronger the Electuary or Fleawort or Fleabane Elect. Rosatem Mesne and of the juice of Roses may be given in spurious Tertians Agarick or Senna may be added in whom it is also necessary to repeat preparatives and purgations The body being sufficiently purged Medicines causing of urine the remainder is to be taken away by Diureticks In a pure Tertian an Emulsion of the four great cold seeds is profitable made with the whey of Goats milk or the water of Barley Strawberries Cichory In a spurious a decoction of
't is called a Hectick with wasting or marasmodes A Hectick also is somtimes simple and alone somtimes 't is joyned with putrifaction CHAP. II. Of the signs of a Hectick Fever A Hectick Fever is known by its continual heat causing no pain Diagnostick signs as being equal and Hectick which indeed at the first touch is weak afterwards it appears sharper It is perceived more in the Arteries then the other parts And moreover the heat after taking food within an hour or two is increased and the Pulse either is changed as to greatness or swiftness yet so that its ascending appears strong and free and none of those things precede which forego the fits of putred Fevers most commonly and this mutation of pulse and heat endures until the aliment be distributed The pulse also in this Fever is little Signs of differences frequent and moderately swift and by how much the more the strength receiveth this Fever by so much the more the body is consumed and the strength debilitated so that the sick can scarce lift up the eye-lids and together with it in the second place fatness in Urine swims like cobwebs Lastly The same things which appear in an hippocratical face as 't is described by Hippocrates are also discerned in a marasmodes or Hectick with wasting A Hectick with a Putred Signs of a Hectick with a Putred and an Intermittent conjunct is known from hence That the fit declining the heat nevertheless although remiss some is left thereof and there is great languishing of the strength and all the other parts are more temperate only the parts where the arteries are become hotter and the pulse loseth not its swiftness and frequency and the sick takes food but is not strengthned thereby A Hectick joyned with a continued putrid Fever is difficult to be known yet it may be known from hence namely because the dry calidity remains after the end of the declination or of the whole Fever or its periods and the body is more extenuated then otherwise it useth to be the Urine also becomes oylie as may appear It is hard to know a Hectick in the beginning of it Prognosticks 't is not so difficult to cure at the first but that which is neerer to wasting or a consumption is easily known but hardly cured and at the last it becomes plainly incurable CHAP. III. Of the Cure of a Hectick Fever LAstly concerning the cure Indications and Cure The hot and dry distemper indicates cooling and moistning the strength requires preservation and whatsoever of the humid and solid parts is consumed and dried is to be restored with moistning things and indeed moistning things are more safe but in giving cooling things we must be cautious lest that the native heat already being weak should by that means be extinguished But if a Hectick Fever have a Putred one joyned therewith the Hectick cannot be cured unless the other Fever be first taken away Medicines cooling and moistning are Violets Burrage Medicines Bugloss Waterlillies Roses Endive Succory Mallows the four greater cold seeds Poppy Out of which several medicines for present use may be prepared Externally A Bath of fair water may be used most profitably External things of which Galen 10. Meth. Medend cap. 10. Which that it may moisten the more Mallows Violets Bearsbreech may be added 't is convenient also to use a Bath of warm milk After the Bath let the body be anointed but principally the spine of the back with oyl of Violets sweet Almonds Water lillies Roses Cooling and moistning medicines may be also applyed both to the Breast and Liver as also to the Reins But the greatest hope of cure consisteth in Diet Diet. The Ayr should be temperate or moderately cold Meats should be cooling and moistning easie of concoction and of good juice having in them few excrements and such as is not presently dispersed In the first place Milk is profitable which as Galen 4. de Simp. Medic. Facult cap. 17. teacheth 't is cold and moist easie of concoction of the best nourishment and hath great power of moistning and refreshing the substance of our bodies Which lest it should be coagulated in the stomack some Sugar or Salt should be mixed therewith and it should only be taken in such a quantity as may well be concocted by the stomack Strengthning and Restorative Broths are also profitable of which 't is spoken else-where as also food of Almonds Pine and Pistack nuts the four greater cold seeds and of white Poppy But meats in such as are sick in Hecticks should be given in small quantity but often by reason of the imbecility of their strength Their drink in our Countries should be Ale or Beer or Water and Wine white and sweet Their sleep should be somwhat longer If a Putred be joyned with a Hectick we must endeavour that the Putred Fever may be first taken away yet the Hectick not to be neglected lest that whilst we use remedies only for the Putred Fever the Hectick may be encreased if we use means only to cure the Hectick the Putred may be increased The Fourth Book Of the Plague and of Pestilential and Malignant Fevers CHAP. I. Of the Nature of the Pestilence HItherto we have finished the essential differences of Fevers it remains that we now should speak of the accidental Amongst which the principal and most necessary to be known are those that enfold the Pestilence pestilential Fevers and malignant And indeed concerning the Plague with which What the Plague is although not alwaies yet most commonly a Fever is joyned That name is most noted to be attributed to the most pernitious and destructive of all others But what the nature of that disease is amongst Authors is much controverted For first of all sithence various and several kinds of diseases and symptomes may appear in the Plague Yet because they are also often perceived without the plague the nature of the plague is not to be placed in so many diseases and symptomes differing in specie but in some peculiar sort Nor doth the being epidemical or contagious constitute the nature of the pestilence since other diseases also may be universal and contagious But since that this is granted by all The plague a disease of the heart that the Plague spreads most when many are infected together with the same disease and they die and others are infected Hence it may easily appear that the plague is primarily a disease of that part on the which life depends chiefly and the which being hurt a man is in very great danger of his life namely the heart the fountain of life and store-house of vital heat For although the humour wherein the venome inhereth may subsist in divers parts whence the same diseases and symptomes in every pestilence are not the same to appearance yet in what place soever it subsisteth it hath a peculiar antipathy with the heart and thereby destroyeth a man so suddenly
generated in the parts themselves or drawn or sent from elsewhere CHAP. VI. Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt THe cause of a Vertigo is inordinate and circular motion of the animal spirits in the brain Of a vertigo but the causes which perform this circular motion in the brain are internal or external internal is an inordinate motion of a flatulent spirit moving the animal spirits circularly and exhibiting a false representation of the moving of external things and of its own body but this flatulent spirit takes the occasion of its motion either from its selfe seeing that every spirit by nature is moveable and fluid especially if it be hotter and more fervent then ordinary or moved by somewhat else whereas hereafter shall be shewen which the straitness of the vessels or of the Pores of the brain occasioneth for if both the flatulent spirits and animal spirits are moved in passages that are obstructed they return back and move circularly they are generated either in the brain whence a Vertigo by Idiopathy ariseth or are sent from elsewhere upward either from the whole body as in some Fevers or from some part as the Stomach Spleen Womb whence it is called a Vertigo by Sympathy the external and manifest causes are whatsoever humors can suddenly turn into and dissolve into vapours or stir up an inordinate and circular motion with winds and spirits such as when the constitution of the air is suddenly altered immoderate and untimely exercise emptinesse baths anger turning round of the body the beholding of bodies swiftly turning round or otherwise moving with violence looking down from a high place shaking of the head a fall and such like The cause of an Incubus or riding of the Mare Of an Incubus is a thick vapour ascending from the lower parts of the body and obstructing the hinder parts neer the Spinal marrow and hindering the passages of the spirits to the muscles of the brest whence respiration is hindered which when a man perceives in his sleep considering various causes he faineth and adviseth with himselfe and even from this or that he imagineth himselfe to be oppressed and suffocated in his dream This vapor is elevated from thick flegm or a Melancholy humor residing in the Hypocondries or proceeds from surfetting or swelling by lying supine or flat on the back in children also a vapour of the same nature is occasioned by worms A Lethargy commonly proceeds from a flegmatick humor thickning in the brain Of a Lethargy and so the matter of its selfe is cold yet by accident it happens to be hot but it is impossible that out or flegm only putrified both a fever and a deep sleep should arise for this humor is neither apt of its selfe to admit of putrefaction especially in the head neither if it should admit of it can it utter so much as will diffuse the heat over the whole body and kindle a Fever and heart the Heart especially if it putrifie without the substance of the Brain or its vessels in its bosomes and turnings but it is more agreeable to reason that this drousinesse either is not a primary disease of the brain but occasioned from stupifactive and pituitous vapors rendring the animal spirits dull and are the Symptomes of a Fever which are called companions namely of a continued Quotidian of a bastard Tertian and Semitertian or if it be a primary disease of the Brain it doth not seem to have its beginning only from putrified flegm but rather from a petuitous inflammation of the Brain or from an inflammation arising from the blood mixt with flegm In both these Lethargies there is present great heavinesse and hurt of memory by reason of stupifactive and pituitous vapors but a delirium by reason of vapors risen out of the putrid humors troubling the animal spirits The cause of a Carus is either the straitnesse of the Brain by compression Of a Carus or obstruction neer the bottom thereof from cold humors or a moistning cooling and repletion of the Brain from a câ—ld and pituitous humor and an alteration of the spirits by the same or a stupefactive power rendring the animal spirits unfit for the actions of the senses and motions wherewith not â—nly stupefactive medicines are endued but also some poysons humors in certain Fevers Smoaks and Vapors of Coals new Wine and new strong Beer c. A Catoche hath its beginning from a cold and dry vapour A Caroche endued with a peculiar force of fixing the animal spirits rushing into the brain and in some sort stopping the spirits rendring them immovable and as it were congealing them which for the most part is stirr'd up by a Melancholy humor such also is the force in a Thunderbolt and it is sometimes taken from the vapors ascending out of the earth in an Earthquake and breaking out of their cells but the spirits serving for imagination and ratiocination are rather fixed and stopt then those which lately were disperst into the members of the body which is apparent from hence that although those that are Cataleptick move no member yet if they are moved by another the power of moving exerciseth its selfe and being struck they fall down and moreover spreading their eye-lids they keep their eyes open The immediate cause of an Apoplexy is a flowing of the animal spirits into the organs of the body Of an Apoplexy hindering sense and motion but the influx of the animal spirits is hindered either by the passages through which they should flow into the organs of sense and motion or the narrownesse of the beginning of the Nerves or through the unaptnesse of the animal spirits themselves or by too great a quantity or perturbation of the same The straitnesse of the passages of the animal spirits is made when the beginning of the Nerves in the bottom of the brain is so shut that the passage and way for the animal spirits and motion into the organs of all the external senses are intercepted a few onely resisting which flow from the Cerebellum which scarce suffice for the motion of the brest which striveth exceedingly for respiration The beginning of the Nerves cause this straitnesse first the flegmatick humor poured into these places performs it by obstruction or compression which the Antients took for the principal nay some for the only cause of an Apoplexy Secondly blood poured out of its vessels by a stroak or any other cause whatsoever into the basis of the Brain and pressing the beginning of the Nerves Thirdly placing of flegm when the vessels of the Braine their being plenty of blood are filled and stretched that the substance of the Brain is compressed and the Pores and passages being made narrower a free ingress for the animal spirits into the Nerve is hindered Fourthly a blow or fall violently pressing the Brain it self and so the beginning of the Nerves rendring the animal spirits slow as it