these notions of hot and cold 11. And among rare bodies 't is apparent the rarest will be the best dividers that is the hotest but among dense bodies those will be the coldest which most streightly besiege the rare bodies and those are such as are most plyant to their parts whence they which are in some measure moist too will be the coldest LESSON V. Of the Elements 1. WE have deduc'd therefore out of the most simple notion of Quantity dissected by the only differences of more and lesse the Rarest body hot in the highest degree and dry but not in the highest degree the Densest dry in the highest degree and cold but not in the highest degree a Heavy or lesse rare body moist in the highest degree but not so hot lastly a Moderately dense body cold in the highest degree but temperately moist 2. These same bodies in as much as Motion proceeds from them to others are active but in as much as they sustain the action of others they are passive chang'd thus in Name not Nature 3. This property also of an Element they have that they cannot be compounded of other things and all things else are compounded of them they being establisht out of the first Differences which of necessity are found in others There are therefore four ELEMENTS 4. You 'l object Since Rare and Dense vary the Quantity by the very nature of Quantity there will be infinite degrees and thence the number of the Elements will neither be four nor indeed finite 'T is answer'd Men do not determine the kinds of things according to the fruitfulnesse of Nature but by grosse and sensible differences according to the slownesse of our Apprehension 5. Thus therefore a Rare body which makes it self and other things be seen we call Fire One that has not this vertue and yet hinders not other things from making themselves seen we call Aire A Dense body which absolutely excludes light we term Earth One that partly admits it and partly repells it we term Water 6. Not that wise men esteem these very bodies to be truly Elements which we are conversant with round about us But that these mixt bodies obtain that name out of the predominancy of some Element in them which they would deserve if drein'd from all dregs they were entirely refin'd into the nature of the Predominant 7. The Elements therefore are Bodies distinguisht purely by the differences of rare and dense and they are collected into four kinds or heads under the terms we have given them 8. Moreover 't is evident that no bounds or figures do properly belong to the Elements out of their own principles that is precisely by their own nature for since they are nothing but quantitative bodies affected with such a rarity or density the nature of Quantity still remains which is every where divisible and terminable and consequently figurable as one pleases 9. But whether there be not some greatest possible bulk in every one of the Elements out of the very nature of density depends upon Metaphysicall principles Neverthelesse out of their common operation a Sphericall figure is most agreeable to Earth and Fire To Fire because its nature being to diffuse it self with the greatest celerity out of a little matter into a great breadth it must of necessity spread it self on all sides that is into a Sphear 10. To Earth as being the Basis foundation about which moist bodies diffuse themselves and by so doing mold it into a Globe 11. But that Fire flames up like a Pyramid proceeds from the resistance of the Aire incompassing it which 't is forc'd to penetrate with a sharp point 12. Again since the Elements are oppos'd to one another only by the differences of rare and dense 't is evident their transmutation into one another is nothing else but rarefaction and condensation 13. 'T is plain too that dense things being forc'd against rare do compresse them and if there be no way to escape do necessarily condense them which condensation if it be enough both in time and degree will of necessity change that which is condens'd into that Element to which such a density is proper 14. But a rare body compress'd if it get out diffuses it self a main out of those straights whence if any dense body that is rarifiable stick to it it carries it away with it and rarifies it 'T is plain therefore that 't will turn it into the nature of the rarer Element if the other circumstances concurre which are necessary to Action 15. Out of all which we may collect that one Element cannot be chang'd into another without being transferr'd through all the intermediate degrees as if you should endeavour to rarifie Earth into Fire first you must raise it into Water then into Aire and at length into Fire 16. For as we have demonstrated above concerning velocity that a Movable cannot be rais'd out of one into another determinate degree but in time so with the same labour the same may be made evident concerning density since the nature of Quantity is equall and constant in both and Velocity is nothing but A certain density of Motion LESSON VI. Of Mixtion and the second Qualities or those vvhich most immediately follovv Mixtion 1. SInce that part of the world which is expos'd to our knowledge is finite and any never-so-little bulk infinitely repeated exceeds the greatest possible it follows that the singular bodies of this part are finite and some actually the least nay that according to the order of the World bodies cannot be divided beyond a certain term 2. There will be therefore in each of the Elements certain minutest parts which are either not at all or very seldome farther divisible When therefore the Elements are forc'd one against another the sides of the rare ones must of necessity become united with the sides of the dense but when they come to be divided again 't is impossible they should not leave some of those minutest parts sticking to the dense bodies 3. For since in the same Quantity the dense part is lesse divisible then the rare that too which is compounded of rare and dense in the same bulk is lesse divisible then the rare part of the same quantity It must needs be therefore that the rare Elements must stick by their minutest parts to the dense which they have once touch't 4. Hence 't is evident that the minutest parts being rub'd off on every side by the ouching together of divers Elements mixt bodies must necessarily be made For if two dense parts touch one minutest rare since the minutest is indivisible there naturally emerges a Compound of the three as hardly divisible as are the dense ones themselves 5. Whence we have the first Distinction of bodies For since the Elements are four and may be joyn'd together by bigger or lesse parts as oft as great parts of one Element redound the body is call'd by the name of that Element 6. Thus have we severall
kinds of Earth and in this sense all consistent things have the notion of Earth all visible fluid things are call'd Waters and there are many kinds of Airs and Fires 7. But when a body that has the consistency of one Element is full of minute parts of another the substance of one Element gets the denomination of the other's quality Thence proceed the degrees of temperaments hot cold c. and in one and the same kind too reduplicated differences of the Elements viz. of Earths some are Earthy some Watry some Aeriall some Fiery and so in the rest ev'n to the lowest species 8. It appears again wherein consist those qualities which distinguish bodies as to their consistency First the notion of liquid consistent plainly follows the nature of rare and dense and soft is a middle between liquid and hard but hard being that which resists division clearly refers to density 9. But grosse and Massive appertain to the quantity of parts for grosse is not so divided into minutest parts as to be able by its subtilty to enter into the least pores or crannies and Massive has no pores or passages in its body but speaks parts constipated and thrust close together Both of them plainly expresse a certain notion of Density 10. As for Fat and tough and viscous or slimy they have this common to them all To stick where they touch but fat in lesser parts viscous in greater tough properly holds its own parts together and cleaves not so much to others 11. They therefore consist of moist and dense well mixt from moist they derive the facility to unite from dense the difficulty to be separated LESSON VII Of the manner of Mixtion and the Passion of mixt things 1. THese things being suppos'd because there are two Active qualities heat and cold which are most eminent in Fire and Water let there first be a mixt body of Earth Water and Aire upon which Fire be suppos'd to act and since there is no mixt thing so compacted but at least some parts of Fire may be forc'd and fly away through it and they in their passage are joyn'd to the parts of Aire or Water 't is apparent that the Fire will carry away some of them with it whence the Compound will become more compacted and solid 2. Again because the parts of Fire are extremely subtile whereever they find a resistance in the solid parts weaker then their power of dividing that way they 'l escape and that not alone but laden with watry or airy parts so that they will leave the Water and Aire to be united with Earth and between themselves by the smallest parts that are possible 3. Whence two things come to passe One that the Whole becomes a like and equall throughout all the Elements being mixt by most minute particles in every part The other that the Elements become lesse divisible from one another in this whole which is to be rendred constant and permanent body 4. Let therebe therefore in another body the natures of Fire Aire and Earth blended together to which let Water be added from without and first you 'l see all the sallies block'd up and the Pores coagulated by vertue of the cold so that the Aire or Fire cannot easily steal out 5. See again the Water with all its weight and force pressing the nearest parts of the Compound on every side whence they are forc'd to compresse and streighten themselves and shrink into a lesse and lesse place to make room for the water and this not in the surface alone but even in the minutest parts as far as the water can pierce which so much the farther it can as its parts are rendred more subtile by the re-active power of the Aire and Fire 6. Behold therefore its parts being even thus condens'd a consistent and hardly-divisible body made which is to be a certain naturall species of Physicall mixt body 7. Hence again the causes of passions are apparent for we see some compounds suffer from Fire a liquefaction and dissolution into minute particles as into Ashes and powder others on the contrary grow hard others again converted into Flame 8. The reason whereof is clear for if the power of the Fire extends it self only so far as to dilate the humid parts which hold together the dry it comes to passe that the humid parts become larger and more rare and consequently the whole it self is rendred more divisible and subject to be diffus'd by its own gravity into the best ply towards the Centre which is to be liquid 9. But if the power of the Fire be so great as to carry away with it the humid parts then the dense ones remain resolv'd into minute particles without a medium to unite them And these operations are effected sometimes by the mere force of the fire it self sometimes by means of some instruments whereby the humid parts are either increas'd or decreas'd according as the Artificer has occasion 10. But farther if humid parts were redundant in the Compound and Fire were so far apply'd as only to restrain the excesse by exhaling those parts which were superfluous the connection of the humid with the Earthy parts will be lesse dissolvable and the proportion of the Earthy to the humid greater whence the Compound grows hard 11. Water too by pressing upon it pierces and enters into the Compound it encompasses sheir's off its lighter and dryer parts which it mingles with the whole dry body and amplifies the humid parts whence it makes the body flaccid and loose and next door to dissolution 12. Some it utterly dissolv's as salts for they are compos'd of certain minute parts betwixt which Water easily enters and so little they are that they swim in the water There becomes therefore a kind of fluid body thickned with little heterogeniall bodies swimming in it to which if Fire be apply'd by exhaling the superfluous humid parts it remains salt as at first 13. But sometimes it happens that something is mix'd with the salt water which has a power of separating the watry parts from those little swimming bodies and of pressing down precipitating them to the bottome for when the supervener has aggregated to it self the parts of that humid body wherein the dissolution was made that which was mixt with them if it be heavier then water descends for before it was sustain'd by its conjunction to the water which was lighter 14. There are bodies too which grow harder and are petrify'd by the mixture of water either because there wanted moisture to make them coagulate as it happens in dry or sandy bodies or because by the addition of the extrinsecall moisture the superfluous humour is suck'd out in which their inward parts were dissolv'd and rendred flaccid or lastly because the pores of the Compound being constipated without the internall heat better dries the inward parts 15. But when the redundant parts are so very minute in themselves that they are easily rarifyable
the visible world but where there is any one Element there Aristotle acknowledges the rest too and indeed with the same Eyes we discern an opake body reflecting the light 6. 'T is objected Animals cannot live in the Moon not Men particularly because in it there is not a variety of Earth and Waters nor rains nor clouds Adde to this a most vehement heat the Sun shining continually upon the same part for fifteen whole days together and never receding in latitude above ten degrees from the part illuminated 7. 'T is answer'd If there be a kind of grosser Aire as 't is observ'd there will of necessity be Water for these grosse vapours are made out of Earth and have the nature of water before though perhaps the Clouds are not so big as to be taken notice of Besides the Almains have observ'd something like a vast cloud in the Moon The extreme heat is moderated by the height of the Mountains the lownesse of the Vallies the abundance of water and woods as we see by experience under the Aequator from which the Sun is at farthest about twenty three degrees distant and but about ten only for half the year from the middle between the Aequator and the Tropick yet this hinders not but those are most happy regions LESSON III. Of the parts of the Planetary World and especially those of the Earth 1. THe greatest part of the world which we have some kind of knowledge of consists of the Sun and six great bodies illuminated by it and some lesser ones which are in a manner members cut off from the greater 2. The bigger bodies are counted by Astronomers Saturn Iupiter Mars the Earth Mercury Venus which 't is certain of the rest by evident experiments of Mars and Saturn by their parity to the rest are opake bodies illuminated by the Sun 3. Mercury is believ'd to have appear'd like a spot under the Sun Venus appears horned like the Moon Iupiter suffers from the Stars accompanying him and they reciprocally from him The Sun alone shines of it self 4. Moreover since light is Fire the fountain of light is the fountain of Fire too The SUN therefore is a vast body consisting of Mountains and Plains which belch out fire and as Aetna Lipara and Hecla are never without flames and especially the Vulcanian Mountains of the new world so much lesse is the Sun 5. Both the clouds of ashes vapour'd out in vast abundance and other bodies mix'd with them which make the Spots in the Sun and the fountains of flames observ'd sometimes more fiercely sometimes more remissely to blaze out witnesse this to be the nature of the Sun 6. The whole body therefore of the Sun or at least as deep as is necessary must needs consist of some matter resembling to bitumen or Sulphur and be intended by nature for nothing but an Esca and food of flames serviceable to other bodies 7. And since we have the same Actour upon the other six Bodies the effects too must needs be analogous upon an analogous matter as we have already prov'd that of all other bodies must be amongst these the Earth by which we are nourisht is the best known to us 8. This our very senses tell us is divided into three parts A solid Substance which we call Earth a liquid but crasse one which we call Water and aninvisible one which we call Aire 9. The Earth is not a Loadstone first because it hangs not on any other for the Stars of the Eighth Sphear are at too great a distance to look for any Magneticall action from them secondly because that vertue in it which attracts the loadstone is not diffus'd through the whole body of the Earth but rests only in the bark of it as it were thirdly because if it were a loadstone it would joyn to some other body as the loadstone does to Iron nor would it be carry'd about in any place or with any Motion of its own but proceed to joyn it self with that other The parts of the Earth are Mountains Valleys Caverns Plains 10. And since we know Fire will make water boil and swell and dilate whatever other bodies are mixt with the water we see too that the Earth both within in its bowells and in its superficies is furnisht with heat to concoct Metals and juyces as in our bodies when the heat abounds with moisture above the just proportion in any part it breeds warts and wens and blisters so hills and mountains must of necessity rise out of the body of this great Mother 11. This is evidenc'd both by ancient and modern Experiments which tell us of Islands cast up in the Sea we hear of cinders belcht out of Aetna and Vesuvius for the most part falling upon and encreasing the Mountains but sometimes too raising fields into Mountains and hence it is that Mountains for the most part ingender Metalls and are full of wholesome hearbs as is generally observ'd 12. Hollow places whether upon the Superficies of the Earth which we call Vallies or Caverns within its bowells proceed from two proper causes the sinking and settling of the Earth into those places which the matter for the Mountains left vacant and the washing away of that matter which by rains and torrents is carry'd otherwhere especially into the Sea Thus the Channells of Rivers are made thus between vast and very high Mountains the Channells of the Valleys are deeper Hence in one place the Earth is hollow'd away in another rais'd LESSON IV. Of the Sea and its Accidents 1. THe parts of water are Sea Lakes Pools Rivers Fountains The Sea is but one since all those parts whereof every one is call'd a Sea communicate among themselves either openly or by hidden Channells as the Caspian discharges it self into the Euxine for otherwise t would overflow with the constant tribute of such great Rivers 2. That the Main does not overflow is because of the amplitude and vastnesse of its surface whence it comes to passe that as much is lick'd up by the Sun into clouds and winds as is pour'd in by so many Rivers as will be evident to one that shall observe how much the Sun in one day draws up out of a little Plash 3. Hence proceeds its saltnesse for since the salt which flows in out of the Rivers makes not them so much as brackish neither could they infect the sea were it not that the sun sucking up the lighter parts the salt remains in the rest 4. Moreover the salt which the sun must necessarily make upon the top out of the concoction of the land-floods which fatten the River-water does not sink down to the bottom both by reason of the motion of the sea continually mingling it together as also because the deeper the water the salter and heavier it is unlesse some speciall cause interpose as perhaps in the mouths of Rivers 5. From the abundance of salt the sea gets both density and gravity moreover that it will not
Of The BEGINNING Of the WORLD Wherein 't is essay'd how subservient Philosophy is to Divinity Same AUTHOUR Cant. 1. Equitatui meo in curribus Pharaonis assimilavi te Amica mea Printed in the Year 1656. To the READER SInce Philosophy has then attain'd its Dignity when apply'd to Action it renders Man better that is more Man and Christians are initiated to this by Divinity this evidently is the highest pitch of Philosophy to wait on and be subservient to the Traditions deriv'd from God Wherefore I saw it absolutely necessary to fortify the Institutions I would recommend to Thee with a subsignation of Theology Nor was I long to seek whether I should first addresse my self For when after the Notions of Nature digested in common I had expos'd the same in a Collection of the World as it were in an Example by the same rule having exhibited the Action of Things like a sceleton in its Principles in the last Book of Metaphysick I saw my self oblig'd to vest It in the CREATION with the Nature due to It. And since in the ancient Theology we had this accurately decyphered beyond the Attempts of Philosophers but untraceable because the Paths of Nature were unknown It seem'd to me a more expresse Seal of Theologicall Approbation could not be desir'd then that the Institutions should carrie a Torch before the Mysteries of Genesis and from those so discover'd receive themselves with advantage the Glory and Splendor of Authority What more I essay'd thou seest the Issue which I wish may benefit Thee A Theologicall Appendix Of THE BEGINNING OF THE WORLD CHAP. I. A Philosophicall discourse concerning the Creation of Heaven and Earth 1. SInce we find by universall experience without any exception that not only the Operations but even the very Subsistence of all bodily Substances is by continued steps brought from possibility to be in act nor can we doubt that the parts and the whole are of the same nature 't is evident the Beginning of the Universe it self if we suppose it manag'd according to the nature of Bodies must proceed by the same rule that from the nearest power and possibility in which it could be it has been rip'ned by degrees to this excellent beauty and did not by instantaneous Creation immediately start into perfection 2. Because therefore God subsists by the very necessity of Being it self and in Being it self there can be nothing of imperfection 't is clear that His ultimate intrinsecall formality and free act preexists before not only the existence but even the very essence of all and every Creature as much as whatever is most essentiall in Him 3. As also that this Being which they have receiv'd from God is the nature of the Creatures nor can they otherwise flow from God then according to their naturall condition Especially since God acts not to attain an end prefix'd to himself but this is His end if we may call any thing an end in respect of God that the Creatures should be so as in his Essence Science and Will He has predesin'd their determinate nature fixed and inviolably to be that the whole Universe might emane His most beautifull Image and in a manner a most adequate participation of Himself 4. So that all things that are to have their most connaturall quality as far as it can stand impartially with the perfection of their fellow bodies this is that which God will'd and what in effect he has brought to passe 5. Be this therefore firmly establisht that God not instantaneously but by a congruous disposition of diverse degrees brought up the world from its deepest possibility that is its simplest and fewest principles to its due perfection 6. Again because neither materia prima nor any other part of a Thing but only Physicall Compound is apt to receive Exiastence and of Physicall Compounds the most simple and as it were most poten tiall that is next above mere possibility are the Elements and something must of necessity have flow'd instantaneously from God It follows that some one or more of the Elements were by Creation call'd by God out of the common Abysse of nothingnesse 7. But not one only Element was created For since Motion does not follow out of the sole vertue of Creation nor could Motion be without Division nor Division without a Substantiall difference of the divider from the divided nor this be made even by Angelicall vertue without time it follows that more Elements were created immediately by God 8. Yet not all the four Since FIRE we call an Element that makes it self be seen which implyes Action but corporeall action is not without motion nor motion from pure Creation 9. But of the other three Elements no one could be conveniently omitted For EARTH and WATER are those we see mixt by Fire through the whole course of Nature and Fire is immediately generated and nourished by AIRE If any one therefore of these three had been wanting the matter had been unfit for Angelicall operation 10. Three Elements therefore were created nor those confus'd in a Chaos for such a confusion had not exhibited the most simple matter but a disorder'd multitude of mixt things since mixt things emerge from a mere confusion of the Elements 11. Earth therefore was the inmost as the densest and of constant nature Aire was the outmost as the most opposite to Earth the middle both Nature and Place water possess'd CHAP. II. An Explication of GENESIS concerning the same 1. LEt 's see now whether the Christians most ancient Theology deriv'd from the Hebrews speaks consonantly to this God saies it in the Beginning created the Heaven and the Earth The Beginning saies not so much a precedency to things that follow'd since it self was something of what was began as that nothing was before it Admirably therefore by this term 't is express'd that the Creation of Heaven and Earth was so instantaneous and in a manner before the rest that neither any Time interven'd nor was it self in Time It shews therefore that they were created out of nothing and that instantaneously and that the rest immediately follow'd out of these once put 2. Nor can it be doubted what it calles Heaven and Earth since the name of Earth is immediately us'd afterwards whence 't is evident that by the remaining name of Abysse is express'd what before was call'd Heaven otherwise the sacred Text is confused and imperfect 3. 'T is added that the Earth was void and empty according to the Hebrew expression solitude and emptinesse or rather of solitude and emptinesse for so the Hebrews often expresse their Adjectives The sense is clear that neither were there men upon the Earth whose properties are fellowship and conversation the privation whereof makes Solitude nor Plants and Animals which as bodies and utensils might fill the place and house of humane habitation 4. It follows that Darknesse was upon the face of the Abysse The word Abysse says a Gulph of waters whose bottom
is unknown or not reach'd and because the most simple manner of reaching is by Sight it properly signifies such a depth of water that Sight cannot reach its bottom Wherefore the sense is most easie that what it had formerly call'd Heaven was a vast diaphanous body upon which there was no Fire to enlighten it It affirms therefore directly that Fire was not created 5. But it subjoyns two parts of the Abysse whilst it says and the Spirit of the Lord was born upon the waters Clearly therefore it affirms three Elements EARTH WATER and AIRE were Created by God but not FIRE And that they were not confus'd is evident in that otherwise it had not been an Abysse that is a capacity of Light and a privation since by the commixtion of Earth the other Elements had been rendered opake Moreover the Spirits being born upon the waters denotes a distinction of Places between the other two Elements 6. But 't is observable that the word was born according to the force of the Originall term speciâ—ies that motion whereby Birds sustain themselves with open wings over their nests least they should crush their young ones and yet to defend them from the cold Whence a certain person amongst the Hebrews explicates it not weighing upon touching but not striking wherefore the Aire cover'd the water but press'd it not 'T is plain therefore that according to the propriety of the expression 't is specifi'd there was as yet no Gravitie and that the Aire is the first of the Elements whose property it is to have any heat in it 'T is evident therefore ther 's no gravitie in the Aire of its own nature and consequently that 't is not an intrinsecall Quality in the other Elements but is in them from the operation of Fire and the order of Agents CHAP. III. A Philosophicall discourse of the vvorks of the tvvo first daies 1. THe Matter of the World being Created it remains that we see what follow'd by the additional operation of Creatures And because the operation of Angels is no other then rarefaction nature wanted its naturall instrument viz. Fire for This we see principally made use of for almost all naturall effects especially the generation of Substances and This is not rais'd out of Water and Earth immediately without first becoming Aire it must be that the Angels or Angel whose task this was by rarefying the Aire rais'd a vast Fire 2. And since there are many sorts of Fire and that which far from the fiery body smoaks no longer but shoots out directly with pure rayes is by a speciall name call'd Light Light must needs have been made by the Angels through the rarefaction of pure Aire as from which no Smoak rises 3. Nor is it lesse certain this must be done in the very confines of Aire and water For since the Angels could not in an instant convert Aire into Light and a locall motion of the neighbouring bodies follows upon rarefaction the Aire must needs have been mov'd whilst 't was yet in the form of Aire and since motion cannot be without a plurality of Substances 't is plain that the Aire divided the water and consequently the first Fire was rais'd in the confines of both 4. Since therefore the Fire being rais'd of necessity acted upon the water it follows that the Waters being stir'd those particles to which the Fire stuck being rarer then the rest and coveting still a larger place by their own and the denser parts of the Water's motion must needs be thrust out into the Aire which is more yielding and those excluded be aggregated together specially towards the Light where by reason of the more vehement action there must needs be greatest abundance of them and more flowing from one side then another since naturall causes work not rigorously even the whole masse of Water and Earth adhering to it by little and little attain a motion towards the same Light so that successively and by parts it rol'd in a Circle and was enlightned having in some places Night in others Day 5. Besides another effect must evidently have follow'd from this production of Light viz. a vast abundance of Clouds be rais'd up into the Aire which by the circulation of the Light about the inferiour Globe must necessarily be remov'd a vast distance from the Globe it self and the Light Whence being no longer sensible of the Globe's attraction they could not by any order of Causes be remitted back towards the Globe Thus therefore ther 's a vast space establisht between the waters in the Globe whence the Clouds were extracted and between those very Clouds themselves which may keep them from one another separate for ever or at least till the end of the World CHAP. IV. An explication of Genesis concerning the same 1. WHat says Theology to this It says And God said Let there be Light and LIGHT was made Speech and command are address'd to another clearly therefore it reaches that by the intermediate operation of Angels Light was made 2. And it was made clearly shews that the making immediately and instantly began viz. that there was no delay in the intermediate Instrument wherefore that 't was an Incorporeall Substance which needed not be mov'd that it might move Moreover the word he said which implyes Knowledge declares it to have been an Intelligent Instrument 3. It adds And God saw the Light that it was good Goodnesse is perfection namely because the nature of the Elements by the addition of Fire was compleat and perfected therefore Light is said to be good Again because the rest of the Elements were passive and Light active therefore Light is call'd good or perfect for what has attain'd an aptitude to produce or make its like is esteem'd perfect in its kind 4. It follows And he divided the light from the darknesse c. 'T is plain this division was made not by Place but by Time since Day and Night are parts of Time and consequently that motion or the diurnall conversion was now begun which is declar'd by those words and he call'd the light Day and the darknesse Night For since as yet Man was not to whom words might be significant He call'd is as much as he establisht the Essence of Day and Night for a name or appellation denotes the essence or quiddity of the Thing nam'd 5. 'T is added and the Evening and the Morning was made one Day in the originall Text and the Evening was made and the Morning was made or the Evening was and the Morning was From which Phrase 't is understood that this motion had for its term whence the Evening and for its term whether the Morning and consequently that the motion was made in a Subject to which it agrees to have Evening and Morning that is in the Earth and that it was from West to East that is towards the Light 6. Again And God said let there be a FIRMAMENT in the midst of the Waters and let it
they are diffus'd into Flame And these parts are such as we call fat or aiery which consist of a thin moisture compacted with minutest dense parts 16. It falls out too that when the fiery parts within are many and happen upon a convenient moisture they multiply and encrease themselves without any apparent extrinsecall cause and open themixt body it self so that the Vessell cannot contain it but it boyls and runs over as we see in the Must of wine and of other fruits and this kind of action is call'd Fermentation 17. Sometimes too it blazes out in Fire and Flame as appears in Hay and other dry bodies moistned and crowded together which comes to passe by the fiery parts of the dry'd bodies turning the humid parts into fire and at length by their multitude and compressure raising a flame 18. Passion or suffering from Earth is when either by its weight or some other pressure and hardnesse a change is made which even by this is understood to be a division and commonly is wrought two ways For either the parts of one body are intirely separated by the interposition of another body of another nature or else only some are joyn'd to others of the same nature as it happens in liquids when they are swash'd up and down 19. The first of these divisions is made severall ways by breaking cutting cleaving pounding and the like the other by hammering drawing impression bending compression and the like all which appear in themselves to be made by the motion of hard and dense against soft and rare bodies LESSON VIII Of Impassibility Destruction and the Accidents of Mixt bodies 1 THose bodies which are esteem'd not to suffer at all that is no losse as Gold though it melt yet consumes not the Asbestus stone is purifi'd by flames and not endamag'd Hair grows not more flaccid that is its parts are not more loos'ned with water the Adamant is so call'd because neither the hammer nor fire can master it These have got a name through the unskilfulnesse of Artificers 2. For the Moderns have found out how a Diamant may be resolv'd to dust nay even melted as also how to make Gold volatile the Asbestus in the very stone both suffers from a very violent fire and when divided into hairs is able to resist only a moderate one 3. It appears consequentially what must necessarily follow if fire be apply'd to a confirm'd and establisht body For since some parts of a Compound are moister then the rest the first efficacy of the fire will be exercis'd upon them with which if there be any fiery parts mix'd those first fly out with the fire and are call'd Spirits 4. The next are the moist and more insipid parts and they are call'd Flegme Then the more concocted parts in which Earth Fire and Water are well mix'd and they are call'd Oyls or Sulphurs and need a strong fire to extract them 5. That which remains uses by the Chymists to be washt in water wherein they find a more solid part which sinks down and this they call Salt and a lighter part that swimms a top which they throw away as unusefull notwithstanding 't is dry in the highest degree and very efficacious to fix fluid bodies 6. But if a Compound of these two be throughly bak'd in a very strong fire the moisture of the Salt is liquifi'd and the other being clasp'd into it and as it were swimming in it so condenses it into a porous body that it remains alwaies pervious to fire and such a body is call'd Glasse or vitrify'd 7. Whence 't is clear that these bodies are in part made and in part resolved or extracted by the operation of Fire and that they are not Elements but Compounds containing the nature of the whole as appears by Experience 8. Out of what has been said it may be understood what a mixt body is viz. A body coagulated of rare and dense parts in a determinate number bignesse and weight 9. And when many such unite into one a certain homogeneous sensible body emerges serviceable for mans use though it be seldome so pure as to be unmixt with others 10. Hence again it appears that it concerns not a mixt body of what Figure it be since with the same proportion of parts it may be of any especially when one body is compos'd of many little ones All things therefore receive their figure from the circumstances of their Origination 11. For since the same things must be produc'd after the same manner and those that are divers different ways the variety of manners occasions the variety of figures 12. For that which equally dilates every way becomes spherical that which dilates irregularly becomes like a Bowl that which faints in growing longer becomes like a Top. 13. That which cannot extend it self in length becomes parallelly flat that which is in some part defective in breadth becomes a hexagon a quadrate c. that which cannot dilate it self in breadth becomes oblong And thus at large and in generall 't is evident whence proceed the figures of mixt bodies LESSON IX Of the Motion of heavy and light bodies and the Conditions of Acting 1. FRom what has been said we collect that since the Sun either is Fire or at least operates like fire beating upon Earth Water and all other bodies with its Rayes it summons out little bodies which sticking to its Rayes are reflected with them and mov'd from the Centre towards the Circumference 2. By whose motion all the rest must of necessity presse towards the Earth and because the Motion of dense bodies is so much the stronger the denser they are and descending bodies the more they descend the more they repell lesse descending ones there must be wheree're the Sun has any power a Motion of dense bodies towards the Centre and of rare towards the Circumference as experience teaches us there is 3. Whence first we see there can no where be any pure Elements since at least the Rayes of the Sun and the bodies carry'd about with them are mingled every where 4. We see too that dense bodies are heavy and contrarily rare are light and that there is not any inclination requisite in bodies towards the Centre as is evident by the experience of Pumps by which with an easie motion a great weight of water is rais'd or as when we suck a Bullet out of the barrell of a long Gun 5. We see moreover that since this tumult of little bodies ascending and descending swarm's every where place any body in it it must needs be press'd upon by others every where about it and the bodies which are aside on 't must perpetually pierce and enter into it if they find in it lighter bodies which they can repell from the Centre Whence this tumult is even within all bodies and by vertue of it all bodies are mingled 6. Whence again it must needs be that the thin parts of every body consist in a kind of perpetuall
that is the pestilent vapours which fly in the Aire 3. But seeing that Emanations strike the Aire with a certain kind of agitation those things will be easilyest mov'd with this agitation and brought to the body which are most sollicited by this stroak that is those which are most conformable to the particles that sally out 4. To which may be added that such parts too will stick faster and easier and when they are united foment the naturall heat of the body which causes this motion Thence we see that Poysons are more easily suck'd out of infected bodies by other dry'd poys'nous things but best of all by those very bodies to whom the Poyson to be suck'd out is proper 5. But when the parts returning are any way viscous little light heterogeniall bodies stick to them too by reason of their gluyness and return with them as may be seen in Electricall bodies which little straws and dust fly to And sometimes they rebound again with a kind of Impetus or vehemency whence appears that the Steams of such like bodies are very spirited and start out with certain impetuosities 6. Out of these things it appears that there is in a manner a double nature of every mix'd body one as it were perfect and fit to be evaporated another as it were imperfect and wanting more concoction which two must of necessity be oppos'd to one another by the differences of more and lesse 7. Now if we suppose a body so compos'd in its own Nature as to be plac'd between two fountains as it were of such Steams it must of necessity attain such a disposition that on one side 't will be apt to receive the one's Emanations on the other the other 's and to eject them again by the contrary sides 8. It will therefore have contrary vertues in its extremities but in the middle an indifferency at least in comparison to the Ends. 9. Again its Emanations will be carry'd against the course of other bodies which return to their own fountains still directly on towards their opposite fountain and the body too if it hang so freely that it may more easily follow its Emanations then leave them will it self be carry'd along with its Emanations 10. But if it cannot bear them company and yet be plac'd obliquely to the fountain and at liberty to turn it self with the same force 't will turn it self to the fountain 11. Moreover as the fountain acts upon it so this body it self will act upon another body of the same kind but more faintly 12. Wherefore since we find by experience that a Loadstone receives vertue from the Earth as we have explicated it and suffers and acts thus from the Earth and upon Iron respectively and besides the searchers into its nature declare that all the rest of its wonderfull motions depend on these the reason of Magneticall Attraction is evident out of what has been said LESSON XII Of the generation of more compounded Bodies and Plants 1. 1. 'T Is plain out of what has been explicated above that not only the Elements are blended together to compound a singly-mix'd body but also many mix'd bodies are united into one more-compounded body For since by the power of their gravity moist bodies which we call Waters run down from higher to lower places and by their running presse the bodies they meet loos'ning partly their little particles in passing by and partly tearing them off along with them the Water becomes thickned and full of dregs with many minutest bodies of divers natures 2. This Water if it rest in any cavity of the Earth those little bodies sink down in it and whether by heat evaporating the humid parts of the water or by cold binding them together they coagulate by their clamminesse into one body appearing homogeneous through the littlenesse of its parts which being imperceptible are so equally mix'd in every the least sensible bulk that they shew every where throughout the same uniforme nature And this is the most simple generation of demix'd bodies 3. And these bodies by the fresh accesse of more water are increas'd more of the like matter being added to them by approximation or juxtaposition as they term it in the Schools 4. But if some such thing happen to coagulate after the fore-said manner in some concavity not far from the superficies of the Earth of so tender a substance and with so much heat that it should ferment within it self it must of necessity suck into its very body any moisture about it and dilate and concoct it 5. Wherefore such a body must needs be increas'd out of a certain intrinsecall vertue and with a kind of equality in all its parts after that manner as they call by intrasumption or receiving in and so Tartufoli Potatoes c. grow under ground without shooting any part of themselves above the Earth 6. But if the heat overcome and be able by increasing it to thrust out into the Aire too some little particles of this body which must be of the more subtile ones that is the best mix'd of hot and moist this body will have heterogeniall parts growing together and subservient to one another and becomes a manifest Plant having a root within the Earth and a blade or a stalk above ground LESSON XIII Of the more universall parts of Plants 1. 'T Is evident again that a Plant being expos'd to the Sun and wind becomes harder and dryer at least as to its exteriour parts whence it comes to passe that the Moisture drawn up out of the root either by the power of the Sun or its own naturall heat more and gentlyer irrigates and waters its inward parts 2. Whence proceeds commonly a threefold difference in the substance of a Plant for the outermost part is hard and call'd the Bark the innermost is soft as being that which is last dry'd and is call'd the Marrow or Pith lastly the middle is the very substance of the Plant. 3. But when Moisture flows in greater abundance out of the root then can be rais'd up perpendicularly which is the hardest course of all it breaks out at the sides splitting the bark of the Plant and makes it self a kind of new trunk of the same nature with the former which we call a Bough or Branch 4. But since the Plant receiv's a heat ' variously temper'd with moisture by the Sun 't is plain when the moisture is best digested it must necessarily break out into certain Buttons or Nuts which are concocted by degrees and from their originall hardnesse grow softer by the flowing in of more subtile moisture and participate in another degree the same differences which are in the Stock to wit a Skin Flesh as it were and Marrow 5. Only because some parts of the juyce are too earthy and therefore grow hard these commonly coagulate between the Flesh and the Marrow the Sun drawing out their moisture to the exteriour parts 6. These Buttons being found in the more
extinguish flames very readily as also by a multiply'd reflection of light to sparkle and flame as it were when 't is stirr'd 6. The same too is no little cause of Sea-sicknesse besides the very tossing which of it self is a cause as appears in those who are sick with riding in a Coach for the stomack being offended with the saltnesse strives to cast it up as appears by that salt humour we oft are sensible of in colds 7. Hence too comes it that the sea is not frozen the mixture of salt hindring the freezing wind 's entrance For where the sea is congeal'd 't is not the sea-water but the snow falling on it which makes the sea seem frozen as our Countrey-men that go Northern voyages witnesse Yet others report that near the shoars a sharp wind will freez the sea in some ev'n hotter Countreys 8. But when vast Rivers flow into narrow Bayes they must needs overflow into larger seas whence of necessity there must needs be a kind of perpetuall flux of some seas into others as of the Euxine into the Propontis of this into the Mediterranean of the Mediterranean into the Ocean The reason is because the lesser sea with the same quantity of water is more swell'd and consequently has a higher levell of water Again the power of the sun drinks more out of a larger sea then out of a narrower whence 't is more easily sunk low to receive the adventitious waters 9. Out of the sea the sun like fire out of a boyling pot extracts continuall vapours which either in Rains or Winds it disperses over all the Earth for all those Winds which we feel cool from the Ocean in the Summer though we perceive it not yet both their extraction makes us confesse they are moist and their density and softnesse savouring a similitude of and derivation from Water 10. The Earth therefore heated by the Sun being sprinkled with these whether in Rain or Wind for the Earth being once hot a great while retains it dissolves it self into Vapours and so by little and little they are rais'd to the higher parts of the Earth where if they feel the cold of the Aire without or by any other cause are coagulated into bigger parts they become Water and by degrees break themselves a passage through and flow down upon the lower grounds LESSON V. Of Fountains Rivers and Lakes 1. ANd because the causes of evaporations are continuall Fountains too continually flow which joyning together make Brooks and Rivers and when they have watered the whole surface of the Earth restore to the Sea the superfluous moisture to repair again the Earth with a new distillation 2. Let him that thinks not the Rain-water sufficient for this imagine the Mountains out of their innate heat are more pory then the rest of the Earth and hollow as we have said wherein there may be receptacles of water out of which the heat that is every where mingled often draws vapours which it transmits to the top of Mountains covered with Rocks whence afterwards water starts as it were out of bare Rocks 3. That this is the generation of Fountains the stones and earth at a Fountain-head all deaw'd like the cover of a boiling pot are an argument also the thinnesse subtilty of the vapours so rais'd through the Earth certain herbs too nourisht by such like vapours by observing all which the Water-finders search for Well-springs 4. Of Fountains the famousest are Baths that is hot ones The Authour of the Demonstrative Physick ripping up some fountains both learnt himself and convinc'd others by the very course of nature and by experiments Masterly made that cold Water full of a salt which he calls hermeticall with a mixture of Sulphur will grow hot 5. The same may be seen in watred lime and in Tartar with the spirit of Vitriol infus'd in it The cause of all these is the same viz. The fiery parts fetter'd as it were in dry bodies being set at liberty by the mixture of a liquid body dissipate into vapours that liquour it consisting of parts easily dissolvable 6. Hence it appears why cold fountains sometimes of the same favour are next neighbours to hot ones viz. because they passe not through the same salt 7. Why some are more some lesse hot viz. either through the abundance of this salt or through its nearnesse to the mouth of the Fountain 8. The same Authour evidenc'd the constant lastingnesse of the heat to proceed from the naturall reparation and recruit of the same salt when extracting the salt he found the remaining mud season'd again within three dayes not by the raining of salt down out of the Aire as that Authour thinks but by the nature of the Earth's being such that mixt with Aire it turn'd into salt or salt was made of the moist Aire and that Mud. 9. It appears again why some Fountains have wonderful vertues either in benefit or prejudice of our bodies why others convert Iron into Copper others petrifie sticks and whatever is thrown into them why some yield gold others silver 10. Namely because flowing through severall sorts of Earth they rub off along with them little particles and dust so minute sometimes that they are not discernable from the very body of the water and then the water is reputed to have such a vertue sometimes they are visible and then the water is said to carry some such thing in it 11. Of Fountains flowing out Brooks and Rivers are made whose running they say requires the declivity of one foot in a Mile Their reason is because a line touching the Earth at a Miles end is rais'd nine inches Artificers therefore adde three inches more that it may conveniently run whence the fountains of Nilus should be almost a mile and half higher then the Port of Alexandria but erroneously for when ever the water running behind is so encreased that it be able to raise it self above the water before this rule of declivity changes 12. Among Rivers 't is strange one should swim upon and as it were run over another as Titaresus upon Peneus Boristhenes upon Hypanis The reason is the gravity of the one and the lightnesse of the other or they will not mix out of some other cause as if one of them be oily 13. The overflowing of Rivers in Summer proceeds either from the melting of Snow shut up in Vallies or from an abundance of Rain falling in a far-distant Climate and therefore not suspected by us as is evident in Nilus Niger and some others of no name and scarce any better then Brooks 14. Fountains if they emerge into a hollow place of the Earth beget a Lake and if this cavity happen in any elevated Superficies of the Earth whether in a Mountain or a high Plain it comes to passe that sometimes great Rivers flow out of Lakes And sometimes vast eruptions of waters without any appearing cause when a Lake emprison'd in the bowells of a Mountain suddenly overflows
still yielding and flying before it self it must needs turn again by the Shore-side drawing along with it the Vapours it finds yet not so constantly as under the Aequator because of the Shore-winds 3. Moreover eye-witnesses affirm that East-winds range for 27 degrees of Latitude from the Aequator on each side and West-winds the next ten and of Longitude in the Pacifick and Indian Sea about eleven thousand Italian miles and in the Ocean which leads to the new world from the Canaries to the Bay of Mexico about 70 degrees that is some four thousand more such miles so that if we allow the Aequator twenty one thousand miles these winds possesse thus almost three quarters on 't 4. Since therefore notwithstanding its calmnesse this wind carryes great ships eight miles an hour it must of necessity drive the waters themselves in the middle with great violence towards the West whence they must needs overflow upon the shores and return again from the shores to the middle and where they meet any shores withstanding their course to the West be reflected towards the East as also they must rush into all the Bayes and after a determinate time return again according to the winding of the shores the account of which time must be taken from the common Channell 5. We have found therefore an apparent cause why the Sea should fill the shores with its motion towards the East and West and empty them again with a constant course which we call the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea That this proceeds from an extrinsecall cause not because the water moves lesse that is slowlyer then the Earth appears from hence that the Ebbing and flowing is discover'd in some places not very deep to extend not above six fathoms all the rest of the water is calm and like a Lake whereas if the Ebbing Flowing follow'd from the motion of the Earth it must alwayes be mov'd ununiformly from the bottō upwards without any sensible beginning of the contest of the Waters 6. Hence the reason may be given why the Flux proceeds from East to West back again in the open Sea why no swelling should be perceivable in the Mid-sea but only at the Shores The reason is because there are no marks by which we might take the height of the Sea for 't is found to swell there too if any Island occurre how far soever from any other Shore 7. Moreover why there should be a continuall Flux of the Sea observ'd towards the West viz. because this wind in the middle of the Sea perpetually drives the waves towards the West 8. Why too the Flux should be more vehement in one part then in another viz. from the abundance of waters flowing in and directed by other causes the same way as by Rivers or the repercussion of the Shores beating the greatest part of the floud together against some one shore 9. Also why there should be six hours Flood and as many Ebbe for since the wind proceeds from the Sun and the Sun enforces its activity upon one part for six hours and remit's it as many there must needs be the same generall Periods of its effects that is of the Sea's Motion 10. But since the Moon too may suffice to encrease the wind and the nearer 't is the Sun the more its power is conjoyned with the Sun 's the farther 't is from the Sun the larger and stronger its force is upon the Ocean who can doubt but the Flux must be encreased twice a Moneth 11. In like manner since the Sun is twice a year in the Aequator in which place as just in the middle it most vigorously rayses the wind every six moneths too the Flux must be more eminent but especially about Autumn because between the Tropick of Capricorn and the Aequator it rains mightily night and day for three moneths together after the Summer Solstice 12. But that the Flux returns every day about an hour later still 't is from hence because the Flux and reflux proceed from opposite causes whole forces before the victory must needs be but equall and by reason of their equality require a convenient time Whence allowing six hours for the flux and as many for the reflux each must be allowed its intervall which in the Thames if I well remember is little more then a quarter of an hour This space therefore thus four times repeated in one day makes somewhat more then an hour 13. Sometimes too the winds stop the Flood insomuch that without a Miracle the Flood has three times advanced and been beaten back in the Thames by the force of an opposite wind Lastly it appears why in some Seas there 's no mention of Flux as in the Red the Euxine the Meotis the Caspian and Baltick Seas ther 's the same reason for them all that they are but little Seas and have but narrow entrances that vast Rivers running into them their superficies is higher then the Ocean's that their current into the Ocean is so strong that the Sea especially the Mediterranean whose Flux is not very high upon the Grecian Shore is not able to repell it LESSON XIV Of the Motion of the Earth and the Causes of it 1. SInce therefore the upper part of the water is continually mov'd towards the West and as because the water in the middle runs one way that by the Shore-side must needs run backwards so also because the superiour water is hurry'd towards the West that which is next under it must needs be driven back to the East and whatever so adheres to it that there is no cause of separation that is which will easilyer be driven towards the East then be separated from the lower water 2. But one part of the lower water is not separable from another unlesse it either ascends into the place of that above it which another part supervening prevents and hinders or else unlesse it repells that which is Easternly to it and that again another and in the end the last the Shore that 's oppos'd against it which is incredible and impossible The whole body therefore with the Earth adhering to it must needs be driven towards the East unlesse there be some resistance stronger then the impulse 3. Whereof ther 's none in its gravity because that motion is not contrary to the motion of gravity and its bignesse even much facilitates the motion The Earth therefore will be mov'd in a Circle and turn round about its own Centre because this impulse is made in a Circle 4. Again because 't is almost impossible this impulse should be equall on all sides and cause a pure rotation about the Centre there will of necessity a Progressive motion be mixt with it 5. And since as a body cannot be but in one place so neither can it move but in one line all the motions which Astronomers assign the Earth must of necessity compose one line and if the lashing or impulse of the under-under-water advance the
Earth in that line 't will be an adequate cause of the motion of the Earth 6. Now Astronomers teach that the Earth continually turning about its own Centre runs under the Zodiack its Axis retaining a certain inclination to the Axis of the Zodiack wherefore when we have found out a line in which the Earth being thrust on will observe this motion the Flux must be imagin'd to move the Earth according to that 7. Astronomers prove these motions of the Earth because otherwise greater motions of greater bodies must be suppos'd and those neither themselves constant nor proportion'd to the bodies and besides more entangled both in the Stars and in the Sun it self as is apparent by its Spots Which if you say make not up a perfect Astronomicall Demonstration that Maxime must be renounc'd upon which all Astronomy depends viz. that the Phenomena or appearances are to be solv'd the best way we can 8. Again because there follows a variety in the fixed stars from the diversity of the Earth's position in its Orbis Magnus when there 's once found out a Telescope of such perfection as to be able to distinguish that variety we may expect a Geometricall Demonstration and because for the same reason there must needs be a variety of reflection from Mars and Iupiter when the laws rules of light shall be better known there will not want a Physicall Demonstration LESSON XV. Of the Oppositions against the Motion of the Earth and of its effects 1. AStronomers object that this annuall transferring of the Earth would cause a diversity of elevation in those Stars which are near the Poles and a variety in the appearing bignesse of those in the Zodiack which since we see not follow neither is there any such thing as this Annuall motion of the Earth 2. 'T is answer'd The vast remoteness of the Fixed Stars renders such variations imperceptible and that their distance from us is sufficient to produce this effect may be collected from the effect it has upon a Telescope which though it amplifies so much the Planets and even Saturn himself yet adds nothing or an insensible matter to the Fixed Stars 3. Out of this motion of the Earth rises First the reason of Night and Day for since in a determinate time 't is roul'd about its Centre suppose in about 24 hours the things that are in the Heavens must needs appear sometimes and otherwhile disappear to a determin'd place of the Earth and such a variety in respect of the Sun makes Day and Night in respect of the other Stars a variety not own'd by any common name 4. Again by its motion under the Zodiack it attains various conjunctions with the other Planets 5. Lastly in that it carries its Axis turning still towards the same parts of the Heavens it comes to passe that the part of the Earth enlightned by the Sun possesses sometimes greater sometimes lesser parts of the Parallells according to which the Diurnall motion proceeds and consequently that the dayes are longer and shorter 6. Thence too is it that the Sun becomes more perpendicular at one time then another whence the natures of Winter and Summer are deduc'd and the varieties of Declinations Descensions and Twilights 7. But that the Winter is shorter then the Summer proceeds from this that the Motion through the inequality of the bodies rais'd up in the Winter time is swifter then in the Summer 8. An effect too of the Motion of the Earth is the carrying of the water about with it but not the Tyde First because if the Earth should stand still the water would stand still withall since as we have said above ther 's no impetus but from the gravity and such there would be none in the present case 9. Again ther 's no cause of the unequall motion of the water since ther 's the same quality continually in the movable and not by skips 10. Again if the whole water of the Sea were so mov'd 't would drown the Mountains Lastly the periods of the Earth's motion do not agree with those of the Tyde 's 11. But that the Flux depends on an extrinsecall Agent which impells only the Superficies of the Sea is most evident by the experiment of a late Diver that discovers ther 's no Flux in the bottom of the Sea LESSON XVI Of the Motion of the Aire vvith the Earth and its effects 1. OUt of what has been said 't is manifestly inferr'd that the Aire which clings to the Earth is roul'd in the same manner about or rather with the Earth For since both by the nature of Quantity and the weight of its gravity it presses towards the Earth and sticks to and incorporates with it it cannot without some greater force interposing be separated from it Since therefore in it ther 's no resistance against Motion and onely a resistance against being torn away from the Aire next it which takes another course and this resistance is not greater then that against being torn off from the Aire below and perhaps not so great since Aire is so much the lighter the higher it is T is evident it will follow the Earth Wherefore to the very confines of the emanations of some Star that has a different Motion the whole Aire will be roul'd about with the Earth 2. And experience also proves it for else the twilight vapours Comets and Birds above the highest Mountains would seem hurryed extream swiftly towards the West Again 't is plain those Clouds of dust which we call the Sun's spots fly along with the Sun and that the same way as appears because the bright parts are burned still the same way notwithstanding they are judged to be a hundred miles distant from the Sun The vapours too of the Moon are found to be carried about with the Moon 3. From this Motion of the Aire it follows that bodies in the Aire it self are so moved in respect to the parts of the Aire and the Earth as if there were no Motion at all in neither they being carried still along together with the Aire it self as one in a Ship under saile with a constant wind exercises the same Motions and with the same facility in the Ship as he could do if she stood still 4. Wherefore Arrows shot just upright will fall in the very same place or shot towards the East they 'l fly no farther then if shot towards the West The Motion of the Earth will raise no wind c. This too will be certain that the Aire cannot be carry'd lesse then the Earth as one that sits in a Coach cannot rid lesse ground then the Coach it self 5. Nor can all these be made good by an impetus conceiv'd upon the Earth and remaining in the Movable after its separation from the Earth for neither could Birds retain that impetus for many hours together at least without any notable diminution and lesse could little bodies for many dayes nor could that impetus carry an
divide the Waters from the Waters In the Hebrew an Expansion Either word is properly taken since it was a Space unpassable for its vastnesse and expansion and by consequence fixed and fixing the division of the Waters 7. But those words in the midst of the waters are to be noted which teach that no Substance was made a new but only between the waters and the waters which is evident too from the word Heaven which name he gave the Firmament by which very word 't is express'd that before God created the Heaven The Etymology also of the word is to be noted which both in the Hebrew and Greek Idiom signifies as much as whence the waters or whence or where it drops that it may be evidenc'd even from the name that the Aire it self is the Firmament CHAP. V. A Philosophicall discourse of the vvorks of the other four days 1. FArther by the operation of this vast Fire not only the Water but much of the Earth too with the Water must needs have been rais'd up For Chymists know that the intense heat of fire can raise up and carry away crasse Oyls and Oyntments nay even Salts and very Gold it self Since therefore the Earth before the operation of Light was dissolv'd in minutest parts and Dust as void of all Moisture it must needs be that the Heat mix'd every where the Water with Earth and thus all muddy carry'd it up into the Aire but most of all about those parts over which the Fire perpendicularly hung 2. Whence 't is plain two Effects must needs have risen one that the Earth in that Circle should become more hollowed and low then in the rest of its Superficies the other that the Water from the remoter places should flow into these hollownesses whether by the attraction of the Fire or by naturall connection or by some power of Gravity which through the operation of the Fire by little and little attain'd a force 3. 'T is plain therefore that since the motion of the Earth was of necessity by the greatest Circle the Earth by the course of the foresaid causes must be drain'd and dry'd first about the Poles of that Circle and the waters gathered together in the empty hollownesse under that Circle 4. I said by the course of the foresaid causes for if we consider what was likely to be done by accident this consequence will not be universally necessary For 't is clear that the Earth by the boyling of the water being unequally mixt and remixt with continuall agitation must according to the law of contingency have produc'd by the meeting of different parts as many kinds and species of Earths as we see diversities of Fossils which we divide generally into four kinds Stones Metalls Mold and concrete Iuyces 5. And since from the varieties also of those great parts of that masse now tempered with water a notable variety must needs follow the Earth yet cover'd with Waters may easily here and there have boyl'd up into Excrescencies as Islands have often grown up in the Sea By this irregularity therefore some Mountains growing may have appear'd before the Polar Regions of the Earth 6. From the same principles it follows that the Earth did not appear wholly squallid and desart but already impregnated with the Seeds of all things nor with Seeds only but with Plants too those especially which either require or can endure more moisture the rest by little and little as the dryer Earth grew more apt and fitly dispos'd for their birth they too sprung out 7. And because an Animal is nothing but a more-compounded Plant by the same reason the Earth then most aptly tempered and dispos'd brought forth perfect Animals as it now being barrener of its own accord produces such as we call insecta as Mice and Frogs and sometimes new fashion'd Animals 8. But because the waters must needs have been very muddy even They before the Earth must have sprung into Animals fit to inhabit them viz. Fishes small and great as also into certain middle Animals which might fly up to the higher parts of the Earth that is Birds as even now we see all kind of Birds that are bred of Putrefaction by the Sea shores and Lake's sides grow out of the rottennesse of wood tempered with water 9. 'T was necessary too that by the force of that mighty Flame parts of Earth and Water of a vast bulk carry'd up above the Aire should by naturall attraction and the power of the baking Fire coagulate into many vast Bodies whereof some should more abound with fiery vertue and therefore both conceive and belch out abundance of Flames so that being entirely lucid they should be apt to enlighten other bodies too within a fit distance and that others lesse abounding with fiery parts should be fit in a congruous order and method to be concocted and enlightened by Them and themselves too be able to reflect light from the former to the rest 10. Wherefore were they set moved in a convenient site to the Earth now inhabited they might alwaies more or lesse enlighten it nor would there be any longer need of that vast light made by the Angels And this formation of things the Aegyptians Aethiopians Empedocles and other naturall Philosophers as it were by the conduct of Nature out of the very steps and order of Generation which they still observ'd in nature have emulated and attempted though not throughly attain'd CHAP. VI. An Explication of Genesis concerning the same 1. THe sacred Commentaries concerning these things tell us thus And God said let the Waters which are under the Heaven be gathered together into one place and let the dry Land appear Here is the first mention made of gravity whose effect is said to be to congregate into one place that we may see Gravity is not a motion towards any particular Site but towards the unity of a body and that it was made out of the Order of the Universe now establisht after that between the acting Light and the Earth upon which it acted a great distance full of Aire was interpos'd wherein the motion of things ascending and descending might be free 2. Iob 38. 't is said that the Sea flow'd as it were out of a womb whence 't is understood that the Earth throughly moistned with Water sweat out on all sides into the lower Vaults and increas'd the Water where by the extreme force of the light it had been too much suck'd out and so left the Earth in its due temperament Whence ther 's evidenc'd another cause too besides what we have explicated of the Earths appearing viz. because by the permixtion of hot water it swel'd into a far greater bulk 3. It follows and God call'd the dry Land and the gathering together of the waters he call'd Seas For it was not Earth in the same sense wherein at the beginning 't was said God created the Heaven and the Earth for there the Element of Earth was call'd Earth but
expiration and consequently that every body more or lesse operates upon and affects other bodies which approach it round about or acts in a Sphear as we see by experience in hot cold odoriferous poys'nous bodies and in Animals c. Every body therefore has a certain Sphear of activity by this motion and its action depends upon this action 7. Again therefore since its action is not effected but by an emission of its own parts 't is plain it cannot act upon a distant thing but by a Medium as also that it suffers from that upon which it acts if it be within that 's Sphear of activity the emanations of the one running by lines different from the emanations of the other 8. Again 't is evident that since these emanations are certain minutest particles in a denser body more will stick to its parts because its pores are narrow and hard to passe through wherefore with greater labour and time and at the cost of more little particles a dense body receiv's the nature and similitude of the body acting upon it retains more strongly and works more vigorously then if it were rarer 9. And hence the nature of intension and remission is evident viz. because there are within the same space more or fewer of these particles as also why in a denser body a quality is more intended LESSON X. Of the Motions of Vndulation Projection Reflection and Refraction 1. 'T Is consequentiall to what has been said that Water stir'd and alter'd by any violence from its planesse and equidistance from the Centre will not suddenly cease its motion and return to rest though that extrinsecall force be withdrawn For since by that violence some of its parts are rais'd higher then they should be 't is manifest that those higher parts by the course of common causes must presse towards the Centre and consequently thrust others out of their place wherefore the motion will continue 'till every one be restor'd to its own proper place 2. And because ther 's no motion without a concitation and a certain degree of velocity therefore by the very stop of the motion a new motion will be occasion'd but weaker and weaker still till it quite faint away 3. 'T is plain too that the very same must of necessity happen in Aire if its parts be either condens'd or stir'd out of their right place 4. Again it appears that if it be thus with the Aire the same must be expected too of any weighty moveable that 's carri'd in the Aire For since the reason why such descend not perpendicularly is because the progressive motion or the causes of it are stronger then the causes of descent at least in part and since the moveable has of it self no inclination this or that way it must needs follow the motion of the Aire that 's next it But since a dense thing mov'd is carri'd more forceably then a rare body in which it is the rare body it self as it gives a beginning to that 's motion so again it receiv's an advance from that whence it comes to passe that both the Aire and the moveable continue their motion longer then the Aire alone would 5. Hence again it appears that Moveables in all other respects alike the denser they are the longer they retain their Motion 6. 'T is plain therefore why Pendents by a thrid fastned above wave up and down if they be rais'd from the perpendicular and then let drop for with their first descent they move the Aire following it when it ascends and returning with it when it returns but with a new and a weaker impulse and so proceed still till they can stir it no longer 7. It appears likewise that if a Moveable be violently struck against a hard resister because the Aire before it must of necessity yield and that which follows it pushes it on it will follow the Aire before it that is 't will be reflected from the hard Resister 8. And this making equall Angles at least without any sensible difference for since an oblique motion is resolv'd into two perpendiculars which are in a certain proportion by vertue of the moving causes and the Angle is caus'd and emerges out of this proportion it must needs be that this proportion remaining the Angle of the result or reflection must needs be the same with that of the impulse or incidence as in light where the reflection diminishes not sensibly the force but where the reflection notably weakens the force the angle of reflection will be proportionably lessen'd 9. But if the Resister do but partly resist and partly admit that which is obliquely mov'd will be refracted as they call it from the resistance towards the contrary part that is at the entring towards the Perpendicular falling from the mover upon the Superficies at the going out from the Perpendicular as experience conformable to reason witnesses 10. You 'l object that Refraction of light and dense bodies is very different I answer all the Experiments I have ever heard of conclude no such thing 11. The cause of Restitution is that those bodies which recover themselves again are chang'd from length to breadth but 't is known an extrinsecall superficies the more equall dimensions it has the greater Quantity 't is capable of whence the more the longitude exceeds the latitude so much the more the parts of the imprison'd body are compress'd whose motion is so much the swifter as they are the more spirituous and so much the easilyer too they are dilated and rarifi'd after they have been compress'd and condens'd by the circumstant causes and this is that we call Restitution 12. But it ordinarily happens that if they stand too long in bent they recover not themselves again afterwards because either the condens'd parts are rarifi'd by the expulsion of some of them or else time has begot some stiffnesse by the concretion of the parts press'd together so that now 't is not so easy for them to return to their former habit 13. This doctrine is evident to the very sight in Flesh which being press'd becomes white the Bloud retiring but when that returnes it comes to it self again and recovers its colour But Steel above all things most swiftly restores it self because it has a many extremely spirited particles imprison'd in it LESSON XI Of the Electricall and Magneticall Attractions of hot bodies 1. OUt of what has been said 't is again deduc'd that since there 's a perpetuall issue and sally of some parts out of bodies abounding with intense heat and thereupon a certain Orbe of Steams other little bodies must of necessity flow in after the same manner to the body it self and consequently there must be the same tumult about every such body Les 9. 2. as we spake of about the Earth 2. Hence we see that hot bodies naturally attract those things which are in the Aire about them Thus we believe hot Loafs Onions Apples Dogs and Cats c. draw infection to them
infinite which is impossible whereas yet what is future is in that very respect possible 7. The World therefore is neither from nor to eternity because the world includes the motion of bodies passing on in a determinate order and as it were consists in this 'T was therefore created but not for it self for if it could have deserv'd to be made for its own beauties sake upon the same title it would endure for ever It rests therefore that 't was made for something else which cannot be successive since the same evidence with which we have disputed about motion convinces that no successive thing can be eternall The World therefore is made for some permanent thing but there 's nothing permanent found in Nature except the Rationall soul for whose sake the world could exist Spirits therefore born in bodies and perfected in them not such as are purely abstracted from body who have no use of corporeall instruments are the End for which the world was made 8. And the world is nothing but a kind of vast wombe in which these Spirits may be begotten and brought up which has so many Cells as there are severall Races of these Spirits Our Cell is the Earth we inhabit the Cells of the rest are those masses of the Celestiall bodies except the Solar ones which are the basest of all the rest and as far as we can guesse only ministeriall 9. The Quantity of the world both for its Extension and Duration is such as may fitly serve for the breeding up so many differences of Spirits providing the Cells according to the severall kinds and giving every Cell the bignesse and duration which was sufficient for the number the Architect design'd 10. The Figure of the world is not rendred uneven either with hollownesses or jettings out since the notion of Vacuum excludes both these Wherefore 't is either Sphericall or of some other Curvilineall figure which most concisely covers and encompasses so many and such great Cells 11. The exteriour rimme of it is not compos'd of any solid body but of thinnest Vapours exhal'd out of the outmost bodies unlesse perhaps there be reserv'd in nature some farther use of the Outmost body which we know not of Peripateticall INSTITUTIONS Fourth Book Containing that part of METAPHYSICK which explicates the Essentiall Notions of BODIES LESSON I. Of the divisibility of Substance into Formall parts 1. SInce water is manifestly lesse divisible then Aire and yet they are but one Quantitatively if they are more then one according to their Substance there must of necessity be a reall composition of Quantity to Substance since Unity and Plurality are not distinct from the thing whose they are 2. But if they are not two Substances since there cannot be a different proportion of the same thing to it fels yet the proportion of Quantity to the Substance in Aire is greater then in Water it must needs be again that ther 's a reall composition of Quantity to Substance and therefore a Divisibility 3. Whence t is inferr'd that Substance as t is condistinct from Quantity is indivisible since Quantity is divisibility 4. As also that the Notions of Rarity and Density consist in the proportion of the Quantity to the Substance whose it is since rare bodies are more and dense less divisible 5. You 'l object Such as are one in Quantity are one in Substance too But the whole world is one in Quantity that rigorously since there are no Parts actually in a Magnitude Therefore either Quantity is a distinct thing from Substance or else all Bodily Substance will be but one thing really and materially whatever may be imagined of an Intellectuall distinction between them 6. T is answered 'T is a false assumption to say those things which are one in Quantity are one in their Substances too To that which is objected That all things would be really and materially one T is answer'd Either 't is but the same which we call to be One quantitatively and then 't would be shew'd what inconvenience would follow that consequence being admitted or else that term really and materially would be explicated for the Arguers seem to insinuate that it signifies abstracting from our Notions that is they would be one in no kind of unity whereof we have any Notion 7. All things therefore according to that unity which follows the notion of Quantity and that is accidentall are one but according to their Substances and that unity which follows the notion of Substance they are many 8. It follows from what has been said As oft as any division is made the Substance it self is chang'd which is subjected to the Quantity according to the intrinsecalls of Substance as 't is condistinguish't against Quantity For Division being that whereby more are made of one and they not being made more according to the proper unity of Quantity this plurality must of necessity be in the Substance as 't is condistinguish't against Quantity wherefore the Unity too which is destroy'd was in the Substance as condistinguish't from the Quantity since therefore Vnity superadds nothing to Entity but a negative notion of indivision it comes to passe that a change cannot be made in the unity without a change in the Entity and consequently that the Entity is chang'd 9. But the Entity is not so chang'd that two Entities should be made out of nothing but out of one that existed before otherwise there would not have been made a division There was therefore a power or possibility in the Substance to be many as in many ther 's a possibility to be made one again 10. The Substance therefore is chang'd in some respect and remains in the many according to some part of its power wherefore 't is divided according to its own proprieties and there is in Substances divisible according to Quantity another proper divisibility into the Power by which it can be what it is and the Act by which it is what it is or into the Matter remaining and the Form chang'd 11. Yet the parts of the Substance and the Quantity it self with the Substance against which 't is condivided are not actually in their compounds before division for 't is plain that if they are in act one of them before division is not another they are therefore many nor can be divided that is made many 12. Out of what has been said 't is evident that this Formall divisibility has not the true nature of divisibility that is 't is lesse then the divisibility of a Magnitude into its parts For a Magnitude is divided into parts whereof every one exists after the division by their proper existences but one at least of these parts exists no longer and that which remains exists not alone but commonly with some other instead of the part it has lost LESSON II. Of the Formall parts of Substance in particular 1. HEnce it follows that because a change according to the parts of the Substance changes
here a certain mixt body consisting of infinite variety And for the same cause he call'd the Firmament Heaven for at the beginning Heaven signifi'd Aire and Water in the purity of their natures but here a mixt body made of the Elevation of the Waters with the Aire 4. We understand farther because the waters are commanded to be congregated into one place and yet the effect is call'd Seas the waters which from that mighty celestiall fire had contracted Saltnesse though to appearance they possesse severall places yet have a communion between themselves truly constitute one place though outwardly interrupted as 't is evident of most of them out of Cosmographicall History 5. It follows And God said let the Earth bring forth the green herbs and which produces Seed c. Whence 't is understood that the generation of Plants proceeded from the very springing fecundity of the Earth through the activity of so much heat without any extraordinary and miraculous concourse of God For if in fifteen daies Plants ripen under the Equator which with us require a three moneths space for their generation what doubt but much more copiously and sooner they started out of the womb of the Earth justly tempered by the operation of Angels 6. Nor need we believe because the Plants were perfect therefore Oaks and such like Trees must have been at the full strength which they attain not under an intire Age for it suffices that the barren Trees yielded Shade and the fruitfull their Fruits against the sixth Day 6. The Text goes on Let there be Lights in the Firmament of Heaven and let them divide the day and the night And even from hence 't is evident that the office of Light created the first day was to dry the Earth which being done there was no longer need of so mighty a Fire and therefore the Angels ceas'd from that operation 8. There appears again the difference between that Light and the Sun for the Sun is not call'd light but a light'ner as a Candle or a Torch wherein one part is flame and another fuel of the flame or that yields the light It appears therefore that the SUN is a concrete of combustible matter and a certain Vulcanian Globe all over full of pits vomiting flames and that it receiv'd the office of the former light which was to divide between the day and the night 9. But in that 't is said in the firmament of Heaven the Originall expression has it in the expansion of Heaven or of that whence the waters 't is evident these lights were plac'd in the Aire and that ther 's no difference of nature between the Firmament wherein the Stars and that wherein the Clouds and Birds are and consequently that neither are there any Sphears in which the Fixed Stars should be but they are mov'd as Fishes in the water 10. Upon which grounds 't will not be hard to believe them made of Waters rais'd up out of the Earth as the 103 or 104 Psalm clearly teaches For where our text has it who covers with waters its upper parts viz. of Heaven the Hebrew has who framest its chambers of waters Chambers are lodgings or abiding places aloft the Stars therefore if indeed there are any People in them are elegantly call'd the chambers of Heaven and they are said to be fram'd of water that is built and compacted the watry parts commixt with which the terrestriall were rais'd up partly being drain'd into the concavities as we said concerning our Sea partly keeping a consistency about the globes to thicken the Aire partly remaining in them for a due mixtion sake according to the variety of the parts of the Globes 11. But that the Angels which before kindled the Light were divided amongst the Stars especially the Suns whereof 't is evident there are many Iob shews by those words when ask'd where wast thou when the morning Stars marched triumphantly or exulted alike or together and all the sons of God sounded their trumpets that is when the morning stars began to be mov'd as in the Psalm 't is said of the Sun he rouz'd up himself as a Giant to run his course that is stars making morning or light to which conjoining the sons of God he teaches that each of them had its Angel to excite their first motion as it were sounding the Alarm and giving the sign for motion or making the start and first impression And this interpretation is best accommodated both to the Hebrew words and to the matter whereof He spake and the word together shews that in one day they all began their motion 12. The holy Authour adds the End of these Lights that they might be eminent day and night for so the originall propriety has it where our text saies to rule over that is that they might be very conspicuous And for Signs or according to the force of the originall word Miracles or Prodigies that is that they might make men admire whence by little and little they might be elevated from terrestriall things to know God and his works and worship him 13. Lastly for days and years Whence 't is deduc'd that the Earth had been hitherto mov'd only about its own Centre but from thenceforward began to be mov'd under the Ecliptick viz. Because the motion made by the first fire was so violent that the waters were only drawn towards the light or if any mov'd any other way they were so few that they were in no measure able to alter the course towards the light But the force of the Sun being far lesse did so make the Waters move about the Earth that yet the impulse of the returning Waters was notable whence the Earth was mov'd about the Sun in a line mixt in a manner of a Circular and a right CHAP. VII Some Animadversions about the Text of the first Chapter of Genesis 1. FRom the whole Story 't is evident that our Earth is situated in the very middle of the Universe For since all the rest of the World was form'd by evaporation from the Globe whereof our Earth was the Centre this by Fire intermediate between the Earth the other parts of the World 't is evident that the rest of the world is with a certain equality remote from it and consequently that it is plac'd in the midst 2. Which I would not have so understood as if the Centre of the Earth were the very middle point but that the Great Orbe that is all that Orbe which the Earth makes with its circle about the Sun has the notion of a Centre for that it scarce makes a visible Magnitude in respect of the rest of the world Astronomers find by experience 3. Adde to this a conjecture from the Phaenomena's For the Zodiack is fuller of great and conspicuous Stars then the other parts of the Heavens as it must of necessity have happened if the World began after the manner we have explicated Besides of all those Stars which are
Arrow as swiftly acrosse as directly Besides as those that swimme against the stream feel the strength of the stream under water so one that should move towards the West would feel the Aire to be carry'd towards the East 6. Much lesse by the force of its circular motion will the Earth throw any thing laid upon it into Heaven For circular motion has no such property in its own nature since 't is still about the Centre and by consequence keeps every thing according to its own line in the same distance from the Centre But those things we see thrown off from wheels are so by reason of their adhesion and the mixture of a straight motion with the circular as also because the centre of gravity of such thrown bodies is remov'd from that position wherein it was sustain'd by the body under it LESSON XVII Of the causes of the Motion of the Moon and other Stars 1. SInce supposing this motion of the Earth the Moon is carry'd with it about the Sun and keeps alwaies the same side towards it 't is fairly convinc'd to have a kind of adhesion to the Earth 2. Yet not a Magneticall one being it changes not its aspect nor has any declination for its approaching the Poles nor though it hangs loose does it come to the Earth 'T is therefore an adhesion of gravity 3. And since gravity proceeds from the Motion of things descending towards the Earth the Moon must be situated within the Emanations of the Earth be carry'd about the Centre of the Earth and about the Sun But because it has a propension of its own towards the Earth it is not carry'd so swiftly as the Emanations themselves its progresse being according to Astronomicall observations but about a 28. part every day 4. And because under the Zodiack ther 's a perpetuall tumult of vapours which ascend and being come up to a certain height turn off from the Torrid Zone towards the Poles the motion of the Moon is compounded of a Motion under the Ecliptick and towards the Poles 5. It is not therefore carry'd purely under the Ecliptick but because 't is mov'd in a Sphericall Superficies and by the shortest line that is by a greatest circle it will cut the Ecliptick twice every intire course of its defects that is every moneth 6. In its Opposition and Conjunction to the Sun the body of the Moon that is the whole complex of its solid and vapours becomes lesse heavy In Conjunction because its nearnesse to the Sun and the Sun 's stronger reflection from the Earth raises more Vapours in the Moon in Opposition more vapours are rais'd out of its naturally colder part and in the upper part ther 's allways abundance 7. Wherefore the Moon in these positions must rise higher from the Earth and in the Quadratures that is about the passages from the first to the second and from the third to the fourth Quarters appear bigger But because that part which looks towards the Earth is allways the heavier it never turns t'other side towards us 8. Nor is there any fear least the Moon falling by reason of its weight should o'rewhelm the Earth both because 't is furnisht with a great deal of fire and vapours lighter then the Emanations of the Earth as also because very gravity it self near the confines of the Earths emanations is not so powerfull as 't is here lower 9. But farther because 't is hurry'd about two thousand miles every houre whence were it made of solid Iron it could not fall down since we see iron Bullets sustain'd in the Aire by the power of Guns though their motion be not two hundred miles an houre 10. Out of what has been said we may easily argue concerning the other Great Bodies For all those that belong to our Great Orbe either are mov'd about the Sun as being certain other Earths or else about other Stars as the Moon about the Earth such as are the Medicean Stars and the Companions of Saturn 11. And because we discover Suns among those other parts of the world 't is very credible there are proportionable Planets dispos'd among them too and that all those Bodies are mov'd in the manner of ours 12. The Sun it self must of necessity turn about its own centre else certainly since 't is Fire 't would appear divided into Pyramids and if it were born along with a progressive motion 't would shew a vast train of flames like a Comet 13. Lastly since 't is all full of Caverns belching out flames and fire flames out according to the nature of its fewell these flames must of necessity flash out with a fierce impulse against the sides of the Caverns and because they have an eminent proportion to the body they must shake the entire Sun and turn it that way the Motion lyes strongest which the Phenomena of its Spots and bright parts testify to be according to the Zodiack LESSON XVIII Of the Primum Mobile the Duration and Quiddity of the World 1. BUt because this fire which bursts out from the Sun's bowells is it self mov'd too either this Motion which is the Mother of all other must spring from it self or else we must come to an incorporeall Agent 2. But that Bodies which rest how many soever they are cannot start of themselves into Motion is most evident For being suppos'd to rest all their intrinsecalls are suppos'd without that effect which is call'd Motion Since therefore all things remaining the very same in the causes there cannot be any change in the effect and yet supposing Motion there would be a change 't is plain there cannot any Motion spring out of them without altering first somewhat in the causes that is in the Bodies 3. Moreover every part of Motion being a new effect the same evidence convinces that motion cannot be continu'd without some Cause be suppos'd continually altering the First Body on which depend the motions of all the rest 4. Since therefore we have pursu'd the Originall of motion into the very bowells of the Sun we must conclude that there is a Mover of another nature viz. an incorporeall from whom Fire receiv's the power of moving who being of an immovable Nature establishes the Centre of the Sun that it may be the Fixer and as it were Basis of all things rouling about it 5. That Motion cannot be infinite the same argument convinces which made it plain before that all Permanent Quantity is finite For suppose backwards from this instant or now wherein we are an infinite Time already past there must be infinite hours past some one therefore will be infinite others distant from us and in that one a determinate now which with this present instant must enclose an infinite on both sides 6. Nor if the computation be made forwards will the reason differ for there must still be infinite hours to come and one of them will be infinite others distant from us and in that one a certain now terminating an