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hour_n have_v be_v divert_v by_o some_o occasion_n from_o take_v it_o soon_o out_o we_o find_v as_o we_o have_v conjecture_v that_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n continue_v perfect_o fluid_a as_o before_o yet_o the_o bubble_n total_o immerse_v in_o this_o heat_n chemical_a oil_n be_v freeze_v throughout_o not_o except_v that_o which_o be_v harbour_v in_o the_o little_a neck_n or_o stalk_v and_o when_o i_o come_v to_o lift_v it_o out_o of_o the_o liquor_n the_o glass_n be_v crack_v as_o we_o suppose_v by_o the_o cold_a the_o string_n bring_v up_o a_o little_a part_n of_o that_o which_o be_v near_a to_o it_o the_o rest_n in_o the_o form_n above_o mention_v stay_v behind_o and_o subside_v and_o that_o which_o be_v remarkable_a in_o this_o piece_n of_o ice_n be_v that_o when_o we_o have_v take_v it_o out_o it_o appear_v cleave_v very_o deep_a from_o the_o outside_n almost_o to_o the_o centre_n according_a to_o a_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o slender_a part_n of_o 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a_o point_n almost_o like_o the_o pole_n and_o meridian_n in_o a_o globe_n whence_o we_o conclude_v the_o glass_n to_o have_v be_v as_o it_o be_v probable_a burst_v asunder_o upon_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n into_o ice_n and_o that_o the_o reason_n why_o there_o remain_v but_o a_o comparative_o little_a parcel_n of_o ice_n be_v probable_o that_o the_o salt_n water_n get_v in_o at_o those_o cranny_n or_o chink_n dissolve_v as_o much_o of_o the_o new_a make_v ice_n as_o in_o a_o little_a while_n it_o can_v easy_o reach_v beside_o 11._o we_o fill_v a_o glass_n bubble_n with_o fair_a water_n and_o have_v hermetical_o seal_v it_o we_o suspend_v it_o by_o a_o string_n fasten_v to_o the_o cork_n in_o the_o cavity_n of_o a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n well_o stop_v so_o that_o the_o bubble_n be_v every_o way_n at_o a_o good_a distance_n from_o the_o side_n bottom_n and_o top_n of_o the_o glass_n this_o we_o do_v to_o try_v whether_o a_o sufficient_a degree_n of_o cold_a at_o that_o distance_n will_v be_v free_o transmit_v through_o the_o glass_n without_o the_o intervention_n of_o a_o visible_a liquor_n and_o according_o we_o find_v the_o suspend_v bubble_n crack_v by_o the_o ice_n that_o fill_v it_o title_n xv._n experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v ice_n 1._o a_o great_a part_n of_o our_o present_a history_n be_v employ_v about_o deliver_v the_o phaenomena_n of_o congelation_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v expect_v that_o in_o this_o section_n where_o we_o treat_v of_o ice_n as_o a_o distinct_a part_n of_o our_o theme_n we_o shall_v deliver_v all_o those_o particular_n that_o have_v occur_v to_o we_o wherein_o ice_n be_v concern_v and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v restrain_v ourselves_o to_o the_o mention_n of_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o ice_n consider_v as_o it_o consist_v of_o entire_a and_o distinct_a portion_n of_o congeal_v water_n and_o though_o we_o shall_v deliver_v some_o few_o experiment_n of_o our_o own_o such_o as_o we_o have_v any_o 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to_o be_v measure_v so_o the_o measurer_n not_o know_v how_o long_o they_o may_v have_v be_v on_o ground_n for_o aught_o i_o know_v much_o of_o that_o admire_a height_n may_v be_v attribute_v to_o the_o snow_n that_o from_o time_n to_o time_n fall_v very_o plentiful_o in_o those_o freeze_a region_n and_o be_v compact_v together_o either_o by_o the_o sun_n who_o beam_n sometime_o begin_v to_o thaw_v it_o and_o sometime_o by_o the_o water_n of_o the_o wave_n that_o beat_v against_o the_o ice_n and_o be_v congeal_v with_o the_o snow_n do_v as_o it_o be_v cement_v the_o part_n of_o it_o together_o and_o sometime_o by_o both_o of_o these_o cause_n so_o in_o the_o instance_n allege_v 14._o out_o of_o captain_n james_n of_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v twice_o as_o high_a as_o his_o top-mast-head_n it_o be_v say_v also_o that_o they_o be_v on_o ground_n in_o 40._o fathom_n and_o in_o the_o other_o example_n mention_v out_o of_o bartholinus_n though_o there_o be_v 40._o fathom_n attribute_v 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multiplicaret_fw-la as_o our_o author_n be_v descend_v into_o the_o golden_a mine_n at_o cremnitz_n he_o find_v in_o one_o place_n the_o heat_n to_o increase_v as_o he_o descend_v more_o and_o more_o which_o seem_v not_o to_o agree_v with_o a_o passage_n we_o late_o mention_v out_o of_o he_o and_o to_o exceed_v any_o he_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o mine_n and_o afterward_o the_o overseer_n bring_v he_o into_o a_o room_n that_o abound_v with_o smaragdine_n vitriol_n the_o mineral_n whence_o this_o heat_n proceed_v though_o the_o room_n be_v spacious_a he_o find_v there_o beside_o a_o sharp_a spirit_n very_o offensive_a to_o his_o throat_n so_o troublesome_a a_o heat_n that_o he_o be_v ready_a to_o faint_v away_o with_o sweat_v and_o very_o much_o wonder_v how_o the_o digger_n be_v able_a to_o work_v there_o and_o elsewhere_o the_o author_n himself_o note_n that_o such_o hot_a mine_n of_o vitriol_n or_o sulphur_n may_v be_v find_v even_o in_o the_o first_o region_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o he_o call_v that_o which_o be_v somewhat_o near_o the_o surface_n and_o which_o he_o think_v 〈◊〉_d to_o name_v the_o cold_a region_n and_o within_o a_o large_a sphere_n of_o activity_n make_v it_o perpetual_o hot_a but_o this_o as_o i_o be_v intimate_v i_o mention_v but_o as_o a_o suspicion_n or_o a_o conjecture_n and_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o degree_n of_o heat_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v in_o these_o mine_n by_o the_o concurrence_n of_o accidental_a cause_n in_o case_n the_o conjecture_n be_v admit_v yet_o since_o the_o frequency_n of_o a_o sensible_a degree_n of_o heat_n in_o very_o deep_a place_n do_v very_o little_a favour_n their_o opinion_n that_o will_v allow_v the_o earth_n to_o have_v no_o other_o heat_n but_o what_o it_o receive_v from_o the_o sun_n beam_n or_o by_o the_o manifest_a fire_n of_o burn_a hill_n as_o aetna_n and_o vesuvius_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v object_v that_o this_o subterraneal_a heat_n be_v adventitious_a to_o the_o 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sense_n not_o to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o only_o the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la perhaps_o they_o may_v have_v a_o better_a plea_n for_o their_o opinion_n than_o they_o can_v urge_v for_o they_o who_o contend_v for_o the_o water_n or_o the_o air_n especial_o if_o to_o countenance_v their_o opinion_n this_o memorable_a observation_n be_v add_v which_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o 474._o among_o those_o navigator_n that_o have_v have_v the_o great_a experience_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n for_o the_o dutch_a that_o sail_v thrice_o to_o nova_n 〈◊〉_d and_o once_o winter_v there_o affirm_v in_o their_o first_o voyage_n that_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a be_v not_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o main_a sea_n where_o yet_o man_n be_v most_o expose_v to_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o air_n and_o of_o the_o water_n but_o either_o upon_o the_o land_n or_o near_o it_o that_o accurate_a geometrician_n and_o hydrographer_n fournier_n tell_v we_o that_o in_o 1595._o 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that_o captain_n james_n who_o have_v very_o good_a opportunity_n to_o try_v allow_v not_o in_o case_n the_o ice_n be_v not_o make_v by_o accumulation_n that_o the_o frost_n pierce_v above_o two_o yard_n perpendicular_o downward_o from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n even_o in_o the_o cold_a habitable_a region_n and_o this_o will_v seem_v the_o more_o rational_a if_o we_o consider_v that_o in_o case_n the_o coldness_n of_o the_o sea_n proceed_v constant_o from_o the_o air_n as_o such_o the_o cold_a will_v be_v great_a near_o the_o surface_n where_o it_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n then_o in_o the_o part_n remote_a from_o it_o and_o yet_o the_o contrary_n may_v appear_v by_o the_o passage_n late_o recite_v 20._o but_o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o this_o at_o best_a can_v prove_v no_o more_o then_o that_o the_o air_n be_v not_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la notwithstanding_o which_o it_o may_v be_v the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o answer_v i_o must_v proceed_v 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another_o treatise_n to_o which_o such_o matter_n more_o proper_o belong_v it_o be_v know_v that_o the_o school_n define_v cold_a by_o the_o property_n they_o ascribe_v to_o it_o of_o congregate_a both_o heterogeneous_a and_o homogeneous_a thing_n i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o attempt_v the_o make_v some_o separation_n in_o body_n by_o the_o force_n of_o cold._a for_o if_o that_o hold_v true_a in_o this_o climate_n which_o have_v be_v observe_v by_o traveller_n and_o navigator_n in_o northern_a region_n that_o man_n may_v obtain_v from_o beer_n and_o wine_n a_o very_a strong_a spirit_n and_o a_o phlegm_n by_o congelation_n it_o seem_v probable_a that_o in_o divers_a other_o liquor_n the_o waterish_a part_n will_v begin_v to_o freeze_v before_o the_o more_o spirituous_a and_o saline_a and_o if_o so_o we_o may_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v divers_a separation_n as_o well_o by_o cold_a as_o by_o heat_n and_o dephlegme_n if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v some_o liquor_n as_o well_o by_o 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part_n from_o the_o rest_n will_v or_o will_v not_o succeed_v and_o i_o remember_v that_o a_o large_a glass_n vessel_n wherein_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o cold_a a_o considerable_a part_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n who_o swim_v argue_v it_o to_o be_v light_a than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n but_o though_o i_o put_v some_o of_o this_o ice_n in_o a_o glass_n by_o itself_o to_o examine_v by_o its_o weight_n and_o taste_n when_o thaw_v how_o much_o it_o differ_v from_o the_o uncongealed_a part_n of_o the_o spirit_n my_o hope_n be_v disappoint_v by_o a_o misfortune_n which_o be_v not_o repair_v by_o my_o expose_v afterward_o a_o small_a quantity_n of_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n to_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n for_o that_o prove_v so_o cold_a that_o the_o whole_a be_v turn_v into_o ice_n wherefore_o i_o must_v reserve_v for_o another_o opportunity_n the_o prosecute_a that_o experiment_n as_o also_o the_o try_v whether_o a_o separation_n of_o the_o serous_a or_o the_o 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to_o discourse_v with_o about_o this_o matter_n who_o affirm_v to_o i_o that_o sail_v along_o the_o coast_n of_o germany_n he_o have_v take_v out_o of_o the_o sea_n ice_n that_o be_v thaw_v he_o find_v to_o afford_v good_a fresh_a water_n i_o begin_v to_o consider_v whether_o we_o may_v not_o by_o cold_a free_a salt_n water_n at_o some_o season_n of_o the_o year_n from_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o the_o phlegm_n which_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o cost_v much_o to_o free_v they_o from_o by_o fire_n and_o other_o mean_n for_o a_o little_a help_n towards_o the_o diminution_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o so_o useful_a a_o experiment_n by_o many_o that_o boil_v salt_n out_o of_o the_o salt_n spring_v that_o in_o some_o country_n that_o be_v think_v the_o skilful_a in_o that_o trade_n they_o make_v their_o salt-water_n fall_v upon_o great_a bundle_n of_o small_a brush-wood_n that_o be_v thereby_o divide_v and_o reduce_v to_o a_o far_o great_a superficies_n there_o may_v in_o 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by_o the_o diary_n the_o quicksilver_n to_o have_v ascend_v but_o to_o 29_o inch_n and_o a_o pretty_a deal_n less_o than_o a_o half_a since_o that_o time_n be_v force_v by_o several_a avocation_n to_o be_v often_o absent_a from_o the_o place_n where_o my_o thermoscope_n be_v keep_v i_o be_v not_o careful_a to_o prosecute_v such_o observation_n those_o already_o set_v down_o not_o to_o mention_v those_o that_o be_v not_o here_o transcribe_v be_v judge_v abundant_o sufficient_a to_o evince_v the_o paradox_n propose_v to_o be_v prove_v by_o they_o only_o to_o manifest_v that_o after_o i_o desist_v from_o register_n my_o observation_n the_o phaenomena_n may_v probable_o have_v be_v as_o remarkable_a as_o before_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o one_o of_o the_o last_o time_n i_o chance_v to_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o difference_n to_o be_v gather_v by_o compare_v the_o two_o weather-glass_n i_o find_v the_o weather_n happen_v to_o be_v warm_a than_o ordinary_a the_o difference_n between_o 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as_o principal_o affect_v by_o the_o proper_a virtue_n of_o the_o cold_a but_o by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n as_o we_o shall_v ere_o long_o more_o full_o declare_v and_o if_o this_o be_v make_v out_o than_o the_o computation_n we_o be_v consider_v will_v be_v find_v to_o be_v very_o fallacious_a for_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o 5_o show_v that_o the_o strength_n require_v to_o compress_v air_n be_v in_o reciprocal_a proportion_n or_o there_o about_o to_o the_o space_n comprehend_v the_o same_o portion_n of_o air_n so_o that_o if_o a_o cylinder_n for_o instance_n of_o four_o inch_n of_o air_n be_v just_o able_a to_o resist_v a_o strength_n or_o pressure_n equivalent_a to_o 10._o pound_n weight_n when_o it_o come_v to_o be_v compress_v into_o two_o inch_n in_o this_o case_n i_o say_v a_o equal_a force_n superad_v to_o the_o former_a which_o make_v that_o a_o double_a force_n or_o equivalent_a to_o 20_o pound_n weight_n will_v drive_v up_o that_o already_o compress_a 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this_o hot_a and_o subtle_a liquor_n i_o have_v find_v upon_o trial_n purposely_o make_v to_o be_v more_o easy_o congealable_a in_o the_o sense_n fresh_o explain_v by_o cold_a then_o even_o common_a water_n and_o to_o continue_v so_o several_a day_n after_o a_o thaw_v have_v resolve_v the_o common_a ice_n into_o fluid_a water_n again_o and_o i_o know_v some_o distil_a liquor_n who_o component_a particle_n be_v so_o pierce_v and_o so_o vehement_o agitate_a that_o the_o tongue_n can_v suffer_v they_o and_o they_o be_v not_o perhaps_o inferior_a to_o most_o chemical_a oil_n nor_o to_o aquafortis_n itself_o and_o yet_o these_o may_v be_v congeal_v by_o far_o less_o degree_n of_o cold_a than_o such_o as_o will_v yet_o prove_v ineffectual_a to_o freeze_v either_o the_o generality_n of_o chemical_a oil_n or_o the_o generality_n of_o saline_a spirit_n and_o indeed_o till_o we_o attain_v to_o some_o more_o determinate_a theory_n of_o cold_a and_o come_v to_o know_v more_o touch_v its_o cause_n than_o we_o yet_o do_v i_o see_v not_o why_o it_o shall_v be_v absurd_a to_o suspect_v that_o though_o there_o be_v some_o kind_n of_o body_n which_o seem_v fit_v to_o produce_v cold_a indiscriminate_o in_o the_o body_n they_o invade_v or_o touch_v yet_o if_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o a_o body_n be_v but_o the_o lessen_v of_o the_o wont_a or_o former_a agitation_n of_o its_o part_n from_o what_o cause_n soever_o that_o remissness_n proceed_v it_o seem_v not_o impossible_a but_o that_o beside_o those_o body_n or_o corpuscle_n that_o may_v be_v look_v upon_o as_o the_o catholic_n efficient_n of_o cold_a there_o may_v be_v particular_a agent_n which_o in_o reference_n to_o this_o or_o that_o particular_a body_n may_v be_v call_v frigorifick_a though_o they_o will_v not_o so_o much_o refrigerate_v another_o body_n which_o perhaps_o will_v be_v more_o easy_o affect_v than_o the_o former_a by_o 〈◊〉_d efficient_n of_o cold._a for_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o quicksilver_n may_v be_v congeal_v by_o the_o steam_n of_o lead_n which_o have_v not_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o to_o have_v any_o such_o effect_n upon_o any_o other_o fluid_a body_n and_o yet_o quicksilver_n be_v not_o to_o be_v deprive_v of_o its_o fluidity_n by_o such_o a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o will_v freeze_v not_o only_a water_n but_o wine_n and_o by_o what_o we_o have_v former_o relate_v upon_o the_o credit_n of_o that_o great_a traveller_n the_o jesuit_n martinius_n it_o seem_v that_o water_n itself_o may_v in_o some_o region_n be_v so_o dispose_v by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o soil_n that_o it_o be_v susceptible_a of_o strange_a impression_n of_o cold_a in_o proportion_n to_o the_o effect_n which_o that_o degree_n of_o cold_a produce_v there_o in_o humane_a body_n beside_o opium_n also_o of_o which_o three_o or_o four_o grain_n have_v too_o oft_o destroy_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o whole_a mass_n of_o blood_n in_o a_o man_n body_n though_o that_o be_v a_o very_a hot_a subtle_a and_o spirituous_a liquor_n do_v not_o sensible_o refrigerate_v water_n as_o far_o as_o i_o can_v observe_v with_o a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n which_o i_o put_v sometime_o in_o a_o glass_n of_o ordinary_a water_n and_o sometime_o into_o a_o glass_n of_o water_n of_o the_o same_o temper_n and_o as_o we_o guess_v of_o the_o same_o quantity_n wherein_o opium_n enough_o to_o kill_v very_o many_o man_n be_v put_v in_o thin_a slice_n and_o suffer_v to_o dissolve_v which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o as_o differ_a liquor_n have_v each_o their_o peculiar_a texture_n so_o there_o may_v be_v certain_a body_n who_o minute_n particle_n by_o their_o peculiar_a seize_v shape_n and_o motion_n may_v be_v qualify_v to_o hinder_v or_o at_o least_o lessen_v the_o agitation_n of_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o appropriate_v liquor_n into_o who_o pore_n they_o insinuate_v themselves_o and_o thereby_o according_a to_o the_o late_o mention_v supposition_n they_o may_v refrigerate_v that_o particular_a liquor_n without_o have_v the_o like_a effect_n on_o other_o liquor_n who_o texture_n be_v differ_v and_o i_o may_v countenance_v this_o by_o add_v that_o as_o fiery_a and_o agitate_a a_o spirit_n as_o that_o of_o wine_n when_o well_o 〈◊〉_d be_v just_o think_v to_o be_v yet_o i_o know_v more_o liquor_n than_o one_o that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o will_v in_o a_o trice_n deprive_v it_o of_o its_o 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o like_a change_n i_o have_v sometime_o make_v in_o some_o other_o liquor_n also_o but_o i_o must_v not_o insist_v on_o such_o matter_n have_v mention_v they_o but_o only_o to_o awaken_v man_n curiosity_n and_o circumspection_n and_o not_o to_o build_v much_o upon_o they_o which_o will_v be_v easy_o credit_v if_o it_o be_v remember_v that_o a_o little_a above_o i_o myself_o sufficient_o intimate_v that_o this_o conjecture_n suppose_v something_o about_o the_o
i_o be_o now_o upon_o for_o while_o i_o be_v yesterday_o write_v it_o i_o have_v occasion_n to_o examine_v by_o such_o a_o seal_v weatherglass_n as_o i_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o the_o temper_n of_o a_o certain_a strange_a kind_n of_o mixture_n that_o towards_o the_o close_a of_o this_o treatise_n i_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o take_v special_a notice_n of_o and_o though_o to_o the_o touch_n it_o appear_v but_o lukewarm_a yet_o have_v put_v into_o it_o the_o ball_n and_o part_n of_o the_o stem_n of_o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n i_o find_v the_o include_v liquor_n slow_o enough_o impel_v up_o so_o high_a that_o at_o length_n to_o my_o wonder_n it_o rise_v eight_o or_o nine_o inch_n in_o a_o stem_n which_o be_v not_o much_o above_o a_o foot_n long_o but_o that_o which_o i_o relate_v as_o the_o surprise_v circumstance_n be_v that_o when_o i_o have_v take_v out_o the_o thermoscope_n and_o remove_v it_o again_o into_o a_o deep_a glass_n full_a of_o cold_a water_n whence_o i_o have_v just_a before_o take_v it_o out_o to_o put_v it_o into_o the_o anomalous_a mixture_n i_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o examine_v the_o tincture_n in_o the_o weatherglass_n do_v not_o as_o it_o be_v wont_a and_o as_o any_o one_o will_v have_v expect_v begin_v to_o subside_o again_o towards_o its_o former_a station_n but_o continue_v within_o about_o half_a a_o inch_n or_o less_o of_o the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o instrument_n though_o neither_o my_o own_o busy_a eye_n nor_o those_o of_o a_o person_n very_o well_o verse_v in_o make_v and_o use_v thermoscope_n can_v perceive_v that_o the_o expanded_a tincture_n be_v any_o where_o discontinue_v by_o any_o air_n or_o bubble_n which_o at_o first_o we_o suspect_v may_v possible_o though_o it_o be_v very_o unlikely_a have_v be_v generate_v by_o the_o tepor_fw-la of_o the_o mixture_n but_o that_o which_o continue_v our_o wonder_n if_o not_o increase_v it_o be_v that_o during_o four_o or_o five_o hour_n that_o the_o instrument_n continue_v in_o the_o cold_a water_n and_o during_o some_o hour_n also_o that_o it_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n the_o tincture_n do_v not_o subside_o above_o half_a a_o inch_n and_o which_o be_v yet_o more_o strange_a have_v leave_v the_o glass_n all_o night_n in_o the_o window_n of_o a_o room_n where_o there_o be_v no_o chimney_n i_o find_v in_o the_o morning_n that_o its_o descent_n be_v scarce_o sensible_o great_a for_o it_o continue_v about_o eight_o inch_n high_o than_o the_o mark_v it_o stand_v at_o when_o i_o first_o put_v it_o into_o the_o lukewarm_a mixture_n and_o how_o long_o it_o will_v yet_o retain_v this_o strange_a expansion_n be_v more_o than_o i_o can_v tell_v but_o by_o this_o and_o what_o i_o may_v have_v occasion_n hereafter_o to_o relate_v concern_v this_o mixture_n it_o may_v appear_v somewhat_o the_o more_o reasonable_a to_o suspect_v that_o even_o seal_a weather-glass_n furnish_v with_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n may_v in_o some_o though_o very_o rare_a conjuncture_n of_o circumstance_n and_o from_o some_o peculiar_a agent_n either_o by_o their_o insinuate_a themselves_o through_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o glass_n or_o on_o some_o other_o account_n receive_v impression_n that_o as_o far_o as_o can_v easy_o be_v discern_v be_v not_o pure_o the_o genuine_a and_o wont_a operation_n of_o heat_n and_o cold._n the_o chemist_n orthelius_fw-la tell_v we_o that_o 6._o the_o liquor_n distil_v from_o the_o oar_n of_o magnesia_n or_o bismute_v which_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o same_o mineral_n that_o we_o in_o english_a call_v tin-glass_n will_v swell_v in_o the_o glass_n it_o be_v keep_v in_o not_o only_o manifest_o but_o very_o considerable_o at_o the_o full_a moon_n and_o shrink_v at_o the_o new_a moon_n and_o if_o all_o my_o endeavour_n to_o procure_v that_o oar_n have_v not_o prove_v fruitless_a i_o shall_v be_v able_a by_o my_o own_o experience_n to_o disprove_v or_o confirm_v so_o admirable_a a_o phaenomenon_n but_o be_v as_o yet_o unfurnish_a to_o make_v the_o trial_n myself_o lest_o it_o may_v appear_v a_o vanity_n so_o much_o as_o to_o mention_v without_o reject_v it_o a_o thing_n so_o very_o unlikely_a i_o shall_v add_v that_o since_o i_o find_v the_o thing_n for_o the_o main_a which_o be_v deliver_v by_o the_o chemist_n employ_v as_o a_o argument_n by_o a_o credit_n famous_a mathematician_n the_o jesuit_n casatus_fw-la who_o expression_n be_v such_o as_o if_o he_o himself_o have_v observe_v that_o even_o in_o stop_v glass_n the_o forementioned_a mineral_n spirit_n increase_v very_o sensible_o in_o bulk_n about_o the_o time_n of_o the_o full_a moon_n which_o wonder_v be_v admit_v may_v not_o only_o countenance_v what_o we_o be_v say_v but_o hint_n some_o other_o very_o strange_a thing_n in_o nature_n this_o bring_v into_o my_o mind_n what_o i_o have_v elsewhere_o mention_v that_o a_o tincture_n of_o amber_n i_o have_v make_v with_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n do_v for_o many_o month_n in_o a_o well_o stop_v glass_n discover_v itself_o to_o be_v affect_v with_o certain_a change_n which_o be_v think_v to_o proceed_v from_o some_o secret_a mutation_n of_o the_o air_n that_o do_v sensible_o so_o work_v as_o i_o have_v not_o observe_v it_o to_o do_v upon_o other_o liquor_n wherein_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n abound_v and_o perhaps_o upon_o long_a and_o diligent_a observation_n one_o may_v find_v a_o disparity_n betwixt_o weather-glass_n keep_v in_o the_o same_o place_n but_o furnish_v with_o differ_v liquor_n a_o disparity_n i_o say_v that_o can_v not_o be_v so_o well_o ascribe_v to_o any_o thing_n as_o to_o the_o peculiar_a nature_n of_o the_o respective_a liquor_n which_o though_o of_o divers_a kind_n may_v to_o add_v that_o towards_o the_o facilitation_n of_o trial_n be_v make_v of_o a_o very_a conspicuous_a colour_n by_o the_o selfsame_a metal_n copper_n which_o not_o only_o give_v the_o know_a colour_n in_o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la but_o afford_v a_o fair_a solution_n in_o aqua_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o it_o make_v a_o liquor_n of_o a_o most_o deep_a and_o lovely_a blue_a in_o spirit_n of_o urine_n or_o of_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a and_o the_o like_a nay_o i_o have_v find_v that_o in_o good_a chemical_a oil_n of_o turpentine_n for_o express_v oil_n be_v too_o easy_o congeal_v the_o bare_a file_n of_o it_o will_v yield_v a_o sufficient_a tincture_n but_o because_o it_o be_v yet_o but_o a_o bare_a suspicion_n that_o seal_v weather-glass_n make_v of_o differ_v liquor_n but_o in_o other_o point_n alike_o may_v be_v otherwise_o then_o uniform_o affect_v by_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o external_n air_n i_o shall_v now_o add_v a_o observation_n already_o make_v to_o show_v that_o even_o the_o seal_v weather-glass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v not_o so_o perfect_o seclude_v from_o all_o commerce_n with_o external_a body_n and_o liableness_n to_o their_o operation_n but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v wrought_v upon_o otherwise_o then_o we_o think_v for_o i_o have_v more_o than_o once_o observe_v that_o even_o in_o seal_a thermoscope_n make_v purposely_o at_o home_n for_o i_o and_o with_o great_a care_n by_o the_o experte_a maker_n of_o they_o after_o a_o good_a while_n and_o when_o no_o such_o matter_n be_v expect_v there_o have_v emerge_v bubble_n which_o whether_o they_o proceed_v from_o some_o undiscernible_a particle_n of_o air_n harbour_v in_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o water_n which_o in_o process_n of_o time_n by_o their_o union_n come_v to_o make_v conspicuous_a bubble_n or_o from_o some_o dispose_v particle_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n itself_o by_o successive_a alteration_n bring_v to_o a_o state_n of_o elasticity_n i_o now_o examine_v not_o but_o only_o affirm_v that_o sometime_o i_o have_v have_v of_o these_o bubble_n great_a enough_o to_o possess_v the_o space_n of_o many_o inch_n in_o the_o shank_n of_o a_o long_o seal_v weatherglass_n and_o i_o have_v be_v trouble_v with_o they_o in_o more_o weather-glass_n than_o one_o or_o two_o which_o i_o therefore_o take_v notice_n of_o not_o only_o because_o it_o serve_v to_o prove_v what_o i_o be_v say_v but_o because_o it_o be_v very_o fit_a a_o advertisement_n shall_v be_v give_v of_o it_o to_o prevent_v mistake_n for_o when_o these_o bubble_n be_v small_a and_o be_v generate_v or_o happen_v to_o stay_v at_o or_o about_o the_o place_n where_o the_o spherical_a and_o cylindrical_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n meet_v they_o may_v easy_o as_o i_o have_v observe_v lurk_v unheeded_a and_o reach_v from_o side_n to_o side_n so_o divide_v the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o the_o ball_n from_o that_o in_o the_o stem_n that_o the_o latter_a shall_v not_o be_v able_a 〈◊〉_d rise_v and_o fall_v according_a to_o the_o change_n of_o the_o weather_n the_o bubble_n notwithstanding_o its_o aerial_a nature_n be_v more_o indispose_v to_o be_v move_v up_o and_o
down_o in_o the_o slender_a stem_n of_o a_o small_a weatherglass_n than_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n itself_o as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v that_o when_o air_n be_v not_o force_v a_o bubble_n of_o it_o will_v not_o in_o several_a case_n so_o ready_o pass_v through_o a_o very_a narrow_a passage_n as_o will_v that_o grosser_n fluid_n water_n but_o all_o these_o difficulty_n not_o to_o call_v they_o extravagance_n which_o i_o have_v be_v mention_v about_o seal_v weather-glass_n i_o represent_v not_o to_o show_v that_o it_o be_v at_o least_o as_o yet_o worth_a while_n to_o suspect_v we_o so_o far_o as_o to_o employ_v all_o the_o diligence_n and_o invention_n that_o be_v 〈◊〉_d to_o prevent_v or_o silence_v the_o suspicion_n of_o a_o sceptic_a or_o that_o may_v be_v think_v upon_o in_o case_n the_o matter_n do_v require_v or_o deserve_v such_o extraordinary_a nicety_n but_o only_o to_o give_v man_n a_o rise_n to_o consider_v whether_o it_o will_v be_v amiss_o to_o take_v in_o when_o occasion_n present_v itself_o as_o many_o collateral_a experiment_n and_o observation_n as_o convenient_o we_o can_v to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o as_o well_o as_o our_o sensory_n and_o weather-glass_n in_o the_o dijudication_n of_o cold._n and_o perhaps_o a_o attentive_a enquiry_n purposely_o make_v will_v discover_v to_o we_o several_a other_o body_n natural_a or_o factitious_a which_o we_o may_v make_v some_o use_n of_o in_o estimate_v the_o degree_n of_o cold._a for_o though_o to_o give_v a_o instance_n 〈◊〉_d be_v think_v the_o liquor_n that_o be_v most_o susceptible_a of_o such_o a_o intensity_n of_o cold_a as_o will_v destroy_v or_o suspend_v its_o fluidity_n yet_o not_o here_o to_o repeat_v what_o we_o former_o deliver_v of_o the_o easy_a congealableness_n of_o oil_n of_o aniseed_n we_o have_v as_o we_o elsewhere_o note_v to_o another_o purpose_n distil_v a_o substance_n from_o benzoin_n which_o become_v of_o a_o fluid_a a_o consistent_a body_n and_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o state_n of_o fluidity_n again_o by_o very_o much_o lesser_a alteration_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a then_o will_v have_v produce_v ice_n or_o thaw_v it_o i_o can_v also_o here_o take_v notice_n of_o what_o i_o have_v sometime_o observe_v in_o amber-greese_a dissolve_v in_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n or_o in_o other_o sulphurous_a or_o resinous_n concretion_n dissolve_v in_o the_o same_o liquor_n for_o now_o and_o then_o though_o it_o seem_v a_o mere_a liquor_n in_o warm_a wether_n it_o will_v in_o cold_a weather_n let_v go_v part_n of_o what_o it_o swallow_v up_o and_o afterward_o redissolve_v it_o upon_o the_o return_n of_o warm_a weather_n some_o of_o these_o concretion_n as_o i_o have_v see_v in_o excellent_a amber-greese_a shoot_v into_o fine_a figure_v mass_n other_o be_v more_o rude_o congeal_v and_o i_o may_v also_o add_v what_o i_o have_v observe_v in_o chemical_a liquor_n not_o unskilful_o prepare_v out_o of_o urine_n hartshorn_n etc._n etc._n which_o will_v sometime_o seem_v to_o be_v total_o clear_a spirit_n and_o at_o other_o time_n will_v suffer_v a_o great_a or_o lesser_a proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o crystallise_v at_o the_o bottom_n according_a to_o the_o mutation_n of_o the_o wether_n in_o point_n of_o cold_a and_o heat_n such_o kind_n of_o instance_n i_o say_v i_o can_v mention_v but_o i_o shall_v rather_o choose_v to_o prosecute_v my_o example_n in_o that_o obvious_a of_o liquor_n water_n and_o add_v that_o even_o that_o may_v afford_v we_o other_o testimony_n of_o the_o increase_v or_o lessen_v cold_a of_o the_o air_n then_o that_o which_o it_o give_v we_o in_o common_a weather-glass_n for_o in_o some_o part_n of_o france_n the_o waterman_n observe_v that_o the_o river_n will_v 12._o bear_v boat_n heavy_a load_v in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n and_o i_o have_v upon_o inquiry_n be_v credible_o inform_v that_o seaman_n have_v observe_v their_o ship_n to_o draw_v less_o water_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o freeze_a region_n where_o yet_o the_o sea_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v less_o brackish_a than_o they_o do_v on_o our_o british_a sea_n which_o argue_v that_o water_n be_v thick_a and_o heavy_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n nay_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o not_o only_o in_o differ_v season_n of_o the_o year_n but_o even_o at_o several_a time_n of_o the_o same_o day_n i_o have_v often_o observe_v the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n to_o be_v regular_o enough_o so_o much_o great_a at_o one_o time_n of_o the_o day_n then_o at_o another_o that_o a_o glass_n bubble_n hermetical_o seal_v and_o poise_v so_o as_o to_o be_v exact_o of_o the_o same_o weight_n with_o its_o equal_a bulk_n of_o water_n as_o that_o liquor_n be_v constitute_v at_o one_o time_n of_o the_o day_n will_v about_o noon_n when_o the_o warmth_n that_o the_o summer_n sun_n produce_v in_o the_o air_n have_v somewhat_o rarify_v the_o water_n and_o thereby_o make_v it_o bulk_n for_o bulk_n somewhat_o light_a than_o before_o 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ingenious_a modern_a naturalist_n who_o acknowledge_v that_o the_o air_n have_v a_o weight_n which_o mr._n hobbs_n also_o do_v in_o effect_n admit_v though_o he_o make_v not_o so_o good_a use_n of_o it_o as_o they_o do_v by_o that_o explicate_v the_o ascension_n of_o water_n in_o weather-glass_n teach_v that_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n make_v the_o include_v air_n shrink_v into_o far_o less_o room_n than_o it_o possess_v before_o the_o water_n in_o the_o subjacent_a vessel_n be_v by_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o incumbent_a air_n which_o press_v on_o it_o more_o forcible_o in_o all_o the_o other_o part_n of_o its_o surface_n than_o it_o be_v press_v upon_o in_o that_o include_v in_o the_o shank_n impel_v up_o into_o that_o part_n of_o the_o shank_n which_o be_v new_o desert_v by_o the_o self-contracting_a air._n but_o though_o this_o account_n be_v preferable_a by_o far_o to_o those_o which_o we_o mention_v before_o it_o and_o though_o it_o be_v not_o only_o ingenious_a 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strong_a and_o proportionable_o we_o may_v conceive_v that_o though_o cold_a at_o least_o such_o as_o we_o meet_v with_o in_o this_o climate_n of_o we_o do_v make_v the_o spring_n of_o a_o include_v parcel_n of_o air_n weak_a than_o it_o be_v before_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o that_o air_n yet_o it_o may_v not_o make_v it_o so_o much_o weak_a but_o that_o the_o aerial_a corpuscle_n may_v be_v keep_v so_o far_o extend_v as_o not_o at_o all_o or_o scarce_o sensible_o to_o quit_v the_o room_n they_o possess_v before_o in_o case_n there_o be_v not_o contiguous_a to_o they_o any_o other_o body_n which_o by_o its_o pressure_n endeavour_v to_o thrust_v they_o inward_o and_o so_o make_v they_o desert_n part_n of_o that_o space_n which_o clause_n i_o therefore_o add_v because_o that_o if_o the_o case_n propose_v do_v happen_v it_o be_v obvious_a to_o conceive_v that_o the_o weaken_a spring_n of_o the_o air_n can_v retain_v so_o much_o force_v to_o resist_v a_o external_a pressure_n as_o it_o 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glass-pipe_n of_o about_o 10._o inch_n long_o and_o much_o big_a than_o a_o large_a swan_n quill_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n and_o at_o the_o other_o fill_v top_n full_a with_o water_n so_o that_o the_o open_a orifice_n be_v immerse_v under_o the_o vessel_v water_n of_o the_o viol_n there_o remain_v no_o air_n at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o pipe_n then_o as_o much_o of_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o viol_n neck_n as_o be_v not_o fill_v by_o the_o pipe_n be_v careful_o close_v with_o cement_n that_o no_o air_n can_v get_v in_o or_o out_o the_o viol_n be_v place_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n till_o the_o vessel_v water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n and_o bottom_n and_o according_a to_o our_o expectation_n we_o find_v that_o notwithstanding_o this_o great_a degree_n of_o infrigeration_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o viol_n the_o water_n in_o the_o pipe_n do_v not_o at_o all_o descend_v so_o that_o either_o the_o air_n do_v not_o shrink_v by_o so_o great_a a_o cold_a or_o the_o water_n whether_o to_o avoid_v a_o vacuum_n or_o otherwise_o do_v not_o remove_v out_o of_o the_o pipe_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n desert_v by_o the_o refrigerated_a air._n afterward_o we_o endeavour_v to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n with_o the_o same_o glass_n but_o have_v have_v occasion_n to_o be_v absent_a a_o little_a too_o long_o though_o not_o very_o long_o we_o find_v at_o our_o return_n the_o upper_a and_o seal_a part_n of_o the_o pipe_n beat_v out_o which_o we_o suppose_v to_o have_v be_v do_v by_o the_o intumescence_n of_o the_o water_n in_o the_o viol_n upon_o its_o glaciation_n wherefore_o we_o fasten_v into_o the_o same_o viol_n another_o pipe_n some_o inch_n long_o than_o the_o former_a and_o draw_v very_o slender_a at_o the_o seal_a end_n that_o it_o may_v
which_o more_o proper_o belong_v to_o the_o consideration_n about_o heat_n where_o we_o have_v already_o handle_v it_o partly_o because_o our_o design_n in_o the_o follow_a collection_n be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o gather_v and_o set_v down_o observation_n that_o be_v obvious_a to_o any_o that_o be_v furnish_v with_o a_o mediocrity_n of_o attention_n as_o experiment_n purposely_o make_v in_o order_n to_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a and_o partly_o too_o because_o in_o this_o collection_n though_o we_o do_v as_o occasion_n serve_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o experiment_n and_o phaenomena_n that_o relate_v to_o cold_a in_o general_n or_o indefinite_o yet_o our_o chief_a work_n have_v be_v to_o find_v out_o and_o deliver_v the_o phaenomena_n of_o congelation_n or_o of_o that_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a which_o either_o do_v freeze_v the_o body_n it_o work_v upon_o or_o at_o least_o be_v capable_a of_o turn_v common_a water_n fit_o expose_v to_o it_o into_o ice_n and_o this_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o general_a advertisement_n about_o the_o ensue_a paper_n and_o consequent_o have_v premise_v it_o we_o shall_v without_o any_o further_a preamble_n proceed_v to_o the_o set_n down_o such_o thing_n as_o we_o have_v try_v and_o observe_v concern_v those_o matter_n beginning_n with_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o title_n prefix_v to_o the_o first_o part_n or_o section_n of_o our_o history_n 1._o the_o body_n that_o be_v cold_a enough_o to_o freeze_v other_o be_v in_o this_o climate_n of_o we_o but_o very_o few_o and_o among_o the_o most_o remarkable_a be_v a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o though_o little_o know_v and_o less_o use_v here_o in_o england_n be_v in_o italy_n and_o some_o other_o region_n much_o employ_v especial_o to_o cool_v drink_n and_o fruit_n which_o man_n may_v easy_o do_v by_o bury_v in_o this_o mixture_n glass_n or_o other_o convenient_a vessel_n fill_v either_o sole_o with_o wine_n or_o other_o drink_n or_o else_o with_o water_n that_o have_v immerse_v in_o it_o the_o fruit_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a 2._o the_o circumstance_n we_o be_v wont_n to_o observe_v in_o make_v and_o employ_v this_o mixture_n we_o shall_v hereafter_o in_o due_a place_n deliver_v and_o therefore_o here_o we_o shall_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o we_o can_v not_o find_v upon_o some_o trial_n that_o such_o glass_n fill_v with_o water_n as_o will_v be_v freeze_v easy_o enough_o by_o this_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v be_v in_o like_a manner_n freeze_v in_o case_n we_o employ_v snow_n alone_o without_o mingle_v any_o salt_n with_o it_o i_o deny_v not_o that_o it_o be_v very_o possible_a that_o in_o very_o cold_a country_n as_o well_o snow_n as_o beat_a ice_n may_v freeze_v water_n pour_v into_o the_o interval_n of_o its_o part_n but_o there_o be_v great_a odds_o betwixt_o water_n so_o intermingle_v with_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o only_o surround_v with_o it_o in_o a_o vessel_n where_o the_o water_n be_v as_o it_o be_v in_o one_o entire_a body_n and_o of_o a_o comparative_o considerable_a thickness_n and_o there_o be_v also_o a_o great_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o 〈◊〉_d air_n of_o frigid_a region_n and_o of_o england_n and_o perhaps_o too_o there_o may_v be_v some_o disparity_n betwixt_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n of_o ice_n and_o snow_n in_o those_o climate_n and_o in_o we_o and_o we_o must_v have_v a_o care_n that_o in_o case_n a_o vial_n full_a of_o water_n bury_v all_o night_n shall_v freeze_v we_o ascribe_v not_o the_o effect_n to_o the_o bare_a operation_n of_o the_o snow_n which_o may_v be_v entire_o or_o in_o great_a part_n due_a to_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n which_o will_v perhaps_o have_v perform_v the_o effect_n without_o the_o snow_n 3._o but_o though_o snow_n and_o salt_n mix_v together_o will_v freeze_v water_n better_o than_o snow_n alone_o yet_o we_o must_v not_o think_v that_o there_o be_v any_o such_o peculiar_a virtue_n in_o sea-salt_n to_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v but_o that_o there_o be_v divers_a other_o salt_n each_o of_o which_o concur_v with_o snow_n be_v capable_a of_o produce_v the_o like_a effect_n for_o we_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o we_o can_v freeze_v water_n without_o the_o help_n of_o sea_n salt_n by_o substitute_v in_o its_o place_n either_o nitre_n or_o alum_n or_o vitriol_n or_o shall_v ammoniac_a or_o even_o sugar_n for_o either_o of_o those_o be_v mingle_v with_o a_o due_a proportion_n of_o snow_n will_v serve_v the_o turn_n though_o they_o do_v not_o seem_v equal_o to_o advance_v the_o congeal_a power_n of_o the_o snow_n nor_o scarce_o any_o of_o they_o do_v do_v it_o so_o well_o as_o sea_n salt_n but_o of_o this_o elsewhere_o more_o 4._o when_o we_o have_v make_v the_o new_o mention_v trial_n some_o particular_a conjecture_n we_o have_v long_o have_v about_o the_o nature_n of_o salt_n invite_v we_o to_o try_v whether_o votwithstand_v the_o comminution_n and_o consequent_a change_n produce_v in_o salt_n by_o distillation_n the_o saline_n corpuscle_n that_o abound_v in_o the_o distil_a liquor_n of_o those_o concretes_n as_o well_o as_o in_o their_o solution_n will_v not_o likewise_o by_o be_v mix_v with_o it_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v water_n at_o least_o in_o small_a and_o slender_a glass_n this_o we_o first_o go_v about_o to_o try_v with_o good_a spirit_n of_o salt_n but_o we_o find_v as_o we_o fear_v that_o though_o it_o make_v a_o sufficient_o quick_a dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n it_o wrought_v upon_o yet_o its_o fluidity_n hinder_v it_o from_o be_v retain_v long_o enough_o by_o the_o snow_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o which_o it_o will_v fall_v before_o they_o have_v stay_v so_o long_o together_o as_o be_v requisite_a to_o freeze_v so_o much_o as_o a_o little_a essence-bottle_n full_a of_o common_a water_n 5._o wherefore_o we_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o a_o expedient_a whereby_o to_o try_v the_o operation_n not_o only_o of_o those_o spirit_n but_o of_o divers_a other_o body_n which_o be_v unapt_a for_o a_o due_a commixture_n of_o snow_n after_o the_o way_n new_o mention_v or_o of_o which_o we_o have_v too_o little_a or_o value_v they_o too_o much_o to_o be_v willing_a to_o spend_v quantity_n of_o they_o upon_o these_o trial_n and_o this_o way_n that_o remain_v to_o be_v mention_v we_o somewhat_o the_o better_a like_v because_o the_o experiment_n make_v according_a to_o it_o will_v also_o prove_v experiment_n of_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o the_o extreme_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o glass_n and_o even_o in_o this_o way_n of_o try_v we_o do_v at_o first_o meet_v with_o a_o discouragement_n which_o lest_o it_o shall_v happen_v to_o other_o we_o shall_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o namely_o that_o have_v put_v a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o snow_n into_o a_o somewhat_o thick_a green_a glass_n vial_n though_o we_o copious_o 〈◊〉_d mix_v with_o it_o a_o somewhat_o weak_a spirit_n of_o salt_n be_v loath_a to_o employ_v the_o best_a we_o have_v and_o have_v well_o stop_v the_o vessel_n do_v careful_o 〈◊〉_d together_o and_o thereby_o agitate_v the_o mixture_n in_o it_o yet_o the_o glass_n appear_v only_o bedew_v upon_o the_o outside_n without_o have_v there_o any_o thing_n freeze_v but_o suspect_v that_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o glass_n may_v be_v that_o which_o hinder_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o include_v mixture_n we_o put_v snow_n and_o a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o the_o self_n same_o spirit_n of_o salt_n into_o a_o couple_n of_o thin_a vial_n one_o of_o which_o we_o close_v exact_o and_o the_o other_o negligent_o and_o have_v long_o shake_v they_o we_o find_v that_o what_o adhere_v to_o they_o on_o the_o outside_n be_v though_o but_o somewhat_o faint_o and_o thin_o freeze_v 6._o and_o as_o to_o this_o sort_n of_o experiment_n we_o shall_v here_o observe_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d all_o that_o the_o snow_n or_o ice_n include_v 〈◊〉_d with_o the_o saline_n ingredient_n whatever_o that_o be_v be_v always_o thaw_v within_o the_o glass_n and_o that_o consequent_o it_o be_v the_o condense_v vapour_n of_o the_o air_n or_o other_o liquor_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n which_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o mention_v these_o experiment_n we_o often_o use_v the_o word_n freeze_v in_o a_o transitive_a sense_n to_o signify_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n upon_o other_o body_n 7._o this_o premise_a let_v we_o proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o we_o afterward_o take_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o mix_v it_o with_o snow_n in_o such_o a_o other_o vial_n as_o that_o last_o mention_v we_o find_v its_o freeze_a power_n far_o great_a than_o that_o of_o spirit_n of_o salt_n and_o lest_o it_o shall_v be_v pretend_v that_o in_o these_o experiment_n the_o cold_a be_v not_o transmit_v
through_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n but_o that_o the_o air_n within_o the_o vial_n high_o refrigerated_a by_o the_o mixture_n do_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o their_o free_a intercourse_n enable_v the_o air_n contiguous_a to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vial_n to_o freeze_v the_o dew_n it_o meet_v with_o stick_v on_o it_o we_o prosecute_v the_o experiment_n with_o the_o addition_n of_o this_o circumstance_n that_o on_o several_a occasion_n we_o seal_v up_o the_o vial_n that_o contain_v the_o 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o other_o frigorifick_a body_n it_o be_v mix_v with_o and_o afterward_o by_o the_o help_n of_o this_o mixture_n freeze_v the_o external_o adhere_v moisture_n 8._o have_v then_o according_a to_o this_o way_n substitute_v spirit_n of_o nitre_n for_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n or_o spirit_n of_o salt_n we_o find_v that_o it_o freeze_v yet_o more_o powerful_o then_o either_o of_o those_o two_o liquor_n and_o continue_v to_o do_v so_o in_o those_o part_n of_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o be_v adjacent_a to_o the_o include_v snow_n till_o that_o snow_n be_v almost_o total_o resolve_v into_o a_o liquor_n this_o we_o try_v both_o in_o a_o thin_a seal_a glass_n and_o in_o a_o pretty_a thick_a glass_n stop_v only_o with_o a_o cork_n 9_o afterward_o we_o successful_o enough_o try_v the_o experiment_n with_o spirit_n less_o acid_a as_o not_o only_o with_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n but_o with_o spirit_n of_o sugar_n i_o mean_v the_o red_a empyreumatical_a spirit_n force_v over_o in_o a_o retort_n which_o mix_v with_o snow_n according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o experiment_n do_v at_o length_n freeze_v the_o external_o adhere_v moisture_n but_o the_o film_n of_o ice_n be_v very_o thin_a and_o very_o apt_a quick_o to_o disappear_v 10._o have_v thus_o make_v a_o number_n of_o trial_n with_o acid_a spirit_n we_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v some_o with_o urinous_a spirit_n that_o abound_v in_o volatile_a salt_n and_o according_o have_v mix_v spirit_n of_o urine_n and_o snow_n in_o a_o open_a vial_n and_o agitate_a they_o we_o find_v that_o the_o external_a moisture_n do_v discernable_o though_o not_o very_o strong_o freeze_v but_o with_o spirit_n of_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a draw_v from_o quick_a lime_n according_a to_o the_o way_n i_o have_v deliver_v in_o another_o treatise_n the_o operation_n be_v quick_a and_o powerful_a enough_o 11._o have_v try_v to_o freeze_v water_n with_o acid_n and_o with_o volatile_a spirit_n 〈◊〉_d we_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o try_v what_o they_o will_v do_v both_o together_o and_o according_o pour_v upon_o snow_n both_o some_o spirit_n of_o urine_n and_o a_o little_a oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o shake_v they_o into_o the_o snow_n in_o a_o open_a vial_n we_o find_v that_o the_o mixture_n do_v freeze_v though_o the_o glaciation_n in_o this_o case_n produce_v be_v very_o languid_a 12._o have_v thus_o try_v salt_n disengage_v from_o their_o grosser_n part_n or_o shatter_v into_o corpuscle_n by_o distillation_n we_o make_v some_o trial_n likewise_o with_o grosser_n salt_n as_o with_o sal_fw-la gem_n with_o a_o sublimate_n make_v with_o common_a sublimate_n and_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a nay_o and_o with_o both_o 〈◊〉_d and_o kitchen_n sugar_n with_o all_o which_o among_o 〈◊〉_d like_o body_n that_o i_o can_v now_o remember_v the_o experiment_n succeed_v well_o enough_o also_o a_o very_a strong_a solution_n of_o pot-ash_n mix_v with_o snow_n in_o a_o open_a single_a vial_n do_v freeze_v but_o that_o very_o faint_o and_o both_o a_o very_a strong_a solution_n of_o very_a pure_a salt_n of_o tartar_n and_o at_o another_o time_n a_o strong_a solution_n of_o pot-ash_n be_v the_o one_o as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o mix_v and_o agitate_a with_o snow_n in_o a_o single_a vial_n produce_v film_n of_o ice_n though_o thin_a one_o on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n 13._o after_o this_o we_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v a_o trial_n of_o another_o kind_n of_o which_o i_o find_v this_o account_n among_o my_o note_n we_o fill_v a_o single_a vial_n with_o snow_n and_o then_o pour_v into_o it_o a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o a_o strong_o sweet_a solution_n of_o minium_n in_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n and_o have_v shake_v the_o mixture_n together_o we_o find_v that_o this_o sweet_a sugar_n of_o lead_n do_v as_o well_o as_o acid_n and_o alcalizate_a salt_n excite_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o snow_n so_o much_o as_o to_o produce_v film_n of_o ice_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n but_o a_o parcel_n of_o the_o same_o solution_n be_v for_o divers_a hour_n keep_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n be_v not_o thereby_o freeze_v in_o order_n to_o the_o discovery_n of_o some_o hint_n of_o the_o account_n upon_o which_o the_o above_o mention_v mixture_n be_v more_o intense_o frigefactive_a than_o snow_n alone_o we_o seal_v up_o a_o single_a vial_n full_a of_o snow_n unmingled_a with_o any_o other_o ingredient_n and_o find_v it_o to_o thaw_v much_o more_o slow_o than_o any_o of_o those_o parcel_n of_o snow_n which_o we_o have_v mix_v with_o salt_n or_o spirit_n in_o prosecution_n of_o this_o conjecture_n we_o shall_v add_v that_o for_o aught_o we_o can_v find_v by_o divers_a trial_n no_o salt_n that_o help_v not_o the_o snow_n to_o dissolve_v fast_o than_o else_o it_o will_v do_v enable_v it_o to_o produce_v ice_n though_o usual_o it_o do_v produce_v dew_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vial_n that_o contain_v the_o mixture_n and_o according_o neither_o crystal_n of_o tartar_n nor_o borax_n both_o beat_v to_o powder_n nor_o which_o be_v more_o consider_v what_o we_o late_o note_v of_o the_o effect_n of_o another_o sort_n of_o sublimate_n will_v sublimate_n enable_v the_o snow_n to_o freeze_v as_o well_o the_o powder_n of_o sublimate_n as_o that_o of_o borax_n and_o that_o of_o tartar_n lie_v for_o a_o great_a while_n in_o the_o snow_n undissolve_v 14._o belong_v to_o this_o matter_n i_o find_v among_o my_o paper_n also_o this_o note_n water_n of_o quick_a lime_n make_v by_o quench_v store_n of_o unslake_v lime_n in_o common_a water_n twice_o try_v will_v not_o make_v snow_n freeze_v perhaps_o because_o though_o the_o water_n be_v keep_v stop_v yet_o the_o liquor_n have_v be_v keep_v in_o the_o glass_n a_o twelvemonth_n and_o more_o probable_o the_o spirit_n may_v have_v fly_v away_o which_o i_o find_v by_o inquire_v of_o one_o that_o drink_v much_o limewater_n that_o it_o abound_v with_o when_o fresh_a and_o grow_v destitute_a of_o a_o while_n after_o and_o possible_o also_o the_o badness_n of_o the_o lime_n be_v the_o cause_n why_o be_v mingle_v with_o snow_n it_o will_v not_o freeze_v though_o all_o the_o vial_n that_o do_v not_o freeze_v do_v yet_o gather_v store_n of_o dew_n on_o the_o outside_n perhaps_o because_o of_o the_o snow_n who_o melt_v alone_o may_v suffice_v to_o produce_v that_o effect_n 15._o it_o may_v seem_v somewhat_o more_o strange_a that_o distil_a oil_n of_o turpentine_n which_o be_v so_o hot_a and_o fiery_a a_o liquor_n shall_v not_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v but_o this_o agree_v not_o ill_a with_o the_o conjecture_n late_o mention_v for_o it_o will_v hereafter_o appear_v that_o in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n ice_n dissolve_v slow_a than_o in_o divers_a other_o liquor_n without_o except_v common_a water_n itself_o 16._o and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o bad_a success_n of_o this_o trial_n we_o be_v not_o discourage_v from_o make_v another_o with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n for_o though_o according_a to_o the_o common_a opinion_n of_o chemist_n and_o physician_n it_o be_v a_o mere_a vegetable_a sulphur_n yet_o we_o that_o have_v elsewhere_o venture_v to_o ascribe_v some_o such_o operation_n to_o it_o as_o chemist_n will_v have_v belong_v to_o saline_n liquor_n do_v not_o scruple_n to_o seal_v up_o in_o a_o single_a vial_n almost_o fill_v with_o snow_n a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o pure_a spirit_n of_o wine_n draw_v off_o from_o quick_a lime_n the_o better_a to_o dephlegm_n it_o and_o of_o this_o mixture_n we_o find_v the_o operation_n more_o powerful_a than_o any_o of_o those_o we_o have_v former_o mention_v for_o the_o freeze_a virtue_n of_o this_o do_v not_o only_o last_v long_o both_o in_o the_o seal_v single_a vial_n and_o in_o another_o that_o be_v open_a but_o the_o enclose_a mixture_n present_o crust_v the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n or_o of_o the_o neck_n if_o it_o be_v make_v to_o fill_v that_o with_o ice_n which_o may_v be_v take_v off_o in_o flake_n of_o good_a breadth_n or_o in_o piece_n of_o good_a thickness_n nay_o it_o present_o freeze_v urine_n into_o figure_v ice_n which_o may_v be_v take_v off_o in_o scale_n 17._o this_o last_o circumstance_n put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o another_o experiment_n whereby_o we_o try_v by_o a_o vigorous_a mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o some_o choice_a spirit_n of_o nitre_n we_o have_v meet_v with_o
in_o 〈◊〉_d he_o answer_v i_o that_o it_o do_v there_o freeze_v much_o hard_a than_o in_o our_o climate_n but_o will_v not_o that_o 〈◊〉_d have_v observe_v be_v turn_v into_o true_a &_o perfect_a ice_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n i_o find_v the_o testimony_n of_o that_o ingenious_a navigator_n captain_n t._n james_n who_o relate_v the_o effect_n of_o cold_a he_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o island_n where_o he_o and_o his_o man_n be_v force_v to_o winter_n do_v in_o one_o place_n reckon_v oil_n among_o the_o liquor_n such_o as_o vinegar_n and_o sack_n that_o even_o in_o their_o house_n be_v firm_o freeze_v and_o more_o express_o elsewhere_o all_o our_o sack_n say_v he_o 58._o vinegar_n oil_n and_o every_o thing_n else_o that_o be_v liquid_a be_v now_o freeze_v as_o hard_o as_o a_o piece_n of_o wood_n and_o we_o must_v cut_v it_o with_o a_o hatchet_n and_o olaus_n magnus_n speak_v of_o the_o fight_n wont_a to_o be_v make_v upon_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o northern_a region_n glacialis_fw-la 24._o congressus_fw-la say_v he_o fit_a in_o laneis_fw-la calcibus_fw-la non_fw-la pellibus_fw-la aut_fw-la coriis_fw-la unctis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d enim_fw-la frigoris_fw-la quodcunque_fw-la sit_fw-la unctuosum_fw-la convertit_fw-la in_o lubricitatem_fw-la glacialem_fw-la there_o be_v a_o great_a similitude_n in_o point_n of_o inflammability_n and_o disposition_n to_o mix_v with_o many_o subtle_a oleous_a body_n betwixt_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o oil_n and_o as_o great_a a_o affinity_n in_o divers_a other_o regard_v betwixt_o that_o spirit_n and_o both_o aqueous_a and_o saline_a liquor_n with_o which_o it_o will_v ready_o mix_v i_o have_v a_o great_a curiosity_n to_o know_v what_o kind_n of_o change_n will_v be_v produce_v in_o vinous_a spirit_n in_o case_n they_o be_v expose_v to_o a_o cold_a great_a enough_o to_o work_v a_o visible_a change_n in_o their_o texture_n i_o therefore_o solicitous_o inquire_v of_o the_o russian_a emperor_n late_o mention_v physician_n whether_o or_o no_o he_o have_v observe_v in_o muscovy_n any_o manifest_a change_n produce_v by_o cold_a in_o hot_a water_n and_o spirit_n of_o wine_n to_o which_o he_o return_v i_o this_o answer_n that_o common_a aniseed-water_n and_o the_o like_a weak_a spirit_n will_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o imperfect_a kind_n of_o ice_n and_o that_o even_o the_o very_a strong_a spirit_n though_o they_o will_v not_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n will_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o kind_n of_o substance_n like_o oil_n title_n iii_o experiment_n touch_v body_n indisposed_a to_o be_v freeze_v 1._o we_o find_v many_o liquor_n who_o subtle_a part_n be_v by_o distillation_n bring_v over_o and_o unite_v into_o very_o spirituous_a liquor_n and_o so_o either_o total_o or_o in_o great_a measure_n free_v from_o those_o phlegmatickor_n aqueous_a part_n that_o dispose_v body_n to_o congelation_n can_v not_o be_v bring_v to_o freeze_v either_o by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a air_n to_o which_o in_o frosty_a night_n we_o expose_v they_o or_o by_o 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make_v much_o light_a by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n we_o may_v obtain_v the_o information_n we_o desire_v to_o which_o we_o shall_v add_v that_o we_o also_o recommend_v to_o some_o virtuoso_n that_o be_v likely_a to_o have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o gratify_v we_o that_o such_o a_o experiment_n may_v be_v procure_v to_o be_v make_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o summer_n in_o some_o part_n of_o italy_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o there_o not_o unfrequent_a conveniency_n of_o a_o conservatory_n of_o snow_n wherein_o the_o water_n may_v be_v reduce_v to_o freeze_v before_o the_o end_n of_o the_o same_o hour_n at_o who_o beginning_n the_o there_o warm_a air_n have_v give_v it_o its_o great_a expansion_n and_o so_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o density_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n of_o water_n may_v be_v the_o more_o conspicuous_a but_o as_o i_o have_v not_o receive_v any_o account_n of_o my_o desire_n from_o abroad_o so_o come_v now_o 〈◊〉_d home_n to_o review_v the_o 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particular_a river_n or_o sea_n man_n be_v to_o sail_v on_o may_v afford_v any_o useful_a estimate_n if_o and_o how_o much_o ship_n and_o other_o vessel_n may_v on_o those_o 〈◊〉_d be_v safe_o load_v more_o in_o winter_n 〈◊〉_d in_o 〈◊〉_d may_v be_v a_o 〈◊〉_d of_o which_o i_o shall_v not_o in_o this_o place_n 〈◊〉_d any_o 〈◊〉_d notice_n then_o to_o intimate_v thus_o much_o that_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o water_n high_o refrigerated_a and_o that_o which_o be_v but_o of_o a_o usual_a degree_n of_o coldness_n be_v not_o so_o great_a as_o some_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d seem_v to_o have_v think_v for_o on_o a_o day_n which_o though_o make_v cold_a by_o snow_n intermingle_v with_o the_o rain_n that_o then_o fall_v be_v not_o a_o frost_n we_o take_v common_a water_n and_o weigh_v in_o it_o a_o glass_n bubble_n who_o weight_n in_o the_o air_n be_v 150._o grain_n and_o this_o bubble_n weigh_v in_o that_o water_n lose_v so_o much_o of_o its_o former_a weight_n as_o to_o weigh_v about_o 28_o â…_n grain_n 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or_o downward_o 1._o though_o after_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o sphere_n of_o activity_n of_o cold_a it_o will_v be_v the_o most_o proper_a place_n to_o take_v some_o notice_n of_o the_o direction_n of_o its_o activity_n yet_o because_o one_o of_o the_o experiment_n that_o belong_v to_o this_o head_n be_v of_o great_a use_n to_o facilitate_v the_o trial_n of_o many_o of_o those_o that_o follow_v throughout_o this_o whole_a collection_n we_o will_v no_o long_o delay_v to_o say_v something_o of_o this_o matter_n namely_o in_o what_o line_n or_o if_o you_o please_v towards_o what_o part_n the_o frigefactive_a virtue_n of_o cold_a body_n do_v operate_v the_o further_a and_o the_o most_o strong_o 2._o it_o be_v a_o know_a doctrine_n among_o philosopher_n that_o the_o diffusion_n of_o heat_n tend_v chief_o upward_o as_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o candle_n will_v burn_v many_o thing_n hold_v over_o it_o at_o a_o great_a distance_n than_o it_o will_v considerable_o warm_v they_o at_o in_o 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salt_n wherewith_o we_o have_v half_o fill_v a_o convenient_o large_a wide-mouthed_a glass_n but_o we_o can_v not_o find_v that_o a_o cold_a capable_a of_o freeze_a do_v strike_v so_o high_a upward_o for_o the_o water_n in_o the_o bubble_n remain_v altogether_o unfrozen_a which_o agree_v very_o well_o with_o what_o we_o have_v observe_v that_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n do_v not_o 〈◊〉_d the_o vapour_n that_o wander_v through_o the_o air_n above_o half_a a_o barley_n corn_n breadth_n high_o than_o the_o mixture_n in_o the_o glass_n reach_v 3._o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n be_v put_v into_o a_o vial_n with_o a_o long_a neck_n the_o round_a part_n of_o it_o be_v by_o a_o weight_n keep_v under_o water_n out_o of_o which_o be_v take_v after_o a_o while_n the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v case_v with_o solid_a ice_n n_o b._n especial_o about_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vial_n of_o great_a hardness_n and_o thickness_n than_o one_o can_v easy_o imagine_v 4._o thus_o far_o the_o note_n from_o which_o nevertheless_o i_o will_v not_o positive_o conclude_v though_o they_o seem_v to_o persuade_v it_o that_o the_o tendency_n of_o the_o cold_a produce_v by_o body_n qualify_v to_o freeze_v other_o be_v great_a downward_o then_o upward_o for_o the_o satisfactory_a determination_n of_o that_o matter_n may_v for_o aught_o i_o know_v require_v trial_n more_o artificial_a and_o nice_a than_o those_o we_o have_v be_v recite_v and_o i_o can_v wish_v that_o i_o can_v find_v the_o last_o of_o they_o to_o have_v be_v careful_o repeat_v and_o register_v because_o it_o seem_v somewhat_o strange_a that_o the_o ice_n shall_v be_v much_o thick_a at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vial_n than_o elsewhere_o in_o regard_n that_o when_o we_o have_v as_o we_o very_o frequent_o have_v put_v mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n into_o vial_n and_o leave_v they_o in_o the_o open_a air_n we_o general_o observe_v that_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v case_v with_o ice_n or_o cover_v with_o hoar_a frost_n direct_o over_o against_o that_o part_n of_o the_o inside_n of_o the_o glass_n wherein_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n be_v so_o that_o part_n of_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n resolve_v one_o another_o and_o fall_v down_o in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o liquor_n to_o the_o bottom_n the_o unmelted_a part_n of_o the_o mixture_n will_v float_v upon_o this_o liquor_n and_o the_o external_a ice_n will_v appear_v over_o against_o the_o float_a mixture_n by_o which_o it_o be_v generate_v so_o that_o as_o the_o mixture_n grow_v thin_a and_o thin_a so_o will_v the_o zone_n or_o girdle_n if_o i_o may_v so_o call_v it_o of_o external_a ice_n grow_v narrow_a and_o narrow_a till_o at_o length_n when_o the_o snow_n be_v quite_o melt_v away_o the_o external_a ice_n will_v quick_o also_o vanish_v but_o from_o this_o observation_n which_o we_o frequent_o make_v that_o as_o in_o such_o vial_n 〈◊〉_d ice_n do_v not_o appear_v as_o i_o just_a now_o relate_v above_o half_a a_o corn_n breadth_n high_o than_o the_o mixture_n in_o the_o glass_n so_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v observe_v it_o much_o low_a beneath_o the_o mixture_n from_o those_o thing_n i_o say_v it_o may_v be_v probable_o conjecture_v that_o even_o the_o cold_a body_n at_o least_o unless_o their_o bulk_n alter_v the_o case_n do_v not_o diffuse_v their_o freeze_a virtue_n either_o upward_o or_o downward_o to_o any_o considerable_a distance_n 5._o these_o trial_n as_o i_o be_v intimate_v may_v suggest_v some_o difficulty_n about_o the_o last_o of_o the_o two_o experiment_n transcribe_v out_o of_o my_o note_n but_o as_o it_o be_v evident_a these_o observation_n be_v make_v in_o the_o open_a air_n by_o the_o freeze_a of_o its_o rove_a vapour_n and_o the_o mention_a experiment_n be_v make_v under_o water_n so_o how_o much_o this_o difference_n of_o medium_n may_v alter_v the_o case_n as_o to_o the_o way_n of_o the_o diffusion_n of_o cold_a i_o dare_v not_o till_o further_a trial_n bold_o determine_v especial_o since_o one_o circumstance_n to_o be_v under_o the_o next_o title_n mention_v about_o the_o freeze_a of_o egg_n may_v pass_v for_o a_o addirional_a experiment_n as_o to_o our_o present_a enquiry_n for_o the_o case_n obtain_v by_o freeze_a egg_n suspend_v under_o water_n which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o the_o diffusion_n of_o their_o cold_n be_v make_v every_o way_n since_o they_o be_v quite_o enclose_v in_o the_o ice_n they_o have_v produce_v 6._o though_o the_o experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n by_o the_o intervention_n of_o salt_n and_o snow_n be_v not_o a_o new_a one_o for_o substance_n yet_o i_o hold_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o make_v a_o further_a mention_n of_o it_o on_o this_o occasion_n because_o that_o what_o i_o be_o to_o deliver_v about_o it_o be_v a_o paticular_a not_o take_v notice_n of_o that_o i_o know_v of_o by_o other_o the_o premise_a of_o which_o will_n according_a to_o what_o we_o late_o intimate_v much_o facilitate_v the_o trial_n of_o many_o of_o the_o experiment_n to_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o follow_a part_n of_o these_o paper_n and_o will_v indeed_o appear_v to_o be_v of_o no_o small_a moment_n in_o our_o whole_a attempt_n of_o frame_v a_o history_n of_o cold._a for_o it_o have_v long_o seem_v to_o i_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a thing_n that_o have_v hinder_v man_n from_o make_v any_o considerable_a progress_n in_o this_o matter_n that_o whereas_o glass-vessel_n be_v general_o much_o the_o most_o proper_a to_o freeze_v liquor_n in_o because_o their_o transparency_n allow_v we_o to_o see_v what_o change_v the_o cold_a make_v in_o the_o liquor_n expose_v to_o it_o the_o way_n of_o freeze_a with_o salt_n and_o snow_n as_o it_o have_v be_v hitherto_o use_v do_v almost_o as_o little_a as_o the_o common_a way_n of_o bare_o expose_v vessel_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n prevent_v the_o unseasonable_a break_n of_o the_o glass_n for_o in_o both_o these_o way_n the_o water_n or_o other_o liquor_n usual_o begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n and_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o glaciation_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v anon_o to_o distend_v the_o water_n and_o aqueous_a liquor_n it_o harden_v it_o be_v usual_o and_o natural_o consequent_a that_o when_o the_o upper_a crust_n of_o ice_n be_v grow_v thick_a and_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a liquor_n bear_v hard_a with_o its_o edge_n against_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n contiguous_a to_o it_o the_o include_v liquor_n that_o be_v by_o degree_n successive_o turn_v into_o ice_n require_v more_o room_n than_o before_o and_o forcible_o endeavour_v to_o expand_n itself_o every_o way_n find_v it_o less_o difficult_a to_o burst_v the_o glass_n then_o lift_v up_o the_o ice_n and_o
consequent_o do_v the_o former_a and_o thereby_o spoil_v the_o experiment_n before_o it_o be_v come_v to_o perfection_n or_o have_v let_v we_o see_v what_o nature_n will_v have_v do_v if_o she_o have_v not_o be_v thus_o hinder_v in_o her_o work_n 7._o the_o consideration_n of_o this_o invite_v i_o to_o alter_v the_o common_a way_n of_o freeze_a and_o order_v the_o matter_n so_o that_o whensoever_o i_o please_v the_o expose_v liquor_n shall_v not_o begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n or_o side_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n which_o i_o conclude_v it_o very_o easy_a to_o do_v by_o mingle_v the_o salt_n with_o that_o part_n only_o of_o the_o snow_n which_o be_v to_o lie_v beneath_o and_o about_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n i_o place_v in_o it_o for_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o snow_n that_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o side_n be_v able_a but_o to_o cool_v the_o water_n and_o dispose_v it_o to_o glaciation_n whereas_o the_o mingle_a snow_n and_o salt_n on_o which_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n rest_v do_v actual_o turn_v the_o neighbour_a liquor_n into_o ice_n and_o lift_v up_o the_o incumbent_a liquor_n towards_o the_o high_a and_o empty_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o this_o liquor_n also_o i_o can_v afterward_o freeze_v at_o pleasure_n without_o danger_n of_o break_v the_o vessel_n only_o by_o so_o apply_v salt_n and_o snow_n to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o they_o never_o reach_v except_o perhaps_o at_o the_o very_a conclusion_n of_o the_o experiment_n so_o high_a by_o a_o reasonable_a distance_n as_o the_o upper_a surface_n of_o the_o liquor_n in_o the_o glass_n so_o that_o the_o superior_a part_n of_o that_o liquor_n be_v always_o keep_v fluid_a and_o capable_a of_o be_v easy_o impel_v high_a and_o high_a by_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a part_n of_o the_o subjacent_a liquor_n 8._o the_o speculative_a inference_n that_o may_v be_v draw_v from_o this_o experiment_n of_o make_v water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o bottom_n not_o the_o top_n will_v be_v more_o frigidum_fw-la proper_o take_v notice_n of_o in_o another_o place_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o shall_v only_o intimate_v by_o the_o way_n that_o there_o be_v no_o great_a necessity_n of_o any_o nice_a proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o snow_n nor_o of_o any_o exquisite_a mixture_n of_o they_o a_o three_o or_o four_o part_n or_o thereabouts_o of_o sea_n salt_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o snow_n will_v not_o do_v amiss_o nor_o do_v i_o usual_o put_v salt_n to_o all_o the_o snow_n at_o once_o unless_o in_o some_o case_n wherein_o i_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o freeze_v a_o liquor_n quick_o and_o make_v a_o speedy_a resolution_n of_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n in_o order_n thereunto_o to_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o add_v that_o by_o the_o way_n above_o mention_v i_o do_v upon_o particular_a occasion_n make_v the_o expose_v liquor_n freeze_v not_o at_o the_o bottom_n or_o the_o top_n but_o next_o to_o what_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n i_o please_v according_a to_o the_o exigency_n of_o the_o experiment_n but_o though_o it_o may_v suffice_v to_o have_v hint_v the_o speculative_a inference_n that_o may_v be_v draw_v from_o this_o way_n of_o freeze_a liquor_n it_o will_v be_v expedient_a to_o give_v explicit_o this_o practical_a advertisement_n concern_v it_o that_o whereas_o it_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v for_o grant_v that_o snow_n be_v necessary_a in_o this_o artifice_n and_o we_o ourselves_o be_v for_o some_o time_n lead_v away_o with_o the_o rest_n by_o that_o supposition_n yet_o that_o be_v but_o a_o presumption_n and_o aught_o to_o be_v remove_v as_o one_o very_o prejudicial_a to_o those_o that_o with_o we_o design_v the_o prosecute_a experiment_n in_o order_n to_o the_o history_n of_o cold._n for_o snow_n be_v but_o seldom_o to_o be_v find_v on_o the_o ground_n in_o comparison_n of_o ice_n and_o be_v but_o a_o congery_n of_o many_o small_a icesicles_n with_o much_o air_n intercept_v among_o they_o it_o be_v not_o 〈◊〉_d paribus_fw-la near_o so_o durable_a as_o the_o more_o entire_a body_n of_o solid_a ice_n and_o yet_o we_o have_v find_v by_o frequent_a experience_n that_o ice_n well_o beat_v in_o a_o mortar_n will_v serve_v our_o turn_n for_o artificial_a glaciation_n as_o well_o if_o not_o in_o some_o respect_v better_a as_o snow_n and_o therefore_o in_o this_o history_n of_o cold_a we_o indifferent_o prescribe_v snow_n and_o salt_n or_o salt_n and_o ice_n as_o the_o ingredient_n of_o our_o glaciate_a mixture_n title_n vi_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o preservation_n and_o destruction_n of_o egg_n apple_n and_o other_o body_n by_o cold._n 1._o it_o be_v a_o tradition_n common_a enough_o though_o not_o here_o in_o england_n yet_o among_o those_o that_o have_v give_v we_o account_n of_o very_o cold_a 〈◊〉_d that_o if_o egg_n or_o apple_n be_v freeze_v be_v thaw_v near_o the_o fire_n they_o will_v be_v thereby_o spoil_v but_o if_o they_o be_v immerse_v in_o cold_a water_n the_o internal_a cold_n will_v be_v draw_v out_o as_o they_o suppose_v by_o the_o external_a and_o the_o freeze_a body_n will_v be_v harmlef_o though_o not_o so_o quick_o thaw_v this_o tradition_n i_o think_v fit_a to_o examine_v not_o only_o because_o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v whether_o it_o will_v succeed_v in_o our_o more_o temperate_a climate_n and_o because_o i_o love_v not_o to_o rely_v upon_o tradition_n when_o i_o have_v the_o opportunity_n to_o examine_v they_o especial_o if_o no_o one_o credible_a author_n affirm_v they_o upon_o his_o particular_a knowledge_n but_o also_o because_o i_o think_v the_o experiment_n if_o true_a may_v be_v so_o vary_v and_o make_v use_n of_o as_o to_o become_v luciferous_a enough_o and_o afford_v we_o divers_a phaenomena_n of_o cold_a not_o so_o easy_a to_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o more_o know_v way_n of_o experiment_v and_o according_o have_v expose_v some_o of_o these_o body_n to_o a_o cold_a that_o be_v judge_v sharp_a enough_o we_o afterward_o put_v they_o in_o water_n but_o find_v not_o the_o event_n answer_v our_o expectation_n no_o ice_n appear_v to_o be_v generate_v nevertheless_o we_o be_v not_o hereby_o so_o discourage_v as_o not_o to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n which_o we_o judge_v to_o be_v not_o unlikely_a with_o more_o sollicitousness_n and_o advantage_n then_o before_o and_o have_v thereby_o bring_v it_o to_o succeed_v we_o afterward_o make_v several_a trial_n of_o it_o with_o several_a distinct_a aim_n but_o 〈◊〉_d now_o find_v any_o entry_n of_o divers_a of_o they_o but_o those_o i_o have_v hitherto_o meet_v with_o among_o my_o note_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v as_o have_v in_o they_o some_o particular_n that_o may_v afford_v useful_a hint_n to_o a_o enquirer_n into_o the_o history_n and_o nature_n of_o cold._n and_o i_o shall_v set_v down_o together_o and_o that_o in_o this_o place_n though_o it_o will_v not_o otherwise_o be_v the_o most_o proper_a those_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o because_o some_o circumstance_n of_o one_o or_o other_o of_o they_o may_v be_v of_o use_n to_o we_o on_o several_a occasion_n in_o the_o present_a treatise_n 2._o a_o egg_n weigh_v twelve_o drachm_n and_o one_o grain_n wrap_v in_o a_o wax_v paper_n to_o keep_v it_o from_o the_o liquor_n of_o the_o thaw_v snow_n and_o freeze_v with_o snow_n and_o salt_n want_v four_o grain_n of_o that_o weight_n put_v into_o a_o dish_n of_o fair_a water_n there_o crust_v as_o much_o ice_n about_o the_o outside_n as_o make_v the_o egg_n and_o ice_n fifteen_o drachm_n and_o nine_o grain_n the_o ice_n be_v take_v off_o from_o the_o shell_n and_o the_o shell_n very_o well_o dry_v the_o egg_n be_v find_v to_o weigh_v twelve_o drachm_n and_o twelve_o grain_n the_o egg_n be_v break_v be_v find_v almost_o quite_o thaw_v the_o egg_n freeze_v swim_v in_o water_n be_v thaw_v it_o sink_v 3._o we_o take_v two_o egg_n strong_o freeze_v and_o in_o a_o room_n where_o there_o be_v a_o good_a fire_n we_o put_v one_o of_o they_o into_o a_o deep_a woodden-dish_n full_a of_o very_o cold_a water_n and_o set_v the_o other_o by_o it_o upon_o a_o table_n about_o two_o yard_n from_o the_o fire_n that_o they_o may_v be_v in_o air_n of_o the_o same_o temper_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a then_o perceive_v the_o egg_n that_o lie_v under_o water_n to_o have_v obtain_v a_o thick_a crust_n of_o ice_n we_o take_v it_o out_o and_o have_v first_o free_v it_o from_o the_o ice_n break_v it_o and_o find_v that_o some_o part_n of_o the_o white_a be_v not_o yet_o free_v from_o a_o pretty_a store_n of_o little_a parcel_n of_o ice_n but_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o white_a which_o be_v much_o the_o great_a part_n and_o the_o yelk_n seem_v to_o be_v much_o what_o of_o the_o same_o consistence_n as_o if_o the_o egg_n have_v not_o former_o be_v
freeze_v whereas_o the_o other_o egg_n that_o lie_v by_o upon_o the_o dry_a table_n have_v not_o only_o its_o whole_a white_a freeze_a into_o a_o consistent_a body_n but_o the_o yelk_n itself_o though_o we_o see_v no_o distinct_a particle_n of_o ice_n in_o it_o be_v grow_v so_o hard_o that_o it_o cut_v just_a like_o the_o yelk_n of_o a_o egg_n over_o boil_v and_o be_v cut_v quite_o through_o show_v we_o certain_a concentrical_a circle_n of_o somewhat_o differ_v colour_n with_o a_o speck_n much_o white_a than_o any_o of_o they_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o yelk_n which_o last_o circumstance_n whether_o they_o be_v accidental_a or_o no_o further_a observation_n must_v determine_v note_v that_o though_o we_o have_v not_o find_v above_o once_o that_o freeze_a egg_n will_v swim_v yet_o when_o we_o have_v break_v such_o egg_n the_o freeze_a white_a will_v swim_v but_o not_o the_o yelk_n 4._o we_o afterward_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n of_o lay_v two_o freeze_v egg_n near_o together_o in_o the_o place_n above_o mention_v the_o one_o under_o water_n and_o the_o other_o out_o of_o it_o till_o that_o put_v in_o water_n have_v get_v a_o thick_a icy_a crust_n and_o by_o break_v of_o they_o both_o present_o after_o one_o another_o be_v confirm_v in_o the_o persuasion_n that_o freeze_a egg_n will_v thaw_v by_o great_a odds_o caeteris_fw-la paribus_fw-la fast_o when_o immerse_v in_o water_n then_o when_o surround_v only_o with_o air._n 5._o we_o likewise_o take_v a_o freeze_a egg_n and_o from_o a_o fix_a place_n suspend_v it_o so_o by_o a_o slender_a packthread_n that_o it_o hang_v quite_o under_o water_n without_o yet_o touch_v the_o vessel_n that_o the_o water_n be_v in_o this_o we_o do_v partly_o upon_o another_o design_n and_o partly_o to_o observe_v whether_o or_o no_o the_o ice_n will_v in_o this_o case_n be_v considerable_o thick_a or_o thin_a against_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o egg_n as_o we_o former_o mention_v ourselves_o to_o have_v observe_v it_o to_o be_v very_o manifest_o at_o the_o low_a part_n of_o a_o glass_n which_o have_v ice_n and_o salt_n in_o it_o be_v immerse_v under_o water_n but_o when_o we_o take_v out_o the_o egg_n after_o we_o see_v that_o its_o icy_a case_n have_v cover_v the_o packthread_n it_o be_v hang_v by_o we_o find_v the_o case_n upon_o break_v it_o of_o a_o thickness_n uniform_a enough_o to_o keep_v we_o from_o conclude_v any_o thing_n from_o this_o trial_n since_o though_o there_o be_v a_o pretty_a deal_n of_o ice_n generate_v at_o so_o small_a a_o distance_n from_o the_o case_n of_o the_o egg_n that_o it_o seem_v to_o owe_v its_o production_n to_o the_o same_o cause_n yet_o which_o be_v somewhat_o odd_a we_o do_v not_o find_v that_o this_o ice_n stick_v to_o that_o which_o do_v immediate_o embrace_v the_o egg_n though_o we_o have_v some_o faint_a suspicion_n that_o the_o rudiment_n of_o it_o may_v have_v be_v very_o early_o part_v from_o the_o egg_n by_o some_o little_a shake_n of_o the_o table_n occasion_v by_o people_n pass_v to_o and_o fro_o in_o the_o room_n 6._o we_o take_v some_o pippin_n and_o expose_v they_o to_o freeze_v all_o night_n and_o put_v they_o the_o next_o morning_n into_o a_o basin_n of_o very_a cold_a water_n though_o in_o a_o warm_a room_n they_o be_v not_o long_o there_o without_o be_v enclose_v with_o case_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o considerable_a thickness_n where_o note_n 1._o that_o that_o part_n of_o a_o float_a apple_n that_o be_v immerse_v under_o water_n have_v a_o very_a much_o thick_a coat_n than_o the_o other_o part_n which_o remain_v above_o it_o 2._o that_o the_o extant_a part_n seem_v likewise_o to_o be_v hard_a than_o the_o immersed_a 3._o that_o one_o of_o these_o pippin_n be_v purposely_o leave_v out_o of_o the_o basin_n but_o lay_v by_o it_o seem_v upon_o cut_v to_o be_v hard_a and_o more_o freeze_a then_o those_o apple_n which_o have_v be_v put_v into_o the_o water_n which_o scarce_o seem_v to_o be_v at_o all_o hard_a than_o ordinary_a pippin_n that_o have_v never_o be_v set_v to_o freeze_v at_o least_o as_o to_o those_o part_n of_o the_o apple_n that_o be_v near_o the_o rind_n and_o consequent_o near_o the_o ice_n 4._o that_o neither_o freeze_a pippin_n nor_o freeze_a egg_n notwithstanding_o their_o great_a power_n of_o turn_v part_n of_o the_o contiguous_a water_n into_o ice_n do_v appear_v to_o we_o to_o detain_v or_o congeal_v any_o of_o the_o rove_a vapour_n of_o the_o air_n as_o ice_n or_o snow_n include_v with_o salt_n in_o glass_n be_v as_o we_o have_v former_o observe_v accustom_v very_o remarkable_o to_o do_v 7._o we_o take_v egg_n and_o freeze_v they_o with_o ice_n and_o salt_n till_o the_o shell_n of_o they_o be_v make_v to_o crack_v than_o we_o take_v they_o out_o and_o put_v one_o of_o they_o in_o milk_n two_o of_o they_o in_o a_o wide_a drink_a glass_n full_a of_o beer_n and_o two_o more_o in_o a_o large_a glass_n wherein_o we_o cover_v they_o with_o sack_n that_o be_v pour_v in_o till_o it_o reach_v much_o high_o in_o the_o glass_n than_o the_o eggs._n but_o none_o of_o these_o trial_n produce_v as_o we_o can_v perceive_v one_o grain_n of_o ice_n and_o be_v desirous_a to_o see_v whether_o the_o acid_n salt_n of_o vinegar_n or_o the_o cold_a in_o a_o well_o freeze_a egg_n will_v have_v the_o chief_a operation_n if_o those_o two_o body_n be_v put_v together_o i_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o the_o saline_n part_n of_o the_o vinegar_n begin_v to_o dissolve_v the_o eggshell_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o much_o alter_a colour_n of_o it_o but_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o egg_n be_v not_o able_a to_o freeze_v any_o part_n of_o the_o water_n or_o phlegm_n of_o the_o vinegar_n 8._o we_o have_v also_o thought_n of_o try_v whither_o or_o no_o piece_n of_o iron_n of_o several_a shape_n and_o bigness_n be_v for_o divers_a day_n and_o night_n expose_v to_o the_o freeze_a air_n and_o afterward_o immerse_v in_o water_n will_v produce_v any_o ice_n as_o freeze_a egg_n and_o apple_n do_v for_o the_o brittleness_n of_o the_o lath_n of_o stone-bow_n in_o sharp_a frost_n together_o with_o other_o observation_n elsewhere_o mention_v seem_v to_o argue_v that_o to_o use_v a_o popular_a phrase_n the_o frost_n do_v also_o get_v into_o these_o body_n and_o i_o have_v be_v assure_v by_o one_o who_o the_o trial_n i_o have_v make_v with_o egg_n and_o apple_n invite_v i_o to_o consult_v that_o a_o great_a cheese_n he_o immerse_v in_o water_n in_o a_o cold_a country_n be_v present_o cover_v over_o with_o ice_n but_o though_o as_o i_o say_v i_o have_v thought_n of_o make_v the_o above_o mention_v trial_n yet_o for_o want_v of_o a_o frost_n sufficient_o durable_a i_o be_v not_o able_a to_o effect_v what_o i_o design_v but_o thus_o much_o i_o try_v that_o though_o i_o keep_v good_a lump_n of_o iron_n and_o as_o i_o remember_v of_o other_o metal_n beside_o piece_n of_o glass_n and_o a_o stone_n or_o two_o of_o a_o convenient_a size_n in_o snow_n and_o salt_n i_o know_v not_o how_o much_o long_o than_o will_v have_v suffice_v to_o make_v egg_n or_o apple_n or_o such_o kind_n of_o thing_n fit_a to_o produce_v store_n of_o ice_n in_o water_n upon_o their_o be_v thaw_v therein_o yet_o we_o can_v not_o find_v that_o upon_o the_o immersing_a the_o several_a new_o name_v mineral_n body_n there_o be_v the_o least_o ice_n produce_v in_o the_o cold_a water_n where_o we_o keep_v they_o cover_v i_o must_v not_o nevertheless_o omit_v to_o make_v some_o mention_n of_o that_o which_o late_o 〈◊〉_d to_o happen_v at_o the_o door_n of_o our_o own_o laboratory_n respect_v the_o north_n east_n where_o some_o glass_n new_o bring_v from_o the_o shop_n and_o not_o employ_v lie_v in_o a_o basket_n as_o they_o pour_v water_n into_o one_o of_o they_o to_o rinse_v it_o part_n of_o it_o be_v present_o turn_v into_o ice_n while_o one_o of_o my_o domestic_n hold_v it_o in_o his_o hand_n who_o come_v present_o to_o show_v it_o i_o i_o suspect_v the_o ice_n may_v have_v come_v from_o or_o rather_o with_o the_o water_n that_o be_v pour_v into_o the_o glass_n but_o upon_o inquire_v be_v assure_v of_o the_o contrary_a 9_o but_o here_o i_o must_v not_o omit_v another_o trial_n relate_v to_o the_o former_a experiment_n which_o may_v seem_v somewhat_o odd_a if_o its_o event_n prove_v constant_o the_o same_o as_o when_o we_o try_v it_o for_o after_o these_o and_o divers_a other_o experiment_n make_v with_o freeze_a egg_n and_o apple_n we_o think_v it_o may_v be_v worth_a the_o examine_n whether_o or_o no_o ice_n and_o the_o liquor_n of_o these_o concretes_n will_v produce_v the_o like_a effect_n as_o freeze_a egg_n and_o apple_n and_o because_o it_o be_v usual_o a_o easy_a
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the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o fill_v that_o space_n which_o be_v desert_v upon_o the_o condensation_n of_o the_o include_v air_n the_o liquor_n will_v otherwise_o leave_v a_o vacuum_n abhor_v by_o nature_n and_o even_o those_o few_o modern_n that_o be_v loath_a to_o ascribe_v this_o phaenomenon_n to_o nature_n abhorrency_n of_o a_o vacuum_n either_o not_o be_v acquaint_v with_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n know_v not_o what_o probable_a account_n to_o give_v of_o it_o or_o if_o they_o acknowledge_v that_o weight_n be_v wont_a to_o ascribe_v it_o to_o that_o and_o to_o the_o great_a contraction_n of_o the_o internal_a air_n make_v by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_n 5._o but_o as_o for_o the_o peripatetic_n the_o above_o mention_v experiment_n sufficient_o evince_v that_o in_o many_o case_n it_o be_v not_o the_o shrink_n but_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o liquor_n contain_v in_o the_o stop_v vessel_n that_o occasion_n their_o burst_n and_o therefore_o in_o these_o case_n 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the_o bubble_n wont_a to_o abound_v in_o ice_n be_v fill_v with_o common_a air_n and_o even_o this_o question_n though_o it_o seem_v but_o one_o comprize_v two_o for_o to_o resolve_v it_o we_o must_v determine_v whether_o there_o be_v any_o true_a air_n contain_v in_o those_o cavity_n and_o whether_o in_o case_n there_o be_v they_o be_v adequate_o fill_v with_o that_o air_n by_o true_a air_n i_o mean_v such_o a_o invisible_a fluid_n as_o do_v permanent_o retain_v a_o spring_n like_o the_o common_a air._n 7._o the_o former_a of_o these_o two_o question_n i_o must_v confess_v myself_o not_o yet_o resolve_v about_o my_o experiment_n have_v not_o hitherto_o succeed_v uniform_o enough_o to_o satisfy_v so_o jealous_a a_o observer_n but_o yet_o i_o shall_v annex_v our_o trial_n not_o only_o because_o the_o thing_n have_v not_o be_v that_o we_o know_v of_o somuch_o as_o attempt_v by_o other_o and_o our_o way_n of_o experiment_v if_o they_o be_v due_o prosecute_v seem_v as_o promise_v and_o 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inch_n and_o 2_o 9_o above_o the_o mark_n &_o afterward_o the_o swell_a connuty_v so_o that_o we_o take_v it_o out_o though_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o water_n remain_v unfrozen_a it_o have_v reach_v five_o inch_n and_o somewhat_o more_o than_o a_o half_a above_o the_o first_o mark._n iv._o the_o ice_n and_o salt_n be_v purposely_o keep_v always_o beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o water_n be_v freeze_v and_o never_o the_o upper_a surface_n v._o during_o all_o this_o great_a elevation_n of_o the_o water_n there_o appear_v no_o bubble_n worth_a take_v notice_n of_o in_o the_o unfrozen_a part_n of_o the_o liquor_n but_o the_o ice_n be_v very_o full_a of_o they_o divers_a of_o which_o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o experiment_n be_v very_o large_a bubble_n but_o not_o all_o of_o they_o round_o some_o be_v about_o the_o bigness_n of_o hail_n shoot_v some_o small_a like_a mustard_n seed_n and_o other_o again_o not_o much_o inferior_a 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we_o find_v the_o glass_n fill_v to_o the_o high_a mark_n to_o weigh_v 4374._o grain_n when_o it_o be_v fill_v but_o to_o the_o low_a mark_n 4152._o grain_n and_o when_o quite_o empty_v 1032._o so_o that_o the_o water_n contain_v betwixt_o the_o high_a and_o low_a mark_n and_o raise_v by_o the_o glaciation_n be_v about_o a_o fifteen_o part_n of_o the_o water_n set_v to_o freeze_v and_o probable_o will_v have_v amount_v to_o much_o more_o if_o the_o water_n have_v be_v all_o freeze_a 12._o a_fw-la large_a glass-egg_n be_v take_v 1662._o with_o a_o proportionable_o big_a stem_n we_o pour_v water_n into_o it_o till_o it_o reach_v about_o a_o inch_n above_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o stem_n and_o fasten_v a_o mark_n there_o we_o expose_v it_o all_o night_n to_o freeze_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o be_v so_o place_v as_o not_o to_o reach_v so_o high_a as_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o stem_n the_o next_o day_n about_o ten_o of_o the_o clock_n we_o find_v the_o water_n rise_v in_o the_o 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the_o time_n after_o till_o it_o be_v quite_o thaw_v and_o the_o white_a ice_n appear_v full_a of_o bubble_n the_o experiment_n be_v further_o pursue_v the_o water_n ascend_v high_a and_o high_o till_o it_o have_v reach_v about_o eight_o inch_n above_o the_o first_o mark_n then_o the_o top_n of_o the_o pipe_n be_v with_o a_o lamp_n draw_v out_o into_o a_o very_a slender_a cylinder_n for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o seal_v up_o the_o glass_n be_v again_o put_v into_o the_o ice_n that_o the_o air_n heat_v by_o the_o lamp_n may_v cool_v upon_o which_o the_o water_n continue_v swell_v till_o it_o begin_v to_o run_v over_o at_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o slender_a pipe_n which_o be_v hold_v by_o in_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o candle_n be_v in_o a_o trice_n seal_v up_o so_o that_o the_o whole_a glass_n now_o appear_v full_a of_o water_n bate_v a_o inconsiderable_a quantity_n of_o rarify_v air_n not_o amount_v to_o the_o bigness_n of_o half_a a_o small_a pea_n that_o remain_v contiguous_a to_o 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estimate_n above_o deliver_v of_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n and_o that_o grand_a hydrostatical_a theorem_n demonstrate_v by_o archimedes_n and_o stevinus_n that_o float_a body_n will_v so_o far_o and_o but_o so_o far_o sink_v in_o the_o liquor_n that_o support_v they_o till_o the_o immersed_a part_n of_o the_o body_n be_v equal_a to_o a_o bulk_n of_o water_n weigh_v as_o much_o as_o the_o whole_a body_n for_o captain_n james_n in_o his_o often_o cite_a voyage_n make_v mention_n of_o great_a piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v twice_o as_o high_a as_o the_o top-mast-head_n of_o his_o ship_n 6._o and_o the_o hollander_n in_o their_o famous_a voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n mention_v one_o stupendous_a hill_n of_o ice_n which_o i_o therefore_o take_v notice_n of_o here_o not_o only_o because_o it_o have_v be_v think_v the_o great_a that_o man_n have_v meet_v with_o but_o because_o they_o deliver_v its_o dimension_n not_o as_o captain_n james_n and_o navigator_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v by_o 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xiii_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o sphere_n of_o activity_n of_o cold._n 1._o the_o sphere_n of_o activity_n of_o cold_a or_o to_o speak_v plain_a the_o space_n to_o who_o extremity_n every_o way_n the_o action_n of_o a_o cold_a body_n be_v able_a to_o reach_v be_v a_o thing_n very_o well_o worth_a the_o inquire_n after_o but_o more_o difficult_a to_o find_v then_o at_o first_o one_o will_v imagine_v for_o to_o be_v able_a to_o assign_v the_o determinate_a limit_n within_o which_o and_o not_o beyond_o they_o a_o cold_a body_n can_v operate_v several_a thing_n be_v to_o be_v take_v into_o consideration_n as_o first_o what_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a be_v that_o belong_v to_o the_o assign_a body_n for_o it_o seem_v rational_a to_o conceive_v that_o if_o a_o cold_a body_n as_o such_o have_v a_o diffusive_a virtue_n those_o that_o have_v great_a degree_n of_o cold_a as_o ice_n and_o snow_n will_v be_v able_a to_o diffuse_v it_o to_o a_o great_a distance_n as_o we_o 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examine_v this_o have_v take_v a_o piece_n of_o ice_n we_o do_v not_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o i_o partly_o make_v myself_o and_o partly_o cause_v in_o my_o presence_n to_o be_v make_v by_o other_o that_o if_o a_o man_n eye_n be_v close_o shut_v he_o can_v certain_o discern_v the_o approach_n of_o a_o moderate_o size_v piece_n of_o ice_n though_o hold_v never_o so_o near_o his_o finger_n end_n nay_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o make_v the_o trial_n with_o one_o of_o those_o very_a sensible_a thermoscope_n i_o have_v former_o mention_v wherein_o a_o pendulous_a drop_n of_o liquor_n play_v up_o and_o down_o in_o a_o slender_a pipe_n i_o find_v that_o by_o hold_v it_o very_o near_o to_o little_a mass_n of_o snow_n somewhat_o compact_v too_o the_o movable_a drop_n do_v not_o betray_v any_o manifest_a operation_n of_o so_o cold_a a_o neighbour_a body_n but_o if_o the_o glass_n be_v make_v to_o touch_v the_o snow_n the_o effect_n will_v then_o 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as_o well_o by_o the_o increase_n of_o cold_a as_o by_o the_o glare_a light_n which_o the_o air_n seem_v to_o receive_v from_o the_o neighbour_a ice_n 3._o but_o that_o which_o make_v i_o suspect_v that_o there_o may_v in_o this_o account_n be_v some_o mistake_n be_v that_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o meet_v with_o any_o like_a observation_n in_o any_o of_o the_o voyage_n into_o gelid_a climate_n that_o i_o have_v have_v occasion_n to_o peruse_v though_o in_o some_o of_o they_o the_o navigator_n frequent_o mention_v their_o have_v meet_v with_o vast_a rand_n as_o some_o call_v they_o and_o island_n of_o mountainous_a ice_n in_o the_o night_n and_o it_o be_v as_o i_o remember_v the_o complaint_n of_o one_o or_o two_o if_o not_o more_o of_o they_o that_o the_o ship_n lie_v close_o by_o such_o vast_a piece_n of_o ice_n without_o their_o be_v aware_a of_o it_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o fog_n by_o which_o it_o seem_v that_o there_o be_v no_o sensible_a cold_a diffuse_v to_o any_o considerable_a distance_n whereby_o they_o may_v be_v advertise_v of_o the_o unwelcome_a neighbourhood_n even_o of_o so_o much_o ice_n but_o possible_o the_o approach_n of_o far_o small_a mass_n of_o ice_n will_v have_v be_v sensible_a to_o they_o in_o such_o a_o climate_n as_o we_o where_o the_o organ_n will_v not_o have_v be_v indispose_v to_o feel_v by_o a_o long_a accustomance_n of_o any_o thing_n near_o so_o intense_a a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o that_o which_o then_o reign_v in_o those_o northern_a sea_n 4._o while_o we_o be_v consider_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o operation_n of_o even_o the_o cold_a body_n at_o the_o very_a near_a distance_n and_o upon_o immediate_a contact_n we_o think_v it_o a_o experiment_n not_o altogether_o unworthy_a to_o be_v try_v whether_o though_o ice_n and_o snow_n alone_o that_o be_v unassisted_a by_o salt_n will_v not_o in_o some_o of_o our_o former_o mention_a experiment_n freeze_v water_n through_o the_o thickness_n even_o of_o a_o thin_a glass_n they_o may_v not_o yet_o do_v it_o when_o the_o water_n be_v immediate_o contiguous_a to_o they_o and_o i_o remember_v that_o we_o take_v a_o convenient_o shape_a glass_n and_o have_v freeze_v the_o contain_v water_n for_o some_o hour_n from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o till_o the_o ice_n be_v grow_v to_o be_v of_o a_o considerable_a thickness_n we_o mark_v what_o part_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v possess_v by_o the_o unfrozen_a water_n and_o then_o remove_v the_o vessel_n to_o a_o little_a distance_n from_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n it_o stand_v in_o before_o we_o let_v it_o 〈◊〉_d there_o to_o try_v whether_o the_o ice_n will_v freeze_v any_o part_n of_o the_o contiguous_a and_o incumbent_a water_n but_o some_o intervening_a accident_n hinder_v we_o from_o be_v able_a to_o derive_v any_o great_a satisfaction_n one_o way_n or_o other_o from_o our_o trial_n 5._o wherefore_o we_o shall_v add_v by_o way_n v._n of_o compensation_n that_o the_o diligent_a olearius_n relate_v that_o at_o ispahan_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o persia_n though_o it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o very_a hot_a climate_n and_o though_o it_o seldom_o freeze_v there_o above_o a_o finger_n thick_a and_o the_o ice_n melt_v present_o at_o sunrising_n yet_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v conservatory_n which_o they_o furnish_v with_o solid_a piece_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o good_a thickness_n only_o by_o pour_v at_o night_n great_a store_n of_o water_n at_o convenient_a interval_n of_o time_n upon_o a_o shelve_v floor_n of_o freestone_n or_o marble_n whereon_o as_o the_o water_n run_v over_o it_o the_o most_o dispose_v of_o its_o part_n be_v in_o their_o passage_n arrest_v and_o freeze_v by_o the_o contiguous_a ice_n which_o by_o this_o mean_n say_v my_o learned_a author_n may_v be_v bring_v in_o two_o or_o three_o successive_a night_n to_o a_o very_a considerable_a thickness_n 6._o we_o several_a time_n give_v order_n to_o have_v this_o experiment_n try_v in_o england_n but_o partly_o through_o the_o negligence_n of_o those_o we_o employ_v and_o partly_o upon_o the_o score_n of_o intervening_a circumstance_n our_o expectation_n be_v but_o ill_o answer_v and_o in_o this_o case_n i_o mention_v intervening_a circumstance_n because_o have_v cause_v a_o servant_n to_o pump_v in_o the_o night_n upon_o a_o not_o very_o thin_a plate_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v lay_v shelve_v upon_o a_o board_n and_o another_o flat_a piece_n of_o ice_n be_v about_o the_o same_o time_n lay_v under_o a_o place_n where_o water_n derive_v from_o a_o neighbour_a spring_n be_v wont_n continual_o to_o drop_v he_o bring_v i_o word_n that_o not_o only_o in_o this_o last_o name_v place_n the_o ice_n melt_v away_o but_o that_o under_o the_o pump_n instead_o of_o increase_v in_o thickness_n by_o the_o water_n run_v over_o it_o it_o be_v thereby_o rather_o dissolve_v at_o which_o somewhat_o wonder_v i_o go_v in_o the_o morning_n myself_o to_o the_o pump_n and_o cause_v a_o good_a flake_n of_o ice_n to_o be_v in_o a_o convenient_a posture_n place_v under_o it_o i_o observe_v the_o water_n as_o it_o come_v out_o of_o the_o pump_n and_o be_v fall_v on_o the_o ice_n to_o smoke_n as_o if_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o well_o have_v make_v the_o water_n though_o very_o cold_a to_o the_o touch_n somewhat_o warm_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o thereby_o fit_a to_o resolve_v then_o to_o increase_v it_o which_o inconvenience_n may_v be_v prevent_v by_o suffer_v the_o water_n of_o deep_a spring_n and_o well_n to_o stand_v to_o cool_v in_o the_o air_n before_o it_o be_v put_v to_o the_o ice_n and_o this_o though_o the_o neighbour_a air_n be_v as_o i_o find_v by_o manifest_a proof_n so_o cold_a that_o i_o be_v not_o tempt_v to_o impute_v the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o the_o experiment_n rather_o to_o its_o want_n of_o a_o sufficient_a coldness_n than_o the_o water_n so_o that_o till_o i_o have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o make_v a_o further_a trial_n i_o can_v 〈◊〉_d more_o to_o the_o persian_a way_n of_o augment_v ice_n but_o to_o proceed_v our_o have_v meet_v with_o but_o a_o unsatisfactory_a account_n of_o this_o experiment_n which_o we_o be_v the_o more_o trouble_v at_o because_o this_o seem_v a_o promise_a way_n of_o try_v that_o which_o otherwise_o be_v not_o so_o easy_o reduce_v to_o experiment_n for_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n must_v be_v serious_o consider_v in_o assign_v the_o cause_n of_o divers_a trial_n that_o may_v be_v make_v for_o the_o resolve_v of_o the_o same_o question_n for_o to_o omit_v other_o example_n here_o in_o england_n we_o find_v that_o water_n pour_v on_o snow_n be_v wont_a to_o hasten_v the_o dissolution_n of_o it_o and_o not_o to_o be_v congeal_v by_o it_o whereas_o have_v inquire_v of_o a_o ingenious_a person_n that_o live_v a_o good_a while_n among_o the_o russian_n
he_o inform_v i_o that_o it_o be_v their_o usual_a way_n to_o turn_v water_n and_o snow_n into_o ice_n by_o pour_v a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o that_o liquor_n into_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o snow_n and_o have_v also_o inquire_v 〈◊〉_d ice_n have_v not_o the_o like_a operation_n he_o tell_v 〈◊〉_d that_o it_o be_v usual_a and_o he_o have_v see_v it_o practise_v in_o 〈◊〉_d to_o cement_v ice_n to_o building_n and_o other_o thing_n and_o also_o to_o case_n over_o body_n as_o it_o be_v with_o ice_n by_o gradual_o throw_v water_n upon_o they_o but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o that_o effect_v be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v bare_o to_o the_o contiguity_n of_o the_o ice_n because_o i_o learn_v of_o he_o that_o this_o way_n of_o increase_a ice_n be_v practise_v in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n when_o water_n thin_o spread_v upon_o almost_o any_o other_o body_n will_v be_v freeze_v by_o the_o vehement_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air._n 7._o the_o glaciation_n that_o nature_n unguided_a by_o art_n be_v wont_a to_o make_v begin_v at_o those_o part_n of_o body_n at_o which_o they_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n it_o usual_o happen_v that_o they_o freeze_v from_o the_o upper_a towards_o the_o low_a part_n but_o how_o far_o in_o earth_n and_o water_n the_o most_o considerable_a body_n that_o be_v subject_a to_o be_v freeze_v the_o frost_n will_v pierce_v downward_o though_o for_o some_o hint_n it_o will_v afford_v worth_a the_o know_n be_v not_o easy_a to_o be_v define_v because_o the_o deepness_n of_o the_o frost_n may_v be_v much_o vary_v by_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o the_o air_n by_o which_o the_o glaciation_n seem_v to_o be_v produce_v as_o also_o by_o the_o great_a or_o 〈◊〉_d duration_n of_o the_o frost_n by_o the_o loose_a or_o close_a texture_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o juice_n wherewith_o the_o earth_n be_v imbue_v and_o by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o subjacent_a and_o more_o internal_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n some_o of_o which_o send_v up_o either_o actual_o warm_a or_o potential_o hot_a and_o resolve_v steam_n such_o as_o those_o that_o make_v corrosive_a liquor_n in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n so_o that_o the_o frost_n will_v not_o seize_v upon_o or_o at_o lest_o can_v continue_v over_o mine_n and_o i_o have_v see_v good_a large_a scope_n of_o land_n where_o vast_a quantity_n of_o good_a limestone_n lie_v near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n on_o which_o i_o have_v be_v assure_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o the_o snow_n will_v not_o lie_v there_o be_v divers_a other_o thing_n that_o may_v vary_v the_o depth_n to_o which_o the_o frost_n can_v penetrate_v into_o the_o ground_n i_o say_v into_o the_o ground_n because_o in_o most_o case_n it_o will_v pierce_v deep_o into_o the_o water_n but_o yet_o that_o we_o may_v not_o leave_v this_o part_n of_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a altogether_o uncontribute_v to_o we_o will_v add_v some_o of_o our_o note_n whereby_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o in_o our_o climate_n the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d less_o into_o the_o ground_n than_o many_o be_v please_v to_o think_v 8._o the_o note_n i_o find_v about_o this_o matter_n be_v these_o that_o follow_v which_o i_o 〈◊〉_d unaltered_a because_o it_o be_v tedious_a and_o not_o worth_a while_n to_o add_v the_o way_n we_o employ_v and_o the_o caution_n we_o use_v in_o make_v the_o observation_n but_o we_o shall_v rather_o intimate_v that_o the_o follow_a trial_n be_v make_v in_o a_o village_n about_o two_o mile_n from_o a_o great_a city_n i._n jan._n 22._o after_o four_o night_n of_o frost_n that_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o for_o very_o hard_a we_o go_v into_o a_o orchard_n where_o the_o ground_n be_v level_a and_o not_o cover_v with_o grass_n and_o find_v by_o dig_v that_o the_o frost_n have_v scarce_o pierce_v into_o the_o ground_n three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a and_o in_o a_o garden_n near_o the_o house_n we_o find_v not_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v freeze_v more_o than_o two_o inch_n beneath_o its_o surface_n ii_o nine_o or_o ten_o night_n successive_a frost_n freeze_v the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o garden_n about_o six_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_a in_o depth_n and_o the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o orchard_n where_o a_o wall_n 〈◊〉_d it_o from_o the_o south_n sun_n to_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o about_o eight_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_o february_n the_o 9_o we_o dig_v in_o a_o orchard_n near_o a_o wall_n that_o respect_v the_o north_n and_o find_v the_o frost_n to_o have_v 〈◊〉_d the_o ground_n 〈◊〉_d a_o foot_n and_o two_o inch_n at_o least_o above_o a_o foot_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o eight_o day_n since_o it_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d inch_n and_o a_o half_a a_fw-la slender_a pipe_n of_o glass_n about_o 18._o inch_n long_o and_o seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v thrust_v over_o night_n into_o a_o hole_n purposely_o make_v with_o a_o spit_n straight_o down_o into_o the_o ground_n the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o same_o level_n with_o that_o of_o the_o earth_n the_o next_o morning_n the_o tube_n be_v take_v out_o the_o water_n appear_v freeze_v in_o the_o whole_a capacity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n but_o a_o little_a more_o than_o three_o inch_n but_o from_o this_o stick_n of_o ice_n there_o reach_v downward_o a_o part_n of_o a_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n of_o about_o six_o inch_n in_o length_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o water_n remain_v 〈◊〉_d though_o it_o be_v a_o exceed_a sharp_a night_n precede_v by_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o air_n that_o have_v be_v very_o lasting_a and_o very_o bitter_a the_o earth_n in_o the_o garden_n where_o this_o trial_n be_v make_v we_o guess_v to_o be_v freeze_v eight_o or_o ten_o inch_n deep_a as_o it_o be_v in_o another_o place_n about_o the_o same_o house_n but_o be_v this_o tube_n have_v not_o be_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n will_v have_v freeze_v it_o quite_o through_o 9_o another_o note_n much_o of_o the_o same_o import_n we_o find_v in_o another_o place_n of_o our_o collection_n find_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mildness_n of_o our_o climate_n i_o be_v scarce_o to_o hope_v for_o any_o much_o deep_a congelation_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o water_n i_o apply_v myself_o to_o inquire_v of_o a_o ingenious_a man_n that_o have_v be_v at_o musco_n whether_o he_o have_v observe_v any_o thing_n there_o to_o my_o present_a purpose_n as_o also_o to_o find_v in_o captain_n james_n voyage_n whether_o that_o inquisitive_a navigator_n have_v take_v notice_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o may_v inform_v i_o how_o far_o the_o cold_a be_v able_a to_o freeze_v the_o earth_n or_o water_n in_o the_o island_n of_o charleton_n where_o that_o quality_n may_v probable_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v have_v as_o large_a a_o sphere_n of_o activity_n as_o in_o almost_o any_o part_n of_o the_o habitable_a world_n and_o by_o my_o inquiry_n i_o 〈◊〉_d that_o even_o in_o freeze_a region_n themselves_o a_o congeal_a degree_n of_o cold_a pierce_v nothing_o near_o so_o deep_a into_o the_o earth_n and_o sea_n as_o one_o will_v imagine_v for_o the_o traveller_n i_o speak_v with_o tell_v i_o that_o in_o a_o garden_n in_o musco_n where_o he_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o thing_n i_o inquire_v about_o he_o find_v not_o the_o ground_n to_o be_v freeze_v much_o above_o two_o foot_n deep_a and_o in_o captain_n james_n journal_n the_o most_o that_o i_o find_v and_o that_o too_o where_o he_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o prodigious_o tall_a ice_n they_o have_v in_o january_n concern_v the_o pierce_a of_o the_o frost_n into_o the_o ground_n be_v this_o that_o the_o ground_n at_o 63._o tenfoot_o deep_a be_v freeze_v whence_o by_o the_o way_n we_o may_v gather_v how_o much_o sharp_a cold_n may_v be_v presume_v to_o have_v reign_v in_o that_o island_n than_o even_o in_o russia_n and_o as_o for_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o water_n he_o do_v in_o another_o place_n occasional_o give_v we_o this_o memorable_a account_n of_o it_o where_o he_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o break_n up_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o freeze_a sea_n that_o surround_v the_o island_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o it_o be_v first_o to_o be_v note_v say_v he_o that_o it_o do_v 86._o not_o freeze_v natural_o above_o six_o foot_n the_o rest_n be_v by_o accident_n such_o be_v that_o ice_n that_o you_o may_v see_v here_o six_o fathom_n thick_a this_o we_o have_v manifest_a proof_n of_o by_o our_o dig_v the_o ice_n out_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o by_o dig_v to_o our_o anchor_n before_o the_o ice_n break_v up_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o account_n not_o concern_v our_o present_a purpose_n i_o forbear_v to_o annex_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o notwithstanding_o our_o late_o mention_a experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n in_o
a_o glass_n tube_n thrust_v into_o the_o ground_n yet_o it_o seem_v that_o at_o least_o where_o captain_n james_n winter_v the_o water_n be_v not_o much_o above_o half_a so_o thick_o freeze_v as_o the_o earth_n but_o we_o have_v already_o note_v the_o indisposition_n of_o salt-water_n to_o congelation_n and_o whether_o fresh_a water_n will_v not_o have_v be_v deep_o freeze_v may_v be_v just_o doubt_v title_n fourteen_o experiment_n touch_v the_o differ_a medium_n through_o which_o cold_a may_v be_v diffuse_v 1._o in_o examine_v whether_o cold_a may_v be_v diffuse_v through_o all_o medium_n indefinite_o notwithstanding_o their_o compactness_n or_o the_o closeness_n of_o their_o texture_n we_o must_v have_v a_o care_v not_o to_o make_v our_o trial_n with_o medium_n of_o too_o great_a thickness_n lest_o we_o mistake_o impute_v that_o to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v indeed_o cause_v by_o the_o distance_n which_o the_o medium_fw-la put_v betwixt_o the_o agent_n and_o the_o patient_n for_o the_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o snow_n wherewith_o we_o make_v our_o experiment_n will_v operate_v but_o at_o a_o very_a small_a distance_n though_o the_o medium_fw-la resist_v no_o more_o than_o the_o common_a air_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o some_o of_o the_o experiment_n record_v in_o this_o treatise_n this_o premised_a we_o may_v proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o have_v place_v a_o copious_a mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n in_o pipkin_n glaze_v within_o and_o in_o white_a basin_n glaze_v both_o within_o and_o without_o we_o observe_v that_o the_o outside_n of_o both_o those_o sort_n of_o vessel_n be_v crust_v over_o with_o ice_n though_o however_o the_o bake_a earth_n have_v not_o be_v compact_v nor_o the_o vitrified_a surface_n of_o a_o very_a close_a texture_n the_o very_a thickness_n of_o the_o vessel_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o seem_v it_o will_v scarce_o have_v be_v able_a to_o freeze_v at_o a_o great_a distance_n 2._o by_o the_o experiment_n former_o mention_v of_o freeze_a water_n in_o pewter_n bottle_n it_o appear_v that_o cold_a be_v able_a to_o operate_v through_o such_o mettalline_a vessel_n 3._o and_o this_o may_v be_v somewhat_o confirm_v by_o one_o of_o the_o pretty_a experiment_n that_o be_v to_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o help_n of_o cold_a namely_o the_o make_v icy_a cup_n to_o drink_v in_o the_o way_n we_o use_v be_v this_o we_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v a_o cup_n of_o latin_a by_o which_o i_o mean_v iron_n reduce_v into_o thin_a plate_n and_o tin_a over_o on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o shape_n and_o bigness_n i_o intend_v to_o have_v the_o cup_n of_o then_o i_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v of_o the_o same_o matter_n another_o cup_n of_o the_o same_o shape_n with_o the_o former_a but_o every_o way_n less_o so_o that_o it_o will_v go_v into_o the_o great_a and_o leave_v a_o competent_a interval_n for_o water_n betwixt_o its_o convex_a surface_n and_o the_o concave_n of_o the_o other_o this_o innermost_a cup_n be_v furnish_v with_o a_o rim_n or_o lip_n by_o which_o it_o lean_v upon_o the_o great_a and_o by_o who_o help_n its_o side_n and_o bottom_n be_v easy_o place_v at_o a_o just_a and_o even_a distance_n from_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o other_o but_o the_o distance_n between_o the_o two_o bottom_n be_v make_v great_a then_o that_o between_o the_o side_n that_o the_o icy_a cup_n may_v stand_v the_o firm_a and_o last_v the_o long_o the_o interval_n between_o the_o two_o part_n of_o this_o mould_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o internal_a cup_n be_v fill_v with_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n partly_o to_o freeze_v the_o contiguous_a water_n and_o thereby_o cooperate_v to_o the_o quick_a make_n of_o the_o cup_n and_o partly_o by_o its_o weight_n to_o keep_v the_o water_n from_o buoy_v up_o so_o light_a a_o cup_n the_o external_a part_n be_v surround_v with_o ice_n and_o salt_n who_o cold_a so_o powerful_o penetrate_v to_o the_o internal_a 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sometime_o by_o anoint_v the_o inside_n of_o the_o mould_n with_o some_o unctuous_a and_o not_o offensive_a matter_n to_o hinder_v the_o adhesion_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o sometime_o by_o apply_v some_o convenient_a heat_n both_o to_o the_o convex_a part_n of_o the_o external_a and_o the_o concave_a part_n of_o the_o internal_a piece_n of_o the_o mould_n which_o last_o mention_v way_n be_v quick_a and_o sure_a but_o lessen_v the_o durableness_n of_o the_o cup._n we_o be_v late_o inform_v that_o this_o way_n of_o make_v cup_n of_o ice_n be_v set_v down_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d argenis_n and_o it_o be_v like_a enough_o that_o 〈◊〉_d man_n may_v have_v learn_v it_o among_o some_o of_o the_o virtuoso_n of_o italy_n he_o converse_v with_o but_o if_o we_o that_o learn_v it_o from_o none_o of_o they_o have_v not_o be_v teach_v it_o by_o experience_n we_o shall_v scarce_o have_v venture_v to_o try_v it_o upon_o the_o credit_n of_o a_o romance_n that_o sort_n of_o composure_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v 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funnel_n of_o glass_n it_o may_v be_v pertinent_o enough_o deliver_v in_o this_o place_n where_o we_o be_v treat_v of_o the_o transmission_n or_o propagation_n of_o cold_a through_o close_a and_o thick_a medium_n then_o because_o we_o expect_v to_o make_v of_o it_o that_o use_v especial_o that_o oeconomical_a use_n that_o have_v be_v late_o intimate_v for_o first_o it_o will_v be_v very_o hard_a to_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v the_o very_a air_n itself_o and_o not_o rather_o the_o vapour_n swim_v in_o it_o that_o be_v by_o this_o mean_v transmute_v into_o water_n and_o second_o it_o be_v true_a indeed_o that_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v condense_a vapour_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o a_o funnel_n but_o either_o they_o that_o hope_v to_o make_v this_o use_n of_o the_o experiment_n have_v little_a experience_n of_o it_o and_o write_v conjectural_o or_o else_o they_o have_v make_v it_o with_o a_o success_n very_o differ_v from_o we_o for_o though_o we_o employ_v a_o large_a funnel_n and_o suspend_v it_o by_o a_o string_n artificial_o enough_o tie_v about_o it_o in_o the_o free_a air_n and_o though_o the_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n we_o put_v in_o be_v sufficient_o infrigidate_v as_o will_v appear_v by_o and_o by_o and_o far_o more_o so_o then_o ice_n or_o snow_n alone_o will_v have_v be_v yet_o that_o mixture_n be_v not_o able_a to_o condense_a the_o vaporous_a part_n of_o the_o air_n into_o dew_n much_o if_o at_o all_o long_o than_o the_o mutual_a dissolution_n of_o the_o salt_n and_o snow_n last_v the_o liquor_n that_o be_v this_o way_n obtain_v and_o drop_v down_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o funnel_n who_o internal_a perforation_n ought_v to_o be_v careful_o stop_v lest_o any_o of_o the_o resolve_a snow_n and_o salt_n shall_v fall_v through_o
and_o spoil_v the_o other_o liquor_n be_v indeed_o sweet_a like_o rain_n water_n but_o so_o very_o little_a as_o well_o as_o so_o slow_o generate_v that_o it_o amount_v not_o any_o thing_n near_o to_o that_o which_o the_o snow_n employ_v and_o spoil_v to_o make_v it_o will_v have_v afford_v so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v question_v whether_o some_o cool_a liquor_n which_o can_v as_o well_o as_o this_o mixture_n condense_a the_o vapid_a air_n into_o water_n and_o who_o texture_n be_v not_o destroy_v in_o this_o operation_n as_o that_o of_o the_o snow_n be_v may_v not_o be_v more_o hopeful_o employ_v to_o obtain_v water_n from_o the_o air_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o add_v this_o one_o thing_n that_o the_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n do_v turn_v the_o vapour_n that_o fasten_v themselves_o to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n first_o into_o ice_n before_o they_o drop_v down_o in_o the_o form_n of_o water_n in_o almost_o all_o our_o trial_n of_o this_o nature_n as_o well_o in_o thick_a funnel_n as_o in_o other_o and_o thin_a glass_n 5._o that_o in_o hermetical_o seal_v glass_n a_o include_v mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v freeze_v the_o vapour_n of_o the_o air_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n divers_a of_o the_o experiment_n of_o the_o present_a treatise_n do_v manifest_o evince_v which_o argue_v that_o even_o so_o extreme_o close_v a_o medium_fw-la as_o glass_n be_v not_o able_a to_o hinder_v the_o transmission_n of_o cold._n and_o this_o be_v not_o superfluous_o add_v because_o in_o vessel_n not_o hermetical_o seal_v it_o may_v be_v pretend_v that_o it_o be_v the_o internal_a air_n that_o communicate_v its_o coldness_n by_o some_o unheeded_a but_o immediate_a intercourse_n with_o the_o external_a after_o this_o we_o think_v it_o worth_a a_o experiment_n to_o try_v whether_o or_o how_o cold_n will_v be_v diffuse_v through_o a_o medium_fw-la that_o some_o will_v think_v a_o vacuum_n and_o which_o to_o other_o will_v seem_v much_o less_o dispose_v to_o assist_v the_o diffusion_n of_o cold_a then_o common_a air_n itself_o to_o compass_v this_o the_o expedient_a we_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o be_v to_o suspend_v a_o slender_a glass_n full_a of_o water_n in_o one_o of_o the_o small_a receiver_n belong_v to_o our_o pneumatical_a engine_n and_o when_o the_o air_n be_v very_o careful_o pump_v out_o to_o bury_v the_o exhaust_a receiver_n in_o a_o copious_a and_o ready_a prepare_v mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n to_o see_v whether_o notwithstanding_o the_o withdraw_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la the_o water_n suspend_v in_o a_o kind_n of_o vacuum_n as_o to_o air_n or_o gross_a substance_n will_v yet_o be_v freeze_v by_o the_o cold._n that_o event_n of_o our_o trial_n which_o alone_o i_o find_v among_o my_o note_n be_v register_v in_o these_o term_n 6._o a_fw-la small_a pipe_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v at_o the_o other_o fill_v almost_o with_o water_n and_o be_v put_v into_o a_o receiver_n consist_v of_o a_o somewhat_o long_a 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to_o have_v any_o considerable_a number_n of_o bubble_n 7._o there_o be_v one_o experiment_n i_o have_v make_v about_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o indispose_a medium_n which_o may_v not_o be_v unworthy_a to_o be_v here_o insert_v for_o i_o have_v once_o a_o mind_n to_o try_v whether_o a_o cold_a body_n can_v operate_v through_o a_o medium_fw-la that_o be_v as_o to_o touch_v actual_o hot_a and_o have_v its_o heat_n continual_o renew_v by_o a_o sountain_n as_o it_o be_v of_o heat_n that_o perpetual_o diffuse_v through_o it_o new_a supply_n of_o warm_a liquor_n so_o that_o the_o cold_a body_n can_v not_o here_o as_o in_o other_o case_n first_o allay_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la and_o then_o lessen_v it_o more_o and_o more_o till_o it_o have_v quite_o extinguish_v it_o to_o compass_v this_o i_o have_v soon_o after_o a_o opportunity_n of_o make_v some_o trial_n present_v i_o for_o be_v at_o the_o mineral_n spring_v at_o tunbridge_n to_o drink_v those_o wholesome_a water_n for_o my_o health_n sake_n i_o soon_o accustom_v myself_o to_o drink_v they_o in_o considerable_a quantity_n very_o early_o in_o the_o morning_n when_o they_o be_v exceed_o cold_a and_o sometime_o drink_v they_o in_o bed_n as_o well_o as_o sometime_o at_o the_o springs-head_n i_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o observe_v whether_o in_o case_n i_o take_v they_o down_o very_o fast_o they_o will_v not_o through_o the_o warm_a muscle_n and_o outward_a part_n of_o the_o abdomen_fw-la diffuse_v a_o sensible_a coldness_n and_o upon_o more_o trial_n than_o one_o i_o find_v that_o by_o lay_v my_o warm_a hand_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o my_o belly_n i_o there_o feel_v at_o least_o as_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o a_o manifest_a and_o considerable_a degree_n of_o coldness_n and_o when_o i_o relate_v this_o to_o some_o ingenious_a person_n that_o be_v better_o acquaint_v with_o those_o spring_n than_o i_o they_o tell_v i_o that_o there_o be_v among_o those_o many_o that_o then_o resort_v to_o 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fluid_a upon_o the_o account_n of_o a_o congenite_fw-la motion_n in_o the_o corpuscle_n it_o consist_v of_o its_o fluidness_n may_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o agitation_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n either_o immediate_o contiguous_a to_o the_o surface_n or_o communicate_v its_o agitation_n to_o the_o water_n by_o propagation_n of_o its_o impulse_n through_o the_o vessel_n that_o interpose_v betwixt_o they_o to_o contribute_v to_o the_o clear_n of_o this_o and_o some_o other_o thing_n we_o devise_v the_o follow_a experiment_n we_o provide_v a_o glass-bubble_n of_o about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o walnut_n and_o the_o form_n almost_o of_o a_o pear_n who_o stem_n be_v purposely_o make_v crooked_a for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o suspension_n this_o be_v fill_v with_o water_n which_o be_v troublesome_a enough_o to_o be_v do_v unless_o one_o have_v the_o knack_n we_o hang_v it_o at_o one_o end_n of_o a_o thread_n who_o other_o end_n we_o pass_v through_o a_o cork_n by_o a_o perforation_n 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in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o sea_n consist_v but_o of_o the_o fresh_a particle_n of_o water_n that_o plentiful_o concur_v to_o compose_v the_o sea_n water_n yet_o beside_o that_o in_o case_n the_o fresh_a water_n be_v take_v as_o some_o of_o that_o i_o have_v find_v mention_v in_o voyages_n have_v confess_o be_v from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o ice_n it_o may_v possible_o be_v no_o more_o than_o melt_v snow_n which_o as_o we_o elsewhere_o take_v notice_n do_v in_o those_o extreme_o cold_a region_n easy_o freeze_v upon_o the_o ice_n it_o fall_v on_o and_o oftentimes_o much_o increase_v the_o height_n of_o it_o beside_o this_o i_o say_v the_o argument_n from_o the_o insipidness_n of_o the_o resolve_a ice_n will_v conclude_v but_o upon_o supposition_n that_o as_o that_o ice_n be_v find_v in_o the_o sea_n so_o it_o be_v also_o make_v of_o the_o sea_n water_n which_o though_o it_o may_v have_v be_v yet_o i_o somewhat_o doubt_n whether_o it_o be_v or_o no_o since_o i_o find_v some_o navigator_n of_o the_o most_o conversant_a in_o the_o cold_a climate_n to_o inform_v we_o that_o most_o of_o those_o vast_a quantity_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o about_o nova_n zembla_n and_o the_o strait_a of_o weigat_n and_o that_o choke_v up_o some_o other_o passage_n whereby_o man_n have_v attempt_v to_o pass_v into_o the_o south_n sea_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o accumulation_n of_o numerous_a piece_n of_o ice_n cement_v together_o by_o cold_a water_n that_o be_v bring_v down_o from_o the_o great_a river_n oby_n and_o other_o so_o that_o it_o may_v very_o well_o be_v suppose_v that_o these_o 7._o mountainous_a piece_n of_o ice_n may_v be_v some_o of_o these_o which_o upon_o the_o shatter_v of_o ice_n in_o bay_n and_o strait_n partly_o by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o partly_o by_o the_o tide_n may_v be_v afterward_o by_o the_o wind_n and_o current_n drive_v all_o up_o and_o down_o the_o sea_n to_o part_n very_o distant_a from_o the_o shore_n and_o some_o of_o these_o it_o may_v be_v that_o our_o countryman_n meet_v with_o and_o obtain_v their_o fresh_a water_n from_o which_o i_o the_o rather_o incline_v to_o think_v because_o that_o as_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o observe_v in_o another_o section_n the_o main_a sea_n itself_o be_v seldom_o or_o never_o freeze_v but_o my_o scope_n in_o all_o this_o be_v but_o to_o propose_v a_o scruple_n not_o a_o opinion_n iii_o the_o next_o and_o principal_a thing_n concern_v ice_n be_v the_o bigness_n of_o it_o which_o i_o find_v by_o the_o relation_n partly_o of_o some_o acquaintance_n of_o my_o own_o and_o partly_o of_o some_o navigator_n into_o the_o north_n to_o be_v sometime_o not_o only_o prodigious_a but_o now_o and_o then_o scarce_o credible_a and_o therefore_o as_o i_o shall_v mention_v but_o few_o instance_n that_o i_o have_v select_v out_o of_o the_o best_a journal_o and_o other_o write_n i_o have_v meet_v with_o so_o i_o shall_v add_v a_o few_o more_o testimony_n to_o keep_v 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he_o elsewhere_o mention_n other_o piece_n of_o no_o less_o depth_n and_o twice_o as_o high_a as_o his_o topmast_n head_n and_o this_o in_o june_n yet_o elsewhere_o and_o long_o after_o relate_v his_o return_n home_o he_o have_v this_o passage_n 106._o we_o have_v sail_v through_o much_o mountainous_a ice_n far_o high_o than_o our_o topmast_n head_n but_o this_o day_n we_o sail_v by_o the_o high_a that_o i_o ever_o yet_o see_v which_o be_v incredible_a indeed_o to_o be_v relate_v but_o the_o stupendious_a piece_n for_o height_n and_o depth_n of_o single_a ice_n that_o perhaps_o have_v be_v ever_o observe_v and_o measure_v by_o man_n be_v that_o which_o our_o famous_a english_a seaman_n mr._n w._n baffin_n who_o name_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o many_o modern_a map_n and_o globe_n mention_n himself_o to_o have_v meet_v with_o upon_o the_o coast_n of_o greenland_n who_o whole_a relation_n i_o shall_v therefore_o subjoin_v not_o only_o because_o of_o the_o stupendiousness_n of_o this_o piece_n of_o ice_n but_o because_o he_o take_v notice_n of_o a_o observation_n which_o i_o know_v not_o to_o have_v be_v make_v by_o any_o and_o come_v somewhat_o near_o the_o estimate_n we_o former_o make_v of_o the_o proportion_n betwixt_o the_o extant_a and_o immersed_a part_n of_o float_a ice_n only_o the_o follow_a estimate_n make_v the_o extant_a part_n somewhat_o great_a than_o we_o do_v which_o may_v easy_o proceed_v from_o other_o man_n have_v as_o mr._n baffin_n here_o do_v ground_v their_o computation_n upon_o what_o occur_v to_o they_o at_o sea_n or_o in_o salt_n water_n where_o the_o ice_n must_v sink_v less_o then_o in_o fresh_a water_n such_o as_o my_o estimate_n suppose_v our_o navigator_n word_n than_o be_v these_o the_o 17._o of_o may_v we_o sail_v by_o many_o great_a 837._o island_n of_o ice_n some_o of_o which_o be_v above_o 200._o foot_n high_a above_o water_n as_o i_o prove_v by_o one_o short_o after_o which_o i_o fonnd_v to_o be_v 240._o foot_n high_a and_o if_o the_o report_n of_o some_o man_n be_v true_a which_o affirm_v that_o there_o be_v but_o one_o seven_o part_n of_o ice_n above_o water_n than_o the_o height_n of_o that_o piece_n of_o ice_n which_o i_o observe_v be_v one_o hundred_o and_o forty_o fathom_n or_o one_o thousand_o six_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o foot_n from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n this_o proportion_n i_o know_v do_v hold_v in_o much_o ice_n but_o whether_o it_o do_v so_o in_o all_o i_o know_v not_o thus_o far_o of_o the_o height_n and_o depth_n of_o single_a piece_n of_o ice_n as_o for_o the_o other_o dimension_n the_o length_n and_o breadth_n i_o remember_v not_o that_o i_o have_v read_v of_o any_o that_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o measure_v the_o extent_n of_o any_o of_o they_o except_v captain_n james_n who_o ship_n be_v once_o arrest_v between_o some_o flat_a and_o extraordinary_a large_a piece_n of_o ice_n he_o and_o his_o man_n go_v out_o to_o walk_v upon_o they_o and_o he_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o measure_v some_o of_o the_o piece_n 17._o which_o he_o say_v he_o find_v to_o be_v a_o 1000_o of_o his_o pace_n long_o and_o probable_o among_o so_o many_o mountain_n and_o island_n of_o ice_n there_o will_v have_v be_v find_v some_o entire_a piece_n of_o a_o great_a extent_n than_o even_o these_o if_o man_n have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o measure_v they_o hitherto_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o bigness_n of_o single_a piece_n of_o ice_n we_o will_v now_o proceed_v to_o say_v something_o of_o the_o dimension_n of_o the_o aggregate_n of_o many_o of_o they_o among_o which_o have_v select_v four_o or_o five_o as_o the_o principal_a i_o remember_v myself_o to_o have_v yet_o meet_v with_o i_o presume_v it_o will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o subjoin_v they_o only_o about_o ten_o of_o the_o clock_n we_o meet_v with_o a_o mighty_a bank_n of_o ice_n be_v by_o supposition_n seven_o or_o eight_o league_n or_o twenty_o four_o mile_n long_o say_v that_o experience_a english_a pilot_n james_n hall_n in_o his_o voyage_n of_o denmark_n for_o the_o discovery_n of_o greenland_n another_o of_o our_o english_a navigator_n mention_n that_o even_o in_o june_n all_o the_o sea_n wherein_o he_o be_v endeavour_v to_o sail_v as_o far_o as_o he_o can_v see_v from_o the_o top_n of_o a_o high_a hill_n be_v cover_v with_o ice_n save_v that_o within_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o mile_n of_o the_o shore_n it_o be_v clear_a round_o about_o once_o in_o a_o tide_n by_o which_o last_o clause_n it_o seem_v that_o this_o vast_a extent_n of_o ice_n be_v either_o one_o entire_a float_a island_n or_o at_o least_o a_o vast_a bank_n or_o rend_v as_o some_o seaman_n term_v it_o of_o ice_n but_o the_o strange_a account_n of_o bank_n of_o ice_n that_o
of_o five_o canon_n but_o the_o next_o passage_n be_v more_o direct_o pertinent_a to_o our_o present_a subject_n and_o be_v couch_v in_o these_o word_n about_o twelve_o of_o the_o clock_n this_o night_n it_o be_v still_o calm_a we_o find_v ourselves_o sudden_o compass_v round_o about_o with_o great_a island_n of_o ice_n which_o make_v such_o a_o hideous_a noise_n as_o be_v most_o wonderful_a so_o that_o by_o no_o mean_n we_o can_v double_v the_o same_o to_o the_o westward_o wherefore_o etc._n etc._n of_o these_o kind_n of_o icy_a thunder_n as_o some_o traveller_n call_v they_o there_o be_v divers_a instance_n to_o be_v meet_v with_o mention_v in_o the_o several_a voyage_n of_o the_o hollander_n &_o particular_o in_o those_o to_o nova_n zembla_n but_o many_o of_o those_o noise_n seem_v to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o dash_a of_o the_o great_a piece_n of_o ice_n against_o one_o another_o but_o if_o it_o happen_v when_o the_o ice_n as_o sometime_o it_o be_v say_v to_o do_v seem_v to_o cleave_v as_o it_o be_v of_o its_o own_o accord_n to_o we_o that_o live_v in_o a_o temperate_a climate_n it_o may_v be_v a_o matter_n of_o some_o dispute_n whence_o these_o loud_a rupture_n of_o ice_n may_v proceed_v for_o olaus_n magnus_n in_o the_o chapter_n above_o cite_v do_v not_o improbable_o ascribe_v they_o to_o the_o warm_a exhalation_n that_o in_o some_o place_n ascend_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n and_o i_o remember_v in_o favour_n of_o this_o opinion_n that_o i_o once_o cause_v divers_a piece_n of_o thick_a ice_n to_o be_v bring_v out_o of_o a_o cool_a place_n into_o a_o somewhat_o warm_a room_n and_o listen_v observe_v a_o noise_n to_o come_v from_o they_o as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v produce_v by_o store_n of_o little_a crack_n make_v in_o they_o but_o somewhat_o or_o other_o prevent_v i_o from_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n and_o satisfy_v myself_o about_o the_o conjecture_n but_o have_v late_o inquire_v of_o a_o intelligent_a polander_n that_o have_v travel_v much_o upon_o these_o icy_a plain_n he_o agree_v with_o our_o author_n and_o other_o as_o to_o the_o frightful_a noise_n that_o be_v produce_v by_o these_o crack_n of_o ice_n but_o affirm_v upon_o his_o own_o observation_n for_o that_o i_o particular_o inquire_v after_o that_o these_o great_a cleft_n be_v often_o make_v not_o by_o thaw_v heat_n but_o by_o excessive_a cold_a and_o that_o he_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o they_o in_o extreme_o sharp_a weather_n indeed_o we_o sometime_o observe_v that_o in_o very_o bitter_a frost_n the_o freeze_a ground_n will_v cleave_v as_o we_o elsewhere_o have_v occasion_n to_o take_v notice_n but_o whether_o that_o be_v not_o a_o different_a case_n from_o this_o or_o whether_o the_o polonian_a gentleman_n be_v not_o mistake_v or_o whether_o both_o these_o mention_a account_n of_o the_o cleave_a of_o ice_n may_v on_o different_a conjuncture_n of_o circumstance_n take_v place_n we_o leave_v to_o far_a inquiry_n there_o be_v a_o tradition_n concern_v ice_n about_o the_o famous_a volcan-hecla_a in_o island_n which_o though_o very_o believe_v among_o the_o superstitious_a vulgar_a of_o 22._o those_o part_n be_v speak_v of_o so_o slight_o by_o blefkenius_fw-la who_o be_v upon_o that_o coast_n have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o sail_v purposely_o thither_o that_o i_o think_v it_o not_o worth_a while_n to_o take_v any_o far_a notice_n of_o it_o but_o it_o be_v too_o tedious_a to_o set_v down_o in_o this_o section_n which_o the_o strangeness_n and_o variety_n of_o the_o theme_n have_v make_v so_o prolix_a already_o the_o other_o thing_n that_o may_v be_v mention_v without_o impertinency_n concern_v ice_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v here_o desist_v from_o so_o laborious_a a_o task_n as_o also_o omit_v the_o handle_n of_o snow_n and_o hail_n for_o though_o they_o be_v reducible_a to_o ice_n yet_o i_o shall_v at_o least_o suspend_v the_o treat_v of_o they_o partly_o because_o bartholinus_n and_o meteorologist_n have_v save_v much_o of_o my_o labour_n and_o partly_o for_o the_o reason_n new_o intimate_v so_o that_o we_o shall_v conclude_v this_o section_n as_o soon_o as_o we_o have_v take_v notice_n that_o there_o be_v yet_o somewhat_o relate_v to_o ice_n which_o be_v in_o itself_o considerable_a and_o whereof_o hitherto_o no_o experimental_a account_n appear_v to_o have_v be_v give_v what_o we_o ourselves_o have_v try_v about_o it_o may_v challenge_v to_o be_v treat_v of_o apart_o title_n xvi_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o duration_n of_o ice_n and_o snow_n and_o the_o destroy_n of_o they_o by_o the_o air_n and_o several_a liquor_n 1._o it_o may_v be_v a_o experiment_n as_o well_o instructive_a as_o new_a to_o determine_v what_o liquor_n dissolve_v ice_n soon_o than_o other_o and_o in_o what_o proportion_n of_o quickness_n the_o solution_n in_o the_o several_a liquor_n be_v make_v for_o man_n have_v hitherto_o content_v themselves_o to_o suspect_v in_o general_a that_o there_o be_v other_o liquor_n potential_o hot_a wherein_o ice_n will_v soon_o dissolve_v than_o it_o will_v in_o water_n but_o this_o opinion_n either_o be_v ground_v upon_o no_o experience_n at_o all_o or_o take_v up_o upon_o the_o sight_n of_o what_o happen_v to_o piece_n of_o ice_n which_o no_o care_n be_v take_v 〈◊〉_d reduce_v to_o the_o same_o bulk_n and_o figure_n no_o more_o then_o to_o measure_v attentive_o how_o long_o one_o outla_v the_o other_o we_o think_v fit_a to_o try_v if_o we_o can_v not_o bring_v this_o matter_n to_o experiment_n and_o make_v a_o determination_n in_o it_o though_o not_o exact_o true_a yet_o less_o remote_a from_o exactness_n than_o have_v be_v yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v so_o much_o as_o attempt_v 2._o in_o order_n to_o this_o we_o procure_v some_o bullet_n mould_v and_o have_v first_o careful_o stop_v the_o little_a crevice_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o remain_v betwixt_o the_o two_o half_n of_o the_o mould_n with_o a_o good_a close_a cement_n we_o afterward_o fill_v they_o with_o water_n and_o careful_o close_v up_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o hole_n at_o which_o the_o water_n be_v pour_v in_o and_o then_o set_v the_o mould_n to_o freeze_v in_o ice_n and_o salt_n we_o find_v it_o difficult_a enough_o to_o keep_v the_o water_n more_o or_o less_o of_o it_o from_o run_v away_o through_o some_o unperceived_a passage_n before_o the_o cold_a can_v have_v time_n by_o congeal_v it_o to_o arrest_v it_o but_o after_o a_o while_n when_o we_o have_v thus_o make_v a_o bullet_n of_o ice_n we_o find_v it_o a_o new_a and_o great_a difficulty_n to_o get_v it_o whole_a out_o of_o the_o mould_n without_o warm_v they_o for_o by_o that_o way_n we_o can_v indeed_o loosen_v the_o ice_n but_o then_o we_o can_v not_o avoid_v thaw_v it_o too_o and_o that_o most_o time_n not_o uniform_o wherefore_o we_o try_v by_o grease_v the_o inside_n of_o the_o mould_n to_o keep_v the_o ice_n from_o stick_v so_o close_o to_o they_o notwithstanding_o the_o distension_n the_o water_n suffer_v by_o its_o be_v freeze_a but_o that_o we_o may_v pick_v out_o the_o bullet_n entire_a and_o this_o succeed_a well_o enough_o we_o hope_v by_o this_o way_n to_o obtain_v our_o end_n which_o be_v to_o have_v a_o competent_a number_n of_o piece_n of_o ice_n of_o equal_a bulk_n and_o of_o the_o same_o figure_n to_o be_v put_v at_o once_o to_o thaw_v in_o several_a liquor_n but_o we_o can_v by_o no_o mean_n procure_v mould_n which_o have_v any_o number_n of_o distinct_a cell_n of_o the_o same_o bigness_n those_o long_a pair_n of_o mould_n that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o shop_n have_v their_o distinct_a cell_n general_o make_v on_o purpose_n of_o very_o different_a bigness_n which_o render_v they_o altogether_o useless_a for_o our_o design_n wherefore_o we_o be_v fain_o for_o want_v of_o a_o exacter_n way_n to_o take_v a_o glass_n pipe_n of_o the_o most_o even_a and_o cylindrical_a that_o we_o have_v and_o of_o a_o bear_v capable_a to_o admit_v a_o big_a man_n little_a finger_n this_o glass_n be_v stop_v at_o one_o end_n and_o keep_v open_a at_o the_o other_o be_v fill_v to_o the_o height_n of_o about_o half_a a_o foot_n or_o more_o of_o fair_a water_n and_o ice_n and_o salt_n be_v heap_v up_o about_o it_o that_o the_o cold_a may_v reach_v as_o far_o as_o the_o 〈◊〉_d do_v it_o be_v quick_o freeze_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n i_o have_v cause_v several_a wide_o mouth_v glass_n to_o be_v bring_v into_o my_o chamber_n wherein_o by_o reason_n of_o some_o indisposition_n that_o hinder_v i_o from_o go_v abroad_o i_o keep_v some_o fire_n and_o have_v pour_v several_a liquor_n into_o these_o glass_n which_o have_v be_v place_v all_o on_o a_o row_n we_o suffer_v they_o to_o rest_v there_o a_o while_n that_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n may_v have_v time_n to_o reduce_v they_o as_o far_o
have_v teach_v i_o preserve_v ice_n and_o snow_n for_o a_o very_a long_a time_n appendix_n to_o the_o xvi_o title_n a_o eminent_a instance_n to_o confirm_v what_o be_v deliver_v at_o the_o close_a of_o the_o forego_n section_n be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o conservatory_n wherein_o snow_n and_o ice_n be_v keep_v all_o the_o summer_n long_o of_o these_o i_o have_v see_v in_o italy_n and_o elsewhere_o but_o suppose_v i_o have_v the_o command_n of_o some_o italian_a and_o other_o book_n wherein_o i_o shall_v meet_v with_o the_o dimension_n and_o other_o circumstance_n that_o belong_v to_o they_o my_o find_v my_o expectation_n disappoint_v by_o those_o book_n make_v i_o think_v it_o very_o well_o worth_a while_n to_o subjoin_v somewhat_o about_o thing_n that_o may_v give_v we_o opportunity_n of_o make_v a_o multitude_n of_o experiment_n about_o cold._n and_o therefore_o meet_v the_o other_o day_n by_o good_a chance_n with_o my_o ingenious_a friend_n mr._n j._n evelyn_n his_o inquisitive_a travel_n and_o his_o insight_n into_o the_o more_o polite_a kind_n of_o knowledge_n and_o particular_o architecture_n make_v i_o desire_v and_o expect_v of_o he_o that_o account_v of_o the_o italian_a way_n of_o make_v conservatory_n of_o snow_n that_o i_o have_v miss_v of_o in_o several_a author_n and_o have_v ready_o obtain_v my_o desire_n of_o he_o i_o shall_v not_o injure_v so_o just_o esteem_v a_o style_n as_o he_o to_o deliver_v his_o description_n in_o any_o other_o word_n than_o those_o ensue_a one_o wherein_o i_o receive_v it_o from_o he_o the_o snow_n pit_n in_o italy_n etc._n etc._n be_v sink_v in_o the_o most_o solitary_a and_o cool_v place_n common_o at_o the_o foot_n of_o some_o mountain_n or_o elevate_a ground_n which_o may_v best_o protect_v they_o from_o the_o meridional_a and_o occidental_a sun_n 25._o foot_n wide_a at_o the_o orifice_n and_o about_o 50._o in_o depth_n be_v esteem_v a_o competent_a proportion_n and_o though_o this_o be_v excavate_v in_o a_o conical_a form_n yet_o it_o be_v make_v flat_a at_o the_o bottom_n or_o point_n the_o side_n of_o the_o pit_n be_v so_o joyce_v that_o board_n may_v be_v nail_v upon_o they_o very_o close_o joint_v his_o majesty_n at_o greenwich_n new_o make_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o castle-hill_n be_v as_o i_o remember_v steen_v with_o brick_n and_o hardly_o so_o wide_o at_o the_o mouth_n steen_v about_o a_o yard_n from_o the_o bottom_n be_v fix_v a_o strong_a frame_n or_o tressle_n upon_o which_o lie_v a_o kind_n of_o wooden_a grate_n the_o top_n or_o cover_v be_v double_a thatch_a with_o reed_n or_o straw_n upon_o a_o copped_a frame_n or_o roof_n in_o one_o of_o the_o side_n whereof_o be_v a_o narrow_a door-case_n hip_v on_o like_o the_o top_n of_o a_o dormer_n and_o thatch_v and_o so_o it_o be_v complete_a to_o conserve_v snow_n they_o lay_v clean_a straw_n upon_o the_o grate_n or_o wattle_v so_o as_o to_o keep_v the_o snow_n from_o run_v through_o while_o they_o beat_v it_o to_o a_o hard_a cake_n of_o a_o icy_a consistence_n which_o be_v near_o one_o foot_n thick_a upon_o this_o they_o make_v a_o layer_n of_o straw_n and_o on_o that_o snow_n beat_v as_o before_o and_o so_o continue_v a_o bed_n of_o straw_n and_o a_o bed_n of_o snow_n s._n s._n s._n till_o the_o pit_n be_v full_a to_o the_o brim_n final_o they_o lay_v straw_n or_o reed_n for_o i_o remember_v to_o have_v see_v both_o a_o competent_a thickness_n over_o all_o and_o keep_v the_o door_n lock_v this_o grate_n be_v contrive_v that_o the_o snow_n melt_v by_o any_o accident_n in_o lay_v or_o extraordinary_a season_n of_o weather_n may_v drain_v away_o from_o the_o mass_n and_o sink_v without_o stagnate_n upon_o it_o which_o will_v accelerate_v the_o dissolution_n and_o therefore_o the_o very_a bottom_n be_v but_o slight_o steen_v those_o who_o be_v most_o circumspect_a and_o curious_a preserve_v a_o tall_a circle_n of_o shady_a tree_n about_o the_o pit_n which_o may_v rather_o shade_v then_o drip_v upon_o it_o thus_o far_o this_o learned_a gentleman_n account_n of_o conservatory_n of_o snow_n and_o on_o this_o occasion_n i_o may_v add_v what_o the_o dutch_a in_o their_o nova_n zembla_n voyage_n relate_v namely_o that_o the_o three_o and_o twenty_o of_o june_n though_o it_o be_v fair_a sunshiny_a weather_n yet_o the_o heat_n be_v not_o so_o strong_a as_o to_o melt_v the_o snow_n to_o afford_v they_o water_n to_o drink_v and_o that_o in_o spite_n of_o their_o be_v reduce_v to_o put_v snow_n into_o their_o mouth_n to_o melt_v it_o down_o into_o their_o throat_n they_o be_v compel_v to_o endure_v great_a thirst_n but_o because_o it_o be_v in_o so_o cold_a a_o climate_n that_o this_o duration_n of_o the_o snow_n be_v observe_v i_o shall_v rather_o take_v notice_n that_o in_o the_o alps_o and_o other_o high_a mountain_n even_o of_o warm_a climate_n though_o the_o snow_n do_v partly_o melt_v towards_o the_o end_n of_o summer_n yet_o in_o some_o place_n where_o the_o reflection_n of_o the_o sun_n beam_n be_v less_o considerable_a the_o top_n will_v even_o then_o remain_v cover_v with_o snow_n as_o we_o among_o many_o other_o have_v in_o those_o country_n observe_v and_o for_o further_a confirmation_n of_o the_o doctrine_n deliver_v at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o 16._o title_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v a_o passage_n which_o have_v unexspected_o meet_v with_o in_o a_o unlikely_a place_n of_o captain_n james_n voyage_n i_o think_v not_o fit_a to_o leave_v unmentioned_a here_o not_o only_o because_o it_o be_v the_o sole_a artificial_a observation_n that_o i_o yet_o meet_v with_o concern_v the_o last_a of_o ice_n and_o so_o may_v recommend_v to_o we_o the_o ingenuity_n of_o a_o author_n who_o testimony_n we_o somewhat_o frequent_o make_v use_n of_o but_o because_o the_o observation_n be_v in_o itself_o remarkable_a and_o notwithstanding_o the_o difference_n of_o place_n may_v serve_v for_o the_o purpose_n we_o allege_v it_o our_o navigator_n 101._o word_n be_v these_o i_o have_v in_o july_n and_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o august_n take_v some_o of_o the_o ice_n into_o the_o ship_n and_o cut_v it_o square_n two_o foot_n and_o put_v it_o into_o the_o boat_n where_o the_o sun_n do_v shine_v on_o it_o with_o a_o very_a strong_a reflex_n about_o it_o and_o notwithstanding_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o ship_n for_o we_o keep_v a_o good_a fire_n and_o our_o breathe_n and_o motion_n it_o will_v not_o melt_v in_o eight_o or_o ten_o day_n and_o it_o be_v also_o considerable_a to_o our_o present_a purpose_n what_o the_o same_o author_n elsewhere_o have_v about_o the_o durableness_n of_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o ground_n not_o yet_o thaw_v at_o the_o begin_n 〈◊〉_d of_o june_n for_o the_o ground_n say_v he_o be_v yet_o freeze_v and_o thus_o much_o we_o find_v by_o experience_n in_o the_o bury_n of_o our_o man_n in_o set_v up_o the_o king_n standard_n towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o june_n and_o by_o our_o well_n at_o our_o come_n away_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o july_n at_o which_o time_n upon_o the_o land_n for_o some_o other_o reason_n it_o be_v very_o hot_a weather_n title_n xvii_o consideration_n and_o experiment_n touch_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la 1._o the_o dispute_n which_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la be_v very_o well_o know_v among_o naturalist_n some_o contend_v for_o the_o earth_n other_o for_o the_o water_n other_o for_o the_o air_n and_o some_o of_o the_o modern_n for_o nitre_n but_o all_o seem_a to_o agree_v that_o there_o be_v some_o body_n or_o other_o that_o be_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n supreme_o cold_a and_o by_o participation_n of_o which_o all_o other_o cold_a body_n obtain_v that_o quality_n 2._o but_o for_o my_o part_n i_o think_v that_o before_o man_n have_v so_o hot_o dispute_v which_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la they_o will_v have_v do_v well_o to_o inquire_v whether_o there_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n or_o no_o in_o the_o sense_n new_o express_v for_o though_o i_o make_v some_o scruple_n resolute_o to_o contradict_v such_o several_a sect_n of_o philosopher_n as_o agree_v in_o take_v it_o for_o grant_v yet_o i_o think_v it_o may_v be_v not_o irrational_o question_v and_o that_o upon_o two_o or_o three_o account_n 3._o for_o first_o it_o be_v disputable_a enough_o as_o we_o shall_v hereafter_o see_v whether_o can_v be_v as_o they_o speak_v a_o positive_a quality_n or_o a_o bare_a privation_n of_o heat_n and_o till_o this_o question_n be_v determine_v it_o will_v be_v somewhat_o improper_a to_o wrangle_v sollicitous_o which_o may_v be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o if_o a_o body_n be_v cold_a signify_v no_o more_o then_o it_o be_v not_o have_v its_o insensible_a part_n so_o much_o agitate_a as_o those_o of_o our_o sensory_n by_o which_o we_o be_v wont_n to_o judge_v of_o tactile_a
quality_n there_o will_v be_v no_o cause_n to_o bring_v in_o a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la upon_o who_o account_n particular_a body_n must_v be_v cold_a since_o to_o make_v this_o or_o that_o body_n so_o it_o suffice_v that_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fire_n or_o some_o other_o agent_n whatever_o it_o be_v that_o agitate_a more_o vehement_o its_o part_n before_o do_v now_o either_o cease_v to_o agitate_v they_o or_o agitate_v they_o but_o very_o remissly_a so_o that_o till_o it_o be_v determine_v whether_o can_v be_v a_o positive_a quality_n or_o but_o a_o privative_a it_o will_v be_v needless_a to_o contend_v what_o particular_a body_n ought_v to_o be_v esteem_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la in_o the_o sense_n above_o specify_v 4._o second_o though_o it_o be_v take_v for_o grant_v not_o only_o by_o the_o school_n but_o by_o their_o adversary_n the_o chemist_n that_o heat_n and_o moisture_n dryness_n and_o gravity_n and_o i_o know_v not_o how_o many_o other_o quality_n must_v have_v each_o of_o they_o a_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o a_o principal_a subject_n to_o reside_v in_o upon_o who_o account_n and_o by_o participation_n of_o which_o that_o quality_n belong_v to_o the_o other_o body_n wherein_o it_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o though_o this_o be_v so_o i_o say_v yet_o we_o have_v chemist_n elsewhere_o full_o enough_o manifest_v that_o this_o fundamental_a notion_n upon_o which_o much_o of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o quality_n be_v both_o by_o aristotelian_o and_o vulgar_a chemist_n superstruct_v be_v but_o a_o unwarrantable_a conceit_n and_o therefore_o not_o sufficient_a for_o a_o wary_a naturalist_n to_o build_v the_o notion_n of_o a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la upon_z there_o be_v indeed_o many_o quality_n as_o gravity_n and_o figure_n and_o motion_n and_o colour_n and_o sound_n etc._n etc._n of_o which_o no_o true_a and_o genuine_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d can_v for_o aught_o i_o can_v ever_o yet_o discover_v be_v assign_v and_o because_o heat_n and_o cold_a be_v look_v upon_o as_o diametrical_o opposite_a quality_n we_o may_v consider_v that_o it_o will_v be_v very_o hard_a to_o show_v that_o there_o be_v a_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o heat_n since_o stone_n and_o metal_n and_o plant_n and_o animal_n and_o very_o few_o except_v all_o consistent_a body_n we_o be_v conversant_a with_o may_v by_o motion_n be_v bring_v to_o heat_n which_o to_o attribute_v to_o the_o participation_n of_o some_o portion_n or_o other_o of_o the_o imaginary_a element_n of_o fire_n be_v not_o only_o precarious_a be_v affirm_v by_o many_o and_o flame_n prove_v by_o none_o but_o erroneous_a or_o at_o least_o needless_a as_o we_o have_v more_o at_o large_a declare_v in_o other_o paper_n 5._o a_o three_o thing_n that_o induce_v i_o to_o question_v whether_o there_o be_v a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la be_v that_o among_o those_o body_n that_o the_o chief_a sect_n of_o philosopher_n whether_o ancient_n or_o modern_a have_v pitch_v upon_o there_o be_v not_o any_o that_o seem_v clear_o to_o deserve_v the_o title_n of_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o to_o make_v this_o appear_v we_o must_v distinct_o though_o as_o brief_o as_o our_o design_n will_v permit_v consider_v those_o four_o several_a body_n which_o we_o have_v at_o the_o beginning_n of_o this_o section_n take_v notice_n of_o to_o stand_v in_o competition_n in_o the_o opinion_n of_o philosopher_n for_o the_o title_n of_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la 6._o first_o than_o plutarch_n and_o other_o contend_v that_o it_o be_v the_o earth_n but_o to_o omit_v other_o argument_n we_o see_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v freeze_v not_o by_o its_o own_o cold_a but_o by_o its_o vicinity_n to_o the_o air_n as_o may_v be_v argue_v by_o this_o viz._n that_o the_o congeal_a cold_a even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o winter_n affect_v but_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n where_o it_o border_n on_o the_o air_n and_o seldom_o pierce_v above_o a_o few_o foot_n or_o at_o most_o yard_n beneath_o that_o part_n wherein_o the_o earth_n be_v expose_v and_o immediate_o contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o what_o we_o have_v former_o deliver_v concern_v the_o small_a depth_n to_o which_o frost_n reach_v in_o the_o ground_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o earth_n be_v protect_v from_o the_o air_n though_o by_o so_o cold_a a_o body_n as_o water_n it_o may_v be_v keep_v unfrozen_a all_o the_o winter_n long_o as_o may_v be_v gather_v from_o that_o remarkable_a practice_n in_o the_o great_a salt-marsh_n of_o the_o french_a island_n of_o xaintonge_n where_o as_o a_o diligent_a writer_n of_o that_o country_n very_o well_o verse_v in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o french_a salt_n inform_v we_o when_o once_o the_o season_n of_o coagulate_a salt_n by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v quite_o past_a the_o owner_n be_v careful_a by_o open_v certain_a sluice_n to_o overflow_v all_o the_o bank_n and_o dam_n that_o make_v and_o divide_v the_o salt-pond_n and_o serve_v for_o the_o workman_n to_o pass_v to_o commum_fw-la and_o fro_o for_o say_v my_o author_n in_o his_o own_o language_n if_o they_o leave_v those_o marsh_n or_o salt-work_n uncovered_v the_o frost_n will_v make_v such_o havoc_n among_o they_o that_o it_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o make_v they_o up_o again_o every_o year_n but_o by_o mean_n of_o the_o water_n they_o be_v preserve_v or_o keep_v in_o repair_n from_o year_n to_o year_n which_o practise_v i_o the_o rather_o mention_v because_o the_o hint_n it_o afford_v as_o it_o be_v considerable_a to_o our_o present_a purpose_n so_o it_o may_v on_o some_o occasion_n be_v applicable_a to_o practice_n useful_a to_o humane_a society_n 7._o beside_o the_o earth_n be_v according_a to_o those_o we_o reason_n with_o the_o cold_a heavy_a and_o solid_a of_o element_n it_o be_v not_o so_o probable_a as_o to_o excuse_v they_o from_o the_o need_n of_o prove_v it_o that_o those_o excessive_o cold_a agent_n that_o freeze_v the_o cloud_n into_o snow_n and_o hail_n shall_v be_v 〈◊〉_d exhalation_n carry_v up_o to_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air_n especial_o since_o it_o must_v be_v do_v by_o agent_n either_o hard_a to_o be_v guess_v at_o or_o considerable_o hot_a and_o it_o be_v not_o easy_a to_o give_v a_o reason_n why_o if_o elementary_a corpuscle_n steam_v from_o the_o earth_n have_v such_o a_o congeal_a cold_a where_o they_o be_v disunite_v and_o but_o intersperse_v among_o the_o particle_n of_o air_n the_o mass_n of_o the_o earth_n itself_o whence_o those_o exhalation_n be_v suppose_v to_o proceed_v shall_v not_o be_v able_a also_o to_o congeal_v water_n since_o the_o terrestrial_a corpuscle_n be_v more_o thick_o set_v and_o unite_v in_o a_o clod_n of_o earth_n then_o in_o a_o equal_a portion_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n it_o seem_v that_o where_o the_o frigorifick_a matter_n be_v more_o dense_a the_o cold_a shall_v be_v more_o vehement_a as_o philosopher_n observe_v that_o heat_n be_v more_o intense_a in_o a_o glow_a bar_n of_o iron_n than_o a_o equal_a portion_n of_o the_o flame_n of_o kindle_a straw_n 8._o but_o not_o to_o repeat_v what_o we_o former_o mention_v about_o cold_n be_v a_o privation_n there_o be_v another_o argument_n against_o the_o earth_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la and_o that_o be_v take_v from_o the_o subterraneal_a fire_n which_o break_v forth_o in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o in_o aetna_n vesuvius_n hecla_n the_o pico_n of_o tenariffe_n etc._n etc._n seem_v to_o argue_v a_o subterraneal_a fire_n upon_o who_o existence_n not_o only_o many_o chemist_n build_v great_a matter_n but_o even_o divers_a philosopher_n have_v adopt_v it_o and_o the_o learned_a gassendus_fw-la himself_n seem_v so_o far_o to_o countenance_v it_o as_o to_o employ_v it_o as_o one_o argument_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v natural_o neither_o hot_a nor_o cold_a the_o mention_n of_o this_o subterraneal_a fire_n bring_v into_o my_o mind_n some_o thing_n that_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o good_a though_o not_o classic_a author_n and_o among_o man_n that_o have_v be_v either_o digger_n of_o or_o conversant_a in_o mine_n not_o improper_a to_o be_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o for_o though_o i_o do_v not_o now_o intend_v to_o declare_v my_o opinion_n about_o the_o central_n fire_n either_o of_o the_o chemist_n or_o cartesian_o and_o though_o the_o example_n new_o mention_v and_o such_o other_o seem_v to_o i_o but_o very_o inconsiderable_a in_o reference_n to_o the_o whole_a earth_n yet_o it_o be_v observable_a to_o our_o present_a purpose_n that_o there_o shall_v be_v so_o much_o subterraneal_a heat_n or_o warmth_n at_o least_o general_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o for_o even_o where_o there_o appear_v no_o manifest_a sign_n of_o subterraneal_a fire_n i_o have_v know_v those_o that_o be_v wont_a to_o go_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o deep_a mine_n complain_v that_o a_o very_a
i_o shall_v content_v myself_o to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o obvious_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o cold_a that_o in_o river_n pond_n and_o other_o receptacle_n of_o water_n the_o congelation_n begin_v at_o the_o top_n where_o the_o liquor_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o immediate_a contact_n of_o the_o air_n which_o sufficient_o argue_v that_o the_o air_n be_v cold_a than_o the_o water_n since_o it_o be_v able_a not_o only_o sensible_o to_o refrigerate_v it_o but_o to_o deprive_v it_o of_o its_o fluidity_n and_o congeal_v it_o into_o ice_n whereas_o if_o the_o water_n itself_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la either_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v at_o least_o as_o to_o the_o major_a part_n of_o it_o always_o congeal_v or_o we_o may_v just_o demand_v a_o reason_n why_o when_o it_o do_v freeze_v the_o glaciation_n shall_v not_o begin_v in_o the_o middle_n or_o at_o the_o bottom_n as_o soon_o as_o at_o the_o top_n if_o not_o soon_o and_o our_o argument_n against_o the_o precedency_n of_o the_o water_n in_o point_n of_o coldness_n may_v be_v strengthen_v by_o this_o that_o frost_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v hard_a when_o the_o air_n be_v very_o clear_a and_o free_a from_o aqueous_a vapour_n whereas_o in_o rainy_a weather_n wherein_o such_o vapour_n most_o abound_v the_o cold_a be_v wont_a to_o be_v far_o more_o remiss_a to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v what_o we_o late_o deliver_v from_o the_o observation_n of_o navigator_n that_o even_o in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o main_a sea_n where_o yet_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o great_a mass_n and_o so_o most_o likely_a as_o well_o as_o advantage_v to_o disclose_v its_o nature_n never_o freeze_v though_o the_o strait_o and_o bay_n and_o gulf_n be_v freeze_v over_o which_o argue_v that_o the_o great_a degree_n of_o cold_a be_v rather_o to_o be_v assign_v to_o the_o air_n or_o to_o the_o earth_n then_o to_o the_o water_n which_o by_o the_o practice_n former_o mention_v of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o french_a salt_n marsh_n appear_v to_o be_v when_o it_o be_v of_o a_o considerable_a depth_n fit_a to_o preserve_v body_n from_o congelation_n then_o to_o congeal_v they_o which_o instance_n i_o the_o rather_o repeat_v because_o it_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o the_o water_n be_v not_o so_o much_o as_o dispose_v to_o receive_v any_o very_a intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a at_o a_o remote_a distance_n from_o the_o air_n for_o though_o navigator_n tell_v we_o of_o exceed_v thick_a piece_n of_o ice_n yet_o as_o we_o have_v already_o elsewhere_o note_v we_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o believe_v that_o the_o congeal_a cold_n have_v pierce_v any_o thing_n near_o so_o much_o as_o that_o thickness_n amount_v to_o from_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n direct_o downward_o for_o though_o it_o be_v no_o great_a matter_n if_o it_o do_v in_o comparison_n of_o that_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o though_o the_o water_n be_v natural_o cold_a the_o sharp_a air_n be_v unable_a to_o congeal_v yet_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o prove_v that_o those_o thick_a mass_n of_o ice_n be_v not_o solid_a and_o entire_a piece_n but_o rather_o heap_n of_o many_o 〈◊〉_d and_o other_o fragment_n of_o ice_n which_o run_v upon_o one_o another_o or_o slide_v under_o one_o another_o be_v by_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o intercept_a water_n and_o perchance_o half_o thaw_v snow_n as_o it_o be_v cement_v together_o into_o misshapen_v and_o unwieldy_a mass_n which_o conjecture_n agree_v very_o well_o with_o that_o observation_n of_o the_o ingenious_a captain_n james_n which_o he_o deliver_v in_o these_o word_n it_o seldom_o rain_v after_o the_o middle_n of_o september_n but_o snow_n and_o that_o snow_n will_v not_o melt_v on_o the_o land_n nor_o sand_n at_o low_a water_n when_o it_o snow_v which_o it_o do_v very_o often_o the_o sand_n be_v all_o cover_v over_o with_o it_o which_o the_o half_a tide_n carry_v 〈◊〉_d ous_o twice_o in_o twenty_o four_o hour_n into_o the_o great_a bay_n which_o be_v the_o common_a rendezvous_n of_o it_o every_o low_a water_n be_v the_o sand_n leave_v clear_a to_o gather_v more_o to_o the_o increase_n of_o it_o thus_o do_v it_o daily_o gather_v in_o this_o manner_n till_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o octob._n and_o by_o that_o time_n have_v it_o bring_v the_o sea_n to_o that_o coldness_n that_o as_o it_o snow_v the_o snow_n will_v lie_v upon_o the_o water_n in_o flake_n without_o change_v its_o colour_n but_o with_o the_o wind_n be_v wrought_v together_o and_o as_o the_o winter_n go_v forward_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o it_o two_o or_o three_o inch_n or_o more_o in_o one_o night_n which_o be_v carry_v with_o the_o half_a tide_n meet_v with_o some_o obstacle_n as_o it_o soon_o do_v and_o then_o it_o crumple_v and_o so_o run_v upon_o itself_o that_o in_o few_o hour_n it_o will_v be_v five_o or_o six_o foot_n thick_a the_o half_a tide_n still_o flow_v carry_v it_o so_o fast_o away_o that_o by_o december_n it_o be_v grow_v to_o a_o infinite_a multiplication_n of_o ice_n thus_o far_o this_o navigator_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v another_o passage_n out_o of_o one_o of_o his_o countryman_n mr._n hudson_n famous_a for_o the_o northern_a discovery_n that_o bear_v his_o name_n by_o which_o add_v to_o what_o have_v be_v elsewhere_o deliver_v to_o the_o same_o purpose_n we_o may_v be_v invite_v to_o believe_v that_o the_o vast_a hill_n and_o island_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o about_o the_o strait_o of_o weigat_n and_o elsewhere_o be_v not_o generate_v of_o the_o sea_n itself_o 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v no_o marvel_n say_v he_o that_o there_o be_v so_o much_o ice_n in_o the_o sea_n towards_o the_o pole_n so_o many_o sound_v and_o river_n be_v in_o the_o land_n of_o nova_n zembla_n and_o newland_n to_o engender_v it_o beside_o the_o coast_n of_o pechora_n russia_n and_o greenland_n with_o lappia_n as_o by_o proof_n i_o find_v by_o my_o travel_n in_o these_o part_n 15._o but_o for_o all_o this_o i_o think_v not_o fit_a as_o do_v the_o ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o to_o make_v the_o water_n indifferent_a as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a for_o as_o i_o former_o note_v concern_v the_o earth_n so_o i_o must_v now_o represent_v touch_v the_o water_n that_o set_v aside_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v but_o adventitious_a where_o it_o do_v operate_v and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d many_o vast_a portion_n of_o that_o element_n which_o it_o 〈◊〉_d not_o 〈◊〉_d reach_v the_o insensible_a part_n of_o water_n be_v much_o less_o agitate_a than_o those_o of_o our_o sensory_n temperate_o dispose_v and_o consequent_o may_v in_o regard_n of_o we_o be_v judge_v cold_a for_o though_o water_n be_v a_o liquor_n i_o ready_o allow_v it_o a_o various_a motion_n of_o its_o component_a corpuscle_n that_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v a_o body_n fluid_fw-la yet_o such_o a_o agitation_n which_o be_v sufficient_a for_o fluidity_n may_v be_v and_o often_o be_v far_o more_o remiss_a then_o that_o of_o the_o spirit_n blood_n and_o other_o liquor_n of_o so_o hot_a a_o sanguineous_a animal_n as_o man_n as_o we_o see_v that_o urine_n though_o after_o it_o have_v be_v long_o omit_v it_o continue_v a_o fluid_a body_n yet_o its_o part_n be_v far_o less_o agitate_a than_o they_o be_v when_o it_o come_v hot_a and_o reek_v out_o of_o the_o bladder_n 16._o and_o upon_o this_o occasion_n i_o shall_v add_v what_o by_o inquiry_n i_o have_v learn_v that_o except_o the_o part_n somewhat_o near_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n which_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o neighbour_a lower_v region_n of_o the_o air_n may_v give_v some_o warmth_n to_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v very_o cold_a for_o be_v very_o well_o acquaint_v with_o one_o that_o for_o some_o time_n get_v a_o livelihood_n by_o go_v down_o into_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o fetch_v up_o what_o can_v be_v recover_v out_o of_o shipwrack_a vessel_n i_o purposely_o inquire_v of_o he_o what_o cold_a he_o feel_v under_o water_n and_o he_o more_o than_o once_o tell_v i_o that_o though_o near_a the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n the_o cold_a be_v very_o moderate_a yet_o when_o he_o be_v necessitate_v to_o descend_v a_o great_a depth_n he_o find_v it_o so_o great_a that_o he_o can_v not_o very_o long_o support_v it_o and_o particular_o he_o tell_v i_o that_o have_v occasion_n to_o descend_v about_o twelve_o or_o fourteen_o fathom_n deep_a which_o be_v nothing_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o many_o sea_n to_o fasten_v rope_n to_o the_o ordinance_n of_o a_o great_a ship_n that_o be_v some_o year_n since_o cast_v away_o near_o the_o coast_n of_o one_o of_o the_o northern_a country_n though_o the_o engine_n that_o be_v let_v down_o
cold_a or_o upon_o who_o account_n the_o air_n produce_v they_o and_o if_o these_o be_v due_o apply_v water_n will_v be_v congeal_v whether_o air_n come_v to_o touch_v the_o surface_n of_o it_o or_o no_o nay_o though_o body_n which_o the_o air_n can_v never_o penetrte_v nor_o congeal_v any_o of_o their_o part_n be_v interpose_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o experiment_n former_o mention_v of_o freeze_a water_n include_v in_o glass_n bubble_n and_o suspend_v in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o other_o uncongealed_a liquor_n and_o it_o be_v worth_a take_v notice_n of_o by_o they_o that_o conclude_v the_o air_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la from_o the_o water_n beginning_n to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n where_o it_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n that_o it_o be_v there_o also_o where_o the_o ice_n begin_v to_o thaw_v 21._o beside_o the_o three_o opinion_n we_o have_v hitherto_o examine_v there_o be_v a_o four_o that_o just_o deserve_v to_o be_v serious_o consider_v for_o the_o learned_a and_o ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la be_v suppose_v though_o i_o doubt_v how_o true_o to_o be_v the_o author_n of_o it_o and_o though_o according_a to_o his_o custom_n he_o speak_v wary_o and_o not_o so_o confident_o of_o it_o yet_o in_o his_o last_o write_n he_o much_o countenance_n it_o yet_o some_o eminent_o learned_a man_n as_o well_o of_o our_o own_o as_o of_o other_o nation_n have_v resolute_o enough_o embrace_v it_o according_a then_o to_o these_o the_o congelation_n of_o liquor_n and_o the_o cold_a we_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o air_n water_n and_o other_o body_n proceed_v from_o the_o admixture_n of_o nitrous_a exhalation_n or_o corpuscle_n introduce_v into_o they_o and_o as_o i_o have_v a_o great_a respect_n for_o divers_a of_o these_o man_n person_n so_o i_o like_v very_o well_o in_o their_o opinion_n that_o they_o do_v not_o ascribe_v the_o supreme_a degree_n of_o frigefactive_a virtue_n to_o the_o air_n itself_o but_o to_o some_o adventitious_a thing_n that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o but_o whereas_o they_o pitch_v upon_o nitre_n as_o the_o grand_a universal_a efficient_a of_o cold_a i_o confess_v i_o can_v yet_o full_o acquiesce_v in_o that_o tenent_n for_o though_o i_o be_o not_o averse_a from_o allow_v salt-petre_n to_o be_v one_o of_o those_o body_n that_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o refrigerate_a power_n and_o to_o be_v copious_o enough_o disperse_v through_o several_a portion_n of_o the_o earth_n yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v not_o only_o divers_a other_o cause_n of_o cold_a but_o divers_a other_o body_n qualify_v to_o be_v efficient_n of_o cold_a as_o well_o as_o salt-petre_n 22._o and_o first_o if_o cold_a be_v not_o a_o positive_a quality_n but_o the_o absence_n of_o heat_n the_o remove_n of_o calorifick_a agent_n will_v in_o many_o case_n suffice_v to_o produce_v cold_a without_o the_o introduction_n of_o any_o nitrous_a particle_n into_o the_o body_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a but_o because_o it_o be_v disputable_a whether_o can_v be_v a_o positive_a quality_n or_o no_o we_o will_v urge_v this_o argument_n no_o further_o till_o the_o controversy_n be_v decide_v and_o till_o then_o as_o it_o will_v remain_v not_o improbable_a we_o propose_v it_o as_o no_o other_o but_o proceed_v to_o the_o next_o 23._o in_o the_o second_o place_n i_o see_v not_o as_o yet_o any_o proof_n that_o the_o great_a cold_a we_o have_v former_o mention_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o that_o vast_a body_n the_o sea_n especial_o when_o it_o be_v great_a elsewhere_o then_o near_o the_o top_n where_o the_o air_n may_v better_o communicate_v its_o coldness_n to_o it_o must_v be_v the_o effect_n of_o nitrous_a atom_n which_o must_v certain_o swarm_v in_o prodigious_a multitude_n to_o be_v able_a to_o refrigerate_v every_o drop_n and_o sensible_a particle_n of_o so_o stupendious_o vast_a a_o body_n as_o the_o ocean_n beside_o that_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v find_v or_o know_v it_o observe_v that_o nitre_n especial_o in_o vast_a quantity_n reach_v near_o so_o deep_a in_o the_o earth_n as_o those_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n that_o be_v find_v exceed_v cold_a and_o as_o the_o halituous_a part_n of_o nitre_n be_v more_o dispose_v to_o fly_v up_o into_o the_o air_n then_o dive_v down_o into_o the_o sea_n so_o we_o find_v no_o great_a document_n of_o its_o have_v its_o grosser_n and_o sensible_a part_n abound_v in_o the_o sea-water_n since_o the_o evaporation_n of_o that_o leave_v not_o behind_o it_o salt-petre_a but_o common_a salt_n but_o these_o though_o no_o light_a consideration_n be_v not_o those_o that_o most_o weigh_v with_o i_o 24._o for_o in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o be_o not_o satisfy_v with_o the_o experience_n i_o find_v allege_v to_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v by_o nitre_n that_o the_o air_n and_o the_o neighbour_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o water_n not_o to_o repeat_v the_o objection_n i_o late_o borrow_v from_o the_o sea_n receive_v their_o high_a degree_n of_o cold._a for_o when_o gassendus_fw-la and_o other_o tell_v we_o that_o it_o be_v nitre_n resolve_v into_o exhalation_n that_o make_v the_o gelid_a wind_n which_o refrigerate_v all_o thing_n it_o touch_v and_o penetrate_v into_o the_o water_n congeal_v it_o this_o i_o say_v to_o i_o will_v seem_v precarious_a until_o gassendus_fw-la or_o some_o other_o for_o he_o tell_v we_o what_o experiment_n they_o be_v which_o he_o seem_v in_o one_o place_n to_o intimate_v that_o this_o new_a doctrine_n depend_v on_o for_o ay_o confess_v that_o for_o my_o part_n i_o who_o have_v perhaps_o have_v more_o opportunity_n to_o resolve_v nitre_n have_v see_v no_o great_a feat_n that_o the_o steam_n of_o it_o have_v do_v more_o than_o those_o of_o other_o saline_a body_n in_o the_o production_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n which_o be_v a_o liquor_n consist_v of_o the_o volatile_a part_n of_o that_o resolve_a salt_n not_o only_o do_v not_o that_o i_o have_v observe_v appear_v to_o the_o touch_n to_o have_v considerable_o if_o at_o all_o a_o great_a actual_a cold_n then_o that_o of_o divers_a other_o liquor_n but_o seem_v to_o have_v a_o potential_a heat_n for_o whether_o or_o no_o the_o exhalation_n of_o nitre_n be_v able_a to_o congeal_v water_n into_o ice_n i_o have_v former_o observe_v serve_v that_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n or_o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la will_v dissolve_v ice_n into_o water_n very_o near_o if_o not_o altogether_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o spirit_n of_o 〈◊〉_d itself_o which_o inflammable_a liquor_n be_v general_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v in_o a_o high_a degree_n potential_o hot_a if_o gassenaus_fw-la do_v not_o mean_v such_o steam_n of_o 〈◊〉_d as_o these_o which_o i_o have_v be_v 〈◊〉_d of_o it_o have_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o have_v signify_v what_o other_o kind_n of_o corpuscle_n of_o resolve_a nitre_n he_o mean_v without_o leave_v his_o reader_n to_o divine_v it_o and_o if_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o other_o experiment_n which_o we_o late_o experimentis_fw-la take_v notice_n that_o gassendus_fw-la seem_v to_o intimate_a by_o that_o which_o he_o set_v down_o a_o little_a after_o compare_v with_o that_o he_o have_v mention_v a_o little_a before_o i_o be_o not_o likely_a much_o to_o be_v convince_v by_o they_o but_o shall_v rather_o be_v tempt_v to_o suspect_v that_o learned_a man_n may_v be_v impose_v upon_o by_o other_o to_o write_v that_o as_o matter_n of_o fact_n which_o he_o never_o have_v try_v and_o yet_o own_o not_o the_o have_v it_o only_o by_o report_n for_o whereas_o he_o seem_v to_o 〈◊〉_d that_o dissolve_v nitre_n mingle_v itself_o with_o water_n freeze_v it_o and_o that_o in_o summer_n yet_o i_o must_v free_o 〈◊〉_d that_o although_o 〈◊〉_d other_o learned_a modern_n teach_v the_o same_o thing_n but_o without_o any_o man_n avouch_v it_o that_o i_o know_v upon_o his_o own_o experience_n i_o who_o be_o no_o 〈◊〉_d to_o nitrous_a experiment_n have_v never_o be_v able_a to_o produce_v or_o so_o fortunate_a as_o to_o see_v any_o such_o effect_n and_o 〈◊〉_d somewhat_o strange_a to_o i_o that_o chemist_n who_o make_v such_o frequent_a solution_n of_o nitre_n and_o ofrentimes_o with_o less_o water_n then_o be_v sufficient_a to_o dissolve_v it_o all_o so_o that_o by_o consequence_n the_o proportion_n of_o the_o nitre_n to_o the_o water_n must_v have_v run_v through_o almost_o all_o the_o possible_a measure_n of_o proportion_n shall_v never_o so_o much_o as_o by_o chance_n as_o i_o can_v hear_v have_v observe_v any_o such_o matter_n and_o that_o which_o make_v i_o thus_o interpret_v gassendus_fw-la his_fw-la meaning_n though_o in_o one_o of_o the_o two_o passage_n wherein_o he_o set_v down_o this_o experiment_n he_o mention_n also_o snow_n or_o ice_n to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o nitre_n be_v that_o in_o the_o first_o of_o those_o two_o passage_n he_o ascribe_v the_o congelation_n to_o
i_o now_o consider_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o intenser_n coldness_n in_o the_o air_n without_o take_v they_o in_o and_o the_o opinion_n i_o incline_v to_o have_v at_o least_o this_o advantage_n that_o the_o air_n seem_v to_o be_v as_o rightful_o term_v cold_a as_o iron_n marble_n mercury_n crystal_n salt-petre_a and_o such_o other_o body_n which_o man_n unanimous_o look_v upon_o as_o such_o there_o be_v none_o of_o these_o to_o which_o the_o argument_n employ_v against_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n be_v not_o applicable_a save_v that_o the_o air_n be_v a_o fluid_a of_o a_o loose_a and_o fine_a texture_n do_v soon_o receive_v and_o lose_v the_o impression_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a and_o yet_o if_o a_o block_n of_o marble_n for_o instance_n or_o a_o iron_n bullet_n be_v remove_v into_o one_o of_o those_o empty_a space_n that_o gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o suppose_v to_o be_v beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o this_o world_n i_o see_v not_o why_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v 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wherefore_o we_o think_v fit_a to_o endeavour_v something_o in_o this_o kind_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v annex_v a_o brief_a account_n whereby_o it_o will_v appear_v upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n that_o in_o the_o climate_n we_o live_v in_o the_o cold_a do_v not_o so_o considerable_o condense_a the_o air_n as_o most_o man_n seem_v to_o have_v hitherto_o imagine_v 6._o and_o first_o it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o intimate_v that_o among_o other_o way_n we_o try_v to_o measure_v the_o shrink_n of_o the_o air_n by_o seal_v it_o up_o in_o glass_n furnish_v with_o long_a and_o very_a slender_a stem_n that_o by_o break_v off_o the_o tip_n of_o those_o glass_n immerse_v under_o water_n when_o by_o the_o cold_a air_n of_o a_o frosty_a night_n or_o the_o circumposition_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n the_o include_v air_n be_v high_o refrigerated_a the_o water_n may_v by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n upon_o it_o be_v impel_v into_o the_o cylindrical_a cavity_n of_o the_o break_a glass_n and_o by_o its_o great_a or_o lesser_a ascent_n therein_o show_v how_o much_o the_o internal_a air_n have_v be_v make_v to_o shrink_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o cold._n but_o this_o way_n for_o reason_n too_o long_o to_o be_v here_o deduce_v we_o find_v it_o troublesome_a and_o difficult_a to_o practice_v with_o any_o thing_n of_o certainty_n nor_o do_v we_o ever_o that_o i_o remember_v by_o this_o way_n bring_v the_o refrigerated_a air_n to_o lose_v above_o a_o 30._o part_n of_o its_o former_a dimension_n 7._o we_o will_v have_v try_v also_o to_o measure_v the_o condensation_n of_o the_o air_n by_o the_o ascent_n of_o water_n into_o the_o stem_n of_o a_o bolthead_n so_o invert_v that_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o stem_n may_v be_v under_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n and_o the_o bolt-head_n keep_v erect_v but_o this_o way_n we_o
but_o such_o as_o eat_v flesh_n as_o bear_n and_o fox_n etc._n etc._n although_o nova_n zembla_n lie_v 4_o 5_o and_o 6._o degree_n more_o southerly_a from_o the_o pole_n than_o the_o other_o land_n aforesaid_a and_o to_o this_o purpose_n i_o remember_v what_o be_v relate_v by_o the_o learned_a josephus_n 101._o acosta_n concern_v the_o heat_n and_o cold_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o elsewhere_o when_o i_o pass_v say_v he_o to_o the_o indies_n i_o will_v tell_v what_o chance_v unto_o i_o have_v read_v what_o poet_n and_o philosopher_n write_v of_o the_o burn_a zone_n i_o persuade_v myself_o that_o come_v to_o the_o aequinoctial_a i_o shall_v not_o endure_v the_o violent_a heat_n but_o it_o fall_v out_o otherwise_o for_o when_o i_o pass_v which_o be_v when_o the_o 〈◊〉_d be_v there_o for_o zenith_n be_v enter_v into_o aries_n in_o the_o month_n of_o march_n i_o feel_v so_o great_a a_o cold_a as_o i_o be_v force_v to_o go_v into_o the_o sun_n to_o warm_v i_o what_o can_v i_o else_o do_v then_o but_o laugh_v at_o aristotle_n meteor_n and_o his_o philosophy_n see_v that_o in_o that_o place_n and_o at_o that_o season_n when_o as_o all_o shall_v be_v scorch_a with_o heat_n according_a to_o his_o rule_n 〈◊〉_d and_o all_o my_o companion_n be_v a_o cold_a in_o truth_n there_o be_v no_o region_n in_o the_o world_n more_o pleasant_a and_o temperate_a then_o under_o the_o equinoctial_a although_o it_o be_v not_o in_o all_o part_n of_o a_o equal_a temperature_n but_o have_v great_a diversity_n the_o burn_a zone_n in_o some_o part_n be_v very_o temperate_a as_o in_o quitto_n and_o on_o the_o plain_n of_o peru_n in_o some_o part_n very_o cold_a as_o at_o potosi_n and_o in_o some_o veryhot_n as_o in_o ethiopia_n brasile_n and_o the_o molucque_n and_o within_o two_o chapter_n after_o he_o discourse_v more_o large_o of_o some_o of_o these_o particular_n and_o again_o chapter_n the_o 12._o you_o may_v continual_o say_v he_o see_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o these_o 109._o mountain_n snow_n hail_n and_o freeze_a water_n and_o the_o cold_a so_o bitter_a as_o the_o grass_n be_v all_o wither_a so_o as_o the_o man_n and_o beast_n which_o pass_v that_o way_n be_v benumb_v with_o cold_a this_o as_o i_o have_v say_v be_v in_o the_o burn_a zone_n and_o it_o happen_v most_o common_o when_o they_o have_v the_o sun_n for_o zenith_n these_o testimony_n of_o a_o learned_a man_n that_o write_v upon_o his_o own_o knowledge_n i_o think_v it_o worth_a produce_v to_o make_v it_o probable_a that_o as_o in_o several_a country_n the_o heat_n do_v not_o always_o answer_v to_o the_o nearness_n of_o place_n to_o the_o line_n so_o in_o northern_a region_n the_o cold_a may_v not_o always_o be_v proportionate_a to_o their_o vicinity_n to_o the_o pole_n in_o mr._n hudsons_n second_o voyage_n write_v by_o himself_o he_o mention_n that_o above_o 71._o degree_n though_o they_o be_v much_o pester_v with_o ice_n about_o the_o end_n of_o june_n that_o day_n when_o this_o 578._o happen_v be_v calm_a clear_a and_o hot_a weather_n add_v of_o the_o next_o day_n also_o that_o it_o be_v calm_a hot_a and_o fair_a weather_n and_o acosta_n tell_v we_o that_o we_o see_v these_o difference_n not_o only_o on_o the_o land_n but_o also_o on_o the_o sea_n there_o be_v some_o sea_n where_o they_o feel_v great_a heat_n as_o the_o report_n of_o that_o of_o mazambigus_fw-la and_o ormus_n in_o the_o east_n and_o of_o the_o sea_n of_o panama_n in_o the_o west_n there_o be_v other_o sea_n in_o the_o same_o degree_n of_o height_n very_o cold_a as_o that_o of_o peru_n in_o the_o which_o we_o be_v a_o cold_a when_o we_o first_o sail_v it_o which_o be_v in_o march_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v direct_o over_o we_o in_o truth_n on_o this_o continent_n 〈◊〉_d the_o land_n and_o sea_n be_v of_o one_o sort_n we_o can_v imagine_v any_o other_o cause_n of_o this_o so_o great_a a_o 〈◊〉_d but_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o wind_n that_o 〈◊〉_d refresh_v they_o but_o to_o multiply_v no_o more_o instance_n we_o shall_v 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not_o find_v that_o his_o great_a earthen_a pot_n which_o be_v make_v up_o with_o as_o little_a water_n as_o be_v possible_a &_o be_v deserve_o famous_a for_o their_o durable_a texture_n have_v not_o that_o texture_n alter_v and_o impair_v by_o very_a pierce_a frost_n he_o assure_v i_o that_o if_o he_o do_v not_o take_v care_n to_o keep_v the_o frost_n as_o they_o speak_v from_o get_v into_o they_o those_o great_a and_o solid_a vessel_n wherein_o he_o use_v to_o keep_v his_o glass_n in_o fusion_n will_v in_o the_o fire_n scale_n or_o crack_v and_o perhaps_o fly_v and_o become_v unserviceable_a no_o less_o than_o some_o week_n soon_o than_o if_o they_o have_v never_o be_v impair_v by_o the_o frost_n and_o when_o i_o inquire_v whether_o also_o glass_n itself_o will_v not_o be_v much_o prejudice_v thereby_o he_o affirm_v to_o i_o that_o oftentimes_o in_o very_o hard_a frost_n many_o glass_n that_o have_v continue_v entire_a for_o many_o week_n for_o that_o circumstance_n i_o be_v 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criterion_n than_o the_o bare_a touch_n to_o judge_v of_o the_o coldness_n of_o liquor_n these_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o same_o temper_n be_v expose_v to_o a_o very_a sharp_a air_n and_o there_o watch_v by_o the_o person_n who_o be_v not_o well_o and_o unable_a to_o support_v such_o weather_n myself_o i_o appoint_v to_o attend_v the_o experiment_n and_o he_o according_a to_o direction_n find_v they_o begin_v to_o freeze_v as_o it_o be_v at_o the_o very_a same_o time_n bring_v i_o in_o the_o two_o pottinger_n in_o each_o of_o which_o i_o see_v the_o beginning_n and_o but_o the_o beginning_n of_o congelation_n where_o the_o upper_a surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o contain_v vessel_n so_o that_o have_v make_v this_o experiment_n with_o much_o great_a exactness_n then_o probable_o berigardus_n do_v or_o for_o want_v of_o such_o instrument_n as_o i_o use_v can_v make_v it_o i_o can_v but_o suspect_v suppose_v the_o common_a water_n he_o and_o i_o use_v to_o be_v 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shall_v have_v make_v more_o trial_n at_o least_o if_o not_o also_o more_o satisfactory_a one_o if_o i_o can_v have_v have_v fish_n and_o vessel_n and_o cold_a weather_n at_o command_n but_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n though_o the_o tradition_n we_o have_v be_v examine_v may_v perhaps_o have_v some_o thing_n of_o truth_n in_o it_o yet_o it_o seem_v to_o deserve_v to_o be_v further_o inquire_v into_o both_o in_o reference_n to_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n the_o death_n of_o fish_n in_o freeze_a pond_n and_o river_n and_o in_o reference_n to_o the_o cause_n whereto_o that_o effect_n be_v impute_v i_o meet_v with_o a_o odd_a passage_n in_o captain_n james_n voyage_n which_o if_o it_o have_v be_v circumstantial_o enough_o set_v down_o may_v prove_v of_o moment_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o weight_n of_o body_n freeze_v and_o unfrozen_a and_o therefore_o though_o i_o will_v not_o build_v any_o thing_n on_o it_o yet_o i_o shall_v not_o omit_v it_o the_o 82._o nine_o say_v he_o we_o hoist_v out_o our_o beer_n and_o cydar_n and_o make_v a_o raft_n of_o it_o fasten_v it_o to_o our_o shore-anchor_n the_o beer_n and_o cydar_n sink_v present_o to_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v nothing_o strange_a to_o we_o for_o that_o any_o wood_n or_o pipe-stave_n that_o have_v lie_v under_o the_o ice_n all_o winter_n will_v also_o sink_v down_o so_o soon_o as_o ever_o it_o be_v heave_v over_o board_n about_o the_o duration_n of_o ice_n i_o forget_v through_o haste_n to_o add_v a_o relation_n of_o capt._n james_n whereby_o it_o may_v appear_v that_o though_o wine_n abound_v with_o very_o spirituous_a and_o nimble_a part_n whence_o it_o resist_v congelation_n far_o more_o than_o water_n yet_o if_o even_o this_o liquor_n come_v once_o to_o be_v congeal_v the_o ice_n make_v of_o it_o may_v be_v very_o durable_a for_o he_o set_v down_o in_o his_o journal_n that_o when_o he_o come_v to_o his_o ship_n again_o he_o find_v a_o but_o of_o wine_n that_o have_v be_v all_o the_o winter_n in_o the_o upper_a deck_n to_o continue_v as_o yet_o all_o firm_a freeze_a though_o 47._o it_o be_v then_o the_o month_n of_o may._n when_o i_o treat_v of_o the_o great_a proportion_n in_o some_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v aground_o instead_o of_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o great_a piece_n of_o ice_n mention_v by_o gerard_n de_fw-fr veer_v to_o be_v 52._o fathom_n deep_a the_o passage_n that_o be_v to_o be_v transcribe_v be_v this_o other_o hard_a by_o which_o contain_v two_o example_n of_o tower_n of_o ice_n where_o the_o extant_a part_n reach_v upward_o more_o than_o half_a as_o much_o as_o the_o immersed_a part_n reach_v downward_o we_o see_v say_v he_o another_o 487_o great_a piece_n of_o ice_n not_o far_o from_o we_o lie_v fast_o in_o the_o sea_n that_o be_v as_o sharp_a above_o as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v a_o tower_n whereunto_o we_o row_v and_o cast_v out_o our_o lead_n we_o find_v that_o it_o lay_v 20._o fathom_n fast_o on_o the_o ground_n under_o the_o water_n and_o 12._o fathom_n above_o the_o water_n we_o row_v to_o another_o piece_n of_o ice_n and_o cast_v out_o our_o lead_n and_o find_v that_o it_o lay_v 18._o fathom_n deep_a fast_o on_o the_o ground_n under_o the_o water_n and_o 10._o fathom_n above_o the_o water_n that_o snow_n lie_v long_o and_o too_o long_o on_o the_o ground_n do_v much_o conduce_v to_o the_o fertilize_n of_o it_o be_v a_o common_a observation_n of_o our_o husbandman_n and_o bartholinus_n in_o his_o treatise_n of_o the_o use_n of_o snow_n bring_v several_a passage_n out_o of_o author_n to_o make_v it_o good_a to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v the_o testimony_n of_o our_o learned_a english_a ambassador_n dr._n fletcher_n who_o speak_v of_o the_o fruitfulness_n of_o the_o soil_n and_o hasty_a growth_n of_o many_o thing_n in_o the_o great_a empire_n of_o russia_n give_v this_o account_n of_o it_o this_o fresh_a and_o speedy_a growth_n of_o the_o 415._o spring_n there_o seem_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o snow_n which_o all_o the_o winter_n time_n be_v spread_v over_o the_o whole_a country_n as_o a_o white_a robe_n and_o keep_v it_o warm_a from_o the_o rigour_n of_o the_o frost_n in_o the_o spring_n time_n when_o the_o sun_n wax_v warm_a and_o dissolve_v it_o into_o water_n do_v so_o thorough_o drench_v and_o soak_v the_o ground_n that_o it_o be_v somewhat_o of_o a_o slight_a and_o sandymold_n and_o then_o shine_v so_o hot_o upon_o it_o again_o that_o it_o draw_v the_o herb_n and_o plant_n forth_o in_o great_a plenty_n and_o variety_n in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n as_o we_o make_v some_o trial_n to_o discover_v whether_o congelation_n will_v destroy_v or_o considerable_o alter_v the_o odour_n of_o body_n so_o we_o have_v the_o like_a curiosity_n in_o reference_n to_o divers_a other_o quality_n not_o only_o those_o that_o be_v repute_v manifest_a as_o colour_n and_o taste_v the_o latter_a of_o which_o we_o sometime_o find_v to_o be_v notable_o change_v for_o the_o worse_a in_o flesh_n congeal_v but_o also_o those_o that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v call_v occult_a and_o among_o the_o quality_n of_o this_o sort_n i_o have_v particular_o a_o mind_n to_o try_v whether_o the_o purge_a faculty_n of_o cathartic_o will_v be_v advance_v or_o impair_v or_o destroy_v by_o congelation_n and_o for_o this_o purpose_n i_o cause_v to_o be_v expose_v thereunto_o divers_a purge_v liquor_n some_o of_o a_o more_o benign_a and_o some_o of_o a_o brisk_a nature_n and_o that_o in_o differ_v form_n as_o of_o syrup_n decoction_n infusion_n etc._n etc._n but_o for_o want_v of_o opportunity_n to_o try_v upon_o the_o body_n of_o animal_n what_o change_v the_o cold_a have_v make_v in_o the_o purge_a liquor_n it_o have_v congeal_v i_o be_v unable_a to_o give_v myself_o a_o account_n of_o the_o success_n of_o such_o experiment_n only_o since_o in_o some_o of_o these_o trial_n i_o have_v a_o care_n to_o make_v use_n of_o cathartick_a liquor_n prepare_v by_o fermentation_n which_o way_n of_o prepare_v they_o be_v itself_o a_o thing_n i_o elsewhere_o take_v notice_n of_o as_o not_o unworthy_a to_o be_v prosecute_v i_o shall_v add_v on_o this_o occasion_n that_o fermentation_n be_v so_o noble_a and_o important_a a_o subject_n that_o the_o influence_n of_o cold_a upon_o it_o may_v deserve_v a_o particular_a inquiry_n and_o i_o be_o invite_v to_o think_v that_o that_o influence_n may_v be_v very_o considerable_a partly_o by_o my_o have_v observe_v upon_o a_o trial_n purposely_o make_v both_o that_o raisin_n and_o water_n with_o which_o i_o be_v use_v to_o make_v artificial_a wine_n do_v not_o in_o many_o day_n while_o the_o weather_n be_v very_o frosty_a so_o much_o as_o manifest_o begin_v to_o ferment_n though_o the_o water_n be_v keep_v fluid_a and_o partly_o by_o my_o have_v observe_v that_o beer_n will_v continue_v as_o it_o be_v new_a and_o be_v keep_v from_o be_v as_o they_o call_v it_o ready_a to_o drink_v much_o long_a than_o one_o will_v ready_o suspect_v if_o very_o 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the_o bottom_n of_o some_o deep_a well_o or_o river_n for_o six_o or_o eight_o week_n during_o which_o time_n the_o liquor_n will_v be_v so_o well_o settle_v if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v in_o the_o constitution_n it_o have_v so_o long_o obtain_v that_o afterward_o it_o may_v be_v keep_v in_o almost_o the_o same_o state_n and_o for_o divers_a month_n continue_v a_o sweet_a and_o not_o yet_o ferment_v liquor_n which_o some_o in_o imitation_n of_o the_o french_a and_o latin_n call_v in_o one_o word_n must._n and_o how_o by_o the_o help_n of_o cold_a well_o apply_v some_o other_o juice_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o work_v early_o and_o to_o be_v thereby_o soon_o spoil_v may_v be_v long_o keep_v from_o work_v the_o reader_n may_v perchance_o learn_v in_o
have_v imagine_v that_o cold_a may_v afford_v a_o hopefull_a way_n than_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v any_o man_n have_v use_v of_o bring_v this_o controversy_n to_o the_o dicision_n of_o a_o experiment_n i_o make_v that_o attempt_n that_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o xii_o title_n in_o prosecution_n of_o which_o as_o soon_o as_o i_o can_v procure_v some_o though_o but_o some_o of_o the_o accommodation_n which_o i_o long_o want_v i_o make_v a_o experiment_n which_o i_o shall_v subjoin_v because_o though_o it_o be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o with_o better_a implement_n i_o can_v have_v make_v it_o yet_o the_o way_n i_o choose_v have_v as_o i_o partly_o intimate_v elsewhere_o these_o two_o advantage_n that_o the_o force_n employ_v to_o compress_v the_o air_n be_v both_o very_a great_a and_o very_o gradual_o and_o slow_o apply_v and_o that_o the_o vessel_n will_v not_o like_o those_o that_o have_v be_v hitherto_o make_v use_n of_o give_v any_o passage_n through_o its_o pore_n to_o water_n though_o violent_o compress_v we_o take_v then_o a_o round_a ball_n of_o glass_n furnish_v with_o a_o moderate_o long_a pipe_n and_o have_v fill_v it_o with_o water_n till_o the_o liquor_n reach_v within_o some_o inch_n of_o the_o top_n it_o be_v hermetical_o seal_v up_o and_o then_o the_o water_n by_o a_o mixture_n of_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n be_v make_v to_o freeze_v from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o that_o without_o break_v the_o glass_n the_o unfrozen_a water_n by_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n of_o that_o which_o be_v freeze_v may_v be_v impel_v upward_o and_o so_o at_o once_o both_o compress_v the_o air_n and_o be_v press_v upon_o by_o it_o have_v by_o this_o mean_v condense_v the_o air_n as_o far_o as_o we_o think_v safe_a to_o do_v in_o a_o glass_n that_o be_v not_o strong_a we_o crop_v of_o the_o small_a apex_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o immediate_o the_o compress_v air_n fly_v out_o with_o a_o great_a noise_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o pipe_n which_o be_v unfilled_a with_o water_n be_v fill_v with_o smoke_n that_o make_v it_o look_v white_a and_o great_a store_n of_o little_a bubble_n hasty_o ascend_v from_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o water_n to_o the_o upper_a where_o most_o of_o they_o quick_o break_v in_o such_o a_o way_n as_o put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o what_o usual_o happen_v upon_o the_o open_n of_o vessel_n that_o contain_v bottle_a beer_n but_o that_o which_o be_v principal_o to_o be_v note_v be_v this_o that_o beside_o the_o bubble_n or_o froth_n the_o water_n itself_o at_o least_o suppose_v that_o no_o little_a unheeded_a bubble_n that_o do_v not_o quite_o emerge_n can_v sensible_o contribute_v to_o its_o height_n immediate_o ascend_v in_o the_o pipe_n about_o ¾_n of_o a_o inch_n which_o have_v careful_o mark_v the_o first_o and_o second_o station_n with_o a_o diamond_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n it_o be_v easy_a for_o we_o to_o measure_v i_o have_v elsewhere_o propose_v a_o suspicion_n that_o in_o the_o attempt_n that_o have_v be_v till_o then_o make_v to_o compress_v water_n the_o condensation_n in_o case_n there_o be_v real_o any_o may_v perchance_o proceed_v from_o the_o compression_n of_o the_o aerial_a particle_n that_o i_o have_v show_v to_o be_v wont_a to_o lie_v disperse_v in_o the_o pore_n of_o common_a water_n but_o though_o the_o considerable_a expansion_n of_o water_n notwithstanding_o the_o break_n of_o the_o bubble_n in_o our_o present_a experiment_n seem_v manifest_o to_o argue_v that_o this_o can_v be_v but_o a_o concurrent_a cause_n if_o it_o have_v any_o sensible_a effect_n at_o all_o of_o our_o phaenomena_n yet_o i_o dare_v not_o absolute_o rely_v even_o upon_o a_o experiment_n that_o seem_v so_o cogent_a till_o i_o have_v satisfy_v myself_o that_o no_o springiness_n which_o i_o have_v sometime_o suspect_v may_v be_v in_o the_o ice_n have_v any_o interest_n in_o the_o produce_v effect_n and_o that_o the_o great_a pressure_n of_o the_o forcible_o condense_v air_n do_v not_o make_v the_o glass_n itself_o stretch_v or_o yield_v for_o if_o it_o be_v able_a to_o do_v so_o than_o the_o part_n of_o the_o violent_o distend_v glass_n upon_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o forcible_a pressure_n of_o the_o air_n which_o must_v cease_v upon_o the_o break_n of_o the_o hermetical_a seal_n return_v to_o their_o former_a straitness_n below_o will_v make_v the_o water_n ascend_v somewhat_o high_o in_o the_o pipe_n but_o though_o i_o can_v not_o procure_v glass_n as_o well_o very_o thick_a as_o convenient_o shape_v wherewith_o to_o examine_v this_o suspicion_n which_o i_o will_v likewise_o have_v try_v by_o the_o bulk_n of_o the_o glass_n in_o water_n before_z and_o after_o the_o let_v out_o of_o the_o compress_v air_n yet_o because_o most_o reader_n will_v probable_o think_v so_o much_o caution_n more_o than_o necessary_a i_o shall_v add_v that_o if_o i_o have_v not_o want_v conveniency_n and_o have_v not_o have_v mischance_n the_o experiment_n will_v in_o likelihood_n have_v be_v advance_v especial_o care_v be_v take_v that_o the_o air_n leave_v in_o the_o pipe_n shall_v be_v well_o refrigerated_a before_o its_o be_v seal_v up_o as_o we_o sometime_o do_v by_o ice_n and_o salt_n apply_v in_o a_o perforated_a box_n to_o the_o outside_n lest_o part_n of_o its_o spring_n shall_v depend_v upon_o a_o evanid_a degree_n of_o heat_n upon_o which_o account_n the_o pipe_n ought_v beforehand_o to_o be_v draw_v so_o slender_a that_o the_o glass_n may_v be_v melt_v together_o in_o a_o trice_n for_o though_o for_o want_n of_o strong_a glass_n &_o the_o best_a sort_n of_o instrument_n to_o seal_v up_o such_o with_o the_o success_n be_v not_o still_o so_o considerable_a as_o i_o hope_v for_o yet_o as_o 4._o or_o 5._o other_o trial_n make_v as_o well_o with_o another_o liquor_n as_o with_o water_n do_v exhibit_v a_o manifest_a intumescence_n of_o the_o liquor_n without_o compute_v the_o froth_n produce_v at_o the_o top_n so_o in_o the_o experiment_n late_o mention_v if_o we_o have_v judge_v they_o strong_a enough_o to_o endure_v such_o a_o compression_n of_o the_o include_v air_n as_o we_o have_v often_o make_v on_o other_o occasion_n the_o effect_n will_v probable_o have_v be_v much_o more_o considerable_a for_o though_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o length_n of_o the_o same_o water_n compress_v and_o uncompress_v amount_v to_o a_o aqueous_a cylinder_n of_o ⅜_n of_o a_o inch_n in_o height_n yet_o the_o air_n that_o make_v this_o compression_n of_o the_o water_n be_v itself_o reduce_v but_o from_o 8._o inch_n to_o 5._o so_o that_o it_o take_v up_o almost_o half_a its_o former_a room_n whereas_o we_o have_v sometime_o reduce_v it_o to_o a_o 18._o or_o 20._o part_n thereof_o if_o i_o have_v be_v accommodate_v with_o one_o of_o my_o pneumatical_a engine_n i_o shall_v have_v try_v whether_o water_n be_v first_o careful_o free_v from_o the_o latitant_fw-la air_n in_o the_o exhaust_a receiver_n and_o then_o compress_v after_o the_o manner_n hitherto_o recite_v the_o event_n of_o the_o trial_n will_v have_v be_v considerable_o vary_v i_o may_v add_v as_o other_o phaenomena_n of_o our_o experiment_n that_o when_o we_o break_v off_o the_o seal_a apex_n of_o the_o glass_n before_o the_o include_v air_n be_v much_o compress_v there_o neither_o 〈◊〉_d be_v any_o great_a noise_n make_v nor_o any_o considerable_a froth_n produce_v at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n and_o that_o have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n in_o one_o of_o the_o same_o glass_n 〈◊〉_d have_v be_v 〈◊〉_d use_v and_o with_o the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d that_o have_v be_v already_o compress_v in_o it_o we_o find_v that_o upon_o the_o break_n off_o the_o hermetical_a seal_n the_o second_o time_n the_o water_n do_v nevertheless_o ascend_v in_o the_o pipe_n betwixt_o ⅛_n and_o ¼_n part_v of_o a_o inch_n and_o to_o these_o particular_n i_o can_v both_o add_v other_o circumstance_n that_o i_o take_v notice_n of_o in_o the_o same_o experiment_n and_o subjoin_v 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so_o general_o acknowledge_v that_o i_o can_v imagine_v what_o shall_v make_v some_o man_n deny_v it_o except_o it_o be_v that_o they_o find_v all_o other_o to_o confess_v it_o for_o though_o in_o other_o case_n they_o be_v wont_n to_o pretend_v experience_n for_o their_o quit_v the_o receive_a opinion_n yet_o here_o they_o quit_v experience_n itself_o for_o singularity_n and_o choose_v rather_o to_o depart_v from_o the_o testimony_n of_o their_o sense_n than_o not_o to_o depart_v from_o the_o generality_n of_o men._n 2._o and_o to_o evince_v that_o this_o be_v not_o say_v gratis_o i_o may_v observe_v to_o you_o that_o there_o be_v no_o less_o than_o three_o grand_a inducement_n that_o have_v lead_v both_o the_o vulgar_a and_o philosopher_n two_o sort_n of_o man_n that_o seldom_o agree_v in_o other_o thing_n to_o consent_v in_o the_o acknowledgement_n of_o antiperistasis_n authority_n reason_n and_o experience_n but_o though_o i_o think_v fit_a to_o name_v they_o all_o three_o yet_o 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i_o mean_v the_o heat_n of_o quicklime_n in_o cold_a water_n i_o confess_v i_o can_v but_o admire_v the_o laziness_n and_o credulity_n of_o mankind_n which_o have_v so_o long_o and_o general_o acquiesce_v in_o what_o they_o may_v so_o easy_o have_v find_v to_o be_v false_a this_o i_o say_v because_o i_o be_v possible_o the_o first_o that_o have_v have_v both_o the_o curiosity_n and_o boldness_n to_o examine_v so_o general_a and_o constant_a a_o tradition_n yet_o i_o doubt_v not_o that_o you_o will_v soon_o be_v bring_v to_o take_v it_o as_o well_o as_o i_o for_o as_o great_a as_o popular_a a_o error_n for_o to_o let_v you_o manifest_o see_v how_o little_a the_o incalescence_n of_o the_o quicklime_n need_v be_v allow_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la water_n if_o instead_o of_o cold_a water_n you_o quench_v it_o with_o hot_a water_n the_o ebullition_n of_o the_o liquor_n will_v not_o only_o be_v as_o great_a as_o if_o the_o water_n be_v cold_a but_o oftentimes_o far_o great_a as_o i_o have_v sometime_o for_o curiosity_n remove_v boil_v water_n from_o the_o fire_n and_o when_o the_o liquor_n have_v leave_v of_o boil_a but_o be_v yet_o scald_a hot_a i_o put_v into_o it_o a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o quicklime_n and_o after_o a_o while_n the_o water_n which_o as_o i_o say_v have_v cease_v from_o boil_a begin_v to_o boil_v afresh_o with_o so_o much_o vehemence_n and_o such_o large_a and_o copious_a bubble_n that_o it_o threaten_v to_o run_v over_o the_o pot_n of_o which_o before_o the_o effervescence_n a_o considerable_a part_n be_v leave_v unfilled_a and_o this_o be_v no_o more_o than_o what_o i_o may_v well_o look_v for_o hot_a water_n be_v much_o fit_a than_o cold_a to_o pervade_v nimble_o the_o body_n of_o the_o lime_n and_o hasty_o dissolve_v and_o set_v at_o liberty_n the_o igneous_a and_o saline_a part_n wherewith_o it_o abound_v and_o how_o much_o a_o great_a interest_n salt_n may_v have_v in_o such_o incalescency_n then_o cold_a i_o have_v also_o take_v pleasure_n to_o try_v by_o pour_v acid_n spirit_n and_o particular_o spirit_n of_o salt_n upon_o good_a quicklime_n for_o by_o this_o mean_n there_o will_v be_v a_o far_o great_a degree_n of_o heat_n excite_v then_o if_o i_o have_v instead_o of_o spirit_n of_o salt_n use_v common_a water_n and_o this_o whether_o i_o employ_v the_o spirit_n cold_a or_o hot_a for_o in_o either_o case_n so_o small_a a_o portion_n as_o about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o walnut_n of_o lime_n put_v into_o a_o small_a glass_n will_v by_o the_o addition_n of_o a_o little_a spirit_n of_o salt_n put_v to_o it_o by_o degree_n both_o hiss_n and_o smoke_n and_o boil_v very_o surprise_o and_o notwithstanding_o the_o small_a quantity_n of_o the_o matter_n will_v conceive_v so_o great_a a_o heat_n that_o i_o be_v not_o able_a to_o hold_v the_o glass_n in_o my_o hand_n and_o to_o show_v some_o friend_n how_o little_a heat_n excite_v in_o quicklime_n by_o cold_a water_n proceed_v bare_o from_o the_o coldness_n of_o that_o liquor_n i_o cause_v a_o parcel_n of_o good_a lime_n to_o be_v beat_v small_a and_o put_v one_o part_n of_o it_o into_o a_o glass_n vessel_n i_o drench_v it_o plentiful_o with_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n more_o than_o it_o will_v imbibe_n and_o the_o other_o portion_n of_o the_o lime_n i_o likewise_o drench_v with_o common_a water_n both_o these_o liquor_n have_v stand_v in_o the_o same_o room_n that_o they_o may_v be_v reduce_v by_o the_o same_o ambient_fw-la air_n to_o a_o like_a degree_n of_o coldness_n the_o event_n of_o this_o trial_n be_v what_o i_o look_v for_o that_o the_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n notwithstanding_o its_o actual_a coldness_n and_o the_o great_a subtlety_n and_o piercingness_n of_o part_n which_o it_o have_v in_o common_a with_o other_o chemical_a oil_n be_v of_o a_o incongruous_a texture_n seem_v not_o to_o make_v any_o dissolution_n of_o the_o powder_a lime_n and_o do_v not_o for_o several_a hour_n that_o i_o keep_v it_o produce_v that_o i_o perceive_v any_o sensible_a heat_n in_o the_o lime_n whereas_o to_o show_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o fault_n of_o the_o lime_n that_o part_n of_o it_o on_o which_o common_a water_n have_v be_v pour_v do_v after_o a_o little_a while_n conceive_v so_o strong_a a_o heat_n that_o it_o break_v a_o large_a openmouth'd-glass_n into_o who_o bottom_n it_o be_v put_v and_o not_o only_o grow_v so_o hot_a that_o i_o can_v not_o endure_v to_o hold_v it_o in_o my_o hand_n but_o send_v out_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o glass_n though_o that_o be_v considerable_o distant_a from_o the_o lime_n a_o copious_a white_a fume_n so_o hot_a that_o i_o can_v not_o well_o suffer_v the_o hold_n of_o my_o hand_n over_o it_o and_o to_o prevent_v a_o possible_a though_o invalid_a objection_n which_o i_o foresee_v may_v be_v draw_v against_o the_o experiment_n make_v with_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n from_o the_o oleaginous_a nature_n of_o that_o liquor_n i_o cover_v a_o piece_n of_o the_o same_o sort_n of_o quicklime_n i_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o with_o high_o rectify_a spirit_n of_o wine_n but_o though_o i_o leave_v they_o together_o all_o night_n yet_o i_o perceive_v not_o that_o the_o liquor_n have_v at_o all_o slack_v the_o lime_n which_o continue_v in_o a_o entire_a lump_n till_o upon_o the_o substitute_n of_o common_a water_n it_o do_v as_o i_o remember_v quick_o appear_v to_o be_v slack_v since_o it_o fall_v asunder_o into_o a_o kind_n of_o minute_n white_a powder_n which_o be_v bate_v the_o colour_n almost_o like_o mud_n and_o will_v easy_o by_o a_o little_a shake_n be_v disperse_v like_v it_o through_o the_o water_n 15._o eleutherius_fw-la i_o ingenious_o confess_v to_o you_o carneades_n that_o what_o you_o say_v surprise_v i_o for_o i_o think_v it_o superfluous_a to_o try_v myself_o so_o acknowledge_v a_o experiment_n be_v not_o able_a to_o imagine_v that_o so_o many_o learned_a man_n for_o so_o many_o age_n shall_v so_o unanimous_o and_o confident_o deliver_v a_o matter_n of_o fact_n of_o which_o if_o it_o be_v not_o true_a the_o falsity_n can_v be_v so_o easy_o discover_v 16._o carneades_n for_o my_o part_n eleutherius_fw-la i_o confess_v i_o be_o wont_a to_o doubt_v of_o what_o they_o teach_v that_o seldom_o or_o never_o doubt_v and_o i_o hope_v you_o will_v forgive_v i_o if_o have_v find_v a_o assertion_n so_o general_a and_o uncontrolled_a of_o a_o falsity_n so_o easy_a to_o be_v disprove_v i_o be_v inclinable_a to_o suspect_v the_o truth_n of_o their_o other_o inferior_a tradition_n about_o antiperistasis_n and_o of_o these_o i_o will_v mention_v the_o two_o chief_a i_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o the_o modern_n for_o be_v contrive_v experiment_n i_o presume_v you_o will_v easy_o believe_v they_o come_v not_o from_o aristotle_n nor_o the_o ancient_a schoolman_n that_o comment_v upon_o he_o 17._o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v the_o freeze_a a_o pot_n to_o a_o joynt-stool_n by_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n by_o the_o fire_n side_n in_o which_o case_n it_o be_v pretend_v that_o the_o fire_n do_v so_o intend_v the_o cold_a as_o to_o enable_v it_o to_o congeal_v the_o water_n that_o stagnate_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o stool_n betwixt_o that_o and_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o pot._n but_o how_o little_a need_n there_o be_v of_o antiperistasis_n in_o this_o experiment_n you_o may_v guess_v by_o this_o that_o i_o have_v purposely_o make_v it_o with_o good_a success_n in_o a_o place_n in_o which_o there_o neither_o be_v nor_o ever_o probable_o have_v be_v a_o fire_n the_o room_n be_v destitute_a of_o a_o chimney_n and_o this_o trial_n of_o i_o i_o can_v confirm_v by_o divers_a other_o experiment_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n but_o that_o this_o one_o be_v sufficient_a 18._o i_o proceed_v therefore_o to_o the_o other_o experiment_n which_o be_v deliver_v by_o very_o learned_a man_n and_o for_o who_o i_o have_v a_o great_a respect_n according_a to_o these_o if_o you_o take_v a_o somewhat_o large_a pot_n and_o have_v fill_v it_o almost_o with_o snow_n place_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o snow_n a_o vial_n full_a of_o water_n this_o pot_n be_v put_v over_o the_o fire_n the_o coldness_n of_o the_o snow_n will_v be_v so_o intend_v by_o the_o heat_n from_o which_o it_o fly_v into_o the_o water_n that_o it_o will_v turn_v that_o liquor_n into_o ice_n but_o though_o i_o several_a time_n try_v this_o experiment_n yet_o neither_o in_o earthen_a nor_o in_o silver_n vessel_n can_v i_o ever_o produce_v the_o promise_a ice_n and_o i_o remember_v that_o a_o eminent_o learned_a man_n that_o wonder_v to_o find_v i_o so_o diffident_a of_o what_o he_o say_v he_o know_v to_o be_v true_a ready_o undertake_v to_o convince_v i_o by_o a_o ocular_a proof_n but_o with_o
coldness_n be_v leave_v to_o disclose_v a_o high_a degree_n of_o it_o and_o seem_v to_o have_v that_o quality_n increase_v when_o indeed_o it_o be_v but_o free_v from_o the_o mixture_n of_o its_o contrary_n that_o weaken_v it_o 32._o as_o for_o the_o heat_n we_o find_v in_o cellar_n and_o vault_n in_o winter_n the_o solution_n already_o give_v will_v be_v applicable_a to_o that_o phaenomenon_n also_o which_o by_o this_o way_n be_v yet_o more_o easy_a to_o be_v account_v for_o then_o the_o other_o for_o have_v first_o question_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n it_o will_v not_o be_v difficult_a to_o show_v that_o though_o it_o be_v true_a it_o need_v not_o be_v ascribe_v to_o antiperistasis_n 33._o i_o think_v then_o that_o it_o may_v be_v just_o question_v whether_o cellar_n in_o general_n be_v hot_a in_o winter_n than_o they_o be_v in_o summer_n for_o as_o for_o the_o testimony_n of_o our_o sense_n upon_o which_o alone_a man_n be_v wont_a to_o conclude_v the_o affirmative_a it_o may_v in_o this_o case_n easy_o and_o much_o delude_v we_o for_o those_o place_n be_v shelter_v from_o the_o wind_n and_o keep_v from_o a_o free_a communication_n with_o the_o outward_a air_n be_v much_o less_o expose_v than_o other_o to_o the_o action_n of_o those_o agent_n whatever_o they_o be_v that_o produce_v cold_a in_o the_o air._n so_o that_o our_o body_n be_v constant_o immerse_v in_o the_o air_n refrigerated_a by_o the_o winter_n and_o consequent_o bring_v near_o to_o the_o temper_n of_o that_o air_n when_o we_o bring_v those_o body_n into_o cellar_n the_o subterraneal_a air_n must_v seem_v warm_a to_o we_o though_o in_o itself_o it_o be_v real_o invaried_a as_o to_o its_o temper_n 34._o now_o that_o many_o cellar_n be_v indeed_o cold_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o winter_n then_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n though_o not_o in_o respect_n of_o our_o sense_n yet_o in_o respect_n of_o other_o body_n that_o have_v not_o the_o same_o predisposition_n i_o be_o induce_v to_o believe_v by_o some_o experiment_n of_o my_o own_o purposely_o make_v and_o first_o in_o a_o frosty_a evening_n have_v hang_v out_o in_o a_o garden_n two_o seal_a weather-glass_n that_o they_o may_v be_v reduce_v as_o near_o as_o can_v be_v to_o the_o temper_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n i_o bring_v one_o of_o they_o into_o a_o cellar_n and_o it_o soon_o begin_v manifest_o to_o rise_v and_o in_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n ascend_v five_o or_o six_o division_n while_o the_o water_n in_o another_o seal_a weatherglass_n that_o continue_v suspend_v in_o the_o same_o part_n of_o the_o garden_n do_v rather_o a_o little_a subside_n then_o at_o all_o rise_n which_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o what_o i_o be_v say_v namely_o that_o the_o air_n harbour_v in_o cellar_n be_v not_o so_o powerful_o affect_v by_o the_o ordinary_a efficient_n of_o cold_a as_o the_o free_a and_o external_a air_n and_o now_o as_o to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o what_o i_o be_v say_v that_o the_o subterraneal_a air_n though_o it_o be_v less_o affect_v by_o the_o outward_a cold_a may_v be_v somewhat_o affect_v by_o it_o instead_o of_o grow_v hot_a by_o antiperistasis_n i_o shall_v add_v that_o early_o in_o the_o morning_n in_o frosty_a wether_n the_o liquor_n in_o the_o same_o weatherglass_n appear_v more_o subsided_a then_o overnight_o which_o show_v that_o the_o external_a air_n do_v lessen_v not_o increase_v the_o warmth_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o cellar_n and_o have_v there_o place_v a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n of_o oil_n which_o in_o thaw_v weather_n remain_v all_o night_n fluid_a as_o before_o the_o same_o liquor_n the_o very_a next_o night_n which_o be_v a_o bitter_a frost_n be_v so_o far_o freeze_v and_o congeal_v as_o to_o sink_v in_o other_o oil_n and_o keep_v its_o surface_n exact_o though_o the_o glass_n be_v incline_v and_o turn_v upside_o down_o and_o prosecute_a my_o trial_n i_o find_v that_o in_o a_o sharp_a frost_n and_o great_a snow_n the_o liquor_n that_o on_o the_o thursday_n night_n be_v beneath_o the_o four_o knub_n or_o mark_v of_o division_n a_o sudden_a thaw_n come_v with_o a_o south_n wind_n the_o next_o morning_n in_o the_o same_o cellar_n the_o liquor_n be_v ascend_v to_o the_o eight_o mark_n and_o continue_v the_o weatherglass_n in_o the_o same_o cellar_n for_o a_o good_a while_n to_o watch_v its_o alteration_n every_o night_n and_o morning_n i_o remember_v i_o meet_v with_o and_o register_v more_o observation_n that_o confirm_v i_o in_o my_o opinion_n though_o it_o be_v so_o long_o ago_o that_o i_o have_v forget_v the_o particular_a circumstance_n and_o after_o these_o trial_n meet_v with_o a_o learned_a polander_n i_o do_v without_o declare_v my_o opinion_n inquire_v of_o he_o whether_o in_o his_o country_n he_o have_v at_o any_o time_n observe_v beer_n to_o freeze_v in_o cellar_n in_o frosty_a weather_n to_o which_o he_o answer_v that_o in_o the_o cold_a winter_n if_o the_o beer_n be_v small_a the_o barrel_n will_v oftentimes_o be_v freeze_v but_o not_o if_o it_o be_v strong_a but_o i_o need_v not_o have_v recourse_n to_o foreign_a testimony_n have_v myself_o observe_v here_o in_o england_n more_o than_o one_o barrel_n of_o beer_n to_o be_v freeze_v in_o the_o cellar_n in_o exceed_v cold_a weather_n insomuch_o that_o one_o of_o the_o barrel_n be_v full_a and_o the_o liquor_n expanded_a by_o freeze_a be_v force_v out_o at_o certain_a chink_n which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v make_v by_o that_o expansive_a force_n and_o the_o liquor_n so_o eject_v adhere_v in_o a_o considerable_a lump_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o yet_o this_o cellar_n have_v its_o window_n careful_o shut_v and_o not_o only_o be_v near_o a_o kitchen_n where_o fire_n be_v constant_o keep_v but_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a it_o have_v this_o principal_a mark_n of_o be_v a_o good_a cellar_n that_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n it_o use_v to_o afford_v i_o drink_v sufficient_o cool_a and_o now_o to_o requite_v eleutherius_fw-la with_o the_o testimony_n of_o that_o very_a person_n physician_n to_o the_o russian_a emperor_n who_o authority_n he_o late_o allege_v against_o i_o i_o shall_v confess_v that_o as_o he_o suspect_v i_o have_v conference_n with_o this_o doctor_n and_o when_o i_o diligent_o inquire_v of_o he_o whether_o their_o cellar_n at_o musco_n be_v real_o very_o cold_a in_o summer_n he_o answer_v i_o that_o they_o be_v not_o and_o that_o they_o have_v distinct_a cellar_n for_o summer_n and_o for_o winter_n that_o their_o small_a beer_n will_v quick_o grow_v sour_a in_o their_o cellar_n in_o summer_n if_o their_o vessel_n be_v not_o keep_v in_o snow_n that_o therefore_o their_o way_n be_v to_o make_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o their_o summer_n cellar_n to_o which_o belong_v a_o well_o to_o receive_v the_o water_n drop_v from_o the_o melt_a snow_n a_o deep_a layer_n of_o snow_n on_o which_o they_o afterward_o cast_v a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o water_n that_o the_o whole_a mass_n may_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o kind_n of_o ice_n in_o this_o snow_n they_o keep_v their_o cask_n make_v sometime_o a_o layer_n of_o snow_n and_o a_o layer_n of_o cask_n and_o dig_v out_o their_o vessel_n as_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v they_o by_o all_o which_o it_o may_v appear_v how_o groundless_o it_o be_v universal_o affirm_v of_o cellar_n that_o as_o they_o seem_v to_o the_o sense_n so_o they_o real_o be_v hot_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n 35._o but_o if_o it_o shall_v happen_v as_o in_o some_o place_n it_o be_v not_o impossible_a but_o that_o it_o may_v that_o some_o vault_n and_o cellar_n be_v real_o warm_a in_o summer_n then_o in_o winter_n yet_o i_o see_v not_o why_o this_o shall_v reduce_v we_o to_o the_o acknowledgement_n of_o a_o antiperistasis_n for_o neither_o can_v the_o effect_n be_v make_v out_o by_o that_o nor_o will_v there_o be_v any_o necessity_n to_o have_v recourse_n to_o it_o 36._o and_o first_o i_o may_v content_v myself_o to_o repeat_v what_o i_o 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cellar_n and_o other_o subterraneal_a cavity_n where_o consequent_o they_o produce_v such_o a_o heat_n as_o to_o those_o that_o come_v out_o of_o the_o cold_a air_n may_v be_v very_o sensible_a and_o the_o rather_o because_o while_o man_n by_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o season_n be_v more_o than_o ordinary_o careful_a to_o stop_v up_o the_o passage_n at_o which_o the_o external_a air_n may_v get_v in_o they_o do_v though_o designles_o stop_v up_o the_o vent_n at_o which_o the_o subterraneous_a exhalation_n may_v get_v out_o and_o to_o show_v you_o that_o this_o last_o circumstance_n be_v not_o impertinent_o take_v notice_n of_o i_o shall_v tell_v you_o that_o a_o very_a grave_a author_n have_v occasion_n to_o mention_v cellar_n relate_v it_o as_o a_o practice_n in_o divers_a house_n of_o a_o town_n where_o he_o have_v be_v to_o keep_v vent_n in_o their_o deep_a cellar_n which_o in_o the_o summer_n be_v from_o time_n to_o time_n open_v partly_o to_o keep_v the_o place_n sweet_a and_o wholesome_a and_o partly_o to_o let_v out_o the_o warm_a exhalation_n that_o will_v else_o hinder_v their_o liquor_n from_o keep_v so_o fresh_a and_o well_o and_o these_o steam_n be_v affirm_v to_o have_v be_v several_a time_n take_v notice_n of_o to_o ascend_v visible_o into_o the_o free_a air_n like_o a_o smoke_n which_o several_a phaenomena_n and_o particular_o what_o i_o former_o relate_v of_o the_o hot_a fume_n that_o manifest_o ascend_v out_o of_o the_o great_a groove_n in_o the_o hungarian_a mine_n may_v keep_v we_o from_o think_v incredible_a 40._o and_o now_o by_o what_o i_o have_v hitherto_o discourse_v i_o have_v make_v way_n for_o the_o solution_n of_o a_o phaenomenon_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v much_o urge_v in_o favour_n of_o antiperistasis_n namely_o the_o smoke_a of_o water_n that_o be_v draw_v in_o frosty_a weather_n out_o of_o deep_a well_n and_o spring_n 41._o but_o first_o i_o must_v advertise_v you_o that_o it_o be_v improper_o enough_o that_o some_o urge_v 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region_n never_o freeze_v and_o the_o learned_a josephus_n acosta_n mention_n that_o among_o joseph_n a_o very_a great_a number_n of_o hot_a spring_n accost_n 174._o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o peru_n at_o the_o bath_n which_o they_o call_v the_o bath_n of_o ingua_n there_o be_v a_o course_n of_o water_n which_o come_v forth_o all_o hot_a and_o boil_a and_o join_v unto_o it_o there_o be_v another_o who_o water_n be_v as_o cold_a as_o ice_n he_o add_v that_o the_o ingua_n or_o the_o peruvian_n emperor_n be_v accustom_v to_o temper_v the_o one_o with_o the_o other_o and_o that_o it_o be_v a_o wonderful_a thing_n to_o see_v spring_n of_o so_o contrary_a quality_n so_o near_o one_o to_o another_o these_o relation_n as_o i_o be_v say_v i_o scruple_n not_o to_o mention_v though_o at_o first_o sight_n they_o may_v seem_v to_o disfavour_v my_o cause_n for_o by_o these_o and_o some_o other_o it_o may_v appear_v that_o spring_n may_v obtain_v very_o peculiar_a and_o strange_a quality_n from_o 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fire_n shine_v in_o the_o night_n sometime_o in_o one_o place_n sometime_o in_o another_o which_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v kindle_v by_o the_o sulphurous_a and_o other_o subterraneous_a exhalation_n and_o that_o when_o they_o perceive_v those_o fire_n especial_o if_o any_o number_n appear_v in_o several_a place_n those_o that_o be_v well_o acquaint_v with_o the_o coast_n will_v not_o continue_v long_o out_o at_o sea_n but_o rather_o quit_v a_o opportunity_n of_o catch_a fish_n than_o not_o make_v seasonable_o to_o the_o shore_n have_v often_o observe_v and_o particular_o this_o last_o year_n that_o bold_a and_o unexperienced_a mariner_n by_o slight_v these_o forerunner_n of_o storm_n be_v in_o few_o hour_n shipwreck_a by_o they_o 48._o to_o this_o i_o shall_v add_v what_o happen_v some_o year_n since_o upon_o the_o irish_a coast_n near_o a_o strong_a fortress_n call_v duncannon_n where_o divers_a of_o the_o ship_n royal_a of_o england_n lie_v at_o anchor_n in_o a_o place_n where_o 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about_o the_o eruption_n of_o hot_a steam_n in_o several_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n i_o now_o call_v to_o mind_v something_o that_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o a_o very_a small_a but_o curious_a dissertation_n de_fw-fr admirandis_fw-la hungariae_fw-la aquis_fw-la who_o anonymous_n author_n i_o gather_v from_o some_o passage_n in_o the_o tract_n itself_o to_o have_v be_v a_o nobleman_n governor_z of_o saros_n and_o some_o other_o place_n in_o hungary_n and_o to_o have_v write_v this_o 74._o discourse_n both_o for_o and_o to_o that_o inquisitive_a german_a baron_fw-fr sigis_fw-la mundus_fw-la libre_fw-la famous_a for_o the_o account_n he_o give_v the_o world_n of_o the_o embassy_n whereon_o he_o be_v send_v by_o the_o german_a to_o the_o russian_a emperor_n this_o anonymous_n but_o noble_a writer_n tell_v we_o then_o that_o in_o that_o part_n of_o hungary_n which_o he_o call_v comitatus_fw-la zoliensis_fw-la there_o be_v a_o gape_a piece_n of_o ground_n which_o do_v emit_v such_o 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he_o 57_o take_v notice_n that_o not_o far_o from_o the_o well_o know_a city_n of_o buda_n there_o be_v a_o hot_a spring_n which_o they_o call_v purgatory_n which_o the_o water_n of_o danubius_n itself_o be_v not_o able_a to_o keep_v from_o be_v hot_a nay_o within_o the_o very_a bank_n betwixt_o which_o that_o great_a river_n run_v there_o boil_v up_o hot_a sring_n where_o those_o that_o will_v go_v deep_a enough_o into_o the_o water_n may_v commodious_o bathe_v themselves_o and_o elsewhere_o speak_v of_o the_o river_n istrogranum_fw-la in_o the_o same_o county_n he_o add_v that_o not_o only_o the_o bank_n of_o 65._o it_o but_o within_o the_o very_a river_n itself_o one_o may_v discover_v hot_a spring_n by_o remove_v the_o sand_n at_o the_o bottom_n with_o one_o foot_n to_o this_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o have_v hear_v of_o a_o ditch_n in_o the_o north_n of_o england_n in_o some_o regard_v more_o strange_a though_o less_o famous_a than_o the_o sulphureous_a grotta_n near_o naples_n whence_o not_o only_o subterraneal_a steam_n but_o those_o so_o sulphureous_a as_o to_o be_v easy_o inflammable_a do_v constant_o and_o plentiful_o ascend_v into_o the_o air_n i_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o make_v inquiry_n about_o it_o of_o the_o minister_n of_o the_o place_n a_o very_a learned_a man_n and_o conversant_a in_o mine_n who_o then_o happen_v to_o be_v my_o neighbour_n and_o he_o attest_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o relation_n upon_o his_o own_o knowledge_n and_o it_o be_v confirm_v to_o i_o by_o a_o very_a ingenious_a gentleman_n who_o go_v purposely_o to_o visit_v this_o place_n and_o find_v it_o true_a that_o a_o light_a candle_n or_o some_o such_o actual_o burn_a body_n be_v hold_v where_o this_o exhalation_n issue_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n will_v kindle_v it_o and_o make_v it_o actual_o flame_n for_o a_o good_a while_n and_o if_o i_o misremember_v not_o as_o long_o as_o one_o please_v and_o as_o this_o place_n be_v but_o few_o year_n since_o take_v notice_n of_o so_o 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a_o mile_n long_o that_o remain_v uncover_v with_o ice_n which_o probable_o be_v keep_v from_o be_v generate_v there_o by_o those_o subterraneous_a exhalation_n since_o he_o say_v he_o see_v they_o ascend_v up_o all_o the_o way_n like_o the_o smoke_n of_o a_o oven_n and_o in_o case_n the_o matter_n of_o fact_n deliver_v by_o 23._o olaus_n magnus_n be_v true_a concern_v the_o strange_a thaw_n that_o sometime_o happen_v with_o terrible_a noise_n in_o the_o great_a lake_n veter_fw-la those_o wonderful_a phaenomena_n may_v not_o improbable_o be_v ascribe_v to_o the_o ascent_n of_o great_a store_n of_o hot_a subterraneal_a steam_n which_o sudden_o crack_v the_o thick_a and_o solid_a ice_n in_o many_o place_n at_o once_o produce_v the_o hideous_a noise_n and_o the_o hasty_a thaw_v that_o he_o speak_v of_o and_o this_o suspicion_n may_v be_v countenance_v partly_o by_o this_o circumstance_n that_o before_o these_o sudden_a thaw_n the_o lake_n begin_v with_o great_a noise_n to_o boil_v at_o the_o bottom_n and_o partly_o by_o what_o be_v relate_v by_o a_o more_o authentic_a writer_n i_o mean_v that_o learned_a traveller_n the_o jesuit_n martinius_n who_o witness_n that_o at_o peking_n the_o royal_a city_n of_o china_n it_o be_v very_o usual_a that_o after_o the_o river_n and_o pond_n have_v continue_v hard_o freeze_v over_o during_o the_o winter_n the_o thaw_v be_v make_v in_o one_o day_n which_o since_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o water_n as_o he_o tell_v we_o require_v many_o make_v it_o very_o probable_a that_o the_o sudden_a thaw_n be_v effect_v as_o he_o also_o incline_v to_o think_v by_o subterraneal_a steam_n which_o i_o may_v well_o suppose_v to_o be_v exceed_o copious_a and_o to_o diffuse_v themselves_o every_o way_n to_o a_o very_a great_a extent_n since_o they_o be_v able_a so_o soon_o to_o thaw_v the_o river_n and_o pond_n of_o a_o large_a territory_n and_o
that_o which_o make_v main_o for_o my_o present_a purpose_n begin_v contrary_a to_o vulgar_a thaw_n from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o 50._o and_o have_v thus_o manifest_v that_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v send_v up_o great_a store_n of_o exhalation_n and_o vapour_n to_o the_o upper_a part_n it_o will_v be_v obvious_a to_o conceive_v that_o as_o in_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n these_o steam_n get_v into_o the_o air_n either_o by_o the_o advantage_n of_o find_v vent_n such_o as_o those_o i_o have_v already_o mention_v or_o by_o grow_v copious_a enough_o to_o force_v themselves_o a_o passage_n so_o in_o most_o other_o place_n where_o the_o ascend_a steam_n find_v no_o commodious_a vent_n or_o be_v too_o faint_o drive_v up_o to_o gain_v themselves_o a_o passage_n they_o must_v be_v repress_v or_o detain_v beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o have_v its_o pore_n in_o winter_n usual_o choke_v up_o with_o snow_n or_o rain_n or_o its_o surface_n constipate_v and_o harden_v with_o ice_n or_o frost_n so_o that_o these_o exhalation_n be_v pen_v up_o and_o receive_v fresh_a supply_n from_o time_n to_o time_n from_o beneath_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o they_o shall_v somewhat_o warm_v deep_a cellar_n and_o well_n where_o they_o be_v thus_o detain_v and_o therefore_o our_o husbandman_n do_v not_o speak_v altogether_o so_o improper_o when_o they_o say_v that_o the_o snow_n keep_v the_o ground_n warm_a and_o i_o remember_v that_o dr._n smith_n the_o learned_a english_a 〈◊〉_d into_o musco_n make_v it_o to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o principal_a reason_n of_o the_o great_a fertility_n he_o just_o ascribe_v to_o the_o country_n there_o about_o that_o during_o almost_o all_o the_o winter_n the_o ground_n be_v to_o a_o great_a height_n cover_v with_o snow_n which_o do_v not_o only_o enrich_v it_o by_o the_o fertilize_a salt_n which_o the_o earth_n gain_v from_o the_o snow_n when_o that_o come_v to_o be_v melt_v but_o do_v also_o contribute_v to_o its_o improvement_n by_o choke_v up_o or_o obstruct_v the_o pore_n at_o which_o the_o nitro-sulphureous_a and_o other_o useful_a corpuscle_n that_o be_v send_v up_o by_o the_o 〈◊〉_d heat_n will_v easy_o get_v away_o and_o lest_o gentleman_n you_o shall_v think_v that_o it_o be_v only_o by_o the_o ratiocination_n that_o i_o conclude_v that_o there_o be_v real_o great_a store_n of_o warm_a steam_n detain_v under_o ground_n in_o the_o winter_n i_o shall_v add_v this_o sensible_a observation_n receive_v from_o the_o russian_a emperor_n physician_n already_o often_o mention_v by_o who_o i_o have_v be_v assure_v that_o about_o musco_n where_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ground_n be_v far_o more_o constipate_v in_o winter_n this_o it_o be_v in_o these_o part_n and_o where_o they_o be_v wont_n to_o keep_v their_o cellar_n much_o close_o the_o subterraneous_a exhalation_n be_v hinder_v to_o fly_v abroad_o will_v in_o time_n multiply_v so_o fast_o that_o he_o assure_v i_o that_o upon_o the_o unwary_a open_n of_o the_o door_n of_o cellar_n that_o have_v be_v long_o keep_v shut_v there_o will_v sally_v out_o a_o warm_a smoke_n and_o very_o thick_a almost_o like_o that_o of_o a_o furnace_n and_o sometime_o the_o steam_n that_o issue_v out_o will_v be_v so_o gross_a and_o plentiful_a that_o it_o have_v bring_v man_n into_o danger_n of_o be_v suffocate_v by_o it_o 51._o and_o now_o gentleman_n have_v show_v that_o though_o experience_v be_v so_o confident_o appeal_v to_o by_o the_o maintainer_n of_o antiperistasis_n yet_o she_o have_v not_o hitherto_o afford_v they_o any_o thing_n that_o much_o favour_n their_o cause_n it_o remain_v that_o i_o show_v that_o she_o bear_v witness_n against_o it_o for_o beside_o that_o some_o passage_n of_o my_o late_a discourse_n do_v real_o contain_v phaenomena_n that_o not_o only_o do_v not_o favour_v antiperistasis_n but_o may_v just_o be_v employ_v as_o experiment_n against_o it_o i_o shall_v ex_fw-la abundanti_fw-la as_o they_o speak_v present_v you_o with_o something_o which_o i_o necessitate_a experience_n to_o supply_v i_o with_o that_o seem_v express_o to_o overthrow_v it_o 52._o i_o may_v urge_v against_o those_o who_o though_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v ashamed_a of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o school_n will_v establish_v a_o antiperistasis_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o what_o they_o call_v a_o fuga_fw-la contrarii_fw-la that_o the_o very_a instance_n they_o be_v wont_n to_o bring_v for_o their_o opinion_n may_v be_v retort_v upon_o they_o for_o when_o they_o tell_v we_o that_o in_o winter_n the_o heat_n to_o fly_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a air_n retire_v itself_o into_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o there_o harbour_v in_o cellar_n and_o well_n as_o may_v be_v prove_v by_o the_o smoke_n of_o water_n draw_v from_o deep_a well_n which_o argue_v its_o heat_n the_o vapour_n which_o fly_v away_o be_v as_o vapour_n hot_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o outward_a air_n we_o may_v easy_o answer_v by_o demand_v why_o if_o the_o heat_n that_o be_v harbour_v in_o a_o smoke_a bucket_n of_o water_n have_v the_o wit_n or_o instinct_n to_o fly_v from_o its_o contrary_a it_o do_v not_o in_o the_o bucket_n as_o it_o be_v say_v to_o do_v in_o the_o well_o retire_v itself_o as_o far_o as_o it_o can_v from_o the_o surround_v cold_a of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n but_o instead_o of_o retire_v to_o the_o innermost_a part_n of_o the_o water_n those_o be_v remote_a from_o that_o it_o needless_o fly_v abroad_o with_o the_o vapour_n it_o excite_v and_o do_v as_o it_o be_v of_o its_o own_o accord_n cast_v itself_o into_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o enemy_n it_o shall_v shun_v and_o indeed_o what_o i_o just_a now_o mention_v to_o you_o as_o relate_v to_o i_o by_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n physician_n collins_n do_v sufficient_o manifest_a that_o the_o cause_n why_o the_o corpuscle_n that_o keep_v cellar_n warm_a abide_v beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o winter_n be_v not_o that_o they_o fly_v the_o cold_a as_o their_o enemy_n but_o that_o they_o be_v pen_v up_o beneath_o the_o ground_n since_o when_o vent_n be_v give_v they_o they_o immediate_o rush_v into_o the_o open_a air_n without_o fear_v the_o cold_a even_o of_o russia_n in_o the_o very_a midst_n of_o winter_n 53._o but_o i_o shall_v press_v this_o no_o further_o but_o rather_o add_v that_o the_o doctrine_n of_o antiperistasis_n be_v as_o little_o behold_v to_o the_o follow_a experiment_n which_o i_o sometime_o try_v in_o order_n to_o the_o disabuse_v some_o abetter_n of_o themistius_n i_o take_v then_o a_o iron-rod_n of_o about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o man_n finger_n have_v at_o one_o end_n of_o it_o a_o very_a broad_a and_o thick_a piece_n of_o iron_n shape_v almost_o like_o a_o spattule_n that_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o matter_n may_v upon_o the_o ignition_n of_o the_o iron_n make_v the_o heat_n very_o considerable_a then_o have_v cause_v this_o thick_a end_n to_o be_v make_v red_a hot_a in_o the_o fire_n and_o have_v sudden_o quench_v it_o in_o cold_a water_n i_o can_v not_o perceive_v that_o the_o other_o end_n of_o the_o rod_n by_o which_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v hold_v do_v at_o all_o grow_v sensible_o hot_a as_o a_o favourer_n of_o antiperistasis_n will_v have_v expect_v it_o shall_v do_v to_o a_o very_a high_a degree_n as_o presume_v that_o the_o innumerable_a particle_n of_o heat_n that_o swarm_v in_o the_o compact_a body_n of_o the_o red_a hot_a part_n of_o the_o iron_n must_v to_o fly_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o water_n retire_v in_o throng_n towards_o the_o other_o extreme_a of_o the_o iron_n and_o make_v it_o exceed_o hot_a and_o lest_o any_o preexistent_a warmth_n shall_v hinder_v i_o from_o perceive_v a_o increase_n of_o heat_n in_o case_n any_o be_v produce_v in_o the_o handle_n of_o the_o iron_n i_o cause_v it_o the_o next_o time_n the_o trial_n be_v make_v to_o be_v keep_v in_o cold_a water_n and_o yet_o even_o then_o the_o immersion_n of_o the_o broad_a and_o candent_fw-la end_n into_o the_o cold_a water_n bring_v as_o little_a of_o sensible_a heat_n to_o the_o other_o end_n that_o i_o hold_v in_o my_o hand_n as_o it_o have_v do_v the_o time_n before_o and_o have_v cause_v the_o experiment_n to_o be_v try_v by_o another_o the_o account_n i_o receive_v be_v that_o it_o succeed_v with_o he_o as_o it_o have_v do_v with_o i_o 54._o but_o this_o be_v not_o the_o main_a thing_n gentleman_n that_o i_o intend_v to_o acquaint_v you_o with_o there_o be_v a_o expedient_a that_o i_o purposely_o devise_v to_o make_v one_o experiment_n more_o considerable_a against_o antiperistasis_n then_o be_v the_o several_a mistake_a observation_n of_o the_o peripetaticks_n to_o establish_v it_o 55._o i_o take_v then_o a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n 12._o or_o
14._o inch_n long_o furnish_v with_o good_a spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o have_v provide_v a_o open_a mouth_a glass_n of_o a_o convenient_a shape_n and_o size_n and_o fill_v it_o but_o to_o a_o due_a height_n that_o it_o may_v not_o afterward_o run_v over_o with_o common_a water_n i_o so_o order_v the_o matter_n that_o the_o stem_n of_o the_o thermoscope_n be_v support_v by_o the_o cork_n into_o which_o by_o a_o perforation_n or_o slit_v it_o be_v insert_v when_o the_o glass_n be_v stop_v by_o the_o cork_n the_o whole_a ball_n of_o the_o thermometer_n be_v immerse_v in_o the_o water_n that_o fill_v the_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n and_o do_v no_o where_o touch_v either_o the_o bottom_n or_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n so_o that_o the_o ball_n or_o bubble_n be_v every_o way_n surround_v with_o water_n the_o instrument_n be_v thus_o prepare_v we_o observe_v at_o what_o station_n the_o ambient_fw-la cold_a water_n have_v make_v the_o tinct_a spirit_n rest_n in_o the_o stem_n of_o the_o 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of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o antiperistasis_n to_o the_o determination_n of_o a_o experiment_n the_o same_o thermoscope_n be_v place_v in_o the_o same_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n just_a after_o the_o former_a manner_n only_o instead_o of_o the_o cold_a water_n that_o which_o immediate_o surround_v the_o glass_n be_v warm_a and_o when_o the_o warmth_n have_v impel_v up_o the_o tinct_a spirit_n till_o its_o ascent_n begin_v to_o be_v very_o slow_a i_o immerse_v the_o instrument_n to_o a_o convenient_a depth_n in_o a_o vessel_n that_o contain_v high_o refrigerated_a water_n mingle_v with_o divers_a piece_n of_o ice_n but_o notwitstand_v my_o watchfulness_n it_o do_v not_o appear_v to_o i_o that_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o water_n that_o do_v immediate_o encompass_v the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v at_o all_o increase_v or_o intend_v by_o that_o liquor_n be_v besiege_v by_o water_n exceed_o cold_a for_o the_o languid_a motion_n of_o the_o tinct_a spirit_n upward_o be_v not_o hereby_o so_o much_o as_o sensible_o accelerate_a as_o it_o must_v have_v be_v considerable_o if_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o internal_a water_n have_v be_v so_o augment_v or_o strike_v inward_o by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a as_o the_o school_n doctrine_n will_v have_v make_v one_o expect_v but_o rather_o the_o ascent_n be_v by_o the_o chillingness_n of_o the_o contiguous_a water_n quick_o check_v and_o the_o former_o ascend_v spirit_n be_v soon_o bring_v to_o subside_o again_o and_o to_o give_v myself_o the_o full_a satisfaction_n about_o some_o of_o the_o chief_a phaenomena_n of_o this_o and_o the_o former_a experiment_n i_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o observe_v they_o more_o than_o once_o postscript_n a_o sceptical_a consideration_n of_o the_o heat_n of_o cellar_n in_o winter_n and_o their_o coldness_n in_o summer_n the_o forego_v discourse_n of_o carneades_n seem_v to_o have_v sufficient_o shake_v the_o foundation_n of_o the_o vulgar_a doctrine_n of_o antiperistasis_n so_o far_o forth_o as_o it_o be_v superstruct_v upon_o the_o vulgar_a observation_n and_o phaenomena_n whereon_o man_n be_v wont_a to_o build_v it_o and_o it_o seem_v to_o have_v also_o make_v it_o high_o probable_a that_o in_o case_n some_o of_o the_o example_n wont_a to_o be_v produce_v in_o favour_n of_o antiperistasis_n shall_v prove_v historical_o true_a yet_o those_o phaenomena_n may_v more_o congruous_o to_o the_o wont_a proceed_n of_o nature_n be_v explicate_v by_o the_o detention_n of_o calorifick_a or_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o external_a cold_a or_o heat_n then_o to_o a_o certain_a inexplicable_a self_n invigoration_n which_o be_v common_o propose_v in_o such_o a_o way_n as_o invest_v inanimate_a body_n with_o the_o prerogative_n of_o free_a agent_n but_o though_o carneades_n his_o adversary_n seem_v not_o to_o have_v well_o make_v out_o the_o historical_a part_n of_o the_o receive_a doctrine_n concern_v cold_a yet_o upon_o a_o impartial_a survey_n of_o what_o have_v be_v allege_v on_o both_o side_n i_o free_o confess_v that_o to_o i_o some_o of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n themselves_o seem_v not_o yet_o so_o clear_o determine_v as_o i_o can_v wish_v for_o as_o to_o the_o obvious_a phaenomena_n that_o nature_n do_v as_o it_o be_v of_o her_o own_o accord_n present_v we_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v but_o perfunctory_o consider_v and_o our_o sense_n only_o be_v the_o judge_n of_o they_o we_o may_v easy_o as_o carneades_n argue_v be_v impose_v upon_o by_o the_o unheeded_a predisposition_n of_o our_o organ_n and_o as_o for_o contrive_v and_o artificial_a experiment_n there_o scarce_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v any_o make_v fit_a to_o clear_v the_o difficulty_n that_o invite_v i_o to_o suspend_v my_o judgement_n as_o to_o the_o grand_a question_n of_o fact_n whether_o cellar_n and_o other_o subterraneous_a place_n be_v real_o hot_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n it_o be_v true_a that_o i_o have_v scarce_o meet_v with_o any_o point_n wherein_o the_o modern_a schoolman_n seem_v to_o have_v so_o much_o consult_v nature_n as_o in_o this_o of_o antiperistasis_n for_o inquire_v what_o have_v be_v write_v of_o that_o subject_n that_o may_v either_o confirm_v or_o oppose_v what_o have_v in_o the_o precedent_a dialogue_n be_v deliver_v about_o antiperistasis_n i_o find_v that_o the_o curiousness_n and_o importance_n of_o the_o subject_n have_v make_v two_o or_o three_o of_o those_o writer_n less_o negligent_a than_o i_o suspect_v but_o though_o i_o have_v late_o meet_v with_o in_o they_o a_o experiment_n or_o two_o that_o seem_v cogent_o to_o evince_v i_o do_v not_o say_v a_o antiperistasis_n in_o the_o sense_n of_o the_o school_n but_o that_o subterraneal_a place_n be_v real_o hot_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n yet_o i_o must_v for_o a_o while_n long_o continue_v my_o suspension_n of_o judgement_n which_o that_o even_o such_o person_n as_o be_v circumspect_a themselves_o may_v not_o think_v unreasonable_a 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possible_a cause_n of_o cold_a in_o those_o place_n that_o be_v near_o the_o pole_n or_o where_o the_o obliquity_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v great_a 4._o how_o water_n may_v be_v congeal_v by_o 7._o cold_a may_v be_v explain_v in_o this_o manner_n let_v a._n in_o the_o first_o figure_n represent_v the_o sun_n and_o b._n the_o earth_n a._n will_v therefore_o be_v much_o great_a than_o b._n let_v e._n f._n be_v in_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o aequinoctial_a to_o which_o let_v g._n h._n i._o k._n and_o l._n c._n be_v parallel_n last_o let_v c._n and_o d._n be_v the_o pole_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o air_n therefore_o by_o its_o action_n in_o those_o parallel_n will_v rake_v the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o that_o with_o a_o motion_n so_o much_o the_o strong_a by_o how_o much_o the_o parallel_a circle_n towards_o the_o pole_n grow_v less_o and_o less_o from_o whence_o must_v arise_v a_o wind_n which_o will_v force_v together_o the_o uppermost_a part_n of_o the_o water_n and_o withal_o 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know_v in_o the_o hot_a country_n where_o he_o live_v make_v those_o that_o be_v bite_v by_o they_o either_o become_v or_o think_v themselves_o very_o cold_a but_o that_o will_v perhaps_o seem_v more_o remarkable_a which_o i_o shall_v further_o add_v namely_o that_o i_o know_v a_o nobleman_n who_o follow_v the_o war_n in_o several_a country_n and_o have_v signalise_v his_o valour_n in_o they_o and_o yet_o though_o his_o stature_n be_v proportionate_a to_o his_o courage_n yet_o when_o this_o person_n fall_v as_o frequent_o he_o have_v do_v in_o a_o fit_a of_o the_o stone_n he_o feel_v a_o universal_a cold_a over_o his_o whole_a body_n just_a like_o that_o which_o begin_v the_o fit_a of_o a_o ague_n and_o though_o he_o assure_v i_o that_o the_o stone_n that_o torment_v he_o and_o which_o he_o usual_o void_v be_v but_o very_o small_a yet_o while_o the_o fit_n continue_v which_o oftentimes_o last_v many_o hour_n he_o do_v not_o only_o feel_v a_o extraordinary_a coldness_n but_o which_o 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stiff_a and_o some_o little_a ice_n in_o the_o ventricles_n of_o their_o heart_n and_o their_o vena_fw-la cava_fw-la milk_n soon_o freeze_v into_o most_o white_a flake_n of_o ice_n retain_v the_o proper_a taste_n of_o milk_n these_o flake_n be_v soft_a and_o manifest_a not_o many_o bubble_n several_a egg_n be_v expose_v and_o both_o yolk_n and_o white_a in_o one_o night_n be_v hard_o freeze_v they_o require_v a_o long_a time_n to_o freeze_v then_o apple_n do_v the_o best_a way_n to_o thaw_v they_o both_o be_v to_o lay_v they_o on_o newcastle-coal_n or_o in_o a_o deep_a cellar_n whether_o egg_n once_o freeze_v will_v produce_v chicken_n or_o no_o i_o can_v say_v but_o have_v be_v tell_v by_o good_a housewife_n they_o will_n some_o affirm_v that_o egg_n and_o apple_n put_v into_o water_n the_o ice_n will_v be_v thaw_v within_o they_o and_o the_o ice_n appear_v on_o the_o shell_n and_o skin_n it_o be_v true_a if_o you_o hold_v either_o of_o they_o near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n 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horse-raddish_n and_o 〈◊〉_d have_v be_v infuse_v will_v not_o 〈◊〉_d so_o soon_o as_o other_o strong_a beer_n without_o they_o orange_n and_o lemon_n freeze_v have_v a_o tough_a and_o hard_a rind_n their_o icy_a juice_n lose_v much_o of_o their_o genuine_a taste_n they_o be_v both_o freeze_a hard_a in_o 26._o hour_n or_o a_o little_a more_o have_v a_o thick_a rind_n they_o as_o other_o fruit_n when_o thaw_v soon_o become_v rot_v and_o therefore_o the_o fruiterer_n keep_v they_o under_o ground_n in_o low_a cellar_n and_o cover_v they_o with_o straw_n as_o they_o do_v their_o apple_n which_o do_v expose_v in_o one_o night_n freeze_v throughout_o if_o you_o cut_v one_o of_o they_o through_o the_o middle_n it_o will_v have_v on_o both_o the_o plain_n a_o most_o pure_a thin_a ice_n hardly_o discernible_a by_o the_o eye_n but_o easy_o by_o the_o touch_n or_o by_o scrape_v it_o off_o with_o a_o knife_n the_o cores_fw-la of_o these_o apple_n soon_o turn_v brown_a and_o begin_v their_o 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figure_n of_o freeze_a urine_n i_o shall_v say_v nothing_o the_o accurate_a description_n of_o curious_a mr._n hook_n have_v so_o full_o and_o true_o perform_v that_o part_n of_o my_o task_n now_o as_o to_o the_o famous_a experiment_n of_o quercetan_n and_o affirm_v by_o many_o other_o chemist_n i_o make_v experiment_n in_o these_o follow_a vegetable_n rosemary_n rue_n scurvigrass_n mint_n and_o plantain_n wherewith_o i_o thus_o proceed_v i_o mix_v with_o ½_o a_o pint_n of_o their_o distil_a water_n ½_o or_o ¾_n of_o a_o ounce_n of_o their_o own_o salt_n the_o rosemary_n and_o rue_n be_v calcine_v and_o their_o salt_n extract_v with_o their_o own_o water_n and_o then_o be_v add_v to_o their_o salt_n their_o own_o distil_a water_n in_o the_o above_o mention_v proportion_n the_o glass_n wherein_o the_o rue_n and_o plantain_n be_v put_v be_v seal_v with_o hermes_n seal_v and_o the_o other_o glass_n leave_v open_a the_o effect_n be_v that_o neither_o of_o they_o show_v the_o least_o 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of_o thin_a laminae_fw-la of_o ice_n some_o more_o some_o less_o wide_a from_o which_o proceed_v stiriae_fw-la or_o tooth_n point_v inward_o and_o set_v at_o pretty_a equal_a distance_n so_o that_o the_o laminae_fw-la and_o stiriae_fw-la resemble_v very_o much_o so_o many_o comb_n place_v in_o no_o order_n some_o lie_v direct_o other_o oblique_o none_o transvers_o have_v interval_n betwixt_o each_o of_o they_o betwixt_o some_o of_o they_o i_o can_v put_v my_o finger_n without_o break_v the_o point_n of_o the_o stiriae_fw-la these_o comb_n be_v place_v round_o about_o a_o cavity_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o receiver_n sufficient_a to_o receive_v two_o of_o my_o finger_n in_o a_o flask_n fill_v competent_o with_o water_n when_o it_o be_v freeze_v there_o appear_v throughout_o the_o ice_n infinite_a silver-coloured_n bubble_n very_o like_a unto_o tailed_a hailshot_n of_o several_a size_n the_o large_a about_o ¼_n of_o a_o inch_n long_o where_o thick_a of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o great_a pins-head_n other_o much_o less_o in_o all_o dimension_n the_o point_n of_o they_o all_o look_v outward_o and_o the_o big_a part_n inward_o towards_o the_o centre_n where_o also_o be_v the_o large_a for_o there_o they_o will_v easy_o admit_v a_o little_a pin_n into_o all_o their_o cavity_n without_o the_o least_o resistance_n the_o figure_n of_o they_o be_v pretty_a regular_a first_o a_o small_a thread_n and_o then_o a_o head_n as_o big_a as_o a_o shot_n and_o thence_o gradual_o end_v in_o a_o point_n some_o of_o these_o be_v straight_o most_o a_o little_a crooked_a there_o be_v a_o cavity_n in_o the_o centre_n of_o this_o ice_n fill_v with_o unfrozen_a water_n from_o which_o i_o can_v find_v multitude_n of_o cavity_n of_o bubble_n not_o full_o form_v and_o in_o the_o more_o solid_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n cut_v you_o may_v discern_v they_o
a_o far_o deep_a colour_n and_o bitter_a taste_n in_o the_o middle_n and_o towards_o the_o bottom_n then_o towards_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o and_o whereas_o barclay_n relate_v that_o king_n james_n be_v in_o denmark_n to_o fetch_v his_o queen_n thence_o in_o the_o winter_n season_n have_v his_o nose_n and_o ear_n in_o danger_n of_o gangreen_v which_o be_v timely_o perceive_v by_o some_o of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n nobility_n they_o cause_v the_o part_n to_o be_v rub_v with_o snow_n and_o so_o the_o danger_n be_v avoid_v the_o same_o traveller_n affirm_v that_o in_o the_o northern_a part_n where_o man_n become_v stiff_a with_o cold_a and_o almost_o freeze_v to_o death_n that_o they_o rub_v the_o freeze_a part_n with_o snow_n or_o else_o cast_v the_o whole_a body_n into_o water_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o whole_a body_n be_v crust_v over_o with_o ice_n as_o egg_n and_o apple_n be_v as_o if_o the_o freeze_a atom_n do_v pass_v from_o the_o body_n freeze_v into_o the_o water_n or_o snow_n and_o this_o way_n of_o cure_v gangrene_n from_o cold_a sennertus_n do_v prescribe_v to_o make_v some_o experiment_n hereof_o i_o expose_v flesh_n and_o fish_n and_o find_v that_o by_o immerse_v they_o into_o water_n they_o soon_o become_v more_o limber_a and_o flexible_a and_o more_o easy_o yield_v to_o the_o knife_n and_o compass_v with_o a_o crust_n of_o ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o about_o half_a a_o crown_n manifest_a token_n of_o their_o thaw_v and_o be_v cut_v they_o discover_v nothing_o of_o ice_n in_o they_o this_o for_o more_o certainty_n i_o often_o reiterated_a as_o also_o in_o egg_n and_o apple_n above_o a_o dozen_o time_n and_o never_o fail_v of_o unthaw_v they_o by_o this_o way_n it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v if_o you_o immerse_v the_o flesh_n fish_n egg_n or_o apple_n deep_a into_o the_o water_n no_o ice_n will_v appear_v on_o their_o outside_n but_o only_o when_o you_o hold_v they_o near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n as_o to_o the_o persian_a experiment_n mention_v by_o olearius_n of_o make_v huge_a heap_n of_o ice_n to_o be_v preserve_v for_o cool_v of_o their_o drink_n i_o observe_v that_o by_o pour_v water_n into_o a_o open_a pan_n or_o into_o a_o flask_n gradual_o some_o at_o one_o time_n some_o at_o another_o i_o can_v quick_o freeze_v by_o this_o way_n a_o whole_a flaskfull_a when_o near_o half_a of_o a_o flask_n fill_v at_o one_o though_o help_v by_o art_n be_v unfrozen_a i_o observe_v also_o that_o the_o ditch_n betwixt_o southwark_n and_o redderiff_n have_v acquire_v a_o exceed_a thickness_n of_o ice_n cause_v by_o the_o flow_a of_o the_o water_n in_o they_o at_o full_a tide_n for_o new_a water_n be_v bring_v in_o by_o the_o tide_n be_v there_o congeal_v to_o the_o thickness_n of_o some_o inch_n every_o ebb_a and_o flow_v i_o observe_v also_o the_o ice_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o thames_n above_o two_o yard_n thick_a the_o inhabitant_n tell_v i_o they_o have_v see_v it_o three_o or_o four_o yard_n thick_a which_o thus_o come_v to_o pass_v the_o tide_n flow_v in_o and_o meet_v with_o great_a flake_n of_o ice_n drive_v they_o to_o the_o bank_n and_o lodge_v they_o on_o the_o ice_n there_o freeze_v which_o flake_n unite_n there_o with_o the_o former_a ice_n raise_v it_o to_o that_o excessive_a height_n or_o thickness_n beside_o every_o one_o may_v observe_v in_o london_n street_n and_o elsewhere_o in_o channel_n where_o no_o constant_a current_n be_v that_o water_n come_v from_o the_o house_n soon_o fill_v the_o channel_n with_o thick_a ice_n for_o run_v but_o a_o little_a at_o a_o time_n it_o freeze_v almost_o as_o fast_o as_o it_o come_v thither_o nay_o i_o have_v see_v ice_n of_o some_o yard_n thickness_n in_o such_o place_n where_o a_o small_a rill_n or_o stream_n of_o water_n gentle_o fall_v on_o the_o side_n of_o a_o hill_n among_o those_o thing_n that_o will_v freeze_v mortar_n and_o plaster_n of_o paris_n be_v omit_v and_o thence_o it_o be_v that_o plasterer_n and_o bricklayer_n play_v all_o the_o winter_n my_o lord_n verulam_n in_o his_o natural_a history_n and_o some_o from_o he_o have_v affirm_v to_o i_o that_o apple_n and_o egg_n cover_v with_o a_o wet_a cloth_n will_v not_o freeze_v but_o i_o find_v no_o difference_n in_o those_o that_o be_v thus_o cover_v and_o they_o that_o be_v not_o add_v to_o those_o that_o sink_v upon_o congelation_n all_o oil_n from_o animal_n and_o from_o vegetable_n that_o be_v extract_v by_o expression_n or_o boil_a add_v to_o those_o that_o freeze_v not_o water_n and_o sugar_n boil_v to_o the_o consistence_n of_o a_o syrup_n and_o also_o all_o other_o syrup_n none_o whereof_o i_o can_v ever_o take_v notice_n or_o learn_v by_o other_o that_o they_o will_v freeze_v it_o be_v true_a that_o water_n have_v a_o equal_a quantity_n of_o sugar_n dissolve_v in_o it_o will_v freeze_v but_o with_o a_o little_a more_o mix_v therewith_o freeze_v not_o to_o try_v the_o effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o lodestone_n i_o expose_v several_a of_o they_o in_o the_o open_a air_n and_o also_o within_o room_n in_o the_o most_o severe_a weather_n the_o needle_n be_v keep_v in_o a_o warm_a place_n at_o other_o time_n i_o expose_v the_o needle_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n keep_v the_o stone_n warm_a at_o other_o time_n both_o be_v expose_v but_o in_o none_o of_o my_o experiment_n can_v i_o conclude_v any_o thing_n certain_a to_o their_o attractive_a faculty_n for_o the_o sphere_n of_o their_o activity_n be_v find_v to_o be_v sometime_o great_a and_o sometime_o less_o to_o a_o considerable_a difference_n in_o ten_o several_a good_a stone_n employ_v for_o this_o purpose_n i_o assay_v also_o to_o find_v out_o a_o standard_n of_o cold_a whereby_o to_o fit_v the_o tinged_a spirit_n of_o wine_n for_o the_o weather-glass_n and_o to_o that_o end_n make_v use_v of_o conduit_n water_n and_o the_o distil_a water_n of_o plantain_n poppy_n blackcherry_n nightshade_n scurvigrass_n and_o horse-raddish_n all_o which_o be_v first_o place_v in_o the_o same_o room_n where_o a_o fire_n be_v keep_v and_o then_o remove_v and_o measure_v out_o into_o spoon_n in_o equal_a quantity_n and_o also_o a_o drop_n of_o they_o drop_v on_o the_o same_o bench_n but_o though_o this_o be_v often_o try_v i_o can_v not_o make_v any_o sure_a inference_n from_o they_o only_o i_o observe_v that_o the_o blackcherry_n water_n do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v first_o but_o the_o other_o with_o very_o great_a uncertainty_n the_o horse-raddish_n and_o scurvigrass_n water_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v last_o the_o best_a way_n to_o discover_v the_o very_a beginning_n of_o freeze_a of_o liquor_n be_v to_o move_v a_o pin_n or_o needle_n through_o the_o liquor_n whereby_o the_o ice_n will_v be_v raise_v and_o become_v discernible_a when_o the_o naked_a eye_n can_v discover_v none_o at_o all_o finis_fw-la figure_n 1._o page_z 9_o 10_o 11_o â—_o 98._o a_o the_o ball_n or_o egg._n b_o c_o the_o stem_n d_o the_o little_a aqueous_a cylinder_n figure_n 2._o the_o open_a wether_n glass_n mention_v pag._n 24_o &_o 43_o figure_n 3._o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n or_o thermoscopâ—mentioned_v pag._n 24_o 55_o 56._o figure_n 4._o the_o barometer_n oâ—_n mercurial_a standard_n place_v in_o frame_n b_o b_o mention_v pag._n 25_o figure_n 5._o a_o instrument_n mention_v pag._n 93._o a_o the_o vial._n b_o c_o the_o pipe_n cement_v in_o it_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o vial_n open_a at_o â—_o and_o seal_v at_o b._n figure_n 6._o pag._n 97._o a_o the_o bolt-head_n b_o the_o small_a stem_n b_o c_o the_o cylinder_n of_o wateâ—_n enclose_v figure_n 7._o pag._n 101._o 101._o it_o be_v think_v needless_a to_o insert_v mr._n hobs_n scheme_n touch_v this_o subject_n because_o it_o only_o show_v that_o wind_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o cold._n sceptical_a chemist_n chemist_n chapter_n the_o five_o of_o that_o treatise_n treatise_n the_o two_o essay_n of_o the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o experiment_n experiment_n another_o remarkable_a instance_n of_o the_o variable_a success_n of_o the_o experiment_n of_o cold_a i_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d with_o in_o a_o experiment_n 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d dr._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o oil_n of_o 〈◊〉_d for_o though_o i_o 〈◊〉_d that_o liquor_n in_o small_a '_o vessel_n of_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d in_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d at_o one_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o air_n in_o 〈◊〉_d night_n 〈◊〉_d extraordinary_o sharp_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v more_o our_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o salt_n will_v 〈◊〉_d the_o experiment_n succeed_v 〈◊〉_d that_o we_o try_v it_o with_o several_a parcel_n of_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o yet_o that_o the_o learned_a doctor_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o air_n alone_o for_o he_o use_v not_o our_o 〈◊〉_d mixture_n do_v bring_v that_o liquor_n either_o to_o
a_o true_a 〈◊〉_d or_o a_o coagulate_v substance_n that_o look_v just_a like_o ice_n both_o 〈◊〉_d eminent_a virtuoso_n and_o i_o myself_o who_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o 〈◊〉_d it_o can_v bear_v he_o witness_v lib._n 1._o titulo_fw-la de_fw-la frig_n asperitate_fw-la pag._n 9_o this_o be_v point_v at_o in_o the_o three_o page_n of_o the_o follow_a account_n where_o mention_n be_v make_v of_o a_o honourable_a person_n etc._n etc._n see_v the_o publisher_n advertisement_n to_o the_o reader_n reader_n among_o which_o i_o be_o since_o inform_v that_o he_o have_v try_v divers_a before_o he_o see_v my_o paper_n paper_n so_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a passage_n of_o the_o examen_fw-la of_o antiperistasis_n be_v much_o confirm_v by_o the_o forty_o four_o and_o forty_o five_o page_n of_o the_o follow_a paper_n which_o contain_v a_o account_n of_o a_o trial_n make_v by_o the_o command_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n to_o who_o it_o be_v propose_v by_o the_o author_n of_o the_o examen_fw-la with_o a_o request_n that_o they_o will_v be_v please_v to_o order_v it_o to_o be_v make_v the_o art_n of_o pottery_n pag._n 27_o 28._o see_v the_o 18._o of_o our_o new_a physicomechanical_a experiment_n in_o the_o defence_n against_o linus_n cap._n 4_o dr._n h._n p._n a_o ingenious_a man_n have_v propose_v another_o way_n of_o settle_v a_o standard_n for_o weather-glass_n namely_o by_o observe_v the_o coldness_n which_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v distil_v water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v but_o though_o the_o accurateness_n of_o this_o way_n may_v be_v as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o just_o question_v and_o can_v often_o be_v put_v in_o practice_n even_o in_o winter_n itself_o nor_o without_o trouble_n yet_o it_o may_v also_o be_v advantageous_o make_v use_n of_o when_o the_o cold_a happen_v to_o be_v great_a enough_o to_o freeze_v water_n dr._n wren_n dr._n goddard_n mr._n hook_n defence_n against_o linus_n cap._n the_o 5_o theatr._fw-la chynic_n volume_n 6._o vitrum_fw-la optimè_fw-la clausum_fw-la ne_fw-la quid_fw-la exspir_n be_v posset_n in_o loco_fw-la ubi_fw-la quiesceret_fw-la statui_fw-la 〈◊〉_d sine_fw-la animi_fw-la voluptate_fw-la lice_n bat_n in_o pleniluniis_fw-la manifesta_fw-la inclusi_fw-la liquoris_fw-la incrementa_fw-la observare_fw-la in_fw-la noviluniis_fw-la vero_fw-la decrementa_fw-la etc._n etc._n they_o be_v the_o word_n of_o paulus_n casatus_fw-la in_o his_o terra_fw-la machinis_fw-la mota_fw-la pag._n 143._o but_o since_o the_o write_n of_o these_o praeliminary_a discourse_n the_o author_n of_o they_o have_v consult_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o some_o ingenious_a friend_n the_o learned_a casatus_fw-la find_v that_o he_o never_o make_v nor_o see_v the_o experiment_n himself_o but_o relate_v it_o upon_o the_o authority_n of_o a_o certain_a dutchman_n who_o name_n he_o add_v not_o and_o who_o therefore_o may_v probable_o be_v the_o same_o orthelius_fw-la that_o be_v mention_v by_o the_o author_n of_o these_o praeliminary_a discourse_n who_o think_v it_o requisite_a to_o give_v the_o reader_n this_o advertisement_n because_o casatus_fw-la himself_o do_v not_o as_o he_o shall_v have_v do_v intimate_v that_o he_o de_fw-mi iver_v this_o but_o upon_o another_o credit_n l'_fw-mi hydrographie_n du_fw-fr p._n fournier_n liv_o 18._o cap._n 12._o defence_n against_o linus_n cap._n 3._o sect._n 11._o of_o the_o same_o 30._o chap._n see_v more_o concern_v these_o weather-glass_n in_o the_o first_o of_o these_o three_o discourse_n see_v the_o 〈…〉_z gure_n 〈…〉_z rest_n 〈…〉_z pag._n 58._o olai_n magni_fw-la gent._n sept._n hist._n lib._n 11._o cap._n 24._o olaus_n magnus_n in_o historia_fw-la gentium_fw-la septentrionalium_fw-la lib._n 11._o cap._n 20._o &_o 21._o cap._n 6._o pag._n 42._o see_v the_o praeliminary_a discourse_n 4._o jan._n 15._o 15._o see_v the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o next_o title_n in_o the_o discourse_n touch_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la gulielmus_fw-la fabritius_n hildanus_fw-la de_fw-fr gangr_n &_o 〈◊〉_d cap._n 10._o barthol_n de_fw-fr usu_fw-la nivis_fw-la pag._n 80._o pag._n 74._o pag._n 79._o barthol_n de_fw-fr figurâ_fw-la nivis_fw-la pag._n 79_o 〈◊〉_d de_fw-fr usu_fw-la nivis_fw-la pag._n 83._o capt._n james_n trau._n pag._n 76._o barthol_n de_fw-fr usu_fw-la nivis_fw-la cap._n 12._o 12._o of_o the_o usefulness_n of_o experimental_a philosophy_n purch_n lib._n 3._o cap._n 5._o sect._n 2._o pag._n 493._o pag._n 73._o pag._n 67._o lib._n 1._o sect._n 〈◊〉_d cap._n 5._o pag._n 122._o nicholaus_fw-la zucchius_n &_o melchior_n cornaeus_fw-la it_o freeze_v so_o sore_o within_o the_o house_n that_o the_o wall_n &_o the_o roof_n thereof_o be_v freeze_v two_o finger_n thick_a with_o ice_n and_o also_o in_o our_o cabin_n where_o we_o lie_v all_o those_o three_o day_n while_o we_o can_v not_o go_v out_o gerat_fw-la de_fw-la 〈◊〉_d in_o his_o three_o voyage_n pag._n 64._o feb._n 4._o 1661._o decemb._n 11._o 1662._o decemb._n decemb._n decemb._n the_o 17._o barthol_n de_fw-fr nivis_fw-la usu_fw-la chap._n 6._o 6._o in_o our_o hydrostatical_a paradox_n exit_fw-la nive_v copiosa_fw-la glaciata_fw-la compacta_fw-la pag._n 14._o 14._o mr._n hudsons_n voyage_n for_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o northwest_n passage_n write_v partly_o by_o mr._n abacuch_n pricket_n pricket_n in_o the_o sect_n about_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air._n air._n new_a exp._n physico-mech_a exper._n 6._o 6._o see_v the_o forecited_a place_n place_n the_o appendix_n to_o the_o physicomechanical_a experiment_n decemb._n the_o 13._o decemb._n 13._o voyage_n de_fw-fr 〈◊〉_d &_o de_fw-fr perseus_n liv._o v._n pag._n 63._o pag._n 86._o 86._o the_o breadth_n be_v i_o know_v not_o how_o omit_v in_o the_o note_n but_o as_o i_o remember_v it_o be_v about_o a_o 8._o part_n of_o a_o inch._n olaus_n ma._n gent._n septentr_n hist._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 14._o purchas_n lib._n 4._o cap._n 13._o purchas_n lib._n 4._o cap._n 13._o pag._n 813._o 813._o neither_o hereafter_o will_v i_o marvel_v though_o the_o strait_a of_o weigat_n be_v stop_v up_o to_o the_o north-east_n with_o such_o huge_a mountain_n of_o ice_n since_o the_o river_n oby_n and_o jenesce_fw-la and_o very_o many_o more_o who_o name_n be_v not_o yet_o know_v pour_v out_o such_o a_o quantity_n thereof_o that_o in_o a_o manner_n it_o be_v incredible_a for_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o spring_n that_o in_o place_n near_o unto_o the_o sea_n the_o ice_n through_o the_o excessive_a thickness_n and_o multitude_n thereof_o do_v carry_v down_o wood_n before_o it_o and_o without_o doubt_n this_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o about_o the_o shore_n of_o the_o strait_a of_o weigate_n so_o great_a abundance_n of_o floatiug_v wood_n be_v every_o where_o see_v and_o whereas_o in_o that_o strait_a near_o nnto_n nova_n zembla_n it_o be_v so_o extreme_a cold_n it_o be_v no_o marvel_n if_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o narrowness_n of_o the_o strait_a so_o huge_a heap_n of_o ice_n be_v gather_v and_o freeze_v together_o that_o in_o the_o end_n they_o grow_v to_o sixty_o or_o at_o least_o to_o fifty_o fathom_n thickness_n say_v the_o description_n of_o the_o country_n of_o siberia_n samojeda_n etc._n etc._n extant_a in_o purchas_n three_o part_n of_o his_o pilgrim_n lib._n 3._o cap._n 7._o pag._n 14._o pag._n 106._o purchas_n lib._n 4._o cap._n 18._o pag._n 837._o pag._n 17._o hydrographie_n du_fw-fr p._n g._n fournier_n liv_o 9_o cap._n 29._o compare_v with_o the_o 22._o chap._n of_o the_o same_o book_n olai_n mag._n lib._n 3._o cap._n 2._o pag._n 334_o 334_o saepe_fw-la alias_o &_o his_o annis_fw-la fatalibus_fw-la tam_fw-la profundè_fw-la congelavit_fw-la marina_fw-la aqua_fw-la ut_fw-la non_fw-la tantùm_fw-la plaustra_fw-la sed_fw-la integrum_fw-la exercitum_fw-la ad_fw-la aliquot_fw-la milliaria_fw-la germanica_n secure_a vexerit_fw-la etc._n etc._n inquit_fw-la t._n barthol_n de_fw-fr nivis_fw-la usu_fw-la pag._n 43._o barthol_n de_fw-fr nivis_fw-la usu_fw-la cap._n 6._o glycas_n apud_fw-la fournier_n liv_o 9_o cap._n 19_o in_o the_o evening_n we_o be_v enclose_v among_o great_a piece_n of_o ice_n as_o high_a as_o our_o poop_n and_o some_o of_o the_o sharp_a blue_a corner_n of_o they_o do_v reach_v quite_o under_o we_o capt._n jam._n pag._n 6._o olaus_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 14._o olaus_n magnus_n 〈◊〉_d 11._o &_o blefkenius_fw-la in_o purch_n lib._n 3._o cap._n 22._o i_o have_v see_v also_o the_o side_n line_v with_o reed_n 〈◊〉_d instead_o of_o board_v or_o steen_v pag._n 101._o pag._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o sceptical_a chemist_n the_o dialogue_n about_o heat_n and_o flame_n 〈◊〉_d bernard_n de_fw-fr palissey_n au_fw-fr traitté_fw-fr du_fw-fr sel_n commum_fw-la de_fw-fr clave_n au_fw-fr second_v livre_fw-fr das_fw-la pierres_fw-la &_o pierreris_fw-la cap._n 2._o ibid._n 〈◊〉_d de_fw-fr 〈◊〉_d liure_n 11._o cap._n 2._o 2._o in_o the_o discourse_n about_o antiperistasis_n the_o follow_a passage_n be_v take_v out_o of_o a_o 〈◊〉_d narrative_a consist_v of_o about_o two_o sheet_n of_o paper_n of_o joh._n baptista_n morinus_n publish_v in_o the_o year_n 1619._o and_o title_v relatio_fw-la de_fw-la locis_fw-la subterraneis_fw-la annex_v
but_o the_o interspersion_n of_o such_o bubble_n the_o observation_n i_o have_v be_v mention_v i_o find_v thus_o set_v down_o among_o my_o note_n a_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o to_o the_o eye_n look_v clear_a like_o crystal_n be_v put_v into_o the_o great_a microscope_n appear_v even_o there_o free_a from_o bubble_n and_o yet_o the_o same_o piece_n of_o ice_n be_v present_o remove_v and_o cast_v into_o common_a water_n will_v swim_v at_o the_o top_n and_o if_o it_o be_v forcible_o duck_v will_v swift_o enough_o emerge_n another_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o to_o the_o naked_a eye_n be_v not_o so_o clear_a as_o the_o former_a appear_v in_o the_o same_o microscope_n to_o have_v store_n of_o bubble_n some_o of_o they_o appear_v there_o no_o big_a than_o a_o small_a pin_n head_n and_o some_o of_o they_o be_v yet_o lesser_a and_o scarce_o visible_a in_o the_o microscope_n itself_o and_o here_o because_o it_o seem_v a_o considerable_a doubt_n and_o well_o worth_a the_o examine_n whether_o or_o no_o water_n when_o freeze_a into_o ice_n grow_v heavy_a or_o light_a not_o in_o reference_n to_o such_o water_n as_o it_o be_v generate_v of_o since_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o upon_o that_o it_o will_v float_v but_o more_o absolute_o speak_v we_o judge_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o examine_v this_o matter_n by_o a_o experiment_n but_o we_o can_v not_o discover_v any_o difference_n between_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n of_o water_n fluid_a and_o freeze_v as_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o nine_o paragraph_n of_o the_o experiment_n to_o be_v a_o little_a beneath_o recite_v but_o since_o that_o whether_o or_o no_o we_o allow_v any_o other_o cause_n together_o with_o the_o bubble_n to_o the_o levity_n of_o ice_n it_o seem_v a_o thing_n not_o to_o be_v doubt_v that_o its_o expansion_n and_o lightness_n be_v main_o if_o not_o only_o due_a to_o the_o interspersion_n of_o bubble_n the_o generation_n of_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o considerabl_a phaenomena_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o investigate_a by_o what_o cause_n those_o cavity_n be_v produce_v and_o in_o case_n they_o be_v perfect_o full_a what_o substance_n it_o be_v that_o fill_v they_o be_v none_o of_o the_o mean_a inquiry_n that_o shall_v exercise_v the_o industry_n of_o a_o searcher_n into_o the_o nature_n of_o cold._n 4._o mr._n hobbs_n and_o some_o other_o seem_v to_o think_v that_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n by_o congelation_n be_v cause_v by_o the_o intrusion_n of_o air_n which_o constitute_v those_o numerous_a bubble_n wont_a to_o be_v observe_v in_o ice_n we_o may_v here_o demand_v why_o in_o case_n that_o upon_o freeze_a there_o must_v be_v a_o considerable_a accession_n of_o air_n from_o without_o when_o oil_n be_v freeze_v it_o be_v notwithstanding_o the_o ingress_n of_o this_o air_n not_o expanded_a but_o condense_v but_o because_o these_o conjecturer_n do_v not_o allow_v glass_n to_o be_v pervious_a to_o common_a air_n we_o shall_v at_o present_a press_v they_o with_o this_o experiment_n which_o we_o have_v divers_a time_n make_v we_o take_v a_o glass-egg_n with_o a_o long_a stem_n and_o fill_v it_o almost_o with_o water_n we_o seal_v it_o hermetical_o up_o to_o exclude_v the_o pretence_n that_o some_o adventitious_a air_n may_v get_v in_o and_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o water_n and_o yet_o such_o a_o egg_n be_v expose_v to_o congelation_n the_o freeze_a water_n will_v be_v manifest_o expanded_a and_o swell_v by_o numerous_a bubble_n which_o oftentimes_o give_v it_o a_o whitish_a opacity_n to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v that_o new_a metalline_a vessel_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o careful_o stop_v the_o liquor_n will_v nevertheless_o when_o expose_v to_o the_o cold_a be_v thereby_o expanded_a and_o turn_v into_o ice_n furnish_v with_o bubble_n 5._o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o in_o the_o experiment_n of_o the_o hermetical_o seal_a glass_n the_o produce_v bubble_n may_v come_v from_o the_o air_n which_o be_v seal_v up_o together_o with_o the_o water_n may_v by_o the_o expansion_n of_o that_o water_n be_v bring_v to_o mingle_v with_o it_o i_o answer_v that_o this_o be_v very_o improbable_a for_o 1._o if_o the_o bubble_n must_v cause_v the_o expansion_n of_o the_o water_n how_o shall_v the_o water_n be_v at_o first_o expanded_a to_o reduce_v the_o air_n to_o a_o division_n into_o bubble_n next_o it_o be_v evident_a by_o the_o experiment_n we_o shall_v ere_o long_o relate_v that_o the_o air_n as_o to_o the_o body_n of_o it_o retain_v its_o station_n above_o the_o water_n and_o preserve_v itself_o together_o in_o one_o parcel_n since_o it_o suffer_v a_o compression_n that_o oftentimes_o make_v it_o break_v the_o glass_n that_o imprison_v 〈◊〉_d which_o it_o will_v not_o need_v to_o do_v in_o case_n it_o disperse_v itself_o into_o the_o body_n of_o the_o water_n for_o then_o there_o will_v appear_v no_o cause_n why_o the_o air_n and_o water_n shall_v after_o congelation_n require_v more_o room_n than_o they_o do_v before_o 3._o in_o this_o experiment_n we_o usual_o begin_v to_o produce_v ice_n and_o bubble_n in_o the_o water_n contiguous_a to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n that_o part_n be_v by_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n first_o refrigerated_a in_o which_o case_n there_o appear_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o air_n which_o be_v a_o thousand_o time_n light_a than_o the_o water_n shall_v against_o its_o nature_n dive_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n and_o if_o it_o be_v dispose_v to_o dive_v why_o shall_v we_o not_o see_v it_o break_v through_o the_o water_n in_o bubble_n as_o be_v usual_a in_o other_o case_n where_o air_n penetrate_v water_n 4._o in_o metalline_a vessel_n and_o in_o glass_n quite_o fill_v with_o water_n before_o they_o be_v stop_v there_o be_v no_o pretence_n of_o the_o dive_v of_o the_o air_n from_o the_o top_n there_o have_v be_v none_o leave_v there_o 5._o and_o last_o if_o all_o the_o bubble_n of_o ice_n be_v make_v by_o and_o fill_v with_o true_a air_n descend_v from_o the_o 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