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friend_n to_o the_o truth_n i_o be_v to_o defend_v shall_v exact_v of_o sir_n y_z
tub_n and_o with_o his_o hand_n to_o make_v part_n of_o the_o oil_a surface_n of_o the_o upper_a marble_n slide_v off_o on_o any_o side_n from_o that_o of_o the_o low_a which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o smoothness_n and_o slipperiness_n of_o the_o surface_n he_o find_v most_o easy_a to_o do_v but_o the_o contact_n still_o continue_v according_a to_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o surface_n than_o be_v requisite_a i_o bid_v he_o yet_o slide_v but_o by_o slow_a degree_n more_o and_o more_o of_o the_o upper_a marble_n from_o the_o low_a till_o at_o length_n when_o according_a to_o his_o guess_n the_o marble_n touch_v but_o in_o one_o half_a of_o their_o surface_n the_o endeavour_n of_o the_o water_n to_o extrude_v the_o bladder_n full_a of_o air_n be_v strong_a than_o the_o resistance_n which_o the_o contact_n but_o of_o part_n of_o the_o surface_v of_o the_o stone_n be_v able_a to_o make_v they_o be_v sudden_o disjoined_a and_o the_o bladder_n be_v by_o the_o extrude_a water_n impetuous_o as_o it_o be_v shoot_v up_o not_o only_o to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n but_o a_o good_a way_n beyond_o it_o with_o these_o marble_n we_o make_v several_a other_o experiment_n of_o this_o kind_n most_o common_o let_v down_o the_o marble_n both_o together_o but_o once_o or_o twice_o at_o least_o place_v the_o upper_a marble_n under_o water_n upon_o the_o lowermost_a already_o fix_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o barrel_n that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o upper_a marble_n nor_o want_v of_o lightness_n whether_o positive_a or_o relative_a of_o the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o bladder_n that_o keep_v it_o from_o ascend_v be_v plain_a not_o only_o by_o the_o new_o mention_v impetuous_a emersion_n of_o it_o upon_o the_o disjoyning_a of_o the_o marble_n but_o by_o this_o that_o the_o bladder_n will_v lift_v up_o from_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o water_n not_o only_o the_o upper_a stone_n when_o it_o touch_v not_o the_o other_o but_o a_o weight_n of_o seven_o or_o eight_o pound_n hang_v at_o it_o and_o that_o a_o fuga_fw-la vacui_fw-la be_v not_o a_o adequate_a cause_n of_o the_o cohesion_n of_o the_o marble_n in_o our_o experiment_n may_v be_v argue_v from_o this_o that_o whether_o or_o no_o nature_n do_v any_o thing_n at_o any_o time_n out_o of_o abhorrence_n of_o a_o vacuum_n which_o may_v be_v much_o dispute_v yet_o in_o our_o case_n this_o abhorrency_n can_v not_o be_v well_o plead_v by_o its_o assertor_n since_o many_o of_o they_o hold_v it_o to_o be_v unlimited_a and_o the_o more_o modest_a to_o be_v at_o least_o capable_a of_o lift_v up_o prodigious_a weight_n whereas_o in_o our_o experiment_n the_o levity_n of_o a_o bladder_n that_o can_v not_o raise_v ten_o pound_n weight_n be_v sufficient_a to_o disjoin_v the_o marble_n when_o they_o yet_o touch_v one_o another_o according_a to_o half_a their_o surface_n exper._n ii_o to_o show_v now_o whether_o it_o be_v not_o rather_o the_o gravity_n and_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n or_o other_o ambient_fw-la fluid_fw-la than_o the_o positive_a levity_n of_o a_o body_n light_a in_o specie_fw-la than_o it_o that_o make_v the_o immersed_a body_n ascend_v to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o liquor_n i_o devise_v this_o experiment_n we_o take_v a_o bladder_n out_o of_o which_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o include_v air_n have_v be_v express_v and_o tie_v the_o neck_n of_o it_o very_o close_a that_o none_o of_o the_o remain_a air_n may_v get_v out_o we_o fasten_v to_o it_o a_o considerable_a weight_n of_o some_o very_a ponderous_a body_n as_o lead_v or_o iron_n by_o the_o help_n of_o this_o we_o sink_v the_o bladder_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n full_a of_o water_n that_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o liquor_n may_v be_v a_o good_a deal_n high_o than_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o bladder_n this_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n we_o include_v in_o a_o great_a receiver_n who_o orifice_n must_v be_v very_o large_a to_o be_v able_a to_o admit_v such_o a_o vessel_n which_o i_o cause_v to_o be_v careful_o cement_v on_o to_o the_o engine_n the_o main_a scope_n of_o this_o experiment_n be_v to_o show_v that_o though_o the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o bladder_n be_v very_o far_o from_o be_v able_a by_o its_o absolute_a levity_n to_o lift_v up_o so_o great_a a_o weight_n as_o the_o bladder_n be_v clog_v with_o yet_o the_o same_o air_n continual_o include_v in_o the_o bladder_n will_v by_o its_o mere_a expansion_n without_o any_o new_a external_a heat_n acquire_v a_o power_n of_o ascend_v in_o spite_n of_o that_o weight_n which_o ascension_n therefore_o must_v be_v attribute_v to_o the_o water_n which_o according_a to_o the_o law_n hydrostatical_a ought_v caeterisparibus_fw-la to_o resist_v or_o buoy_v up_o more_o potent_o those_o immersed_a body_n that_o be_v light_a in_o specie_fw-la than_o it_o possess_v the_o great_a place_n in_o it_o and_o hinder_v the_o more_o water_n from_o acquire_v its_o due_a situation_n as_o we_o see_v that_o among_o hollow_a sphere_n of_o glass_n and_o metal_n equal_o thick_a and_o well_o stop_v there_o be_v a_o much_o heavy_a weight_n requisite_a to_o sink_v a_o large_a one_o than_o a_o small_a one_o for_o the_o prosecution_n of_o this_o trial_n we_o begin_v to_o pump_v the_o air_n out_o of_o the_o great_a receiver_n and_o its_o pressure_n upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v thereby_o more_o and_o more_o lessen_v according_a to_o what_o we_o elsewhere_o more_o full_o declare_v the_o spring_n of_o the_o include_v air_n begin_v by_o degree_n to_o distend_a the_o side_n of_o the_o bladder_n till_o at_o length_n that_o vessel_n of_o air_n swell_v every_o way_n take_v up_o so_o much_o more_o room_n in_o the_o water_n than_o it_o do_v before_o that_o the_o water_n be_v able_a to_o lift_v the_o bladder_n and_o the_o annex_v weight_n to_o the_o top_n and_o detain_v it_o there_o till_o we_o think_v fit_a to_o let_v in_o again_o some_o of_o the_o exclude_v air_n which_o force_v that_o in_o the_o bladder_n to_o shrink_v in_o its_o dimension_n the_o weight_n be_v present_o able_a to_o sink_v it_o to_o the_o bottom_n and_o here_o it_o may_v be_v note_v that_o if_o instead_o of_o hang_v so_o great_a a_o weight_n at_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o bladder_n we_o fasten_v but_o a_o moderate_o heavy_a piece_n of_o lead_n such_o as_o will_v only_o serve_v to_o sink_v the_o bladder_n and_o keep_v it_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n so_o that_o the_o aggregate_v of_o the_o bladder_n air_n and_o metal_n be_v but_o a_o little_o heavy_a than_o a_o bulk_n of_o water_n equal_a to_o they_o then_o upon_o the_o first_o suck_v or_o operation_n of_o the_o pump_n which_o can_v withdraw_v but_o a_o small_a part_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o receiver_n the_o air_n in_o the_o bladder_n sudden_o expand_v itself_o will_v forthwith_o be_v impetuous_o extrude_v by_o the_o water_n though_o after_o some_o reciprocation_n it_o will_v float_v in_o its_o due_a position_n till_o upon_o the_o return_n of_o a_o little_a outward_a air_n sometime_o as_o little_a as_o we_o can_v convenient_o let_v in_o it_o will_v immediate_o subside_o but_o this_o be_v not_o so_o necessary_a to_o be_v insist_v on_o as_o it_o be_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o i_o foresee_v it_o may_v be_v object_v that_o the_o ascension_n of_o the_o weight_n be_v not_o effect_v by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n but_o by_o this_o that_o rarity_n and_o levity_n be_v quality_n exceed_o of_o kin_n the_o great_a rarefaction_n of_o the_o air_n may_v proportionable_o increase_v the_o levity_n of_o it_o and_o consequent_o enable_v it_o to_o perform_v much_o great_a thing_n than_o it_o can_v do_v before_o i_o will_v not_o here_o dispute_v whether_o general_o speak_v a_o body_n rarify_v without_o heat_n will_v in_o vacuo_fw-la or_o in_o a_o fluid_n not_o heavy_a in_o specie_fw-la than_o the_o body_n when_o rarefy_v mere_o by_o such_o a_o great_a distance_n of_o its_o part_n as_o may_v suffice_v to_o entitle_v it_o to_o rarefaction_n become_v real_o heavy_a or_o light_a than_o before_o i_o will_v not_o i_o say_v discuss_v this_o question_n here_o where_o it_o may_v serve_v my_o turn_n to_o satisfy_v the_o recite_v objection_n by_o the_o follow_a experiment_n exper._n iii_o about_o the_o neck_n of_o a_o convenient_o shape_a viol_n capable_a to_o hold_v some_o few_o ounce_n of_o water_n i_o cause_v to_o be_v careful_o tie_v the_o neck_n of_o a_o small_a bladder_n whence_o the_o air_n have_v be_v diligent_o express_v so_o that_o the_o bladder_n be_v very_o limber_a of_o itself_o and_o probable_o make_v more_o so_o as_o well_o as_o more_o impervious_a to_o air_n and_o water_n by_o the_o fine_a oil_n we_o have_v cause_v it_o to_o be_v rub_v with_o lay_v upon_o the_o orifice_n
of_o the_o viol_n like_o a_o skin_n clap_v together_o with_o many_o fold_n and_o wrinkle_n this_o do_v we_o let_v down_o the_o viol_n into_o a_o convenient_o shape_a vessel_n full_a of_o water_n and_o the_o viol_n be_v poise_v beforehand_o for_o that_o purpose_n sink_v perpendicular_o in_o the_o liquor_n till_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v partly_o above_o and_o partly_o beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n then_o cover_v the_o external_a glass_n with_o a_o large_a receiver_n we_o cause_v the_o air_n to_o be_v pump_v out_o and_o as_o the_o pressure_n of_o that_o be_v gradual_o withdraw_v the_o air_n in_o the_o float_a viol_n do_v little_a by_o little_a expand_v itself_o into_o the_o bladder_n and_o unfold_v the_o winkle_n of_o it_o till_o at_o length_n it_o become_v full_o blow_v without_o alter_v the_o erect_a posture_n of_o the_o glass_n it_o lean_v upon_o but_o this_o great_a expansion_n be_v make_v above_o the_o water_n and_o consequent_o in_o a_o medium_n not_o heavy_a than_o the_o include_v air_n give_v that_o high_o rarefy_v air_n no_o such_o increase_n of_o levity_n as_o enable_v we_o to_o perceive_v that_o it_o make_v so_o much_o as_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o glass_n arise_v high_o in_o the_o water_n than_o it_o do_v before_o nor_o do_v we_o take_v notice_n that_o the_o return_n of_o the_o air_n into_o the_o receiver_n by_o reduce_v the_o air_n in_o the_o bladder_n to_o its_o former_a unrarify_v estate_n make_v the_o glass_n sink_v deep_a than_o before_o but_o when_o the_o experiment_n be_v try_v with_o the_o same_o glass_n and_o bladder_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n then_o upon_o the_o pump_v out_o the_o air_n the_o bladder_n be_v dilate_v under_o water_n be_v after_o a_o while_n carry_v up_o to_o the_o top_n and_o take_v up_o with_o it_o about_o eight_o or_o ten_o ounce_n that_o have_v be_v to_o clog_v it_o fasten_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o viol._n new_a experiment_n about_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n be_v spring_n on_o body_n under_o water_n new_a experiment_n about_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n be_v spring_n on_o body_n under_o water_n i_o do_v not_o think_v it_o be_v difficult_a for_o a_o intelligent_a peruser_n of_o our_o physicomechanical_a experiment_n to_o find_v there_o divers_a phaenomena_n whence_o it_o may_v be_v deduce_v that_o body_n under_o water_n though_o keep_v by_o that_o liquor_n from_o the_o immediate_a contact_n of_o the_o air_n may_v yet_o be_v expose_v to_o its_o pressure_n whether_o the_o air_n act_n as_o have_v a_o weight_n or_o as_o a_o spring_n but_o because_o not_o only_o the_o vulgar_a but_o philosopher_n have_v be_v so_o long_o and_o general_o possess_v with_o a_o opinion_n that_o a_o fluid_a so_o little_a heavy_a as_o the_o air_n can_v by_o its_o weight_n act_n upon_o a_o liquor_n that_o be_v like_o water_n bulk_n for_o bulk_n a_o thousand_o time_n heavy_a than_o it_o and_o because_o also_o it_o seem_v yet_o more_o strange_a that_o a_o little_a air_n perhaps_o not_o amount_v to_o a_o scruple_n or_o drachm_n in_o weight_n shall_v in_o its_o ordinary_a state_n of_o laxity_n act_v considerable_o upon_o body_n which_o be_v cover_v with_o water_n seem_v by_o the_o interposition_n of_o that_o liquor_n to_o be_v fence_v from_o the_o incumbent_a air_n it_o may_v be_v worth_a while_n to_o add_v three_o or_o four_o hydrostatical_a experiment_n to_o confirm_v a_o truth_n that_o very_o few_o be_v yet_o acquaint_v with_o and_o add_v to_o the_o proof_n already_o give_v of_o the_o power_n of_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o air_n some_o of_o the_o operation_n we_o have_v discover_v it_o to_o have_v upon_o body_n place_v under_o water_n there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o trial_n that_o i_o shall_v employ_v to_o show_v that_o a_o small_a quantity_n of_o enclose_a air_n may_v by_o its_o pressure_n which_o in_o our_o case_n must_v depend_v upon_o its_o spring_n have_v a_o considerable_a operation_n upon_o body_n under_o water_n notwithstanding_o the_o interposition_n of_o that_o liquor_n for_o this_o pressure_n we_o speak_v of_o may_v be_v manifest_v in_o the_o first_o place_n by_o what_o it_o direct_o and_o positive_o operate_v upon_o body_n cover_v with_o water_n and_o in_o the_o next_o place_n by_o the_o thing_n that_o regular_o ensue_v upon_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o enclose_v air_n or_o the_o weaken_n of_o its_o spring_n exper._n i._n to_o begin_v with_o the_o former_a way_n of_o show_v the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n i_o think_v it_o sufficient_a in_o regard_n of_o the_o trial_n to_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o second_o way_n to_o make_v the_o follow_a experiment_n we_o take_v a_o square_a glass-viol_n guess_v to_o be_v capable_a of_o hold_v between_o half_a a_o pint_n and_o a_o pint_n of_o water_n the_o neck_n of_o this_o we_o lute_v on_o careful_o and_o strong_o for_o else_o it_o will_v have_v be_v buoy_v up_o over_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o small_a pipe_n at_o which_o the_o air_n pass_v in_o our_o engine_n out_o of_o the_o receiver_n into_o the_o pump_n then_o whelm_v over_o this_o glass_n a_o great_a receiver_n we_o lute_v it_o strong_o to_o the_o engine_n that_o it_o may_v as_o well_o keep_v in_o the_o water_n as_o keep_v out_o the_o air_n and_o at_o the_o top_n pour_v in_o as_o much_o water_n as_o suffice_v to_o environ_v the_o internal_a receiver_n if_o i_o may_v so_o call_v it_o and_o cover_v it_o to_o a_o pretty_a height_n this_o do_v we_o exact_o close_v with_o a_o turn_a key_n the_o holâ—_n in_o the_o great_a receiver_n at_o which_o the_o water_n have_v be_v pour_v in_o that_o no_o air_n may_v get_v in_o or_o out_o that_o way_n and_o last_o we_o begin_v to_o pump_v out_o the_o air_n contain_v in_o the_o internal_a receiver_n to_o the_o end_n that_o that_o air_n which_o by_o the_o abovementioned_a pipe_n have_v communication_n with_o the_o external_n air_n may_v no_o long_o by_o its_o pressure_n assist_v the_o glass_n to_o resist_v the_o pressure_n which_o the_o incumbent_n and_o enclose_v air_n by_o virtue_n of_o its_o spring_n constant_o exercise_n upon_o the_o subjacent_a water_n and_o by_o its_o intervention_n upon_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o internal_a receiver_n and_o as_o we_o expect_v not_o that_o this_o glass_n by_o its_o own_o single_a force_n shall_v resist_v the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n enclose_v in_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o great_a receiver_n notwithstanding_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o water_n so_o the_o event_n full_o justify_v our_o conjecture_n for_o at_o the_o first_o exuction_n which_o can_v not_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v well_o empty_v the_o internal_a glass_n this_o vessel_n be_v by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o superior_a air_n upon_o the_o circumstant_fw-la water_n break_v into_o i_o know_v not_o how_o many_o piece_n and_o the_o same_o experiment_n though_o with_o a_o little_o slow_a success_n be_v repeat_v with_o a_o strong_a internal_a glass_n exper._n ii_o i_o proceed_v now_o to_o the_o second_o way_n of_o manifest_v the_o pressure_n of_o enclose_v air_n upon_o body_n under_o water_n which_o be_v by_o show_v the_o phaenomena_n exhibit_v by_o those_o body_n upon_o the_o removal_n or_o lessen_v of_o that_o pressure_n have_v squeeze_v out_o of_o a_o moderate_o size_a bladder_n the_o great_a part_n of_o its_o air_n we_o tie_v the_o neck_n of_o it_o very_o close_a and_o then_o fasten_v to_o it_o a_o competent_a weight_n we_o place_v it_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o tall_a and_o large_a glass_n we_o can_v cover_v with_o our_o great_a receiver_n that_o so_o though_o the_o incumbent_a air_n be_v pump_v out_o none_o of_o the_o water_n may_v be_v pump_v out_o with_o it_o but_o still_o retain_v the_o same_o height_n above_o the_o bladder_n have_v then_o pour_v upon_o the_o bladder_n as_o much_o water_n as_o will_v swim_v a_o great_a way_n above_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o it_o we_o cover_v this_o glass_n of_o water_n with_o a_o great_a receiver_n which_o be_v careful_o cement_v on_o to_o the_o engine_n the_o pump_n be_v set_v a-work_o and_o as_o the_o air_n which_o by_o its_o spring_n press_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o include_v water_n be_v by_o degree_n pump_v out_o so_o the_o air_n that_o be_v imprison_v in_o the_o bladder_n do_v gradual_o expand_v itself_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n as_o if_o no_o such_o liquor_n have_v interpose_v between_o they_o otherwise_o than_o by_o its_o weight_n upon_o who_o account_n it_o must_v be_v allow_v to_o give_v some_o little_a impediment_n to_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o bladder_n in_o proportion_n to_o the_o height_n it_o have_v above_o it_o the_o event_n of_o our_o experiment_n be_v such_o as_o be_v expect_v namely_o that_o the_o immersed_a bladder_n be_v at_o length_n full_o blow_v by_o the_o
dilatation_n of_o the_o air_n enclose_v in_o it_o and_o by_o its_o intumescence_n make_v a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o water_n run_v over_o by_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o before_o contain_v it_o all_o and_o when_o access_n be_v give_v again_o to_o the_o external_a air_n the_o internal_a be_v compress_v the_o bladder_n be_v present_o reduce_v to_o its_o wrinkle_a state_n exper._n iii_o we_o take_v a_o small_a but_o fine_a bladder_n who_o neck_n be_v strong_o tie_v up_o when_o it_o be_v by_o guess_n about_o half_a full_a of_o air_n this_o we_o put_v into_o a_o short_a brass_n cylinder_n the_o low_a of_o who_o base_n be_v close_v with_o a_o brass-plate_n and_o the_o other_o leave_v open_a this_o open_a orifice_n we_o afterward_o stop_v but_o not_o exact_o with_o a_o cylindrical_a plugg_n that_o be_v somewhat_o less_o wide_a than_o it_o and_o be_v by_o a_o rim_n at_o the_o top_n hinder_v from_o reach_v too_o deep_a into_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n that_o it_o may_v not_o do_v mischief_n to_o the_o bladder_n that_o lie_v there_o beneath_o it_o upon_o this_o plugg_n we_o place_v a_o almost_o conical_o shape_v weight_n of_o lead_n and_o this_o pile_n of_o several_a thing_n be_v so_o place_v upon_o our_o engine_n that_o we_o can_v cover_v it_o with_o a_o great_a receiver_n we_o careful_o cement_v on_o this_o vessel_n and_o at_o the_o top_n of_o it_o pour_v in_o so_o much_o water_n as_o will_v serve_v to_o fill_v the_o vacant_a part_n of_o the_o brass_n cylinder_n and_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o engine_n to_o such_o a_o height_n that_o it_o cover_v all_o the_o leaden_a weight_n which_o be_v several_a inch_n high_a except_o a_o rim_n which_o be_v fasten_v to_o the_o top_n of_o it_o for_o the_o convenienter_fw-la remove_v of_o it_o all_o this_o be_v do_v the_o pump_n be_v set_v a-work_o and_o long_o before_o we_o have_v exhaust_v the_o air_n of_o the_o receiver_n that_o which_o be_v enclose_v in_o the_o lank_a bladder_n have_v by_o degree_n display_v so_o vigorous_a a_o spring_n that_o it_o have_v heave_v up_o the_o weight_n that_o lie_v upon_o it_o to_o a_o notable_a height_n and_o keep_v it_o there_o till_o the_o air_n be_v let_v in_o from_o without_o to_o assist_v its_o be_v depress_v by_o the_o leaden_a weight_n which_o amount_v to_o no_o less_o than_o about_o 28._o pound_n exper._n iu._n there_o remain_v yet_o one_o trial_n to_o be_v make_v which_o in_o case_n it_o shall_v succeed_v seem_v likely_a to_o appear_v as_o great_a a_o evidence_n of_o the_o force_n of_o the_o air_n be_v spring_n upon_o body_n under_o water_n as_o can_v be_v reasonable_o desire_v of_o we_o it_o have_v be_v look_v upon_o by_o many_o virtuoso_n as_o the_o considerabl_a instance_n of_o the_o force_n of_o the_o air_n be_v spring_n even_o when_o no_o water_n intervene_v in_o the_o trial_n to_o satisfy_v therefore_o our_o curiosity_n we_o take_v a_o copper_n vessel_n of_o a_o cylindrical_a shape_n and_o a_o considerable_a height_n into_o this_o be_v first_o almost_o fill_v with_o water_n we_o put_v a_o square_a glass-vial_n capable_a by_o guess_n to_o hold_v nine_o or_o ten_o ounce_n of_o water_n and_o exact_o stop_v with_o a_o cork_n and_o a_o close_a cement_n this_o vial_n by_o a_o competent_a weight_n be_v detain_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n from_o who_o upper_a surface_n it_o be_v considerable_o distant_a then_o the_o copper_n vessel_n be_v place_v upon_o the_o engine_n and_o include_v in_o a_o great_a receiver_n well_o cement_v on_o the_o air_n be_v by_o degree_n pump_v out_o but_o before_o it_o be_v quite_o exhaust_v the_o glass_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n be_v by_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o air_n include_v in_o it_o burst_v into_o many_o piece_n not_o without_o great_a noise_n and_o a_o kind_n of_o smoke_n or_o mist_n that_o appear_v above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n another_o glass_n of_o the_o same_o sort_n have_v be_v break_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n in_o another_o vessel_n but_o have_v afford_v we_o no_o particular_a phaenomenon_n i_o bare_o mention_v it_o to_o show_v that_o we_o make_v more_o than_o one_o trial_n of_o this_o kind_n the_o consequence_n that_o will_v natural_o result_v from_o the_o three_o last_o experiment_n be_v this_o that_o since_o bare_o upon_o the_o withdraw_n of_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o include_v air_n which_o be_v perhaps_o but_o very_o little_a in_o quantity_n the_o air_n reside_v in_o the_o immersed_a body_n do_v by_o virtue_n of_o its_o spring_n expand_v itself_o so_o forcible_o as_o we_o have_v recite_v and_o perform_v notable_a thing_n the_o air_n above_o the_o water_n must_v have_v exercise_v a_o very_a powerful_a pressure_n upon_o the_o surface_n of_o it_o since_o set_v aside_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n of_o small_a moment_n in_o our_o trial_n it_o must_v have_v be_v at_o least_o equivalent_a to_o and_o probable_o much_o exceed_v that_o force_n of_o the_o immersed_a air_n who_o exercise_n it_o be_v able_a total_o to_o hinder_v and_o from_o hence_o it_o may_v be_v easy_o deduce_v that_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n act_n upon_o body_n under_o water_n notwithstanding_o that_o the_o interpose_a liquor_n be_v by_o vast_a odds_o heavy_a in_o specie_fw-la than_o air_n for_o we_o have_v just_a now_o prove_v the_o pressure_n of_o enclose_v air_n which_o consist_v in_o its_o spring_n upon_o body_n under_o water_n and_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o spring_n of_o this_o inferior_a air_n we_o make_v our_o trial_n with_o be_v cause_v by_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o superior_a air_n which_o bend_v and_o compress_n those_o little_a aereal_a springy_a particle_n whereof_o our_o air_n consist_v so_o that_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n be_v equivalent_a to_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o inferior_a air_n for_o else_o it_o can_v not_o compress_v it_o as_o much_o as_o it_o do_v must_v lean_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o subjacent_a water_n with_o a_o force_n equivalent_a to_o the_o spring_n of_o that_o part_n of_o it_o that_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o water_n this_o experiment_n bring_v into_o my_o mind_n another_o that_o i_o once_o make_v which_o though_o not_o proper_o hydrostatical_a yet_o relate_v to_o positive_a levity_n may_v perhaps_o be_v not_o useless_o add_v on_o this_o occasion_n wherefore_o i_o shall_v here_o subjoin_v a_o transcript_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n that_o belong_v to_o our_o present_a purpose_n as_o it_o be_v register_v soon_o after_o the_o experiment_n be_v make_v to_o examine_v by_o a_o visible_a experiment_n the_o common_a doctrine_n that_o a_o portion_n of_o air_n by_o be_v much_o dilate_a rarify_v or_o expanded_a do_v acquire_v a_o new_a and_o proportionable_a degree_n of_o positive_a levity_n i_o devise_v to_o put_v in_o practice_n the_o follow_a way_n we_o take_v a_o bladder_n of_o a_o moderate_a size_n that_o be_v very_o fine_a and_o limber_a that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o light_a and_o more_o easy_o distend_v the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o air_n be_v squeeze_v out_o of_o the_o bladder_n the_o neck_n of_o it_o be_v tie_v up_o very_o close_a that_o no_o air_n may_v get_v out_o of_o it_o nor_o any_o external_a get_v into_o it_o this_o limber_a bladder_n be_v hang_v at_o one_o of_o the_o scale_n of_o a_o balance_n who_o beam_n have_v be_v purposely_o make_v more_o than_o ordinary_o short_a that_o the_o instrument_n which_o yet_o be_v ticklish_a enough_o may_v be_v suspend_v and_o capable_a of_o play_v in_o the_o cavity_n of_o a_o great_a receiver_n into_o which_o we_o convey_v it_o having_z first_o careful_o counterpoyse_v the_o bladder_n with_o a_o metalline_a weight_n put_v into_o the_o opposite_a scale_n this_o do_v the_o air_n be_v pump_v out_o and_o as_o that_o be_v withdraw_v the_o bladder_n be_v more_o and_o more_o expanded_a by_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o internal_a air_n till_o at_o length_n when_o the_o receiver_n be_v well_o exhaust_v it_o appear_v to_o be_v quite_o full_a notwithstanding_o which_o great_a dilatation_n of_o the_o include_v air_n it_o do_v not_o appear_v by_o the_o depression_n of_o the_o opposite_a scale_n to_o be_v grow_v manifest_o light_a than_o it_o be_v at_o first_o and_o the_o bladder_n seem_v also_o to_o retain_v the_o same_o weight_n after_o it_o have_v by_o the_o air_n that_o be_v let_v into_o the_o receiver_n be_v compress_v into_o its_o former_a wrinkle_a state_n new_a experiment_n about_o the_o differ_v pressure_n of_o heavy_a solid_n and_o fluid_n new_a experiment_n about_o the_o differ_a pressure_n of_o heavy_a solid_n and_o fluid_n since_o not_o only_o in_o vulgar_a spectator_n of_o physicomechanical_a experiment_n but_o even_o among_o some_o learned_a man_n it_o have_v prove_v a_o great_a impediment_n to_o man_n free_o acquiesce_v in_o
between_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o pressure_n make_v upon_o body_n by_o incumbent_n or_o otherwise_o apply_v solid_a weight_n and_o those_o that_o they_o suffer_v from_o heavy_a but_o every_o way_n ambient_fw-la fluid_n as_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o experiment_n to_o be_v mention_v by_o and_o by_o from_o the_o particular_n contain_v in_o these_o consideration_n we_o may_v be_v assist_v to_o show_v why_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a that_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n though_o as_o great_a as_o we_o suppose_v it_o shall_v oppress_v and_o crush_v the_o body_n of_o man_n that_o live_v under_o it_o for_o the_o solidity_n of_o the_o bone_n and_o the_o strong_a texture_n of_o the_o membrane_n and_o fibre_n and_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o aereal_a particle_n that_o abound_v in_o the_o soft_a as_o well_v as_o in_o the_o fluid_a part_n of_o body_n be_v equivalent_a to_o the_o pressure_n of_o as_o much_o of_o the_o atmosphere_n as_o can_v exercise_v its_o pressure_n against_o they_o and_o make_v the_o frame_n of_o a_o humane_a body_n so_o firm_a that_o it_o may_v well_o resist_v the_o pressure_n of_o the_o outward_a air_n without_o have_v any_o part_n violent_o dislocate_v whilst_o the_o external_a pressure_n be_v exercise_v but_o by_o the_o air_n which_o be_v but_o a_o environ_v fluid_a press_v it_o equal_o as_o to_o sense_n on_o every_o side_n and_o because_o our_o body_n have_v be_v produce_v in_o the_o atmosphere_n and_o from_o our_o very_a birth_n expose_v without_o intermission_n to_o the_o pressure_n of_o it_o our_o continual_a accustomance_n to_o this_o pressure_n and_o the_o firmness_n of_o their_o structure_n keep_v we_o from_o be_v sensible_a of_o the_o weight_n or_o pressure_n and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o impertinent_a for_o i_o to_o mention_v the_o firmness_n of_o the_o frame_n of_o our_o body_n on_o this_o occasion_n i_o shall_v manifest_v by_o a_o instance_n that_o will_v upon_o another_o account_n also_o be_v proper_a for_o this_o place_n we_o know_v that_o multitude_n of_o man_n have_v have_v occasion_n to_o pass_v over_o high_a mountain_n and_o beside_o that_o i_o have_v be_v myself_o upon_o the_o alps_o and_o apennines_n i_o have_v inquire_v of_o traveller_n that_o have_v visit_v the_o asian_a and_o american_n mountain_n and_o some_o that_o have_v be_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o pick_n of_o tenerif_n itself_o but_o though_o divers_a of_o they_o take_v notice_n of_o a_o great_a difference_n in_o the_o air_n at_o the_o top_n and_o bottom_n as_o to_o some_o other_o quality_n as_o coldness_n and_o thinness_n yet_o i_o never_o meet_v with_o nor_o hear_v of_o any_o that_o take_v notice_n of_o a_o difference_n as_o to_o the_o weight_n of_o air_n he_o sustain_v or_o that_o complain_v that_o when_o he_o be_v come_v down_o to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n he_o feel_v any_o great_a compression_n from_o the_o air_n than_o at_o the_o top_n and_o yet_o the_o experiment_n make_v as_o well_o by_o other_o as_o by_o ourselves_o sufficient_o witness_n than_o on_o more_o elevate_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o have_v a_o less_o height_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n incumbent_a on_o they_o the_o weight_n and_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n be_v not_o so_o great_a as_o below_o and_o on_o very_o high_a mountain_n it_o be_v not_o unlikely_a that_o this_o difference_n may_v be_v very_o considerable_a since_o when_o the_o torricellian_a experiment_n be_v make_v near_o clermont_n in_o france_n upon_o the_o puy_n de_fw-fr domme_n which_o be_v none_o of_o the_o high_a mountain_n in_o the_o world_n be_v find_v by_o the_o ingenious_a maker_n of_o that_o observation_n to_o be_v but_o about_o 500_o fathom_n they_o find_v the_o difference_n of_o the_o mercury_n at_o the_o top_n and_o bottom_n to_o amount_v to_o about_o three_o inch_n and_o consequent_o if_o the_o trial_n have_v be_v make_v with_o water_n instead_o of_o quicksilver_n the_o difference_n will_v have_v be_v about_o three_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a in_o the_o perpendicular_a height_n of_o the_o water_n and_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o in_o much_o high_a mountain_n the_o difference_n of_o the_o mercurial_a cylinder_n height_n at_o the_o top_n and_o bottom_n may_v be_v much_o great_a and_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o some_o very_a deep_a well_o or_o mineral_n groove_v which_o may_v without_o improbability_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v place_v at_o or_o near_o the_o foot_n of_o one_o of_o these_o mountain_n if_o we_o conceive_v the_o baroscope_n to_o be_v let_v down_o the_o variation_n of_o the_o height_n of_o the_o mercurial_a cylinder_n may_v be_v yet_o much_o more_o considerable_a and_o yet_o we_o find_v not_o that_o the_o digger_n in_o the_o deep_a mine_n in_o mountainous_a country_n be_v sensible_a of_o be_v lean_v on_o or_o compress_v by_o any_o unusual_a weight_n but_o not_o here_o to_o build_v on_o any_o thing_n but_o matter_n of_o fact_n it_o appear_v by_o the_o new_o name_v observation_n that_o when_o a_o man_n be_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o hill_n he_o have_v as_o much_o great_a weight_n of_o air_n lean_v upon_o his_o head_n than_o he_o have_v at_o the_o top_n as_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o height_n of_o a_o imaginary_a vessel_n full_a of_o water_n which_o have_v his_o head_n for_o basis_n be_v three_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a high_a which_o be_v so_o considerable_a a_o weight_n as_o can_v not_o but_o have_v be_v not_o only_o sensible_a but_o very_o troublesome_a and_o uneasy_a to_o support_v and_o what_o have_v be_v say_v of_o the_o gravity_n of_o a_o pail_n of_o water_n that_o lean_v on_o his_o head_n may_v be_v proportionable_o apply_v to_o his_o shoulder_n arm_n etc._n etc._n whence_o i_o think_v i_o may_v infer_v that_o the_o reason_n why_o such_o a_o weight_n be_v not_o feel_v by_o the_o man_n it_o compress_v be_v not_o that_o the_o air_n that_o press_v he_o be_v not_o considerable_a but_o that_o the_o pressure_n be_v exercise_v after_o the_o uniform_a manner_n of_o fluid_a body_n and_o this_o may_v suffice_v to_o show_v that_o there_o be_v no_o necessity_n that_o the_o compression_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n shall_v make_v it_o impossible_a to_o live_v in_o it_o but_o because_o it_o be_v observe_v that_o those_o that_o dive_v to_o great_a depth_n under_o water_n be_v not_o oppress_v by_o the_o great_a weight_n of_o the_o incumbent_a water_n and_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o strange_a phaenomenon_n be_v not_o so_o easy_a to_o be_v assign_v and_o therefore_o have_v be_v make_v one_o of_o the_o two_o grand_a argument_n whereon_o the_o non-gravitation_a of_o water_n in_o water_n and_o air_n in_o air_n have_v be_v and_o still_o remain_v found_v i_o shall_v here_o offer_v something_o ex_fw-la abundanti_fw-la towards_o the_o solution_n of_o that_o noble_a and_o difficult_a problem_n and_o first_o that_o what_o be_v observe_v by_o the_o divers_a do_v not_o evince_v that_o water_n do_v not_o weigh_v in_o water_n i_o have_v elsewhere_o paradox_n elsewhere_o see_v the_o hydrostatical_a paradox_n prove_v by_o such_o reason_n and_o experiment_n as_o have_v the_o good_a fortune_n to_o convince_v eminent_o learned_a man_n that_o be_v sufficient_o prepossess_v with_o the_o vulgar_a opinion_n and_o in_o the_o same_o treatise_n i_o have_v give_v a_o clear_a account_n why_o a_o bucket_n full_a of_o water_n be_v not_o feel_v considerable_o heavy_a whilst_o it_o be_v under_o water_n in_o comparison_n of_o what_o it_o be_v whilst_o it_o be_v draw_v up_o into_o the_o air_n which_o be_v the_o other_o phaenomenon_n that_o i_o fresh_o intimate_v the_o common_a opinion_n to_o be_v found_v on_o next_o i_o do_v not_o think_v it_o strange_a that_o that_o follow_v not_o which_o it_o be_v object_v shall_v follow_v from_o our_o hypothesis_n namely_o that_o a_o diver_n shall_v be_v violent_o depress_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n by_o the_o weight_n of_o so_o great_a a_o pillar_n of_o the_o sea_n as_o be_v place_v perpendicular_o over_o his_o body_n for_o if_o we_o imagine_v a_o plane_n so_o to_o cut_v the_o sea-water_n as_o to_o pass_v by_o the_o divers_a body_n then_o as_o that_o part_n of_o the_o plane_n on_o which_o his_o body_n lean_v will_v be_v press_v by_o it_o together_o with_o the_o water_n that_o be_v perpendicular_o incumbent_a on_o it_o so_o all_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o same_o plane_n will_v be_v press_v by_o equal_o tall_a pillar_n of_o water_n perpendicular_o incumbent_a on_o they_o and_o consequent_o if_o the_o man_n body_n be_v just_o equiponderant_a to_o a_o equal_a bulk_n of_o water_n it_o and_o the_o water_n that_o lean_v on_o it_o will_v be_v sustain_v by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o collateral_a water_n incumbent_a on_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o same_o plane_n as_o may_v be_v easy_o understand_v by_o what_o i_o have_v elsewhere_o say_v paradox_n say_v see_v appendix_n to_o
the_o hydrost_n paradox_n and_o therefore_o there_o be_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o divers_a body_n shall_v be_v more_o forcible_o depress_v than_o its_o depression_n be_v resist_v it_o be_v true_a that_o this_o body_n will_v sink_v but_o that_o be_v because_o it_o be_v not_o only_a as_o we_o late_o suppose_v it_o aequiponderant_a to_o a_o equal_a bulk_n of_o water_n but_o heavy_a than_o that_o but_o then_o since_o the_o water_n by_o its_o gravity_n and_o resistance_n take_v off_o as_o much_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o divers_a body_n whilst_o that_o be_v immerse_v as_o a_o quantity_n of_o water_n equal_a to_o it_o will_v weigh_v in_o the_o air_n the_o subside_v of_o the_o humane_a body_n by_o its_o own_o weight_n ought_v to_o be_v but_o slow_a because_o that_o be_v not_o in_o specie_fw-la much_o heavy_a than_o water_n it_o can_v sink_v but_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o surplusage_n of_o weight_n that_o it_o have_v above_o water_n and_o in_o effect_n i_o have_v be_v inform_v by_o swimmer_n that_o in_o the_o sea_n who_o water_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o saltness_n be_v specifical_o heavy_a than_o the_o common_a water_n they_o can_v hardly_o dive_v when_o they_o have_v a_o mind_n the_o salt-water_n do_v so_o much_o support_v they_o and_o have_v because_o i_o have_v no_o conveniency_n to_o make_v trial_n upon_o the_o part_n of_o humane_a body_n examine_v the_o weight_n of_o part_n of_o other_o animal_n in_o air_n and_o water_n i_o find_v the_o overplus_n of_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o animal_n substance_n above_o a_o equal_a bulk_n of_o water_n to_o be_v but_o very_o small_a and_o this_o may_v suffice_v to_o take_v off_o the_o wonder_n why_o though_o water_n be_v admit_v to_o gravitate_fw-la in_o water_n yet_o divers_a be_v not_o depress_v by_o that_o which_o lean_v upon_o they_o the_o endeavour_n they_o use_v to_o keep_v themselves_o from_o sink_v by_o strike_v the_o resist_a water_n with_o their_o arm_n and_o leg_n easy_o compensate_v their_o weak_a tendency_n downward_o which_o the_o small_a surplusage_n of_o gravity_n abovementioned_a give_v they_o but_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o far_o more_o difficult_a to_o render_v a_o reason_n why_o those_o that_o be_v a_o hundred_o foot_n beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o crush_v inward_o especial_o in_o their_o chest_n and_o abdomens_n or_o at_o least_o so_o compress_v as_o to_o endure_v a_o very_a great_a pain_n to_o clear_v up_o or_o lessen_v this_o difficulty_n i_o have_v two_o thing_n to_o offer_v 1._o i_o confess_v that_o i_o be_o not_o entire_o satisfy_v about_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n for_o i_o do_v not_o yet_o know_v whether_o it_o fare_v alike_o with_o the_o divers_a at_o all_o depth_n under_o water_n for_o according_a to_o the_o answer_v i_o obtain_v from_o person_n that_o have_v be_v one_o of_o they_o at_o the_o coral-fishing_a in_o the_o strait_n and_o the_o other_o at_o the_o pearl-fishing_a near_o manar_n i_o do_v not_o find_v that_o the_o divers_a be_v wont_a to_o descend_v to_o the_o great_a depth_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o if_o they_o do_v perhaps_o they_o will_v find_v a_o notable_a difference_n and_o in_o small_a or_o but_o moderate_a depth_n those_o that_o dive_v without_o engine_n usual_o make_v such_o haste_n or_o be_v so_o confound_v or_o have_v their_o mind_n so_o intent_n upon_o their_o work_n that_o they_o take_v not_o notice_n of_o such_o lesser_a alteration_n as_o else_o they_o may_v observe_v especial_o they_o be_v person_n void_a of_o curiosity_n and_o skill_n to_o make_v such_o observation_n which_o i_o the_o rather_o mention_v because_o have_v meet_v with_o a_o learned_a physician_n that_o live_v by_o the_o seaside_n in_o a_o hot_a climate_n delight_v himself_o much_o in_o dive_v and_o inquire_v of_o he_o whether_o he_o feel_v no_o compression_n when_o he_o pass_v out_o of_o the_o air_n into_o the_o water_n he_o answer_v i_o that_o when_o he_o dive_v nimble_o as_o other_o use_v to_o do_v he_o take_v not_o notice_n of_o it_o but_o when_o he_o let_v himself_o sink_v leisurely_o into_o the_o water_n he_o be_v sensible_a of_o a_o unusual_a pressure_n against_o his_o thorax_n which_o he_o several_a time_n observe_v a_o man_n that_o get_v his_o live_n by_o fetch_v up_o good_n out_o of_o wrack_a ship_n complain_v to_o i_o that_o if_o with_o his_o dive_v bell_n he_o go_v very_o deep_a into_o the_o sea_n and_o make_v some_o stay_n there_o he_o find_v himself_o much_o incommodate_v which_o though_o he_o impute_v to_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o water_n yet_o by_o the_o symptom_n he_o relate_v i_o be_v incline_v to_o suspect_v that_o the_o pressure_n of_o it_o upon_o the_o genus_fw-la nervosum_fw-la may_v have_v a_o interest_n in_o the_o troublesome_a effect_n and_o i_o have_v be_v assure_v by_o a_o eminent_a virtuoso_fw-la of_o my_o acquaintance_n that_o he_o be_v late_o inform_v by_o a_o person_n who_o profession_n it_o be_v to_o fetch_v up_o thing_n from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o dive_v bell_n that_o several_a time_n when_o he_o descend_v to_o a_o great_a depth_n under_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n he_o be_v so_o compress_v by_o it_o that_o the_o blood_n be_v squeeze_v out_o at_o his_o nose_n and_o eye_n which_o relation_n seem_v to_o favour_v our_o conjecture_n and_o will_v much_o more_o confirm_v it_o if_o i_o be_v sure_a that_o the_o effect_n be_v no_o way_n cause_v by_o some_o fermentation_n or_o other_o commotion_n in_o the_o blood_n itself_o occasion_v by_o the_o great_a density_n or_o other_o alteration_n of_o the_o air_n he_o breathe_v in_o and_o out_o or_o by_o some_o other_o operation_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la medium_fw-la distinguishable_a from_o the_o compression_n of_o the_o water_n though_o perhaps_o conjoin_v with_o it_o and_o on_o this_o occasion_n i_o remember_v that_o question_v a_o engineer_n who_o have_v make_v use_n of_o a_o engine_n to_o go_v under_o water_n quite_o differ_v from_o the_o diving-bell_n he_o answer_v i_o that_o when_o he_o come_v to_o a_o considerable_a depth_n he_o find_v the_o pressure_n so_o great_a against_o the_o leathern_a case_n wherein_o he_o descend_v and_o by_o that_o mean_n against_o his_o belly_n and_o thorax_n that_o he_o fear_v it_o will_v have_v spoil_v he_o which_o force_v he_o to_o make_v haste_n up_o again_o but_o this_o observation_n to_o have_v much_o build_v upon_o it_o shall_v be_v further_o inquire_v into_o these_o thing_n and_o not_o these_o only_a make_v i_o wish_v that_o what_o be_v feel_v by_o those_o that_o dive_v to_o great_a depth_n and_o stay_v at_o they_o may_v be_v more_o heedful_o observe_v by_o intelligent_a man_n that_o be_v full_o inform_v what_o be_v true_a in_o point_n of_o fact_n we_o may_v the_o better_o and_o more_o cheerful_o indagate_v the_o reason_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n take_v thing_n as_o they_o be_v think_v to_o appear_v i_o shall_v propose_v two_o thing_n towards_o the_o solution_n of_o our_o difficulty_n namely_o the_o firmness_n of_o the_o structure_n of_o a_o humane_a body_n and_o the_o uniformity_n of_o the_o pressure_n make_v by_o fluid_n of_o the_o first_o of_o these_o i_o shall_v add_v but_o little_a to_o what_o have_v be_v already_o say_v where_o i_o speak_v of_o the_o resistance_n make_v by_o our_o body_n to_o the_o compression_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n only_o shall_v here_o take_v notice_n that_o whereas_o the_o membrane_n be_v very_o thin_a part_n and_o therefore_o seem_v unfit_a to_o make_v any_o great_a resistance_n we_o have_v try_v that_o if_o a_o piece_n of_o fine_a bladder_n be_v fasten_v to_o the_o orifice_n of_o a_o brass-pipe_n of_o about_o a_o inch_n in_o diameter_n we_o can_v not_o by_o draw_v the_o air_n from_o beneath_o it_o make_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n break_v the_o bladder_n though_o the_o weight_n be_v perhaps_o equivalent_a to_o a_o erect_v cylinder_n of_o water_n of_o the_o wideness_n of_o the_o orifice_n and_o about_o 30._o foot_n high_a and_o weâ—e_v indeed_o such_o that_o divers_a man_n that_o lay_v their_o hand_n on_o the_o orifice_n when_o the_o air_n be_v pump_v out_o from_o beneath_o complain_v that_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o lift_v off_o their_o hand_n again_o till_o some_o of_o the_o air_n be_v readmit_v but_o the_o main_a thing_n i_o shall_v propose_v towards_o the_o solving_a of_o the_o difficulty_n we_o be_v consider_v be_v the_o uniformity_n wherewith_o fluid_a body_n press_v upon_o the_o solid_a one_o that_o be_v place_v in_o they_o and_o because_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v meet_v with_o experiment_n purposely_o make_v to_o show_v how_o this_o sort_n of_o pressure_n be_v more_o easy_a to_o be_v resist_v than_o that_o of_o solid_n against_o solid_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v the_o follow_a trial_n exper._n i._n in_o the_o short_a cylinder_n
of_o brass_n abovementioned_a we_o put_v a_o fine_a bladder_n tie_v so_o close_o at_o the_o neck_n that_o none_o of_o the_o air_n whereof_o it_o be_v about_o half_a full_a can_v probable_o get_v out_o which_o we_o do_v to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o hen-egge_n we_o be_v to_o bed_n in_o it_o may_v lie_v soft_a and_o have_v its_o side_n almost_o cover_v with_o the_o limber_a and_o flaccid_a bladder_n and_o contain_v air_n this_o do_v we_o cover_v the_o remain_a part_n of_o the_o egg_n with_o another_o bladder_n that_o nothing_o that_o be_v hard_a may_v come_v to_o bear_v immediate_o upon_o the_o shell_n then_o we_o put_v the_o wooden_a plugg_n into_o the_o cylinder_n and_o a_o weight_n upon_o the_o plugg_n which_o be_v to_o be_v do_v very_o slow_o and_o wary_o lest_o the_o quick_a descent_n of_o the_o weight_n shall_v make_v the_o plugg_n break_v the_o egg_n it_o lean_v on_o last_o the_o cylinder_n thus_o fit_v be_v cover_v with_o a_o large_a receiver_n and_o the_o air_n be_v draw_v out_o that_o air_n which_o be_v tie_v up_o in_o the_o bladder_n by_o degree_n expanded_a itself_o so_o strong_o as_o to_o lift_v up_o the_o plugg_n and_o the_o incumbent_a weight_n to_o a_o pretty_a height_n and_o keep_v it_o there_o till_o the_o external_a air_n be_v readmit_v now_o since_o it_o will_v be_v ready_o grant_v and_o appear_v by_o divers_a experiment_n elsewhere_o relate_v that_o the_o air_n in_o such_o case_n expand_v itself_o vigorous_o every_o way_n it_o appear_v by_o the_o recite_v trial_n that_o it_o press_v against_o the_o egg_n with_o the_o same_o force_n that_o it_o press_v proportionable_o against_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o plugg_n and_o that_o force_n be_v more_o than_o sufficient_a to_o lift_v up_o the_o weight_n which_o together_o with_o the_o plugg_n amount_v to_o about_o thirty_o pound_n and_o yet_o the_o egg_n be_v take_v out_o appear_v perfect_o whole_a and_o no_o way_n harm_v whereas_o upon_o the_o same_o egg_n if_o i_o mistake_v not_o or_o at_o least_o another_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n lay_v wary_o a_o while_n after_o small_a weight_n one_o upon_o another_o the_o egg_n be_v crush_v to_o piece_n by_o about_o four_o pound_n weight_n this_o experiment_n though_o it_o seem_v considerable_a to_o those_o that_o see_v it_o and_o may_v prevent_v a_o objection_n for_o which_o reason_n i_o here_o mention_v it_o yet_o will_v appear_v in_o no_o way_n strange_a to_o they_o that_o consider_v that_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n which_o the_o egg_n support_v before_o it_o be_v put_v into_o the_o cylinder_n be_v more_o than_o equivalent_a to_o such_o a_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n as_o may_v suffice_v to_o lift_v up_o the_o plugg_n wherefore_o i_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v further_a trial_n of_o a_o differ_a nature_n exp._n ii_o we_o take_v a_o glass-buble_n of_o about_o a_o inch_n and_o half_a in_o diameter_n which_o we_o cause_v to_o be_v blow_v at_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o lamp_n that_o it_o may_v be_v far_o more_o thin_a and_o easy_a 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tell_v we_o that_o their_o attempt_n may_v seem_v to_o be_v but_o light_a skirmish_n in_o comparison_n of_o that_o which_o follow_v whereunto_o i_o shall_v therefore_o apply_v my_o attention_n this_o grand_a objection_n our_o learned_a adversary_n take_v from_o the_o already_o often-mentioned_a ascent_n of_o the_o sucker_n clog_v with_o a_o hundred_o pound_n weight_n and_o recommend_v by_o this_o introduction_n 140._o introduction_n p._n 140._o etenim_fw-la ex_fw-la ipsis_fw-la phaenomeni_fw-la visceribus_fw-la robustissimum_fw-la jam_fw-la contra_fw-la omnem_fw-la mechanicam_fw-la illius_fw-la solutionem_fw-la argumentum_fw-la eruo_fw-la &_o quod_fw-la non_fw-la solum_fw-la contra_fw-la vim_o aeris_fw-la elasticam_fw-la suprà _fw-la dicto_fw-la modo_fw-la explicatam_fw-la militat_fw-la sed_fw-la etiam_fw-la contra_fw-la cartesianum_fw-la illum_fw-la aeris_fw-la conatum_fw-la nixúmque_fw-la etc._n etc._n which_o premise_v the_o argument_n itself_o be_v thus_o propose_v 140._o p._n 140._o est_fw-la enim_fw-la say_v he_o juxta_fw-la huius_fw-la experimenti_fw-la phaenomenon_n vis_fw-la illa_fw-la aeris_fw-la elastica_fw-la nixusque_fw-la expansorius_fw-la major_n multo_fw-la quà m_fw-la quae_fw-la fieri_fw-la potest_fw-la à _fw-la rerum_fw-la natura_fw-la quámque_fw-la quotidianis_fw-la illis_fw-la phaenomenis_fw-la congruit_fw-la nam_fw-la si_fw-la nixus_fw-la hic_fw-la elasticus_fw-la tantam_fw-la vim_o elasticam_fw-la haberet_fw-la ut_fw-la plus_fw-la centum_fw-la pondo_fw-la plumbum_fw-la sursum_fw-la possit_fw-la propellere_fw-la omnes_fw-la profecto_fw-la rerum_fw-la terrestrium_fw-la compages_fw-la tantâ_fw-la violentiâ_fw-la comprimerentur_fw-la ut_fw-la nullae_fw-la nisi_fw-la quae_fw-la admodum_fw-la firmiter_fw-la compactae_fw-la sint_fw-la tantae_fw-la compressioni_fw-la resistere_fw-la possent_fw-la quin_fw-la confringerentur_fw-la vel_fw-la partium_fw-la collisione_n ita_fw-la contererentur_fw-la ut_fw-la brevi_fw-la tempore_fw-la perirent_fw-la etc._n etc._n though_o this_o objection_n be_v specious_a enough_o yet_o it_o present_v i_o with_o no_o difficulty_n that_o i_o be_v not_o well_o aware_a of_o as_o i_o presume_v you_o will_v easy_o perceive_v by_o what_o you_o will_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o follow_a paper_n especial_o that_o which_o consist_v of_o experiment_n and_o consideration_n about_o the_o differ_a pressure_n of_o solid_n weight_n and_o ambient_fw-la fluids_n the_o nature_n of_o which_o pressure_n and_o its_o equality_n as_o far_o as_o in_o our_o controversy_n it_o be_v needful_a to_o be_v suppose_v will_v i_o hope_v satisfy_v you_o of_o the_o invalidity_n of_o the_o propose_a objection_n especial_o since_o the_o doctrine_n it_o impugn_v namely_o the_o weight_n and_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n be_v not_o a_o bare_a hypothesis_n but_o a_o truth_n make_v out_o by_o divers_a experiment_n by_o which_o even_o profess_v opposer_n of_o it_o have_v public_o acknowledge_v themselves_o to_o be_v convince_v chap._n iu._n in_o the_o next_o paragraph_n which_o be_v the_o 11_o the_o learned_a doctor_n add_v a_o further_a objection_n wherein_o he_o suppose_v that_o there_o be_v lay_v upon_o a_o wooden_a scale_n of_o the_o same_o diameter_n with_o the_o abovementioned_a sucker_n a_o lump_n of_o butter_n of_o the_o same_o largeness_n with_o the_o scale_n whence_o he_o argue_v that_o if_o our_o hypothesis_n take_v place_n the_o butter_n must_v be_v press_v against_o by_o two_o cylinder_n of_o air_n the_o one_o press_v it_o upward_o the_o other_o downward_o and_o the_o pressure_n of_o they_o both_o amount_v to_o two_o hundred_o pound_n but_o say_v he_o the_o butter_n be_v not_o press_v at_o all_o as_o appear_v by_o this_o that_o no_o serous_a humour_n be_v squeeze_v out_o of_o it_o towards_o the_o edge_n not_o so_o much_o as_o in_o those_o part_n that_o lie_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n whence_o the_o conclusion_n seem_v easy_a to_o be_v deduce_v but_o in_o the_o 12_o paragraph_n the_o doctor_n himself_o propose_v a_o solution_n which_o he_o may_v easy_o foresee_v i_o will_v employ_v to_o invalidate_v his_o argument_n namely_o that_o the_o air_n press_v as_o well_o against_o the_o side_n of_o the_o butter_n as_o against_o the_o top_n and_o bottom_n hinder_v the_o mass_n from_o horizontal_o extend_v itself_o and_o whereas_o by_o way_n of_o reply_n to_o this_o subterfuge_n as_o it_o be_v call_v in_o the_o margin_n he_o subjoin_v 142._o subjoin_v p._n 142._o cui_fw-la respondeo_fw-la quòd_fw-la tamen_fw-la hoc_fw-la nihil_fw-la prohibet_fw-la quo_fw-la minùs_fw-la in_o omnes_fw-la part_n horizontales_fw-la exprimatur_fw-la humour_n serosus_fw-la &_o lacteus_fw-la si_fw-la revera_fw-la esset_fw-la ulla_fw-la hujusmodi_fw-la pressura_fw-la elastica_fw-la qualis_fw-la fingitur_fw-la the_o reply_n be_v easy_a that_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n which_o be_v a_o fluid_a more_o subtle_a than_o buttermilk_n will_v as_o well_o hinder_v the_o start_n out_o of_o that_o liquor_n as_o of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o butter_n itself_o as_o he_o will_v easy_o grant_v that_o attentive_o consider_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o remember_v how_o air_n keep_v water_n from_o run_v out_o at_o the_o little_a hole_n of_o a_o gardener_n watering-pot_n close_v at_o the_o top_n what_o the_o objector_n add_v about_o the_o extrusion_n of_o what_o he_o call_v a_o subtle_a element_n suppose_v to_o be_v harbour_v in_o the_o butter_n by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n in_o case_n it_o have_v any_o i_o think_v it_o will_v not_o be_v difficult_a to_o answer_v if_o we_o consider_v that_o a_o great_a and_o undeniable_a pressure_n apply_v to_o water_n do_v not_o sensible_o condense_a it_o or_o deprive_v it_o of_o its_o fluidity_n because_o of_o the_o grossness_n and_o strength_n of_o its_o part_n but_o the_o argument_n be_v but_o transient_o mention_v by_o the_o author_n and_o ground_v upon_o a_o cartesian_a supposition_n that_o i_o never_o employ_v i_o leave_v it_o to_o those_o that_o may_v think_v themselves_o concern_v which_o i_o be_o not_o to_o make_v a_o solemn_a answer_n to_o and_o whereas_o our_o learned_a examiner_n superadd_v 142._o superadd_v p._n 142._o quod_fw-la tametsi_fw-la butyri_fw-la massa_fw-la in_o disci_fw-la lignei_fw-la speciem_fw-la reducta_fw-la cujus_fw-la margo_fw-la centum_fw-la vicibus_fw-la areâ_fw-la sit_fw-la minor_fw-la interque_fw-la dvas_fw-la laminas_fw-la ligneas_fw-la ejusdem_fw-la formae_fw-la ac_fw-la latitudinis_fw-la posita_fw-la filis_fw-la susâ—_n enderetur_fw-la in_o aere_fw-la tanquam_fw-la in_o lance_n ita_fw-la ut_fw-la pressura_fw-la aeris_fw-la elastica_fw-la quà _fw-la ab_fw-la infra_fw-la quà _fw-la desuper_fw-la ducentis_fw-la fere_n vicibus_fw-la excessura_fw-la sit_fw-la pressionem_fw-la in_o marginem_fw-la butyri_fw-la butyrum_fw-la tamen_fw-la nihilo_fw-la arctiùs_fw-la comprimetur_fw-la per_fw-la vim_o aeris_fw-la elasticam_fw-la nec_fw-la aliter_fw-la hîc_fw-la afficietur_fw-la quà m_fw-la antea_fw-la he_o seem_v not_o to_o have_v sufficient_o consider_v the_o law_n of_o the_o hydrostaticks_n according_a to_o which_o suppose_v the_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n that_o he_o reject_v the_o butter_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v deprive_v of_o its_o shape_n for_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n be_v equal_a on_o all_o side_n if_o we_o suppose_v the_o superficies_n of_o the_o butter_n to_o be_v distinguish_v into_o a_o multitude_n of_o little_a equal_a portion_n each_o of_o these_o whether_o they_o be_v situate_v horizontal_o or_o on_o the_o edge_n can_v be_v press_v against_o but_o by_o a_o atmospherical_a pillar_n equal_a to_o its_o basis_n and_o the_o horizontal_a portion_n if_o i_o may_v so_o call_v they_o can_v be_v thrust_v out_o of_o place_n without_o there_o be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n squeeze_v out_o some_o of_o the_o lateral_a portion_n which_o yet_o can_v be_v so_o displace_v because_o they_o also_o be_v with_o equal_a force_n press_v inward_o by_o little_a aerial_a pillar_n who_o base_n be_v contiguous_a to_o they_o and_o bear_v against_o they_o which_o answer_n though_o of_o itself_o sufficient_a may_v be_v much_o confirm_v by_o the_o instance_n you_o will_v hereafter_o meet_v with_o of_o a_o lump_n of_o butter_n that_o keep_v its_o irregular_a shape_n in_o spite_n of_o a_o great_a and_o manifest_a pressure_n of_o the_o water_n that_o surround_v it_o and_o this_o answer_n may_v suffice_v to_o disprove_v what_o the_o doctor_n annex_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o 13_o paragraph_n about_o the_o vast_a excess_n of_o pressure_n which_o the_o air_n exercise_n upon_o the_o flat_a and_o horizontal_a surface_n of_o the_o abovementioned_a lump_n of_o butter_n in_o comparison_n of_o the_o pressure_n the_o marginal_a part_n of_o its_o surface_n can_v be_v expose_v to_o what_o he_o add_v and_o illustrate_v with_o a_o scheme_n about_o the_o hand_n be_v assist_v with_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n it_o concern_v not_o i_o to_o answer_v but_o whereas_o among_o the_o place_n where_o the_o elastical_a power_n of_o the_o air_n be_v understand_v not_o to_o reach_v he_o reckon_v a_o pail_n full_a of_o water_n with_o a_o lump_n of_o butter_n put_v in_o it_o he_o suppose_v that_o which_o our_o hydrostaticks_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n allow_v and_o which_o be_v disprove_v by_o several_a both_o of_o our_o former_a experiment_n and_o by_o those_o you_o will_v meet_v with_o in_o
the_o follow_a paper_n by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n be_v exercise_v as_o indeed_o i_o do_v not_o see_v what_o shall_v hinder_v it_o from_o be_v even_o upon_o body_n that_o be_v quite_o immerse_v under_o water_n and_o by_o which_o add_v to_o what_o have_v be_v hitherto_o discourse_v in_o answer_n to_o the_o learned_a doctor_n objection_n you_o will_v easy_o judge_v how_o deserve_o he_o shut_v up_o the_o argument_n we_o have_v be_v examine_v with_o this_o conclusion_n 143._o conclusion_n p._n 143._o adeo_fw-la ut_fw-la extra_fw-la omnem_fw-la controversiam_fw-la positum_fw-la videatur_fw-la quòd_fw-la nulla_fw-la est_fw-la ejusmodi_fw-la vis_fw-la elastica_fw-la in_o aere_fw-la qualem_fw-la è_fw-la doctis_fw-la nonnulli_fw-la supponunt_fw-la multoque_fw-la minus_fw-la tam_fw-la fortis_fw-la ut_fw-la centum_fw-la librarum_fw-la pondus_fw-la superet_fw-la quod_fw-la erat_fw-la demonstrandum_fw-la chap._n v._n but_o this_o be_v not_o all_o the_o doctor_n urge_v against_o i_o in_o this_o chapter_n for_o in_o the_o 14_o paragraph_n he_o second_v his_o former_a argument_n by_o another_o draw_v from_o this_o experiment_n of_o i_o that_o have_v take_v two_o round_a marble_n who_o surface_n that_o be_v to_o be_v contiguous_a be_v as_o well_o ground_n very_o flat_a as_o careful_o polish_a and_o have_v place_v they_o one_o direct_o upon_o the_o other_o they_o do_v in_o a_o horizontal_a posture_n so_o firm_o cohere_v without_o the_o help_n of_o any_o glue_n eâ—ition_n see_v the_o hist_n of_o fluidity_n and_o firmness_n p._n 222._o of_o the_o second_o eâ—ition_n or_o viscous_a body_n that_o the_o upper_a marble_n be_v pull_v up_o will_v take_v up_o the_o low_a though_o clog_v with_o a_o weight_n of_o fourscore_o and_o odd_a pound_n this_o experiment_n when_o i_o many_o year_n ago_o first_o publish_v it_o i_o refer_v to_o the_o action_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n which_o press_v equal_o and_o strong_o against_o the_o surface_n of_o both_o the_o marble_n except_o where_o they_o be_v contiguous_a the_o high_a can_v not_o be_v draw_v direct_o upward_o from_o the_o low_o and_o consequent_o must_v be_v follow_v by_o it_o by_o a_o less_o force_n than_o that_o which_o be_v equivalent_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o as_o great_a a_o cylinder_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n as_o lean_v upon_o the_o upper_a marble_n this_o experiment_n thus_o explain_v though_o it_o have_v be_v judge_v a_o very_a favourable_a one_o to_o the_o hypothesis_n on_o who_o behalf_n i_o allege_v it_o do_v yet_o to_o the_o just_o famous_a doctor_n seem_v a_o very_a considerable_a argument_n against_o it_o though_o for_o this_o judgement_n of_o his_o he_o urge_v only_o this_o reason_n that_o if_o the_o force_n with_o which_o the_o air_n press_v the_o low_a marble_n against_o the_o upper_a be_v able_a to_o sustain_v that_o marble_n though_o clog_v with_o the_o great_a weight_n above_o mention_v the_o same_o pressure_n of_o air_n will_v much_o more_o easy_o support_v a_o plate_n of_o wood_n bring_v to_o a_o true_a plain_a and_o not_o load_v with_o any_o weight_n if_o the_o wooden_a plate_n be_v substitute_v to_o the_o low_a marble_n and_o instead_o of_o it_o apply_v to_o the_o upper_a but_o since_o the_o experiment_n as_o i_o propose_v it_o do_v upon_o trial_n succeed_v very_o well_o it_o have_v not_o be_v amiss_o if_o the_o learned_a examiner_n have_v consider_v it_o as_o it_o be_v real_o and_o successful_o make_v and_o show_v why_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n be_v not_o able_a to_o hinder_v the_o separation_n of_o the_o marble_n and_o his_o needless_a substitution_n of_o a_o wooden_a plate_n instead_o of_o the_o low_a marble_n easy_o suggest_v a_o suspicion_n that_o there_o may_v lie_v some_o fallacy_n though_o not_o intend_v by_o he_o in_o the_o variation_n he_o propose_v of_o the_o experiment_n and_o he_o seem_v to_o have_v himself_o have_v thought_n of_o this_o kind_n by_o take_v notice_n that_o it_o may_v be_v answer_v on_o our_o behalf_n that_o a_o wooden_a plate_n can_v be_v so_o exact_o apply_v to_o the_o upper_a marble_n but_o that_o there_o will_v be_v a_o little_a air_n intercept_v between_o it_o and_o the_o bottom_n of_o that_o stone_n and_o though_o have_v grant_v that_o it_o may_v be_v so_o he_o employ_v two_o page_n to_o show_v that_o this_o intermediate_v air_n can_v not_o keep_v the_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n from_o support_v the_o unclogged_a plate_n of_o wood_n if_o it_o have_v be_v that_o pressure_n which_o when_o there_o be_v no_o such_o intermediate_v air_n have_v sustain_v the_o low_a marble_n with_o all_o the_o appendant_a weight_n yet_o i_o confess_v his_o proof_n seem_v not_o to_o i_o to_o be_v answerable_a to_o the_o assurance_n he_o use_v in_o speak_v of_o they_o his_o example_n take_v from_o gunpowder_n and_o wind_n you_o will_v easy_o judge_v not_o to_o be_v very_o proper_a where_o we_o be_v not_o consider_v a_o force_n that_o act_n by_o a_o sudden_a and_o vanish_v 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